Wikiversity:Colloquium

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== 'Wikidata item' link is moving, finally. ==

Hello everyone, I previously wrote on the 27th September to advise that the ''Wikidata item'' sitelink will change places in the sidebar menu, moving from the '''General''' section into the '''In Other Projects''' section. The scheduled rollout date of 04.10.2024 was delayed due to a necessary request for Mobile/MinervaNeue skin. I am happy to inform that the global rollout can now proceed and will occur later today, 22.10.2024 at 15:00 UTC-2. [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|Please let us know]] if you notice any problems or bugs after this change. There should be no need for null-edits or purging cache for the changes to occur. Kind regards, -[[m:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 11:28, 22 October 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&amp;oldid=27535421 --&gt;
:Hi @[[User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]]: I Just noticed your post above, and it is timely.
:I have been participating in the English WikiUniversity for a few years, much less often recently. I seems like something in the way the site displays is different, but I cannot put my finger on it. Your posting gave me a clue. Can you please tell me where  the link to wikidata items has moved to? [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 17:23, 11 December 2024 (UTC)
::Hello @[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]], sure, I would be happy to. The button/sitelink name didn't change, just its position. You should find it in the sidebar-menu under the section '''In other projects''' (where the links to all other Wikimedia Projects are displayed). If you do not see it, please reach out to us on the [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|Move Wikidata item - Discussion page]]. Thank you, -[[User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|contribs]]) 09:24, 12 December 2024 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]], thank you for responding. I intend to followup on the ''Move Wikidata item - Discussion page'' as per your post above by putting it on my ever growing todo list.
:::I don't know about others on this wiki, as I said I have not been visiting here frequently, but for me the constant changes are a big distraction. I have been around wikimedia projects since 2007, so why do I have to spend so much time learning and re-learning how to find what I came here for? [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 16:41, 12 December 2024 (UTC)
::::Hi @[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]], thanks for you thoughts. Your input whether positive or critical helps us understand the impacts to editors so we welcome your further thoughts when you reach us in your To Do List :)
::::I can't speak about the other changes you've experienced here but I do hope they are made with a spirit of improvement for the community as a whole. -[[User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|contribs]]) 10:43, 16 December 2024 (UTC)
:::::@[[User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]]: 
:::::Re: '''Your input whether positive or critical helps us understand the impacts to editors'''
:::::Today I (finally)  checked [[Move Wikidata item - Discussion page]] and discovered that it is a talkpage on META where, unfortunately, I am infinitely blocked, so cannot participate. Even so, I proceeded to try and see what others are saying and immediately came to the conclusion that the few who actually participated in that discussin viewed the change  negatively. It must be disheartening for developers to meet such a hostile attitude from the community. Please don't take it personally, this is a common phenomena in  wikimedia community wide discussions , IMIO.
:::::I further checked the [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=meta.wikimedia.org&amp;platform=all-access&amp;agent=user&amp;redirects=0&amp;range=latest-90&amp;pages=Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link page view statistcics] which showed there were only  828 pageviews in the last 90 days, and what's worse [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link&amp;action=info#mw-pageinfo-watchers the page has &quot;Fewer than 30 watchers&quot;]. 
:::::Since [[META:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|your userpage on META]] says that you are the: &quot;Community Communications Manager Wikidata Integrations Team&quot;, may I ask how this apparent apathy is being addressed by your own management?
:::::I apologize if my post is not welcome on the Wikiversity:Colloquium, as i said I am  a rather infrequent visitor to this wiki. I probably would not have followed up if you did not assure us that our feedback positive or negative is sought. Cheers, [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 20:49, 3 January 2025 (UTC)
::::::Dear @[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]], I am so so sorry for leaving you on read for these last months, I have no excuse other than reading your comment and then getting lost before making a reply.
::::::The team I am working with, [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects|Wikidata for Wikimedia Projects]] is a new development team, so I think management has allowed a certain amount of elbow room or leeway for us to make small changes whilst developing our confidence tackling the MediaWiki codebase with onboarding tasks that won't 'rock the boat' too much. We certainly expected some pushback or resistance to moving the Wikidata item as editors are so used to where it previously resided. Now it has been some time and hopefully the communities have gotten used to the change.
::::::Please do not apologise, your comments are always welcome, critical or not, as a new team I think we certainly &quot;fly under the radar&quot; to an extent and I hope that changes as we continue to work on projects that deepen the integrations between Wikidata and the other sibling projects. Once again, my sincere apologies for the delay in this reply. -[[User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|contribs]]) 13:59, 1 April 2025 (UTC)

== Wikiversity - Newsletters ==

Hello All,

I wanted to create a newsletter on Wikiversity, which would highlight what is going on in certain months and events on Wikiversity; which would bolster engagement by many people. This would be on the website and would have its dedicated 'Newsletter' tab.

I hope you acknowledge this idea. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 21:05, 8 December 2024 (UTC)

:@[[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]], What sort of things do you plan to include in your newsletter? Will they be different than what is currently in [[Main Page/News]]? Just curious.
:I am also wondering about your motive which I think is: to bolster engagement by many people. I am asking because I wonder if others who are currently active here also think this I is desirable? Have you asked them? [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 17:34, 11 December 2024 (UTC)
::Not yet, which was why I was asking this on the colloquium. I plan to include things that many people have created on Wikiversity over the month, as it is a monthly newsletter. It would be somewhere on the website here. It will be more frequent that the ones seen on [[Main Page/News]]. We will include people's resources to essentially promote them. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 06:50, 12 December 2024 (UTC)
:::@[[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]], I Think what you are saying is that ''Main Page/News'' does not update frequently enough? 
:::If this is the reason, why not start small by simply increasing the frequency of posting news on the main page, instead of trying to start a newsletter?
:::If there is more, can you articulate what else is missing. Thanks in advance, [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 16:51, 12 December 2024 (UTC)
::::I meant going to detail into topics covered in that month, rather than just giving a few points. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 16:53, 12 December 2024 (UTC)
:::::What sort of details did you have in mind? You can pick one of the links provided in [[Main Page/News]] to illustrate. cheers, [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 15:29, 16 December 2024 (UTC)
::::::I'm thinking of the community entering their projects, and discussing those in the newsletter. It depends on what they want, though. There would be a dedicated page for giving the information about their projects [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 17:24, 16 December 2024 (UTC)
:::::::I might start working on this soon, depending on the projects being created on Wikiversity. @[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] @[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 18:25, 17 December 2024 (UTC)
::::::::I'd recommend you start off with putting this under a userspace page (something like [[User:RockTransport/Wikiversity Newsletter]]), and drafting what you desire. Let us know once it's done, and the community can provide their input. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 18:30, 17 December 2024 (UTC)
:::::::::I will try and make one for this month. This is supposed to be a monthly newsletter, showcasing the different projects mentioned there. Users can put their projects, and we will document them on the newsletter. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 18:33, 17 December 2024 (UTC)
:::::::::I am hoping for it to be released by January 2025. There's no rush to get it done; it's still in it's planning stage. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 18:43, 17 December 2024 (UTC)
::::I '''might''' be able to icnrease the frequency there, but it doesn't go into detail about these topics. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 17:30, 18 December 2024 (UTC)
:Where you are going to get the audience for your website and Wikiversity newsletter? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:38, 18 December 2024 (UTC)
::It's on Wikiversity, not on an outside platform. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 13:51, 18 December 2024 (UTC)
::The audience will be Wikiversity contributors. There will be a dedicated page for it on Wikiversity. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 13:55, 18 December 2024 (UTC)
:::Hi @[[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]], Just wondering if there is a progress on the wikiversity newsletter? [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 18:09, 6 January 2025 (UTC)
::::There is progress, I just need to find some topics to cover about. [[User:RockTransport|''Rock Transport'']] 😊 ([[User_talk:RockTransport|Talk page]])  18:26, 6 January 2025 (UTC)
::::Also, if you wanted to see the work being done on the page, go to [[User:RockTransport/Wikiversity Newsletter|this page]]. I haven't worked on it that much lately, but I am constantly working on it. [[User:RockTransport|''Rock Transport'']] 😊 ([[User_talk:RockTransport|Talk page]])  18:38, 6 January 2025 (UTC)

== &lt;s&gt;Degrees&lt;/s&gt; (Certificates (see below)) ==

Why does Wikiversity not provide degrees? I know it was a promise to the Wikimedia Foundation in the Wikiversity project proposal. But anyway, why is that? Wikiversity is about opening doors, i.e., removing obstacles. So, what kind of an obstacle was a paper? Was a certain body of knowledge that you learned well?! Because Wikiversity is not accredited for that? Yes, and do we need official US accreditation? We cannot create our system so that the learners who learn here and would like to continue their science career have a recognizable degree they can continue? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 10:19, 18 December 2024 (UTC)

:&quot;I know it was a promise to the Wikimedia Foundation in the Wikiversity project proposal.&quot; Was it? Becoming a degree-granting institution is an extremely high bar in the United States, but what is even the point in becoming a degree-granting institution in... Malawi? Tonga? Somewhere else where the servers aren't located or the WMF aren't incorporated? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 15:53, 18 December 2024 (UTC)
::I ment certificates. The question is the recognazibility of a certificate. I am not talking here about equal certification, which is provided by governmental institucians to universities, rather on Wikiversity own certification, which might may advocate itself over the time. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 15:05, 19 December 2024 (UTC)
::: We could issue certificates in some residing in certain jurisdictions probably (?). To my knowledge, there is no legal prohibition federally against doing this in the USA as long as no misrepresentation happens. Although some states might prohibit it (?). Degrees are likely different (at least with respect to accreditation). Please let me know if you believe I am likely incorrect in my understanding. I asked an LLM this prompt, &quot;is there any prohibition legally in USA for a DAO (decentralized autonomous organization or wiki community related to learning, teaching, and research) from issuing certifications or certificates to those who go through learning materials and educational resources that might be on a decentralized or nonprofit wiki that has an active community?&quot; (i won't post the specific result, but I wrote and engineered that prompt myself). The LLM output seemed to indicate my understanding noted here is correct, but LLM's are sometimes wrong. what do you or others think about this? [[User:Michael Ten|Michael Ten]] ([[User talk:Michael Ten|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Michael Ten|contribs]]) 18:49, 25 December 2024 (UTC)
:From [https://web.archive.org/web/20170703053134/https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Meetings/November_13,_2005 the WMF Board] (repeated at [[WV:WWIN]]):
:&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;[[Wikiversity:Original proposal|Wikiversity proposal]] not approved, but we will approve it if [[Wikiversity:Approved Wikiversity project proposal|some changes are made]]... The board recommend rewriting the proposal to ''exclude credentials'', exclude online-courses and clarify the concept of elearning platform.&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
:That is, Wikiversity was prevented from creation until it was codified '''not''' to provide credentials. It is not just ''U.S.'' credentials, but credentials period.
:I see you were around for [[Wikiversity:Community Review/Wikimedia Ethics:Ethical Breaching Experiments|the Reckoning]], so I imagine you are aware of the potential consequences of challenging such a clear policy so explicitly. I worry the community would not withstand another round. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 19:24, 2 January 2025 (UTC)
::That said, I see nothing wrong with a cute badge of some sort (emulating barnstars) for completion of a resource (perhaps supervised/signed off by the resource creators). Even if there is no pretention of &quot;credentials&quot;, who doesn't like a trophy? [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 20:19, 2 January 2025 (UTC)
:::[[:w:Gamification|Gamification]] is quite different than granting certificates and degrees. And ''even'' if Wikiversity grants certificates, half the battle is getting others to recognize the legitimacy of the certificate. Otherwise people will just think of Wikiversity as a [[:w:diploma mill|diploma mill]] especially if this conversation steers towards purposely issuing certificates in far flung countries for the sole purpose of skirting around the rules. And that's something I don't want to be associated with if Wikiversity goes down that path. [[User:OhanaUnited|&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000FF;&quot;&gt;OhanaUnited&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:OhanaUnited|&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: green;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Talk page&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;]] 21:24, 2 January 2025 (UTC)

== Citation system ==

How is being maintained citation system on en.wv. I mean, is it completly the same as on English Wikipedia? Do we update it according to English Wikipedia? How we do that? Are the templates like [[Template:Cite book|Cite book]] based on Lua? I dont see any invoke word.  [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 16:20, 2 January 2025 (UTC)

:I was just working on references in [[WikiJournal Preprints/Mobility-aware Scheduling in Fog Computing: Analysis and Challenges]]. And I agree with you. The citation system is so outdated compared to en.wp. Just the fact that I have to do extra clicks to access {{tl|cite journal}} is bizarre. Are there efforts to sync updates to the current citation version on en.wp? [[User:OhanaUnited|&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000FF;&quot;&gt;OhanaUnited&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:OhanaUnited|&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: green;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Talk page&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;]] 21:35, 2 January 2025 (UTC)
::Not mine, I am just wondering if there is an easy system how to take over citation aparatus. I havent investigated the citation system on English Wikipedia yet, but on the first glance it looks like a very complicated environment. So in the following days Ill be looking on it if its a way to overtake it or if it would be easier to create own citation system.  [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 22:00, 2 January 2025 (UTC)

== Proposal: citation templates for VisualEditor ==

@[[User:OhanaUnited|OhanaUnited]] [[Wikiversity:Colloquium#Citation system|pointed above]], that they had a hard time to create citations via VisualEditor I believe. I think its because of missing map in [[MediaWiki:Cite-tool-definition.json]] ([[phab:T219551|see also]]). And the question is, which citation templates the editor should list. So I would propose the same as on en.wp, i.e. [[Template:Cite book|Cite book]], [[Template:Cite journal|journal]], [[Template:Cite news|news]], and [[Template:Cite web|web]]. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 13:38, 3 January 2025 (UTC)

:I support those four templates (book, journal, news, web). Another part of me wonders if we should include other use cases like AV media, thesis and report. But they may have limited usage and will only clutter the screen. [[User:OhanaUnited|&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000FF;&quot;&gt;OhanaUnited&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:OhanaUnited|&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: green;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Talk page&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;]] 04:55, 7 January 2025 (UTC)
::Sure and thesis could be cited by Cite book. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 06:53, 7 January 2025 (UTC)
::[[Wikiversity:Request custodian action#Edit MediaWiki page|Requested Custodian action]]. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 07:01, 7 January 2025 (UTC)

== Wikiversity Newsletter - Topics? ==

Hello,
For the newsletter concept on Wikiversity, for Wikiversitans (which can be seen above), I was wondering if there were any recently added or updated resources on Wikiversity that this newsletter could add.
Kind regards,
Rock [[User:RockTransport|''Rock Transport'']] 😊 ([[User_talk:RockTransport|Talk page]])  18:13, 9 January 2025 (UTC)

== Wikiversity page view statistics ==

I remember seeing [[recent topics/threads]] here wondering about page view statistics for this project. So I wonder if anyone else here is as curious as I am about the following page view which compares wikiversity to other wikimedia projects
https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/siteviews/?platform=all-access&amp;source=pageviews&amp;agent=user&amp;range=latest-30&amp;sites=all-projects
cheers, [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 20:05, 15 January 2025 (UTC)

:It does look interesting, but I haven't viewed it in depth yet. [[User:RockTransport|''Rock Transport'']] 😊 ([[User_talk:RockTransport|Talk page]])  17:24, 19 January 2025 (UTC)

== Launching! Join Us for Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025! ==

Dear All,

We’re happy to announce the launch of [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025|Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025]], an annual international campaign dedicated to celebrating and preserving Islamic cultures and history through the power of Wikipedia. As an active contributor to the Local Wikipedia, you are specially invited to participate in the launch. 

This year’s campaign will be launched for you to join us write, edit, and improve articles that showcase the richness and diversity of Islamic traditions, history, and culture.

* Topic: [[m:Event:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 Campaign Launch|Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 Campaign Launch]]
* When: Jan 19, 2025 
* Time: 16:00 Universal Time UTC and runs throughout Ramadan (starting February 25, 2025).
* Join Zoom Meeting: https://us02web.zoom.us/j/88420056597?pwd=NdrpqIhrwAVPeWB8FNb258n7qngqqo.1 
* Zoom meeting hosted by [[m:Wikimedia Bangladesh|Wikimedia Bangladesh]]

To get started, visit the [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025|campaign page]] for details, resources, and guidelines: Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025.

Add [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Participant|your community here]], and organized Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 in your local language.

Whether you’re a first-time editor or an experienced Wikipedian, your contributions matter. Together, we can ensure Islamic cultures and traditions are well-represented and accessible to all.

Feel free to invite your community and friends too. Kindly reach out if you have any questions or need support as you prepare to participate.

Let’s make Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 a success!

For the [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Team|International Team]] 12:08, 16 January 2025 (UTC)
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== Deletion of talk pages ==

I wonder if there are any policies here that define when talkpages are deleted?

Thanks in advance, [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 17:30, 17 January 2025 (UTC)

:I'm not too sure if there are any topics about this. [[User:RockTransport|''Rock Transport'']] 😊 ([[User_talk:RockTransport|Talk page]])  19:37, 17 January 2025 (UTC)
::Let me explain why I am asking about deletion:
::I have recently posted a question on a WV talk-page. The page was empty when I arrived, so had to be created, or recreated as it turns out because when I tried to post I received this box that said the page had been deleted by @[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] as a test page. I then Went ahead and recreated the page by posting at:
::[[Wikiversity talk:Wikidebate/Guy vandegrift#Do we need dialogues?]].
::However a bit later I remembered a discussion on the English Wikiquote Village Pump which was started by a contributor who was active there a long time ago who apparently was looking for their own contributions. It turned out that the history of the contributions had disappeared when the page was deleted and then re-created by another contributor who's became, at least according to the View history, the &quot;owner&quot; of all the previous contributions. Here is the ENWQ-VP discussion: https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Wikiquote:Village_pump#Now_this_is_contrary_to_the_spirit_of_Wikipedia.
::I believe deletions of old pages that seem unimportant to new users of the English Wikversity may become problematic in the future. I know that at least one  [[User:MathXplore|new admin]] has been added in the last  couple of years, but I am not sure how  many of the experienced admins are still active, so I don't know who makes deletion decisions here.. History is crucial to maintain when people are no longeraround.
::It would be nice for the ENWV-community  to understand how and what files/contributions are deleted.
::note: @[[User:Koavf|Koavf]] @[[User:Juandev|Juandev]], @[[User:OhanaUnited|OhanaUnited]] as recent participants in the Colloquium I wonder if you have any knowledge to contribute?
::Thanks advance, [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 16:20, 18 January 2025 (UTC)
:::This project is generally pretty policy-lite, so deleting talk pages is probably ad hoc and left to best judgement. I have personally deleted one content page here but kept the talk page to document why it was deleted (this is common on en.wikt). —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 16:47, 18 January 2025 (UTC)
::::I was looking up some old history (2002) on the English Wikipedia associated with a particular user (Roadrunner) and  happened to see a talk-page that was deleted in 2021 that this user had contributed content to:
::::https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk%3AImmediate_Action_Unit
::::This page is no longer public as a result of: 
::::https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Immediate_Action_Unit
::::So it appears that on the English Wikipedia talkpages were still being deleted along with their associated page as recently as 2021, I think? [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 19:52, 31 January 2025 (UTC)
::: Please read [[Wikiversity:Deletions]] (especially [[WV:CSD]]) for the deletion of (talk) pages. No.8 of [[WV:CSD]] is specific for talk pages. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 23:09, 18 January 2025 (UTC)
::::@[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]], I think @[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] is referring to user talk pages (correct me if I'm wrong). Do we have any policies related to this? [[User:RockTransport|''Rock Transport'']] 😊 ([[User_talk:RockTransport|Talk page]])  08:02, 19 January 2025 (UTC)
::::: [[Wikiversity:Deletions]] (including [[WV:CSD]]) apply for all namespaces. Therefore, the same rule will be applied to user talk pages. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 11:59, 19 January 2025 (UTC)
::::::@[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]], thanks for clarifying. [[User:RockTransport|''Rock Transport'']] 😊 ([[User_talk:RockTransport|Talk page]])  17:28, 19 January 2025 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Koavf|Koavf]], Thanks for this important tid-bit : {{green|I have personally deleted one content page here but kept the talk page to document why it was deleted (this is common on en.wikt).}}
:::This is a great habit IMIO. Do you happen to know if other WV-admins know how to not delete a talk-page when they delete its counterpart? [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 20:05, 26 January 2025 (UTC)
::::I don't know that they do, but it's a fairly simple process when you're deleting pages. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 22:26, 26 January 2025 (UTC)

== Research Guidelines for the new Wiki of Government Efficiency ==

[[User:Jaredscribe/Department_of_Government_Efficiency]]

Before I move this original research project to mainspace, I invite a colloquy on my proposed
[[User:Jaredscribe/Department_of_Government_Efficiency#Research_Guidelines_and_Scholarly_Ethics|Research_Guidelines_and_Scholarly_Ethics]], and will entertain suggested improvements.

All may constructively contribute;  those who do so competently, are invited to edit after they declare and disclose.
[[User_talk:Jaredscribe/Department_of_Government_Efficiency#Declare_your_Interests_and_Disclose_Potential_Conflicts]] 


Thanks in advance for your consideration and informed opinions on how to make this work.  [[User:Jaredscribe|Jaredscribe]] ([[User talk:Jaredscribe|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jaredscribe|contribs]]) 07:05, 20 January 2025 (UTC)

== Mentors ==

With respect to [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk%3AUsername142857&amp;diff=2692853&amp;oldid=2667985 this], may I return, and if so, could I get a mentor? [[User:Username142857|Username142857]] ([[User talk:Username142857|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Username142857|contribs]]) 17:15, 20 January 2025 (UTC)

:Hi @[[User:Username142857|Username142857]]: I am not familiar with the term &quot;mentors&quot; on WV. What did you have in mind? [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 20:22, 22 January 2025 (UTC)
::@[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]], I believe he means getting a mentor to help him with his 'return' on Wikiversity. Please correct me if I'm wrong however @[[User:Username142857|Username142857]]. [[User:RailwayEnthusiast2025|''RailwayEnthusiast2025'']] 😊 ([[User_talk:RailwayEnthusiast2025|Talk page]])  18:57, 23 January 2025 (UTC)
::'Mentors' are usually used to describe people on Wikiversity who mentor people for curatorship, custodianship etc. I think in this context, he might be trying to get a mentor to help him on Wikiversity. [[User:RailwayEnthusiast2025|&lt;span style=&quot;color:green;&quot;&gt;'''''RailwayEnthusiast2025'''''&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:RailwayEnthusiast2025|talk page]] - [[Special:Contributions/RailwayEnthusiast2025|contribs]]) 20:46, 24 January 2025 (UTC)
:::To clarify, other people have stated that I should probably leave for a while, and I'm wondering if it's safe for me to return [[User:Username142857|Username142857]] ([[User talk:Username142857|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Username142857|contribs]]) 05:51, 9 February 2025 (UTC)
::::@[[User:Username142857|Username142857]]: I think you should return whenever you feel like it, honestly. [[User:Contributor 118,784|&lt;b style=&quot;color:#070&quot;&gt;Contributor&lt;/b&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;color:#707&quot;&gt;118,784&lt;/sup&gt;]] [[User talk:Contributor 118,784|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#00F&quot;&gt;''Let's talk''&lt;/span&gt;]] 12:19, 10 February 2025 (UTC)

== Universal Code of Conduct annual review: provide your comments on the UCoC and Enforcement Guidelines ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

{{Int:Please-translate}}.

I am writing to you to let you know the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines is open now. You can make suggestions for changes through 3 February 2025. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review.
[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]].

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate.

-- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 01:12, 24 January 2025 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;
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:Thanks for the link. I will have a look at it later. [[User:RailwayEnthusiast2025|&lt;span style=&quot;color:green;&quot;&gt;'''RailwayEnthusiast2025'''&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:RailwayEnthusiast2025|talk page]]|[[Special:Contributions/RailwayEnthusiast2025|contribs]]) 08:49, 24 January 2025 (UTC)

== Subscribing to this talk-page ==

Is anyone here curious to find out what is the best method of subscribing to discussions here? Until today I did not even know one could subscribe to all new topics by clicking on  ''Subscribe'' (the second ''Action'' right after ''Move''). I will have to see if indeed I am automatically subscribed to this new thread that I am hoping  to start as soon as I hit the ''Add topic'' blue button at the bottom right hand corner.

So far I have had to resort to  clicking ''Subscribe'' individually for each topic when  I wanted to receive a notification for any new replies, but unfortunately after some items I was subscribed to have been archived on January 30, I received a message telling me I  am no longer subscribed. I guess I would have to look for any updates that took place before the archive in the archive itself?

Am I making sense at all? I have managed to confuse myself, LOL. [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 17:11, 30 January 2025 (UTC)

:You are not subscribed to threads once they are removed from a page (e.g. by archiving). The easiest way to subscribe is by clicking on the &quot;Subscribe&quot; button with the bell next to it that renders near the thread's title. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 19:44, 30 January 2025 (UTC)

== A club for Wikiversity ==

Hello there,
I would like to start a club for Wikiversity, which would be a part of outreach. Wikiversity is one of the smallest Wikimedia projects and I enjoy contributing here. How could you help me in creating a club for this?
Yours sincerely,
[[User:RailwayEnthusiast2025|RailwayEnthusiast2025]] ([[User talk:RailwayEnthusiast2025|Talk page]] - [[Special:Contributions|Contributions]]) 17:51, 31 January 2025 (UTC)

:There is a formal process for this at [[:m:Wikimedia user groups]]. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 18:18, 31 January 2025 (UTC)
::I meant like a club at an organization, school etc. Not a user group in a town or a city. —[[User:RailwayEnthusiast2025|RailwayEnthusiast2025]] ([[User talk:RailwayEnthusiast2025|Talk page]] - [[Special:Contributions|Contributions]]) 18:31, 31 January 2025 (UTC)
:::I wanted to do this, because I'm active here, but I don't know. —[[User:RailwayEnthusiast2025|RailwayEnthusiast2025]] ([[User talk:RailwayEnthusiast2025|Talk page]] - [[Special:Contributions|Contributions]]) 19:59, 12 February 2025 (UTC)
::::Dear @[[User:RailwayEnthusiast2025|RailwayEnthusiast2025]], If you could contact any established user group in your locality. They could provide support to start a wiki club. [[User:511KeV|511KeV]] ([[User talk:511KeV|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/511KeV|contribs]]) 04:41, 28 March 2025 (UTC)
:::::Dear @[[User:511KeV|511KeV]], As said in my previous message, I wish to start a club at an organization, school etc. I wish to start a small club like this, not a user group in a town/city. I don't think you understand what I'm trying to say. —[[User:RailwayEnthusiast2025|RailwayEnthusiast2025]] ([[User talk:RailwayEnthusiast2025|Talk page]] - [[Special:Contributions|Contributions]]) 16:23, 28 March 2025 (UTC)
::::::@@[[User:RailwayEnthusiast2025|RailwayEnthusiast2025]] Forming a non-affiliated club is a straightforward process. Gather a group of interested individuals and create a simple page on Meta-Wiki outlining the club’s purpose and how others can join and start editing. If your club focuses on a specific theme, such as medicine or the arts, you can mention it on the page.
::::::However, if you intend to establish a university- or school-affiliated club, you should seek permission from the institution. Start by submitting a formal application to the relevant authority at your college or university. [[User:511KeV|511KeV]] ([[User talk:511KeV|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/511KeV|contribs]]) 13:26, 29 March 2025 (UTC)
:::::::The latter is what I intend to do, and thanks for the help. I will start working on it soon. —[[User:RailwayEnthusiast2025|RailwayEnthusiast2025]] ([[User talk:RailwayEnthusiast2025|Talk page]] - [[Special:Contributions|Contributions]]) 14:23, 29 March 2025 (UTC)

== Global ban proposal for Shāntián Tàiláng ==

Hello. This is to notify the community that there is an ongoing global ban proposal for [[species:User:Shāntián_Tàiláng|User:Shāntián Tàiláng]] who has been active on this wiki. You are invited to participate at [[metawiki:Requests_for_comment/Global_ban_for_Shāntián_Tàiláng|m:Requests for comment/Global ban for Shāntián Tàiláng]]. [[User:Wüstenspringmaus|Wüstenspringmaus]] ([[User talk:Wüstenspringmaus|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Wüstenspringmaus|contribs]]) 12:50, 2 February 2025 (UTC)

:Hi @[[User:Wüstenspringmaus|Wüstenspringmaus]], Looks like the RFC you started in an effort to  globally ban [[User:Shāntián Tàiláng]] has still not concluded. Forgive me, but I am indef-blocked on META so cannot ask there:
:* Is there no time limit on such nominations?
:* I am not familiar with the subject of this ban nomination, but I think there might be some unsupported allegations against them, such as harassment which is a serious issue. If I'm wrong please forgive me, I did spend a lot of time plowing through this lengthy page.
:* Many of us prefer to spend more of our time adding information to the wiki-projects that we are involved in and less  to endless discussions. The Nomination page on META is now '''43,962 bytes long''' and growing, and will require any new participant spend a great deal of unproductive time to come up to speed.
:Is it expectedad that the only people who Support or Oppose your nomination be personally familiar with the User in question? Cheers, [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 23:43, 16 February 2025 (UTC)

== Reminder: first part of the annual UCoC review closes soon ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

{{Int:Please-translate}}.

This is a reminder that the first phase of the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines will be closing soon. You can make suggestions for changes through [[d:Q614092|the end of day]], 3 February 2025. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review.
[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]]. After review of the feedback, proposals for updated text will be published on Meta in March for another round of community review. 

Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate.

-- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 00:49, 3 February 2025 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Self-deleting pages that I nominated for deletion myself ==
In 2024, I nominated multiple pages for deletion via [[:Template:Proposed deletion]] (see also [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Template:Proposed deletion]]). The three-month protective period for most of them now expired.

Example pages: [[Astronomy outline]], [[VELS mathematics]], [[Particle mechanics]].

It would be ideal if the deleting person would be different from the nominating person. However, no one seems to be interested in deleting these pages.

Should I feel free to delete the pages I nominated myself? I think it could be okay, but I can also imagine someone being stringent about these matters and requiring the four-eye principle. One rationale for allowing deleting myself is that the English Wikiversity has only few active administrators and therefore, the four-eye principle would create too much of delay and overhead; on a more admin-populated project, the four-eye principle is more workable. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:08, 16 February 2025 (UTC)

:OK I'll bite :-)
:Looks like enwv has a different ''Proposed deletion'' notice than other wiki-projects. One thing I noticed immediately is that there is no reason or explanation required for the deletion proposal. 
:I understand that all a deletion will accomplish is to remove those articles from public view. They will still continue to exist, but only admins will see them. May I ask @[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]], why do you believe these 3 articles should be deleted? [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 23:08, 16 February 2025 (UTC)
:: I always provide a reason for deletion. And  thus, e.g. [[Astronomy outline]] states: &quot;The Nominator gave the following reason for their nomination:&quot;, &quot;too low quality to serve as a learning resource; most links are redlinks; no further reading&quot;. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:18, 17 February 2025 (UTC)
: I went ahead and deleted the three listed pages. I will wait a little longer before I proceed further. Most of the usual admins do not seem to be around, though, so the absence of opposition does not tell us much. And thus, I am proceeding at risk, and undo is possible by an admin or quasi-admin. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:41, 24 February 2025 (UTC)
:@[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] You proposed deletion back in October. Yes, it's fine if you are now the one to delete it. Often there is only one user at a time interested in cleaning up Wikiversity. That person does it until they choose not to. Then after a while, someone else steps up. I cleaned up my own proposed deletions for years with very few complaints. If someone wants to object, they need to be willing to speak up and review your proposed deletions. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 00:51, 26 February 2025 (UTC)
:: Thank you. I went ahead and quasi-deleted 3 more pages, this time by moving them to user space (since I could find the main creator). I will make more deletions or quasi-deletions later. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:47, 26 February 2025 (UTC)

==  Upcoming Language Community Meeting (Feb 28th, 14:00 UTC) and Newsletter ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;
Hello everyone!
[[File:WP20Symbols WIKI INCUBATOR.svg|right|frameless|150x150px|alt=An image symbolising multiple languages]]
We’re excited to announce that the next '''Language Community Meeting''' is happening soon, '''February 28th at 14:00 UTC'''! If you’d like to join, simply sign up on the '''[[mw:Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community_meetings#28_February_2025|wiki page]]'''.

This is a participant-driven meeting where we share updates on language-related projects, discuss technical challenges in language wikis, and collaborate on solutions. In our last meeting, we covered topics like developing language keyboards, creating the Moore Wikipedia, and updates from the language support track at Wiki Indaba.

'''Got a topic to share?''' Whether it’s a technical update from your project, a challenge you need help with, or a request for interpretation support, we’d love to hear from you! Feel free to '''reply to this message''' or add agenda items to the document '''[[etherpad:p/language-community-meeting-feb-2025|here]]'''.

Also, we wanted to highlight that the sixth edition of the Language &amp; Internationalization newsletter (January 2025) is available here: [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/January|Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/January]]. This newsletter provides updates from the October–December 2024 quarter on new feature development, improvements in various language-related technical projects and support efforts, details about community meetings, and ideas for contributing to projects. To stay updated, you can subscribe to the newsletter on its wiki page: [[:mw:Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter|Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter]].

We look forward to your ideas and participation at the language community meeting, see you there!
&lt;section end=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 08:29, 22 February 2025 (UTC)
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== Replicate [[c:Template:Imagestack]] ==

I find this feature on Commons quite practical, and would like to use it on Wikiversity. But just copying the content to {{tl|Imagestack}} is not enough. The example on {{tl|Imagestack/sandbox}} remains static. Does someone know how to implement the JavaScript? [[User:Watchduck|Watchduck]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Watchduck|quack]])&lt;/small&gt; 18:31, 26 February 2025 (UTC)

:I don't know how to implement the JavaScript here. I haven't used the Imagestack feature before. —[[User:RailwayEnthusiast2025|RailwayEnthusiast2025]] ([[User talk:RailwayEnthusiast2025|Talk page]] - [[Special:Contributions|Contributions]]) 21:11, 20 March 2025 (UTC)

== Universal Code of Conduct annual review: proposed changes are available for comment ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

{{Int:Please-translate}}.

I am writing to you to let you know that [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/Proposed_Changes|proposed changes]] to the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC) Enforcement Guidelines]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) Charter]] are open for review. '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/Proposed_Changes|You can provide feedback on suggested changes]]''' through the [[d:Q614092|end of day]] on Tuesday, 18 March 2025. This is the second step in the annual review process, the final step will be community voting on the proposed changes.
[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find relevant links about the process on the UCoC annual review page on Meta]].

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate.

-- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] 18:52, 7 March 2025 (UTC)

&lt;/div&gt;
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== Your wiki will be in read-only soon ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]

The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will switch the traffic between its data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster.

All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2025-03-19|en}}'''. The switch will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2025-03-19T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2025-03-19T14:00}}]'''.

Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. 

A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation. 

'''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.'''

*You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2025-03-19|en}}.
*If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case.

''Other effects'':

*Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped.
* We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards.
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes.

This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. 

'''Please share this information with your community.'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:14, 14 March 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikidata and Sister Projects: an online event ==

Hello everyone, I’m writing to announce an upcoming event called [[wikidata:Event:Wikidata and Sister Projects|'''Wikidata and Sister Projects''']] that will be a mini online conference to highlight the different ways Wikidata can be connected and integrated with the other WM projects.

We are currently looking for session ideas and speakers for our program and wanted to reach out in case there were any editors here that might have a cool idea for a session proposal. Sessions can be found on the [[wikidata:Event talk:Wikidata and Sister Projects|'''event discussion page''']].

As previously mentioned, we would like to showcase the relationship between Wikibooks and Wikidata, such as the storing of metadata and sitelinking between books and their respective Wikidata items. Do you have an idea for a session? We'd love to hear about it!

The event is scheduled between '''May 29 - June 1st, 2025'''. If you have any questions about the event, would like more information or have a session idea to propose, please feel free to get in touch by replying to this post or writing on the event page or on my [[v:User_talk:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|talk page]]. Thanks for reading, - [[wikidata:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[wikidata:User talk:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|&lt;span class=&quot;signature-talk&quot;&gt;{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}&lt;/span&gt;]]) 07:48, 1 April 2025 (UTC)

== Final proposed modifications to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter now posted ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
The proposed modifications to the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines]] and the U4C Charter [[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/2025/Proposed_Changes|are now on Meta-wiki for community notice]] in advance of the voting period. This final draft was developed from the previous two rounds of community review. Community members will be able to vote on these modifications starting on 17 April 2025. The vote will close on 1 May 2025, and results will be announced no later than 12 May 2025. The U4C election period, starting with a call for candidates, will open immediately following the announcement of the review results. More information will be posted on [[m:Special:MyLanguage//Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election|the wiki page for the election]] soon.

Please be advised that this process will require more messages to be sent here over the next two months. 

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well.

-- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 02:05, 4 April 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikidata and Sister Projects: An online community event ==

''(Apologies for posting in English)''

Hello everyone, I am excited to share news of an upcoming online event called '''[[d:Event:Wikidata_and_Sister_Projects|Wikidata and Sister Projects]]''' celebrating the different ways Wikidata can be used to support or enhance with another Wikimedia project. The event takes place over 4 days between '''May 29 - June 1st, 2025'''.

We would like to invite speakers to present at this community event, to hear success stories, challenges, showcase tools or projects you may be working on, where Wikidata has been involved in Wikipedia, Commons, WikiSource and all other WM projects.

If you are interested in attending, please [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/1291|register here]].
If you would like to speak at the event, please fill out this Session Proposal template on the [[d:Event_talk:Wikidata_and_Sister_Projects|event talk page]], where you can also ask any questions you may have. 

I hope to see you at the event, in the audience or as a speaker, - [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 09:18, 11 April 2025 (UTC)
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== Vote now on the revised UCoC Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

The voting period for the revisions to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines (&quot;UCoC EG&quot;) and the UCoC's Coordinating Committee Charter is open now through the end of 1 May (UTC) ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746162000 find in your time zone]). [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/2025/Voter_information|Read the information on how to participate and read over the proposal before voting]] on the UCoC page on Meta-wiki.

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review of the EG and Charter was planned and implemented by the U4C. Further information will be provided in the coming months about the review of the UCoC itself. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well.

In cooperation with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 00:35, 17 April 2025 (UTC)
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== FYI: Can Citizen Science Be Trusted? New Study of Birds Shows It Can ==

https://www.ucdavis.edu/news/can-citizen-science-be-trusted-new-study-birds-shows-it-can —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 01:08, 23 April 2025 (UTC)

== Vote on proposed modifications to the UCoC Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
The voting period for the revisions to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter closes on 1 May 2025 at 23:59 UTC ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746162000 find in your time zone]). [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2025/Voter information|Read the information on how to participate and read over the proposal before voting]] on the UCoC page on Meta-wiki.

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this message with members of your community in your language, as appropriate, so they can participate as well.

In cooperation with the U4C -- &lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 03:41, 29 April 2025 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== Question Centre ==

I have a question: 

'''1.''''Is it possible to change your username? Or is it permament? 

''Antworte zu meinem Kommentar, und Ich werde zu dir abonnieren. ''

[[User:Kumpa-pasión|Kumpa-pasión]] ([[User talk:Kumpa-pasión|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kumpa-pasión|contribs]]) 15:18, 30 April 2025 (UTC)

:Hello {{ping|Kumpa-pasión}} To change your username, you can go to [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:GlobalRenameRequest Special:GlobalRenameRequest]. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 16:42, 2 May 2025 (UTC)

== Names of pages I am creating, one man's look at X ==
I am creating pages like [[One man's look at LibreOffice]], but I am increasingly dissatisfied with this naming scheme. It just means that &quot;One man's look at X&quot; is nothing but &quot;Dan Polansky's look at X&quot;; what is so special about Dan Polansky that he is the &quot;one man&quot;, which other people are not? I prefer &quot;X (Dan Polansky)&quot;, but that was previously rejected (I should find the discussion, but I am too lazy now). What was not rejected is &quot;X/Dan Polansky&quot; (as in [[COVID-19/Dan Polansky]]), but I find it greatly suboptimal: there is nothing in that syntax that suggests that &quot;Dan Polansky&quot; is an author name; compare a possible &quot;Philosophy/Aristotle&quot;, which would be ''about'' Aristotle and not ''by'' Aristotle.

Perhaps we can have a discussion/conversation about alternative proposals and what makes them preferable and dispreferable, desirable and undesirable? --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 08:07, 1 May 2025 (UTC)
: If a main space page is meant only for one user's view, then perhaps that page should instead be located in that user's space. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 05:12, 17 May 2025 (UTC)
:: That would not work: pages in user space are not Google search indexed, from what I understand. One's spending effort to write and publish an article and then having it ignored by readers since not found via Google Search is not rewarding; I do not see why people would like to do it, and they apparently don't. Moreover, since other editors can comment on the article on the talk page, it is vital that the author does not have the right to have the article deleted on a whim; an article should be deleted only in well justified rare cases (ethical breach, etc.).
:: I think that a page being author-specific should be the usual case, not the rare case, in Wikiversity. It is the case with Wikijournal articles. It also seems to be the case with the Motivation and Emotion pages, e.g. as listed in [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2024]]; and thus, e.g. [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2024/Abusive supervision]] has TJDuus as the main author as per the assignment and revision history (there are auxiliary editors, but the author seems to maintain editorial control?)
:: Since Wikiversity pages are not organized by the principle of being encyclopedic and by avoidance of original research, I do not see how the free-for-all editing of Wikipedia could possibly work here.
:: Some of the best materials I have seen in the English Wikiversity either have a single author or single main author. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 08:10, 17 May 2025 (UTC)

== We will be enabling the new Charts extension on your wiki soon! ==

''(Apologies for posting in English)''

Hi all! We have good news to share regarding the ongoing problem with graphs and charts affecting all wikis that use them.

As you probably know, the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|old Graph extension]] was disabled in 2023 [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EWL4AGBEZEDMNNFTM4FRD4MHOU3CVESO/|due to security reasons]]. We’ve worked in these two years to find a solution that could replace the old extension, and provide a safer and better solution to users who wanted to showcase graphs and charts in their articles. We therefore developed the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Charts extension]], which will be replacing the old Graph extension and potentially also the [[:mw:Extension:EasyTimeline|EasyTimeline extension]].

After successfully deploying the extension on Italian, Swedish, and Hebrew Wikipedia, as well as on MediaWiki.org, as part of a pilot phase, we are now happy to announce that we are moving forward with the next phase of deployment, which will also include your wiki.

The deployment will happen in batches, and will start from '''May 6'''. Please, consult [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project#Deployment Timeline|our page on MediaWiki.org]] to discover when the new Charts extension will be deployed on your wiki. You can also [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|consult the documentation]] about the extension on MediaWiki.org.

If you have questions, need clarifications, or just want to express your opinion about it, please refer to the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension_talk:Chart/Project|project’s talk page on Mediawiki.org]], or ping me directly under this thread. If you encounter issues using Charts once it gets enabled on your wiki, please report it on the [[:mw:Extension_talk:Chart/Project|talk page]] or at [[phab:tag/charts|Phabricator]].

Thank you in advance! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:07, 6 May 2025 (UTC)
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== Progressive translations ==

If you gradually translate more and more words in a text it's called &quot;progressive translation&quot; apparently. If we were doing, say, English to Hungarian it would look like &quot;I took the ''vonat'' (train) to Budapest&quot; and later on &quot;I saw the river from the ''vonat''&quot;. I want to be able to read novels and pick up vocabulary in this way, as well as make them (or rather get an AI to make them) and share them with other language learners. 

It's education so I thought you might be interested in hosting them, and maybe some people here would be interested in helping out. Thanks for any feedback [[User:Progressive translator|Progressive translator]] ([[User talk:Progressive translator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Progressive translator|contribs]]) 16:54, 6 May 2025 (UTC)

== Call for Candidates for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
The results of voting on the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) Charter is [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2025#Results|available on Meta-wiki]].

You may now [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025/Candidates|submit your candidacy to serve on the U4C]] through 29 May 2025 at 12:00 UTC. Information about [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025|eligibility, process, and the timeline are on Meta-wiki]]. Voting on candidates will open on 1 June 2025 and run for two weeks, closing on 15 June 2025 at 12:00 UTC.

If you have any questions, you can ask on [[m:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025|the discussion page for the election]]. -- in cooperation with the U4C, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|discuss]])&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:08, 15 May 2025 (UTC)
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== RfC ongoing regarding Abstract Wikipedia (and your project) ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
''(Apologies for posting in English, if this is not your first language)''

Hello all! We opened a discussion on Meta about a very delicate issue for the development of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia|Abstract Wikipedia]]: where to store the abstract content that will be developed through functions from Wikifunctions and data from Wikidata. Since some of the hypothesis involve your project, we wanted to hear your thoughts too. 

We want to make the decision process clear: we do not yet know which option we want to use, which is why we are consulting here. We will take the arguments from the Wikimedia communities into account, and we want to consult with the different communities and hear arguments that will help us with the decision. The decision will be made and communicated after the consultation period by the Foundation.

You can read the various hypothesis and have your say at [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content|Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content]]. Thank you in advance! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|&lt;span class=&quot;signature-talk&quot;&gt;{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}&lt;/span&gt;]]) 15:27, 22 May 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees 2025 Selection &amp; Call for Questions ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Selection announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Selection announcement}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''

Dear all,

This year, the term of 2 (two) Community- and Affiliate-selected Trustees on the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees will come to an end [1]. The Board invites the whole movement to participate in this year’s selection process and vote to fill those seats.

The Elections Committee will oversee this process with support from Foundation staff [2]. The Governance Committee, composed of trustees who are not candidates in the 2025 community-and-affiliate-selected trustee selection process (Raju Narisetti, Shani Evenstein Sigalov, Lorenzo Losa, Kathy Collins, Victoria Doronina and Esra’a Al Shafei) [3], is tasked with providing Board oversight for the 2025 trustee selection process and for keeping the Board informed. More details on the roles of the Elections Committee, Board, and staff are here [4].

Here are the key planned dates:

* May 22 – June 5: Announcement (this communication) and call for questions period [6]
* June 17 – July 1, 2025: Call for candidates
* July 2025: If needed, affiliates vote to shortlist candidates if more than 10 apply [5]
* August 2025: Campaign period
* August – September 2025: Two-week community voting period
* October – November 2025: Background check of selected candidates
* Board’s Meeting in December 2025: New trustees seated

Learn more about the 2025 selection process - including the detailed timeline, the candidacy process, the campaign rules, and the voter eligibility criteria - on this Meta-wiki page [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025|[link]]].

'''Call for Questions'''

In each selection process, the community has the opportunity to submit questions for the Board of Trustees candidates to answer. The Election Committee selects questions from the list developed by the community for the candidates to answer. Candidates must answer all the required questions in the application in order to be eligible; otherwise their application will be disqualified. This year, the Election Committee will select 5 questions for the candidates to answer. The selected questions may be a combination of what’s been submitted from the community, if they’re alike or related. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Questions_for_candidates|[link]]]

'''Election Volunteers'''

Another way to be involved with the 2025 selection process is to be an Election Volunteer. Election Volunteers are a bridge between the Elections Committee and their respective community. They help ensure their community is represented and mobilize them to vote. Learn more about the program and how to join on this Meta-wiki page [[m:Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Election_volunteers|[link].]]

Thank you!

[1] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Results

[2] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Committee:Elections_Committee_Charter

[3] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Resolution:Committee_Membership,_December_2024

[4] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections_committee/Roles

[5] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/FAQ

[6] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Questions_for_candidates

Best regards,

Victoria Doronina

Board Liaison to the Elections Committee

Governance Committee&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 03:08, 28 May 2025 (UTC)
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== Vote now in the 2025 U4C Election ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

{{Int:Please-translate}}

Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2025 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2025|2025 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 17 June 2025 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1750161600 12:00 UTC].

Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 1 July 2025. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 23:01, 13 June 2025 (UTC) &lt;/div&gt;
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== Geometric growth in views ==

Wikiversity seems to be experiencing an [https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikiversity.org/reading/total-page-views/normal|bar|all|~total|monthly unprecedented amount of traffic], literally doubling in May '25 with almost 60 million monthly views. (Note practically no growth from 2016-24. From a [[Wikiversity:Colloquium/archives/December_2024#An_unexplained_spurt_of_Wikiversity_page_views|previous thread's link]], this is only partially reflected on the [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/siteviews/?platform=all-access&amp;source=pageviews&amp;agent=user&amp;range=this-year&amp;sites=en.wikiversity.org|en.wikibooks.org|en.wikiquote.org|en.wikisource.org Pageviews widget], except for Wikisource somewhat.)

I haven't seen any corresponding unprecedented [https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikiversity.org/contributing/active-editors/normal%7Cline%7Call%7C(page_type)~content*non-content%7Cmonthly activity] however. Anyone know what's up? LLM crawling maybe? [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 21:56, 15 June 2025 (UTC)

:I can only assume that it's AI, yes. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 00:17, 18 June 2025 (UTC)

== Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees 2025 - Call for Candidates ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Call for candidates|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Call for candidates}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;
Hello all,

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025|call for candidates for the 2025 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees selection is now open]] from June 17, 2025 – July 2, 2025 at 11:59 UTC [1]. The Board of Trustees oversees the Wikimedia Foundation's work, and each Trustee serves a three-year term [2]. This is a volunteer position.

This year, the Wikimedia community will vote in late August through September 2025 to fill two (2) seats on the Foundation Board. Could you – or someone you know – be a good fit to join the Wikimedia Foundation's Board of Trustees? [3]

Learn more about what it takes to stand for these leadership positions and how to submit your candidacy on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Candidate application|this Meta-wiki page]] or encourage someone else to run in this year's election.

Best regards,

Abhishek Suryawanshi&lt;br /&gt;
Chair of the Elections Committee

On behalf of the Elections Committee and Governance Committee

[1] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Call_for_candidates

[2] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Bylaws#(B)_Term.

[3] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Resources_for_candidates&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 17:44, 17 June 2025 (UTC)
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== Sister Projects Task Force reviews Wikispore and Wikinews ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;
Dear Wikimedia Community,

The [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee|Community Affairs Committee (CAC)]]  of the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees assigned [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Sister Projects Task Force|the Sister Projects Task Force (SPTF)]] to update and implement a procedure for assessing the lifecycle of Sister Projects – wiki [[m:Wikimedia projects|projects supported by Wikimedia Foundation (WMF)]].

A vision of relevant, accessible, and impactful free knowledge has always guided the Wikimedia Movement. As the ecosystem of Wikimedia projects continues to evolve, it is crucial that we periodically review existing projects to ensure they still align with our goals and community capacity.

Despite their noble intent, some projects may no longer effectively serve their original purpose. '''Reviewing such projects is not about giving up – it's about responsible stewardship of shared resources'''. Volunteer time, staff support, infrastructure, and community attention are finite, and the non-technical costs tend to grow significantly as our ecosystem has entered a different age of the internet than the one we were founded in. Supporting inactive projects or projects that didn't meet our ambitions can unintentionally divert these resources from areas with more potential impact.

Moreover, maintaining projects that no longer reflect the quality and reliability of the Wikimedia name stands for, involves a reputational risk. An abandoned or less reliable project affects trust in the Wikimedia movement.

Lastly, '''failing to sunset or reimagine projects that are no longer working can make it much harder to start new ones'''. When the community feels bound to every past decision – no matter how outdated – we risk stagnation. A healthy ecosystem must allow for evolution, adaptation, and, when necessary, letting go. If we create the expectation that every project must exist indefinitely, we limit our ability to experiment and innovate.

Because of this, SPTF reviewed two requests concerning the lifecycle of the Sister Projects to work through and demonstrate the review process. We chose Wikispore as a case study for a possible new Sister Project opening and Wikinews as a case study for a review of an existing project. Preliminary findings were discussed with the CAC, and a community consultation on both proposals was recommended.

=== Wikispore ===

The [[m:Wikispore|application to consider Wikispore]] was submitted in 2019. SPTF decided to review this request in more depth because rather than being concentrated on a specific topic, as most of the proposals for the new Sister Projects are, Wikispore has the potential to nurture multiple start-up Sister Projects.

After careful consideration, the SPTF has decided '''not to recommend''' Wikispore as a Wikimedia Sister Project. Considering the current activity level, the current arrangement allows '''better flexibility''' and experimentation while WMF provides core infrastructural support. 

We acknowledge the initiative's potential and seek community input on what would constitute a sufficient level of activity and engagement to reconsider its status in the future.

As part of the process, we shared the decision with the Wikispore community and invited one of its leaders, Pharos, to an SPTF meeting.

Currently, we especially invite feedback on measurable criteria indicating the project's readiness, such as contributor numbers, content volume, and sustained community support. This would clarify the criteria sufficient for opening a new Sister Project, including possible future Wikispore re-application. However, the numbers will always be a guide because any number can be gamed.

=== Wikinews ===

We chose to review Wikinews among existing Sister Projects because it is the one for which we have observed the highest level of concern in multiple ways.

Since the SPTF was convened in 2023, its members have asked for the community's opinions during conferences and community calls about Sister Projects that did not fulfil their promise in the Wikimedia movement.[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:WCNA_2024._Sister_Projects_-_opening%3F_closing%3F_merging%3F_splitting%3F.pdf &lt;nowiki&gt;[1]&lt;/nowiki&gt;][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Community_Affairs_Committee/Sister_Projects_Task_Force#Wikimania_2023_session_%22Sister_Projects:_past,_present_and_the_glorious_future%22 &lt;nowiki&gt;[2]&lt;/nowiki&gt;][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiConvention_francophone/2024/Programme/Quelle_proc%C3%A9dure_pour_ouvrir_ou_fermer_un_projet_%3F &lt;nowiki&gt;[3]&lt;/nowiki&gt;] Wikinews was the leading candidate for an evaluation because people from multiple language communities proposed it. Additionally, by most measures, it is the least active Sister Project, with the greatest drop in activity over the years.

While the Language Committee routinely opens and closes language versions of the Sister Projects in small languages, there has never been a valid proposal to close Wikipedia in major languages or any project in English. This is not true for Wikinews, where there was a proposal to close English Wikinews, which gained some traction but did not result in any action[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Proposals_for_closing_projects/Closure_of_English_Wikinews &lt;nowiki&gt;[4]&lt;/nowiki&gt;][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiConvention_francophone/2024/Programme/Quelle_proc%C3%A9dure_pour_ouvrir_ou_fermer_un_projet_%3F &lt;nowiki&gt;[5]&lt;/nowiki&gt;, see section 5] as well as a draft proposal to close all languages of Wikinews[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:Proposals_for_closing_projects/Archive_2#Close_Wikinews_completely,_all_languages? &lt;nowiki&gt;[6]&lt;/nowiki&gt;].

[[:c:File:Sister Projects Taskforce Wikinews review 2024.pdf|Initial metrics]] compiled by WMF staff also support the community's concerns about Wikinews.

Based on this report, SPTF recommends a community reevaluation of Wikinews. We conclude that its current structure and activity levels are the lowest among the existing sister projects. SPTF also recommends pausing the opening of new language editions while the consultation runs.

SPTF brings this analysis to a discussion and welcomes discussions of alternative outcomes, including potential restructuring efforts or integration with other Wikimedia initiatives.

'''Options''' mentioned so far (which might be applied to just low-activity languages or all languages) include but are not limited to:
*Restructure how Wikinews works and is linked to other current events efforts on the projects,
*Merge the content of Wikinews into the relevant language Wikipedias, possibly in a new namespace,
*Merge content into compatibly licensed external projects,
*Archive Wikinews projects.
Your insights and perspectives are invaluable in shaping the future of these projects. We encourage all interested community members to share their thoughts on the relevant discussion pages or through other designated feedback channels.

=== Feedback and next steps ===

We'd be grateful if you want to take part in a conversation on the future of these projects and the review process. We are setting up two different project pages: [[m:Public consultation about Wikispore|Public consultation about Wikispore]] and [[m:Public consultation about Wikinews|Public consultation about Wikinews]]. Please participate between 27 June 2025 and 27 July 2025, after which we will summarize the discussion to move forward. You can write in your own language.

I will also host a community conversation 16th July Wednesday 11.00 UTC and 17th July Thursday 17.00 UTC (call links to follow shortly) and will be around at Wikimania for more discussions. 
&lt;section end=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;

-- [[User:Victoria|Victoria]] on behalf of the Sister Project Task Force, 20:57, 27 June 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Sister_project_MassMassage_on_behalf_of_Victoria/Target_list&amp;oldid=28911188 --&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="4670" sha1="hi68ko65w6s9lhxb2h51g1mh4lh2ayi" xml:space="preserve">{{Using Wikiversity}} {{nutshell}}
A '''wiki''' is a type of [[w:Website|website]] that allows users to easily add, remove, or otherwise [[Wikiversity:FAQ/Editing|edit]] and change the content of the webpages. The openness and ease of editing page content makes a wiki an effective tool for [[w:collaborative writing|collaborative authoring]].

Welcome to the '''Wiki''' learning project. 

If you are new to wikis, take a look at the [[Wikiversity:Introduction|introductory tutorial]].

==Project description==
This Wikiversity [[Portal:Learning Projects|learning project]] is devoted to learning how to use '''[[w:Wiki|wiki]]''' technology to facilitate online learning.
It is amazing. You can edit and learn how to make Wikipedia better.  When you edit or make any page you can feel proud that you are one of the members of the best site and you will also feel proud that you are a wiki editor. You will have fun by editing and making your own pages. [[Wikipedia]] is one of the stages on which you can show your talent and can give your [[Knowledge|knowledge]] to millions of people.

==Learning materials==
Wikiversity has adopted the &quot;learning by doing&quot; model for education. Lessons should center on learning activities for Wikiversity participants. [[Portal:Learning Materials|Learning materials]] can be used by multiple departments. Cooperate with other departments that use the same learning resource.

*[[Wikiversity:Introduction]] — New to Wikiversity? Start here!
*[[Introduction to Wiki]] — Introduction to wiki editing and wiki communities which aims to function as a service project for the Wikiversity community and provide learning resources that will aid new Wikiversity editors.
*[[Wiki 101]] — A supplement to the [[m:MediaWiki|MediaWiki Handbook]] geared toward Wiki editing at Wikiversity. This lesson goes into detail about Namespaces, Templates, Lists, Tables and other tools for advancing Wikiversity editors.
*[[Named colors|Named Colors]] — An alternative way to add color to pages rather than dealing with Hex, octal, RGB codes and other cryptic forms.
*[[Learning to learn a wiki way|Learn to learn a wiki way]] — using wiki technology to support learning.
*[[Nature of wikis]] — a cultural introspective of wiki communities and their workspaces.
* ...

Learning materials are located in the main Wikiversity [[Wikiversity:Namespaces|namespace]]. Simply make a [[link]] to the name of the lesson (lessons are independent pages in the main namespace) and start writing!

==References==

===Wikipedia===
*[[w:Wiki|wiki]]

===Wikibooks===
Works in progress - these texts are currently at [[b:__Department Name___]]: 
* [[b:__Textbook Name___]]

==Active participants==
The histories of Wikiversity pages indicate who the active participants are. If you are an active participant in this project, you can list your name here (this can help small projects grow and the participants communicate better; for large projects a list of active participants is not needed).
* [[User:MarkMayhew]] - working on learning business applications of wikis.
* [[User:Rayc]] --working on creating tests
* [[User:JWSchmidt]] - I am currently interested in starting some exciting [[Portal:Learning Projects#General projects|community-wide projects]] for Wikiversity
* [[User:Dionysios|&lt;b&gt;Dionysios&lt;/b&gt;]] [[User_talk:Dionysios|&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #FF9933;&quot;&gt;(talk)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;]], a Participant in the [[School:Advanced general studies|&lt;b&gt;Wikiversity School of Advanced General Studies&lt;/b&gt;]], Date: [[w:2007|2007]]-[[w:July 18|07-18]] ([[w:July 18|July 18]], [[w:2007|2007]]) Time: [[w:1331|1331]] [[w:UTC|UTC]]

[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}| ]]

==See also==
*[[Wikipedia#Learning resources]] - list of learning resources on Wikipedia
*[[Portal:Wiki]] - under construction
*[[Wikiversity:Wiki as a tool for learning|Wiki learning project]] - Investigation of the implications of wiki technology for online learning.
*[[Introduction to Wiki]] - this project aims to function as a service project for the Wikiversity community and provide learning resources that will aid new Wikiversity editors
*[[Introduction to Wikiversity]] - learning how to participate at Wikiversity
*[[Wikimedia]] - Wikiversity is a Wikimedia Foundation sister project
*[[Portal:Education]]
*[[Learning to learn a wiki way]]
*[[Wikiversity:Be bold]]
*[[Wikiversity:History of Wikiversity]]
{{Web 2.0}}

==External links==
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dnL00TdmLY Wikis in Plain English] - 3 minute video.
* [[b:Wiki Science|Wiki Science]] at Wikibooks.
* [[w:Wiki|Wikis]], a key part of [[w:Web 2.0|Web 2.0]] - Wikipedia

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A '''wiki''' is a type of [[w:Website|website]] that allows users to easily add, remove, or otherwise [[Wikiversity:FAQ/Editing|edit]] and change the content of the webpages. The openness and ease of editing page content makes a wiki an effective tool for [[w:collaborative writing|collaborative authoring]].

Welcome to the '''Wiki''' learning project. 

If you are new to wikis, take a look at the [[Wikiversity:Introduction|introductory tutorial]].

==Project description==
This Wikiversity [[Portal:Learning Projects|learning project]] is devoted to learning how to use '''[[w:Wiki|wiki]]''' technology to facilitate online learning.
It is amazing. You can edit and learn how to make Wikipedia better.  When you edit or make any page you can feel proud that you are one of the members of the best site and you will also feel proud that you are a wiki editor. You will have fun by editing and making your own pages. [[Wikipedia]] is one of the stages on which you can show your talent and can give your [[Knowledge|knowledge]] to millions of people.

==Learning materials==
Wikiversity has adopted the &quot;learning by doing&quot; model for education. Lessons should center on learning activities for Wikiversity participants. [[Portal:Learning Materials|Learning materials]] can be used by multiple departments. Cooperate with other departments that use the same learning resource.

*[[Wikiversity:Introduction]] — New to Wikiversity? Start here!
*[[Introduction to Wiki]] — Introduction to wiki editing and wiki communities which aims to function as a service project for the Wikiversity community and provide learning resources that will aid new Wikiversity editors.
*[[Wiki 101]] — A supplement to the [[m:MediaWiki|MediaWiki Handbook]] geared toward Wiki editing at Wikiversity. This lesson goes into detail about Namespaces, Templates, Lists, Tables and other tools for advancing Wikiversity editors.
*[[Named colors|Named Colors]] — An alternative way to add color to pages rather than dealing with Hex, octal, RGB codes and other cryptic forms.
*[[Learning to learn a wiki way|Learn to learn a wiki way]] — using wiki technology to support learning.
*[[Nature of wikis]] — a cultural introspective of wiki communities and their workspaces.
* ...

Learning materials are located in the main Wikiversity [[Wikiversity:Namespaces|namespace]]. Simply make a [[link]] to the name of the lesson (lessons are independent pages in the main namespace) and start writing!

==References==

===Wikipedia===
*[[w:Wiki|wiki]]

===Wikibooks===
Works in progress - these texts are currently at [[b:__Department Name___]]: 
* [[b:__Textbook Name___]]

==Active participants==
The histories of Wikiversity pages indicate who the active participants are. If you are an active participant in this project, you can list your name here (this can help small projects grow and the participants communicate better; for large projects a list of active participants is not needed).
* [[User:MarkMayhew]] - working on learning business applications of wikis.
* [[User:Rayc]] --working on creating tests
* [[User:JWSchmidt]] - I am currently interested in starting some exciting [[Portal:Learning Projects#General projects|community-wide projects]] for Wikiversity
* [[User:Dionysios|&lt;b&gt;Dionysios&lt;/b&gt;]] [[User_talk:Dionysios|&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #FF9933;&quot;&gt;(talk)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;]], a Participant in the [[School:Advanced general studies|&lt;b&gt;Wikiversity School of Advanced General Studies&lt;/b&gt;]], Date: [[w:2007|2007]]-[[w:July 18|07-18]] ([[w:July 18|July 18]], [[w:2007|2007]]) Time: [[w:1331|1331]] [[w:UTC|UTC]]

[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}| ]]

==See also==
*[[Wikipedia#Learning resources]] - list of learning resources on Wikipedia
*[[Portal:Wiki]] - under construction
*[[Wikiversity:Wiki as a tool for learning|Wiki learning project]] - Investigation of the implications of wiki technology for online learning.
*[[Introduction to Wiki]] - this project aims to function as a service project for the Wikiversity community and provide learning resources that will aid new Wikiversity editors
*[[Introduction to Wikiversity]] - learning how to participate at Wikiversity
*[[Wikimedia]] - Wikiversity is a Wikimedia Foundation sister project
*[[Portal:Education]]
*[[Learning to learn a wiki way]]
*[[Wikiversity:Be bold]]
*[[Wikiversity:History of Wikiversity]]
{{Web 2.0}}

==External links==
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dnL00TdmLY Wikis in Plain English] - 3 minute video.
* [[b:Wiki Science|Wiki Science]] at Wikibooks.
* [[w:Wiki|Wikis]], a key part of [[w:Web 2.0|Web 2.0]] - Wikipedia

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    <title>Educational Media Awareness Campaign</title>
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__NOTOC__
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== Goals ==
The goal of the [[Educational Media Awareness Campaign]] is twofold:
# To help educators make the best use possible of the internet in terms of finding media to use in their learning resources.
# To help educators integrate media into their learning resources both correctly and legally, paying attention to re-usability for others and permissions issues.

The educational media awareness campaign is targeted primarily at the primary and secondary education sectors, but is also of use for the tertiary, informal and other education sectors.

== The background ==
The greatest problem facing authors of digital educational resources is ''(il)legal use of images/graphic content''. Publishers, both electronic and paper-based, are constantly bombarded with submissions and uploads which have to be declined or accepted for image copyright reasons, and image copyright infringement is rampant in schools.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/7283926.stm BBC News] (March 2008): &quot;Schools using photo images downloaded from the internet on their websites are being warned they could face huge bills in unpaid copyright fees....&quot; &lt;/ref&gt;

This is an absurd situation. It is absurd because in the last few years, the availability of well-documented, reusable and redistributable media resources from the internet has mushroomed. [http://commons.wikimedia.org Wikimedia Commons] offers in excess of 2500000 (two-and-half-million) legally re-usable, subject-related and excellently categorised images. [http://www.flickr.com Flickr] offers another 60,000,000 (sixty million) legally re-usable images, albeit less well categorised and not always so obviously subject-related. With resources such as these, nobody needs to be illegally using images.  

The [[Educational Media Awareness Campaign]] seeks to address this problem. The Campaign will combine the use of galleries of featured re-usable images, case studies on finding suitable media, lists of recommended internet media repositories, and tutorials on image licencing and documentation. In particular, the Campaign will usually seek to introduce educators to the ''educational'' use of Wikimedia Commons.

== A multi-site effort ==
The [[Educational Media Awareness Campaign]] is a Wikiversity Outreach subproject which seeks to involve and coordinate with other educational and media sites.

== The galleries and pictures of the day ==
The campaign's galleries currently include 104 selected and featured images, spread across 12 subjects of the typical school curriculum. The 100 images are carefully captioned and linked to sources of 1000's of related images, so that they can serve as entry points for educators. The 100 images are also divided into a number of dynamic pages so that they can feature on wikis as &quot;pictures of the day&quot;, with a fresh picture each day. These rotating or dynamic page sections are available both for the whole collection and for each of the 11 constituent subjects.

Investigation and analysis of digital educational resources

With the progress of technology, digital educational 
resources are becoming increasingly diverse. Based on a survey of 82 undergraduates in our university, the use of digital educational resources shows the following characteristics: the students are more likely to use digital resources when their learning is self-directed; the search engines are the most commonly used when the students access digital resources; the students prefer to use the digital education resources by the traditional computer. To achieve the maximum utilization of digital educational resources, the educational providers should take into full account the characteristics of digital educational resources and the demands of the users

== See also ==
*[https://outreach.wikimedia.org/wiki/Education/Archive/Main_page Outreach:Education]

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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    <title>Life Cycle Analysis</title>
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      <text bytes="54503" sha1="0rwo5u4svfm9d5k2ywdvep0tu0n463v" xml:space="preserve">==Content Summary==

Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) is an approach to assessing environmental impacts that looks at the whole life cycle of a product, process or service rather than just a small part, such as the use or the manufacture. Over the last 30 years, life cycle thinking has become accepted as an accurate method for assessing total life impact and enabling engineers, scientists and consumers to make like comparisons of products, processes and services.

This learning module aims to introduce the concept of LCA, show the existing methodologies, and especially the ISO 1404x series and through a case study show how LCA can be applied to an environmental assessment.

'''Life-cycle assessment''' ('''LCA''', also known as '''life-cycle analysis''', '''ecobalance''', and '''cradle-to-grave analysis''')&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.gdrc.org/uem/lca/lca-define.html &quot;Defining Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).&quot;] US Environmental Protection Agency. 17 October 2010. Web.&lt;/ref&gt; is a technique to assess environmental impacts associated with all the stages of a product's life from raw material extraction through materials processing, manufacture, distribution, use, repair and [[w:en:Maintenance (technical)|maintenance]], and disposal or recycling. Designers use this process to help critique their products. LCAs can help avoid a narrow outlook on environmental concerns by:
* Compiling an inventory of relevant energy and material inputs and environmental releases;
* Evaluating the potential impacts associated with identified inputs and releases;
* Interpreting the results to help make a more informed decision.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.epa.gov/nrmrl/std/lca/lca.html &quot;Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).&quot;] US Environmental Protection Agency. 6 August 2010. Web.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Learning Tasks ==
* '''([[Sustainable Development Goals]])''' Explain why a Life Cycle Analysis is important for assessing the sustainbility of considered products and services.
* '''(Decision Support)''' Explain why a Life Cycle Analysis is important for a decision support system.

==Goals and purpose==

The goal of LCA is to compare the full range of environmental effects assignable to products and services by quantifying all inputs and outputs of material flows and assessing how these material flows affect the environment.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Overview|url=https://sftool.gov/plan/400/life-cycle-assessment-lca-overview|website=sftool.gov|accessdate=1 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; This information is used to improve processes, support policy and provide a sound basis for informed decisions.&lt;ref name=&quot;ecometrica.com&quot;&gt;[http://ecometrica.com/services/#lca &quot;GHG Product Life Cycle Assessments&quot;]. ''Ecometrica''. Retrieved on: 25 April 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

The term ''life cycle'' refers to the notion that a fair, [[w:en:holistic|holistic]] assessment requires the assessment of raw-material production, manufacture, [[w:en:Sustainable distribution|distribution]], use and [[w:en:Waste management|disposal]] including all intervening transportation steps necessary or caused by the product's existence.{{Citation needed|date=August 2018}}

There are two main types of LCA. Attributional LCAs seek to establish (or attribute) the burdens associated with the production and use of a product, or with a specific service or process, at a point in time (typically the recent past). Consequential LCAs seek to identify the environmental consequences of a decision or a proposed change in a system under study (oriented to the future), which means that market and economic implications of a decision may have to be taken into account. Social LCA is under development&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unep.fr/shared/publications/pdf/DTIx1164xPA-guidelines_sLCA.pdf Guidelines for Social Life Cycle Assessment of Products] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118063849/http://www.unep.fr/shared/publications/pdf/DTIx1164xPA-guidelines_sLCA.pdf |date=18 January 2012 }}, United Nations Environment Programme, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; as a different approach to [[w:en:Life Cycle Thinking|life cycle thinking]] intended to assess social implications or potential impacts. Social LCA should be considered as an approach that is complementary to environmental LCA.{{Citation needed|date=August 2018}}

The procedures of life cycle assessment (LCA) are part of the [[w:en:ISO 14000|ISO 14000]] environmental management standards: in ISO 14040:2006 and 14044:2006. (ISO 14044 replaced earlier versions of ISO 14041 to ISO 14043.) [[w:en:Greenhouse gas|GHG]] product life cycle assessments can also comply with specifications such as [[w:en:Publicly Available Specification|PAS]] 2050 and the [[w:en:Carbon emissions reporting#Greenhouse Gas Protocol. 28GHGP.29|GHG Protocol Life Cycle Accounting and Reporting Standard]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ecometrica.com&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://shop.bsigroup.com/en/forms/PASs/PAS-2050 &quot;PAS 2050:2011 Specification for the assessment of the life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of goods and services&quot;]. ''BSI''. Retrieved on: 25 April 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ghgprotocol.org/standards/product-standard &quot;Product Life Cycle Accounting and Reporting Standard&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509224311/http://www.ghgprotocol.org/standards/product-standard |date=9 May 2013 }}. ''GHG Protocol''. Retrieved on: 25 April 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Four main phases==
[[File:PhasesOfLifeCycleAnalysis.png|250px|right|thumb|Illustration of LCA phases]]

According to the ISO 14040&lt;ref&gt;ISO 14040 (2006): Environmental management – Life cycle assessment – Principles and framework, International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO), Geneve&lt;/ref&gt; and 14044&lt;ref&gt;ISO 14044 (2006): Environmental management – Life cycle assessment – Requirements and guidelines, International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO), Geneve&lt;/ref&gt; standards, a Life Cycle Assessment is carried out in four distinct phases as illustrated in the figure shown to the right. The phases are often interdependent in that the results of one phase will inform how other phases are completed.{{Citation needed|date=August 2018}}

===Goal and scope===

An LCA starts with an explicit statement of the goal and scope of the study, which sets out the context of the study and explains how and to whom the results are to be communicated. This is a key step and the ISO standards require that the goal and scope of an LCA be clearly defined and consistent with the intended application. The goal and scope document, therefore, includes technical details that guide subsequent work:
* '''the functional unit''', which defines what precisely is being studied and quantifies the service delivered by the product system, providing a reference to which the inputs and outputs can be related. Further, the functional unit is an important basis that enables alternative goods, or services, to be compared and analyzed.&lt;ref&gt;Rebitzer, G. et al. (2004). Life cycle assessment
Part 1: Framework, goal and scope definition, inventory analysis, and applications. Environment International. 30(2004), 701-720.&lt;/ref&gt; So to explain this a functional system which is inputs, processes and outputs contains a functional unit, that fulfills a function, for example paint is covering a wall, making a functional unit of 1m² covered for 10 years. The functional flow would be the items necessary for that function, so this would be a brush, tin of paint and the paint itself. 
* '''the system boundaries'''; which are delimitations of which processes that should be included in the analysis of a product system.&lt;ref&gt;Finnveden, G., Hauschild, M.Z., Ekvall, T., Guinée, J., Heijungs, R., Hellweq, S., Koehler, A., Pennington, D. &amp; Suh, S. (2009). Recent developments in Life Cycle Assessment.
Journal of Environmental Management 91(1), 1-21. 
&lt;/ref&gt; 
* '''any assumptions and limitations''';{{Citation needed|date=August 2018}}
* '''the allocation methods''' used to partition an environmental load of a process when several products or functions share the same process; allocation is commonly dealt with in one of three ways: system expansion, substitution, and partition. Doing this is not easy and different methods may give different results{{Citation needed|date=August 2018}}

and
* '''the impact categories''' chosen for example human [[w:en:toxicity|toxicity]], [[w:en:smog|smog]], [[w:en:global warming|global warming]], [[w:en:eutrophication|eutrophication]].

===Life cycle inventory===
[[File:LCI Diagram.png|thumb|This is an example of a Life-cycle inventory (LCI) diagram]]

Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) analysis involves creating an inventory of flows from and to nature for a product system. Inventory flows include inputs of water, energy, and raw materials, and releases to air, land, and water. To develop the inventory, a flow model of the technical system is constructed using data on inputs and outputs. The flow model is typically illustrated with a flow chart that includes the activities that are going to be assessed in the relevant supply chain and gives a clear picture of the technical system boundaries. The input and output data needed for the construction of the model are collected for all activities within the system boundary, including from the supply chain (referred to as inputs from the technosphere).{{Citation needed|date=August 2018}}

The data must be related to the functional unit defined in the goal and scope definition. Data can be presented in tables and some interpretations can be made already at this stage. The results of the inventory is an LCI which provides information about all inputs and outputs in the form of elementary flow to and from the environment from all the unit processes involved in the study.{{Citation needed|date=August 2018}}

Inventory flows can number in the hundreds depending on the system boundary. For product LCAs at either the generic (i.e., representative industry averages) or brand-specific level, that data is typically collected through survey questionnaires. At an industry level, care has to be taken to ensure that questionnaires are completed by a representative sample of producers, leaning toward neither the best nor the worst, and fully representing any regional differences due to energy use, material sourcing or other factors. The questionnaires cover the full range of inputs and outputs, typically aiming to account for 99% of the mass of a product, 99% of the energy used in its production and any environmentally sensitive flows, even if they fall within the 1% level of inputs.{{Citation needed|date=August 2018}}

One area where data access is likely to be difficult is flows from the technosphere. The technosphere is more simply defined as the human-made world. Considered by geologists as secondary resources, these resources are in theory 100% recyclable; however, in a practical sense, the primary goal is salvage.&lt;ref&gt;Steinbach, V. and Wellmer, F. (May 2010). &quot;Review: Consumption and Use of Non-Renewable Mineral and Energy Raw Materials from an Economic Geology Point of View.&quot; Sustainability. 2(5), pgs. 1408-1430. Retrieved from &lt;http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/5/1408&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; For an LCI, these technosphere products (supply chain products) are those that have been produced by human and unfortunately those completing a questionnaire about a process which uses a human-made product as a means to an end will be unable to specify how much of a given input they use. Typically, they will not have access to data concerning inputs and outputs for previous production processes of the product. The entity undertaking the LCA must then turn to secondary sources if it does not already have that data from its own previous studies. National databases or data sets that come with LCA-practitioner tools, or that can be readily accessed, are the usual sources for that information. Care must then be taken to ensure that the secondary data source properly reflects regional or national conditions.{{Citation needed|date=August 2018}}

===LCI Methods===
* Process LCA
* Economic Input Output LCA
* Hybrid Approach

===Life cycle impact assessment===

Inventory analysis is followed by impact assessment. This phase of LCA is aimed at evaluating the significance of potential environmental impacts based on the LCI flow results. Classical life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) consists of the following mandatory elements:{{Citation needed|date=August 2018}}

* selection of impact categories, category indicators, and characterization models;
* the classification stage, where the inventory parameters are sorted and assigned to specific impact categories; and
* impact measurement, where the categorized LCI flows are characterized, using one of many possible LCIA methodologies, into common equivalence units that are then summed to provide an overall impact category total.{{Citation needed|date=August 2018}}

In many LCAs, characterization concludes the LCIA analysis; this is also the last compulsory stage according to ISO 14044:2006. However, in addition to the above mandatory LCIA steps, other optional LCIA elements – [[w:en:Normalization (statistics)|normalization]], grouping, and weighting – may be conducted depending on the goal and scope of the LCA study. In normalization, the results of the impact categories from the study are usually compared with the total impacts in the region of interest, the U.S. for example. [[w:en:Grouped data|Grouping]] consists of sorting and possibly [[w:en:ranking|ranking]] the impact categories. During [[w:en:weighting|weighting]], the different environmental impacts are weighted relative to each other so that they can then be summed to get a single number for the total environmental impact. ISO 14044:2006 generally advises against weighting, stating that “weighting, shall not be used in LCA studies intended to be used in comparative assertions intended to be disclosed to the public”. This advice is often ignored, resulting in comparisons that can reflect a high degree of subjectivity as a result of weighting.{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}}

Life cycle impacts can also be categorized under the several phases of the development, production, use, and disposal of a product. Broadly speaking, these impacts can be divided into &quot;First Impacts,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Rich, Brian D. Future-Proof Building Materials: A Life Cycle Analysis. Intersections and Adjacencies. Proceedings of the 2015 Building Educators’ Society Conference, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT. Gines, Jacob, Carraher, Erin, and Galarze, Jose, editors. Pp. 123-130.&lt;/ref&gt; use impacts, and end of life impacts. &quot;First Impacts&quot; include extraction of raw materials, manufacturing (conversion of raw materials into a product), transportation of the product to a market or site, construction/installation, and the beginning of the use or occupancy. Use impacts include physical impacts of operating the product or facility (such as energy, water, etc.), maintenance, renovation and repairs (required to continue to use the product or facility). End of life impacts include demolition and processing of waste or recyclable materials.{{Citation needed|date=August 2018}}

===Interpretation===

Life Cycle Interpretation is a systematic technique to identify, quantify, check, and evaluate information from the results of the life cycle inventory and/or the life cycle impact assessment. The results from the inventory analysis and impact assessment are summarized during the interpretation phase. The outcome of the interpretation phase is a set of conclusions and recommendations for the study. According to ISO 14040:2006, the interpretation should include:{{Citation needed|date=August 2018}}

* identification of significant issues based on the results of the LCI and LCIA phases of an LCA;
* evaluation of the study considering completeness, sensitivity and consistency checks; and
* conclusions, limitations and recommendations.

A key purpose of performing life cycle interpretation is to determine the level of confidence in the final results and communicate them in a fair, complete, and accurate manner. Interpreting the results of an LCA is not as simple as &quot;3 is better than 2, therefore Alternative A is the best choice&quot;! Interpreting the results of an LCA starts with understanding the accuracy of the results, and ensuring they meet the goal of the study. This is accomplished by identifying the data elements that contribute significantly to each impact category, [[w:en:Sensitivity analysis|evaluating the sensitivity]] of these significant data elements, assessing the completeness and consistency of the study, and drawing conclusions and recommendations based on a clear understanding of how the LCA was conducted and the results were developed.{{Citation needed|date=August 2018}}

====Reference test====

More specifically, the best alternative is the one that the LCA shows to have the least cradle-to-grave environmental negative impact on land, sea, and air resources.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Curran |first=Mary Ann |title=Life Cycle Analysis: Principles and Practice |url=http://www.epa.gov/nrmrl/lcaccess/pdfs/chapter1_frontmatter_lca101.pdf |publisher=Scientific Applications International Corporation |accessdate=24 October 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018024516/http://www.epa.gov/nrmrl/lcaccess/pdfs/chapter1_frontmatter_lca101.pdf |archivedate=18 October 2011 |df= }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==LCA uses==

Based on a survey of LCA practitioners carried out in 2006&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | last = Cooper | first = J.S. | last2 = Fava | first2 = J. | year = 2006 | title = Life Cycle Assessment Practitioner Survey: Summary of Results
 | journal = Journal of Industrial Ecology | volume = 10 | issue = 4 | pages = 12–14 | doi = 10.1162/jiec.2006.10.4.12 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 
LCA is mostly used to support business strategy (18%) and R&amp;D (18%), as input to product or process design (15%), in education (13%) and for labeling or product declarations (11%). LCA will be continuously integrated into the built environment as tools such as the European ENSLIC Building project guidelines for buildings or developed and implemented, which provide practitioners guidance on methods to implement LCI data into the planning and design process.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Malmqvist|first=T|last2=Glaumann|first2=M| last3= Scarpellini|first3=S|last4=Zabalza|first4=I|last5=Aranda|first5=A|title=Life cycle assessment in buildings: The ENSLIC simplified method and guidelines|journal=Energy|date=April 2011|volume=36|issue=4|pages=1900–1907|doi=10.1016/j.energy.2010.03.026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Major corporations all over the world are either undertaking LCA in house or commissioning studies, while governments support the development of national databases to support LCA. Of particular note is the growing use of LCA for ISO Type III labels called Environmental Product Declarations, defined as &quot;quantified environmental data for a product with pre-set categories of parameters based on the ISO 14040 series of standards, but not excluding additional environmental information&quot;.&lt;ref name=Singh&amp;baksshi/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.thegreenstandard.org/EPD_System.html EPD_System] – '''www.thegreenstandard.org'''&lt;/ref&gt; These third-party certified LCA-based labels provide an increasingly important basis for assessing the relative environmental merits of competing products. Third-party certification plays a major role in today's industry. Independent certification can show a company's dedication to safer and environmental friendlier products to customers and NGOs.{{Citation needed|date=August 2018}}

LCA also has major roles in [[w:en:environmental impact assessment|environmental impact assessment]], integrated [[w:en:waste management|waste management]] and pollution studies. A recent study evaluated the LCA of a laboratory scale plant for oxygen enriched air production coupled with its economic evaluation in an holistic eco-design standpoint.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Galli|first=F|last2=Pirola|first2=C| last3= Previtali|first3=D|last4=Manenti|first4=F|last5=Bianchi|first5=C|title=Eco design LCA of an innovative lab scale plant for the production of oxygen-enriched air. Comparison between economic and environmental assessment|journal=Journal of Cleaner Production|date=April 2017|volume=171|pages=147–152|doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.09.268}}&lt;/ref&gt; LCA has also been used to assess the environmental impacts of pavement maintenance, repair, and rehabilitation activities.&lt;ref&gt;Salem, O., &amp; Ghorai, S. (2015). Environmental Life-Cycle Assessment of Pavement
Maintenance, Repair and Rehabilitation Activities. TRB 94th Annual Meeting.
Washington, D.C.: Transportation Research Board. https://trid.trb.org/view/1338519&lt;/ref&gt;

==Data analysis==

A life cycle analysis is only as valid as its [[w:en:data|data]]; therefore, it is crucial that data used for the completion of a life cycle analysis are accurate and current. When comparing different life cycle analyses with one another, it is crucial that equivalent data are available for both products or processes in question. If one product has a much higher availability of data, it cannot be justly compared to another product which has less detailed data.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Scientific Applications International Corporation |title=Life cycle assessment: principles and practice |page=88 |date=May 2006 |url=http://www.epa.gov/NRMRL/lcaccess/pdfs/600r06060.pdf 
 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091123001105/http://www.epa.gov/nrmrl/lcaccess/pdfs/600r06060.pdf |archivedate=23 November 2009 |df= }}&lt;/ref&gt;

There are two basic types of LCA data – unit process data and environmental input-output data (EIO), where the latter is based on national economic input-output data.&lt;ref name=greet/&gt; Unit process data are derived from direct surveys of companies or plants producing the product of interest, carried out at a unit process level defined by the system boundaries for the study.{{Citation needed|date=August 2018}}

Data validity is an ongoing concern for life cycle analyses. Due to [[w:en:globalization|globalization]] and the rapid pace of [[w:en:research and development|research and development]], new materials and manufacturing methods are continually being introduced to the market. This makes it both very important and very difficult to use up-to-date information when performing an LCA. If an LCA’s conclusions are to be valid, the data must be recent; however, the data-gathering process takes time. If a product and its related processes have not undergone significant revisions since the last LCA data was collected, data validity is not a problem. However, [[w:en:consumer electronics|consumer electronics]] such as [[w:en:cell phones|cell phones]] can be redesigned as often as every 9 to 12 months,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/29258026/ns/technology_and_science-tech_and_gadgets/t/planned-obsolescence-cell-phone-models/|title=Planned obsolescence: cell phone models | author= Suzanne Choney|date=24 February 2009|publisher=MSNBC|accessdate=5 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; creating a need for ongoing data collection.{{Citation needed|date=August 2018}}

The life cycle considered usually consists of a number of stages including: materials extraction, processing and manufacturing, product use, and product disposal. If the most environmentally harmful of these stages can be determined, then impact on the environment can be efficiently reduced by focusing on making changes for that particular phase. For example, the most energy-intensive life phase of an airplane or car is during use due to fuel consumption. One of the most effective ways to increase fuel efficiency is to decrease vehicle weight, and thus, car and airplane manufacturers can decrease environmental impact in a significant way by replacing heavier materials with lighter ones such as aluminium or carbon fiber-reinforced elements. The reduction during the use phase should be more than enough to balance additional raw material or [[w:en:manufacturing cost|manufacturing cost]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2018}}

Data sources are typically large databases. It is not appropriate to compare two options if different data sources have been used to source the data. Common data sources include:
{{col list|1=
* soca
* EuGeos' 15804-IA
* NEEDS
* ecoinvent
* PSILCA
* ESU World Food
* GaBi
* ELCD
* LC-Inventories.ch
* Social Hotspots
* ProBas
* bioenergiedat
* Agribalyse
* USDA
* Ökobaudat
* Agri-footprint
* Comprehensive Environmental Data Archive (CEDA)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.vitalmetricsgroup.com/data-ceda/|title=Data License: CEDA 5|website=VitalMetrics|language=en-US|access-date=2018-09-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

Calculations for impact can then be done by hand, but it is more usual to streamline the process by using software. This can range from a simple spreadsheet, where the user enters the data manually to a fully automated program, where the user is not aware of the source data.{{Citation needed|date=August 2018}}

==Variants==

===Cradle-to-grave===

Cradle-to-grave is the full Life Cycle Assessment from resource extraction ('cradle') to use phase and disposal phase ('grave'). For example, trees produce paper, which can be recycled into low-energy production [[w:en:cellulose|cellulose]] (fiberised paper) [[w:en:Building insulation|insulation]], then used as an energy-saving device in the ceiling of a home for 40 years, saving 2,000 times the [[w:en:fossil fuel|fossil-fuel]] energy used in its production. After 40 years the [[w:en:cellulose|cellulose]] fibers are replaced and the old fibers are disposed of, possibly incinerated. All inputs and outputs are considered for all the phases of the life cycle.{{Citation needed|date=August 2018}}

===Cradle-to-gate===

Cradle-to-gate is an assessment of a ''partial'' product life cycle from resource extraction (''cradle'') to the factory gate (i.e., before it is transported to the consumer). The use phase and disposal phase of the product are omitted in this case. Cradle-to-gate assessments are sometimes the basis for [[w:en:environmental product declarations|environmental product declarations]] (EPD) termed business-to-business EPDs.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.environdec.com/pageId.asp?id=301&amp;menu=2,2,26 EPD-The Green Yardstick]&lt;/ref&gt; One of the significant uses of the cradle-to-gate approach compiles the life cycle inventory (LCI) using cradle-to-gate. This allows the LCA to collect all of the impacts leading up to resources being purchased by the facility. They can then add the steps involved in their transport to plant and manufacture process to more easily produce their own cradle-to-gate values for their products.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Franklin Associates, A Division of Eastern Research Group|title=Cradle-to-gate Life Cycle Inventory of Nine Plastic Resins and Four Polyurethane Precursors|url=http://www51.honeywell.com/sm/chemicals/enovate/common/documents/FP_Enovate_July_2010_Report_by_the_American_Chemistry_Council_Manual.pdf|publisher=The Plastics Division of the American Chemistry Council|accessdate=31 October 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206012658/http://www51.honeywell.com/sm/chemicals/enovate/common/documents/FP_Enovate_July_2010_Report_by_the_American_Chemistry_Council_Manual.pdf|archivedate=6 February 2011|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Cradle-to-cradle or closed loop production===
{{See also|w:en:Cradle to Cradle Design}}

Cradle-to-cradle is a specific kind of cradle-to-grave assessment, where the end-of-life disposal step for the product is a [[w:en:recycling|recycling]] process. It is a method used to minimize the environmental impact of products by employing sustainable production, operation, and disposal practices and aims to incorporate social responsibility into product development.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Cradle-to-cradle definition.&quot; Ecomii. 19 October 2010. Web. &lt;http://www.ecomii.com/ecopedia/cradle-to-cradle&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; From the recycling process originate new, identical products (e.g., asphalt pavement from discarded asphalt pavement, glass bottles from collected glass bottles), or different products (e.g., glass wool insulation from collected glass bottles).{{Citation needed|date=August 2018}}

Allocation of burden for products in open loop production systems presents considerable challenges for LCA. Various methods, such as the [[w:en:avoided burden|avoided burden]] approach have been proposed to deal with the issues involved.{{Citation needed|date=August 2018}}

===Gate-to-gate===

Gate-to-gate is a partial LCA looking at only one value-added process in the entire production chain. Gate-to-gate modules may also later be linked in their appropriate production chain to form a complete cradle-to-gate evaluation.&lt;ref&gt;Jiménez-González, C.; Kim, S.; Overcash, M. Methodology for developing gate-to-gate Life cycle inventory information. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 2000, 5, 153–159.
&lt;/ref&gt;

===Well-to-wheel===

Well-to-wheel is the specific LCA used for [[w:en:transport|transport]] [[w:en:fuel|fuel]]s and vehicles. The analysis is often broken down into stages entitled &quot;well-to-station&quot;, or &quot;well-to-tank&quot;, and &quot;station-to-wheel&quot; or &quot;tank-to-wheel&quot;, or &quot;plug-to-wheel&quot;. The first stage, which incorporates the feedstock or fuel production and processing and fuel delivery or energy transmission, and is called the &quot;upstream&quot; stage, while the stage that deals with vehicle operation itself is sometimes called the &quot;downstream&quot; stage. The well-to-wheel analysis is commonly used to assess total energy consumption, or the [[w:en:energy conversion efficiency|energy conversion efficiency]] and [[w:en:Exhaust gas|emission]]s impact of [[w:en:marine vessel|marine vessel]]s, [[w:en:aircraft|aircraft]] and [[w:en:motor vehicle|motor vehicle]]s, including their [[w:en:carbon footprint|carbon footprint]], and the fuels used in each of these transport modes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.transportation.anl.gov/pdfs/TA/339.pdf|title=Well-to-Wheels Analysis of Advanced Fuel/Vehicle Systems — A North American Study of Energy Use, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, and Criteria Pollutant Emissions|publisher=[[w:en:Argonne National Laboratory|Argonne National Laboratory]]|first1=Norman|last1= Brinkman|first2=Michael|last2=Wang|first3=Trudy |last3= Weber|first4=Thomas|last4=Darlington|date=May 2005|accessdate=28 February 2011}} ''See EXECUTIVE SUMMARY – ES.1 Background, pp1''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=VDI&gt;{{cite journal|title=Vehicle Electrification - Quo Vadis|url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233987248 | last1=Brinkman| first1=Norman| first2=Ulrich| last2=Eberle|first3=Volker|last3=Formanski|first4=Uwe-Dieter|last4=Grebe|first5=Roland|last5=Matthe|publisher=[[w:en:Verein Deutscher Ingenieure|VDI]] |date=15 April 2012| accessdate=27 April 2013|doi= 10.13140/2.1.2638.8163 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.energy.ca.gov/2007publications/CEC-600-2007-004/CEC-600-2007-004-REV.PDF|title=Full Fuel Cycle Assessment: Well-To-Wheels Energy Inputs, Emissions, and Water Impacts|publisher=California Energy Commission|date=1 August 2007|accessdate=28 February 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.carmagazine.co.uk/Green-car-landing-page/Green-car-glossary/ |title=Green Car Glossary: Well to wheel |publisher=[[w:en:Car Magazine|Car Magazine]] |accessdate=28 February 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504030517/http://www.carmagazine.co.uk/Green-car-landing-page/Green-car-glossary/ |archivedate= 4 May 2011 |df= }}&lt;/ref&gt; WtW analysis is useful for reflecting the different efficiencies and emissions of energy technologies and fuels at both the upstream and downstream stages, giving a more complete picture of real emissions.

The well-to-wheel variant has a significant input on a model developed by the [[w:en:Argonne National Laboratory|Argonne National Laboratory]]. The Greenhouse gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy use in Transportation (GREET) model was developed to evaluate the impacts of new fuels and vehicle technologies. The model evaluates the impacts of fuel use using a well-to-wheel evaluation while a traditional cradle-to-grave approach is used to determine the impacts from the vehicle itself. The model reports energy use, [[w:en:greenhouse gas emission|greenhouse gas emission]]s, and six additional pollutants: [[w:en:volatile organic compounds|volatile organic compounds]] (VOCs), [[w:en:carbon monoxide|carbon monoxide]] (CO), [[w:en:nitrogen oxide|nitrogen oxide]] (NOx), [[w:en:Atmospheric particulate matter|particulate matter]] with size smaller than 10 micrometre (PM10), particulate matter with size smaller than 2.5 micrometre (PM2.5), and [[w:en:sulfur oxide|sulfur oxide]]s (SOx).&lt;ref name=greet&gt;{{cite web|url=http://greet.es.anl.gov/|title=How Does GREET Work?|publisher=[[w:en:Argonne National Laboratory|Argonne National Laboratory]]|date=3 September 2010|accessdate=28 February 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Quantitative values of [[w:en:greenhouse gas|greenhouse gas]] emissions calculated with the WTW or with the LCA method can differ, since the LCA is considering more emission sources. In example, while assessing the GHG emissions of a [[w:en:Battery Electric Vehicle|Battery Electric Vehicle]] in comparison with a conventional internal combustion engine vehicle, the WTW (accounting only the GHG for manufacturing the fuels) finds out that an electric vehicle can save the 50-60% of GHG,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Moro A|last2=Lonza L|title=Electricity carbon intensity in European Member States: Impacts on GHG emissions of electric vehicles | journal=Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment |volume=64|pages=5–14| doi=10.1016/j.trd.2017.07.012|pmid=30740029|year=2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; while an hybrid LCA-WTW method, considering also the GHG due to the manufacturing and the end of life of the battery gives GHG emission savings 10-13% lower, compared to the WTW.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Moro A|last2=Helmers E|title=A new hybrid method for reducing the gap between WTW and LCA in the carbon footprint assessment of electric vehicles|journal=Int J Life Cycle Assess (2017) 22: 4.|volume=22|pages=4–14|doi=10.1007/s11367-015-0954-z|year=2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Economic input–output life cycle assessment===

Economic input–output LCA ([[w:en:EIOLCA|EIOLCA]]) involves use of aggregate sector-level data on how much environmental impact can be attributed to each sector of the economy and how much each sector purchases from other sectors.&lt;ref&gt;Hendrickson, C. T., Lave, L. B., and Matthews, H. S. (2005). ''Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Goods and Services: An Input–Output Approach'', Resources for the Future Press {{ISBN|1-933115-24-6}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Such analysis can account for long chains (for example, building an automobile requires energy, but producing energy requires vehicles, and building those vehicles requires energy, etc.), which somewhat alleviates the scoping problem of process LCA; however, EIOLCA relies on sector-level averages that may or may not be representative of the specific subset of the sector relevant to a particular product and therefore is not suitable for evaluating the environmental impacts of products. Additionally the translation of economic quantities into environmental impacts is not validated.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.eiolca.net/Method/Limitations.html Limitations of the EIO-LCA Method and Models]&lt;/ref&gt;

===Ecologically based LCA===

While a conventional LCA uses many of the same approaches and strategies as an Eco-LCA, the latter considers a much broader range of ecological impacts. It was designed to provide a guide to wise management of human activities by understanding the direct and indirect impacts on ecological resources and surrounding ecosystems. Developed by Ohio State University Center for resilience, Eco-LCA is a methodology that quantitatively takes into account regulating and supporting services during the life cycle of economic goods and products. In this approach services are categorized in four main groups: supporting, regulating, provisioning and cultural services.&lt;ref name=Singh&amp;baksshi&gt;{{cite book|author1=S. Singh |author2=B. R. Bakshi |title=Eco-LCA: A Tool for Quantifying the Role of Ecological Resources in LCA|doi=10.1109/ISSST.2009.5156770 |journal= International Symposium on Sustainable Systems and Technology|year= 2009|pages=1–6|isbn=978-1-4244-4324-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Exergy based LCA ===
[[w:en:Exergy|Exergy]] of a system is the maximum useful work possible during a process that brings the system into equilibrium with a heat reservoir.&lt;ref&gt;Rosen, M. A., &amp; Dincer, I. (2001). Exergy as the confluence of energy, environment and sustainable development. Exergy, an International journal, 1(1), 3-13. https://www.academia.edu/download/6421325/kcx1421.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wall, G., &amp; Gong, M. (2001). On exergy and sustainable development—Part 1: Conditions and concepts. Exergy, An International Journal, 1(3), 128-145. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Goeran_Wall/publication/222700889_On_exergy_and_sustainable_development__Part_I_Conditions_and_concepts/links/53fdc0470cf2364ccc08fafa.pdf&lt;/ref&gt; Wall &lt;ref&gt;Wall, G. (1977). Exergy-a useful concept within resource accounting. http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:318565/FULLTEXT01.pdf&lt;/ref&gt; clearly states the relation between exergy analysis and resource accounting.&lt;ref&gt;Wall, G. (2010). On exergy and sustainable development in environmental engineering. The Open Environmental Engineering Journal, 3, 21-32. http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:318551/FULLTEXT01.pdf&lt;/ref&gt; This intuition confirmed by DeWulf &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Dewulf | first1 = J. | last2 = Van Langenhove | first2 = H. | last3 = Muys | first3 = B. | last4 = Bruers | first4 = S. | last5 = Bakshi | first5 = B. R. | last6 = Grubb | first6 = G. F. | last7 = Sciubba | first7 = E. | year = 2008 | title = Exergy: its potential and limitations in environmental science and technology | url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51393531 | format = PDF | journal = Environmental Science &amp; Technology | volume = 42 | issue = 7| pages = 2221–2232 | doi=10.1021/es071719a| bibcode = 2008EnST...42.2221D }}&lt;/ref&gt; and Sciubba &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Sciubba | first1 = E | year = 2004 | title = From Engineering Economics to Extended Exergy Accounting: A Possible Path from Monetary to Resource‐Based Costing | url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229896297 | format = PDF | journal = Journal of Industrial Ecology | volume = 8 | issue = 4| pages = 19–40 | doi=10.1162/1088198043630397}}&lt;/ref&gt; lead to Exergo-economic accounting &lt;ref&gt;Rocco, M. V., Colombo, E., &amp; Sciubba, E. (2014). Advances in exergy analysis: a novel assessment of the Extended Exergy Accounting method. Applied Energy, 113, 1405-1420. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Matteo_Rocco/publication/257311375_Advances_in_exergy_analysis_A_novel_assessment_of_the_Extended_Exergy_Accounting_method/links/0f3175314ce7cc6fc5000000.pdf&lt;/ref&gt; and to methods specifically dedicated to LCA such as Exergetic material input per unit of service (EMIPS).&lt;ref&gt;Dewulf, J., &amp; Van Langenhove, H. (2003). Exergetic material input per unit of service (EMIPS) for the assessment of resource productivity of transport commodities. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 38(2), 161-174. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Herman_VAN_LANGENHOVE/publication/228422347_Exergetic_material_input_per_unit_of_service_(EMIPS)_for_the_assessment_of_resource_productivity_of_transport_commodities/links/0c960519a4f6c42d97000000.pdf&lt;/ref&gt; The
concept of material input per unit of service (MIPS) is quantified in terms of the second law of thermodynamics, allowing the calculation of both resource input and service output in exergy terms. This exergetic material input per unit of service (EMIPS) has been elaborated for transport technology. The service not only takes into account the total mass to be transported
and the total distance, but also the mass per single transport and the delivery time.{{Citation needed|date=August 2018}}

==Life cycle energy analysis==
{{Main|w:en:Energy Return on Energy Invested}}
Life cycle energy analysis (LCEA) is an approach in which all [[w:en:energy|energy]] inputs to a product are accounted for, not only direct energy inputs during manufacture, but also all energy inputs needed to produce components, materials and services needed for the manufacturing process. An earlier term for the approach was ''energy analysis''.{{Citation needed|date=August 2018}}

With LCEA, the ''total life cycle energy input'' is established.{{Citation needed|date=August 2018}}

===Energy production===
{{see|Wikipedia:Energy production}}
It is recognized that much energy is lost in the production of energy commodities themselves, such as [[w:en:Nuclear power|nuclear energy]], [[w:en:photovoltaic|photovoltaic]]
[[w:en:electricity|electricity]] or high-quality [[w:en:petroleum products|petroleum products]]. ''Net energy content'' is the energy content of the product minus energy input used
during extraction and [[w:en:energy conversion|conversion]], directly or indirectly. A controversial early result of LCEA claimed that manufacturing
[[w:en:solar cell|solar cell]]s requires more energy than can be recovered in using the solar cell {{Citation needed|date=February 2011}}. The result was refuted.&lt;ref&gt;David MacKay [http://www.withouthotair.com/ Sustainable Energy] 24 February 2010 p. 41&lt;/ref&gt; Another new concept that flows from life cycle assessments is [[w:en:Energy Cannibalism|energy cannibalism]]. Energy cannibalism refers to an effect where rapid growth of an entire energy-intensive industry creates a need for [[w:en:energy|energy]] that uses (or cannibalizes) the energy of existing power plants. Thus during rapid growth the industry as a whole produces no energy because new energy is used to fuel the [[w:en:embodied energy|embodied energy]] of future power plants. Work has been undertaken in the UK to determine the life cycle energy (alongside full LCA) impacts of a number of renewable technologies.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|author=McManus, M |title=Life cycle impacts of waste wood biomass heating systems: A case study of three UK based systems|journal= Energy |volume =35|issue =10|year=2010|pages =4064–4070|doi=10.1016/j.energy.2010.06.014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|author=Allen, S.R., G.P. Hammond, H. Harajli, C.I. Jones, M.C. McManus and A.B. Winnett|year= 2008|title=Integrated appraisal of micro-generators: methods and applications|journal=Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Energy|volume=161 |issue=2|pages=73–86|doi=10.1680/ener.2008.161.2.73|citeseerx= 10.1.1.669.9412}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Energy recovery===
{{see|Wikipedia:Energy recovery}}
If materials are incinerated during the disposal process, the energy released during burning can be harnessed and used for [[w:en:electricity production|electricity production]]. This provides a low-impact energy source, especially when compared with [[w:en:coal|coal]] and natural gas&lt;ref&gt;Damgaard, A, et al. ''Life-cycle-assessment of the historical development of air pollution control and energy recovery in waste incineration.'' Waste Management 30 (2010) 1244–1250.&lt;/ref&gt; While [[w:en:incineration|incineration]] produces more [[w:en:greenhouse gas|greenhouse gas]] emissions than [[w:en:Landfill|landfills]], the waste plants are well-fitted with filters to minimize this negative impact. A recent study comparing energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions from landfills (without energy recovery) against incineration (with energy recovery) found incineration to be superior in all cases except for when [[w:en:landfill gas|landfill gas]] is recovered for electricity production.&lt;ref&gt;Liamsanguan, C., Gheewala, S.H., ''LCA: A decision support tool for environmental assessment of MSW management systems.'' Jour. of Environ. Mgmt. 87 (2009) 132–138.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Criticism===
It has also been argued that energy efficiency is only one consideration in deciding which alternative process to employ, and that it should not be elevated to the only criterion for determining environmental acceptability.{{Citation needed|date=June 2018}} For example, simple energy analysis does not take into account the renewability of energy flows or the toxicity of waste products;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last = Hammond | first = Geoffrey P. | title = Engineering sustainability: thermodynamics, energy systems, and the environment | journal = [[w:en:International Journal of Energy Research|International Journal of Energy Research]] | volume = 28 | issue = 7 | pages = 613–639 | year = 2004 | url = http://www.etcs.ipfw.edu/~mueller/me427/Engineering_sustainability.pdf| doi = 10.1002/er.988 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Incorporating '''Dynamic LCAs''' of renewable energy technologies (using sensitivity analyses to project future improvements in renewable systems and their share of the power grid) may help mitigate this criticism.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last = Pehnt | first = Martin | title = Dynamic life cycle assessment (LCA) of renewable energy technologies | journal = Renewable Energy | volume = 31 | issue = 1 | pages = 55–71 | year = 2006 | doi = 10.1016/j.renene.2005.03.002}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In recent years, the literature on life cycle assessment of [[w:en:energy technology|energy technology]] has begun to reflect the interactions between the current [[w:en:electrical grid|electrical grid]] and future [[w:en:energy technology|energy technology]]. Some papers have focused on [[w:en:energy|energy]] life cycle,&lt;ref name=&quot;Pearce2&quot;&gt;J.M. Pearce, [http://me.queensu.ca/people/pearce/publications/documents/asp3.pdf &quot;Optimizing Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Strategies to Suppress Energy Cannibalism&quot;] 2nd Climate Change Technology Conference Proceedings, p. 48, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pearce1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author=Joshua M. Pearce|doi=10.1504/IJNGEE.2008.017358|title=Thermodynamic limitations to nuclear energy deployment as a greenhouse gas mitigation technology|journal=International Journal of Nuclear Governance, Economy and Ecology |volume=2|issue=1|year=2008|pages=113–130}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dynamic&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author1=Jyotirmay Mathur |author2=Narendra Kumar Bansal |author3=Hermann-Joseph Wagner |doi=10.1016/S0301-4215(02)00290-2|title=Dynamic energy analysis to assess maximum growth rates in developing power generation capacity: case study of India|journal=Energy Policy |volume=32|issue=2|year=2004|pages=281–287}}&lt;/ref&gt; while others have focused on [[w:en:carbon dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) and other [[w:en:greenhouse gases|greenhouse gases]].&lt;ref name=&quot;RKCL&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author1=R. Kenny |author2=C. Law |author3=J.M. Pearce |title=Towards Real Energy Economics: Energy Policy Driven by Life-Cycle Carbon Emission|journal=Energy Policy |volume=38|pages=1969–1978|year=2010|doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2009.11.078|issue=4|citeseerx=10.1.1.551.7581 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The essential critique given by these sources is that when considering [[w:en:energy technology|energy technology]], the growing nature of the power grid must be taken into consideration. If this is not done, a given class of [[w:en:energy technology|energy technology]] may emit more CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; over its lifetime than it initially thought it would mitigate, with this most well [[w:en:Life-cycle greenhouse-gas emissions of energy sources#GHG from utility-scale wind power|documented in wind energy's case]].

A problem the energy analysis method cannot resolve is that different energy forms ([[w:en:heat|heat]], [[w:en:electricity|electricity]], [[w:en:chemical energy|chemical energy]] etc.) have different quality and value even in natural sciences, as a consequence of the two main laws of [[w:en:thermodynamics|thermodynamics]]. A thermodynamic measure of the quality of energy is [[w:en:exergy|exergy]]. According to the [[w:en:first law of thermodynamics|first law of thermodynamics]], all energy inputs should be accounted with equal weight, whereas by the [[w:en:second law of thermodynamics|second law]] diverse energy forms should be accounted by different values.{{Citation needed|date=August 2018}}

The conflict is resolved in one of these ways:
* value difference between energy inputs is ignored,
* a value ratio is arbitrarily assigned (e.g., a [[w:en:joule|joule]] of [[w:en:electricity|electricity]] is 2.6 times more valuable than a joule of heat or fuel input),
* the analysis is supplemented by economic (monetary) cost analysis,
* [[w:en:exergy|exergy]] instead of energy can be the metric used for the life cycle analysis.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last = Cornelissen | first = Reinerus Louwrentius | title = Thermodynamics and sustainable development; the use of exergy analysis and the reduction of irreversibility | year = 1997|journal=Thesis, University of Twente, Netherlands | url = http://doc.utwente.nl/32030/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Critiques==

Life cycle assessment is a powerful tool for analyzing [[wikt:commensurable|commensurable]] aspects of quantifiable systems. Not every factor, however, can be reduced to a number and inserted into a model. Rigid system boundaries make accounting for changes in the system difficult. This is sometimes referred to as the [[w:en:boundary critique|boundary critique]] to [[w:en:systems thinking|systems thinking]]. The accuracy and availability of data can also contribute to inaccuracy. For instance, data from generic processes may be based on [[w:en:average|average]]s, [[w:en:Sampling error|unrepresentative sampling]], or outdated results.&lt;ref&gt;Malin, Nadav, [http://www.buildinggreen.com/auth/article.cfm/2002/3/1/Life-Cycle-Assessment-for-Buildings-Seeking-the-Holy-Grail/?&amp;printable=yes Life-cycle assessment for buildings: Seeking the Holy Grail.] Building Green, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; Additionally, social implications of products are generally lacking in LCAs. Comparative life-cycle analysis is often used to determine a better process or product to use. However, because of aspects like differing system boundaries, different statistical information, different product uses, etc., these studies can easily be swayed in favor of one product or process over another in one study and the opposite in another study based on varying parameters and different available data.&lt;ref&gt;Linda Gaines and Frank Stodolsky [http://www.transportation.anl.gov/pdfs/TA/104.pdf Life-Cycle Analysis: Uses and Pitfalls]. Argonne National Laboratory. Transportation Technology R&amp;D Center&lt;/ref&gt; There are guidelines to help reduce such conflicts in results but the method still provides a lot of room for the researcher to decide what is important, how the product is typically manufactured, and how it is typically used.{{Citation needed|date=August 2018}}

An in-depth review of 13 LCA studies of wood and paper products&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ncasi.org/publications/Detail.aspx?id=2628 National Council for Air and Stream Improvement Special Report No: 04-03]. Ncasi.org. Retrieved on 2011-12-14.&lt;/ref&gt; found&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.forintek.ca/public/pdf/Public_Information/technical_rpt/TR19%20Complete%20Pub-web.pdf FPInnovations 2010 A Synthesis of Research on Wood Products and Greenhouse Gas Impacts 2nd Edition page 40] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321215904/http://www.forintek.ca/public/pdf/Public_Information/technical_rpt/TR19%20Complete%20Pub-web.pdf |date=21 March 2012 }}. (PDF). Retrieved on 2011-12-14.&lt;/ref&gt; a lack of consistency in the methods and assumptions used to track carbon during the [[w:en:product lifecycle|product lifecycle]]. A wide variety of methods and assumptions were used, leading to different and potentially contrary conclusions – particularly with regard to [[w:en:carbon sequestration|carbon sequestration]] and [[w:en:Methanogenesis|methane generation]] in landfills and with [[w:en:carbon accounting|carbon accounting]] during forest growth and product use.{{Citation needed|date=August 2018}}

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[w:en:Agroecology|Agroecology]]
* [[w:en:Agroecosystem analysis|Agroecosystem analysis]]
* [[w:en:Anthropogenic metabolism|Anthropogenic metabolism]]
* [[w:en:Biofuel|Biofuel]]
* [[w:en:Carbon footprint|Carbon footprint]]
* [[w:en:Circular Economy|Circular Economy]]
* [[w:en:Cradle to Cradle|Cradle to Cradle]]
* [[w:en:Depreciation|Depreciation]]
* [[w:en:Design for Environment|Design for Environment]]
* [[w:en:Dimension stone|Dimension stone]] Stone: life-cycle assessment and best practices
* [[w:en:Ecodesign|Ecodesign]]
* [[w:en:End-of-life (product)|End-of-life (product)]]
* [[w:en:Environmental pricing reform|Environmental pricing reform]]
* [[w:en:Greenhouse gas|Greenhouse gas]]
* [[w:en:GREET Model|GREET Model]]
* [[w:en:Industrial ecology|Industrial ecology]]
* [[w:en:ISO 15686|ISO 15686]]
* [[w:en:Industrial metabolism|Industrial metabolism]]
* [[w:en:Life-cycle greenhouse-gas emissions of energy sources|Life-cycle greenhouse-gas emissions of energy sources]]
* [[w:en:Water footprint|Water footprint]]
* [[w:en:Whole-life cost|Whole-life cost]]
{{div col end}}

==References==

{{Reflist|35em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024195424/http://www.greenhouse.gov.au/yourhome/technical/fs31.htm |date=24 October 2007 |title=Embodied Energy: Life Cycle Assessment. Your Home Technical Manual. A joint initiative of the Australian Government and the design and construction industries. }}
*[http://www.leidenuniv.nl/interfac/cml/ssp/index.html LCA research at the Center for Environmental Sciences, Leiden University]
*[https://sftool.gov/plan/402/lca-example-light-emitting-diodes-leds- LCA Example: Light Emitting Diode (LED) from GSA's Sustainable Facilities Tool]
* [http://www.ecostatis.com/impress/lca/lca-slides.html A short interactive presentation of Life Cycle Assessment]
*[https://nexus.openlca.org/databases]


{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2010}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Life Cycle Assessment}}
[[Category:Design for X]]
[[Category:Environmental impact assessment]]
[[Category:Industrial ecology]]

== Page Information ==
This page was based on the following [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life-cycle%20assessment wikipedia-source page]:
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life-cycle%20assessment Life-cycle assessment] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life-cycle%20assessment
* Datum: 6/1/2019
* [https://niebert.github.com/Wikipedia2Wikiversity Wikipedia2Wikiversity-Converter]: https://niebert.github.com/Wikipedia2Wikiversity

==Learning Materials==


== References ==

=== Standards ===

=== Text Books ===

=== Sample Studies ===</text>
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Things will be changed and moved around a lot.}}

of taking video clips and putting them together to tell a story. There’s a bunch of different parts of video editing: planning, cutting the clips, color grading, VFX, sound design, music, text and titles, and so on. There’s also a bunch of different things you can do with editing, from making documentaries, to movies, to long-form content on YouTube, to short-form content on platforms like TikTok and Instagram.

==The Planning Process==
Before you start any edit, you should have a plan. Wether you're making a tiny YouTube Short, or a full-length documentary film, there has to be some sort of planning or thought process behind what you are creating. There are two main things you should be thinking about: the concept, and the story. The story is a linear progression of events inside your video. If you're making a film, the story is your script (obviously). If you have a story in your video, the viewer is taken from point A to point B. It's simple enough to create a story. But what if your video doesn't necessarily have a story? Then you're going to need a concept. A concept is the meaning behind your video. Why are you making it? What is the meaning? This is even more important than the story, because there needs to be a reason to why you're putting in all the effort to create your video. In most movies, the concept is the &quot;moral of the story.&quot; After you watch a movie, you leave with a message that stays in your head. Sometimes its about love, about trust or even about family (shoutout to the Fast and Furious franchise). If you're making a commercial, maybe the concept is trying to get the viewer to buy your car. A lot of commercials try to base the concept around humor, because if the viewer finds the advertisement funny, they're more likely to engage and become a customer. Concepts in commercials come back to brand identity a lot of the time.


==Words You Should Know==
'''Capture''' - Digitizing raw footage onto your computer for use digitally in editing.

'''Batch Capture''' - Capturing a number of clips all at one time using in and out marks from a log sheet.

'''Logging''' - Marking a series of In and Out points in a clip to signify which parts should be captured.

'''Cutting''' - The act of editing video.

'''Splice in (Insert)''' - A type of edit that moves over clips to allow space for a new clip to be added.

'''Overwrite''' - A type of edit that erases a clip with a new clip in its place.

'''Slide (Slip)''' - A type of edit which keeps the same length of the clip but changes the in and out points to make it start and end earlier or later.

'''Roll (Trim)''' - A type of edit that changes just the in point or the out point and also makes the clip longer or shorter.

'''Frame''' - A measurement of time, and also the smallest amount a video can be cut to.

'''Frame Rate''' - The number of frames that will make one second of video this can range to any number. Common frame rates are 60, 30, 29.97, 25, 24, 23.98, 16.

'''Mark In''' - Placing a marker at the beginning of where you want your clip to start.

'''Mark Out''' - Placing a marker at the beginning of where you want your clip to end.

'''Edit''' - To make a cut in a clip making it a separate clip.

'''Transition''' - An effect which visually moves your video from one clip to another. There are many types of transitions.

'''Keyframe''' - A marker that locks in a Parameter for a specific property. Changing keyframes over time will animate the video or change properties over time.

'''Sequence (Timeline)''' - Where all the cuts take place, a place to lay out clips.

'''Levels''' - The amount of loudness the audio of a clip or sequence will have this ranged from -infinity db to 0db.

'''Peaking''' - A level of audio that reaches over 0 which tops out and distorts.

'''Title Safe''' - An area within the viewable space of your screen in which text will be able to be seen safely on a TV set at home. Usually 20% from the side of the viewer.

'''Action Safe''' - An area within the viewable space of your screen in which the video will be able to be seen safely on a TV set at home. Usually 10% from the side of the viewer.

'''Tracks''' - Where video and audio will go within the sequence or timeline.

'''Bins''' - A folder to organize your captured clips.

'''B-Roll''' - Video that describes what is being seen.

'''A-Roll''' - The Principal video that is usually someone speaking.

'''A/B Editing''' - Cutting from A-roll on a lower track to B-roll on a higher track; this was also the basis of linear editing.

'''JKL Editing''' - Cutting video using the keyboard.

'''J-Edit''' - An Edit in which you first see and hear A-roll and then B-roll is laid over it.

'''L-Edit''' - An Edit in which you first see B-roll but hear A-roll and then A-roll is cut to.

==Steps to Video Editing==

Once you have your raw video shot, you must now capture it. Most editors will log their clips, which not only includes the In and Out information, but also the name of the tape or reel it came from, and also the name of the clip. Most often you will want to include the scene and take in the name.
Once you have logged the tape, you will want to capture those specific parts of the tape. This is normally done with a batch capture. Once digitized, you can freely edit your materials in a timeline. It is a good idea to name your timeline.

Next, start to Insert the clips into the sequence in the order they should be seen. Video will go on video tracks and audio on audio tracks. Often editors make one sequence, or timeline, for each scene, and then assemble the timelines together at the end.
Once you have the clips in order, you will want to start cutting and adding edits to your clips. This will tighten up the look and feel of your scene. The goal of an editor is to show as much as is pertinent in as little time as possible; so, only put in the pertinent stuff that is important for the scene! Too much footage will make a scene drag on.

When you manually locate elements in the video, place the first and the last key frame first, since this locates the object closer to the intended location between the keyframes, which saves production effort compared to placing key frames sequentially. Then, apply the principle of binary searching, meaning place the keyframe at half way between the first and the last, then at one quarter and three quarters, then at eights, and so on, until it looks well enough.
There are many tools to use in making your scene as tight as possible, including J-edits, L-edits, Trimming, and Slipping. This is the stage when your creativity should shine. Feel free to experiment with different looks and feels to get exactly what is needed.
Once you have the video where you want it, you will want to add graphics, such as text or 2d and 3d elements. This is called compositing. You might also want to include transitions in between the clips. Also, at this stage you will want to color correct your footage. This stage takes a lot of patience and practice but can be very rewarding.

Next, you'll want to work on your audio, making sure your levels are correct. Ideally, broadcasters like the levels to top out at -6db. You want to avoid peaking. Use the audio keyframes to make your audio equal throughout; and, you can also normalize the audio, which brings all the highest audio points to a specified level. Make sure your music is at a comfortable level for the scene. If there is talking in the scene, try to avoid music with lyrics. If you do voice over background music, lower the volume of the music so that the voice may be heard clearly and distinctly.
Now that your video and audio editing is complete, you will want to export your video to a dvd, or other such digital format to be used on Youtube, or on any number of other video sharing sites.

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      <comment>Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/83.27.141.8|83.27.141.8]] ([[User_talk:83.27.141.8|talk]]) to last version by [[User:Smartpanda36|Smartpanda36]] using [[Wikiversity:Rollback|rollback]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="8560" sha1="mweahi8gzrs9136fvfyxopmqhjx6yvp" xml:space="preserve">{{Warning|Hey! This course is currently being written. Like, ''right'' now.&lt;br&gt;
Things will be changed and moved around a lot.}}

'''Video Editing,''' at its most basic, is the process of taking video clips and putting them together to tell a story. There’s a bunch of different parts of video editing: planning, cutting the clips, color grading, VFX, sound design, music, text and titles, and so on. There’s also a bunch of different things you can do with editing, from making documentaries, to movies, to long-form content on YouTube, to short-form content on platforms like TikTok and Instagram.

There's an idea that the hardest part of video editing is the VFX, or the audio, or the color grading, or even the transitions. But it isn't-- the hardest thing about video editing, and the difference between a good versus a great editor, is all about where you place your clips, and how long each clip is on-screen. This is called ''pacing'', and if the pacing is messed up, it can ruin whatever you're creating, no matter how good all the other pieces are. To improve your pacing, you should make a ''plan'' before you start editing.

==The Planning Process==
Before you start any edit, you should have a plan. Wether you're making a tiny YouTube Short, or a full-length documentary film, there has to be some sort of planning or thought process behind what you are creating. There are two main things you should be thinking about: the concept, and the story. The story is a linear progression of events inside your video. If you're making a film, the story is your script (obviously). If you have a story in your video, the viewer is taken from point A to point B. It's simple enough to create a story. But what if your video doesn't necessarily have a story? Then you're going to need a concept. A concept is the meaning behind your video. Why are you making it? What is the meaning? This is even more important than the story, because there needs to be a reason to why you're putting in all the effort to create your video. In most movies, the concept is the &quot;moral of the story.&quot; After you watch a movie, you leave with a message that stays in your head. Sometimes its about love, about trust or even about family (shoutout to the Fast and Furious franchise). If you're making a commercial, maybe the concept is trying to get the viewer to buy your car. A lot of commercials try to base the concept around humor, because if the viewer finds the advertisement funny, they're more likely to engage and become a customer. Concepts in commercials come back to brand identity a lot of the time.


==Words You Should Know==
'''Capture''' - Digitizing raw footage onto your computer for use digitally in editing.

'''Batch Capture''' - Capturing a number of clips all at one time using in and out marks from a log sheet.

'''Logging''' - Marking a series of In and Out points in a clip to signify which parts should be captured.

'''Cutting''' - The act of editing video.

'''Splice in (Insert)''' - A type of edit that moves over clips to allow space for a new clip to be added.

'''Overwrite''' - A type of edit that erases a clip with a new clip in its place.

'''Slide (Slip)''' - A type of edit which keeps the same length of the clip but changes the in and out points to make it start and end earlier or later.

'''Roll (Trim)''' - A type of edit that changes just the in point or the out point and also makes the clip longer or shorter.

'''Frame''' - A measurement of time, and also the smallest amount a video can be cut to.

'''Frame Rate''' - The number of frames that will make one second of video this can range to any number. Common frame rates are 60, 30, 29.97, 25, 24, 23.98, 16.

'''Mark In''' - Placing a marker at the beginning of where you want your clip to start.

'''Mark Out''' - Placing a marker at the beginning of where you want your clip to end.

'''Edit''' - To make a cut in a clip making it a separate clip.

'''Transition''' - An effect which visually moves your video from one clip to another. There are many types of transitions.

'''Keyframe''' - A marker that locks in a Parameter for a specific property. Changing keyframes over time will animate the video or change properties over time.

'''Sequence (Timeline)''' - Where all the cuts take place, a place to lay out clips.

'''Levels''' - The amount of loudness the audio of a clip or sequence will have this ranged from -infinity db to 0db.

'''Peaking''' - A level of audio that reaches over 0 which tops out and distorts.

'''Title Safe''' - An area within the viewable space of your screen in which text will be able to be seen safely on a TV set at home. Usually 20% from the side of the viewer.

'''Action Safe''' - An area within the viewable space of your screen in which the video will be able to be seen safely on a TV set at home. Usually 10% from the side of the viewer.

'''Tracks''' - Where video and audio will go within the sequence or timeline.

'''Bins''' - A folder to organize your captured clips.

'''B-Roll''' - Video that describes what is being seen.

'''A-Roll''' - The Principal video that is usually someone speaking.

'''A/B Editing''' - Cutting from A-roll on a lower track to B-roll on a higher track; this was also the basis of linear editing.

'''JKL Editing''' - Cutting video using the keyboard.

'''J-Edit''' - An Edit in which you first see and hear A-roll and then B-roll is laid over it.

'''L-Edit''' - An Edit in which you first see B-roll but hear A-roll and then A-roll is cut to.

==Steps to Video Editing==

Once you have your raw video shot, you must now capture it. Most editors will log their clips, which not only includes the In and Out information, but also the name of the tape or reel it came from, and also the name of the clip. Most often you will want to include the scene and take in the name.
Once you have logged the tape, you will want to capture those specific parts of the tape. This is normally done with a batch capture. Once digitized, you can freely edit your materials in a timeline. It is a good idea to name your timeline.

Next, start to Insert the clips into the sequence in the order they should be seen. Video will go on video tracks and audio on audio tracks. Often editors make one sequence, or timeline, for each scene, and then assemble the timelines together at the end.
Once you have the clips in order, you will want to start cutting and adding edits to your clips. This will tighten up the look and feel of your scene. The goal of an editor is to show as much as is pertinent in as little time as possible; so, only put in the pertinent stuff that is important for the scene! Too much footage will make a scene drag on.

When you manually locate elements in the video, place the first and the last key frame first, since this locates the object closer to the intended location between the keyframes, which saves production effort compared to placing key frames sequentially. Then, apply the principle of binary searching, meaning place the keyframe at half way between the first and the last, then at one quarter and three quarters, then at eights, and so on, until it looks well enough.
There are many tools to use in making your scene as tight as possible, including J-edits, L-edits, Trimming, and Slipping. This is the stage when your creativity should shine. Feel free to experiment with different looks and feels to get exactly what is needed.
Once you have the video where you want it, you will want to add graphics, such as text or 2d and 3d elements. This is called compositing. You might also want to include transitions in between the clips. Also, at this stage you will want to color correct your footage. This stage takes a lot of patience and practice but can be very rewarding.

Next, you'll want to work on your audio, making sure your levels are correct. Ideally, broadcasters like the levels to top out at -6db. You want to avoid peaking. Use the audio keyframes to make your audio equal throughout; and, you can also normalize the audio, which brings all the highest audio points to a specified level. Make sure your music is at a comfortable level for the scene. If there is talking in the scene, try to avoid music with lyrics. If you do voice over background music, lower the volume of the music so that the voice may be heard clearly and distinctly.
Now that your video and audio editing is complete, you will want to export your video to a dvd, or other such digital format to be used on Youtube, or on any number of other video sharing sites.

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      <comment>([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:Duplicate|Duplicate]]: [[File:Dive off!.jpg]] → [[File:Dive off - Flickr - Sebastian Mary.jpg]] Exact or scaled-down duplicate: [[c::File:Dive off - Flickr - Sebastian Mary.jpg]]</comment>
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= Motivation and Emotion Text Book Chapter =

I have also authoured a text book chapter on [[Motivation and emotion/Textbook/Motivation/Procrastination|Procrastination]]

= E-Portfolio =
This page will chronicle my learning throughout the unit [[Motivation and Emotion]]. [[File:Motivation and Emotion Scrabble.jpg|200px]] 

== Week One ==

'''What causes behaviour?'''  I think that this is probably a question that runs through the minds of many psychology students, and for that matter the whole population.  For me, this was probably the reason I started a [[psychology]] degree, I wanted to know why people do things. Why do some people have the [[motivation]] to train at elite levels, why do others have the motivation to study, why do children  (and pets for that matter) insist on being oppositional? 
This question of why is asked again and again and I am greatly looking forward to having a few answers.  

[[File:Graduating students.JPG|left|300px]] [[File:Dive off - Flickr - Sebastian Mary.jpg|right|250px]]

Because I have come to this unit with these questions, the aspect of the readings which had the greatest impact on me was the discussion of the processes that energize and direct behaviour.  Reeve (2009) states that Motivation is caused by internal and external events.  Internal events are those made up of Needs, Cognitions, and Emotions, whilst external events are any sources or stimuli external to the body.  

'''Needs''' are essential and necessary to life, like food and water.  Reeve (2009, p.77) states that when a &quot;need is nurtured and satisfied, wellbeing is maintained and enhanced.  If it is neglected or frustrated, the needs thwarting will produce damage that disrupts biological or psycholological well being.&quot;  He suggets that we therefore need to change our behaviour in order to ensure we maintain our optimal wellbeing.  Reeve also states that there are three types of Needs that we have to attend too; Physiological (See Week 3), Psychological and Social Needs. 
'''Cognitions''' consist of thoughts, beliefs and expectations.  

'''Emotions''' are the phenomena which help us to react adaptively.  It is the combination of these internal and external events which I think holds the answer to why.

This quest to understand what motivates behavior has, in turn, created an interest to understand what ''prevents'' people from doing things, why can some people be bothered and others not.  This is the reason I have chosen to look into [[Motivation and emotion/Textbook/Motivation/Procrastination|procrastination]] as my [[Motivation and emotion/Textbook|text book chapter]], and I invite [[User talk:Sallybradford|anyone to comment]] as to what they believe causes them to procrastinate (or give feedback on the page so far) as I believe anecdotal evidence is the origin of many theories.

== Week Three  ==
=== The Motivated and Emotional Brain === 

As Reeve (2009, p.50) states, the brain can be viewed to act in three ways; the Thinking Brain, the Motivated Brain, and the Emotional Brain.  I think that it is important to note that there are in fact different aspects to the Brain as I think that many individuals view our brains as simply the control centre for logic and forget that it is our brains which also control our emotional reactions to events, and not (as the romantic might state) the heart.  I also find it interesting that we use our minds to problem solve, yet the same organ can also cause us to react completely irrationally, often creating another emotion for us to deal with; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embarrassment embarrassment!] 

Reeve (2009) also tells us that our reactions to events are not just a reflex to stimuli but a complex interaction between the biochemical’s stimulated by those events and their effect on specific structures within the brain.  Theoretically this is easy enough to understand, however I still find it amazing that our brains have so many simultaneous processes occurring at once, yet often it occurs so unconsciously that we cannot even state why we are experiencing a particular emotion.

What I further found interesting about this topic is that the structures of the Brain have been split into Approach (Figure 1) versus Avoidance states (see Table 2).  I am unsure whether the term versus, as Reeve (2009, p. 54) puts it, is quite the right term to use as I think that these states can be occurring simultaneously.  For example one might be avoiding homework as it creates anxiety, so is being affected by the Amygdala, whilst simultaneously being drawn to the social aspect of being with friends, and therefore also be under the influence of the Septal area.  Reeve was perhaps using the term for a lack of a better one, but I think it is important to always be aware that multiple processes are always occurring in the Brain and we cannot simply put it down to one structure, hormone or chemical.
{| cellpadding=&quot;10&quot; cellspacing=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;width: 50%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto&quot;
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'''Table 1'''

{{big2|'''''Approach Orietated Structures and their Motivational and Emotional States'''''}}

{{center top}}
{| border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5
|-
! Brain Structure 
! Associated Motivational or Emotional Experiance
|-
| Hypothalamus
| Pleasurable, regulates feeding, drinking and mating
|-
| Medial Forbrain bundle
| Pleasurable, Reinforcement
|-
| Orbitofrontal cortex
| Processes incentive-related information and options
|-
| Septal area
| Pleasurable, associated with socioability, sexuality
|-
| Nuclues accumbens
| Pleasuable, related to reward
|-
| Anterior cingulate cortex
| Related to Mood and choices
|-
| Cerebral Cortex
| Plans, goals and future intentions
|-
| Left Prefrontal cortex
| Approach Motivational and emotional tendencies
|- 
| Medial prefrontal cortex
| responses to learning.  Underlies percieved control beliefs and mastery motivation
|}
{{center bottom}}
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;''Note:'' Adapted from &quot;Understanding Motivation and Emotion&quot; by J. Reeve, 2009, p54. Unites States of America: Wiley.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;

'''Table 2'''

{{big2|'''''Avoidance Orietated Structures and their Motivational and Emotional States'''''}}


Avoidance Orietated Structures and their Motivational and Emotional States
{{center top}}
{| border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5
|-
! Brain Structure 
! Associated Motivational or Emotional Experiance
|-
| Right prefrontal cortex
| Withdraw motivational and emotional tendencies
|-
| Amygdala
| Detecting and responding to threat and danger (fear, anxiety, anger)
|-
|Hippocampus
|Behavioural Inhibition system
|}
{{center bottom}}
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;''Note:'' Adapted from &quot;Understanding Motivation and Emotion&quot; by J. Reeve, 2009, p54. Unites States of America: Wiley.&lt;/p&gt;
|}

=== Physiological Needs ===

I think that Physiological needs are a good place to start when studying motivation and emotion, as I think that as these become salient you cannot focus on anything else (these become the ultimate motivation) until they have been attended too.  Which is also the view of Maslow, as can be seen in his hierarchy of needs (See Figure 1).  [[File:Mazlow's Hierarchy of Needs.svg|thumb|''Figure 1:'' Maslows Heirachy of Needs|left|500px]]

A few questions continue to come to mind when I think about Physiological Needs; Are our needs evolutionary and/or socially influenced?  And, are our needs and responses to them, universal?

I think that our physiological need for food and water is probably universal in the fact that we need to eat and drink in order to stay alive, however I think that our responses to those needs, and our conscious appraisal of our behaviours is far from universal.  For example some people have no problem monitoring their eating habits whilst others develop [http://www.eatingdisorders.org.au/eating-disorders/types-of-eating-disorders/binge-eating-disorder-2/what-is-binge-eating-disorder.html Binge eating disorders].  Some people eat purely because they are hungry; others eat because they are motivated to try multiple flavours (Berry, Beatty &amp; Klesges as cited Reeve, 2009, p. 92). 

I think these responses are influenced by both evolutionary and social factors.  For example, a study by Pfaffmann as cited Reeve (2009, p. 87) found that whilst we drink tasteless water to achieve homeostasis, we over-drink sweet water and under-drink sour, salty and bitter water.  I hypothesise that this is an evolutionary response whereby sweet foods typically indicate nutrients, like those in fruit and vegetables, whereby salty, sour and bitter foods were potentially poisonous.  I do wonder whether we would see a further difference if we were to compare participants who commonly still eat from the land and participants from developed countries.  

I also believe that we can be socially influenced in how we react to physiological needs, for example as stated above, some people are so motivated by the ‘perfect body image’ that is portrayed by the media that their motivation to be thin overrides their motivation to suppress their need of hunger.  For further information on Eating Disorders, their causes and treatments see [http://www.psychology.org.au/publications/tip_sheets/eating/#s1 The Australian Psychological Society]
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;

==Week Four==

===Psychological Needs===
Reeve (2009)  states that there are three aspects which must be satisfied in order for psychological growth to be achieved; 

'''Autonomy:''' Psychological need to experience self-direction and personal endorsement in the initiation and regulation of behaviour.
  
'''Competence:''' A Psychological need to be effective in interactions with the environment, and; 

'''Relatedness:''' A Psychological need to establish bonds and attachments with others.

He states that satisfying these three needs will lead to engagement in activities.

What I find interesting concerning Autonomy is that it is not ''actual'' autonomy which is important but the ''perceived'' amount of autonomy.  Reeve (2009) states that choice is important, where, one requires a true choice rather than an either-or choice.  I would however, have to disagree with this as I think that an either-or can contribute to perceived choice.  Thinking anecdotally, children are rarely given a true choice, they instead are usually given a choice between two or three options, for example they are asked what they would like to wear between this and this, not whether they even want to wear anything at all.  If it was actual autonomy and choice which was important, I think very few people would ever experience psychological growth. 

What was also of interest to me was the ‘Four Essential Ways to Support Autonomy’ as I wonder whether these are taught to teachers.  I feel that teachers should take more note of the importance of describing the value, worth and meaning of engaging in uninteresting topics.  I feel that this is important, as for me the biggest hurdle I had in high school was trying to engage in topics which I felt had no personal relevance to me or my life (like longitudinal division – we have calculators!) 

Regarding competence, the thing that struck me as interesting was that essentially this is something which, unlike the others, can be personally manipulated. Autonomy and Relatedness are essentially situational and environmental aspects, and whilst competence can also depend on the task, I think one can personally increase their perceived competence.  I believe that competence can be a self-fulfilling prophecy; if one ensures they begin by completing tasks they are competent at, they will receive positive feedback, increasing their likeliness to feel competent and attempt other, possibly more difficult tasks in the future.

=== Social Needs ===

Reeve (2009, p.175)  states that '''Achievement''' motivates people to seek “success in competition with a standard of excellence.”  He states that it is a combination of competition with the task, self and others, however, I question whether these are all in equal competition.  For example, high achievers can still feel that they have not met their personal standard of excellence, regardless as to whether others see them as high achievers and they receive positive feedback from their tasks.  Their personal competition appears to be so high that they simply cannot feel that sense of achievement regardless on the task outcome or praise from others.  I do wonder whether this may be one contributor to suicide, as there are many stories of those ‘least likely,’ the high achievers who had everything (in the eyes of others).  One example is the story of Hannah Modra, which can be viewed at [http://www.abc.net.au/austory/specials/leastlikely/default.htm Australian Story &quot;The Girl Least Likely&quot;].  

I tried to find some research that looked into this apparent discrepancy between personal views of ‘ought-potential’ and their ‘actual-potential,’ as I was interested in seeing whether this has been hypothesized as a possible cause of suicide, however I was unable to find any conclusive research.  I am interested as it does seem like a plausible hypothesis that one who cannot feel a sense of achievement, because their personal ought-potential is simply unattainable, would in-turn feel depressed.

If anyone else knows of any research into this area, I would be interested in hearing of them.

== Week Five ==

===Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation ===  


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==== Tutorial and My University Motivation Profile ====

In the tutorial we spoke about the Functionalist theory which states that we can predict satisfaction based on the match between an individual’s motivational profile for why they do something and whether they actually receive the desired outcome.

When talking about the theory it was brought up that motivations for doing things cannot be instantly labelled as either intrinsic or extrinsic as something which may appear extrinsic may be a means to something intrinsic not the end in itself.  This is also what I was speaking about in the opposite section.  It was stated in the tutorial that students in [[Survey research and design in psychology|Survey Research and Design in Psychology]] have found that the most common motivation for attending university is career, followed by knowledge/learning/skills, social opportunities, altruism, and finally social pressure.

My functionalist profile for my satisfaction at university was as follows (see Figure 2); it is interesting that overall I received a negative 1 as I do generally enjoy the experience of university. However the reason I received a negative is because of my social pressure outcomes and I think the outcome is less than the motivation as I guess I feel that going to university was a recommended option at high school but I don’t feel that pressure anymore, so whilst it was a motivation for me to enrol initially it is not a strong motivation for me to continue.

[[File:Motivation profile.png|center|450px]]
''Figure 2:'' University Motivation Profile
|}

Reeve (2009, p. 111) states that '''Intrinsic motivation''' is the “inherent propensity to engage in one’s interests and to exercise one’s capacities.”  Basically, it is doing an activity because one finds it interesting and enjoyable.  He states that being intrinsically motivated is advantageous because it increases persistence, creativity, conceptual understanding, optimal functioning and wellbeing (p. 112-113).
'''Extrinsic motivation''' is said to arise from “environmental incentives and consequences such as food, money, praise, and attention, etc.” (Reeve, 2009, p. 113); you are doing something to get something else that is external (see Table 3).  The idea that extrinsic rewards can motivate us to do things is based on the principal of [http://www.youtube.com/v/I_ctJqjlrHA?fs=1&amp;hl=en_US&amp;rel=0&amp;color1=0x234900&amp;color2=0x4e9e00&amp;border=1 Operant Conditioning] (See Also [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operant_conditioning Wikipedia]).  The basic assumption is that when behaviour is followed by a positive consequence (a reinforcer) we are more likely to repeat the behaviour, and when it is followed by a negative consequence (a punishment) we are less likely to repeat the behaviour.   Reeve also goes on to remind us that a reward is not necessarily a reinforcer; a lolly may be a reinforcer to one individual and a punisher to another.  He states that in order for a reinforcer to act it must (p. 115);

# Decrease drive
# Decrease arousal
# Increase arousal
# Is attractive to the person
# Produces pleasurable brain stimulation
# Provides an opportunity to do a high frequency behaviour
  
Superficially, I can see the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic rewards, however I do feel that the distinction can be blurred.  Say for example, I have to complete an essay which is on a set question which I do not find interesting in the slightest, however I have to complete it for a subject which in general, I do find interesting, and feel a sense of satisfaction in by completing.  Is this intrinsic or extrinsic?  Reeve (2009, p. 133) states that there are four types of extrinsic motivations which range along a continuum (see Four Types of Extrinsic Motivation Table) so perhaps this example is the Integrated Regulation; “I complete the assignment because I value the satisfaction from the unit as a whole, and this assignment is part of the whole experience.”  I would be interesting in hearing where others feel this type of example fits along the continuum. 

Reeve also states that there are four reasons why one should not use extrinsic motivators;

# They undermine the quality of performance and interferes with the process of learning
# They distract  attention away from the hard question as to why another person is being asked to complete an uninteresting task
# There are better ways to encourage participation
# Undermine the individual’s long term capacity for autonomous self-regulation.

I recently came across an article however, that would disagree with the fourth reason. Baumann and Kuhl (2005) found that individuals who are state-orientated actually require extrinsic regulation otherwise competing tendencies emanating from the self cause distraction.  The cognitive evaluation theory also disagrees that extrinsic motivators are always wrong, hypothesising that extrinsic motivators can also inform people of competence, which as I stated in the Week 4 posting, can be a self-fulfilling prophecy which can lead to attempts at more challenging tasks.

The extent to which punishers work is also discussed by Reeve (2009, p. 121-122).  He states that they are ineffective as the side effects of negative emotionality, impaired relationships, and negative modelling outweigh the positive results.  I can understand the basis of this hypothesis when one talks about people who can understand language, as the appropriate behaviour can be explained to them, and then they are praised.  But what about animals who cannot understand language?  My dog for example is not to jump on the lounges and is praised for sitting on the floor when we are on the lounge, but he also jumps on the lounge, if I were not to rouse on him when he does so, how does he learn that it is not appropriate?  He prefers to be on the lounge with us and that alone is more reinforcing than the pats and praise he gets from the sitting on the floor.


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&lt;big&gt;'''Table 3'''&lt;/big&gt;

==== ''Four Types of extrinsic Motivation, Illistrated by Different Reasons of &quot;Why I recycle&quot;'' ====
{{center top}}
{| border=1 cellspacing=5 cellpadding=5
| &lt;big&gt;'''Type of Extrinsic Motivation'''&lt;/big&gt;
| &lt;big&gt;'''External Contingency at Stake'''&lt;/big&gt;
|&lt;big&gt;'''The Reason I Recycle Is...'''&lt;/big&gt;
| &lt;big&gt;'''Illistrative Quotation'''&lt;/big&gt; 
|- 
| '''External Regulation'''
| Incentives, Consequences
| &quot;to get a consequence.&quot;
| &quot;I recycel to make 5 cents on each can&quot;
|-
| '''Introjected Regulation'''
| Avoid guilt, boost self esteem
| &quot;Becuase I should&quot;
| &quot;I recycle becuase I ought to, if I am going to feel good (rather than guilty) about myself.&quot; 
|-
| '''Identified Regulation'''
| Valuing, sense of importance
| &quot;because it is important&quot;
| &quot;I recycle becuase it is important for a cleaner environment.&quot;
|-
| '''Integrated Regulation'''
| Value congruence
| &quot;Because it reflects my values&quot;
| &quot;I recycle because it reflects and expresses who I am and what I believe.&quot;
|}
{{center bottom}}
''Note:'' Adapted from &quot;Understanding Motivation and Emotion,&quot; by J. Reeve, 2009, Unites States of America: Wiley

|}

=== Goal Setting ===

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====&lt;big&gt;'''SMART Goals'''&lt;/big&gt;====

{{center top}}
{| border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5|| style=&quot;width:300px&quot;
| bgcolor=&quot;#ccff99&quot; | '''&lt;big&gt;S&lt;/big&gt;'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ccff99&quot; | '''Specific:''' Exactly What is it that you want to achieve?
|- style=&quot;background:DarkTurquoise&quot;
| '''&lt;big&gt;M&lt;/big&gt;'''
| '''Measurable:''' How will You track Your Progress?
|- style=&quot;background:LightCoral&quot;
| '''&lt;big&gt;A&lt;/big&gt;'''
| '''Achievable:''' Goals need to be a challenge as the higher the value of the reward, the less likely you will be distracted by alternatives.  That being said your goal should be something you can achieve otherwise failure may result in self-defeating prohecies.
|- style=&quot;background:Orchid&quot;
| '''&lt;big&gt;R&lt;/big&gt;'''
| '''Realistic:''' Similar to Achievable - Can you realistically see your self completing your goal? - Does it take into account your skills and resources?&lt;br /&gt;
'''Routine:''' The more often you have to decide between working towards goals and other more pleasurable tasks, the more chance you have of choosing the pleasurable options.  If you schedual goals to occur at regular times and places you will not give yourself the opportunity to procrastinate. 
|-style=&quot;background:Khaki&quot;
| '''&lt;big&gt;T&lt;/big&gt;'''
| '''Timely:''' Set yourself a timeframe in which you will have achieved your goal 
|}
{{center bottom}}
''Figure 3''. Description of each of the components of the 'SMART Goals' Approach to setting goals. Adapted from &quot;Set SMART goals for incentive programs,&quot; by M. Resnick, 2009, ''Industrial Safety &amp; Hygiene News, 43''(9), 48-49. '&quot;Set goals the SMART way,&quot; by S. S. Roberts, 2007, ''Diabetes Forecast, 60''(5), 43-44.  &quot;Procrastinus,&quot; by P. Steel, 2009, Retrieved from Procrastinus website: http://www.procrastinus.com.  &quot;A 'smart' way to set writing goals,&quot; by K. L. Stone, 2008,  ''Writer, 121''(9), 8-8.

|}
 
My first thought when seeing this topic placed after intrinsic and extrinsic motivators is; “are these not counterproductive?” On the one hand we are told not to use extrinsic motivators, yet on the other, set goals in order to get somewhere and achieve something!

Reeve (2009, p. 210) states that when there is a discrepancy between our present state and our ideal state we are cognitively motivated to reduce the dissonance.  There are said to be two types of discrepancy; discrepancy reduction and discrepancy creation.  '''Discrepancy reduction''' occurs when we experience feedback from our environment that our current performance is not living up to our ideal performance.  Reeve states that it is “the environment bringing some standard of excellence into our awareness (p. 211).  '''Discrepancy creation''' is based on a ‘feed forward’ system where one looks forward and proactively sets a challenging goal.

Reeve (2009) states that goals need to be specific (these direct behaviour), and difficult (to energize behaviour).  Once our performance is enhanced we then require appropriate feedback which documents our progress.  He goes on to state that without feedback our involvement can be emotionally unimportant and uninvolving.  This statement resonates strongly with me as I really appreciate it when I am given detailed feedback on my work, as this is how I improve.  If all that is given is ‘great work’ and a mark, or ‘needs some improvement’ I get quite annoyed as it does not help me progress; if I know what needed to be done to improve it I probably would have done it before handing it in!  As Reeve also states, I think it is also important to remember to give appropriate feedback that is constructive, as criticism usually just results in people ignoring it, or is detrimental to self-esteem and perceived competence.

I am surprised that Reeve does not mention '''SMART''' goals as this is a process which is regularly stated in the literature (Resnick, 2009; Roberts, 2007; Stone, 2008) (see Figure 3).  SMART is an acronym for ensuring goals are Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, and Timed.   These aspects are mentioned in some respects by Reeve however I feel that the SMART acronym is a more concise way to describe the process of goal setting than used in the text. 

Reeve (2009) does mention the need to set short-term goals as long term goals do not produce immediate performance feedback.  I think another theory which explains this well is [http://webapps2.ucalgary.ca/~steel/Procrastinus/theories.php Temporal Motivation Theory] (Steel, 2007).  This theory describes why goals need to be specific and timely.  Basically, the theory is based on time based curves, whereby as the time for a reward draws nearer one’s motivation for a smaller sooner reward will overcome that of a larger later reward.  So, if getting a good grade is your main goal, studying will have a higher motivational pull, that is, until a friend asks you to go to them movies on Friday.  As the time draws nearer to Friday (and your exam is still a long way off) your motivation to go to the movies becomes stronger than the goal of studying, and you therefore forget your goal to study, and go out.  One can however get around this by setting sub-goals as these small, specific goals can allow you to receive sooner reward and feedback (increasing their motivational curve).

== Week Six ==

=== Personal Control Beliefs ===

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==== Tutorial and Learning Optimism ====

In the tutorial we spoke about Seligman’s ABCDE (Adversity, Beliefs, Consequences, Disputation, Energisation) solution for learning optimism.  I think it is important to not be overly pessimistic as I think this could be related to depression as one believes that things are always bad and there is nothing they can do about it.  However, I also believe being overly optimistic can have its downsides as it is possible that being overly optimistic may be related to addictions like gambling where they believe that the next push of the poker machine button is ‘the one.’

[[File:Slot machine.jpg|Center|300px]]

|}

'''Expectancy''' is the subjective prediction of how likely it is that an event will occur.  Reeve (2009, p.232) states that there are two kinds of expectancies which are important when determining whether someone will act. ''' Efficacy Expectations''' which is the consideration of personal skills or attributes “Can I do It?” And '''Outcome Expectations''' which is the consideration of the outcome of the event/behaviour “Will what I do work.”  He states that when an individual thinks that they will be able to do something, and what they will do will have the desired outcome, they will act; he calls this '''Empowerment.''' 
 
An individual’s self-efficacy is determined by their personal behaviour and history (outcome of past experiences), vicarious experiences (observing others), verbal persuasion (pep talk), and their physiological state.  If you take these things into account you are then able to predict whether someone will be motivated to approach or avoid a task.  Evidence to this can be found in the study by Steel (2007) where he found that negative self-efficacy is related to procrastination.  I think that it is really important to consider self-efficacy when considering possible success as I think that this is an essential component, for example, you may have the skills or knowledge to complete a task but if you don’t believe you can do it, than I think there is a high chance of failure.

Within this area, an individual’s''' Mastery belief’s''' (the extent of perceived control one has over attaining desirable outcomes and preventing aversive ones) is also important.  I feel that it is important to distinguish between this and self-efficacy as I think they could be mistaken for the same thing.  Where self-efficacy is about skills, mastery beliefs is about locus of causality, so for example, a student might feel that they are capable of writing a HD essay (self-efficacy), however they choose not too because they know that the lecturer only gives HD’s to students they like (mastery beliefs) so there is no point in putting that amount of effort in.  

Reeve also talks about the various ways of coping (2009, p.243) when he discusses mastery beliefs.  I find understanding the various ways that individuals cope with setbacks particularly interesting and often essential within my work.  As a support worker we need to discuss with participants of our program how they cope with challenges and how to de-escalate them when they are becoming frustrated as some find it helpful to talk and work through the problem and for others, this is the worst thing they can do as it continues to work them up.

=== The Self ===
In the tutorial we spoke about all the possible ‘selves’ and then grouped them by their underlying constructs, we came up with the following list:

* '''Self-value:''' Which was made up of self-esteem and self- worth and is basically a positive or negative view of the self 
* '''Self-concept:''' How you would describe yourself, “I am…”
* '''Self-belief:''' Which is made up of self-efficacy, self-confidence and self-value, and helps us predict behaviour as it indicates our confidence in our abilities, and;
* '''Self-identity:''' Which has a social aspect as it is based in group membership.

I think that combining all these things is what makes us ‘us;’ it is our '''self-schema'''.  Reeve (2009, p. 268) states four benefits to having a well-developed self-schema in that it allows easy processing of information, quick retrieval of behavioural evidence, confident predictions of future behaviour, and resists counter-schematic information.  I however, think there is an additional reason, especially for individuals who work in caring professions, where if you are able to understand all the components that make yourself up, you are more likely to see clients as also being a combination of selves and experiences, and not just the presenting diagnosis or issue.

Within this chapter Reeve (2009, p. 275) also talks about '''cognitive dissonance''', which is when we receive feedback about the self that is inconsistent with our self-schema, causing a feeling of discomfort.  He states that there are four ways to remove the dissonance;

# Remove the dissonant belief
# Remove the importance of the dissonant belief
# Add a new consonant belief, and/or
# Increase the importance of the consonant belief

Basically, he states that we are not rational beings, but rather ''rationalising'' beings where we need to always explain away our behaviour.  I think that this is definitely the case because when I think anecdotally I can recall numerous occasions where I have said “yeah I did that because..,”  There is also a rather humorous example of this provided by [http://www.youtube.com/v/uLd3-cfLlvU?fs=1&amp;amp;hl=en_US&amp;amp;rel=0&amp;amp;color1=0xe1600f&amp;amp;color2=0xfebd01 Vicky Pollard in 'Little Britain.']

== Week 9 ==
=== Emotions ===

Reeve (2009, p. 301) states that emotions are short-lived, feeling arousal, purposive, and explosive phenomena that help us to adapt to the opportunities and challenges we face.  Based on that definition, emotions are therefore, one type of motivational force, with some saying that it is in fact the primary motivation force.  

[[File:Manga emotions-EN.jpg|right|500px]]

This chapter is based around five questions;

# What is an emotion?
# What causes an emotion?
# How may emotions are there?
# What good are emotions?
# What is the difference between emotion and mood?

However in the lecture James asked another five;

# How can emotion be measured?
# What are the consequences of emotions?
# How can emotion be changed?
# How and why did emotions evolve?
# How do emotions of animals and humans vary?

And I would like to add two more;

# How do emotions vary around the world?
# Do individual’s ability to control their emotion vary?

==== What causes an emotion? ====
There seems to be much debate about whether emotions are caused by cognitions or are biological reactions to situational events.  The '''Biological perspective''' works on the presumption that the emotional processing of events is unconscious, and automatic (Reeve, 2009).  Panksepp (as cited Reeve, 2009, p. 304-305) states that emotions arise from genetically endowed neural circuits that regulate brain activity, he provides three points of evidence for this view;

# Emotional states are often hard to verbalize
# Emotional experience can be induced by non-cognitive experience’s such as manipulating facial muscles
# emotions can occur in infants and non-human animals.

The '''cognitive perspective''' states that if we don’t understand the event we cannot react emotionally (Lazarus as cited Reeve, 2009p. 305).
I would have to agree with the two systems approach where the biological and cognitive systems work in synchrony to help us react appropriately.  I  believe this view as there is convincing evidence for both and I also think there are some emotions that can be elicited through pure biological arousal such as fear whilst others require some form of cognition such as guilt.  This is also why, in the tutorial, we arranged our emotions around the central term cognition, with emotions that are more pure physiological arousals towards the outer edges  see figure.  

==== How many emotions are there? ====

The biological theorists all agree that a small number of basic emotions exist, the basic emotions are universal to all animals, and the basic emotions are products of biology and evolution, however, they disagree with the number of emotions with theories ranging from two to ten.  The cognitive theorists argue that several different emotions can arise from the same event as they can be interpreted differently and therefore there is a limitless number of possible emotions.

I think that there are some basic emotions however they can each be along a continuum, for example sad could range from teary to distraught.  In the tutorial we organised our emotions into the main emotions of '''Sad, Fearful, Happy, Angry, Uncertain, Love''' and '''Surprised''' (See Figure 4).  We decided to put the emotions around the term ‘cognition’ where the emotions can also be along a continuum from being a reaction to something that has a cognitive basis to something that is a pure physiological reaction (see figure 1). I noticed that the other group also had the emotion of disgust and I think this is another main emotion which we could have added. We also decided that the following are not emotions but rather attitudes; ''Obnoxious, Indifferent, Apostrophic, Tendentious, Greedy, Alexithymia'', and ''Anomie''.

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===== Tutorial and Basic Emotions =====
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Emotion Q-sort Group 1 (10).jpg| The Basic emotions arranged around the term cognition (emotions that are towards the outer edges are more pure physiological arousals)
File:Emotion Q-sort Group 1 (11).jpg| Emotions connected with 'Surprised'
File:Emotion Q-sort Group 1 (2).jpg| Emotions connected with 'Sad'
File:Emotion Q-sort Group 1 (3).jpg| Emotions connected with 'Happy'
File:Emotion Q-sort Group 1 (4).jpg| Emotions connected with 'Angry'
File:Emotion Q-sort Group 1 (5).jpg| Emotions connected with 'Uncertain'
File:Emotion Q-sort Group 1 (6).jpg| Emotions connected with 'Love'
File:Emotion Q-sort Group 1.jpg| Emotions connected with 'Fear'
&lt;/gallery&gt;
''Figure 4'': Emotions organised into basic emotions and around the term 'cognition' with emotions towards the outer edges having more of a pure physiological aspect
|}

==== What good are emotions? ====
Reeve (2009) states that emotions have a coping function in that they help us deal with life tasks, and a social function where they help us communicate and relate to others.

Emotions are also what differentiate us from robots.  Emotions are the thing that scientists are struggling with the most when trying to program robots so that they act like humans, because of the cognitive view, where we all interpret events differently.  However, I believe that in some sense our reactions are socially constructed, even if only those that are socially acceptable.  So if there is a socially acceptable way to react to a situation - a right way, than there must also be a wrong way.  Therefore, if there is a right and wrong way to react, than perhaps it is possible to program appropriate reactions for at least the main emotions. 

==== What is the difference between emotion and mood? ====
Reeve (2009) describes moods as a relatively stable positive or negative affect where emotions emerge from situational events and are usually short lived.  I do wonder whether the strength of emotions can vary depending on one’s overall mood.  For example will a car crash be evaluated more negatively by a person in a negative affect than a positive affect.

==== How can emotion be measured?====
I guess that many people are able to say “I am happy” or, that “makes me angry” and therefore self-reporting is a possible option.  However, I think that there must be times when emotions are unconscious or at least the reason behind them is unclear.  I know that personally I have felt anxious at times and do not know why – which often makes me more anxious!  Also, I think that the names of emotions are socially constructed in that as a child when you cry someone asks you why you are sad, and when you are smiling and laughing, people comment on how happy you look.  So technically, a child could learn the wrong names to emotions, if for example, when they laugh someone asks why they are sad.  Therefore, if one was only to use a self-report it is theoretically possible that they report the wrong emotions. 

==== What are the consequences of emotions? ====
I think that having emotions contribute to our psychological wellbeing in that it is nice to feel happy and loved, and more negative emotions can also keep us safe in that fear can elicit the flight or fight response.

==== How can emotion be changed? ====

I feel that there are various ways that emotions to events can be changed, such as using the ideas of learned industriousness and setting up events that will lead to success (see my textbook page on [[Motivation and emotion/Textbook/Motivation/Procrastination|Procrastination]] for descriptions of these topics) to change the feeling of anxiousness.

==== How do emotions vary around the world? ====
As I stated above, I think that to some extent emotions can be socially constructed, which means that they must vary across cultures.

==== Do individual’s ability to control their emotion vary?====
I think that an individual’s ability to control their emotions do vary and it is possible to learn to control emotions as this is the desired outcome of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, in that individual’s learn to change their cognitions around events which will ultimately change their emotions and therefore behaviours.

== Week 10 ==
=== Biological Aspects of Emotions ===
[[File:Chicks hatching USDA95c1973.jpg|200px|left]]
Reeve (2009, p.330) states that five systems are activated when we face a situation of personal significance (see Table 4).  
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'''Table 4'''

{{big2|'''''Activated Systems When We Face A Significant Event'''''}}

{{center top}}
{| border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5
|-style=&quot;background:GreenYellow&quot;
| '''Automatic Nervous System'''
| Heart&lt;br /&gt;
Lungs&lt;br /&gt;
Muscles
|-style=&quot;background:Chartreuse&quot;
| '''Endocrine System'''
| Glands&lt;br /&gt;
Hormones
|-style=&quot;background:LawnGreen&quot;
| '''Neural Brain Circuits'''
| Limbic Brain Structures
|-style=&quot;background:Lime&quot;
| '''Rate of Neural Firing'''
| Neural Activity and Pace of Information Processing
|-style=&quot;background:LimeGreen&quot;
| '''Facial Feedback'''
| Discrete patterns of facial feedback
|}
{{center bottom}}
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;''Note:'' Adapted from &quot;Understanding Motivation and Emotion&quot; by J. Reeve, 2009, p330. Unites States of America: Wiley.&lt;/p&gt;
|}

I think that we are all aware that we do feel some of these physiological reactions when we feel emotions, I guess that the question this chapter asks is whether it is a case of the chicken or the egg.  Does the emotion lead our bodies to react in particular ways or does our bodily reaction lead us to identify our emotion.  James-Lange and a number of other contemporary psychologists believe it was the later; our bodily reaction leads us to identify an emotion.  The James-Lang theory is based on two assumptions;
# that the body reacts uniquely to different events, and
# the body does not react to non-emotion-eliciting events.


=== Cognitive Aspects of Emotion ===
The cognitive aspect of emotion suggests that how we appraise a situation (is the event a potential benefit, harm or threat ('''Primary Appraisal''')), and how we think we will cope with the event ('''Secondary Appraisal'''), will determine the emotion we feel.  This theory states that without an antecedent cognitive appraisal of the event emotions do not occur; it is the ''appraisal'' not the ''event'' which causes emotion. &lt;br /&gt;

[[File:Snakes.JPG|200px|left]]

I think that I have to agree with this cognitive aspect to emotion as I do think, that people react differently to different situations, which is also why we added the term ‘cognitive’ when sorting our groups emotions in the tutorial.  For example I would be terrified if I came across a snake, however a snake handler would probably appraise the same situation quite differently and possibly feel calm or even interest and joy.  This difference in appraisal can be seen in the decision tree provided by Reeve (2009, p. 351).  If our emotion was only dependent on our physiological arousal, than it would suggest that as we are both aroused to the same event we would be feeling the same emotion, which is not necessarily the case. 

Reeve provides more support for the appraisal theory in his discussion of the social aspects to emotion, stating for example, that it was found that Chinese people interpret ‘love’ differently than Americans.  I guess that this answers my question in my previous entry of whether emotions vary around the world, and possibly also provides support for my belief that to some extent emotions are socially constructed.

== Week 11 ==
=== Personality motivation and emotion===

There are five main personality traits widely accepted in the literature
# Neuroticism
# Extroversion
#Agreeableness
#Conscientiousness
#Openness

What traits an individual is high in, can affect the way they react to stimuli as well as influence the types of environments they seek out.

==== Happiness ====
[[File:Balloons of Happiness.jpg|300px|right]]
Reeve (2009, p. 371) states that happiness is associated with extraversion, where happy people are more likely to approach potentially rewarding situations.  He states that there are three aspects which contribute to this approach behaviour; sociability, assertiveness and venturesomeness.  I think these factors would be  considered to be associated to happiness to anyone from anecdotal evidence alone.  I think when one thinks of the stereotypically happy person they think of someone with friends, and is comfortable in social situations and is always doing exciting and fun things.

==== Suffering/Sadness ====
[[File:Sadness.jpg|230px|left]]
The trait that is most associated with suffering or sadness appears to be neuroticism, which is a predisposition to experience negative affect and feel chronically unhappy and dissatisfied (Reeve, 2009, p.372).

==== Arousal ====
{| cellpadding=&quot;10&quot; cellspacing=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;float: right; width: 25%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto&quot;
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[[File:YerkesDodsonLawGraph.png|300px]]&lt;br /&gt;

''Figure 4''.  Inverted U of arousal.
|}

An individual’s level of arousal can also contribute to motivation;

# Arousal level can be a function of how stimulating the environment is,
# People engage in behaviour to increase or decrease their level of arousal
# When under aroused, people seek opportunities to increase their arousal
# When over aroused we seek out opportunities to reduce our arousal

Although I can theoretically understand the third principle, I am unsure whether this is always the case when I think about my own experience of being bored.  When I am really bored I am usually so lethargic, all I will do is complain, I will not try and increase my arousal.  I will only try to seek out more stimulating environments when I am moderately bored.  I guess this anecdote is also a good example of the inverted-U relationship between arousal level and performance (see Figure 4); I have to be moderately aroused to feel the need to seek a new environment. 

===== Insufficient Stimulation and Underarousal =====
[[File:Divina proportio F4P^1 tile.svg|left|100px]]
I found the discussions of the experiments about sensory deprivation to be particularly interesting as it almost seemed as if the researchers were surprised that most participants could only last 24hours.  I get bored lying down and watching television for 24 hours, let alone lying there with nothing to see, touch, or hear.  I guess what I also found to be particularly interesting is that the visions that many of the participants had (I found an interesting [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yb5TV8uHmQ0 video of these]) do not seem dissimilar to those experienced by people on D-lysergic diethylamide LSD.  In hindsight this seems obvious considering LSD works within the sensory systems of the brain (Goodman, 2002), however I guess I just find it interesting that no arousal can have as strong of an effect as a hallucinogenic drug.

==== Control ====
Within this chapter Reeve (2009) also discusses control and how this can effect motivation and engagement.  He states that someone high in perceived control (expectancy of individuals in their ability to produce positive outcomes) is likely to show high effort, concentrate, persist in the face of failure, and maintain interest and optimism.  I think that this is because people high in perceived control ultimately believe that success or failure is up to them and it will therefore contribute to their self-schema.  So, in order for them to have a positive self-schema they need to persist until they succeed.  Those low in perceived control think that whatever they do will not make a difference anyway so the outcome will not be attributed to them, and therefore may as well give up.

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====Tutorial====
In the tutorial we had a rather interesting (and somewhat heated) discussion about drugs, both psychiatric and illegal, and the use of them.  I believe that medications are helpful for people who need them, but I also think that psychological treatments are important.  I think that people who are extremely mentally unwell often need medications in order to get to the point where they can focus on how they are thinking to then benefit from things like Cognitive Behavioural Therapy.  I ask anyone to tell someone with depression to just ‘snap out of it’ and ‘change the way they think about things’ and see the reaction they get.  I therefore believe that the two things work in conjunction with each other and are both necessary for many individuals.

I find from my own experience working with people with a mental illness that they find that medications help when they are getting quite unwell, where psychological treatments such as increased knowledge on their illness, symptoms, and support networks, and Cognitive Behavioural Thinking helps them stay well and out of hospital. 
[[File:Prozac pills.jpg|200px|left]]


{{center top}} &lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;'''VS'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
|}

== Week 12 ==
=== Unconscious Motivation ===
[[File:Sigmund Freud.jpg|right|300px]]
The '''Psychodynamic perspective''' of motivation suggests that “motivation and behaviour emerge from biologically endowed and socially acquired impulses that determine our desires, thoughts, feelings and behaviours” (Reeve, 2009, p. 392).  The psychodynamic approach has emerged from the traditional Freudian Psychoanalytic theory and the dual-instinct theory.  Freud’s Dual instinct theory states that are two instincts; the life instinct (eros), and the death instinct (thanatos).  Freud suggested that whilst instinctual drives provide energy for behaviour the ego gives that energy direction.

The contemporary psychodynamic theory is based on four principles (Reeve, 2009, p. 296);

# '''The Unconscious:''' Much of mental life (thoughts, feelings, and desires) is unconscious
# '''Psychodynamics:''' Mental processes operate in parallel to each other (people commonly want and fear the same thing simultaneously)
#''' Ego Development:''' Healthy development  involves moving from an immature socially dependent personality to one that is more mature and interdependent with others
# '''Object Relations Theory:''' Mental representations of self and others form in childhood that guide the person’s later social motivations and relationships

==== Subliminal Motivation ====
Motivation for behaviour can also occur through subliminal stimuli.  '''Subliminal stimuli''' are stimuli that are below the threshold for us to consciously notice them.  These types of stimuli can have an emotional effect on us but do not necessarily motivate us to the extent that they change our behaviour.  I find the use of subliminal stimuli really interesting, even if simply just being shown all the advertisements that use it.  It appears that whilst the quick ‘flashing’ of the product is no longer used, as it was during films in the sixties, there are still messages throughout advertisements.  I found a great [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ng6hQfGzQig%20 youtube clib] of this which shows the use of these types of stimuli in print media.  It does seem like many advertisements somehow incorporate sex into them, however I wonder whether this is intentional and due to the well known statement “sex sells,” or whether it is simply artists having a laugh and assuming few will notice.  

==== Ego Defence ====
Reeve (2009, p. 406) also talks about ego defences within this chapter, stating that individuals with greater ego defence maturity are better adapted to coping with life adjustment.  See Figure 5 for a list of the ego defence mechanisms, with sublimation being the most mature down to denial.  Although I can see that these could be unconscious, I think that it is possible to learn how to react more appropriately, thereby bringing these defences into the conscious and allowing people to adjust better to their environment.  I say this because at work we run psychoeducational groups which aim to keep the participants within our program in ‘optimal health’.  These sessions suggest that life’s stressors can push you down but efficient coping mechanisms can reduce the likelihood of individuals falling below the threshold level, and within an optimal health range (see figure 6).  I feel that many of our participants usually use immature coping strategies such as denial (they deny they are becoming mentally unwell and may withdraw or turn to illicit substances instead of seeking help) instead of using mature, socially acceptable coping strategies.  These groups aim at teaching participants how to identify their early warning signs and their stressors and then asks them to nominate possible socially accepted coping strategies such as going for a walk or seeking help from a trusted other, that they could use in the future.  This therefore brings new, more adaptive, coping strategies into their conscious awareness, hopefully providing them with the skills to react more appropriately in the future.

{| cellpadding=&quot;10&quot; cellspacing=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;width: 50%; background-color: inherent; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto&quot;
| style=&quot;background-color: Plum; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | 
'''&lt;big&gt;Ego Defences and Descriptions&lt;/big&gt;'''
&lt;br /&gt;

[[File:Ego defence mechanisms.JPG]]&lt;br /&gt;

''Figure 5.'' Ego defences and descriptions in decending order from most mature.
|}

{| cellpadding=&quot;10&quot; cellspacing=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;width: 50%; background-color: inherent; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto&quot;
| style=&quot;background-color: PaleGreen; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | 
'''&lt;big&gt;Optimal Health&lt;/big&gt;'''
&lt;br /&gt;

[[File:Optimal health.JPG]]
&lt;br /&gt;
''Figure 6.'' Optimal Health.  Whilst stressors can push you down towards the danger level and suboptimal health, appropriate coping strategies can keep you within the optimal health range.
|}

== Week 13 ==
==== Growth Motivation and Positive Psychology ====
'''Holisim''' states that human beings are best understood as integrated, organised wholes (Reeve, 2009, p. 420).  Holism has emerged from humanistic psychology and is about striving toward growth and self-realisation and moving away from simply fulfilling the expectations of others.  '''Positive Psychology''' is different from humanistic psychology it that it focuses more on hypothesis testing and scientific methods, but still pays strong attention to the proactive building of personal strengths and competencies.
	
===== Self-Actualisation =====
Self-actualisation is described as the inherent striving individuals feel to fulfil their talents, capacities and potentials.  Reeve (2009, p. 421) states that there are two fundamental directions that indicate that self-actualisation is a process; Autonomy and Openness to experience.  '''Autonomy'''  is the process of moving away from heteronomy toward a capacity to regulate one’s self.  '''Openness to experience''' means trying new things and interpreting information which is not ignored, filtered or disturbed due to past experiences.

{| cellpadding=&quot;10&quot; cellspacing=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;float: left; width: 35%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto&quot;
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&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;'''Am I Self Actualised?'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

Thinking about this topic and whether or not I would be considered to be in the self actualizing level, led me to look for some assessment/survey that is available.  I came across one at the site [http://www.assessmentgenerator.com/H/cRMaven0071131753366.html Coach for Outcomes] and although it does not look like an overly scientific website, the questions seemed quite relevant to the topic.  I completed the quiz out of interest and received 129 out of 150 which said that I was not within the self-actualising level, however there was no indication of what the cut-offs for each level were, so I am still unsure of what that exactly indicates!  
|}

Self-actualisation is the top of Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs (see [[User:Sallybradford#Week Three|Week Three]]), and it is suggested that unless the lower needs are met self-actualisation cannot occur.  I understand the basis of this theory and think that it holds some definite truths, however I have one trouble in particular about accepting the validity of it, and that is ''how do you tell if you are self-actualised?'' I feel that, particularly over the last two years, my physiological, safety, love and belongingness, and esteem needs have generally been satisfied.  I have also been happy within my degree and my work, have been doing quite well, and I have remained focused – ''Does that mean I’m currently self-actualised?'' If it does, I am somewhat disappointed, not because I want anything in my life to change as at this point in time I am very happy, but I guess the way that it is portrayed to be “at the top of the hierarchy” I guess I just expected the feeling to be somehow more.  Perhaps the fact that I cannot definitively state that I am, means that I am not?  

===== The Problem of Evil =====
{| cellpadding=&quot;10&quot; cellspacing=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;float: right; width: 35%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto&quot;
| style=&quot;width: 40%; background-color: PaleGoldenrod; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 10px;&quot; |

&lt;big&gt;'''Box 1'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

&lt;big&gt;'''Donald Harvey &quot;The Angel of Death&quot;: An Unlikely Serial Killer'''&lt;/big&gt; &lt;br /&gt;


Donald Harvey was born in Butler County, Ohio, in April 1952.  He was well liked by his family and although only having a few friends as a child, his primary school principal remembered him as being clean, well dressed happy and friendly.  During the year of 1970, Harvey was working as an orderly at Marymount Hospital, Kentucky when he had an incident with a disagreeable patient.  As Harvey was helping, the patient smeared feces on his face which caused Harvey to lose control, ultimately smothering the patient to death.  As early as three weeks later Harvey killed again by disconnecting the oxygen supply of an elderly woman.  It was not until April 1987 that Harvey was arrested.  On the first day alone he admitted to 37 murders, and in the days that followed this number rose to 70.

After several psychiatric tests a spokesperson from the Cincinnati prosecutors office stated &lt;br /&gt;

''“This man is sane, competent, but is a compulsive killer.  He builds up tension in his body, so he kills people.”''&lt;br /&gt;

Harvey is now incarcerated at Warren Correctional Institution in Lebanon, Ohio, where he will remain until his parole hearing in 2047.

''Note:'' Adapted from &quot;Serial Killer: The Stories of History's Most evil Murderers&quot; by B. Innes, 2006. London: Quercus. and &quot;Angel of Death: The Donald Harvey Story &quot; by D. Lohr, from Trutv available http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/serial_killers/weird/donald_harvey/5.html
|}

The other aspect of this chapter which I found particularly interesting was the section on “The Problem of Evil.”  Reeve (2009, p.439) states that humanistic psychology works on the presumption that human nature is inherently good, and it is the social environment that creates evil (Staub, (1999) describes how evil develops in young people (see figure 7)).  This explanation seems quite feasible in describing how many young people come to develop aggression and “evil” tendencies, however I wonder how they would explain a case like Donald Harvey (see box 1).  This is a case where a well educated and seemingly adjusted man came to kill 70 people after one incident.  I know that this also appears to have been produced by environmental causes as the humanistic theory suggests, but this is only one incident, not a lifetime of cruelty and neglect.  I agree that having faeces smeared on your face is a very unpleasant event, however had that happened to me I am quite sure I would not resort to murdering upwards of 70 people.  I also know of children brought up in neglecting and horrendous circumstances that have not murdered or harmed others.  I believe that there must still be some genetic or chemical makeup which makes some individuals more susceptible to the harmful nature of events such as these where others would react entirely differently.

{| cellpadding=&quot;10&quot; cellspacing=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;center; width: 35%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto&quot;
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&lt;big&gt;'''The Development of an 'Evil' Personality'''&lt;/big&gt;

[[File:DevelopmentofEvil.JPG]]

''Figure 7''. How children develop an 'evil' personality
|}

== Week 14 ==

=== Summary and Conclusion ===
[[File:Motivation saying.jpg|400px|right]]
The aspect I have found most beneficial about this unit was gaining a better understanding about how to motivate oneself and others.  Within my work I come across many individuals who seem to lack motivation for life because of an illness such as a mood disorder, or because continuous failure has downtrodden their inner motivational resources.  I have really benefited from understanding the aspects that combine to create an environment conducive to increasing motivation.  

Reeve (2009) states that an individual who is being motivated can react in one of three ways; passively, aggressively, or constructively, and this is something I can definitely agree with, even if just through anecdotal experience.   The clients that give our program positive feedback seem to be those that are able to identify goals and allow us to support them in achieving those.  The individuals who do not benefit seem to accept the goals of others as they are unable to identify personally meaningful goals which results in them defiantly not taking steps to achieve them, or reacting helplessly and relying on staff to take those steps for them.  So as Reeve suggests, those that benefit from the support our program provides, do so because it is enhancing their capacity for personal causation allowing them to change their thoughts and behaviours in future situations.

In terms of how the class was run, I have really enjoyed learning the new information technology skills required to submit online.  To be honest, at the beginning of the semester I felt it was just too difficult and took up far too much time learning how to use wiki – it was like another piece of assessment, but I now feel as if I have really achieved something.  I found it really rewarding playing around and working out how to do things and feel it is an achievement and skill I will take away with me in the future.  I think that by now, at the end of my degree, I can whip out an essay without too much thought or effort but changing the intended audience and delivery method (wiki and screenr) made the assessment far more interesting and allowed for some creativity.

{| cellpadding=&quot;10&quot; cellspacing=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;center; width: 80%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto&quot;
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==== &lt;big&gt;Putting My Knowledge into Practice: A Case Study&lt;/big&gt; ====
''A Physician tells a patient that he needs to loose 40kg or risk a heart attack.  The patient understands the need to make a lifestyle change.  Though he agrees with the idea, he is nevertheless pessimistic that he will ever take the physician’s advice and make the lifestyle change.  Exercise and a healthy diet is just not his thing.  In his heart, he doubts that the lifestyle change is really worth the fuss.  (Reeve, 2009, p. 457)''&lt;br /&gt;

&lt;big&gt;'''''Why are they feeling this current motivational experience?'''''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
* This patient’s physiological urge to eat may currently be outweighing his need for a healthy lifestyle.
* The patient does not seem to fully understand the dire situation he is in and the real beneficial outcomes that will occur if he loses weight (it will make a difference).
* The patients may have tried to lose weight in the past and failed
* The patient may be feeling overwhelmed by the amount of weight the physician has told him to lose
* The patient does not know what to do to achieve this goal&lt;br /&gt;

&lt;big&gt;'''''Possible key sources of motivation'''''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
* An increased and in-depth understanding of how changing his lifestyle will benefit him in particular ways as at the moment he does not seem to think that changing his lifestyle will have a great deal of impact (The brain has a great deal to do with motivation)
* Having a set plan about how to lose weight and change his lifestyle with possibly a support person will create a supportive environment conducive to increasing his motivation (Motivation needs supportive environments to flourish)
* Having set goals to break down the process my make it seem less overwhelming, it will also allow for successes to be celebrated and may be particularly helpful with increasing the amount of exercise each day (specific, difficult goals allow us to do our best)
* The “Just 10 minutes” approach may help to get him out of the house and just do a little exercise. 
* Changing the thought patterns of this patient to “I can do it” and “it will work” by allowing some initial small steps to lead to success &lt;br /&gt;
[[File:The 'weigh' he was -- weightloss at Guantanamo.jpg|250px|right]]
&lt;big&gt;'''''Possible course of action'''''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
* Have the patient sit down with a dietician/physician have them explain to him exactly what his situation is and the exact benefits that will come from losing weight.
* Have the patient join a weight loss club or employ a personal trainer who will work out specific and achievable weight loss goals.  Not only will this provide for the patients thinking to change as they will experience success, they will also be provided a supportive and encouraging environment.
* Have the patient use the “Just 10 minutes” approach to exercise where they are asked to simply start exercising with the goal of doing 10 minutes and see where they go from there.  This is beneficial as simply starting can be a big hurdle to overcome (see my textbook chapter on [[Motivation and emotion/Textbook/Motivation/Procrastination|procrastination]])
* Teach the patient how to cook a range of healthy meals so that they can see that eating a healthy diet can still be interesting and tasty.

|}

== References ==

# Baumann, N., &amp; Kuhl, J. (2005). How to Resist Temptation: The Effects of External Control Versus Autonomy Support on Self-Regulatory Dynamics. ''Journal of Personality, 73'', 443-470. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00315.x
# Goodman, N. (2002). The serotonergic system and mysticism: Could LSD and nondrug-induced mystical experience share common neural mechanisms? . ''Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 34''(3), 1-10. 
# Innes, B. (2006). ''Serial Killer: The stories of history's most evil murderers''. London: Quercus.
# Lohr, D. Angel of Death: The Donald Harvey Story. Retrieved from Trutv website: [http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/serial_killers/weird/donald_harvey/5.html%20 http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/serial_killers/weird/donald_harvey/5.html ] 
# Reeve, J. (2009). ''Understanding Motivation and Emotion.'' Unites States of America: Wiley.
# Resnick, M. (2009). Set SMART goals for incentive programs. Industrial ''Safety &amp; Hygiene News, 43''(9), 48-49.
# Roberts, S. S. (2007). Set Goals The SMART Way. ''Diabetes Forecast, 60''(5), 43-44. 
# Staub, E. (1999). The roots of evil: Social conditions, culture, personality, and basic human needs. ''Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3(3),'' 179-192
# Steel, P. (2007). The Nature of Procrastination: A Meta-Analytic and Theoretical Review of Quintessential Self-Regulatory Failure. ''Psychological Bulletin, 133'', 65-94. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.65
# Stone, K. L. (2008). A 'smart' way to set writing goals. ''Writer, 121''(9), 8-8.</text>
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    <title>User talk:Marshallsumter</title>
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        <username>Marshallsumter</username>
        <id>311529</id>
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      <text bytes="28231" sha1="4qndcgcoo9ztd508usi2lwqwuep7724" xml:space="preserve">{{Robelbox|theme=9|title=Welcome!|width=100%}}
&lt;div style=&quot;{{Robelbox/pad}}&quot;&gt;
'''Hello Marshallsumter, and [[Wikiversity:Welcome|welcome]] to [[Wikiversity:What is Wikiversity?|Wikiversity]]!''' If you need [[Help:Contents|help]], feel free to visit my talk page, or [[Wikiversity:Contact|contact us]] and [[Wikiversity:Questions|ask questions]]. After you leave a comment on a [[Wikiversity:Talk page|talk page]], remember to [[Wikiversity:Signature|sign and date]]; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon [[File:Signature icon.png]] in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our [[Wikiversity:Privacy policy|Privacy policy]], [[Wikiversity:Civility|Civility policy]], and the [[Foundation:Terms of Use|Terms of Use]] while at Wikiversity.

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You don't need to be an educator to edit. You only need to [[Wikiversity:Be bold|be bold]] to contribute and to experiment with the [[wikiversity:sandbox|sandbox]] or [[special:mypage|your userpage]]. See you around Wikiversity! --[[User:Abd|Abd]] 04:25, 24 August 2011 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== Most Active Wikiversity User for January 2013 ==

{| style=&quot;border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #ffffff;&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; | [[Image:Learningcycle.png|100px]]
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;&quot; | '''The Learning Cycle Barnstar'''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;&quot; |  Most Active Wikiversity User for January 2013
|}

Marshallsumter, I was reviewing the list of active users for this past month and noticed you had by far the most edits in January.  Keep up the good work!  -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 00:04, 1 February 2013 (UTC)

== Barnstar for you! ==

{| style=&quot;border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #ffffff;&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; | [[Image:Star constellation.png|100px]]
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;&quot; | '''The astronomy barnstar'''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;&quot; |  Thank you for the massive edits on astronomy! [[User:Goldenburg111|Goldenburg111]] ([[User talk:Goldenburg111|talk]]|[[Special:Contributions/Goldenburg111|contribs]]) 18:49, 25 December 2013 (UTC)
|}
{| style=&quot;border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #ffffff;&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; | [[Image:Original_Barnstar.png|100px]]
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;&quot; | '''The Original Barnstar'''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;&quot; |  Thank you for your help with [[Research in programming Wikidata]]! -- [[User:AKA MBG|Andrew Krizhanovsky]] ([[User talk:AKA MBG|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/AKA MBG|contribs]]) 05:45, 30 May 2017 (UTC)
|}

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 |-
 !32. Editor: Konrad U. Förstner
 | 20 May 2018 || [[Special:Contributions/Konrad_Foerstner|Konrad Foerstner]] || 15 April 2018 || 10 December 2018 || Inactive 
 |-
 !33. Editor: Jonathan Holland
 | 20 May 2018 || [[Special:Contributions/Ensahequ|Ensahequ]] || 3 June 2018 || 13 June 2020 || Inactive, Resigned 9 January 2025 
 |-
 !34. Editor: Vinod Scaria 
 | 20 May 2018 || [[Special:Contributions/Sdoniv|Sdoniv]] || 19 June 2018 || 5 October 2018 || Inactive 
 |-
 !35. Editor: Hemachander Subramanian 
 | 15 November 2018 || [[Special:Contributions/HemachanderTBio|HemachanderTBio]] || 19 June 2018 || 10 February 2020 || Associate editor, Inactive 
 |-
 !36. Editor: Ayush Bhardwaj 
 | Declined || [[Special:Contributions/Ayushb15|Ayush Bhardwaj]] || 5 November 2018 || 7 June 2019 || Withdrawn 
 |-
 !37. Editor: Gorla Praveen 
 | Declined || [[Special:Contributions/Gorlapraveen123|Gorlapraveen123]] || 23 November 2018 || 8 August 2022 || Associate editor, Inactive 
 |-
 !38. Editor: Ed Baker 
 | 31 January 2019 || [[Special:Contributions/Edwbaker|Edwbaker]] || 5 December 2018 || 19 August 2019 || Inactive 
 |-
 !39. Editor: Karthik Muthineni 
 | Declined || [[Special:Contributions/Muthineni|Karthik Muthineni]] || 11 February 2019 || 11 February 2019 || Withdrawn 
 |-
 !40. Editor: David Wirth 
 | Declined || [[Special:Contributions/Dwirth9|David Wirth]] || 28 May 2019 || 17 June 2019 || Withdrawn 
 |-
 !41. Editor: Scott A Thomson 
 | 19 June 2019 || [[Special:Contributions/Faendalimas|Faendalimas]] || 10 June 2019 || 2 February 2024 || Inactive, Resigned 3 July 2023 
 |-
 !42. Editor: Dan Graur 
 | 29 August 2019 || [[Special:Contributions/Dogrt|Dogrt]] || 2 July 2019 || 26 August 2019 || Associate editor, Inactive 
 |-
 !43. Editor: Elizabeth Van Volkenburgh 
 | 29 August 2019 || [[Special:Contributions/2601:602:8A01:4153:E169:417E:2F9D:9436|Elizabeth Van Volkenburgh]] || 2 August 2019 || 2 August 2019 || Associate editor, Inactive 
 |-
 !44. Editor: Tony Ross-Hellauer 
 | 24 November 2019 || [[Special:Contributions/Tonyross79|Tonyross79]] || 20 September 2019 || 15 October 2019 || Associate editor, Inactive 
 |-
 !45. Editor: MGH Zaidi 
 | Declined || [[Special:Contributions/Dr.MGH_Zaidi|MGH Zaidi]] || 14 October 2019 || 14 October 2019 || Withdrawn 
 |-
 !46. Mad Ball Price 
 | 25 November 2019 || [[Special:Contributions/Mad_Price_Ball|Mad Price Ball]] || 21 November 2019 || 2 January 2020 || Inactive 
 |-
 !47. Editor: Jeff Lundeen 
 | 28 January 2020 || [[Special:Contributions/J_S_Lundeen|J S Lundeen]] || 16 December 2019 || 24 October 2021 || Inactive 
|-
 !48. Editor: Rosemary J Redfield 
 | 3 May 2020 || [[Special:Contributions/Rosieredfield|Rosieredfield]] || 30 January 2020 || 12 September 2022 || Resigned 26 September 2022 
 |-
 !49. Editor: Yulia Sevryugina 
 | 7 August 2020 || [[Special:Contributions/MLibrarian|MLibrarian]] || 17 February 2020 || 29 January 2021 || Inactive, resigned 4 July 2023 
 |-
 !50. Editor: Emanuele Natale 
 | 11 October 2020 || [[Special:Contributions/Natematic|Natematic]] || 8 April 2020 || 18 May 2023 || Inactive 
 |-
 !51. Editor: Moritz Schubotz 
 | 7 August 2020 || [[Special:Contributions/Physikerwelt|Physikerwelt]] || 3 July 2020 || 17 March 2025 || Active 
 |-
 !52. Editor: Jong Bhak 
 | 3 December 2020 || [[Special:Contributions/Jongbhak|Jongbhak]] || 28 October 2020 || 16 December 2020 || Inactive 
 |-
 !53. Editor: Fernando Pinheiro Andutta 
 | Timed out || [[Special:Contributions/49.182.51.145|Fernando Pinheiro Andutta]] || 2 November 2020 || 2 November 2020 || Withdrawn 
 |-
 !54. Editor: Roger M. Rosewall 
 | Declined || [[Special:Contributions/Rosewall2020|Rosewall2020]] || 6 January 2021 || 6 January 2021 || Inactive 
 |-
 !55. Editor: Michel Bakni 
 | 19 November 2022 || [[Special:Contributions/Michel_Bakni|Michel Bakni]] || 4 April 2021 || 2 November 2023 || Inactive 
 |-
 !56. Editor: Daniel Gliksman 
 | 22 November 2022 || [[Special:Contributions/2A02:810A:8CC0:54D0:F4A1:6610:E613:2CBE|Lucidan]] || 14 September 2022 || 6 October 2022 || Associate editor, Inactive 
 |-
 !57. Editor: Alex O. Holcombe 
 | 22 November 2022 || [[Special:Contributions/Aoholcombe|Aoholcombe]] || 11 January 2024 || 8 March 2025 || Associate editor, Active 
 |-
 !58. Editor: Kevin Moerman 
 | 19 June 2023 || [[Special:Contributions/KevinMoerman|KevinMoerman]] || 27 April 2023 || 27 April 2023 || Inactive 
 |-
 !59. Editor: Bala Zoology 
 | Withdrawn || [[Special:Contributions/Bala_Zoology|Solamuthu Balamurugan]] || 20 June 2023 || 16 June 2023 || Withdrawn 
 |-
 !60. Editor: Mariselvam 
 | Not responsive || [[Special:Contributions/Maiselvam88|Maiselvam]] || 30 June 2023 || 30 June 2023‎ || Withdrawn 
 |-
 !61. Editor: Ogunjimi Oluwole Temidayo
 | 2 April 2025 || [[Special:Contributions/Kamoranesi90|Kamoranesi90]] || 18 October 2024 || 22 November 2024 || Associate editor, Active 
|}
: Thanks for compiling this list. I just want to point out that this is solely based on contributions verifiable on-wiki. It does not take into the account of off-wiki activities (e.g. Kelee Pacion has been arranging for meetings well into May 2022 and Jack Nunn voiced his opinion of an article in the mailing list in August 2022, yet their contributions based from on-wiki history would not reveal this aspect). [[User:OhanaUnited|&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000FF;&quot;&gt;OhanaUnited&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:OhanaUnited|&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: green;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Talk page&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;]] 15:18, 19 October 2022 (UTC)
:: That's a good and valid point! I've only attended one or maybe two meetings away from Wikiversity but I do appreciate the efforts those attending these meetings have been making! I've kept Kelee and Jack as active participants even though there are few Wikiversity edits toward WikiJournals. If there are any I've listed as inactive that also are active such as at these meetings feel free to change them to active. --[[User:Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] ([[User talk:Marshallsumter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marshallsumter|contribs]]) 01:55, 20 October 2022 (UTC)
::: Updated for recent editors and results. --[[User:Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] ([[User talk:Marshallsumter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marshallsumter|contribs]]) 17:47, 12 June 2023 (UTC)
:::: Updated for recent editors and results. --[[User:Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] ([[User talk:Marshallsumter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marshallsumter|contribs]]) 18:46, 1 February 2024 (UTC)
::::: Updated for recent editors and results. --[[User:Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] ([[User talk:Marshallsumter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marshallsumter|contribs]]) 21:30, 12 May 2024 (UTC)
:::::: Updated for recent editors and results. --[[User:Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] ([[User talk:Marshallsumter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marshallsumter|contribs]]) 23:19, 1 June 2024 (UTC)
::::::: Updated for recent editors and results. --[[User:Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] ([[User talk:Marshallsumter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marshallsumter|contribs]]) 01:59, 23 July 2024 (UTC)
::: Updated for recent editors and status. --[[User:Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] ([[User talk:Marshallsumter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marshallsumter|contribs]]) 02:43, 10 January 2025 (UTC)
:::: Updated for recent editors and status. --[[User:Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] ([[User talk:Marshallsumter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marshallsumter|contribs]]) 19:46, 28 March 2025 (UTC)
::::: Updated for recent editors and status, including posted review and critique below in section Recent reviews received for posting on Discussion pages. --[[User:Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] ([[User talk:Marshallsumter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marshallsumter|contribs]]) 08:22, 14 April 2025 (UTC)

==Recent reviews received for posting on Discussion pages==

Here is my review:

Jens Staal presents a nice short overview about the evolution of CARD-CC protein family and the function of these proteins in health and disease. My only comment is that references can be slightly updated (e.g. for CARD11 PMIDs 39743591, 30170123).

Iva Hafner
Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, iva.hafner@KI.si.

Here is an additional critique:

With respect to &quot;CARD-CC family&quot; by Jens Staal,

As far as my knowledge goes this submission is factually correct, but little more than an ennumeration of items, smothered under an avalanche of acronyms (some of which are acronyms of acronyms). If the coiled-coil part of the proteins mediates oligomerization, why are the proteins shown as monomers in Figure 1? I know that the structures in Figure 1 are AlphaFold models taken from AlphaFold-DB, but their helices are too far apart to form coiled coils in the monomeric state. They would form coiled coils if their structure was computed at the correct oligomer state.

Andrei Lupas
Director, Department of Protein Evolution
Max Planck Institute for Biology
Max-Planck-Ring 5
Managing Director,
Friedrich Miescher Laboratory of the Max Planck Society
Max-Planck-Ring 9
72076 Tuebingen, Germany
andrei.lupas@tuebingen.mpg.de

==Continental shelf inhabitants during the Last Glacial Maximum==

::::I am starting to write my &quot;Adventure of the Atlantis Hypothesis&quot;.
::::I am using a lot of information about the Atlantis  Hyopothesis. I am cheating with current events and lots of things. I need YOUR advice. 
::::Can you email me at jgarner812 at gmail dot com?
::::I lost your email 
::::[[User:RAYLEIGH22|RAYLEIGH22]] ([[User talk:RAYLEIGH22|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RAYLEIGH22|contribs]]) 01:24, 4 November 2023 (UTC)
:::::Emailed today. --[[User:Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] ([[User talk:Marshallsumter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marshallsumter|contribs]]) 04:52, 16 December 2023 (UTC)

:Are you done with your review? What, if anything, do you want to change? Let me know today if you can.[[User:RAYLEIGH22|RAYLEIGH22]] ([[User talk:RAYLEIGH22|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RAYLEIGH22|contribs]]) 12:45, 15 July 2024 (UTC)
::Hi John!

I've been reading the MS using [[Draft:Location hypotheses of Atlantis]]. Here's the first set of suggested changes. These are just minor editorial corrections:

# Second paragraph, change &quot;Atlantic and Indiana Oceans&quot; to &quot;Atlantic and Indian Oceans&quot;.
# Page 20 last paragraph, third line, change &quot;resent ice age.&quot; to &quot;recent ice age.&quot;
# Page 28 last paragraph, first line, change &quot;that Libya was the limited to the Cyrene&quot; to &quot;that Libya was limited to the Cyrene&quot;.
# Page 42 second sentence, change &quot;there are two small tectonic plates this particular intersection&quot; to &quot;there are two small tectonic plates at this particular intersection&quot;.
# Page 46 second paragraph, change &quot;The digital elevation map below illustrates the the level&quot; to &quot;The digital elevation map below illustrates the level&quot;.
# Page 48 last paragraph change &quot;clear. a general subsidence&quot; to &quot;clear. A general subsidence&quot;.
# Same, change &quot;could have led to floofing of the&quot; to &quot;could have led to flooding of the&quot;.
# Page 49, change &quot;IT is possible that an earthquake along the The Hellenic Trench Subduction Zone&quot; to &quot;IT is possible that an earthquake along The Hellenic Trench Subduction Zone&quot;.
# Same, change &quot;cause a tsunami Then, it was&quot; to &quot;cause a tsunami. Then, it was&quot;.
# Same, change &quot;earthquake along the The Hellenic Trench Subduction Zone&quot; to &quot;earthquake along The Hellenic Trench Subduction Zone&quot;.
# Page 50, change &quot;location of &quot;The &quot;Great Plain&quot; of Atlantis - was it in Doggerland?&quot;]&quot; to &quot;location of &quot;The &quot;Great Plain&quot; of Atlantis - was it in Doggerland?&quot;&quot;.
# Page 52, last line, change &quot;This debate continues&quot; to &quot;This debate continues.&quot;.
# Page 53, second paragraph, change &quot;Or, has there never an Azores Plateau&quot; to &quot;Or, has there never been an Azores Plateau&quot;.
# Page 54, top paragraph, second line, change &quot;in the world. Super volcanoes occur&quot; to &quot;in the world. Supervolcanoes occur&quot;.
# Same, change &quot;present location in the Azores.[97].&quot; to &quot;present location in the Azores.[97]&quot;.
# Page 58, first full paragraph, change &quot;Mt. St. Helens in the U.S. in 1980[130] Monaco Bank&quot; to &quot;Mt. St. Helens in the U.S. in 1980[130]. Monaco Bank&quot;.
# Page 59, third paragraph, change &quot;This eruption and earthquake were the root cause of the glaciers to melt over northern hemisphere&quot; to &quot;This eruption and earthquake were the root cause of the glaciers to melt over the northern hemisphere&quot;.
# Page 59, last paragraph, change &quot;The SE Terceira Rift alone contains&quot; to &quot;The SE Terceira Rift (TR) alone contains&quot;.

More later as I finish. --[[User:Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] ([[User talk:Marshallsumter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marshallsumter|contribs]]) 13:13, 16 July 2024 (UTC)

::Hi John!

Here are the remaining editorial changes:

19. Page 60, last paragraph, change &quot;on the size of parts of the island Graciosa island on the Azores plateau&quot; to &quot;on the size of parts of Graciosa island on the Azores plateau&quot;.

20. Page 61, change &quot;In these volcanoes, when the breached magma chamber supplying the ash and pumice is leaves the caldera quickly, the caldera collapses&quot; to &quot;In these volcanoes, when the ash and pumice leaves the caldera quickly from the breached magma chamber, the caldera collapses&quot;.

21. Page 69, second paragraph, change &quot;but they discussion had been disputed.&quot; to &quot;but their discussion had been disputed.&quot;.

22. Same, change &quot;the Carolina Bays and the impact fields in an area from Northeast Florida to Southeast New Jersey.&quot; to &quot;the Carolina Bays and the impact fields are in an area from Northeast Florida to Southeast New Jersey.&quot;.

23. Same, change &quot;because of the lack oa conventional&quot; to &quot;because of the lack of conventional&quot;.

24. Last paragraph on page 69, change &quot;that is an indirect contributing to climate change&quot; to &quot;that is an indirect contribution to climate change&quot;.

25. Page 70, change &quot;DISCUSSION&quot; to the same type size as &quot;INTRODUCTION&quot;.

26. Page 74, second paragraph, change &quot;and Byrd Polar Research Center has concluded&quot; to &quot;and Byrd Polar Research Center have concluded&quot;.

27. Same, change &quot;global warming, climate change, and resulting seal level change presents a clear and present danger to humanity&quot; to &quot;global warming, climate change, and resulting seal level change present a clear and present danger to humanity&quot;.

28. Same, last paragraph, change &quot;fresh lake formation drained by damn failure&quot; to &quot;fresh lake formation drained by dam failure&quot;.

29. Page 75, top paragraph last line, change &quot;were prevalent throughout the world[189]&quot; to &quot;were prevalent throughout the world[189].&quot;.

30. Page 77, last paragraph, change &quot;which was at least a VEI 8&quot; to &quot;which was at least a volcanic explosivity index (VEI) 8&quot;.

31. Page 78, last paragraph, change &quot;(note the unconventional map appears out of scale with South superior and North inferior and East and West reversed)&quot; to &quot;(Note: the unconventional map appears out of scale with South superior and North inferior and East and West reversed.)&quot;.

32. Page 82, top paragraph, change &quot;liberating 18 trillion (18 × 1012) metric tons&quot; to &quot;liberating 18 trillion (18 × 1012) metric tons”; i.e, put 12 as an exponent.

33. Page 85, middle paragraph, last sentence, change “Mt. St. Helens in the U.S. in 1980
[130]” to “Mt. St. Helens in the U.S. in 1980[130].”.

34. Page 99, at the bottom, change “An Examination of an Unexplored &quot;European&quot; Volcano”” to “An Examination of an Unexplored &quot;European&quot; Volcano”.

35. Page 107 at the top, change “an idea how big it is go back the the website” to “an idea how big it is go back to the website”.

36. Page 108, second paragraph, change “planet Earth described as recurrent By the old” to “planet Earth described as recurrent by the old”.

37. Page 111, bottom paragraph, change “the fact that science say it will happen.” to “the fact that science says it will happen.”.

38. Page 114, bottom of the page, change “This research confirms that there have many changes in sea levels” to “This research confirms that there have been many changes in sea levels”.

39. Page 117, middle paragraph, change “be careful using old websites as references. and This document” to “be careful using old websites as references and this document”.

Cheers! --[[User:Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] ([[User talk:Marshallsumter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marshallsumter|contribs]]) 17:20, 16 July 2024 (UTC)

== Reminder to vote now to select members of the first U4C ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
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Dear Wikimedian,

You are receiving this message because you previously participated in the UCoC process.

This is a reminder that the voting period for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) ends on May 9, 2024. Read the information on the [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024|voting page on Meta-wiki]] to learn more about voting and voter eligibility.

The Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. Community members were invited to submit their applications for the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, please [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]].

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== Remedy transfers ==

Remedy/Plants/Rubiaceae has been completed.</text>
      <sha1>4qndcgcoo9ztd508usi2lwqwuep7724</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
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    <title>Are humans omnivores or herbivores?</title>
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{{Biology}}

[https://tami.bg/сочно-свинско-картофи-на-фурна-крехко/ Most] humans are behavioral omnivores, but are we naturally so? Are we fit for eating meat and cheese as much as fruits and vegetables? Or are humans natural herbivores?

== Definitions ==

* '''Omnivores''' are animals anatomically and physiologically adapted to eating both plant and animal matter.
* '''Herbivores''' are animals anatomically and physiologically adapted to eating plant material as the main component of their diet.

== Humans are omnivores ==

=== Pro ===

* {{Argument for}} Humans gain significant nutrition and energy from meat.
** {{Objection}} Humans break down (and decontaminate) meat using fire (cooking) because their stomach cannot do this properly. They also cut meat using tools (knives) because their mostly-flat teeth cannot do this efficiently. The vast majority of humans would never tolerate raw meat but they came up with a clever hack to eat meat despite their body not being designed for it.
*** {{Objection}} Humans do sometimes eat raw meat, as evidenced by dishes like sushi and steak tartare, to name a few
**** {{Objection}} Sushi is only safe for saltwater fish as the fresh/salt water barrier renders the human body lethal for ocean based bacteria and parasites. Steak tartar is heavily processed, which does not counter the previous example.
***** {{Objection}} Inuit people eat raw whale and caribou many eat it frozen as well
*** {{Objection}} This objection fails to account for the fact that humans evolved alongside cooking and that our need to cook food before eating it is completely natural for us. Eating cooked food for us is as natural as birds building nests. Our body is designed to ingest cooked food.
**** {{Objection}} Humans are not evolutionarily passed down the ability to cook food.
***** {{Objection}} Cooking is a learned behavior, passed down culturally
****** {{Objection}} Passing down cultural knowledge is not relevant to the Definitions section which states &quot;anatomically and physiologically adapted&quot;.
*** {{Objection}} Not germane to the premise that humans gain significant nutrition and energy from meat.
**** {{Objection}} Not germane to nutrition from cooked meat, but is germane to nutrition from raw meat, which is relevant to structure and function (anatomy and physiology).
** {{Objection}} The human body lacks the capacity to regulate the iron in red meat, and is associated with a higher risk of colorectal cancer, while, anatomical carnivores/omnivores do not develop such issues.
*** {{Objection}} This whole point is completely redundant  for both arguments, as for cancer as many plants when consumed repeatedly like meat also contain cancer causing agents ( celery, rubarb, many edible mushrooms, Bracken fern(Tea / soup) and can generate higher risk of cancer too the main issue is the levels of intake in modern society where we consume to much of one thing is the issue rather than the consumption itself, in addition the life span of most carnivores is less than then general age most people start to pass away from cancer, so that's why carnivores do not suffer form cancer as they are long gone before this would effect them.  The point with iron is utterly wrong as humans can regulate iron through the point at absorption, utilisation and recycling(the liver plays a key role in this process) its just red meat contains a lot more iron than we can absorb so most is excreted out as excess iron is not controlled by humans, note is also the case for most other animals too.
**** {{Objection}} Cancer, especially colorectal cancer has a very well studied pattern of progression, with accumulation of mutations and progressive worsening of dysplasia, a process that takes time and thus a disease that is associated with old age. This makes it not relevant for evolution purposes. In most of humanity’s existence span, getting enough calories, not starving or being killed by predators were the definitin factors for survival, not cancer.
**** {{Objection}} Consumption of meat being related to cancer is a myth. Yes, meat contains some carcinogens, but the benefits of eating meat far outweigh the risks, which you should only worry about if you eat excessive amounts of meat.
***** {{Objection}} The benefits of eating cooked meat might also be a myth, since it is known to be less healthy than a proper vegan diet or vegetarian diet. In any case, cooked meat isn't relevant to physical structure and function since humans evolved to essentially our present state before cooking meat.
***** {{Objection}} This objection contradicts itself. The concession, meat contains carcinogens (cancer-causing agents), contradicts and disproves the premise of meat consumption being related to cancer as a myth.
****** {{Objection}} Meat gets the contained carcinogenic substances by attempts at preserving it. Really raw meat (forbidden in shops) does not contain such substances. And on a somewhat different angle: cancer after the last child is born is evolutionary irrelevant.
** {{Objection}} Behavior only tells us what we already know, and we are all acutely aware that meat eating is a common practice. But so is traveling via airplane, and the fact that so many of us do so, doesn't mean we have specific physiological adaptations towards this behavior.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020-01-01|title=Mechanism of colorectal carcinogenesis triggered by heme iron from red meat|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304419X19301817|journal=Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer|language=en|volume=1873|issue=1|pages=188334|doi=10.1016/j.bbcan.2019.188334|issn=0304-419X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.wcrf.org/dietandcancer/exposures/meat-fish-dairy|title=Meat, fish &amp; dairy|date=2018-04-24|website=World Cancer Research Fund|language=en|access-date=2020-09-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Argument for}} Humans have a [[W:Trophic level|trophic level]] of 2.21 (same as anchovy and pigs).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Bonhommeau|first=S.|last2=Dubroca|first2=L.|last3=Le Pape|first3=O.|last4=Barde|first4=J.|last5=Kaplan|first5=D. M.|last6=Chassot|first6=E.|last7=Nieblas|first7=A.-E.|date=2013-12-02|title=Eating up the world's food web and the human trophic level|url=https://www.pnas.org/content/110/51/20617|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=110|issue=51|pages=20617–20620|doi=10.1073/pnas.1305827110|issn=0027-8424|cita=Here, we find a global HTL of 2.21, i.e., the trophic level of anchoveta. This value has increased with time, consistent with the global trend toward diets higher in meat.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anchovy subsist primarily on zooplankton,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Bacha|first=M.|last2=Amara|first2=R.|date=2009-11-10|title=Spatial, temporal and ontogenetic variation in diet of anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) on the Algerian coast (SW Mediterranean)|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S027277140900393X|journal=Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science|language=en|volume=85|issue=2|pages=257–264|doi=10.1016/j.ecss.2009.08.009|issn=0272-7714}}&lt;/ref&gt; and pigs are omnivores. Animals with such a trophic level can subsist on a widely varied diet.
** {{Objection}} Level 2 of the trophic level index includes herbivores, level 3 or higher includes carnivores. A trophic level of 2.21 doesn't imply that humans are omnivores.
* {{Argument for}} Our closest evolutionary relatives, chimpanzees and bonobos, are omnivores.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Watts|first=David P.|last2=Potts|first2=Kevin B.|last3=Lwanga|first3=Jeremiah S.|last4=Mitani|first4=John C.|date=2012|title=Diet of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) at Ngogo, Kibale National Park, Uganda, 1. diet composition and diversity|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ajp.21016|journal=American Journal of Primatology|language=en|volume=74|issue=2|pages=114–129|doi=10.1002/ajp.21016|issn=1098-2345}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2008-10-14|title=Primate hunting by bonobos at LuiKotale, Salonga National Park|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982208011172|journal=Current Biology|language=en|volume=18|issue=19|pages=R906–R907|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2008.08.040|issn=0960-9822}}&lt;/ref&gt; As their biology most closely resembles ours, it's more likely that humans are omnivores too.
** {{Objection}} Only a very small portion of the diet of chimpanzees and bonobos comes from meat, they do not appear to have specific physiological adaptations to eating meat. In keeping with that, insectivores are often thought of as distinct from common carnivores, even though insects are still in the kingdom of animalia.
*** {{Objection}} Carnivores have also been reported eating plants.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Lion Eats GRASS|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fGqhfbSpJ2Q|language=en|accessdate=2021-03-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Big Cats Eat Watermelons!?|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8edVU2eo3AY|language=en|accessdate=2021-03-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; They are carnivores nonetheless. The taxonomic classification of omnivore/herbivore/carnivore, is something that biologists have a tendency to make based exclusively on behavior without placing that much weight on anatomy.
* {{Argument for}} Humans wean earlier than herbivores, a pattern that matches that of carnivores.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Psouni|first=Elia|last2=Janke|first2=Axel|last3=Garwicz|first3=Martin|date=2012-04-18|title=Impact of Carnivory on Human Development and Evolution Revealed by a New Unifying Model of Weaning in Mammals|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3329511/|journal=PLoS ONE|volume=7|issue=4|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0032452|issn=1932-6203|pmc=PMCPMC3329511|pmid=22536316}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chimpanzees (our closest evolutionary cousin) wean their young on average at around 5 years old and orangutans (the [[w:ape|apes]] closest to our body weight) wean on average at 7.7 years old, which almost no human society does. Meanwhile, the average human weaning age is 2 to 4 years old,&lt;ref&gt;Dettwyler K. A time to Wean: The [[w:Hominidae|Hominid]] Blueprint for the natural age of Weaning in Modern Human Populations. In: Stewart-MacAdam P, Dettwyler KA, editors. Breastfeeding: Biocultural Perspectives. New York: Aldine deGruyter; 1995.&lt;/ref&gt; which is considerably shorter than in chimpanzees and orangutans, even accounting for cultural differences and individual preferences.
** {{Objection}} Clever human behaviors like weaning as early as is practicable don't speak clearly of structure and function.
** {{Objection}} Human weaning varies widely by culture which has been altered or determined far more by the outcomes of wars than by bodily structure and function. That makes this argument somewhere between irrelevant and extremely weak.
** {{Objection}} Many herbivores wean earlier than humans, such as cattle and sheep.
*** {{Objection}} Herbivores, such as cattle and sheep, have additional anatomical structures that enable digestion of a strictly vegetarian diet.
**** {{Objection}} Herbivores having additional anatomical structures has no clear (un-implied) relevance, pro nor con, to the timing of weaning being meaningful.
*** {{Objection}} Cattle and sheep have been domesticated by humans to wean earlier than they used to because separating them is profitable and often times so is their milk.
** {{Objection}} Humans wean before herbivores because we adapted to drinking milk from domestic animals. Originally drinking milk from other species made us sick, this remains in some people and is known as lactose intolerance.
*** {{Objection}} Lactose intolerance is not due to animal milk. This fact happens due to the deficiency of the lactase enzyme. If milk is consumed regularly, the body will produce the necessary lactose again (depending on the case).
*** {{Objection}} People can be intolerant as a baby without ever having taken animal milk.
* {{Argument for}} people that are herbivores are wrong
** {{Objection}} Forward facing eyes is related to how cluttered your environment is, an open environment leads to side facing eyes. Due to humans living in forests we needed forward facing eyes, which are correlated with a more cluttered environment.
*** {{Objection}} Many mammals live in the forest without this adaptation.
**** {{Objection}} The validity of one animal developing forward-facing eyes to deal with clutter (such as due to their niche or their habit of brachiation) doesn't necessitate that every animal in every niche with every locomotive modality in cluttered environment must do likewise.
** {{Objection}} Many predators don't have forward-facing eyes, and many herbivores have forward-facing eyes.
*** {{Objection}} No land predator (except Dinosaurs [extinct reptile]) have side head eye. Only know non extinct predators with side eye are whales &amp; sharks (water based animal). Also a substantial number of herbivores likely have side-facing eyes with few exceptions.
**** {{Objection}} The exceptions stated in the objection invalidate the objection, because the the exceptions cannot be disregarded merely due to being less common or to being extinct.
** {{Objection}} Humans descend from tree-dwelling animals, that needed precise forward-looking binocular vision to avoid falling when leaping and moving around.
* {{Argument for}} The vast majority of humans practice an omnivorous diet and have been doing so for hundreds of thousands of years, and many live long, healthy lives.
** {{Objection}} This debate is about the anatomy and physiology of humans, not about what they have been doing through will power. The same way, if all humans on the planet decided today to start eating exclusively vegetables, this would not make them more herbivores. Only their physiology would answer this question, not the habits they acquired out of sheer willpower. Humans decided (willpower) to burn meat using a tool (fire) in order to digest what they could not otherwise digest. Fire, an external pre-processing tool, became a hack giving them the ability to eat what their stomach could not otherwise break down due to weak hydrochloric acid. A group of humans suddenly deciding to live in the waters would not instantly become water creatures until they start developing fins through thousands of years of evolution. Therefore, physiology is the only element that should be considered in this question.
** {{Objection}} Humans who eat a vegetarian or vegan diet tend to live longer and are less prone to various diseases and conditions.{{Citation needed}}
*** {{Objection}} The first half of this statement is compliantly wrong as historically before modern transportation and the current availability of food people ate what was available to us which to 99.9% of people was a combination of both plant and animal. It was impossible for vegans to exist in the world as the plants in most regions will not provide all the different nutrients we need to be healthy and survive many vegans in current modern day take supplements in order to remain healthy these did not exist before modern times. The main area where historical vegans existed were limited parts of china and india where there was enough plant species that  provided the nutritional variety needed to support a vegan diet. 
**** {{Objection}} This statement is false. As the simplest example, rice and lentils alone provide a nearly complete nutrient suite. It is both reasonable, and supported by various aboriginal studies, that when locally available nuts, roots, vegetables, grains, and fruits are considered, it is entirely possible to subsist, particularly in warmer and more plentiful regions of the world.
** {{Objection}} This does not describe the physiology of humans but only their will. This logic would mean that if all humans decide to eat exclusively meat, they would be carnivores, and if they decide to eat exclusively vegetables, they are now herbivores.
*** {{Objection}} For the most part, &quot;omnivore&quot;, &quot;carnivore&quot; and &quot;herbivore&quot; have historically been defined by behavioural measures. Numerous species that have previously been defined as herbivores, including hippopotamus,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Dorward|first=Leejiah Jonathan|date=2015|title=New record of cannibalism in the common hippo, Hippopotamus amphibius (Linnaeus, 1758)|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/aje.12197|journal=African Journal of Ecology|language=en|volume=53|issue=3|pages=385–387|doi=10.1111/aje.12197|issn=1365-2028}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Dudley|first=Joseph P.|last2=Hang'Ombe|first2=Bernard Mudenda|last3=Leendertz|first3=Fabian H.|last4=Dorward|first4=Leejiah J.|last5=Castro|first5=Julio de|last6=Subalusky|first6=Amanda L.|last7=Clauss|first7=Marcus|date=2016|title=Carnivory in the common hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius: implications for the ecology and epidemiology of anthrax in African landscapes|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/mam.12056|journal=Mammal Review|language=en|volume=46|issue=3|pages=191–203|doi=10.1111/mam.12056|issn=1365-2907}}&lt;/ref&gt; sheeps and cattle,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=PIETZ|first=P.|last2=GRANFORS|first2=D.|date=2000|title=White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) Predation on Grassland Songbird Nestlings|url=https://scienceblogs.com/tetrapodzoology/2010/12/20/carnivory-in-cows-and-deer|journal=The American Midland Naturalist|volume=144|issue=2|pages=419|doi=10.1674/0003-0031(2000)144[0419:WTDOVP]2.0.CO;2|issn=0003-0031}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Furness|first=R. W.|date=1988|title=Predation on ground-nesting seabirds by island populations of red deer Cervus elaphus and sheep Ovis|url=https://zslpublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1988.tb02451.x|journal=Journal of Zoology|language=en|volume=216|issue=3|pages=565–573|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1988.tb02451.x|issn=1469-7998}}&lt;/ref&gt; and many others&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://io9.gizmodo.com/field-cameras-catch-deer-eating-birds-wait-why-do-deer-1689440870|title=Field Cameras Catch Deer Eating Birds—Wait, Why Do Deer Eat Birds?|website=io9|language=en-us|access-date=2021-03-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Clauss|first=Marcus|last2=Lischke|first2=Andreas|last3=Botha|first3=Heike|last4=Hatt|first4=Jean-Michel|date=2016-02-01|title=Carcass consumption by domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-015-0980-y|journal=European Journal of Wildlife Research|language=en|volume=62|issue=1|pages=143–145|doi=10.1007/s10344-015-0980-y|issn=1439-0574}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2008-10-14|title=Primate hunting by bonobos at LuiKotale, Salonga National Park|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982208011172|journal=Current Biology|language=en|volume=18|issue=19|pages=R906–R907|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2008.08.040|issn=0960-9822}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Craig|first=David P.|date=1998|title=Chipmunks Use Leverage to Eat Oversized Eggs: Support for the Use of Quail Eggs in Artificial Nest Studies|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4089210|journal=The Auk|volume=115|issue=2|pages=486–489|doi=10.2307/4089210|issn=0004-8038}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; have been shown through behavioral observation, or through fecal and stomach content analysis (both the result of behavior) to deliberately consume meat and carrion, even predating small animals. These findings cause scientists to rethink the categorization from herbivore to omnivore, or at the very least &quot;partially omnivorous&quot;. If other species are defined by their behavioral diet, then so must humans.
**** {{Objection}} This entire line of logic is irrelevant to this wiki page. If behavior was allowed to determine the answer, then the answer would be an entirely foregone conclusion obviating the existence of the page because the only relevant Objection to herbivore diagnosis would be simply &quot;Humans eat meat&quot;. This page is about being &quot;anatomically and physiologically adapted&quot; to eating meat.
* {{Argument for}} Omnivorous behavior in humans is a cultural universal (with few exceptions like Jains, Amish and Hindus). Such cultural universals can be attributed to our genetics, and in turn to our physiology.{{Citation needed}}
** {{Objection}} Exceptions cannot be disregarded. Such cultural pseudo-universals can be explained easily by big-brain genetics whereas this wiki is about the structure and function of eating meat. For example, it could be true that any herbivorous species which isn't a strict herbivore, upon gaining sentience, would use fire to unlock nutrition from meat, and therefore habitually misidentify themselves as omnivores adapted physiologically to meat eating, and make a wiki about it.
** {{Objection}} Omnivorous behavior in humans should be considered cultural or technological, not physiological. Basic human physiology is NOT well equipped to eat or obtain meat (other than perhaps insects or grubs), even though humans are able to eat/obtain meat once they develop tools/technologies towards this (which could take generations to reliably develop). Creating and drinking alcohol is also very widespread in human cultures, but this does not mean that humans are genetically or physiologically designed to do so - alcohol consumption is a cultural and technological development, and not due to a basic physiological need to consume alcohol.
*** {{Objection}} A number of non-human species may deliberately consume psychoactive substances, including mushrooms like amanita muscaria and rotten fruit containing alcohol.
* {{Argument for}} Humans need micronutrients like vitamin K2, taurine, creatine, DHA, carnitine and carnosine within our diet which are more difficult to obtain from plant based foods. The bioavailability of nutrients in meat makes it also much easier for the human body to obtain them than from plant-based foods.{{Citation needed}}
** {{Objection}} Those nutrients are not essential for human health.{{Citation needed}}
*** {{Objection}} Don't forget about B12. 
**** {{Objection}} The human need for B12 is low, and most primates in the wild are able to get this from supplementing a mostly herbivorous or frugivorous diet with insects (e.g. termites, ants, etc.).
**** {{Objection}} The human need for B12 is low, and most primates in the wild are able to get this from supplementing a mostly herbivorous or frugivorous diet with insects (e.g. termites, ants, etc.).
**** {{Objection}} The human need for B12 is low, and most primates in the wild are able to get this from supplementing a mostly herbivorous or frugivorous diet with insects (e.g. termites, ants, etc.).
**** {{Objection}} B12 is produced by a bacteria found in soil. Before large scale farming and pesticides, humans and animals got their B12 from plants grown in soil. However, due to soil desertification and mineral depletion, B12 is no longer found in most of the soil that we grow our food in. This means that even people who eat meat should be taking a supplement, as it is now one of the most common deficiencies.
*** {{Objection}} Yes they are.{{Citation needed}}
* {{Argument for}} If humans are not omnivores, why are we attracted to the physical properties of meat?
** {{Objection}} Largely speaking, humans are not attracted to the physical properties of meat. Just the opposite. Almost any human is repulsed by attempting to eat almost any kind of raw meat as it is found in nature. Humans are attracted to only the most plant-like meat, such as cooked meat, sushi, and steak tar-tar, which is to say, grind-able with molars.
** {{Objection}} To feel attracted is not an argument. It is likely that eating meat started largely due to the scarcity of calories from ''any'' source, plant or animal.
** {{Objection}} A human baby is not attracted to kill a small animal when shown one. On the other hand, the desire to hunt is so deeply embedded in a kitten that they will chase mice instantly.
*** {{Objection}} Being omnivores or carnivores does not require being hunters of the type that overwhelm prey in an instant. Humans have poor ability to hear or smell prey (as opposed to predators), but exceptional ability to detect if meat is rotting by smelling it, and very intense gag reflexes when trying to eat it, which fits an opportunistic scavenger (as opposed to an outright carrion feeder) and is thus in line with humans being omnivorous, even before [[:w:Persistence hunting|persistence hunting]] by [[:w:Endurance running hypothesis|endurance running]] or even hunting with tools developed. With regards to persistence hunting, humans experience the [[:w:Sunk cost#Fallacy effect|sunk cost fallacy]], which keeps them fixated on their current prey individual specifically (in line with persistence hunting), whereas most predators use their overwhelming physical prowess and switch the specific individual they prey on until they get lucky.
*** {{Objection}} Human babies (even though humans are commonly called hunter-gatherers) are not keen to search for, collect and gather things, either; as a matter of fact, human babies are virtually helpless (in comparison to most mammals), and have virtually no inborn instincts of complex behaviours (in comparison to most mammals). This is illustrated with overwhelming clarity when comparing how typical (of that kind of animal) the behaviour of any non-human mammal will be, even when it grew up isolated from it's species; this is true even for primates, who often adapt to live with their kind with relative ease. However, humans who grew up in isolation from other humans (feral children) will to a large degree continue to behave like the non-human animals they grew up with for their entire lifetime. Humans who grow up in total isolation (not even the company of animals like feral children) die with almost absolute certainty because they don't know what to eat, and more importantly, what ''not'' to eat; that is to say: even to be herbivores, humans need to mimic and learn from their kind for the first few years, or they will die. This shows that human instincts and human behaviour are learned for the most part (mostly nurture, little nature). Once this is understood, it comes at no surprise that humans who grew up in a hunting culture frequently develop a strong instinct and intense desire to hunt as well. Given that humans have been hunting for millennia, given that hunting/fishing is a normal, common activity in all primitive cultures and remained common in almost all developed cultures (except for a few places with religious or legal restrictions) until modern vegetarian/vegan diets, and given that humans depend on mimicking and learning from their kind to develop into behavioural humans (as opposed to merely being physically human but behaving like, eg, a dog, as is seen in feral children), this renders the argument void that &quot;kittens have a desire to hunt, but human babies don't&quot;.{{Summarise}}
**** {{Objection}} Human babies do in fact exhibit gathering instincts which explains the wide phenomena of them seeking and consuming shiny objects such as marbles and coins. Said objects resemble commonly gathered food like berries. While it’s true that humans are helpless our first few years of life, we’ve evolved to subsist on our mother’s milk until we reach an age where we can stand up straight and thus gain the ability to gather fruit, nuts and seeds. This is a similar natural progression to our relative primates. Contrast this with children being completely reliant on their parents to cook meat for them, a trait that no other omnivore presents.
***** {{Objection}} Fish are shiny, berries are not.

=== Con ===

* {{Argument against}} If humans were meant to eat meat, why would nature dictate that we have to cook or cure to make it safe for consumption?
** {{Objection}} Cooking meat has far more to do with our brains than our inability to eat raw meat. Which we can do, in fact. Cooking meat before eating it releases far more calories and nutrients than raw meat, which allowed our ancestors to evolve larger and more complex brains.
*** {{Objection}} What really allowed our brains to evolve to be larger was the cooking and consumption of roots. As seen by many hunter gatherer groups eating tubers and roots that are calorically dense, but can only be digested when cooked.
**** {{Objection}} there is no individual factor with this that is correct as the combination of both the higher level of nutrition from cooked meat needed for brain development combined with the increased energy cooked starchy roots allowed brain development as neither would work with out the other as having the nutrients from meet to have a larger brain would be a disadvantage if you didn't consume enough calories to  and likewise having the calories but not having the components needed to generate and maintain a larger brain mass would end just as badly.
***** {{Objection}} The formulation... *nutrients* (potentially with calories being irrelevant) from meat *for* brain development (potentially without aiding higher level of energy) versus *calories* (potentially with nutrients being irrelevant) from roots *for* higher level of energy (potentially without aiding brain development) ...while aesthetically compelling, isn't clearly the correct formulation.
** {{Objection}} Humans can and actually do consume raw meat. However, cooking has a huge advantage as it increases food use efficiency. Cooking makes the nutrients more accessible, which allowed our ancestors to spend less time foraging, chewing and digesting. Thus, humans developed a smaller, more efficient digestive tract, which combined with the more nutritionally accessible food and consequent energy surplus, enabled larger brain growth. While humans can still digest raw meat, our digestive tracts is now adapted to digesting cooked food.
*** {{Objection}} No humans can and actually do consume raw meat in a meaningful quantity.
* {{Argument against}} Only anatomical herbivores develop atherosclerosis when exposed to high levels of saturated fat and cholesterol. Animals with sufficient physiological adaptations to eat meat do not share this trait. We can cook vegetables and eat them without negative effects on our health, the fact that there are well documented negatives effects from meat consumption (which persist even after cooking) mean it is just not what's best for our anatomy.
** {{Objection}} many meats are fine for consumption and the level of negative effects are similar levels to a lot of plants that also contain there own series of negative effects, however these effects only impact people after the main active/ reproductive life of people while during them meat is a massive boon especially for pregnant women where eating cooked meat helps massively with a child's development due to the sheer amount of essential required for brain and neuron development. The fact that it has a negative impact later on after the reproductive period of a persons life is inconsequential since it will not hinder humans as a species to persist, while this sounds cold and cruel these types of trades offs are common in nature. 
*** {{Objection}} Effects after the reproductive period of life cannot be disregarded, because humans and all our close relatives are highly social animals who form group-wise bonds and rely upon post-reproductive elders for significant survival advantages. The massive nutritional boon (such as for pregnant women) only applies to cooked meat, the relevance of which is under question, and regardless a nutritional boon doesn't contradict the main argument about atherosclerosis from saturated fat and cholesterol not being a meat-eater kind of trait.
**** {{Objection}} Dietary saturated fat does not cause atherosclerosis, exogenous cholesterol probably doesn't either. Rather it is carbohydrates, particularly sugars, that do.
* {{Argument against}} Animal products contain components which cause many prevalent chronic diseases, including cholesterol, which causes the inflammation of the arteries and can lead to atherosclerosis,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ludewig|first=Burkhard|last2=Zinkernagel|first2=Rolf M|last3=Hengartner|first3=Hans|date=2002-05-01|title=Arterial Inflammation and Atherosclerosis|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1050173801001669|journal=Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine|language=en|volume=12|issue=4|pages=154–159|doi=10.1016/S1050-1738(01)00166-9|issn=1050-1738}}&lt;/ref&gt; cardiovascular disease and strokes.
** {{Objection}} Being an omnivore allows for a quantity (and variety) of animal product consumption that will not inherently lead to chronic disease.
*** {{Objection}} In the United States, we consume meat in almost every meal. Consuming this amount of cholesterol, sodium, and fat can, and will lead to a chronic disease. which is curable through a vegan diet.
**** {{Objection}} Resolving an extreme with another extreme is not necessarily the best solution. That is, there is another option to resolving meat as it is consumed &quot;in almost every meal&quot; other than completely cutting it out: moderation.

== Humans are herbivores ==

=== Pro ===

* {{Argument for}} [[w:Human|Human]] jaws move sideways like other herbivores while being equipped with flat molars. The combination of the two is a mill to grind seeds and chew vegetables. No animal eating meat other than for survival into regions that lack vegetables has flat molars with a side-moving jaw. Animals eating meat in normal circumstances have sharp molars and a fixed jaw, forming scissors that can cut bones (as opposed to broken and flat scissors).
** {{Objection}} we have biting/tearing/ripping incisors and canines (like carnivores) and chewing molars (like herbivores). Animals with such diverse teeth are usually omnivores.
*** {{Objection}} Incisors are so ubiquitous from carnivores to herbivores that it's inappropriate to include them under the banner of diversity, as if to be paired with omnivorous diversity of diet. Pointing out the flesh-ripping pointiness of human canines is a commonplace irony, since a glance in the mirror clearly shows that human canines are not pointy at all, less pointy even than the premolars. Human canines are midway between the form of the incisor and molar next to them. Therefore human canines fail to indicate diverse dentition and therefore fail to indicate omnivory.
*** {{Objection}} Canines like ours have been structurally tied to gaining access to nutrients locked behind a woody surface, like many nuts and their protective layer. There is no evidence for their use in the act of hunting.
*** {{Objection}} Other herbivores that are closely related to us (like Gorillas) have much larger canines while not eating meat
**** {{Objection}} Gorillas are also omnivores along with most primates as all eat the flesh on another animal regularly even if those tend to be insects. Note gorillas like their termites and even developed there own tools to help catch and eat them.
***** {{Objection}} Ants and termites make up an absolutely minuscule amount of a gorilla's diet. If that's all it takes to be termed omnivore, then the definitions themselves aren't useful... and of course humans can make up dubious or self-serving definitions.
* {{Argument for}} Some of our closest evolutionary cousins ([[w:Chimpanzee|chimpanzees]], [[w:Bonobo|bonobos]], [[w:Gibbon|gibbons]], [[w:Gorilla|gorillas]] and [[w:Orangutan|orangutans]]) are herbivores.
** {{Objection}} Chimpanzees are the closest living relatives to humans, sharing about 98.6% of our DNA. Chimpanzees are not strictly herbivores; they are omnivores. Their diet consists of a variety of foods, including fruits, leaves, seeds, nuts, insects, and sometimes small mammals. While plant-based foods, such as fruits and leaves, make up a significant portion of their diet, chimpanzees also supplement their nutrition with animal protein from insects and occasionally hunt and consume small mammals.
*** {{Objection}} Chimpanzees are not omnivores in any meaningful sense. They eat the most meat of all the great apes, so it's sometimes described as a large amount, but that's relative to other great apes who eat little or none, depending on what one wishes to call meat... Jane Goodall calculated 4.2% insects and 1.4 % meat in the diet of Gombe chimpanzees, which leaves about 0.4% for eggs. The meat is mostly juvenile monkeys and tiny deer. If insects count for justifying human meat consumption as natural, then I hope those making the con arguments eat at least twice as much insects as other meats combined, almost entirely monkey and venison meat, and 5 meat-only days per year (or better to distribute for health), to avoid self-evident hypocrisy, because... to say the type of meat doesn't matter makes little more sense than to say the type of plant doesn't matter in a diet.
*** {{Objection}} You would have to prove that they aren't simply a herbivore that will sometimes supplement their diet with animal protein when a promising opportunity presents itself, as seen with horses. Given this information, the proportion of animal protein in their diet would have to rise above &quot;occasionally consuming small mammals&quot; to move beyond the herbivore classification.
** {{Objection}} Deers, chimps and bonobos frequently eat termites, ants and other insects, which are still meat.
*** {{Objection}} Dietary classes such as herbivore, omnivore, insectivore, etc. refer to an animal's primary or predominant diet. An herbivore (such as a deer) is still an herbivore even if it occasionally eats an insect or bird. A carnivore (such as a cat) is still a carnivore even if it occasionally eats plants.
*** {{Objection}} Deers and chimps also eat ants and termites but are still considered to be herbivores. This is merely opportunistic feeding. The bulk diet of a deer is plant material, and the bulk material of a healthy human diet is plant material.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/opportunistic-organism|title=Opportunistic Organism {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|website=www.encyclopedia.com|access-date=2020-09-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** {{Objection}} Chimps have been documented hunting and eating small mammals.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Watts|first=David P.|last2=Mitani|first2=John C.|date=2002-02-01|title=Hunting Behavior of Chimpanzees at Ngogo, Kibale National Park, Uganda|url=https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013270606320|journal=International Journal of Primatology|language=en|volume=23|issue=1|pages=1–28|doi=10.1023/A:1013270606320|issn=1573-8604}}&lt;/ref&gt; Besides, the source&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; states omnivores as opportunistic feeders.
*** {{Objection}} The argument stated &quot;some&quot;. Chimpanzees eat the most meat (still a tiny amount) and aren't the closest relative, so the cherry-picked example of chimpanzee hunting doesn't logically undo the argument to which it objects.
* {{Argument for}} Humans lack claws, sharp teeth or other natural weapons.
** {{Objection}} Our natural weapon is our brain, which can and is used to make other weapons and strategies.
*** {{Objection}} Our brain's complexity, and subsequent development of novel behaviors, has no bearing on whether our bodies are intended to consume a herbivorous or mixed diet. The proposed period of time since tool use is insufficient to allow for our physiology to evolve towards meat consumption, and our natural tools clearly suggest that we didn't rely on predation prior to a meaningful extent prior to that point.
** {{Objection}} Many other species also lack these weapons that eat meat like a lot of predatory fish where the only thing that have is being bigger than their lunch, which we also have when you compare us to a chicken. also we have one major advantage to common animals eaten as prey and that's endurance running as people that are still hunter gathers are able to keep running/ chase after a target until  the animal collapses from exhaustion. 
*** {{Objection}} The argument stated &quot;or other natural weapons&quot;. A toothless predatory fish's ability to swallow another smaller fish whole *is* their natural weapon which constrains, constricts, and suffocates while minimizing its own internal damage. Humans have no such weaponry.
**** {{Objection}} The argument of anatomical weapons is irrelevant. Humans can catch and kill small animals (like rodents and rabbits) with no need for any external weapon. Some herbivores have fairly impressive protrusions that can be used as weapons. Corvids are omnivores, and use their adaptable intellect to access meat sources they can't otherwise hunt on their own.
* {{Argument for}} An average human adult has a 22 feet long intestinal tract, small and long combined. The chest size of an adult is about 26 inches. The ratio is therefore 10.15. Other herbivores are also known to have an intestinal tract of 10 to 12 times their chest length.
** {{Objection}} Human gut length is much shorter than in other species because of the evolution of cooking. As cooking (including meat) made food more nutritionally accessible, there was no longer need for evolutionary expensive excess gut tissue.
*** {{Objection}} Cooking hasn't been around long enough to alter human gut length significantly, so if humans have a herbivore gut length/ratio, then we evolved to have it.
*** {{Objection}} This would only be an explanation of humans (and herbivores) had shorter, not longer, intestinal tracts. Carnivores have an intestine to chest ratio of about 3-6 while humans and herbivores generally have 10-12
* {{Argument for}} The terms herbivore, omnivore, and carnivore are science-like, but have no clear scientific system behind them. Given that humans created the terms, potentially with deep psychological bias regarding fearing and idolizing predators due to being herbivorous troop animals, if the terms are indeed biased, that suggests support that humans are herbivores. We do see bias in two ways. (1) A species can eat a higher percent of vegetation while being called carnivore than vice-versa for being called herbivore. In other words, carnivore is lax while herbivore is very strict, just enough to allow humans into the omnivore club. If herbivore were to reflect the same percentage as carnivore, all great apes would be undeniably herbivores anatomically and physiologically, hence the lopsided definitions, hence the potential for this discussion to even exist. (2) We also see bias in terms like &quot;mostly herbivorous&quot; and occasionally &quot;omnivorous&quot; applied to even gorillas for example for eating some ants wheres we don't say &quot;primarily carnivorous&quot; for animals who eat a similarly minuscule amount of plant material (catnip and zoopharmacognosy).
* {{Argument for}} Only great apes and frugivores (a type of herbivore who eats primarily fruit) have trichromatic color-vision (for distinguishing subtle colors of fruit by ripeness and poisonousness), which suggests humans and our closest relatives are frugivores.
* {{Argument for}} Great apes have lost the ability to produce vitamin C and must consume it from fruit or suffer and die from scurvy. Only frugivores lose their active vitamin C genes. No omnivore in any meaningful sense of the word can eat so much fruit that the absolutely critical vitamin c gene simply doesn't matter for so long evolutionarily that it disappears or drifts into inactivity. This suggests humans are herbivores, specifically frugivores.

=== Con ===

* {{Argument against}} Unlike herbivores, humans lack a specialized compartment (such as a large cecum) for the fermentation of plant material, indicating a different digestive strategy.
** {{Objection}} This fails to account for the relatively easy digestion of fruits, many vegetables, many leaves (such as lettuce), and nuts. Instead, we have an intestinal tract of 10.15 times our chest length, aka a relatively long digestion process, which is common in herbivores.
* {{Argument against}} The absence of a ruminant digestive system, common in herbivores, further underscores that humans are not specialized for processing large quantities of plant material.
** {{Objection}} Argument redundant with above.
* {{Argument against}} The ability of humans to thrive on various diets, including plant-based, omnivorous, or carnivorous, highlights our adaptability and contradicts the strict herbivore categorization.
** {{Objection}} The ability of humans to bypass natural processes and limitations, including those of our own body, means we must look to the actual physiology of our bodies, not our behaviors. The entire purpose of this discussion is to determine what meal composition is biologically optimal.
* {{Argument against}} Our evolutionary history as opportunistic omnivores is evident in our ancestors' adaptation to diverse diets, including both plant and animal sources.
** {{Objection}} We have much speculation but no hard data about any such history. By comparison, the biology we currently possess, and that of our &quot;cousin&quot; species, is a considerably more testable and reliable standard.
* {{Argument against}} Humans can't derive energy from cellulose due to a reduced gut. All other herbivores and plant-based omnivores (e.g. [[w:Hominidae|great apes]], pigs) can actually do this.
** {{Objection}} Dietary fibers (which include insoluble fibers like &quot;cellulose&quot;) are undigested carbs that seem more like a necessity for humans and other herbivores in regards to many aspects of health. Herbivores do not create any enzyme that breaks down cellulose. Instead, they eat food that contains these enzymes.
*** {{Objection}} There are different subcategories of herbivores (i.e, folivores eat foliage, frugivores eat fruits). Frugivores often are monogastic rather than ruminant animals. Even rumiant have a very limited ability to digest celluose, however they make it because they spend much of their day ruminating.
*** {{Objection}} Humans basically have traits of frugivores but are unique in our ability to digest starches more efficiently, a typical starch-eating animal not only eats it raw but has much less salivary amylase than a human; humans secrete 3 times more salivary amylase than the other great apes, which allows from up to 40% of the breaking down of starch into glucose to happen in the mouth and the rest to be handled by the pancreas. This is a specific adaptation to the consumption of a plant based energy source.
* {{Argument against}} Humans require vitamin B12 in their diet, unlike herbivores which can make their own in their colon with the help of bacteria.
** {{Objection}} Humans also create vitamin B12 in their colon with the help of bacteria. However, no animal can assimilate their own B12, they must get it from outside of their body. Most animals lick bacteria-rich soils. Humans can cultivate their own vegetables and make sure they grow in rich soil. If they don't wash the vegetables with chlorinated water, B12 will be found on it.
*** {{Objection}} Humans cannot get the recommended amounts of vitamin B12 without meat in their diets. Herbivorous animals have both different gut flora, which allow for the production of vitamin B12 and have fore gut fermentation, meaning they can absorb it. Human gut fermentation takes place in the colon, at which point the absorption level is insignificant. All non-herbivorous animals almost exclusively get their vitamin B12 intake from eating other organisms.{{Citation needed}}
**** {{Objection}} Humans can get enough B12 without meat, the problem today is that we live in a much cleaner environment. B12 isn't created by animals, it's created by bacteria in dirt. And in the past we got significant amounts of B12 from water that wasn't entirely clean, plants that still had traces from dirt on them, and by the dirt and bacteria that could be found on our hands before we started cleaning them.
***** {{Objection}} this statement is massively incorrect as the bacteria that produce b12 is from decomposition / digestion and the only water sources that would contain enough B12 to sustain a person would be highly contaminated with raw feces and heavily decayed material with masses of this bacteria present so drinking that water would be a death sentence from the sheer number of illnesses you would catch from drinking it.
****** {{Objection}} Water is traditionally disinfected by brewing beer. This process does nothing on B12.
****** {{Objection}} The objection addresses water sources of B12, but the body of the statement remains, that B12 was available in the natural environment without meat.
******* {{Objection}} But not enough.
**** {{Objection}} Only ruminant herbivores can produce and assimilate their own B12 due to having multiple chambers in their stomach. All other herbivores (the vast majority) are no different than humans in this regard since the sole purpose of a single-chamber stomach is to break down food as it is ingested before quickly transitioning to the intestines for assimilation. The production of B12 in the colon (all non-ruminant animals, including humans) is only a by-product of a rich microbiome. Such microbiome would normally also be found in the soils if our farming industry was allowing natural bacteria to exist (e.g. not killing them with products and processes). In a rich soil that was kept out of human interference, bacteria generates B12 which then travels to the vegetables through their roots.
**** {{Objection}} Cattle can’t get B12 either and they are often touted as being the strictest herbivores of all. They are often given B12 supplements and that's the primary reason why skeletal muscle tissue found in supermarkets contains ample levels of B12. B12 is abundant in carnivorous because many of them consume the liver and the contents of the digestive tracts of their preys, which is full of B12 bacteria.
***** {{Objection}} If cattle could not produce their own B12 (through different gut flora and fore gut fermentation) they would die; however, free ranging cattle do not die. Hence, the B12-supplementation-to-supermarket-meat is nonsensical.
****** {{Objection}} They don't die because they're free range and absorbing B12 from the earth. The extremely large majority percentage of livestock live miserable lives locked up and therefore have no access to this, hence B12 supplementation-to-supermarket-meat.
******* {{Objection}} This doesn't help the point at all, instead only emphasizing that it isn't relevant data to this discussion.
******** {{Objection}} This objection lacks specifics about why it doesn't help the point or why it's irrelevant. This wiki is for logical objections, not for vague commentary, so to summarize the point briefly: Modern wild cattle and ancient wild cattle and ancient humans (humans at the time of anatomical evolution) all had B12 available from natural non-meat sources. Modern captive cattle and modern humans both need B12 supplements in the form of B12 pills or B12 supplements in the form of meat from cattle who were wild or took B12 pills.
* {{Argument against}} Humans selectively absorb heme iron in the small intestine with specialized receptors. No herbivore does this.{{Citation needed}}
** {{Objection}} Heme iron has been shown to cause heart diseases and alzheimer.
*** {{Objection}} Heme iron causing Alzheimer's being a bad thing doesn't negate all potential good aspects of heme iron and doesn't speak to specialized receptors for accomplishing its absorption.
*** {{Objection}} All omnivores are opportunistic meat eaters, human society developed a way to allow humans to have constant meat intake every day of their lives, which is the true cause of those diseases. Omnivore is not carnivore.
*** {{Objection}} Heme iron is present in plants as well- this is why foods such as the Impossible Burger are able to exist.
*** {{Objection}} Alzheimers will likely occur if too much iron has been digested and accumulated in the brain.
* {{Argument against}} Humans need collagen to obtain amino acids to make our own proteins.{{Citation needed}}
** {{Objection}} Humans make their own collagen.

== See also ==

* [[Should we go vegan?]]

== External links ==

* [https://veganbiologist.com/2016/01/04/humans-are-not-herbivores/ Humans are not herbivores] - Vegan biologist argues humans are omnivores
* [http://meatyourfuture.com/2015/09/herbivores-carnivores/ Are humans omnivores, carnivores or herbivores?] - Video discussing the issue
* [https://i2.wp.com/www.ahimsadharmablog.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/human-biology-indicates-our-optimal-food-diet-a-comparison-of-digestive-systems-for-frugivores-omnivores-carnivores-herbivores-hires.jpg Image comparing the mouth and teeth of various species of animals]

== Notes and references ==

{{Reflist}}

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    <title>Facing Facts</title>
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You have the following reasons: {{notice|Please log in}} from it you can use the template}}— Embracing Reality
==Introduction==
[[File:FacingFactsWordCloud4.jpg|thumb|right|250px|We use several different words to express degrees of uncertainty.]]
{{TOC right | limit|limit=2}}
&quot;You're entitled to your own opinions”, Senator [[w:Daniel_Patrick_Moynihan|Daniel Patrick Moynihan]] declares, “but you're not entitled to your own facts.”  OK, but what if I feel that whatever is true for you might not be true for me? My opinion is that I’m entitled to my beliefs and you are entitled to your beliefs and that’s all that really matters if we are to protect our freedom. How are we supposed to tell the difference between facts and opinions anyway? I feel this is a difficult problem. Whatever…

This course advocates [[w:Reason|reason]] and is provided as a refuge and antidote to [[w:Post-truth_politics|post-truth]] trends.

For the purposes of this course we will adopt these [[w:Axiom|axioms]]:
*[[w:Reality|Reality]] exists&lt;ref&gt;There are many fascinating on-going philosophical discussions on the [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/realism/ nature of reality]. Plato’s [[w:Allegory_of_the_Cave|Allegory of the Cave]], the [[w:Brain_in_a_vat|brain in a vat scenario]], and the popular science fiction film [[w:The_Matrix|''The Matrix'']] each explore the possibility that our experiences are only an elaborate illusion. Although these ideas are fascinating and have the possibility of uncovering profound truths, they do not help us navigate the world we seem to be living in each day. For now, for practical reasons, it seems best to accept the existence of the real world and use our perceptions of that real world to guide our actions.&lt;/ref&gt;,
*We live in the real world&lt;ref&gt;We all have dreams, vivid imaginations, use figures of speech, and enjoy fantasy stories. Unless we suffer from [[w:Delusion|delusions]], we also recognize the distinction between those fanciful mental constructs and the tangible real world we live in. &lt;/ref&gt;,
*We can explore, investigate, examine, observe, measure, and probe that real world,
*You and I, and everyone we know or ever meet, all live in the same universe&lt;ref&gt;Although physicists and others continue to investigate and debate the intriguing possibilities of [[w:Multiverse|multiple universes]], there is no credible evidence that you, or I, or anyone we meet live in some universe other than the single universe we all live in. There is every practical reason for us to be confident we all live in the same universe. &lt;/ref&gt;,
*The most certain of all basic principles is that contradictory propositions are not true simultaneously.&lt;ref&gt;This is one of Aristotle's statements of the [[w:Law_of_noncontradiction|Law of non-contradiction]]. Aristotle says that without the principle of non-contradiction we could not know anything that we do know. See, for example [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-noncontradiction/ Aristotle on Non-contradiction], Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy and [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/contradiction/ Contradiction], Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Facing Facts Audio Dialogue.wav|thumb|Facing Facts Audio Dialogue]]

==Objectives==
{{100%done}}{{By|lbeaumont}}
The objectives of this course are to:
*Understand the importance of truth,
*Evaluate and describe your understanding of reality,
*Distinguish among fact, belief, feelings, and opinions,
*Distinguish between reality and perception, objective reality, and subjective reality, 
*Distinguish among facts, controversy, and taste,
*Examine the roles of [[Virtues/Tolerance|tolerance]] and [[Practicing Dialogue|dialogue]],
*Examine the [[w:Consilience|unity of knowledge]], 
*Distinguish between [[w:Scientific_theory|''Scientific theory'']] and [[w:Working_hypothesis|''just a theory'']], 
*Understand observational error,
*Examine the reliabilities of various epistemologies—ways of knowing,
*Distinguish among science, paranormal events,  pseudoscience, and conspiracy theory, 
*Whatever… 

The course contains many [[w:Hyperlink|hyperlinks]] to further information. Use your judgment and these [[What Matters/link following guidelines|link following guidelines]] to decide when to follow a link, and when to skip over it. 

This course is part of the [[Wisdom/Curriculum|Applied Wisdom curriculum]] and of the [[Deductive_Logic/Clear_Thinking_curriculum|Clear Thinking curriculum]].

If you wish to contact the instructor, please [[Special:Emailuser/Lbeaumont | click here to send me an email]] or leave a comment or question on the [[Talk:Facing_Facts|discussion page]].

The list of [[Wise Affirmations|wise affirmations]] on the topic of [[Wise Affirmations/Facing Facts|facing facts]] may help you develop habits based on the ideas in this course.

OK, let’s face the facts and strengthen our grip on reality!

==The Importance of Truth==
Why is truth important?

Truth is useful.&lt;ref&gt;[[w:On_Truth|On Truth]], Chapter I&lt;/ref&gt;  Engineers, architects, and other builders need to know the true strength of materials so they can design and build structures that are safe and lasting. Health professionals need to understand the true benefits and risks of various medicines so they can safely and effectively treat illnesses. To effectively serve the public, officials need to know the true conditions existing in their jurisdictions and the true effects of various [[w:Public_policy|policy actions]] and options. These examples illustrate there is a clear difference between getting things right and getting things wrong. A concern for truth is essential to conducting efficient and effective commerce and public affairs.

Subjective evaluations and judgements are ultimately based on what we accept as true.&lt;ref&gt;[[w:On_Truth|On Truth]], Chapter II&lt;/ref&gt;  If you judge someone to be a fine citizen your subjective judgment of their character rests on facts you hold to be true about that person. You will consider how you believe that person spends their time, how they treat family and friends, the work they do, the things they say, correspondence between what they say and what they do, the trust they have earned from you, the consistency of their behaviors, and many other factors that you believe indicate character. It is from these considerations you regard as true that you draw your subjective judgment and conclusion.

Civilizations have never sustained their health and prosperity without relying on large quantities of factual information.&lt;ref&gt;[[w:On_Truth|On Truth]], Chapter II&lt;/ref&gt;  Individuals also require large quantities of factual information because it is the true information that allows us to navigate effectively in the real world. 

Because we live in the real world it is nearly always to our advantage to face the facts about our world than it is to remain ignorant of them.&lt;ref&gt;[[w:On_Truth|On Truth]], Chapter IV&lt;/ref&gt;   Also, self-awareness, the willingness to face facts about ourselves, especially those inconvenient truths, is important for living our lives successfully and authentically.

Humans are distinctly rational animals.&lt;ref&gt;[[w:On_Truth|On Truth]], Chapter V&lt;/ref&gt;  Humans respond to reason, and reason relies on facts. False statements provide no rational support for anything. Truth is the essential element of reason, and reason is the essential justification for action.

Truth forms the basis for trust.&lt;ref&gt;[[w:On_Truth|On Truth]], Chapter VI&lt;/ref&gt;  To the extent people are generally dishonest and untrustworthy, peaceful and productive social life becomes more difficult. Lying undermines the cohesion of human society. Because people regularly engage in lies we must carefully interpret all that we hear. “You submit to tyranny when you renounce the difference between what you want to hear and what is actually the case.”&lt;ref&gt; {{cite book |last=Snyder |first=Timothy |date=February 28, 2017 |title=On Tyranny: Twenty Lessons from the Twentieth Century |publisher=Tim Duggan Books |pages=128 |isbn= |author-link=w:Timothy_D._Snyder }}&lt;/ref&gt;

We are injured when we are betrayed.&lt;ref&gt;[[w:On_Truth|On Truth]], Chapter VII&lt;/ref&gt;  Lies impair our efforts to determine and understand the real state of affairs. Lies impede us from knowing what is really going on. Liars attempt to impose their will on us. Lies are designed to damage our grasp of reality. Furthermore although the statement that, “The Liar leads an existence of unutterable loneliness”&lt;ref&gt;“Women and Honor: Some Notes on Lying.” In Adrien Rich, ''Lies, Secrets, and Silence''.&lt;/ref&gt;  exercises a bit of poetic license, liars are isolated. They cannot reveal their loneliness without disclosing the lie. Also, “To discover that one has been lied to in a personal relationship leads one to feel a little crazy.”&lt;ref&gt;Adrien Rich, Lies, ''Secrets, and Silence'', Page 186&lt;/ref&gt;  Although we know people often lie, it is disappointing to be lied to unexpectedly by a trusted friend. Our natural expectation of access and intimacy among friends is damaged and trust is lost. As an example of the impact of sustaining a lie, the [[w:2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol|2021 storming of the United States Capitol]] resulted from the [[w:Big_lie|big lie]] that the presidential [[w:Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election|election was stolen]] from Donald Trump. 

As we bump up against the world we live in we begin to understand the limits of our free will and the boundaries of our self.&lt;ref&gt;[[w:On_Truth|On Truth]], Chapter IX&lt;/ref&gt;  As we encounter the world as it truly is we learn what we can and cannot do, what we can change and what we cannot change, and the sort of efforts we must make to accomplish what is actually possible. This contributes to our understanding of our own identity by constantly clarifying what we are and what is not us.

Reality is the ultimate arbiter. &quot;On the whole, truth matters to us because it has survival value and allows us to function in our world.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lakoff |first1=George |last2=Johnson |first2=Mark |date=April 15, 2003 |title=Metaphors We Live By |publisher=University Of Chicago Press |pages=242 |isbn=978-0226468013}} Page 160&lt;/ref&gt;
===Assignment===
The purpose of this assignment is to assess the role that accurate and inaccurate information, along with unavailable, and unused information has had in making the important decisions in your life.

'''Part 1:'''
#Recall various important decisions you have made throughout your life. These may be your choice of friends, how you approached school studies, how you used your free time, the friends you choose, deciding to smoke or drink, risks you did or did not take, and participation in sports teams, clubs, or other activities. Career choice, deciding if, who, and when to get married. Deciding family planning issues. Car buying, home purchase decisions, investment decisions, or others.
#Identify one of these decisions that turned out to be a good decision, and another decision that turned out to be a bad decision.
#Reflect on the role that accurate, unavailable, unused, and incorrect information each had on each decision.
#Did more accurate information result in better decisions?
'''Part 2:'''

Choose one of these historical events to study for this assignment.

*The claim that “[[w:Rain_follows_the_plow|rain follows the plow]]” was used to encourage westward expansion of the United States in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Egan |first=Timothy |date=September 1, 2006 |title=The Worst Hard Time: The Untold Story of Those Who Survived the Great American Dust Bowl |publisher=Mariner Books |pages=340 |isbn=978-0618773473 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The tragedy of the [[w:dust bowl|dust bowl]] proved the claim to be false.
*[[w:Heaven's_Gate_(religious_group)|Heaven's Gate]] was an American UFO religious millenarian group. On March 26, 1997, police discovered the bodies of 39 members of the group who had committed mass suicide in order to reach what they believed was an extraterrestrial spacecraft following Comet Hale–Bopp.
*&quot;[[w:Jonestown|Jonestown]]&quot; was the informal name for an American religious organization under the leadership of Jim Jones, in northwestern Guyana. It became internationally notorious when on November 18, 1978, a total of 918 people died in the remote commune.
*The [[w:Niger_uranium_forgeries|Niger uranium forgeries]] were forged documents initially released by SISMI (Italian military intelligence), which seemed to depict an attempt made by Saddam Hussein in Iraq to purchase yellowcake uranium powder from Niger during the Iraq disarmament crisis. On the basis of these documents and other indicators, the governments of the United States and the United Kingdom asserted that Iraq violated United Nations Iraq sanctions by attempting to procure nuclear material for the purpose of creating weapons of mass destruction. This bolstered the case for the [[w:2003_invasion_of_Iraq|2003 invasion of Iraq]].

In what ways did a lack of factual information contribute to the tragedy you chose to study?

'''Part 3:'''

*Read this [[Facing_Facts/Harmful_false_beliefs|list of harmful false beliefs]].
*Abandon any of these false beliefs that you currently hold.

==Expressing Uncertainty==
[[File:DegreesOfUncertainty.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Each word we use to describe a level of uncertainty has a particular relationship to reality. ]]
We use many different words to express our level of [[w:Certainty|certainty]] or uncertainty about some statement, claim, fact, or opinion. It is helpful to review definitions of these words, and to compare their scope. Please refer to the [[w:Venn_diagram|Venn diagram]] on the right illustrating relationships among various words that express degrees of certainty.  Each word is defined and characterized below.  Links are to the corresponding Wikipedia article which discusses each concept in more depth. It may be best to ignore these links on the first reading and until you are ready to investigate the concepts more deeply. 
*[[w:Reality|Reality]] is the state of things as they actually exist, rather than as they may appear or might be imagined. Reality includes everything that is and has been, whether or not it is observable or comprehensible. Reality is often contrasted with what is imaginary, delusional, (only) in the mind, dreams, what is false, what is fictional, or what is abstract. The truth refers to what is real, while falsity refers to what is not. Fictions are considered not real.
*A [[w:fact|fact]] is something that has really occurred or is actually true. The usual test for a statement of fact is [[w:Verifiability|verifiability]]—that is, whether it can be demonstrated to correspond to experience. 
*[[w:Knowledge|Knowledge]] is a familiarity, awareness or understanding of someone or something, such as facts, information, descriptions, or skills, which is acquired through experience or education by perceiving, discovering, or learning. Knowledge is often defined as a justified true belief. The essential goal of learning and discovery is to better align our knowledge with reality. This alignment would ultimately cause the green disk to exactly overlap the blue disk in the diagram. 
*[[w:Truth|Truth]] is most often used to mean being in accord with fact or reality, or fidelity to an original or standard. In short, truth is [[w:Correspondence_theory_of_truth|correspondence with reality]]. The commonly understood opposite of truth is [[w:Falsity|falsehood]], which, correspondingly, can also take on a logical, factual, or ethical meaning. The concept of truth is discussed and debated in several contexts, including philosophy, art, and religion. Many human activities depend upon the concept, where its nature as a concept is assumed rather than being a subject of discussion; these include the sciences, law, journalism, and everyday life. Some philosophers view the concept of truth as basic, and unable to be explained in any terms that are more easily understood than the concept of truth itself. Others hold that the distinction between true and false is well known to people in general.&lt;ref&gt;[[w:On_Truth|On Truth]], Introduction&lt;/ref&gt;  This course will take care to distinguish between (capital T) ''Truth'', and ordinary ''truth''. Capital T Truth generally implies a certainty, however, since it is widely held that [[w:Certainty|certainty]] about the real world is a failed historical enterprise, claims of Truth are suspect. When ''truth'' appears as the first word of a sentence, it is capitalized and should be understood as small t truth. 
*A [[c:Truth_claim|truth claim]] is a proposition or statement that a particular person or belief system holds to be true.  Many everyday statements are truth claims, such as “today is my birthday”, or “Earth is the third planet from the Sun.” Truth claims can be contrasted with opinions, such as “I prefer chocolate ice cream to vanilla ice cream,” or “[[w:The_Beatles|The Beatles]] were the greatest rock group ever.” Truth claims are identified by use of the word &quot;is&quot; to describe an equivalence between two items, often in the form of ''X is Y'' or in the corresponding plural form of ''Xs are Ys''.   
*[[w:Belief|Belief]] is what people accept as being true. It is the state of mind in which a person thinks something to be the case, with or without there being empirical evidence to prove that something is the case with factual certainty. Another way of defining belief sees it as a mental representation of an attitude positively oriented towards the likelihood of something being true.
*[[w:Doubt|Doubt]] characterizes a status in which the mind remains suspended between two contradictory propositions and unable to assent to either of them. Doubt on an emotional level is indecision between belief and disbelief. Doubt involves uncertainty, distrust or lack of sureness of an alleged fact, an action, a motive, or a decision. Doubt questions a notion of a perceived “reality”, and may involve delaying or rejecting relevant action out of concerns for mistakes or faults or appropriateness.
*[[w:Opinion|Opinion]] is a judgment, viewpoint, or statement that is not conclusive. It may deal with [[w:Subjectivity|subjective]] matters in which there is no conclusive finding. What distinguishes fact from opinion is that facts are more likely to be [[w:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiable]], i.e. can be agreed to by the consensus of experts. An example is: &quot;United States of America was involved in the Vietnam War&quot; versus &quot;United States of America was right to get involved in the Vietnam War&quot;. An opinion may be supported by facts and principles, in which case it becomes an [[w:Argument|argument]]. Different people may draw opposing conclusions (opinions) even if they agree on the same set of facts. Opinions rarely change without new arguments being presented. It can be reasoned that one opinion is better supported by the facts than another by analyzing the supporting arguments. In casual use, the term ''opinion'' may be the result of a person's perspective, understanding, particular feelings, beliefs, and desires. It may refer to unsubstantiated information, in contrast to knowledge and fact. It is helpful to distinguish between ''popular opinion'' and [[w:Expert|''expert'']] ''opinion''. 
*The word [[w:Feeling|''feeling'']] has many meanings. When used to describe a level of belief, it refers to a state of consciousness, such as that resulting from emotions, sentiments or desires.
*[[w:Whatever_(slang)|''Whatever'']] is a slang term meaning &quot;whatever you say”, &quot;I don't care what you say&quot; or &quot;what will be will be&quot;. The term is used both to dismiss a previous statement and express indifference or in affirmation of a previous statement as &quot;whatever will be will be&quot;. An interjection of &quot;whatever&quot; can be considered offensive and impolite or it can be considered affirming. In the late 20th century and early 21st century, the word became a sentence in its own right; in effect an interjection, often but not always, used as a [[w:Passive-aggressive_behavior|passive-aggressive]] conversational blocking tool, leaving the responder struggling to find a convincing retort.
===Assignment===
The purpose of this assignment is to help you pay closer attention to the words you choose to express your level of uncertainty regarding various truth claims.
#Browse this [[Socratic Methods/questions to classify|list of questions to classify]], and choose 10 questions to work with for this assignment.
#Recast each question into a statement, choosing the correct term to indicate your level of uncertainty.  For example, if you chose to work on “Are Alien abductions real?” would you recast this as:
#*a statement of ''fact'', making the statement “Alien abductions ''are'' real” or, 
#*a statement of ''belief'', making the statement “I ''believe'' alien abductions are real”, or
#*a statement of ''opinion'': “In ''my opinion'', alien abductions are real”, or
#*a statement of ''doubt'': “I ''doubt'' alien abduction are real”, or
#*an expression of your ''feelings'': “I ''feel that'' alien abductions are real”, or
#*a declaration of your indifference or annoyance: “Whatever.”
#During conversations and other communications, take care to choose the word that most accurately expresses your level of uncertainty. Encourage others to do the same.

==Degrees of Consensus==
[[File:Degrees of Consensus.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Degrees of consensus are labeled depending on their distance from facts.]]
Distinguishing among: 1) matters of fact, 2) matters of preference, or 3) matters of controversy is an essential skill in describing and discussing reality and uncertainty. Refer to the diagram “degrees of consensus”. Statements can be classified as one of the following three types:
 
'''Matters of fact.''' Facts describe reality. Statements of fact can be assessed and verified through the correct use of evidence gathering, and reasoning. A correct statement can be made with conviction. These statements declare “what is” and careful researchers agree on the answer. Examples include: The [[w:Boiling_point|boiling point]] of water is 100° Centigrade (at standard pressure), gold is denser than lead, and the movie ''Spotlight'' won Best Picture in 2016. Notice the use of “is” to convey certainty in these statements. These matters of fact are the targets of [[Knowing_How_You_Know#What_is_a_Theory_of_Knowledge.3F|your theory of knowledge]]. A reliable [[w:Epistemology|epistemology]]—way of knowing—will describe how to effectively research factual claims, how to identify and use reliable sources, and how to resolve disputed or contradictory factual claims. The principle of [[w:Consilience|consilience]] will ensure that reliably researched facts will converge toward the actual reality. The Wikiversity course [[Knowing How You Know]] can help you develop an effective process for identifying matters of fact. The Wikiversity course [[Evaluating Evidence]] can help you assess and reconcile a variety of information. 

However, there are also matters of fact that are [[w:Unknowability|unknowable]], and those that are not yet known.  Unknowable matters of fact include past events for which there is no surviving record. This includes many prehistoric events—such as determining the identity of the first individual to use fire or invent the wheel—and trivial events such as determining what Thomas Jefferson ate for lunch on July 5, 1776. Other unknowable matters of fact may be beyond the reach of researchers. These include questions such as what preceded the [[w:Big_Bang|big bang]], and the nature of experiences beyond death. Other matters of fact are [[w:Open_problem|open problems]] that not yet understood but may yield to on-going research sometime in the future. Examples include [[w:Lists_of_unsolved_problems|active research topics]] such as understanding the nature of free will, or the nature of consciousness in animals or robots. 

It is helpful to identify a topic as an unknowable matter of fact and to leave any further discussion to relevant experts. 

'''Matters of taste, preference, or opinion'''. Any claim is acceptable here, because the statement depends only on the preferences of the person making it. Examples include: I feel that purple is the most beautiful color, I prefer chocolate ice-cream to vanilla ice-cream, and I believe that Rembrandt was a better artist than Picasso. Notice the use of “prefer”, “feel”, and “believe” to convey a personal preference. These matters of preference fall outside any factual claims. Don’t dispute them, just enjoy them.

'''Matters of controversy.''' Although these are not opinions, sincere experts often disagree on the best answer or the best course of action. These statements propose “what ought to be” or they ask about a topic that is not yet fully and carefully explored or researched. Examples include: I believe the most pressing problem facing the world today is the lack of clean safe drinking water for all people, I think the best approach to reducing gun violence is to require comprehensive background checks for all gun purchases, and I believe incarceration rates are too high in the United States. Notice the use of “believe” and “think” to convey personal positions here. Although it is instructive to learn more about matters of controversy by exploring them with [[Practicing Dialogue|dialogue]] and [[Socratic Methods]], they are statement of personal belief rather than truth claims.
===Assignment===
*Read this essay on the [[Knowing How You Know/Height of the Eiffel Tower|Height of the Eiffel Tower]].
*Read over this list of [[Socratic Methods/questions to classify|questions to classify]].
*Identify at least five of these questions in each of the following classifications: 1) matters of fact, 2) matters of preference, or 3) matters of controversy.

==Interpreting Evidence==
[[w:Evidence|Evidence]], broadly construed, is anything presented in support of an assertion, or [[w:Truth_claim|''truth claim'']]. This support may range from strong to weak. The strongest type of evidence is that which provides direct proof of the truth of an assertion. At the other extreme is evidence that is merely consistent with an assertion but does not rule out other, contradictory assertions, as in circumstantial evidence.

We naturally consider evidence to decide what we believe, and adjust our level of uncertainty about various truth claims. Interpreting evidence can be tricky.
===Assignment===
Interpreting evidence can be tricky.
*Read this essay on the [[Knowing How You Know/Tyranny of Evidence|Tyranny of Evidence]].
*Recall and reflect on various beliefs you hold to be true.
*What is the evidence for or against those beliefs?
*What is your level of uncertainty regarding those beliefs?
*Complete the Wikiversity course on [[Evaluating Evidence]].

==Objective and Subjective Experience==
[[File:Objectivity.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Subjective experiences emerge from objective stimuli.]]
The technical term for subjective experience is [[w:Qualia|''qualia'']], which refers to individual instances of subjective, conscious experience. Examples of qualia include the pain of a headache, the taste of wine, or the perceived redness of an evening sky.

Objective experiences can often be measured and observed by others. Subjective experiences are personal and can only be felt. However, subjective experiences originate with and emerge from objective stimuli. 
Our subjective experiences are as vivid as our objective experiences, even though subjective experiences are private and objective experiences are shared.  The real difference in subjective vs. objective is that objective situations can be observed independent of personal biases and experience (i.e. they are based on objective evidence), whereas subjective situations can usually only be viewed by one person, filtered through their unique lens of personal experience, taste, emotion, and bias.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.curiosityaroused.com/skepticism/subjective-vs-objective-whats-the-difference/ Subjective vs. Objective: What’s the Difference?], Editorial Staff, curiosityaroused.com &lt;/ref&gt;

Don’t confuse subjective experiences with objective experiences. [[Virtues/Tolerance|Tolerate]] disagreement on subjective experience. Don’t tolerate disagreement on objective experience. 
===Assignment:===
'''Part 1:'''

The purpose of this assignment is to improve your ability to distinguish subjective experiences from objective experiences. 
#Scan this list of [[/subjective and objective experiences/]].  
#Choose 10 to classify for this assignment. Identify each as a subjective or objective experience. 
#Are statements regarding subjective experiences facts or opinions?
#Can facts be determined regarding objective experiences?
#Is it useful to disagree or argue over subjective experiences?
#Is it useful to disagree or argue over objective experiences?
#When you find yourself arguing, notice if the argument is over a subjective experience or an objective one.  Do not argue over facts. Instead research them using [[w:Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources|reliable sources]].

'''Part 2:'''

The purpose of this assignment is to practice connecting subjective experiences with the various objective stimuli causing them.
*Identify a particular subjective experience you are familiar with.
*Work to identify the objective stimuli from which the subjective experience is emerging.

==Perceptions are Personal==
We often hear that “perception is reality” and that “everything is relative”, despite knowing that a shared reality exists, and [[Facing_Facts/Reality_is_our_common_ground|reality is our common ground]]. These apparently contradictory claims are reconciled when we understand that perceptions are personal.

Please read the essay [[Facing_Facts/Perceptions_are_Personal|''Perceptions are Personal'']] and be careful generalizing your personal perceptions beyond your own limited experience and personal point of view.

==Observational Error==
[[w:Observational_error|Observational error]] (or measurement error) is the difference between a measured value of quantity and its true value. In statistics, such error is always present and is not a mistake. Variability is an inherent part of things being measured and of the measurement process.

No measurement is exact. When a quantity is measured, the outcome depends on the measuring system, the measurement procedure, the skill of the operator, the environment, and other conditions and effects. Even if the quantity were to be measured several times, in the same way and in the same circumstances, a different measured value would in general be obtained each time, assuming the measuring system has sufficient resolution to distinguish between the values.

Because it is never certain that the measured value of a quantity is identical to its true value, careful investigators take care to report an estimate of the measurement uncertainty along with each measurement.  [[w:Error_bar|Error bars]], [[w:Confidence_interval|confidence intervals]], and [[w:Significant_figures|significant figures]] are all important tools for reporting measurement uncertainty. Measurement equipment can be [[w:Calibration|calibrated]] to increase accuracy. 

Reporting observational error is an indication of careful investigation, not evidence of mistakes. 
===Assignment===
The purpose of this assignment is to recognize our routine familiarity with observational error.
#Identify various measuring devices you often use. These might be a tape measure, thermometer, bathroom scale, measuring cup, etc.
#Identify the measurement accuracy of each. For example, can the thermometer measure to the nearest degree, tenth of a degree, or hundredth of a degree?
#Is it most accurate to report a temperature reading made with your thermometer as 20° or 20.00° or as 20°±.1° or as 20°±.01°?

==Emergent Properties==
[[File:WhereRainbowRises.jpg|thumb|Rainbows are dramatic, beautiful, and unexpected effects that emerge from sunlight refracted by raindrops.]]
[[w:Emergence|Emergence]] is a phenomenon whereby larger entities arise through interactions among smaller or simpler entities such that the larger entities exhibit properties the smaller/simpler entities do not exhibit. 

The properties of water are unexpected from an isolated examination of [[w:oxygen|oxygen]] and [[w:hydrogen|hydrogen]], yet water is formed from the combination of those gasses. 

The properties of [[w:Water|water]], rainbows, weather, and temperature are all examples of emergence. 

[[w:Rainbow|Rainbows]] are real, because we can see them, but they remain elusive, moving away as we seek to approach them. This is because a rainbow does not exist at one particular location. Many rainbows exist as droplets of light illuminated by the sun; however, only one can be seen depending on the particular observer's viewpoint. All raindrops [[w:Refraction|refract]] and [[w:Reflection_(physics)|reflect]] the sunlight in the same way, but only the light from some raindrops reaches the observer's eye. This light is what constitutes the rainbow for that observer. Rainbows are dramatic, beautiful, and unexpected effects of sunlight refracted by raindrops.

The [[w:Abiogenesis|emergence of life]] from non-living matter, such as simple organic compounds and the emergence of the [[w:Mind|mind]] from the billions of neurons that form the [[w:Human_brain|human brain]] are particularly remarkable results. 

It is important to [[Understanding Emergence|understand emergence]] because it is the process by which complex and unexpected forms are created from simpler elements. 
===Assignment===
The purpose of this assignment is to practice recognizing and identifying emergent forms.
#Identify emergent forms you are familiar with.
#Describe the elements that compose the emergent form.
#Complete the Wikiversity cousre [[Understanding Emergence|Understanding emergence]]. 

==Not Just a Theory==
The word ''theory'' has several distinct definitions that need to be individually identified and held separate during any discussion using the word.&lt;ref&gt;[[w:The_Greatest_Show_on_Earth:_The_Evidence_for_Evolution|The Greatest Show on Earth]], Chapter 1&lt;/ref&gt;

Two distinct definitions are:&lt;ref&gt; Wiktionary entry for [[wikt:Theory|Theory]]. &lt;/ref&gt;
#A coherent statement or set of ideas that explains observed facts or phenomena, or which sets out the laws and principles of something known or observed; a hypothesis confirmed by observation, experiment etc.
#A hypothesis or conjecture.

The first definition given above is that of a [[w:Scientific_theory|scientific theory]], the second is for a [[w:Hypothesis|hypothesis]]. The two distinct definitions reflect very different statements of certainty. A scientific theory is the strongest statement of certainty. A hypothesis is an explicit statement of significant uncertainty. The two different definitions carried by the same term are often used to create a [[Recognizing_Fallacies/Fallacies_of_Ambiguity#Equivocation|fallacy of equivocation]].  This often happens when attempts to dismiss [[w:Evolution|evolution]] or other scientific theory as “only a theory” are falsely based on the second definition of the word “theory”.

In modern science, the term &quot;theory&quot; refers to scientific theories, a well-confirmed type of explanation of nature, made in a way consistent with scientific method, and fulfilling the criteria required by modern science. Such theories are described in such a way that any scientist in the field is in a position to understand and either provide empirical support (&quot;verify&quot;) or empirically contradict (&quot;falsify&quot;) it. Scientific theories are the most reliable, rigorous, and comprehensive form of scientific knowledge, in contrast to more common uses of the word &quot;theory&quot; that imply that something is unproven or speculative (which is better characterized by the word 'hypothesis'). Scientific theories are distinguished from hypotheses, which are individual empirically testable conjectures, and scientific laws, which are descriptive accounts of how nature will behave under certain conditions.
===Assignment===
The purpose of this assignment is to distinguish between definitions 1 and 2 of ''theory''. 
#Identify examples of scientific theories (definition 1, above).
#Identify examples of hypothesis or conjectures (definition 2, above).
#Avoid conflating these two distinct meanings of the word theory when discussing degrees of uncertainty.  If there is doubt or confusion regarding what definition is being used, stop to ensure the correctly intended meaning is made clear and used consistently. Insist on clarity. Do not tolerate the confounding of these distinct meanings.

==The Unity of Knowledge==
[[File:The Earth seen from Apollo 17.jpg|thumb|Because we all live on the same earth, reliable knowledge about our world  converges toward a consistent description of that world.]]
Because we all live on the same earth, in the same universe, reliable knowledge about our world must [[w:Consilience|converge toward a consistent description]] of that world. Each phenomenon we observe must fit into a single coherent and integrated description of our universe.  Because we all live in the same universe, as we continue to examine our universe more and more closely, we can agree on a larger set of facts about our universe. Reliable epistemologies—ways of knowing—increase our shared common knowledge.

[[Facing_Facts/Reality_is_our_common_ground|''Reality'' is our shared common ground]]. Work to resolve disagreements by examining reality more closely and more carefully.   
===Assignment===
The purpose of this assignment is to understand and recognize the unity of knowledge. 
#Browse this [https://archive.org/details/PrintEmergence emergence diagram].
#Read this [[Knowing How You Know/One World|essay on our one world]].
#Read this essay on [[Facing Facts/Reality is our common ground|reality is our common ground]].
#Read this essay on [[Facing Facts/Reality is the Ultimate Reference Standard|Reality is the Ultimate Reference Standard]].
#Please consider your position regarding the unity of knowledge. 
##Do you believe that although each person has their own unique life experiences and unique point of view, we are all experiencing the same world, and there are facts that describe our world that we can all agree on? In other words, referring to the allegory of the [[w:Blind_men_and_an_elephant|blind men and an elephant]], each of us is experiencing some aspects of the same elephant. Furthermore, the [[Knowing How You Know/Height of the Eiffel Tower|Eiffel tower does have a particular height]]. 
##Or do you believe that each of us experiences our own world, the world is different for each of us and there are not facts that are common among that multiplicity of worlds? Each of us is experiencing a different elephant. Furthermore, the [[Knowing How You Know/Height of the Eiffel Tower|height of the Eiffel tower depends]] on who is asked about it, and how they are feeling at the moment.
#Consider how you maintain the coherence of your [[w:World_view|world view]] when new information comes to your attention that is inconsistent with a [[w:Consilience|coherent description of the universe]]. Will you: 1) dismiss that new information, 2) modify your present description of the universe to accommodate that new information, or 3) tolerate inconsistencies?

==Reliable Epistemologies==
Reliable [[w:Epistemology|epistemologies]]—ways of knowing—converge toward a consistent, coherent, and comprehensive representation of the one universe we all live in. This principle is known as [[w:consilience|consilience]].

The [[w:Scholarly_method|scholarly method]], also known as ''scholarship'' is the body of principles and practices used by scholars to make their claims about the world as valid and trustworthy as possible, and to make these claims known to the scholarly public. The primary scholarly methods are the [[w:Historical_method|historical method]] and the [[w:Scientific_method|scientific method]].

Unreliable epistemologies arrive at truth claims that often contradict the truth claims made by others. [[w:Faith|Faith]] is an example of an unreliable epistemology. The [[Beyond_Theism#Faith|unreliability of faith]] as a way of knowing is evident because many truth claims based on faith contradict with other truth claims also based on faith, and also with truth claims resulting from reliable scholarly methods. [[w:Revelation|Revelation]] is also an unreliable epistemology. 

Using reliable epistemologies increases the body of knowledge widely accepted as fact. This provides a steadily increasing [[w:Common_ground_(communication_technique)|common ground]] that can be shared and agreed to by all people. 
===Assignment===
The purpose of this assignment is to assess the reliability of various epistemologies. 
#Identify truth claims based on faith that contradict truth claims resulting from reliable scholarly methods. Consider various answers to these [[Knowing How You Know/general knowledge questions|general knowledge questions]], or some other truth claims that interest you. 
#Identify truth claims based on the faith of one religion that contradict truth claims based on the faith of another religion. Consider these examples of [[w:Argument_from_inconsistent_revelations|inconsistent revelations]], this [https://infidels.org/library/modern/donald_morgan/contradictions.html list of Bible Inconsistencies], or some other truth claims that interest you. 
#How do you recommend reconciling these contradictions? 
#When particular truth claims conflict, how do you decide which one is more likely to be true?

==Recognizing Nonsense==
[[w:Bullshit|Nonsense]] can take on many forms, including paranormal events, the occult, supernatural claims, pseudoscience, and conspiracy theories. Each is described in more detail below. People who face facts dismiss these claims and events as unproven, unlikely, deceptive, misleading, disingenuous, unfair, false, or simply nonsense.

[[w:Paranormal|Paranormal events]] are phenomena described in popular culture, folklore, and other non-scientific bodies of knowledge, whose existence within these contexts is described to lie beyond normal experience or scientific explanation.

A paranormal phenomenon is different from hypothetical concepts such as [[w:Dark_matter|dark matter]] and [[w:Dark_energy|dark energy]]. Unlike paranormal phenomena, these hypothetical concepts are based on empirical observations and experimental data gained through [[Thinking Scientifically|scientific methods]].

The most notable paranormal beliefs include those that pertain to ghosts, contact with extraterrestrial life, unidentified flying objects, psychic abilities, extrasensory perception, and [[w:List_of_cryptids|cryptids]].

[[w:Occult|The occult]] is &quot;knowledge of the hidden&quot;. In common English usage, occult refers to &quot;knowledge of the paranormal&quot;, as opposed to &quot;knowledge of the measurable&quot;, usually referred to as science. The term is sometimes taken to mean knowledge that &quot;is meant only for certain people&quot; or that &quot;must be kept hidden&quot;, but for most practicing occultists it is simply the study of a deeper spiritual reality that extends beyond pure reason and the physical sciences.

From the scientific perspective, occultism is regarded as unscientific as it does not make use of [[Thinking Scientifically|scientific methods]] to obtain facts.

The [[w:Supernatural|supernatural]] includes all that cannot be explained by science or the laws of nature, including things characteristic of or relating to ghosts, gods, or other supernatural beings, or to things beyond nature

[[w:Pseudoscience|Pseudoscience]] consists of claims, beliefs, or practices presented as being plausible scientifically, but which are not justifiable by [[Thinking Scientifically|scientific methods]].  A topic, practice, or body of knowledge can reasonably be considered pseudoscientific when it is presented as consistent with the norms of scientific research, but it demonstrably fails to meet these norms.

Pseudoscience is often characterized by the following: contradictory, exaggerated or unprovable claims; reliance on [[w:Confirmation_bias|confirmation bias]] rather than rigorous attempts at refutation; lack of openness to evaluation by other experts; and absence of systematic practices when developing theories. The term pseudoscience is often considered pejorative because it suggests something is being presented as science inaccurately or even deceptively. Accordingly, those termed as practicing or advocating pseudoscience often dispute the characterization.

The demarcation between science and pseudoscience has philosophical and scientific implications. Differentiating science from pseudoscience has practical implications in the case of health care, expert testimony, environmental policies, and science education. Distinguishing scientific facts and theories from pseudoscientific beliefs such as those found in astrology, alchemy, medical quackery, occult beliefs, and creation science combined with scientific concepts, is part of science education and scientific literacy.

A [[w:Conspiracy_theory|conspiracy theory]] is an explanation of an event or situation that invokes a conspiracy without warrant, generally one involving an illegal or harmful act carried out by government or other powerful actors. Conspiracy theories often produce hypotheses that contradict the prevailing understanding of history or simple facts. The term is a derogatory one.

According to the political scientist [[w:Michael_Barkun|Michael Barkun]], conspiracy theories rely on the view that the universe is governed by design, and embody three principles: nothing happens by accident, nothing is as it seems, and everything is connected. Another common feature is that conspiracy theories evolve to incorporate whatever evidence exists against them, so that they become, as Barkun writes, a closed system that is [[w:Falsifiability|unfalsifiable]], and therefore &quot;a matter of faith rather than proof&quot;.

When considering such claims and events, it is helpful to insist that “[[w:Sagan_standard|extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence]]” and to dismiss such claims as false until the claimant can provide substantial and reliable evidence. Enthusiastic proponents of nonsense often use a fallacious “[[Recognizing_Fallacies/Fallacies_of_Relevance#The_Argument_from_Ignorance|Argument from ignorance]]” to support their claims by challenging you to provide their claim wrong. These challenges incorrectly shift the [[w:Philosophical_burden_of_proof|burden of proof]] away from those making the claim. 
===Assignment===
The purpose of this assignment is to improve your ability to recognize and reject [[w:Bullshit|nonsense]]. 
#Scan the topics listed in the [[w:Category:Paranormal|Wikipedia paranormal category]], or those listed as “main articles” in the box on the right of the [[w:Paranormal|paranormal article]].
#Identify any that you find credible, or that you believe in.
#Using the established criteria summarized above for distinguishing science from paranormal, examine any listed paranormal topics you find credible. Has each extraordinary paranormal claim been supported by substantial and reliable [[Evaluating Evidence|evidence]]?
#Scan this list of [[w:List_of_occult_terms|occult terms]].
#Identify any that you find credible, or that you believe in.
#Using the established criteria summarized above for distinguishing science from the occult, examine any listed occult terms you find credible. Has each extraordinary occult claim been supported by substantial and reliable [[Evaluating Evidence|evidence]]?
#Scan this [[w:List_of_topics_characterized_as_pseudoscience|list of topics characterized as pseudoscience]].
#Identify any that you find credible, or that you believe in.
#Using the established criteria summarized above for distinguishing science from pseudoscience, examine any listed pseudoscience topics you find credible. Has each extraordinary pseudoscience claim been supported by substantial and reliable [[Evaluating Evidence|evidence]]?
#Scan this list of [[w:List_of_conspiracy_theories|conspiracy theories]].
#Identify any that you find credible, or that you believe in.
#Using the established criteria, summarized above for identifying conspiracy theories, examine any listed conspiracy theory topics you find credible. Has each extraordinary claim been supported by substantial and reliable [[Evaluating Evidence|evidence]]?

== What there is ==
Physicists have made remarkable progress in identifying the building blocks of our universe. Rigorous investigations have confirmed the existence of the particles and forces constituting the [[w:Standard_Model|standard model]]. [[w:Gravity|Gravity]] is well known. Despite the most exhaustive searches, there is no evidence of anything that could cause or explain supernatural phenomena. There is no reliable evidence of supernatural phenomena. Those who claim the existence of supernatural phenomenon [[w:Burden_of_proof_(philosophy)|bear the burden]] of providing [[Evaluating Evidence|evidence]] to prove their claims.

=== Assignment ===
#Read the essay [[Beyond Theism/What there is|What there is]].
#Get real.
==Thinking Outside the Tribe==
Each of us lives within a variety of closed cultures. The neighborhood where we live brings us in contact with a limited number of people who all live within the same small geographic region. The places where we study, shop, work, and play bring us in touch with a limited number of people who all share those experiences. Perhaps more importantly the friends we choose, the sources of news we choose, the books we read, the podcasts we listen to, the television shows we choose to watch, the blogs we read, and the social media we engage in all act to reinforce viewpoints and beliefs we already hold. These various closed cultures are today's [[w:Tribe|tribes]].

These closed cultures can be referred to as ''echo chambers''. An [[w:Echo_chamber_(media)|echo chamber]] is a metaphorical description of a situation in which information, ideas, or beliefs are amplified or reinforced by communication and repetition inside a defined system. Inside a figurative echo chamber, official sources often go unquestioned and different or competing views are censored, disallowed, or otherwise underrepresented.

When we use the internet a [[w:Filter_bubble|filter bubble]] selectively guesses what information we would like to see based on information about us (such as location, past click behavior and search history) and, as a result, we become separated from information that disagrees with our viewpoints, effectively isolating us in our own cultural or ideological bubbles.

Social groups defined by religious, spiritual, or philosophical beliefs, or common interest in a particular personality, object or goal can become so insular they may approach the isolation level of a [[w:Cult|cult]]. 

Because of natural tendencies toward [[w:Confirmation_bias|confirmation]] bias and [[w:Tribalism|tribalism]] we are more comfortable in groups that reinforce our current beliefs, rather than challenge them.  We may become skillful at discounting opposing viewpoints and denying reality. The isolation of information contributes to a divergence of ideological attitudes and [[w:Polarization_(politics)|polarization]] of viewpoints. 

As a result of this isolation our beliefs can continue to drift away from reality. Because the group reinforces our beliefs we are impaired from maintaining [[w:Objectivity_(philosophy)|objectivity]], discouraged from [[w:Critical_thinking|critical thinking]], and delayed from facing the facts and embracing reality. As Daniel Kahneman tells us:  “We know that people can maintain an unshakable faith in any proposition, however absurd, when they are sustained by a community of like-minded believers.”&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Kahneman |first=Daniel |date=April 2, 2013 |title=Thinking, Fast and Slow  |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |pages=499 |isbn=978-0374533557 |author-link=w:Daniel_Kahneman }} Chapter 20, “The Illusion of Validity”&lt;/ref&gt;  
===Assignment===
The purpose of this assignment is to identify and examine any beliefs you might hold because they are promoted by your tribe, rather than because they correspond to reality. 

'''Part 1:'''
#Identify the various tribes or closed cultures you are a member of. These might be geographical, social, cultural, religious, or ideological.
#Which, if any, of these serve to reinforce beliefs that are out of the [[w:Mainstream|mainstream]], are poorly supported by representative evidence, or that are unlikely to be true?
#[[Knowing How You Know|How do you know]]?

'''Part 2:'''

For any of the closed cultures you have identified in Part 1:
#Find someone outside the group who you can engage in [[Practicing Dialogue|dialogue]].&lt;ref&gt;The article [http://intentionalinsights.org/what-would-gandhi-do-about-trump-high-time-for-a-science-of-wisdom What Would Gandhi Do About Trump? High-Time For a Science Of Wisdom,] Intentional Insights, by Charles Cassidy can provide some helpful motivation and practical suggestions for doing this.&lt;/ref&gt;
#Begin a dialogue with this person regarding some of the beliefs that are reinforced by your culture.
#*To prepare, consider completing the Wikiversity course on [[practicing dialogue]]. 
#Listen closely, carefully, and without judgement. Seek insight and understanding. Examine and [[Knowing How You Know/Examining Ideologies|explore the various ideologies]] that guide your current thinking. Research matters of fact using [[w:Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources|reliable sources]]. 
#Allow yourself to change your beliefs based on a rational and consistent appraisal of the new information and viewpoint you learn from the dialogue. Embrace reality.
#Work to attain a [[Global Perspective|global perspective]].

==Matters of Fact==
Are each of the following questions matters of fact or opinion? Please answer each question.
*How tall is the Eiffel tower?
*What shape is the earth?
*How old is the earth?
*Where was Barack Obama born?
*Do vaccines cause autism?
*Does contraception prevent abortion?
*Did Donald Trump have the largest presidential inauguration crowd?
*What are the origins of biodiversity?
*Does reality exist?
*Does reality supersede conjecture?
*Is [[Facing Facts/Reality is our common ground|reality our common ground]]?

==Further Reading==
Students wishing to learn more about facing facts, embracing reality, and discussing uncertainty may be interested in reading the following books:
*{{cite book |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |date=August 24, 2010 |title=The Greatest Show on Earth: The Evidence for Evolution |publisher=Free Press |pages=496 |isbn= 978-1416594796 |author-link=w:Richard_Dawkins }}
*{{cite book |last=Wilson |first=Edward Osborne |date=March 30, 1999 |title=Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge |publisher=Vintage |pages=384 |isbn=978-0679768678 |author-link=w:E._O._Wilson }}
*{{cite book |last=Pinker |first= Steven |author-link=w:Steven_Pinker|date= September 28, 2021  |title=[[w:Rationality_(book)| Rationality: What It Is, Why It Seems Scarce, Why It Matters]]| publisher= Viking |pages=432 |isbn= 978-0525561996 }}
*{{cite book |last=Gelwick |first=Richard |date=May 12, 2004 |title=The Way of Discovery, an introduction to the thought of Michael Polanyi |publisher=Wipf &amp; Stock |pages=200 |isbn= 978-1592446872}} 
*{{cite book |last=Jarrard |first=Richard D. |date= |title=Scientific Methods }} This book is slowly moving through the Wikisource validation process and is available at: [[wikisource:Index:Sm_all_cc.pdf| ''Scientific Methods'']]. The text is available at: https://archive.org/details/sm_all_cc
*{{cite book |last=Frankfurt |first=Harry G. |date=January 30, 2005 |title=[[w:On_Bullshit|On Bullshit]] |publisher=Princeton University Press |pages=67 |isbn=978-0691122946 |author-link=w:Harry_Frankfurt }}
*{{cite book |last=Frankfurt |first=Harry G. |date=October 31, 2006 |title=[[w:On_Truth|On Truth]] |publisher=Knopf |pages=112 |isbn=978-0307264220 |author-link=w:Harry_Frankfurt }}
*{{cite book |last=Burton |first=Robert |date=March 17, 2009 |title=On Being Certain: Believing You Are Right Even When You're Not |publisher=St. Martin's Griffin |pages=272 |isbn=978-0312541521}}
*{{cite book |last=Ariely |first=Dan |author-link=w:Dan_Ariely |date=September 17, 2024 |title=Misbelief: What Makes Rational People Believe Irrational Things |publisher=Harper Perennial  |pages=320 |isbn=978-0063280434}}
*{{cite book |last=Wolpert |first=Lewis |date=July 17, 2008 |title=Six Impossible Things Before Breakfast: The Evolutionary Origins of Belief |publisher=W. W. Norton &amp; Company |pages=256 |isbn=978-0393332032 }}
*{{cite book |last=Sunstein |first=Cass R. |date=December 23, 2014 |title=Wiser: Getting Beyond Groupthink to Make Groups Smarter  |publisher=Harvard Business Review Press |pages=272 |isbn=978-1422122990 |author-link=w:Cass_Sunstein }}
*{{cite book |last1=Tavris |first1=Carol |last2=Aronson |first2=Elliot |date=October 20, 2015 |title=Mistakes Were Made (but Not by Me): Why We Justify Foolish Beliefs, Bad Decisions, and Hurtful Acts |publisher=Mariner Books |pages=400 |isbn= 978-0544574786}}
* {{Cite book|title=On freedom|last=Snyder|first=Timothy|author-link=w:Timothy_D._Snyder|date= September 17, 2024|publisher=Crown|isbn=978-0-593-72872-7|edition=First edition|location=New York}}
*{{cite book |last=Kahneman |first=Daniel |date=April 2, 2013 |title=[[w:Thinking,_Fast_and_Slow|Thinking, Fast and Slow]]  |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |pages=499 |isbn=978-0374533557 |author-link=w:Daniel_Kahneman }}
*{{cite book |last=Haidt |first=Jonathan |date=February 12, 2013 |title=[[w:The_Righteous_Mind|The Righteous Mind: Why Good People Are Divided by Politics and Religion]] |publisher=Vintage |pages=528 |isbn=978-0307455772 |author-link=w:Jonathan_Haidt }}
*{{cite book |last=Andersen |first=Kurt |date=September 5, 2017 |title=Fantasyland: How America Went Haywire: A 500-Year History |publisher=Random House |pages=480 |isbn=978-1400067213 |author-link=w:Kurt_Andersen }}
*{{cite book |last=McIntyre |first=Lee |date=February 16, 2018 |title=Post-Truth |publisher=The MIT Press |pages=240 |isbn=978-0262535045 }}
*{{cite book |last2=Lukianoff |first2=Greg |last1=Haidt |first1=Jonathan |date=September 4, 2018 |title=The Coddling of the American Mind: How Good Intentions and Bad Ideas Are Setting Up a Generation for Failure |publisher=Penguin Press |pages=352 |isbn=978-0735224896 |author-link=w:Jonathan_Haidt }}
*{{cite book |last1=Tsipursky |first1=Gleb |last2=Ward |first2=Tim |date=May 29, 2020 |title=Pro Truth: A Practical Plan for Putting Truth Back Into Politics |publisher=Changemakers Books |page=271 |isbn=978-1789043990}}
*{{cite book |last=Wilczek |first=Frank |author-link=w:Frank_Wilczek |date=January 12, 2021 |title=Fundamentals: Ten Keys to Reality  |publisher=Penguin Press |pages=272 |isbn=978-0735223790}}
*{{cite book |last=Galef |first=Julia |author-link=w:Julia_Galef|date=April 13, 2021 |title=The Scout Mindset: Why Some People See Things Clearly and Others Don't |publisherPortfolio  |pages=288 |isbn=978-0735217553}}
*{{cite book |last=Rosling |first=Hans  |date=April 3, 2018 |title=Factfulness: Ten Reasons We're Wrong About the World--and Why Things Are Better Than You Think |publisher=Flatiron Books |pages=341 |isbn=978-1-250-10781-7 |author-link=w:Hans_Rosling }}
*{{cite book |last=Schulz |first=Kathryn |author-link=w:Kathryn_Schulz |date=June 8, 2010 |title=Being Wrong: Adventures in the Margin of Error |publisher=Ecco |pages=416 |isbn=0061176044}}
I have not yet read the following books, but they seem interesting and relevant. They are listed here to invite further research.

* ''The Emergence of Everything: How the World Became Complex'', by Harold J. Morowitz
* ''How We Know What Isn’t So: The Fallibility of Human Reason in Everyday Life'', by Thomas Gilovich

==References==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Category:Life skills]]
[[Category:Applied Wisdom]]
[[Category:Philosophy]]
[[Category:Clear Thinking]]
[[Category:Courses]]
[[Category:Reality]]
{{CourseCat}} 
{{Clear Thinking}}</text>
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You have the following reasons: {{notice|Please log in}} from it you can use the template}}— Embracing Reality
==Introduction==
[[File:FacingFactsWordCloud4.jpg|thumb|right|250px|We use several different words to express degrees of uncertainty.]]
{{TOC right | limit|limit=2}}
&quot;You're entitled to your own opinions”, Senator [[w:Daniel_Patrick_Moynihan|Daniel Patrick Moynihan]] declares, “but you're not entitled to your own facts.”  OK, but what if I feel that whatever is true for you might not be true for me? My opinion is that I’m entitled to my beliefs and you are entitled to your beliefs and that’s all that really matters if we are to protect our freedom. How are we supposed to tell the difference between facts and opinions anyway? I feel this is a difficult problem. Whatever…

This course advocates [[w:Reason|reason]] and is provided as a refuge and antidote to [[w:Post-truth_politics|post-truth]] trends.

For the purposes of this course we will adopt these [[w:Axiom|axioms]]:
*[[w:Reality|Reality]] exists&lt;ref&gt;There are many fascinating on-going philosophical discussions on the [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/realism/ nature of reality]. Plato’s [[w:Allegory_of_the_Cave|Allegory of the Cave]], the [[w:Brain_in_a_vat|brain in a vat scenario]], and the popular science fiction film [[w:The_Matrix|''The Matrix'']] each explore the possibility that our experiences are only an elaborate illusion. Although these ideas are fascinating and have the possibility of uncovering profound truths, they do not help us navigate the world we seem to be living in each day. For now, for practical reasons, it seems best to accept the existence of the real world and use our perceptions of that real world to guide our actions.&lt;/ref&gt;,
*We live in the real world&lt;ref&gt;We all have dreams, vivid imaginations, use figures of speech, and enjoy fantasy stories. Unless we suffer from [[w:Delusion|delusions]], we also recognize the distinction between those fanciful mental constructs and the tangible real world we live in. &lt;/ref&gt;,
*We can explore, investigate, examine, observe, measure, and probe that real world,
*You and I, and everyone we know or ever meet, all live in the same universe&lt;ref&gt;Although physicists and others continue to investigate and debate the intriguing possibilities of [[w:Multiverse|multiple universes]], there is no credible evidence that you, or I, or anyone we meet live in some universe other than the single universe we all live in. There is every practical reason for us to be confident we all live in the same universe. &lt;/ref&gt;,
*The most certain of all basic principles is that contradictory propositions are not true simultaneously.&lt;ref&gt;This is one of Aristotle's statements of the [[w:Law_of_noncontradiction|Law of non-contradiction]]. Aristotle says that without the principle of non-contradiction we could not know anything that we do know. See, for example [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-noncontradiction/ Aristotle on Non-contradiction], Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy and [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/contradiction/ Contradiction], Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Facing Facts Audio Dialogue.wav|thumb|Facing Facts Audio Dialogue]]

==Objectives==
{{100%done}}{{By|lbeaumont}}
The objectives of this course are to:
*Understand the importance of truth,
*Evaluate and describe your understanding of reality,
*Distinguish among fact, belief, feelings, and opinions,
*Distinguish between reality and perception, objective reality, and subjective reality, 
*Distinguish among facts, controversy, and taste,
*Examine the roles of [[Virtues/Tolerance|tolerance]] and [[Practicing Dialogue|dialogue]],
*Examine the [[w:Consilience|unity of knowledge]], 
*Distinguish between [[w:Scientific_theory|''Scientific theory'']] and [[w:Working_hypothesis|''just a theory'']], 
*Understand observational error,
*Examine the reliabilities of various epistemologies—ways of knowing,
*Distinguish among science, paranormal events,  pseudoscience, and conspiracy theory, 
*Whatever… 

The course contains many [[w:Hyperlink|hyperlinks]] to further information. Use your judgment and these [[What Matters/link following guidelines|link following guidelines]] to decide when to follow a link, and when to skip over it. 

This course is part of the [[Wisdom/Curriculum|Applied Wisdom curriculum]] and of the [[Deductive_Logic/Clear_Thinking_curriculum|Clear Thinking curriculum]].

If you wish to contact the instructor, please [[Special:Emailuser/Lbeaumont | click here to send me an email]] or leave a comment or question on the [[Talk:Facing_Facts|discussion page]].

The list of [[Wise Affirmations|wise affirmations]] on the topic of [[Wise Affirmations/Facing Facts|facing facts]] may help you develop habits based on the ideas in this course.

OK, let’s face the facts and strengthen our grip on reality!

==The Importance of Truth==
Why is truth important?

Truth is useful.&lt;ref&gt;[[w:On_Truth|On Truth]], Chapter I&lt;/ref&gt;  Engineers, architects, and other builders need to know the true strength of materials so they can design and build structures that are safe and lasting. Health professionals need to understand the true benefits and risks of various medicines so they can safely and effectively treat illnesses. To effectively serve the public, officials need to know the true conditions existing in their jurisdictions and the true effects of various [[w:Public_policy|policy actions]] and options. These examples illustrate there is a clear difference between getting things right and getting things wrong. A concern for truth is essential to conducting efficient and effective commerce and public affairs.

Subjective evaluations and judgements are ultimately based on what we accept as true.&lt;ref&gt;[[w:On_Truth|On Truth]], Chapter II&lt;/ref&gt;  If you judge someone to be a fine citizen your subjective judgment of their character rests on facts you hold to be true about that person. You will consider how you believe that person spends their time, how they treat family and friends, the work they do, the things they say, correspondence between what they say and what they do, the trust they have earned from you, the consistency of their behaviors, and many other factors that you believe indicate character. It is from these considerations you regard as true that you draw your subjective judgment and conclusion.

Civilizations have never sustained their health and prosperity without relying on large quantities of factual information.&lt;ref&gt;[[w:On_Truth|On Truth]], Chapter II&lt;/ref&gt;  Individuals also require large quantities of factual information because it is the true information that allows us to navigate effectively in the real world. 

Because we live in the real world it is nearly always to our advantage to face the facts about our world than it is to remain ignorant of them.&lt;ref&gt;[[w:On_Truth|On Truth]], Chapter IV&lt;/ref&gt;   Also, self-awareness, the willingness to face facts about ourselves, especially those inconvenient truths, is important for living our lives successfully and authentically.

Humans are distinctly rational animals.&lt;ref&gt;[[w:On_Truth|On Truth]], Chapter V&lt;/ref&gt;  Humans respond to reason, and reason relies on facts. False statements provide no rational support for anything. Truth is the essential element of reason, and reason is the essential justification for action.

Truth forms the basis for trust.&lt;ref&gt;[[w:On_Truth|On Truth]], Chapter VI&lt;/ref&gt;  To the extent people are generally dishonest and untrustworthy, peaceful and productive social life becomes more difficult. Lying undermines the cohesion of human society. Because people regularly engage in lies we must carefully interpret all that we hear. “You submit to tyranny when you renounce the difference between what you want to hear and what is actually the case.”&lt;ref&gt; {{cite book |last=Snyder |first=Timothy |date=February 28, 2017 |title=On Tyranny: Twenty Lessons from the Twentieth Century |publisher=Tim Duggan Books |pages=128 |isbn= |author-link=w:Timothy_D._Snyder }}&lt;/ref&gt;

We are injured when we are betrayed.&lt;ref&gt;[[w:On_Truth|On Truth]], Chapter VII&lt;/ref&gt;  Lies impair our efforts to determine and understand the real state of affairs. Lies impede us from knowing what is really going on. Liars attempt to impose their will on us. Lies are designed to damage our grasp of reality. Furthermore although the statement that, “The Liar leads an existence of unutterable loneliness”&lt;ref&gt;“Women and Honor: Some Notes on Lying.” In Adrien Rich, ''Lies, Secrets, and Silence''.&lt;/ref&gt;  exercises a bit of poetic license, liars are isolated. They cannot reveal their loneliness without disclosing the lie. Also, “To discover that one has been lied to in a personal relationship leads one to feel a little crazy.”&lt;ref&gt;Adrien Rich, Lies, ''Secrets, and Silence'', Page 186&lt;/ref&gt;  Although we know people often lie, it is disappointing to be lied to unexpectedly by a trusted friend. Our natural expectation of access and intimacy among friends is damaged and trust is lost. As an example of the impact of sustaining a lie, the [[w:2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol|2021 storming of the United States Capitol]] resulted from the [[w:Big_lie|big lie]] that the presidential [[w:Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election|election was stolen]] from Donald Trump. 

As we bump up against the world we live in we begin to understand the limits of our free will and the boundaries of our self.&lt;ref&gt;[[w:On_Truth|On Truth]], Chapter IX&lt;/ref&gt;  As we encounter the world as it truly is we learn what we can and cannot do, what we can change and what we cannot change, and the sort of efforts we must make to accomplish what is actually possible. This contributes to our understanding of our own identity by constantly clarifying what we are and what is not us.

Reality is the ultimate arbiter. &quot;On the whole, truth matters to us because it has survival value and allows us to function in our world.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lakoff |first1=George |last2=Johnson |first2=Mark |date=April 15, 2003 |title=Metaphors We Live By |publisher=University Of Chicago Press |pages=242 |isbn=978-0226468013}} Page 160&lt;/ref&gt;
===Assignment===
The purpose of this assignment is to assess the role that accurate and inaccurate information, along with unavailable, and unused information has had in making the important decisions in your life.

'''Part 1:'''
#Recall various important decisions you have made throughout your life. These may be your choice of friends, how you approached school studies, how you used your free time, the friends you choose, deciding to smoke or drink, risks you did or did not take, and participation in sports teams, clubs, or other activities. Career choice, deciding if, who, and when to get married. Deciding family planning issues. Car buying, home purchase decisions, investment decisions, or others.
#Identify one of these decisions that turned out to be a good decision, and another decision that turned out to be a bad decision.
#Reflect on the role that accurate, unavailable, unused, and incorrect information each had on each decision.
#Did more accurate information result in better decisions?
'''Part 2:'''

Choose one of these historical events to study for this assignment.

*The claim that “[[w:Rain_follows_the_plow|rain follows the plow]]” was used to encourage westward expansion of the United States in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Egan |first=Timothy |date=September 1, 2006 |title=The Worst Hard Time: The Untold Story of Those Who Survived the Great American Dust Bowl |publisher=Mariner Books |pages=340 |isbn=978-0618773473 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The tragedy of the [[w:dust bowl|dust bowl]] proved the claim to be false.
*[[w:Heaven's_Gate_(religious_group)|Heaven's Gate]] was an American UFO religious millenarian group. On March 26, 1997, police discovered the bodies of 39 members of the group who had committed mass suicide in order to reach what they believed was an extraterrestrial spacecraft following Comet Hale–Bopp.
*&quot;[[w:Jonestown|Jonestown]]&quot; was the informal name for an American religious organization under the leadership of Jim Jones, in northwestern Guyana. It became internationally notorious when on November 18, 1978, a total of 918 people died in the remote commune.
*The [[w:Niger_uranium_forgeries|Niger uranium forgeries]] were forged documents initially released by SISMI (Italian military intelligence), which seemed to depict an attempt made by Saddam Hussein in Iraq to purchase yellowcake uranium powder from Niger during the Iraq disarmament crisis. On the basis of these documents and other indicators, the governments of the United States and the United Kingdom asserted that Iraq violated United Nations Iraq sanctions by attempting to procure nuclear material for the purpose of creating weapons of mass destruction. This bolstered the case for the [[w:2003_invasion_of_Iraq|2003 invasion of Iraq]].

In what ways did a lack of factual information contribute to the tragedy you chose to study?

'''Part 3:'''

*Read this [[Facing_Facts/Harmful_false_beliefs|list of harmful false beliefs]].
*Abandon any of these false beliefs that you currently hold.

==Expressing Uncertainty==
[[File:DegreesOfUncertainty.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Each word we use to describe a level of uncertainty has a particular relationship to reality. ]]
We use many different words to express our level of [[w:Certainty|certainty]] or uncertainty about some statement, claim, fact, or opinion. It is helpful to review definitions of these words, and to compare their scope. Please refer to the [[w:Venn_diagram|Venn diagram]] on the right illustrating relationships among various words that express degrees of certainty.  Each word is defined and characterized below.  Links are to the corresponding Wikipedia article which discusses each concept in more depth. It may be best to ignore these links on the first reading and until you are ready to investigate the concepts more deeply. 
*[[w:Reality|Reality]] is the state of things as they actually exist, rather than as they may appear or might be imagined. Reality includes everything that is and has been, whether or not it is observable or comprehensible. Reality is often contrasted with what is imaginary, delusional, (only) in the mind, dreams, what is false, what is fictional, or what is abstract. The truth refers to what is real, while falsity refers to what is not. Fictions are considered not real.
*A [[w:fact|fact]] is something that has really occurred or is actually true. The usual test for a statement of fact is [[w:Verifiability|verifiability]]—that is, whether it can be demonstrated to correspond to experience. 
*[[w:Knowledge|Knowledge]] is a familiarity, awareness or understanding of someone or something, such as facts, information, descriptions, or skills, which is acquired through experience or education by perceiving, discovering, or learning. Knowledge is often defined as a justified true belief. The essential goal of learning and discovery is to better align our knowledge with reality. This alignment would ultimately cause the green disk to exactly overlap the blue disk in the diagram. 
*[[w:Truth|Truth]] is most often used to mean being in accord with fact or reality, or fidelity to an original or standard. In short, truth is [[w:Correspondence_theory_of_truth|correspondence with reality]]. The commonly understood opposite of truth is [[w:Falsity|falsehood]], which, correspondingly, can also take on a logical, factual, or ethical meaning. The concept of truth is discussed and debated in several contexts, including philosophy, art, and religion. Many human activities depend upon the concept, where its nature as a concept is assumed rather than being a subject of discussion; these include the sciences, law, journalism, and everyday life. Some philosophers view the concept of truth as basic, and unable to be explained in any terms that are more easily understood than the concept of truth itself. Others hold that the distinction between true and false is well known to people in general.&lt;ref&gt;[[w:On_Truth|On Truth]], Introduction&lt;/ref&gt;  This course will take care to distinguish between (capital T) ''Truth'', and ordinary ''truth''. Capital T Truth generally implies a certainty, however, since it is widely held that [[w:Certainty|certainty]] about the real world is a failed historical enterprise, claims of Truth are suspect. When ''truth'' appears as the first word of a sentence, it is capitalized and should be understood as small t truth. 
*A [[c:Truth_claim|truth claim]] is a proposition or statement that a particular person or belief system holds to be true.  Many everyday statements are truth claims, such as “today is my birthday”, or “Earth is the third planet from the Sun.” Truth claims can be contrasted with opinions, such as “I prefer chocolate ice cream to vanilla ice cream,” or “[[w:The_Beatles|The Beatles]] were the greatest rock group ever.” Truth claims are identified by use of the word &quot;is&quot; to describe an equivalence between two items, often in the form of ''X is Y'' or in the corresponding plural form of ''Xs are Ys''.   
*[[w:Belief|Belief]] is what people accept as being true. It is the state of mind in which a person thinks something to be the case, with or without there being empirical evidence to prove that something is the case with factual certainty. Another way of defining belief sees it as a mental representation of an attitude positively oriented towards the likelihood of something being true.
*[[w:Doubt|Doubt]] characterizes a status in which the mind remains suspended between two contradictory propositions and unable to assent to either of them. Doubt on an emotional level is indecision between belief and disbelief. Doubt involves uncertainty, distrust or lack of sureness of an alleged fact, an action, a motive, or a decision. Doubt questions a notion of a perceived “reality”, and may involve delaying or rejecting relevant action out of concerns for mistakes or faults or appropriateness.
*[[w:Opinion|Opinion]] is a judgment, viewpoint, or statement that is not conclusive. It may deal with [[w:Subjectivity|subjective]] matters in which there is no conclusive finding. What distinguishes fact from opinion is that facts are more likely to be [[w:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiable]], i.e. can be agreed to by the consensus of experts. An example is: &quot;United States of America was involved in the Vietnam War&quot; versus &quot;United States of America was right to get involved in the Vietnam War&quot;. An opinion may be supported by facts and principles, in which case it becomes an [[w:Argument|argument]]. Different people may draw opposing conclusions (opinions) even if they agree on the same set of facts. Opinions rarely change without new arguments being presented. It can be reasoned that one opinion is better supported by the facts than another by analyzing the supporting arguments. In casual use, the term ''opinion'' may be the result of a person's perspective, understanding, particular feelings, beliefs, and desires. It may refer to unsubstantiated information, in contrast to knowledge and fact. It is helpful to distinguish between ''popular opinion'' and [[w:Expert|''expert'']] ''opinion''. 
*The word [[w:Feeling|''feeling'']] has many meanings. When used to describe a level of belief, it refers to a state of consciousness, such as that resulting from emotions, sentiments or desires.
*[[w:Whatever_(slang)|''Whatever'']] is a slang term meaning &quot;whatever you say”, &quot;I don't care what you say&quot; or &quot;what will be will be&quot;. The term is used both to dismiss a previous statement and express indifference or in affirmation of a previous statement as &quot;whatever will be will be&quot;. An interjection of &quot;whatever&quot; can be considered offensive and impolite or it can be considered affirming. In the late 20th century and early 21st century, the word became a sentence in its own right; in effect an interjection, often but not always, used as a [[w:Passive-aggressive_behavior|passive-aggressive]] conversational blocking tool, leaving the responder struggling to find a convincing retort.
===Assignment===
The purpose of this assignment is to help you pay closer attention to the words you choose to express your level of uncertainty regarding various truth claims.
#Browse this [[Socratic Methods/questions to classify|list of questions to classify]], and choose 10 questions to work with for this assignment.
#Recast each question into a statement, choosing the correct term to indicate your level of uncertainty.  For example, if you chose to work on “Are Alien abductions real?” would you recast this as:
#*a statement of ''fact'', making the statement “Alien abductions ''are'' real” or, 
#*a statement of ''belief'', making the statement “I ''believe'' alien abductions are real”, or
#*a statement of ''opinion'': “In ''my opinion'', alien abductions are real”, or
#*a statement of ''doubt'': “I ''doubt'' alien abduction are real”, or
#*an expression of your ''feelings'': “I ''feel that'' alien abductions are real”, or
#*a declaration of your indifference or annoyance: “Whatever.”
#During conversations and other communications, take care to choose the word that most accurately expresses your level of uncertainty. Encourage others to do the same.

==Degrees of Consensus==
[[File:Degrees of Consensus.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Degrees of consensus are labeled depending on their distance from facts.]]
Distinguishing among: 1) matters of fact, 2) matters of preference, or 3) matters of controversy is an essential skill in describing and discussing reality and uncertainty. Refer to the diagram “degrees of consensus”. Statements can be classified as one of the following three types:
 
'''Matters of fact.''' Facts describe reality. Statements of fact can be assessed and verified through the correct use of evidence gathering, and reasoning. A correct statement can be made with conviction. These statements declare “what is” and careful researchers agree on the answer. Examples include: The [[w:Boiling_point|boiling point]] of water is 100° Centigrade (at standard pressure), gold is denser than lead, and the movie ''Spotlight'' won Best Picture in 2016. Notice the use of “is” to convey certainty in these statements. These matters of fact are the targets of [[Knowing_How_You_Know#What_is_a_Theory_of_Knowledge.3F|your theory of knowledge]]. A reliable [[w:Epistemology|epistemology]]—way of knowing—will describe how to effectively research factual claims, how to identify and use reliable sources, and how to resolve disputed or contradictory factual claims. The principle of [[w:Consilience|consilience]] will ensure that reliably researched facts will converge toward the actual reality. The Wikiversity course [[Knowing How You Know]] can help you develop an effective process for identifying matters of fact. The Wikiversity course [[Evaluating Evidence]] can help you assess and reconcile a variety of information. 

However, there are also matters of fact that are [[w:Unknowability|unknowable]], and those that are not yet known.  Unknowable matters of fact include past events for which there is no surviving record. This includes many prehistoric events—such as determining the identity of the first individual to use fire or invent the wheel—and trivial events such as determining what Thomas Jefferson ate for lunch on July 5, 1776. Other unknowable matters of fact may be beyond the reach of researchers. These include questions such as what preceded the [[w:Big_Bang|big bang]], and the nature of experiences beyond death. Other matters of fact are [[w:Open_problem|open problems]] that not yet understood but may yield to on-going research sometime in the future. Examples include [[w:Lists_of_unsolved_problems|active research topics]] such as understanding the nature of free will, or the nature of consciousness in animals or robots. 

It is helpful to identify a topic as an unknowable matter of fact and to leave any further discussion to relevant experts. 

'''Matters of taste, preference, or opinion'''. Any claim is acceptable here, because the statement depends only on the preferences of the person making it. Examples include: I feel that purple is the most beautiful color, I prefer chocolate ice-cream to vanilla ice-cream, and I believe that Rembrandt was a better artist than Picasso. Notice the use of “prefer”, “feel”, and “believe” to convey a personal preference. These matters of preference fall outside any factual claims. Don’t dispute them, just enjoy them.

'''Matters of controversy.''' Although these are not opinions, sincere experts often disagree on the best answer or the best course of action. These statements propose “what ought to be” or they ask about a topic that is not yet fully and carefully explored or researched. Examples include: I believe the most pressing problem facing the world today is the lack of clean safe drinking water for all people, I think the best approach to reducing gun violence is to require comprehensive background checks for all gun purchases, and I believe incarceration rates are too high in the United States. Notice the use of “believe” and “think” to convey personal positions here. Although it is instructive to learn more about matters of controversy by exploring them with [[Practicing Dialogue|dialogue]] and [[Socratic Methods]], they are statement of personal belief rather than truth claims.
===Assignment===
*Read this essay on the [[Knowing How You Know/Height of the Eiffel Tower|Height of the Eiffel Tower]].
*Read over this list of [[Socratic Methods/questions to classify|questions to classify]].
*Identify at least five of these questions in each of the following classifications: 1) matters of fact, 2) matters of preference, or 3) matters of controversy.

==Interpreting Evidence==
[[w:Evidence|Evidence]], broadly construed, is anything presented in support of an assertion, or [[w:Truth_claim|''truth claim'']]. This support may range from strong to weak. The strongest type of evidence is that which provides direct proof of the truth of an assertion. At the other extreme is evidence that is merely consistent with an assertion but does not rule out other, contradictory assertions, as in circumstantial evidence.

We naturally consider evidence to decide what we believe, and adjust our level of uncertainty about various truth claims. Interpreting evidence can be tricky.
===Assignment===
Interpreting evidence can be tricky.
*Read this essay on the [[Knowing How You Know/Tyranny of Evidence|Tyranny of Evidence]].
*Recall and reflect on various beliefs you hold to be true.
*What is the evidence for or against those beliefs?
*What is your level of uncertainty regarding those beliefs?
*Complete the Wikiversity course on [[Evaluating Evidence]].

==Objective and Subjective Experience==
[[File:Objectivity.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Subjective experiences emerge from objective stimuli.]]
The technical term for subjective experience is [[w:Qualia|''qualia'']], which refers to individual instances of subjective, conscious experience. Examples of qualia include the pain of a headache, the taste of wine, or the perceived redness of an evening sky.

Objective experiences can often be measured and observed by others. Subjective experiences are personal and can only be felt. However, subjective experiences originate with and emerge from objective stimuli. 
Our subjective experiences are as vivid as our objective experiences, even though subjective experiences are private and objective experiences are shared.  The real difference in subjective vs. objective is that objective situations can be observed independent of personal biases and experience (i.e. they are based on objective evidence), whereas subjective situations can usually only be viewed by one person, filtered through their unique lens of personal experience, taste, emotion, and bias.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.curiosityaroused.com/skepticism/subjective-vs-objective-whats-the-difference/ Subjective vs. Objective: What’s the Difference?], Editorial Staff, curiosityaroused.com &lt;/ref&gt;

Don’t confuse subjective experiences with objective experiences. [[Virtues/Tolerance|Tolerate]] disagreement on subjective experience. Don’t tolerate disagreement on objective experience. 
===Assignment:===
'''Part 1:'''

The purpose of this assignment is to improve your ability to distinguish subjective experiences from objective experiences. 
#Scan this list of [[/subjective and objective experiences/]].  
#Choose 10 to classify for this assignment. Identify each as a subjective or objective experience. 
#Are statements regarding subjective experiences facts or opinions?
#Can facts be determined regarding objective experiences?
#Is it useful to disagree or argue over subjective experiences?
#Is it useful to disagree or argue over objective experiences?
#When you find yourself arguing, notice if the argument is over a subjective experience or an objective one.  Do not argue over facts. Instead research them using [[w:Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources|reliable sources]].

'''Part 2:'''

The purpose of this assignment is to practice connecting subjective experiences with the various objective stimuli causing them.
*Identify a particular subjective experience you are familiar with.
*Work to identify the objective stimuli from which the subjective experience is emerging.

==Perceptions are Personal==
We often hear that “perception is reality” and that “everything is relative”, despite knowing that a shared reality exists, and [[Facing_Facts/Reality_is_our_common_ground|reality is our common ground]]. These apparently contradictory claims are reconciled when we understand that perceptions are personal.

Please read the essay [[Facing_Facts/Perceptions_are_Personal|''Perceptions are Personal'']] and be careful generalizing your personal perceptions beyond your own limited experience and personal point of view.

==Observational Error==
[[w:Observational_error|Observational error]] (or measurement error) is the difference between a measured value of quantity and its true value. In statistics, such error is always present and is not a mistake. Variability is an inherent part of things being measured and of the measurement process.

No measurement is exact. When a quantity is measured, the outcome depends on the measuring system, the measurement procedure, the skill of the operator, the environment, and other conditions and effects. Even if the quantity were to be measured several times, in the same way and in the same circumstances, a different measured value would in general be obtained each time, assuming the measuring system has sufficient resolution to distinguish between the values.

Because it is never certain that the measured value of a quantity is identical to its true value, careful investigators take care to report an estimate of the measurement uncertainty along with each measurement.  [[w:Error_bar|Error bars]], [[w:Confidence_interval|confidence intervals]], and [[w:Significant_figures|significant figures]] are all important tools for reporting measurement uncertainty. Measurement equipment can be [[w:Calibration|calibrated]] to increase accuracy. 

Reporting observational error is an indication of careful investigation, not evidence of mistakes. 
===Assignment===
The purpose of this assignment is to recognize our routine familiarity with observational error.
#Identify various measuring devices you often use. These might be a tape measure, thermometer, bathroom scale, measuring cup, etc.
#Identify the measurement accuracy of each. For example, can the thermometer measure to the nearest degree, tenth of a degree, or hundredth of a degree?
#Is it most accurate to report a temperature reading made with your thermometer as 20° or 20.00° or as 20°±.1° or as 20°±.01°?

==Emergent Properties==
[[File:WhereRainbowRises.jpg|thumb|Rainbows are dramatic, beautiful, and unexpected effects that emerge from sunlight refracted by raindrops.]]
[[w:Emergence|Emergence]] is a phenomenon whereby larger entities arise through interactions among smaller or simpler entities such that the larger entities exhibit properties the smaller/simpler entities do not exhibit. 

The properties of water are unexpected from an isolated examination of [[w:oxygen|oxygen]] and [[w:hydrogen|hydrogen]], yet water is formed from the combination of those gasses. 

The properties of [[w:Water|water]], rainbows, weather, and temperature are all examples of emergence. 

[[w:Rainbow|Rainbows]] are real, because we can see them, but they remain elusive, moving away as we seek to approach them. This is because a rainbow does not exist at one particular location. Many rainbows exist as droplets of light illuminated by the sun; however, only one can be seen depending on the particular observer's viewpoint. All raindrops [[w:Refraction|refract]] and [[w:Reflection_(physics)|reflect]] the sunlight in the same way, but only the light from some raindrops reaches the observer's eye. This light is what constitutes the rainbow for that observer. Rainbows are dramatic, beautiful, and unexpected effects of sunlight refracted by raindrops.

The [[w:Abiogenesis|emergence of life]] from non-living matter, such as simple organic compounds and the emergence of the [[w:Mind|mind]] from the billions of neurons that form the [[w:Human_brain|human brain]] are particularly remarkable results. 

It is important to [[Understanding Emergence|understand emergence]] because it is the process by which complex and unexpected forms are created from simpler elements. 
===Assignment===
The purpose of this assignment is to practice recognizing and identifying emergent forms.
#Identify emergent forms you are familiar with.
#Describe the elements that compose the emergent form.
#Complete the Wikiversity cousre [[Understanding Emergence|Understanding emergence]]. 

==Not Just a Theory==
The word ''theory'' has several distinct definitions that need to be individually identified and held separate during any discussion using the word.&lt;ref&gt;[[w:The_Greatest_Show_on_Earth:_The_Evidence_for_Evolution|The Greatest Show on Earth]], Chapter 1&lt;/ref&gt;

Two distinct definitions are:&lt;ref&gt; Wiktionary entry for [[wikt:Theory|Theory]]. &lt;/ref&gt;
#A coherent statement or set of ideas that explains observed facts or phenomena, or which sets out the laws and principles of something known or observed; a hypothesis confirmed by observation, experiment etc.
#A hypothesis or conjecture.

The first definition given above is that of a [[w:Scientific_theory|scientific theory]], the second is for a [[w:Hypothesis|hypothesis]]. The two distinct definitions reflect very different statements of certainty. A scientific theory is the strongest statement of certainty. A hypothesis is an explicit statement of significant uncertainty. The two different definitions carried by the same term are often used to create a [[Recognizing_Fallacies/Fallacies_of_Ambiguity#Equivocation|fallacy of equivocation]].  This often happens when attempts to dismiss [[w:Evolution|evolution]] or other scientific theory as “only a theory” are falsely based on the second definition of the word “theory”.

In modern science, the term &quot;theory&quot; refers to scientific theories, a well-confirmed type of explanation of nature, made in a way consistent with scientific method, and fulfilling the criteria required by modern science. Such theories are described in such a way that any scientist in the field is in a position to understand and either provide empirical support (&quot;verify&quot;) or empirically contradict (&quot;falsify&quot;) it. Scientific theories are the most reliable, rigorous, and comprehensive form of scientific knowledge, in contrast to more common uses of the word &quot;theory&quot; that imply that something is unproven or speculative (which is better characterized by the word 'hypothesis'). Scientific theories are distinguished from hypotheses, which are individual empirically testable conjectures, and scientific laws, which are descriptive accounts of how nature will behave under certain conditions.
===Assignment===
The purpose of this assignment is to distinguish between definitions 1 and 2 of ''theory''. 
#Identify examples of scientific theories (definition 1, above).
#Identify examples of hypothesis or conjectures (definition 2, above).
#Avoid conflating these two distinct meanings of the word theory when discussing degrees of uncertainty.  If there is doubt or confusion regarding what definition is being used, stop to ensure the correctly intended meaning is made clear and used consistently. Insist on clarity. Do not tolerate the confounding of these distinct meanings.

==The Unity of Knowledge==
[[File:The Earth seen from Apollo 17.jpg|thumb|Because we all live on the same earth, reliable knowledge about our world  converges toward a consistent description of that world.]]
Because we all live on the same earth, in the same universe, reliable knowledge about our world must [[w:Consilience|converge toward a consistent description]] of that world. Each phenomenon we observe must fit into a single coherent and integrated description of our universe.  Because we all live in the same universe, as we continue to examine our universe more and more closely, we can agree on a larger set of facts about our universe. Reliable epistemologies—ways of knowing—increase our shared common knowledge.

[[Facing_Facts/Reality_is_our_common_ground|''Reality'' is our shared common ground]]. Work to resolve disagreements by examining reality more closely and more carefully.   
===Assignment===
The purpose of this assignment is to understand and recognize the unity of knowledge. 
#Browse this [https://archive.org/details/PrintEmergence emergence diagram].
#Read this [[Knowing How You Know/One World|essay on our one world]].
#Read this essay on [[Facing Facts/Reality is our common ground|reality is our common ground]].
#Read this essay on [[Facing Facts/Reality is the Ultimate Reference Standard|Reality is the Ultimate Reference Standard]].
#Please consider your position regarding the unity of knowledge. 
##Do you believe that although each person has their own unique life experiences and unique point of view, we are all experiencing the same world, and there are facts that describe our world that we can all agree on? In other words, referring to the allegory of the [[w:Blind_men_and_an_elephant|blind men and an elephant]], each of us is experiencing some aspects of the same elephant. Furthermore, the [[Knowing How You Know/Height of the Eiffel Tower|Eiffel tower does have a particular height]]. 
##Or do you believe that each of us experiences our own world, the world is different for each of us and there are not facts that are common among that multiplicity of worlds? Each of us is experiencing a different elephant. Furthermore, the [[Knowing How You Know/Height of the Eiffel Tower|height of the Eiffel tower depends]] on who is asked about it, and how they are feeling at the moment.
#Consider how you maintain the coherence of your [[w:World_view|world view]] when new information comes to your attention that is inconsistent with a [[w:Consilience|coherent description of the universe]]. Will you: 1) dismiss that new information, 2) modify your present description of the universe to accommodate that new information, or 3) tolerate inconsistencies?

==Reliable Epistemologies==
Reliable [[w:Epistemology|epistemologies]]—ways of knowing—converge toward a consistent, coherent, and comprehensive representation of the one universe we all live in. This principle is known as [[w:consilience|consilience]].

The [[w:Scholarly_method|scholarly method]], also known as ''scholarship'' is the body of principles and practices used by scholars to make their claims about the world as valid and trustworthy as possible, and to make these claims known to the scholarly public. The primary scholarly methods are the [[w:Historical_method|historical method]] and the [[w:Scientific_method|scientific method]].

Unreliable epistemologies arrive at truth claims that often contradict the truth claims made by others. [[w:Faith|Faith]] is an example of an unreliable epistemology. The [[Beyond_Theism#Faith|unreliability of faith]] as a way of knowing is evident because many truth claims based on faith contradict with other truth claims also based on faith, and also with truth claims resulting from reliable scholarly methods. [[w:Revelation|Revelation]] is also an unreliable epistemology. 

Using reliable epistemologies increases the body of knowledge widely accepted as fact. This provides a steadily increasing [[w:Common_ground_(communication_technique)|common ground]] that can be shared and agreed to by all people. 
===Assignment===
The purpose of this assignment is to assess the reliability of various epistemologies. 
#Identify truth claims based on faith that contradict truth claims resulting from reliable scholarly methods. Consider various answers to these [[Knowing How You Know/general knowledge questions|general knowledge questions]], or some other truth claims that interest you. 
#Identify truth claims based on the faith of one religion that contradict truth claims based on the faith of another religion. Consider these examples of [[w:Argument_from_inconsistent_revelations|inconsistent revelations]], this [https://infidels.org/library/modern/donald_morgan/contradictions.html list of Bible Inconsistencies], or some other truth claims that interest you. 
#How do you recommend reconciling these contradictions? 
#When particular truth claims conflict, how do you decide which one is more likely to be true?

==Recognizing Nonsense==
[[w:Bullshit|Nonsense]] can take on many forms, including paranormal events, the occult, supernatural claims, pseudoscience, and conspiracy theories. Each is described in more detail below. People who face facts dismiss these claims and events as unproven, unlikely, deceptive, misleading, disingenuous, unfair, false, or simply nonsense.

[[w:Paranormal|Paranormal events]] are phenomena described in popular culture, folklore, and other non-scientific bodies of knowledge, whose existence within these contexts is described to lie beyond normal experience or scientific explanation.

A paranormal phenomenon is different from hypothetical concepts such as [[w:Dark_matter|dark matter]] and [[w:Dark_energy|dark energy]]. Unlike paranormal phenomena, these hypothetical concepts are based on empirical observations and experimental data gained through [[Thinking Scientifically|scientific methods]].

The most notable paranormal beliefs include those that pertain to ghosts, contact with extraterrestrial life, unidentified flying objects, psychic abilities, extrasensory perception, and [[w:List_of_cryptids|cryptids]].

[[w:Occult|The occult]] is &quot;knowledge of the hidden&quot;. In common English usage, occult refers to &quot;knowledge of the paranormal&quot;, as opposed to &quot;knowledge of the measurable&quot;, usually referred to as science. The term is sometimes taken to mean knowledge that &quot;is meant only for certain people&quot; or that &quot;must be kept hidden&quot;, but for most practicing occultists it is simply the study of a deeper spiritual reality that extends beyond pure reason and the physical sciences.

From the scientific perspective, occultism is regarded as unscientific as it does not make use of [[Thinking Scientifically|scientific methods]] to obtain facts.

The [[w:Supernatural|supernatural]] includes all that cannot be explained by science or the laws of nature, including things characteristic of or relating to ghosts, gods, or other supernatural beings, or to things beyond nature

[[w:Pseudoscience|Pseudoscience]] consists of claims, beliefs, or practices presented as being plausible scientifically, but which are not justifiable by [[Thinking Scientifically|scientific methods]].  A topic, practice, or body of knowledge can reasonably be considered pseudoscientific when it is presented as consistent with the norms of scientific research, but it demonstrably fails to meet these norms.

Pseudoscience is often characterized by the following: contradictory, exaggerated or unprovable claims; reliance on [[w:Confirmation_bias|confirmation bias]] rather than rigorous attempts at refutation; lack of openness to evaluation by other experts; and absence of systematic practices when developing theories. The term pseudoscience is often considered pejorative because it suggests something is being presented as science inaccurately or even deceptively. Accordingly, those termed as practicing or advocating pseudoscience often dispute the characterization.

The demarcation between science and pseudoscience has philosophical and scientific implications. Differentiating science from pseudoscience has practical implications in the case of health care, expert testimony, environmental policies, and science education. Distinguishing scientific facts and theories from pseudoscientific beliefs such as those found in astrology, alchemy, medical quackery, occult beliefs, and creation science combined with scientific concepts, is part of science education and scientific literacy.

A [[w:Conspiracy_theory|conspiracy theory]] is an explanation of an event or situation that invokes a conspiracy without warrant, generally one involving an illegal or harmful act carried out by government or other powerful actors. Conspiracy theories often produce hypotheses that contradict the prevailing understanding of history or simple facts. The term is a derogatory one.

According to the political scientist [[w:Michael_Barkun|Michael Barkun]], conspiracy theories rely on the view that the universe is governed by design, and embody three principles: nothing happens by accident, nothing is as it seems, and everything is connected. Another common feature is that conspiracy theories evolve to incorporate whatever evidence exists against them, so that they become, as Barkun writes, a closed system that is [[w:Falsifiability|unfalsifiable]], and therefore &quot;a matter of faith rather than proof&quot;.

When considering such claims and events, it is helpful to insist that “[[w:Sagan_standard|extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence]]” and to dismiss such claims as false until the claimant can provide substantial and reliable evidence. Enthusiastic proponents of nonsense often use a fallacious “[[Recognizing_Fallacies/Fallacies_of_Relevance#The_Argument_from_Ignorance|Argument from ignorance]]” to support their claims by challenging you to provide their claim wrong. These challenges incorrectly shift the [[w:Philosophical_burden_of_proof|burden of proof]] away from those making the claim. 
===Assignment===
The purpose of this assignment is to improve your ability to recognize and reject [[w:Bullshit|nonsense]]. 
#Scan the topics listed in the [[w:Category:Paranormal|Wikipedia paranormal category]], or those listed as “main articles” in the box on the right of the [[w:Paranormal|paranormal article]].
#Identify any that you find credible, or that you believe in.
#Using the established criteria summarized above for distinguishing science from paranormal, examine any listed paranormal topics you find credible. Has each extraordinary paranormal claim been supported by substantial and reliable [[Evaluating Evidence|evidence]]?
#Scan this list of [[w:List_of_occult_terms|occult terms]].
#Identify any that you find credible, or that you believe in.
#Using the established criteria summarized above for distinguishing science from the occult, examine any listed occult terms you find credible. Has each extraordinary occult claim been supported by substantial and reliable [[Evaluating Evidence|evidence]]?
#Scan this [[w:List_of_topics_characterized_as_pseudoscience|list of topics characterized as pseudoscience]].
#Identify any that you find credible, or that you believe in.
#Using the established criteria summarized above for distinguishing science from pseudoscience, examine any listed pseudoscience topics you find credible. Has each extraordinary pseudoscience claim been supported by substantial and reliable [[Evaluating Evidence|evidence]]?
#Scan this list of [[w:List_of_conspiracy_theories|conspiracy theories]].
#Identify any that you find credible, or that you believe in.
#Using the established criteria, summarized above for identifying conspiracy theories, examine any listed conspiracy theory topics you find credible. Has each extraordinary claim been supported by substantial and reliable [[Evaluating Evidence|evidence]]?

== What there is ==
Physicists have made remarkable progress in identifying the building blocks of our universe. Rigorous investigations have confirmed the existence of the particles and forces constituting the [[w:Standard_Model|standard model]]. [[w:Gravity|Gravity]] is well known. Despite the most exhaustive searches, there is no evidence of anything that could cause or explain supernatural phenomena. There is no reliable evidence of supernatural phenomena. Those who claim the existence of supernatural phenomenon [[w:Burden_of_proof_(philosophy)|bear the burden]] of providing [[Evaluating Evidence|evidence]] to prove their claims.

=== Assignment ===
#Read the essay [[Beyond Theism/What there is|What there is]].
#Get real.
==Thinking Outside the Tribe==
Each of us lives within a variety of closed cultures. The neighborhood where we live brings us in contact with a limited number of people who all live within the same small geographic region. The places where we study, shop, work, and play bring us in touch with a limited number of people who all share those experiences. Perhaps more importantly the friends we choose, the sources of news we choose, the books we read, the podcasts we listen to, the television shows we choose to watch, the blogs we read, and the social media we engage in all act to reinforce viewpoints and beliefs we already hold. These various closed cultures are today's [[w:Tribe|tribes]].

These closed cultures can be referred to as ''echo chambers''. An [[w:Echo_chamber_(media)|echo chamber]] is a metaphorical description of a situation in which information, ideas, or beliefs are amplified or reinforced by communication and repetition inside a defined system. Inside a figurative echo chamber, official sources often go unquestioned and different or competing views are censored, disallowed, or otherwise underrepresented.

When we use the internet a [[w:Filter_bubble|filter bubble]] selectively guesses what information we would like to see based on information about us (such as location, past click behavior and search history) and, as a result, we become separated from information that disagrees with our viewpoints, effectively isolating us in our own cultural or ideological bubbles.

Social groups defined by religious, spiritual, or philosophical beliefs, or common interest in a particular personality, object or goal can become so insular they may approach the isolation level of a [[w:Cult|cult]]. 

Because of natural tendencies toward [[w:Confirmation_bias|confirmation]] bias and [[w:Tribalism|tribalism]] we are more comfortable in groups that reinforce our current beliefs, rather than challenge them.  We may become skillful at discounting opposing viewpoints and denying reality. The isolation of information contributes to a divergence of ideological attitudes and [[w:Polarization_(politics)|polarization]] of viewpoints. 

As a result of this isolation our beliefs can continue to drift away from reality. Because the group reinforces our beliefs we are impaired from maintaining [[w:Objectivity_(philosophy)|objectivity]], discouraged from [[w:Critical_thinking|critical thinking]], and delayed from facing the facts and embracing reality. As Daniel Kahneman tells us:  “We know that people can maintain an unshakable faith in any proposition, however absurd, when they are sustained by a community of like-minded believers.”&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Kahneman |first=Daniel |date=April 2, 2013 |title=Thinking, Fast and Slow  |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |pages=499 |isbn=978-0374533557 |author-link=w:Daniel_Kahneman }} Chapter 20, “The Illusion of Validity”&lt;/ref&gt;  
===Assignment===
The purpose of this assignment is to identify and examine any beliefs you might hold because they are promoted by your tribe, rather than because they correspond to reality. 

'''Part 1:'''
#Identify the various tribes or closed cultures you are a member of. These might be geographical, social, cultural, religious, or ideological.
#Which, if any, of these serve to reinforce beliefs that are out of the [[w:Mainstream|mainstream]], are poorly supported by representative evidence, or that are unlikely to be true?
#[[Knowing How You Know|How do you know]]?

'''Part 2:'''

For any of the closed cultures you have identified in Part 1:
#Find someone outside the group who you can engage in [[Practicing Dialogue|dialogue]].&lt;ref&gt;The article [http://intentionalinsights.org/what-would-gandhi-do-about-trump-high-time-for-a-science-of-wisdom What Would Gandhi Do About Trump? High-Time For a Science Of Wisdom,] Intentional Insights, by Charles Cassidy can provide some helpful motivation and practical suggestions for doing this.&lt;/ref&gt;
#Begin a dialogue with this person regarding some of the beliefs that are reinforced by your culture.
#*To prepare, consider completing the Wikiversity course on [[practicing dialogue]]. 
#Listen closely, carefully, and without judgement. Seek insight and understanding. Examine and [[Knowing How You Know/Examining Ideologies|explore the various ideologies]] that guide your current thinking. Research matters of fact using [[w:Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources|reliable sources]]. 
#Allow yourself to change your beliefs based on a rational and consistent appraisal of the new information and viewpoint you learn from the dialogue. Embrace reality.
#Work to attain a [[Global Perspective|global perspective]].

==Matters of Fact==
Are each of the following questions matters of fact or opinion? Please answer each question.
*How tall is the Eiffel tower?
*What shape is the earth?
*How old is the earth?
*Where was Barack Obama born?
*Do vaccines cause autism?
*Does contraception prevent abortion?
*Did Donald Trump have the largest presidential inauguration crowd?
*What are the origins of biodiversity?
*Does reality exist?
*Does reality supersede conjecture?
*Is [[Facing Facts/Reality is our common ground|reality our common ground]]?

==Further Reading==
Students wishing to learn more about facing facts, embracing reality, and discussing uncertainty may be interested in reading the following books:
*{{cite book |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |date=August 24, 2010 |title=The Greatest Show on Earth: The Evidence for Evolution |publisher=Free Press |pages=496 |isbn= 978-1416594796 |author-link=w:Richard_Dawkins }}
*{{cite book |last=Wilson |first=Edward Osborne |date=March 30, 1999 |title=Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge |publisher=Vintage |pages=384 |isbn=978-0679768678 |author-link=w:E._O._Wilson }}
*{{cite book |last=Pinker |first= Steven |author-link=w:Steven_Pinker|date= September 28, 2021  |title=[[w:Rationality_(book)| Rationality: What It Is, Why It Seems Scarce, Why It Matters]]| publisher= Viking |pages=432 |isbn= 978-0525561996 }}
*{{cite book |last=Gelwick |first=Richard |date=May 12, 2004 |title=The Way of Discovery, an introduction to the thought of Michael Polanyi |publisher=Wipf &amp; Stock |pages=200 |isbn= 978-1592446872}} 
*{{cite book |last=Jarrard |first=Richard D. |date= |title=Scientific Methods }} This book is slowly moving through the Wikisource validation process and is available at: [[wikisource:Index:Sm_all_cc.pdf| ''Scientific Methods'']]. The text is available at: https://archive.org/details/sm_all_cc
*{{cite book |last=Frankfurt |first=Harry G. |date=January 30, 2005 |title=[[w:On_Bullshit|On Bullshit]] |publisher=Princeton University Press |pages=67 |isbn=978-0691122946 |author-link=w:Harry_Frankfurt }}
*{{cite book |last=Frankfurt |first=Harry G. |date=October 31, 2006 |title=[[w:On_Truth|On Truth]] |publisher=Knopf |pages=112 |isbn=978-0307264220 |author-link=w:Harry_Frankfurt }}
*{{cite book |last=Burton |first=Robert |date=March 17, 2009 |title=On Being Certain: Believing You Are Right Even When You're Not |publisher=St. Martin's Griffin |pages=272 |isbn=978-0312541521}}
*{{cite book |last=Ariely |first=Dan |author-link=w:Dan_Ariely |date=September 17, 2024 |title=Misbelief: What Makes Rational People Believe Irrational Things |publisher=Harper Perennial  |pages=320 |isbn=978-0063280434}}
*{{cite book |last=Wolpert |first=Lewis |date=July 17, 2008 |title=Six Impossible Things Before Breakfast: The Evolutionary Origins of Belief |publisher=W. W. Norton &amp; Company |pages=256 |isbn=978-0393332032 }}
*{{cite book |last=Sunstein |first=Cass R. |date=December 23, 2014 |title=Wiser: Getting Beyond Groupthink to Make Groups Smarter  |publisher=Harvard Business Review Press |pages=272 |isbn=978-1422122990 |author-link=w:Cass_Sunstein }}
*{{cite book |last1=Tavris |first1=Carol |last2=Aronson |first2=Elliot |date=October 20, 2015 |title=Mistakes Were Made (but Not by Me): Why We Justify Foolish Beliefs, Bad Decisions, and Hurtful Acts |publisher=Mariner Books |pages=400 |isbn= 978-0544574786}}
* {{Cite book|title=On freedom|last=Snyder|first=Timothy|author-link=w:Timothy_D._Snyder|date= September 17, 2024|publisher=Crown|isbn=978-0-593-72872-7|edition=First edition|location=New York}}
*{{cite book |last=Kahneman |first=Daniel |date=April 2, 2013 |title=[[w:Thinking,_Fast_and_Slow|Thinking, Fast and Slow]]  |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |pages=499 |isbn=978-0374533557 |author-link=w:Daniel_Kahneman }}
*{{cite book |last=Haidt |first=Jonathan |date=February 12, 2013 |title=[[w:The_Righteous_Mind|The Righteous Mind: Why Good People Are Divided by Politics and Religion]] |publisher=Vintage |pages=528 |isbn=978-0307455772 |author-link=w:Jonathan_Haidt }}
*{{cite book |last=Andersen |first=Kurt |date=September 5, 2017 |title=Fantasyland: How America Went Haywire: A 500-Year History |publisher=Random House |pages=480 |isbn=978-1400067213 |author-link=w:Kurt_Andersen }}
*{{cite book |last=McIntyre |first=Lee |date=February 16, 2018 |title=Post-Truth |publisher=The MIT Press |pages=240 |isbn=978-0262535045 }}
*{{cite book |last2=Lukianoff |first2=Greg |last1=Haidt |first1=Jonathan |date=September 4, 2018 |title=The Coddling of the American Mind: How Good Intentions and Bad Ideas Are Setting Up a Generation for Failure |publisher=Penguin Press |pages=352 |isbn=978-0735224896 |author-link=w:Jonathan_Haidt }}
*{{cite book |last1=Tsipursky |first1=Gleb |last2=Ward |first2=Tim |date=May 29, 2020 |title=Pro Truth: A Practical Plan for Putting Truth Back Into Politics |publisher=Changemakers Books |page=271 |isbn=978-1789043990}}
*{{cite book |last=Wilczek |first=Frank |author-link=w:Frank_Wilczek |date=January 12, 2021 |title=Fundamentals: Ten Keys to Reality  |publisher=Penguin Press |pages=272 |isbn=978-0735223790}}
*{{cite book |last=Galef |first=Julia |author-link=w:Julia_Galef|date=April 13, 2021 |title=The Scout Mindset: Why Some People See Things Clearly and Others Don't |publisherPortfolio  |pages=288 |isbn=978-0735217553}}
*{{cite book |last=Rosling |first=Hans  |date=April 3, 2018 |title=Factfulness: Ten Reasons We're Wrong About the World--and Why Things Are Better Than You Think |publisher=Flatiron Books |pages=341 |isbn=978-1-250-10781-7 |author-link=w:Hans_Rosling }}
*{{cite book |last=Schulz |first=Kathryn |author-link=w:Kathryn_Schulz |date=June 8, 2010 |title=Being Wrong: Adventures in the Margin of Error |publisher=Ecco |pages=416 |isbn=0061176044}}
I have not yet read the following books, but they seem interesting and relevant. They are listed here to invite further research.

* ''The Emergence of Everything: How the World Became Complex'', by Harold J. Morowitz
* ''How We Know What Isn’t So: The Fallibility of Human Reason in Everyday Life'', by Thomas Gilovich

==References==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Category:Life skills]]
[[Category:Applied Wisdom]]
[[Category:Philosophy]]
[[Category:Clear Thinking]]
[[Category:Courses]]
[[Category:Reality]]
{{CourseCat}} 
{{Clear Thinking}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Social Victorians/People/Cowley</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="2913" sha1="cmyx2rwmc4hphmrfggmfk405g2chssn" xml:space="preserve">==Also Known As==
* Family name: Wellesley
* Earl Cowley (created in 1857)
** Henry Richard Charles Wellesley, 1st Earl Cowley (1857 – 15 July 1884)
** William Henry Wellesley, 2nd Earl Cowley (15 July 1884 – 28 February 1895)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;William Henry Wellesley, 2nd Earl Cowley.&quot; ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as well as the Royal Families of Europe''. Person page 1093: https://www.thepeerage.com/p1093.htm#i10927.&lt;/ref&gt;
** Henry Arthur Mornington Wellesley, 3rd Earl Cowley (1895 – 1919)
* Viscount Dangan (a subsidiary title of the Earl of Cowley
** William Henry Wellesley (– 15 July 1884)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
** Henry Arthur Mornington Wellesley, Earl Cowley (15 July 1884 – 1895)

==Acquaintances, Friends and Enemies==
==Timeline==
'''1905 December 14''', [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Hon. Millicent Florence Eleanor Wilson]] and Henry Arthur Mornington Wellesley, 3rd Earl Cowley married in Colombo, Sri Lanka (then called Ceylon).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&quot;Hon. Millicent Florence Eleanor Wilson.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p2912.htm#i29114|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2021-09-19}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p2912.htm#i29114.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Demographics ==
* Nationality:

==Family==
* Henry Richard Charles Wellesley, 1st Earl Cowley (17 June 1804 – 15 July 1884)
* Olivia Cecilia FitzGerald Wellesley (d. 1885)
# William Henry Wellesley, Viscount Dangan and 2nd Earl Cowley (25 August 1834 – 28 February 1895)
# Total 2 daughters and 3 sons
# Lady Feodorowna Cecilia Wellesley (1838–1920)


* William Henry Wellesley, Viscount Dangan and 2nd Earl Cowley (25 August 1834 – 28 February 1895)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Emily Gwendoline Williams (July 1839 – 9 November 1932)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Emily Gwendoline Williams.&quot; ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as well as the Royal families of Europe''. Person page 1123. https://www.thepeerage.com/p1123.htm#i11225.&lt;/ref&gt;
*# Lady Eva Cecilia Margaret Wellesley ( – 4 March 1948)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lady Eva Cecilia Margaret Wellesley.&quot; ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as well as the Royal Families of Europe''. Person page 1088. https://www.thepeerage.com/p1088.htm#i10875.&lt;/ref&gt;
*# Henry Arthur Mornington Wellesley, 3rd Earl Cowley (14 January 1866 – 15 January 1919)


* Henry Arthur Mornington Wellesley (1866–1919)
*[[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Hon. Millicent Florence Eleanor Wilson]] (4 December 1872 – 29 November 1952)&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
*#Hon. Henry Gerald Valerian Francis Wellesley (8 August 1907 – 25 December 1981)

==Questions and Notes==
==Bibliography==
* &quot;Earl Cowley.&quot; Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Cowley (Accessed 2015).
* &quot;Henry Wellesley, 1st Earl Cowley.&quot; Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Wellesley,_1st_Earl_Cowley (Accessed 2015).
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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==Eumeninae==
Photos of ''Antodynerus'' on GBIF:&lt;br&gt;
''alboniger'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1248689053 (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)&lt;br&gt; 
''hova'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1320165802 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;
''kelneri'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/3762658306 (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)&lt;br&gt; 
''lugubris'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1248689125 (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)&lt;br&gt; 
''seyrigi'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1322648015 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;
''sheffieldi'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1318932924 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;
''silaos'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1320574593 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;

==Ants==
'''Subfamilies of Formicidae (WaspWeb)'''

Number of iNaturalist records for subfamilies of Formicidae in Africa (2023-05-23)
Amblyoponinae              7
Dolichoderinae           630
Dorylinae                 1 167
Formicinae            10 396       Camponotus   6 090; Lepisiota 1 046
Myrmicinae              8 484       Crematogaster  1 786;   Pheidole  1 468;   Messor  1 156 
Ponerinae                1 623
Proceratiinae                  3
Pseudomyrmecinae   296


Aenictinae One Afrotropical genus ''Aenictus'' &lt;br&gt;

Aenictogitoninae One Afrotropical genus ''Aenictogiton'' &lt;br&gt;

Amblyoponinae Five Afrotropical genera &lt;br&gt;

Apomyrminae One Afrotropical genus ''Apomyrma'' &lt;br&gt; 

Cerapachyinae Five Afrotropical genera&lt;br&gt;

Dolichoderinae Eight Afrotropical genera&lt;br&gt;

Dorylinae One Afrotropical genus ''Dorylus'' &lt;br&gt;

Formicinae 20 Afrotropical genera&lt;br&gt;

Leptanillinae One Afrotropical genus ''Leptanilla'' &lt;br&gt;

Myrmicinae 37 Afrotropical genera &lt;br&gt;

Ponerinae 18 Afrotropical genera &lt;br&gt;

Proceratiinae Three Afrotropical genera  &lt;br&gt;

Pseudomyrmecinae One Afrotropical genus Tetraponera &lt;br&gt;


&lt;gallery mode=packed heights=200&gt;
Aenictogiton sp.jpg|''Aenictogiton'' sp., Aenictogitoninae 
Apomyrma stygia casent0101444 profile 1.jpg|''Apomyrma stygia'', Apomyrminae 
Cerapachys coxalis casent0173076 profile 1.jpg|''Cerapachys coxalis'', Cerapachyinae 
Cerapachys centurio castype12081-02 profile 1.jpg|''Cerapachys centurio'', Cerapachyinae
Tapinoma subtile casent0132840 dorsal 1.jpg|''Tapinoma subtile'', Dolichoderinae 
Dorylus helvolus, a, Seringveld.jpg|''Dorylus helvolus'', Dorylinae  
Polyrhachis schistacea00.jpg|''Polyrhachis schistacea'', Formicinae 
Anoplolepis custodiens, met prooi, a, Krugersdorp.jpg|''Anoplolepis custodiens'', Formicinae 
AFRICAN THIEF ANT SIX.jpg|''Carebara vidua'', Myrmicinae 
Millipede Hunter Ant (Plectroctena mandibularis) (11904420373).jpg|''Plectroctena mandibularis'', Ponerinae 
Discothyrea hewitti sam-hym-c000061a profile 1.jpg|''Discothyrea hewitti'', Proceratiinae 
Probolomyrmex filiformis casent0102141 profile 1.jpg|''Probolomyrmex filiformis'', Proceratiinae 
Slender Ant (Tetraponera natalensis) (30538051244).jpg|''Tetraponera natalensis'', Pseudomyrmecinae
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== N-P interactions ==
Dai, Z., Liu, G., Chen, H., Chen, C., Wang, J., Ai, S., Wei, D., Li, D., Ma, B., Tang, C., Brookes, P.C. and Xu, J., 2020. Long-term nutrient inputs shift soil microbial functional profiles of phosphorus cycling in diverse agroecosystems. The ISME journal, 14(3), pp.757-770.
'''Abstract'''
Microorganisms play an important role in soil phosphorus (P) cycling and regulation of P availability in agroecosystems. However, the responses of the functional and ecological traits of P-transformation microorganisms to long-term nutrient inputs are largely unknown. This study used metagenomics to investigate changes in the relative abundance of microbial P-transformation genes at four long-term experimental sites that received various inputs of N and P nutrients (up to 39 years). Long-term P input increased microbial P immobilization by decreasing the relative abundance of the P-starvation response gene (phoR) and increasing that of the low-affinity inorganic phosphate transporter gene (pit). This contrasts with previous findings that low-P conditions facilitate P immobilization in culturable microorganisms in short-term studies. In comparison, long-term nitrogen (N) input significantly decreased soil pH, and consequently decreased the relative abundances of total microbial P-solubilizing genes and the abundances of Actinobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Alphaproteobacteria containing genes coding for alkaline phosphatase, and weakened the connection of relevant key genes. This challenges the concept that microbial P-solubilization capacity is mainly regulated by N:P stoichiometry. It is concluded that long-term N inputs decreased microbial P-solubilizing and mineralizing capacity while P inputs favored microbial immobilization via altering the microbial functional profiles, providing a novel insight into the regulation of P cycling in sustainable agroecosystems from a microbial perspective.

==Diptera==
===Wing and leg-waving behavior in flies===
====Food detection====
*''Rhagio lineola'' and ''R. tringarius'' feed on pollen and/or honeydew, which they locate by sweeping their front legs across the surface of leaves. They have a few fine hairs on their front legs, probably for this purpose. Other Rhagionidae do not have these hairs. 
**https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359760392
*It is also possible that some flies sample the air with the chemical sensors on their legs or feet.
**https://bugguide.net/node/view/217136/bgpage
====Courtship====
*Some Taeniapterinae are thought to wave their white-tipped front legs attract females.
**https://bugguide.net/node/view/217136/bgpage
*''Physiphora clausa'' appear to use leg-waving in courtship displays.
**https://www.flickr.com/photos/jean_hort/4663220062
*Waving of forelegs is included in the complex courtship behavior of ''Physiphora demandata''
**https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1979.tb00298.x
====Mimics for defense====
*Stilt-legged flies ''Rainieria antennaepes'' mimic ichneumonid wasps. They extend their fore-legs in front of their head, so they look like wasp antennae.
**https://thingsbiological.wordpress.com/2012/05/21/stilt-legged-flies-rainieria-antennaepes/ 
*Some hover-fly species mimic wasps by mock stinging, leg waving, or wing wagging.
**https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/674612
*Wing-waving to mimic salticid spiders.
**https://www.researchgate.net/publication/27373081 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6083895&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

===Number of iNat records in Acalyptrate fly families===
The [[w:acalyptratae|acalyptrate fly clade]] includes the following superfamilies and families:&lt;br&gt;

* '''Carnoidea'''
** Acartophthalmidae         0
** Australimyzidae           0
** Braulidae (bee lice)         1
** Canacidae (beach flies)         3
** Carnidae (bird flies)         0
** Chloropidae (frit flies)         259
** Cryptochetidae              1
** Inbiomyiidae                0
** Milichiidae (freeloader flies) 158
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Diopsoidea'''
** Diopsidae (stalk-eyed flies)    545
** Gobryidae                   0
** Megamerinidae               0
** Nothybidae                   0
** Psilidae (rust flies)         29
** Somatiidae                   0
** Syringogastridae            0
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Ephydroidea'''
** Camillidae  0
** Campichoetidae   0
** Curtonotidae (quasimodo flies)   15
** Diastatidae 0
** Drosophilidae (vinegar and fruit flies) 312
** Ephydridae (shore flies) 117
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Lauxanioidea'''
** Celyphidae (beetle flies)  0
** Chamaemyiidae (aphid flies)  24
** Cremifaniidae  0
** Lauxaniidae (lauxaniid flies)  710
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Nerioidea'''
** Cypselosomatidae  0
** Fergusoninidae  0
** Micropezidae (stilt-legged flies)  245
** Neriidae  109
** Strongylophthalmyiidae  0
** Tanypezidae (stretched-foot flies)  0
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Opomyzoidea'''
** Agromyzidae (leaf-miner flies) 161
** Anthomyzidae  3
** Asteiidae  4
** Aulacigastridae  2
** Clusiidae (druid flies) 2
** Marginidae  0
** Neminidae 0 
** Neurochaetidae 0
** Odiniidae  0
** Opomyzidae  4
** Periscelididae  1
** Teratomyzidae  0
** Xenasteiidae  0
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Sciomyzoidea''' 
** Coelopidae (kelp flies)  51
** Conopidae (thick-headed flies)  192
** Dryomyzidae  1
** Helcomyzidae  0
** Helosciomyzidae  0
** Heterocheilidae  0
** Huttoninidae  0
** Natalimyzidae  0
** Phaeomyiidae  0
** Ropalomeridae  1
** Sciomyzidae (marsh flies)  67
** Sepsidae (black scavenger flies)  269
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Sphaeroceroidea'''
** Chyromyidae (golden flies)  19
** Heleomyzidae (heleomyzid flies)  151
** Nannodastiidae  0
** Sphaeroceridae (lesser dung flies)  48
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Tephritoidea'''
** Ctenostylidae  1
** Lonchaeidae (lance flies) 47
** Pallopteridae (flutter-wing flies)  5
** Piophilidae (cheese skipper flies) 1
** Platystomatidae (signal flies)  683
** Pyrgotidae (scarab-pursuing flies)  119
** Richardiidae  0
** Tachiniscidae  2
** Tephritidae (fruit flies)  1,759
** Ulidiidae (picture-winged flies) 165</text>
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    <title>Responding to a nuclear attack</title>
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:''This brief note is on Wikiversity to invite others to provide alternative responses to this question, adding relevant, substantive references, moderated by the Wikimedia rules that invite contributors to [[w:Wikipedia:Be bold|“be bold but not reckless,”]] contributing revisions written from a [[Wikiversity:Disclosures|neutral point of view]], [[Wikiversity:Cite sources|citing credible sources]] -- and raising other questions and concerns on the associated [[Wikiversity:FAQ|''''“Discuss”'''' page]].'' 
::''This article uses [[w:ISO 8601|ISO 8601]] dates except for References, which are controlled by standard Wikidata formatting, and direct quotes. In the initial author's experience, [[ISO 8601 and computing differences between dates|ISO 8601 dates seem to make it easier to remember dates and to compute differences between them.]]'' 

What's the best response to a nuclear attack?  

That's a difficult question.  The opposite is much easier:  

* '''''What's the ''worst'' response to a nuclear attack?'''''  

[[File:How would a nuclear war between Russia and the US affect you personally? - Future of Life Institute.webm|thumb|Simulation of a nuclear war between Russia and the US.&lt;ref&gt;Tegmark (2023).&lt;/ref&gt;]]
::The evidence summarized in this article suggests that the ''worst'' worst response to a nuclear attack would be '''a nuclear response.'''  
::If you think otherwise, please revise this article accordingly, subject to the standard Wikimedia Foundation rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources.  Or post your concerns to the &quot;Discuss&quot; page associated with this article.    

[[File:Percent of the world's population dead from a nuclear war.svg|thumb|Percent of the world's population dead from a nuclear war per simulations by an international team of 10 scientists who specialize in modelling climate, food production, and economics&lt;ref&gt;Xia et al. (2022; see esp. their Table 1).&lt;/ref&gt; with models fit thereto. The vertical axis is the percent of the world's population expected to die within a few years after a one-week long nuclear war that injects between 1.5 and 150 Tg (teragrams = million metric tons) of smoke (soot) into the stratosphere, shown on the top axis.&lt;ref&gt;Xia et al. (2022, Table 1) reported &quot;Number of direct fatalities&quot; and &quot;Number of people without food at the end of year 2&quot; out of a total population of 6.7 billion for their simulated year 2010.  Two issues with this:  First, Xia et al. (2022, Fig. 1) show that the climate impact does not start recovering until year 5 after the nuclear war and has not yet fully recovered 9 years after the war.  Thus, few people still alive without food at the end of year 2 will not likely live to year 9.  Second, the percentages plotted here are the sums of those two numbers divided by 6.7 billion.  The Wikipedia article on [[w:World population|World population]] said the world population in 2010 was 6,985,603,105 -- 7 billion (accessed 2023.08-12).  The difference between 6.7 and 7 billion seems so slight that it can be safely ignored, especially given the uncertainty inherent in these simulations and the likelihood that the small populations excluded were probably not substantively different from those included.&lt;/ref&gt; The bottom axis is the total megatonnage (number of nuclear weapons used times average yield) simulated to produce the quantity of soot plotted on the top axis. &quot;IND-PAK&quot; marks a range of hypothetical nuclear wars between [[w:India and weapons of mass destruction|India]] (IND) and [[w:Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction|Pakistan]] (PAK).  &quot;USA-RUS&quot; marks a simulated nuclear war between [[w:Nuclear weapons of the United States|the US]] (USA) and [[w:Russia and weapons of mass destruction|Russia]] (RUS).  &quot;PRK&quot; = a simulated nuclear war in which [[w:North Korea and weapons of mass destruction|North Korea]] (the People's Republic of Korea, PRK) used their existing nuclear arsenal estimated at 30 weapons with an average yield of 17 kt&lt;ref&gt;Estimates of North Korea's nuclear weapons stockpile vary widely, as summarized in the Wikipedia article on [[w:North Korea and weapons of mass destruction|North Korea and weapons of mass destruction]], accessed 2023-08-07.  The estimate of 30 weapons averaging 17 kt each seems not far from the middle of the estimate cited in that article.  That totals 510 kt (0.51 megatons), roughly a third of smallest nuclear war simulated by Xia et al. (2022).&lt;/ref&gt; ''without nuclear retaliation by an adversary'', as recommended in this article.]]

This conclusion is supported by the accompanying plot summarizing climate simulations by an international interdisciplinary team of 10 scientists who specialize in mathematical and statistical modeling of climate, food production, and economics.  Five of their scenarios describe hypothetical nuclear wars between India and Pakistan that loft between 5 and 47 Tg (teragrams = millions of metric tons) of smoke (soot) to the stratosphere, where it will linger for years covering the globe and reducing the amount of solar radiation reaching the earth.  That in turn will substantially reduce the production of food for humans.  The resulting impact on the global economy means that between 4 and 40 percent of humanity will likely starve to death if they do not die of something else sooner. A hypothetical nuclear war between the US and Russia could lead to the deaths of roughly 75 percent of humanity with death tolls of roughly 99 percent in the US, Russia, Europe, and China.  In any of these scenarios, between 90 and 95 percent of the deaths would be in countries not officially involved in the nuclear exchange.&lt;ref&gt;Xia et al. (2022, esp. their Tables 1 and 2). Their Table 1 gives numbers of fatalities out of a total 2010 &quot;population of the nations used in this study [of] 6,700,000,000.&quot; They give 2 simulations of a nuclear war between the US and Russia, which would produce an estimated 150 Tg (teragrams = million metric tonnes) leading to the deaths of 5.341 and 5.081 billion people, respectively. The smaller number is over 75 percent of 6.7 billion in the study, and almost 75 percent of the 2010 [[w:World population|world population]] of 7 billion.&lt;/ref&gt;

This claim is clearer, more succinct, and stronger than the [[Wikisource:Joint Statement of the Leaders of the Five Nuclear-Weapon States on Preventing Nuclear War and Avoiding Arms Races|Joint Statement of the Leaders of the Five Nuclear-Weapon States on Preventing Nuclear War and Avoiding Arms Races]], &quot;that a nuclear war cannot be won and must never be fought&quot;, issued 2022-01-03 by the leaders of the first five nuclear-weapon states.&lt;ref&gt;[[Wikisource:Joint Statement of the Leaders of the Five Nuclear-Weapon States on Preventing Nuclear War and Avoiding Arms Races]].  See also Borger (2022). Douthat (2022) discussed the [[w:2021-2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis|current Ukraine crisis]] in [[w:The New York Times|''The New York Times'']].  He concluded that for us (presumably the US and perhaps its NATO allies) &quot;To escalate now against a weaker adversary [Russia], one less likely to ultimately defeat us and more likely to engage in atomic recklessness if cornered, would be a grave and existential folly.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; This repeated a statement made 1987-12-11 by US President [[w:Ronald Reagan| Ronald Reagan]] and USSR head of state [[w:Mikhail Gorbachev|Mikhail Gorbachev]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!-- Joint statement by Reagan, Gorbachev --&gt;{{cite Q|Q111845607}}  Reagan made that same statement 1984-01-25 in his [[Wikisource:Ronald Reagan's Fourth State of the Union Address|fourth State of the Union Address]].&lt;/ref&gt; 

In the following we review the evidence for and against this claim and then comment on the credibility of the logic that led to the creation of the world's current nuclear arsenals and seems to be driving the current &quot;modernization&quot; programs in the US, Russia, China and elsewhere.  

== Summary of research on the consequences of a nuclear war ==

It is theoretically possible that a nuclear exchange would end like [[w:World War II|World War II]] with no more than [[w:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|two nuclear weapons being used]].  It is also theoretically possible that nuclear weapons in a new war would only target deserted areas like [[w:List of nuclear weapons tests|the locations where more than 2,000 tests of nuclear weapons]] have been conducted so far.&lt;ref&gt;For a &quot;[[w:List of nuclear weapons tests|List of nuclear weapons tests]]&quot;, see the Wikipedia article by that title (accessed 2023-07-06).&lt;/ref&gt; Either of those scenarios would increase the level of harmful background radiation worldwide leading to increases in the rates of cancer, birth defects and genetic mutations, but would otherwise not likely have an immediate impact a large portion of humanity.&lt;ref&gt;Johnston (2001) reported that only 521 of the more than 2,000 nuclear weapons tests were above ground.  If 521 explosions of nuclear weapons in deserted places have not generated a substantive impact on human health, it seems unlikely that a nuclear war involving a few thousand explosions of nuclear weapons in deserted areas would be dramatically worse.&lt;/ref&gt;
  
However, a nuclear war with such negligible results is highly unlikely.  More likely is the deaths in a few hours or days of tens or hundreds of millions of humans.&lt;ref&gt;The &quot;Number of direct fatalities&quot; in a nuclear war lasting a week ranged from 27 to 360 million in simulations summarized in Xia et al. (2022, Table 1).&lt;/ref&gt; More would die of radiation poisoning over the next few months and years.&lt;ref&gt;Ellsberg (2017, pp. 2-3) includes a graph that the Joint Chiefs Joint Chiefs of Staff produced in the Spring of 1961 to answer President Kennedy's question, &quot;If your plans for a general [nuclear] war are carried out as planned, how many people will be killed in the Soviet Union and China?&quot; This graph was a straight line beginning at 275 million who would die during the initial nuclear exchange with another 8.25 million dying each month for the next six months, totaling 325 million deaths.&lt;/ref&gt; If more than a few dozen nuclear weapons are used, then &quot;nuclear war would also produce nearly instantaneous climate change that among other effects, would threaten the global food supply.  Even a regional nuclear war ..., such as between India and Pakistan,&lt;ref&gt;Robock et al. (2007); Toon et al. (2019).  Of course, a nuclear war could be started accidentally by any nuclear-weapons state, as suggested in the report of an Indian cruise missile that landed 2022-03-10 in Pakistan (Mashal and Masood 2022). See also Xia et al. (2022).&lt;/ref&gt; in which less than 3% of the world’s nuclear weapons stockpiles were detonated in urban areas, would suddenly decrease the average global temperature by 1°C–7°C [2°–13°F], precipitation by up to 40%, and sunlight by up to 30%. ... Such a conflict would decrease crop production to an extent that it could seriously threaten world food security and even trigger global famine&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;Jägermeyr et al. (2020).&lt;/ref&gt; according to Robock and Prager (2021).  In theory, crop losses of between 10 and 25 percent for 5-10 years&lt;ref&gt;as predicted by Jägermeyr et al. (2020) and others.&lt;/ref&gt; might not threaten a global famine or even an increase in malnutrition if people ate more plant-based foods and less meat.  In practice, famines never work that way:  There is hoarding, and many who do not die of starvation succumb to diseases or secondary wars driven by the food insecurity, according to Helfand (2013).  [[w:Amartya Sen|Nobel Prize Economist Sen]] observed that, &quot;no famine has ever taken place ... in a functioning democracy&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Sen (1999, p. 32). Later on p. 178, he stated similarly, &quot;there has never been a famine in a functioning multiparty democracy.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; This generalizes the observation that Ireland was a ''net food exporter'' during its infamous potato famines of the nineteenth century.&lt;ref&gt;e.g., Woodham-Smith (1962).&lt;/ref&gt; Xia et al. (2022, Table 1) estimated that between 4 and 85 percent of humanity would starve to death if they did not die of something else sooner in the nuclear wars they simulated, with ''between 90 and 95 percent of the fatalities being in countries not directly involved in the hostilities.'' 

In the spring of 1961, &quot;The total death toll as calculated by the Joint Chiefs of Staff [top US military leaders], from a U.S. first strike aimed at the Soviet Union, its Warsaw Pact satellites, and China, would be roughly six hundred million dead.  A hundred Holocausts&quot;, according to Daniel Ellsberg, who served as a nuclear war planner for presidents Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson and Nixon&lt;ref&gt;Ellsberg (2017, esp. pp. 2-3) noted that 325 million would die in the Soviet Union and China and another couple hundred million in neighboring countries, totalling six hundred million.&lt;/ref&gt; before releasing [[w:The Pentagon Papers|&quot;The Pentagon Papers&quot;]] in 1971.  Six hundred million was roughly 20 percent of the total human population on earth in 1961, and that didn't count any in the US who might be killed in retaliation.  In 1957, roughly 4 years earlier, Mao Zedong, then the Chairman of the People's Republic of China, had reportedly said that a nuclear war could kill a third of humanity, perhaps half, &quot;but imperialism would be razed to the ground, and the whole world would become socialist.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Dikötter (2010).  See also Halimi (2018), which gives the date as 1957.  There is some controversy about this quote;  see the Wikipedia article on [[w:Mao Zedong|&quot;Mao Zedong&quot;]], accessed 2022-03-02.&lt;/ref&gt;

Turco et al. (1983) published the first predictions of a ''[[w:nuclear winter|nuclear winter]]'' based on climate modeling that considered smoke anticipated from fires started by a massive nuclear weapons exchange between the US and the Soviet Union. They found that &quot;average light levels can be reduced to a few percent of ambient and land temperatures can reach -15° to -25°C [5° to -4°F]&quot; with smoke transported from the Northern to the Southern Hemisphere, all of which &quot;could pose a serious threat to human survivors and to other species.&quot;  Various teams have published comparable analyses since then with different and increasingly sophisticated models, beginning with Aleksandrov and Stenchikov (1983), with similar conclusions.&lt;ref&gt;Coup et al. (2019, p. 8522).&lt;/ref&gt; Coup et al. (2019) predicted hard freezes ''in the summer'' in most of the Northern Hemisphere including the US, Russia, and most of Europe during the first three years following such a war, where temperatures drop below −4°C [25°F], making it impossible to grow crops in those regions.  China would suffer a similar fate, with only its southeast portion remaining above freezing in the summer.  Much of Southern Mexico, Central and South America, and the Southern Hemisphere would also be negatively impacted, but not to the same extent.  These climate modeling results make Mao's predictions from 1957 seem wildly optimistic:  Any humans in the US, Canada, or most of Eurasia who survived the nuclear exchange would have extreme difficulties finding enough to eat -- &quot;imperialism razed to the ground&quot;, according to Mao.  However, crop yields in most of the rest of the world would also be extremely depressed, which Mao had not considered.  The results would threaten famine vastly worse than what has been predicted following a nuclear war between India and Pakistan.&lt;ref&gt;Ellsberg said that 98 or 99 percent of humanity would starve to death if they did not die of something else sooner (Ellsberg et al. 2017).  Coup et al. (2019) and Xia et al. (2022) conclude that it won't be quite that bad but will still pretty grim.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Of course, no one knows for sure how many people would die directly and indirectly from a nuclear war.  However, it should be obvious to at least some if not most people that the ''worst'' response to a nuclear attack would be a nuclear response:  

* A nuclear response to a nuclear &quot;warning shot&quot; with minimal destruction could too easily escalate until the nuclear arsenals of all parties were expended and the life expectancy of all survivors worldwide was dramatically reduced.  

* Alternatively, a nuclear response to a massive first strike against a thousand cities would most likely ''increase'' the death toll and reduce the life expectancy of survivors ''in the country responding with nuclear weapons'' (and, of course, in other countries not officially involved).  

* It is possible that a nuclear response could deter further uses of nuclear weapons and reduce the length and severity of the war and its global impact.  However, this outcome seems unlikely given the record of history.  

Turcotte (2022) concluded that if the 2022 Ukraine 'conflict ends without the annihilation of our species, it should nonetheless be regarded as a planet-wide near-death experience, and the “Peoples of the United Nations” should demand the total elimination of nuclear weapons as quickly as humanly possible, as well as the establishment of new common security measures that will move us much closer to sustainable peace throughout the world.' In spite of this concern, Turcotte recommended military action to support Ukraine but short of declaring war on Russia.

Leading experts have made alarming comments about the likelihood of a nuclear attack, possibly by a terrorist organization.  In 2004 Bruce Blair, president of the [[w:Center for Defense Information|Center for Defense Information]] wrote: &quot;I wouldn't be at all surprised if nuclear weapons are used over the next 15 or 20 years, first and foremost by a terrorist group that gets its hands on a [[w:Russia and weapons of mass destruction|Russian]]&quot; or [[w:Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction|Pakistani nuclear weapon]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Nicholas D. Kristof (2004) A Nuclear 9/11, NYT--&gt;{{cite Q|Q111906710}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Other experts seemed even more concerned:  A nuclear terrorist attack in the US was considered &quot;more likely than not&quot; within the next five to ten years, according to Professor [[w:Robert Gallucci|Robert Gallucci]] of the [[w:Georgetown University School of Foreign Service|Georgetown University School of Foreign Service]] in 2006 or in the next decade per former U.S. Assistant Secretary of Defense [[w:Graham Allison|Graham Allison]] in 2004.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!-- Ordre Kittrie (2007) Averting Catastrophe: Why the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty is Losing its Deterrence Capacity and How to Restore It --&gt;{{cite Q|Q111906652}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

The Wikipedia article on &quot;[[w:National Response Scenario Number One|National Response Scenario Number One]]&quot; describes &quot;the United States federal government's planned response to a nuclear attack.&quot;  It focuses primarily on &quot;the possible detonation of a small, crude nuclear weapon by a terrorist group in a major city, with significant loss of life and property.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Accessed 2022-05-08, when it cited &lt;!-- Jay Davis (2008) After A Nuclear 9/11 --&gt;{{cite Q|Q111905675}}, &lt;!-- Brian Michael Jenkins (2008) A Nuclear 9/11? --&gt;{{cite Q|Q111906145}}&lt;/ref&gt; That article discusses preparing for a nuclear attack but not how to respond.  

Nevertheless, if the ''worst'' response to a nuclear attack is a nuclear response, that has other policy implications for leaders of nuclear ''and non-nuclear'' countries world wide.  However, an analysis of those implications will be left for future work.&lt;ref&gt;Turcotte (2022) offered some suggestions.  Recommendations more consistent with the analysis here is the &lt;!--Veterans For Peace Nuclear Posture Review
--&gt;{{cite Q|Q111141993}} They mention the &quot;[[w:Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons|Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons]]&quot;, supported by the [[w:International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons|International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN)]].&lt;/ref&gt;

== Credibility of military leaders and national security experts ==

{{main|Expertise of military leaders and national security experts}}

* ''Never attribute to malice that which is adequately explained by stupidity.'' ([[w:Hanlon's razor|Hanlon's razor]])
* ''Never attribute to malice or stupidity that which can be explained by moderately rational individuals following incentives in a complex system.'' (Hubbard's clumsier correlary.&lt;ref&gt;Hubbard (2020, pp. 81-82).&lt;/ref&gt;)

The history of armed conflict should raise questions about the credibility of those advocating use of military force:  In all major armed conflicts in history, at least one side has lost.  Often the official winners lost substantially more than they gained.  

=== Research on expertise === 

The history of armed conflict is consistent with the research by Kahneman and Klein (2009) in their conclusion that 

:''expert intuition is learned from frequent, rapid, high-quality feedback.''  

In particular, military leaders in combat can get frequent, rapid high-quality feedback on their ability to deliver death and destruction to designated targets. However, no one can get such feedback about how to win wars or how to ''promote broadly shared peace and prosperity for the long term.'' This is discussed in more detail in the Wikiversity article on &quot;[[Expertise of military leaders and national security experts]]&quot;. That article documents how experts without such feedback can be beaten by simple rules of thumb developed by intelligent lay people.&lt;ref&gt;Kahneman et al. (2021) report that with some data, a statistical model fit often does better. With lots of data, artificial intelligence systems can do even better. This extends the work of [[w:Paul E. Meehl#Clinical versus statistical prediction|Meehl (1954)]]. Hubbard (2020) and [[w:Superforecasting: The Art and Science of Prediction|Tetlock and Gardner (2015)]] describe things one might do to improve their intuition.&lt;/ref&gt;

As the time since the [[w:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|atomic bombings if Hiroshima and Nagasaki]] increases, the ''intuition'' that political and military leaders have about nuclear weapons gets worse, because that history tells them that they can use more military force, even threatening to use nuclear weapons, without seriously risking a nuclear war. That intuition increasingly threatens the entirity of humanity.

=== Increasing risks with nuclear proliferation === 

Narang and Sagan, eds. (2022) ''The Fragile Balance of Terror: Deterrence in the New Nuclear Age'' includes 8 chapters by 12 authors reviewing the literature on different aspects of nuclear deterrence today. They raised many questions about the applicability of [[w:Cold War|Cold War]] analyses of deterence in an age with [[Forecasting nuclear proliferation|an increasing number of nuclear weapon states]]. They mentioned numerous concerns including the following:
* [[w:2008 Mumbai attacks|During terrorist attacks in Mumbai in 2008]], someone called called Pakistani president Zardari claiming to be Indian foreign minister Mukherjee threatening to attack Pakistan. That crises was diffused without escalation after US secretary of state Condoleezza Rice called Mukherjee, who assured her that he had not placed such a call, and India was ''not'' planning to attack Pakistan. If someone claiming to be a US official had placed a similar call to Kim Jong Un while Donald Trump was President of the US, the result may not have been as benign.&lt;ref&gt;Narang and Sagan (2022, p. 241).&lt;/ref&gt; 
* [[w:2018 Hawaii false missile alert|&quot;In January 2018, the Hawaii emergency management system issued an incoming missile warning alert]] adding, 'this is not a drill.'&quot; The US did not respond, because (a) they had redundant early warning systems that did not indicate an incoming missile, (b) professional operators in Hawaii promptly acknowledged the mistake, and (c) no one in the US seriously expected such an attack. If this had happened in North Korea, none of these three restraining conditions were present: (a) They did not have redundant warning systems. (b) Operators are killed, not just fired in North Korea for making a mistake like that. (c) US &quot;President Trump was threatening 'fire and fury' if North Korean nuclear and missile tests continued.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Narang and Sagan (2022, p. 232).&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[w:2019 Balakot airstrike|In 2019 India bombed an alleged terrorist training camp in Balakot]], Pakistan. This was &quot;the first time a nuclear weapons state has bombed the undisputed territory of another nuclear weapons state.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Narang and Sagan (2022, pp. 231-232).&lt;/ref&gt; 
* [[w:2020–2021 China–India skirmishes|In 2020, Chinese and Indian troops engaged in hostilities along their disputed border]] with fatalities on both sides, &quot;for the first time in almost half a century.  Intense conflict between three nuclear powers simultaneously is no longer a remote possibility.&lt;ref&gt;Narang and Sagan (2022, p. 232).&lt;/ref&gt;

Beyond this, [[w:Richard Ned Lebow|Richard Ned Lebow]] said, &quot;There’s all kinds of empirical evidence that a deterrence strategy is as likely to provoke the behavior it seeks to prevent as not.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Lebow et al. (2023). See also Lebow (2020, ch. 4).&lt;/ref&gt;

=== System accidents ===

The concept of &quot;normal accidents&quot; or &quot;[[w:system accident|system accidents]]&quot; seems important here.  Research in that area has established that ''it is impossible to design and manage complex systems to ultra-high levels of reliability''.  Maintenance on redundant systems is often deferred, because responsible managers are often reluctant to spend money fixing something that works.&lt;ref&gt;e.g., Sagan (1993).&lt;/ref&gt; And procedures are sometimes secretly modified by people with different priorities from their management.  For example, at least between 1970 and 1974 the codes in US Air Force launch control centers for [[w:Intercontinental ballistic missile|Intercontinental ballistic missiles]] were all set continuously to 00000000.&lt;ref&gt;Ellsberg (2017, p. 61).&lt;/ref&gt; This clearly negated the claim that only the President of the US could order the use of US nuclear weapons, secured by secret codes carried in a briefcase (called the [[w:nuclear football|&quot;nuclear football&quot;]]) near the President at all times. Similarly, former US Secretary of Defense William J. Perry has said an actual nuclear attack on the US is far less likely than a report of one generated by a malfunction in the US nuclear command, control, and communications systems.&lt;ref&gt;Perry and Collina (2020).  Of course, a nuclear war could be started accidentally by any nuclear-weapons state, as suggested in the report of an Indian cruise missile that landed 2022-03-10 in Pakistan (Mashal and Masood 2022).&lt;/ref&gt;

A tragic example of a system accident is the [[w:Sinking of MV Sewol|Sinking of MV ''Sewol'']], 2014-04-16.  It sank with over twice its rated load under the command of a substitute captain. The regular captain had complained of deferred maintenance threatening the stability of the vessel;  he said the company had threatened to fire him if he continued to complain.  

As of this writing, it has been over 77 years since nuclear weapons were detonated in hostilities. As noted above, that history feeds human intuition that we can safely be more aggressive in developing, deploying and threatening the use of nuclear weapons without seriously risking [[Time to nuclear Armageddon|nuclear Armageddon]].  People who disagree like the [[w:Union of Concerned Scientists|Union of Concerned Scientists]] with their [[w:Doomsday Clock|Doomsday Clock]] are dismissed as unrealistic, like [[w:Chicken Little|Chicken Little]].

== Human psychology and the role of the media == 

When people are attacked, it can sometimes be difficult to control their responses, which are driven by instinctive reactions often characterized as irrational.  Johnson (2004) documented how these instinctive reactions exist, because they provided survival benefits to our ancestors over hundreds of thousands and millions of years of evolutionary history.  These instincts may, however, push us into the ''worst'' possible response to a nuclear attack.   

Worse, major media everywhere have a conflict of interest in honestly reporting on anything (like these research results) that might threaten those who control the money for the media.&lt;ref name='McC+Cagé+Rolnik&quot;&gt;McChesney (2004).  Cagé (2016).  Rolnik et al. (2019). See also &quot;[[Confirmation bias and conflict]]&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; Everyone thinks they know more than they do,&lt;ref name=Kahneman&gt;Kahneman (2011).&lt;/ref&gt; which makes them easily misled by the media they find credible.&lt;ref&gt;[[Confirmation bias and conflict]]. See also McChesney (2004), Cagé (2016), and Rolnik et al. (2019).&lt;/ref&gt;

== Recapitulation ==

In sum, the worst possible response to a nuclear attack would seem to be a nuclear response.  

Existing nuclear weapons policies appear to be supported by propaganda that is effective, because it supports the preferences of those who control the money for the media,&lt;ref name='McC+Cagé+Rolnik&quot;/&gt; and because everyone thinks they know more than they do.&lt;ref name=Kahneman/&gt; 

== Acknowledgements == 

Thanks to Owen B. Toon, Alan Robock, and presenters at their irregular webinar series on impact on climate of a nuclear war.  Of course, any errors and other deficiencies in this article are solely the responsibility of the author. 

== See also == 

* [[Expertise of military leaders and national security experts]]
* [[Time to nuclear Armageddon]] 
* [[Forecasting nuclear proliferation]] 
* [[Time to extinction of civilization]]

== References == 
* &lt;!-- Guardian (2001-10-14) Bush rejects Taliban offer to hand Bin Laden over --&gt;{{cite Q|Q111228506}}
* &lt;!-- Aleksandrov and Stenchikov (1983) &quot;On the modeling of the climatic consequences of the nuclear war&quot; --&gt;{{cite Q|Q63229964}}
* &lt;!-- Borger (2022) Five of world’s most powerful nations pledge to avoid nuclear war, Guardian --&gt;{{cite Q|Q111011203}}
* &lt;!-- Cagé (2016) Saving the media: Capitalism, crowdfunding and democracy (Harvard U. Pr.)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q54640583}} 
* &lt;!-- Chenoweth and Stephan (2011) Why Civil Resistance Works: The Strategic Logic of Nonviolent Conflict (Columbia U. Pr.) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q88725216}} For their data see, &lt;!-- Chenoweth, NAVCO data project, Harvard --&gt;{{cite Q|Q55842589}}
* &lt;!-- Coup et al. (2019) Nuclear Winter Responses to Nuclear War Between the United States and Russia in the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model Version 4 and the Goddard Institute for Space Studies ModelE --&gt;{{cite Q|Q111222900}}
* &lt;!-- Dikötter (2010) Mao's Great Famine (Bloomsbury) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q3209496}}
* &lt;!-- Douthat (2022) &quot;How to Stop a Nuclear War&quot;, NYT --&gt;{{cite Q|Q111145224}}
* &lt;!-- Ellsberg (2017) The Doomsday Machine: Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner (Bloomsbury) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q63862699}}
* &lt;!--Ellsberg, Goodman and González (2017) &quot;Daniel Ellsberg Reveals He was a Nuclear War Planner, Warns of Nuclear Winter &amp; Global Starvation&quot;, Democracy Now!--&gt;{{cite Q|Q64226035}}
* &lt;!-- Halimi, Serge (2018-08) &quot;The forgotten communist quarrel&quot;, Le Monde Diplomatique --&gt;{{cite Q|Q97657492}}.  
* &lt;!-- Helfand, Ira I2013) &quot;Nuclear famine: two billion people at risk?&quot;, International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War --&gt;{{cite Q|Q63256454}}
* &lt;!-- Doug Hubbard (2020) The Failure of Risk Management: Why it's broken and how to fix it
Second edition (Wiley)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q123514276}}
* &lt;!-- Jägermeyr, J., et al. (2020-03-16) &quot;A regional nuclear conflict would compromise global food security&quot;, Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America --&gt;{{cite Q|Q90371058}}
* &lt;!-- Dominic D. P. Johnson (2004). Overconfidence and War: The Havoc and Glory of Positive Illusions (Harvard U. Pr.) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q118106389}}
* &lt;!-- Johnston (2001) Chronological Listing of Above Ground Nuclear Detonations --&gt;{{cite Q|Q111222177}}
* &lt;!-- Jones, Seth, and Martin C. Libicki (2008) &quot;How Terrorist Groups End: Lessons for Countering al Qa'ida&quot;, RAND Corporation--&gt;{{cite Q|Q57515305}}
* &lt;!-- Kahneman, Daniel (2011) Thinking, Fast and Slow (FSG)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q983718}}
* &lt;!-- Kahneman and Klein (2009) Conditions for intuitive expertise: a failure to disagree--&gt;{{cite Q|Q35001791}}
* &lt;!-- Kahneman, Sibony, and Sunstein (2021) Noise:  A flaw in human judgment --&gt;{{cite Q|Q107108766}}
* &lt;!-- Richard Ned Lebow (2020) A Democratic foreign policy: Regaining American influence abroad (Palgrave Macmillan)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q124351867}}
* &lt;!-- Lebow, Samuelson, Graves (2023) &quot;Richard Ned Lebow on national defense including deterrence&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q124351846}} 
* &lt;!-- Mujib Mashal and Salman Masood (2022-03-12) &quot;India Accidentally Fires a Missile at Pakistan. Calm Ensues.&quot;, NYT --&gt;{{cite Q|Q111223210}}
* &lt;!-- McChesney, Robert (2004) The Problem of the Media: U.S. Communication Politics in the 21st Century (Monthly Review Press) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q7758439}}
* &lt;!-- Paul E. Meehl (1954) Clinical vs. statistical prediction--&gt;{{cite Q|Q115455297}}
* &lt;!-- Narang, Vipin; Sagan, Scott D. (2022) The Fragile Balance of Terror: Deterrence in the New Nuclear Age (Cornell University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q124351052|authors=Vipin Narang and Scott D. Sagan, eds.}}
* &lt;!-- Pape, Robert, and James K. Feldman (2010) Cutting the fuse : the explosion of global suicide terrorism and how to stop it (U. of Chicago Pr.)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q109249408}}
* &lt;!-- Perry, William J., and Tom Z. Collina (2020) The Button:  The new nuclear arms race and presidential power from Truman to Trump (BenBella)-&gt;&gt;{{cite Q|Q102046116}}
* &lt;!-- Robock, Alan, Luke Oman, Georgiy L. Stenchikov, Owen B. Toon, C. Bardeen, and R. P. Turco (2007) &quot;Climatic consequences of regional nuclear conflicts&quot;, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics --&gt;{{cite Q|Q21129034}}
* &lt;!-- Robock, Alan, and Stewart C. Prager (2021-12-02) &quot;Geoscientists Can Help Reduce the Threat of Nuclear Weapons&quot;, Eos--&gt;{{cite Q|Q111146317}}
* &lt;!-- Guy Rolnik; Julia Cagé; Joshua Gans; Ellen P. Goodman; Brian G. Knight; Andrea Prat; Anya Schiffrin (1 July 2019), Protecting Journalism in the Age of Digital Platforms (PDF), Booth School of Business--&gt;{{cite Q|Q106465358}}
* &lt;!-- Sagan, Scott (1993) The Limits of Safety: Organizations, Accidents, and Nuclear Weapons (Princeton University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q111146417}}
* &lt;!-- Sen, Amartya (1999) Development as Freedom (Knopf)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q5266729}}
* Philip E. Tetlock and Dan Gardner (2015) Superforecasting: The Art and Science of Prediction (Crown)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q21203378}}
* &lt;!-- Tegmark (2023) How would a nuclear war between Russia and the US affect you personally?--&gt;{{cite Q|Q124432900}}
* &lt;!-- Toon, Owen B., Charles G. Bardeen, Alan Robock, Hans Kristensen, Matthew McKinzie, R. J. Peterson, Cheryl S. Harrison, Nicole S. Lovenduski, and Richard P. Turco (2019) &quot;Rapidly expanding nuclear arsenals in Pakistan and India portend regional and global catastrophe&quot;, Sciences Advances--&gt;{{cite Q|Q90735736}}
* &lt;!-- Turco, R. P., Owen B. Toon, T. P. Ackerman, J. B. Pollack, and Carl Sagan (1983) &quot;Nuclear winter: Global consequences of multiple nuclear explosions&quot;, Science, 222(4630), 1283–1292, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.222.4630.1283. --&gt;{{cite Q|Q111146500}}
* &lt;!-- Turcotte (2022-03-09) Global community must step up pressure on Putin --&gt;{{cite Q|Q111235117}}
* &lt;!-- Tyler, Tom R. (2006) Why people obey the law, revised ed. (Princeton U. Pr.)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q111097755}}
* &lt;!-- Tyler, Tom R., and Yuen J. Huo (2002) Trust in the Law: Encouraging Public Cooperation with the Police and Courts (Russell Sage Foundation)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q106943244}}
* &lt;!-- Woodham-Smith, Cecil (1962) The Great Hunger: Ireland 1845-1849 (Harper)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q7737800}}
* &lt;!-- Xia et al. (2022) Global food insecurity and famine ... from a nuclear war ...--&gt;{{cite Q| Q113732668}}

== Notes ==
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:''This brief note is on Wikiversity to invite others to provide alternative responses to this question, adding relevant, substantive references, moderated by the Wikimedia rules that invite contributors to [[w:Wikipedia:Be bold|“be bold but not reckless,”]] contributing revisions written from a [[Wikiversity:Disclosures|neutral point of view]], [[Wikiversity:Cite sources|citing credible sources]] -- and raising other questions and concerns on the associated [[Wikiversity:FAQ|''''“Discuss”'''' page]].'' 
::''This article uses [[w:ISO 8601|ISO 8601]] dates except for References, which are controlled by standard Wikidata formatting, and direct quotes. In the initial author's experience, [[ISO 8601 and computing differences between dates|ISO 8601 dates seem to make it easier to remember dates and to compute differences between them.]]'' 

What's the best response to a nuclear attack?  

That's a difficult question.  The opposite is much easier:  

* '''''What's the ''worst'' response to a nuclear attack?'''''  

[[File:How would a nuclear war between Russia and the US affect you personally? - Future of Life Institute.webm|thumb|Simulation of a nuclear war between Russia and the US.&lt;ref&gt;Tegmark (2023).&lt;/ref&gt;]]
::The evidence summarized in this article suggests that the ''worst'' worst response to a nuclear attack would be '''a nuclear response.'''  
::If you think otherwise, please revise this article accordingly, subject to the standard Wikimedia Foundation rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources.  Or post your concerns to the &quot;Discuss&quot; page associated with this article.    

[[File:Percent of the world's population dead from a nuclear war.svg|thumb|Percent of the world's population dead from a nuclear war per simulations by an international team of 10 scientists who specialize in modelling climate, food production, and economics&lt;ref&gt;Xia et al. (2022; see esp. their Table 1).&lt;/ref&gt; with models fit thereto. The vertical axis is the percent of the world's population expected to die within a few years after a one-week long nuclear war that injects between 1.5 and 150 Tg (teragrams = million metric tons) of smoke (soot) into the stratosphere, shown on the top axis.&lt;ref&gt;Xia et al. (2022, Table 1) reported &quot;Number of direct fatalities&quot; and &quot;Number of people without food at the end of year 2&quot; out of a total population of 6.7 billion for their simulated year 2010.  Two issues with this:  First, Xia et al. (2022, Fig. 1) show that the climate impact does not start recovering until year 5 after the nuclear war and has not yet fully recovered 9 years after the war.  Thus, few people still alive without food at the end of year 2 will not likely live to year 9.  Second, the percentages plotted here are the sums of those two numbers divided by 6.7 billion.  The Wikipedia article on [[w:World population|World population]] said the world population in 2010 was 6,985,603,105 -- 7 billion (accessed 2023.08-12).  The difference between 6.7 and 7 billion seems so slight that it can be safely ignored, especially given the uncertainty inherent in these simulations and the likelihood that the small populations excluded were probably not substantively different from those included.&lt;/ref&gt; The bottom axis is the total megatonnage (number of nuclear weapons used times average yield) simulated to produce the quantity of soot plotted on the top axis. &quot;IND-PAK&quot; marks a range of hypothetical nuclear wars between [[w:India and weapons of mass destruction|India]] (IND) and [[w:Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction|Pakistan]] (PAK).  &quot;USA-RUS&quot; marks a simulated nuclear war between [[w:Nuclear weapons of the United States|the US]] (USA) and [[w:Russia and weapons of mass destruction|Russia]] (RUS).  &quot;PRK&quot; = a simulated nuclear war in which [[w:North Korea and weapons of mass destruction|North Korea]] (the People's Republic of Korea, PRK) used their existing nuclear arsenal estimated at 30 weapons with an average yield of 17 kt&lt;ref&gt;Estimates of North Korea's nuclear weapons stockpile vary widely, as summarized in the Wikipedia article on [[w:North Korea and weapons of mass destruction|North Korea and weapons of mass destruction]], accessed 2023-08-07.  The estimate of 30 weapons averaging 17 kt each seems not far from the middle of the estimate cited in that article.  That totals 510 kt (0.51 megatons), roughly a third of smallest nuclear war simulated by Xia et al. (2022).&lt;/ref&gt; ''without nuclear retaliation by an adversary'', as recommended in this article.]]

This conclusion is supported by the accompanying plot summarizing climate simulations by an international interdisciplinary team of 10 scientists who specialize in mathematical and statistical modeling of climate, food production, and economics.  Five of their scenarios describe hypothetical nuclear wars between India and Pakistan that loft between 5 and 47 Tg (teragrams = millions of metric tons) of smoke (soot) to the stratosphere, where it will linger for years covering the globe and reducing the amount of solar radiation reaching the earth.  That in turn will substantially reduce the production of food for humans.  The resulting impact on the global economy means that between 4 and 40 percent of humanity will likely starve to death if they do not die of something else sooner. A hypothetical nuclear war between the US and Russia could lead to the deaths of roughly 75 percent of humanity with death tolls of roughly 99 percent in the US, Russia, Europe, and China.  In any of these scenarios, between 90 and 95 percent of the deaths would be in countries not officially involved in the nuclear exchange.&lt;ref&gt;Xia et al. (2022, esp. their Tables 1 and 2). Their Table 1 gives numbers of fatalities out of a total 2010 &quot;population of the nations used in this study [of] 6,700,000,000.&quot; They give 2 simulations of a nuclear war between the US and Russia, which would produce an estimated 150 Tg (teragrams = million metric tonnes) leading to the deaths of 5.341 and 5.081 billion people, respectively. The smaller number is over 75 percent of 6.7 billion in the study, and almost 75 percent of the 2010 [[w:World population|world population]] of 7 billion.&lt;/ref&gt;

This claim is clearer, more succinct, and stronger than the [[Wikisource:Joint Statement of the Leaders of the Five Nuclear-Weapon States on Preventing Nuclear War and Avoiding Arms Races|Joint Statement of the Leaders of the Five Nuclear-Weapon States on Preventing Nuclear War and Avoiding Arms Races]], &quot;that a nuclear war cannot be won and must never be fought&quot;, issued 2022-01-03 by the leaders of the first five nuclear-weapon states.&lt;ref&gt;[[Wikisource:Joint Statement of the Leaders of the Five Nuclear-Weapon States on Preventing Nuclear War and Avoiding Arms Races]].  See also Borger (2022). Douthat (2022) discussed the [[w:2021-2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis|current Ukraine crisis]] in [[w:The New York Times|''The New York Times'']].  He concluded that for us (presumably the US and perhaps its NATO allies) &quot;To escalate now against a weaker adversary [Russia], one less likely to ultimately defeat us and more likely to engage in atomic recklessness if cornered, would be a grave and existential folly.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; This repeated a statement made 1987-12-11 by US President [[w:Ronald Reagan| Ronald Reagan]] and USSR head of state [[w:Mikhail Gorbachev|Mikhail Gorbachev]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!-- Joint statement by Reagan, Gorbachev --&gt;{{cite Q|Q111845607}}  Reagan made that same statement 1984-01-25 in his [[Wikisource:Ronald Reagan's Fourth State of the Union Address|fourth State of the Union Address]].&lt;/ref&gt; 

In the following we review the evidence for and against this claim and then comment on the credibility of the logic that led to the creation of the world's current nuclear arsenals and seems to be driving the current &quot;modernization&quot; programs in the US, Russia, China and elsewhere.  

== Summary of research on the consequences of a nuclear war ==

It is theoretically possible that a nuclear exchange would end like [[w:World War II|World War II]] with no more than [[w:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|two nuclear weapons being used]].  It is also theoretically possible that nuclear weapons in a new war would only target deserted areas like [[w:List of nuclear weapons tests|the locations where more than 2,000 tests of nuclear weapons]] have been conducted so far.&lt;ref&gt;For a &quot;[[w:List of nuclear weapons tests|List of nuclear weapons tests]]&quot;, see the Wikipedia article by that title (accessed 2023-07-06).&lt;/ref&gt; Either of those scenarios would increase the level of harmful background radiation worldwide leading to increases in the rates of cancer, birth defects and genetic mutations, but would otherwise not likely have an immediate impact a large portion of humanity.&lt;ref&gt;Johnston (2001) reported that only 521 of the more than 2,000 nuclear weapons tests were above ground.  If 521 explosions of nuclear weapons in deserted places have not generated a substantive impact on human health, it seems unlikely that a nuclear war involving a few thousand explosions of nuclear weapons in deserted areas would be dramatically worse.&lt;/ref&gt;
  
However, a nuclear war with such negligible results is highly unlikely.  More likely is the deaths in a few hours or days of tens or hundreds of millions of humans.&lt;ref&gt;The &quot;Number of direct fatalities&quot; in a nuclear war lasting a week ranged from 27 to 360 million in simulations summarized in Xia et al. (2022, Table 1).&lt;/ref&gt; More would die of radiation poisoning over the next few months and years.&lt;ref&gt;Ellsberg (2017, pp. 2-3) includes a graph that the Joint Chiefs Joint Chiefs of Staff produced in the Spring of 1961 to answer President Kennedy's question, &quot;If your plans for a general [nuclear] war are carried out as planned, how many people will be killed in the Soviet Union and China?&quot; This graph was a straight line beginning at 275 million who would die during the initial nuclear exchange with another 8.25 million dying each month for the next six months, totaling 325 million deaths.&lt;/ref&gt; If more than a few dozen nuclear weapons are used, then &quot;nuclear war would also produce nearly instantaneous climate change that among other effects, would threaten the global food supply.  Even a regional nuclear war ..., such as between India and Pakistan,&lt;ref&gt;Robock et al. (2007); Toon et al. (2019).  Of course, a nuclear war could be started accidentally by any nuclear-weapons state, as suggested in the report of an Indian cruise missile that landed 2022-03-10 in Pakistan (Mashal and Masood 2022). See also Xia et al. (2022).&lt;/ref&gt; in which less than 3% of the world’s nuclear weapons stockpiles were detonated in urban areas, would suddenly decrease the average global temperature by 1°C–7°C [2°–13°F], precipitation by up to 40%, and sunlight by up to 30%. ... Such a conflict would decrease crop production to an extent that it could seriously threaten world food security and even trigger global famine&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;Jägermeyr et al. (2020).&lt;/ref&gt; according to Robock and Prager (2021).  In theory, crop losses of between 10 and 25 percent for 5-10 years&lt;ref&gt;as predicted by Jägermeyr et al. (2020) and others.&lt;/ref&gt; might not threaten a global famine or even an increase in malnutrition if people ate more plant-based foods and less meat.  In practice, famines never work that way:  There is hoarding, and many who do not die of starvation succumb to diseases or secondary wars driven by the food insecurity, according to Helfand (2013).  [[w:Amartya Sen|Nobel Prize Economist Sen]] observed that, &quot;no famine has ever taken place ... in a functioning democracy&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Sen (1999, p. 32). Later on p. 178, he stated similarly, &quot;there has never been a famine in a functioning multiparty democracy.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; This generalizes the observation that Ireland was a ''net food exporter'' during its infamous potato famines of the nineteenth century.&lt;ref&gt;e.g., Woodham-Smith (1962).&lt;/ref&gt; Xia et al. (2022, Table 1) estimated that between 4 and 85 percent of humanity would starve to death if they did not die of something else sooner in the nuclear wars they simulated, with ''between 90 and 95 percent of the fatalities being in countries not directly involved in the hostilities.'' 

In the spring of 1961, &quot;The total death toll as calculated by the Joint Chiefs of Staff [top US military leaders], from a U.S. first strike aimed at the Soviet Union, its Warsaw Pact satellites, and China, would be roughly six hundred million dead.  A hundred Holocausts&quot;, according to Daniel Ellsberg, who served as a nuclear war planner for presidents Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson and Nixon&lt;ref&gt;Ellsberg (2017, esp. pp. 2-3) noted that 325 million would die in the Soviet Union and China and another couple hundred million in neighboring countries, totalling six hundred million.&lt;/ref&gt; before releasing [[w:The Pentagon Papers|&quot;The Pentagon Papers&quot;]] in 1971.  Six hundred million was roughly 20 percent of the total human population on earth in 1961, and that didn't count any in the US who might be killed in retaliation.  In 1957, roughly 4 years earlier, Mao Zedong, then the Chairman of the People's Republic of China, had reportedly said that a nuclear war could kill a third of humanity, perhaps half, &quot;but imperialism would be razed to the ground, and the whole world would become socialist.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Dikötter (2010).  See also Halimi (2018), which gives the date as 1957.  There is some controversy about this quote;  see the Wikipedia article on [[w:Mao Zedong|&quot;Mao Zedong&quot;]], accessed 2022-03-02.&lt;/ref&gt;

Turco et al. (1983) published the first predictions of a ''[[w:nuclear winter|nuclear winter]]'' based on climate modeling that considered smoke anticipated from fires started by a massive nuclear weapons exchange between the US and the Soviet Union. They found that &quot;average light levels can be reduced to a few percent of ambient and land temperatures can reach -15° to -25°C [5° to -4°F]&quot; with smoke transported from the Northern to the Southern Hemisphere, all of which &quot;could pose a serious threat to human survivors and to other species.&quot;  Various teams have published comparable analyses since then with different and increasingly sophisticated models, beginning with Aleksandrov and Stenchikov (1983), with similar conclusions.&lt;ref&gt;Coup et al. (2019, p. 8522).&lt;/ref&gt; Coup et al. (2019) predicted hard freezes ''in the summer'' in most of the Northern Hemisphere including the US, Russia, and most of Europe during the first three years following such a war, where temperatures drop below −4°C [25°F], making it impossible to grow crops in those regions.  China would suffer a similar fate, with only its southeast portion remaining above freezing in the summer.  Much of Southern Mexico, Central and South America, and the Southern Hemisphere would also be negatively impacted, but not to the same extent.  These climate modeling results make Mao's predictions from 1957 seem wildly optimistic:  Any humans in the US, Canada, or most of Eurasia who survived the nuclear exchange would have extreme difficulties finding enough to eat -- &quot;imperialism razed to the ground&quot;, according to Mao.  However, crop yields in most of the rest of the world would also be extremely depressed, which Mao had not considered.  The results would threaten famine vastly worse than what has been predicted following a nuclear war between India and Pakistan.&lt;ref&gt;Ellsberg said that 98 or 99 percent of humanity would starve to death if they did not die of something else sooner (Ellsberg et al. 2017).  Coup et al. (2019) and Xia et al. (2022) conclude that it won't be quite that bad but will still pretty grim.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Of course, no one knows for sure how many people would die directly and indirectly from a nuclear war.  However, it should be obvious to at least some if not most people that the ''worst'' response to a nuclear attack would be a nuclear response:  

* A nuclear response to a nuclear &quot;warning shot&quot; with minimal destruction could too easily escalate until the nuclear arsenals of all parties were expended and the life expectancy of all survivors worldwide was dramatically reduced.  

* Alternatively, a nuclear response to a massive first strike against a thousand cities would most likely ''increase'' the death toll and reduce the life expectancy of survivors ''in the country responding with nuclear weapons'' (and, of course, in other countries not officially involved).  

* It is possible that a nuclear response could deter further uses of nuclear weapons and reduce the length and severity of the war and its global impact.  However, this outcome seems unlikely given the record of history.  

Turcotte (2022) concluded that if the 2022 Ukraine 'conflict ends without the annihilation of our species, it should nonetheless be regarded as a planet-wide near-death experience, and the “Peoples of the United Nations” should demand the total elimination of nuclear weapons as quickly as humanly possible, as well as the establishment of new common security measures that will move us much closer to sustainable peace throughout the world.' In spite of this concern, Turcotte recommended military action to support Ukraine but short of declaring war on Russia.

Leading experts have made alarming comments about the likelihood of a nuclear attack, possibly by a terrorist organization.  In 2004 Bruce Blair, president of the [[w:Center for Defense Information|Center for Defense Information]] wrote: &quot;I wouldn't be at all surprised if nuclear weapons are used over the next 15 or 20 years, first and foremost by a terrorist group that gets its hands on a [[w:Russia and weapons of mass destruction|Russian]]&quot; or [[w:Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction|Pakistani nuclear weapon]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Nicholas D. Kristof (2004) A Nuclear 9/11, NYT--&gt;{{cite Q|Q111906710}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Other experts seemed even more concerned:  A nuclear terrorist attack in the US was considered &quot;more likely than not&quot; within the next five to ten years, according to Professor [[w:Robert Gallucci|Robert Gallucci]] of the [[w:Georgetown University School of Foreign Service|Georgetown University School of Foreign Service]] in 2006 or in the next decade per former U.S. Assistant Secretary of Defense [[w:Graham Allison|Graham Allison]] in 2004.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!-- Ordre Kittrie (2007) Averting Catastrophe: Why the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty is Losing its Deterrence Capacity and How to Restore It --&gt;{{cite Q|Q111906652}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

The Wikipedia article on &quot;[[w:National Response Scenario Number One|National Response Scenario Number One]]&quot; describes &quot;the United States federal government's planned response to a nuclear attack.&quot;  It focuses primarily on &quot;the possible detonation of a small, crude nuclear weapon by a terrorist group in a major city, with significant loss of life and property.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Accessed 2022-05-08, when it cited &lt;!-- Jay Davis (2008) After A Nuclear 9/11 --&gt;{{cite Q|Q111905675}}, &lt;!-- Brian Michael Jenkins (2008) A Nuclear 9/11? --&gt;{{cite Q|Q111906145}}&lt;/ref&gt; That article discusses preparing for a nuclear attack but not how to respond.  

Nevertheless, if the ''worst'' response to a nuclear attack is a nuclear response, that has other policy implications for leaders of nuclear ''and non-nuclear'' countries world wide.  However, an analysis of those implications will be left for future work.&lt;ref&gt;Turcotte (2022) offered some suggestions.  Recommendations more consistent with the analysis here is the &lt;!--Veterans For Peace Nuclear Posture Review
--&gt;{{cite Q|Q111141993}} They mention the &quot;[[w:Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons|Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons]]&quot;, supported by the [[w:International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons|International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN)]].&lt;/ref&gt;

== Credibility of military leaders and national security experts ==

{{main|Expertise of military leaders and national security experts}}

* ''Never attribute to malice that which is adequately explained by stupidity.'' ([[w:Hanlon's razor|Hanlon's razor]])
* ''Never attribute to malice or stupidity that which can be explained by moderately rational individuals following incentives in a complex system.'' (Hubbard's clumsier correlary.&lt;ref&gt;Hubbard (2020, pp. 81-82).&lt;/ref&gt;)

The history of armed conflict should raise questions about the credibility of those advocating use of military force:  In all major armed conflicts in history, at least one side has lost.  Often the official winners lost substantially more than they gained.  

=== Research on expertise === 

The history of armed conflict is consistent with the research by Kahneman and Klein (2009) in their conclusion that 

:''expert intuition is learned from frequent, rapid, high-quality feedback.''  

In particular, military leaders in combat can get frequent, rapid high-quality feedback on their ability to deliver death and destruction to designated targets. However, no one can get such feedback about how to win wars or how to ''promote broadly shared peace and prosperity for the long term.'' This is discussed in more detail in the Wikiversity article on &quot;[[Expertise of military leaders and national security experts]]&quot;. That article documents how experts without such feedback can be beaten by simple rules of thumb developed by intelligent lay people.&lt;ref&gt;Kahneman et al. (2021) report that with some data, a statistical model fit often does better. With lots of data, artificial intelligence systems can do even better. This extends the work of [[w:Paul E. Meehl#Clinical versus statistical prediction|Meehl (1954)]]. Hubbard (2020) and [[w:Superforecasting: The Art and Science of Prediction|Tetlock and Gardner (2015)]] describe things one might do to improve their intuition.&lt;/ref&gt;

As the time since the [[w:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|atomic bombings if Hiroshima and Nagasaki]] increases, the ''intuition'' that political and military leaders have about nuclear weapons gets worse, because that history tells them that they can use more military force, even threatening to use nuclear weapons, without seriously risking a nuclear war. That intuition increasingly threatens the entirity of humanity.

=== Increasing risks with nuclear proliferation === 

Narang and Sagan, eds. (2022) ''The Fragile Balance of Terror: Deterrence in the New Nuclear Age'' includes 8 chapters by 12 authors reviewing the literature on different aspects of nuclear deterrence today. They raised many questions about the applicability of [[w:Cold War|Cold War]] analyses of deterence in an age with [[Forecasting nuclear proliferation|an increasing number of nuclear weapon states]]. They mentioned numerous concerns including the following:
* [[w:2008 Mumbai attacks|During terrorist attacks in Mumbai in 2008]], someone called called Pakistani president Zardari claiming to be Indian foreign minister Mukherjee threatening to attack Pakistan. That crises was diffused without escalation after US secretary of state Condoleezza Rice called Mukherjee, who assured her that he had not placed such a call, and India was ''not'' planning to attack Pakistan. If someone claiming to be a US official had placed a similar call to Kim Jong Un while Donald Trump was President of the US, the result may not have been as benign.&lt;ref&gt;Narang and Sagan (2022, p. 241).&lt;/ref&gt; 
* [[w:2018 Hawaii false missile alert|&quot;In January 2018, the Hawaii emergency management system issued an incoming missile warning alert]] adding, 'this is not a drill.'&quot; The US did not respond, because (a) they had redundant early warning systems that did not indicate an incoming missile, (b) professional operators in Hawaii promptly acknowledged the mistake, and (c) no one in the US seriously expected such an attack. If this had happened in North Korea, none of these three restraining conditions were present: (a) They did not have redundant warning systems. (b) Operators are killed, not just fired in North Korea for making a mistake like that. (c) US &quot;President Trump was threatening 'fire and fury' if North Korean nuclear and missile tests continued.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Narang and Sagan (2022, p. 232).&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[w:2019 Balakot airstrike|In 2019 India bombed an alleged terrorist training camp in Balakot]], Pakistan. This was &quot;the first time a nuclear weapons state has bombed the undisputed territory of another nuclear weapons state.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Narang and Sagan (2022, pp. 231-232).&lt;/ref&gt; 
* [[w:2020–2021 China–India skirmishes|In 2020, Chinese and Indian troops engaged in hostilities along their disputed border]] with fatalities on both sides, &quot;for the first time in almost half a century.  Intense conflict between three nuclear powers simultaneously is no longer a remote possibility.&lt;ref&gt;Narang and Sagan (2022, p. 232).&lt;/ref&gt;

Beyond this, [[w:Richard Ned Lebow|Richard Ned Lebow]] said, &quot;There’s all kinds of empirical evidence that a deterrence strategy is as likely to provoke the behavior it seeks to prevent as not.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Lebow et al. (2023). See also Lebow (2020, ch. 4).&lt;/ref&gt;

=== System accidents ===

The concept of &quot;normal accidents&quot; or &quot;[[w:system accident|system accidents]]&quot; seems important here.  Research in that area has established that ''it is impossible to design and manage complex systems to ultra-high levels of reliability''.  Maintenance on redundant systems is often deferred, because responsible managers are often reluctant to spend money fixing something that works.&lt;ref&gt;e.g., Sagan (1993).&lt;/ref&gt; And procedures are sometimes secretly modified by people with different priorities from their management.  For example, at least between 1970 and 1974 the codes in US Air Force launch control centers for [[w:Intercontinental ballistic missile|Intercontinental ballistic missiles]] were all set continuously to 00000000.&lt;ref&gt;Ellsberg (2017, p. 61).&lt;/ref&gt; This clearly negated the claim that only the President of the US could order the use of US nuclear weapons, secured by secret codes carried in a briefcase (called the [[w:nuclear football|&quot;nuclear football&quot;]]) near the President at all times. Similarly, former US Secretary of Defense William J. Perry has said an actual nuclear attack on the US is far less likely than a report of one generated by a malfunction in the US nuclear command, control, and communications systems.&lt;ref&gt;Perry and Collina (2020).  Of course, a nuclear war could be started accidentally by any nuclear-weapons state, as suggested in the report of an Indian cruise missile that landed 2022-03-10 in Pakistan (Mashal and Masood 2022).&lt;/ref&gt;

A tragic example of a system accident is the [[w:Sinking of MV Sewol|Sinking of MV ''Sewol'']], 2014-04-16.  It sank with over twice its rated load under the command of a substitute captain. The regular captain had complained of deferred maintenance threatening the stability of the vessel;  he said the company had threatened to fire him if he continued to complain.  

As of this writing, it has been over 77 years since nuclear weapons were detonated in hostilities. As noted above, that history feeds human intuition that we can safely be more aggressive in developing, deploying and threatening the use of nuclear weapons without seriously risking [[Time to nuclear Armageddon|nuclear Armageddon]].  People who disagree like the [[w:Union of Concerned Scientists|Union of Concerned Scientists]] with their [[w:Doomsday Clock|Doomsday Clock]] are dismissed as unrealistic, like [[w:Chicken Little|Chicken Little]].

== Human psychology and the role of the media == 

When people are attacked, it can sometimes be difficult to control their responses, which are driven by instinctive reactions often characterized as irrational.  Johnson (2004) documented how these instinctive reactions exist, because they provided survival benefits to our ancestors over hundreds of thousands and millions of years of evolutionary history.  These instincts may, however, push us into the ''worst'' possible response to a nuclear attack.   

Worse, major media everywhere have a conflict of interest in honestly reporting on anything (like these research results) that might threaten those who control the money for the media.&lt;ref name='McC+Cagé+Rolnik&quot;&gt;McChesney (2004).  Cagé (2016).  Rolnik et al. (2019). See also &quot;[[Confirmation bias and conflict]]&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; Everyone thinks they know more than they do,&lt;ref name=Kahneman&gt;Kahneman (2011).&lt;/ref&gt; which makes them easily misled by the media they find credible.&lt;ref&gt;[[Confirmation bias and conflict]]. See also McChesney (2004), Cagé (2016), and Rolnik et al. (2019).&lt;/ref&gt;

== Recapitulation ==

In sum, the worst possible response to a nuclear attack would seem to be a nuclear response.  

Existing nuclear weapons policies appear to be supported by propaganda that is effective, because it supports the preferences of those who control the money for the media,&lt;ref name='McC+Cagé+Rolnik&quot;/&gt; and because everyone thinks they know more than they do.&lt;ref name=Kahneman/&gt; 

== Acknowledgements == 

Thanks to Owen B. Toon, Alan Robock, and presenters at their irregular webinar series on impact on climate of a nuclear war.  Of course, any errors and other deficiencies in this article are solely the responsibility of the author. 

== See also == 

* [[Expertise of military leaders and national security experts]]
* [[Time to nuclear Armageddon]] 
* [[Forecasting nuclear proliferation]] 
* [[Time to extinction of civilization]]

== References == 
* &lt;!-- Guardian (2001-10-14) Bush rejects Taliban offer to hand Bin Laden over --&gt;{{cite Q|Q111228506}}
* &lt;!-- Aleksandrov and Stenchikov (1983) &quot;On the modeling of the climatic consequences of the nuclear war&quot; --&gt;{{cite Q|Q63229964}}
* &lt;!-- Borger (2022) Five of world’s most powerful nations pledge to avoid nuclear war, Guardian --&gt;{{cite Q|Q111011203}}
* &lt;!-- Cagé (2016) Saving the media: Capitalism, crowdfunding and democracy (Harvard U. Pr.)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q54640583}} 
* &lt;!-- Chenoweth and Stephan (2011) Why Civil Resistance Works: The Strategic Logic of Nonviolent Conflict (Columbia U. Pr.) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q88725216}} For their data see, &lt;!-- Chenoweth, NAVCO data project, Harvard --&gt;{{cite Q|Q55842589}}
* &lt;!-- Coup et al. (2019) Nuclear Winter Responses to Nuclear War Between the United States and Russia in the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model Version 4 and the Goddard Institute for Space Studies ModelE --&gt;{{cite Q|Q111222900}}
* &lt;!-- Dikötter (2010) Mao's Great Famine (Bloomsbury) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q3209496}}
* &lt;!-- Douthat (2022) &quot;How to Stop a Nuclear War&quot;, NYT --&gt;{{cite Q|Q111145224}}
* &lt;!-- Ellsberg (2017) The Doomsday Machine: Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner (Bloomsbury) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q63862699}}
* &lt;!--Ellsberg, Goodman and González (2017) &quot;Daniel Ellsberg Reveals He was a Nuclear War Planner, Warns of Nuclear Winter &amp; Global Starvation&quot;, Democracy Now!--&gt;{{cite Q|Q64226035}}
* &lt;!-- Halimi, Serge (2018-08) &quot;The forgotten communist quarrel&quot;, Le Monde Diplomatique --&gt;{{cite Q|Q97657492}}.  
* &lt;!-- Helfand, Ira I2013) &quot;Nuclear famine: two billion people at risk?&quot;, International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War --&gt;{{cite Q|Q63256454}}
* &lt;!-- Doug Hubbard (2020) The Failure of Risk Management: Why it's broken and how to fix it
Second edition (Wiley)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q123514276}}
* &lt;!-- Jägermeyr, J., et al. (2020-03-16) &quot;A regional nuclear conflict would compromise global food security&quot;, Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America --&gt;{{cite Q|Q90371058}}
* &lt;!-- Dominic D. P. Johnson (2004). Overconfidence and War: The Havoc and Glory of Positive Illusions (Harvard U. Pr.) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q118106389}}
* &lt;!-- Johnston (2001) Chronological Listing of Above Ground Nuclear Detonations --&gt;{{cite Q|Q111222177}}
* &lt;!-- Jones, Seth, and Martin C. Libicki (2008) &quot;How Terrorist Groups End: Lessons for Countering al Qa'ida&quot;, RAND Corporation--&gt;{{cite Q|Q57515305}}
* &lt;!-- Kahneman, Daniel (2011) Thinking, Fast and Slow (FSG)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q983718}}
* &lt;!-- Kahneman and Klein (2009) Conditions for intuitive expertise: a failure to disagree--&gt;{{cite Q|Q35001791}}
* &lt;!-- Kahneman, Sibony, and Sunstein (2021) Noise:  A flaw in human judgment --&gt;{{cite Q|Q107108766}}
* &lt;!--Ezra Karger, Josh Rosenberg, Zachary G Jacobs, Molly Hickman, Rose Hadshar, Kayla Gamin, Taylor Smith, Bridget Williams, Tegan McCaslin, Stephen Thomas, and Philip Tetlock (2023) &quot;Forecasting Existential Risks: Evidence from a Long-Run Forecasting Tournament&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q122208144}}* &lt;!-- Richard Ned Lebow (2020) A Democratic foreign policy: Regaining American influence abroad (Palgrave Macmillan)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q124351867}}
* &lt;!-- Lebow, Samuelson, Graves (2023) &quot;Richard Ned Lebow on national defense including deterrence&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q124351846}} 
* &lt;!-- Mujib Mashal and Salman Masood (2022-03-12) &quot;India Accidentally Fires a Missile at Pakistan. Calm Ensues.&quot;, NYT --&gt;{{cite Q|Q111223210}}
* &lt;!-- McChesney, Robert (2004) The Problem of the Media: U.S. Communication Politics in the 21st Century (Monthly Review Press) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q7758439}}
* &lt;!-- Paul E. Meehl (1954) Clinical vs. statistical prediction--&gt;{{cite Q|Q115455297}}
* &lt;!-- Narang, Vipin; Sagan, Scott D. (2022) The Fragile Balance of Terror: Deterrence in the New Nuclear Age (Cornell University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q124351052|authors=Vipin Narang and Scott D. Sagan, eds.}}
* &lt;!-- Pape, Robert, and James K. Feldman (2010) Cutting the fuse : the explosion of global suicide terrorism and how to stop it (U. of Chicago Pr.)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q109249408}}
* &lt;!-- Perry, William J., and Tom Z. Collina (2020) The Button:  The new nuclear arms race and presidential power from Truman to Trump (BenBella)-&gt;&gt;{{cite Q|Q102046116}}
* &lt;!-- Robock, Alan, Luke Oman, Georgiy L. Stenchikov, Owen B. Toon, C. Bardeen, and R. P. Turco (2007) &quot;Climatic consequences of regional nuclear conflicts&quot;, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics --&gt;{{cite Q|Q21129034}}
* &lt;!-- Robock, Alan, and Stewart C. Prager (2021-12-02) &quot;Geoscientists Can Help Reduce the Threat of Nuclear Weapons&quot;, Eos--&gt;{{cite Q|Q111146317}}
* &lt;!-- Guy Rolnik; Julia Cagé; Joshua Gans; Ellen P. Goodman; Brian G. Knight; Andrea Prat; Anya Schiffrin (1 July 2019), Protecting Journalism in the Age of Digital Platforms (PDF), Booth School of Business--&gt;{{cite Q|Q106465358}}
* &lt;!-- Sagan, Scott (1993) The Limits of Safety: Organizations, Accidents, and Nuclear Weapons (Princeton University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q111146417}}
* &lt;!-- Sen, Amartya (1999) Development as Freedom (Knopf)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q5266729}}
* Philip E. Tetlock and Dan Gardner (2015) Superforecasting: The Art and Science of Prediction (Crown)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q21203378}}
* &lt;!-- Tegmark (2023) How would a nuclear war between Russia and the US affect you personally?--&gt;{{cite Q|Q124432900}}
* &lt;!-- Toon, Owen B., Charles G. Bardeen, Alan Robock, Hans Kristensen, Matthew McKinzie, R. J. Peterson, Cheryl S. Harrison, Nicole S. Lovenduski, and Richard P. Turco (2019) &quot;Rapidly expanding nuclear arsenals in Pakistan and India portend regional and global catastrophe&quot;, Sciences Advances--&gt;{{cite Q|Q90735736}}
* &lt;!-- Turco, R. P., Owen B. Toon, T. P. Ackerman, J. B. Pollack, and Carl Sagan (1983) &quot;Nuclear winter: Global consequences of multiple nuclear explosions&quot;, Science, 222(4630), 1283–1292, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.222.4630.1283. --&gt;{{cite Q|Q111146500}}
* &lt;!-- Turcotte (2022-03-09) Global community must step up pressure on Putin --&gt;{{cite Q|Q111235117}}
* &lt;!-- Tyler, Tom R. (2006) Why people obey the law, revised ed. (Princeton U. Pr.)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q111097755}}
* &lt;!-- Tyler, Tom R., and Yuen J. Huo (2002) Trust in the Law: Encouraging Public Cooperation with the Police and Courts (Russell Sage Foundation)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q106943244}}
* &lt;!-- Woodham-Smith, Cecil (1962) The Great Hunger: Ireland 1845-1849 (Harper)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q7737800}}
* &lt;!-- Xia et al. (2022) Global food insecurity and famine ... from a nuclear war ...--&gt;{{cite Q| Q113732668}}

== Notes ==
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:''This brief note is on Wikiversity to invite others to provide alternative responses to this question, adding relevant, substantive references, moderated by the Wikimedia rules that invite contributors to [[w:Wikipedia:Be bold|“be bold but not reckless,”]] contributing revisions written from a [[Wikiversity:Disclosures|neutral point of view]], [[Wikiversity:Cite sources|citing credible sources]] -- and raising other questions and concerns on the associated [[Wikiversity:FAQ|''''“Discuss”'''' page]].'' 
::''This article uses [[w:ISO 8601|ISO 8601]] dates except for References, which are controlled by standard Wikidata formatting, and direct quotes. In the initial author's experience, [[ISO 8601 and computing differences between dates|ISO 8601 dates seem to make it easier to remember dates and to compute differences between them.]]'' 

What's the best response to a nuclear attack?  

That's a difficult question.  The opposite is much easier:  

* '''''What's the ''worst'' response to a nuclear attack?'''''  

[[File:How would a nuclear war between Russia and the US affect you personally? - Future of Life Institute.webm|thumb|Simulation of a nuclear war between Russia and the US.&lt;ref&gt;Tegmark (2023).&lt;/ref&gt;]]
::The evidence summarized in this article suggests that the ''worst'' worst response to a nuclear attack would be '''a nuclear response.'''  
::If you think otherwise, please revise this article accordingly, subject to the standard Wikimedia Foundation rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources.  Or post your concerns to the &quot;Discuss&quot; page associated with this article.    

[[File:Percent of the world's population dead from a nuclear war.svg|thumb|Percent of the world's population dead from a nuclear war per simulations by an international team of 10 scientists who specialize in modelling climate, food production, and economics&lt;ref&gt;Xia et al. (2022; see esp. their Table 1).&lt;/ref&gt; with models fit thereto. The vertical axis is the percent of the world's population expected to die within a few years after a one-week long nuclear war that injects between 1.5 and 150 Tg (teragrams = million metric tons) of smoke (soot) into the stratosphere, shown on the top axis.&lt;ref&gt;Xia et al. (2022, Table 1) reported &quot;Number of direct fatalities&quot; and &quot;Number of people without food at the end of year 2&quot; out of a total population of 6.7 billion for their simulated year 2010.  Two issues with this:  First, Xia et al. (2022, Fig. 1) show that the climate impact does not start recovering until year 5 after the nuclear war and has not yet fully recovered 9 years after the war.  Thus, few people still alive without food at the end of year 2 will not likely live to year 9.  Second, the percentages plotted here are the sums of those two numbers divided by 6.7 billion.  The Wikipedia article on [[w:World population|World population]] said the world population in 2010 was 6,985,603,105 -- 7 billion (accessed 2023.08-12).  The difference between 6.7 and 7 billion seems so slight that it can be safely ignored, especially given the uncertainty inherent in these simulations and the likelihood that the small populations excluded were probably not substantively different from those included.&lt;/ref&gt; The bottom axis is the total megatonnage (number of nuclear weapons used times average yield) simulated to produce the quantity of soot plotted on the top axis. &quot;IND-PAK&quot; marks a range of hypothetical nuclear wars between [[w:India and weapons of mass destruction|India]] (IND) and [[w:Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction|Pakistan]] (PAK).  &quot;USA-RUS&quot; marks a simulated nuclear war between [[w:Nuclear weapons of the United States|the US]] (USA) and [[w:Russia and weapons of mass destruction|Russia]] (RUS).  &quot;PRK&quot; = a simulated nuclear war in which [[w:North Korea and weapons of mass destruction|North Korea]] (the People's Republic of Korea, PRK) used their existing nuclear arsenal estimated at 30 weapons with an average yield of 17 kt&lt;ref&gt;Estimates of North Korea's nuclear weapons stockpile vary widely, as summarized in the Wikipedia article on [[w:North Korea and weapons of mass destruction|North Korea and weapons of mass destruction]], accessed 2023-08-07.  The estimate of 30 weapons averaging 17 kt each seems not far from the middle of the estimate cited in that article.  That totals 510 kt (0.51 megatons), roughly a third of smallest nuclear war simulated by Xia et al. (2022).&lt;/ref&gt; ''without nuclear retaliation by an adversary'', as recommended in this article.]]

This conclusion is supported by the accompanying plot summarizing climate simulations by an international interdisciplinary team of 10 scientists who specialize in mathematical and statistical modeling of climate, food production, and economics.  Five of their scenarios describe hypothetical nuclear wars between India and Pakistan that loft between 5 and 47 Tg (teragrams = millions of metric tons) of smoke (soot) to the stratosphere, where it will linger for years covering the globe and reducing the amount of solar radiation reaching the earth.  That in turn will substantially reduce the production of food for humans.  The resulting impact on the global economy means that between 4 and 40 percent of humanity will likely starve to death if they do not die of something else sooner. A hypothetical nuclear war between the US and Russia could lead to the deaths of roughly 75 percent of humanity with death tolls of roughly 99 percent in the US, Russia, Europe, and China.  In any of these scenarios, between 90 and 95 percent of the deaths would be in countries not officially involved in the nuclear exchange.&lt;ref&gt;Xia et al. (2022, esp. their Tables 1 and 2). Their Table 1 gives numbers of fatalities out of a total 2010 &quot;population of the nations used in this study [of] 6,700,000,000.&quot; They give 2 simulations of a nuclear war between the US and Russia, which would produce an estimated 150 Tg (teragrams = million metric tonnes) leading to the deaths of 5.341 and 5.081 billion people, respectively. The smaller number is over 75 percent of 6.7 billion in the study, and almost 75 percent of the 2010 [[w:World population|world population]] of 7 billion.&lt;/ref&gt;

This claim is clearer, more succinct, and stronger than the [[Wikisource:Joint Statement of the Leaders of the Five Nuclear-Weapon States on Preventing Nuclear War and Avoiding Arms Races|Joint Statement of the Leaders of the Five Nuclear-Weapon States on Preventing Nuclear War and Avoiding Arms Races]], &quot;that a nuclear war cannot be won and must never be fought&quot;, issued 2022-01-03 by the leaders of the first five nuclear-weapon states.&lt;ref&gt;[[Wikisource:Joint Statement of the Leaders of the Five Nuclear-Weapon States on Preventing Nuclear War and Avoiding Arms Races]].  See also Borger (2022). Douthat (2022) discussed the [[w:2021-2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis|current Ukraine crisis]] in [[w:The New York Times|''The New York Times'']].  He concluded that for us (presumably the US and perhaps its NATO allies) &quot;To escalate now against a weaker adversary [Russia], one less likely to ultimately defeat us and more likely to engage in atomic recklessness if cornered, would be a grave and existential folly.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; This repeated a statement made 1987-12-11 by US President [[w:Ronald Reagan| Ronald Reagan]] and USSR head of state [[w:Mikhail Gorbachev|Mikhail Gorbachev]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!-- Joint statement by Reagan, Gorbachev --&gt;{{cite Q|Q111845607}}  Reagan made that same statement 1984-01-25 in his [[Wikisource:Ronald Reagan's Fourth State of the Union Address|fourth State of the Union Address]].&lt;/ref&gt; 

In the following we review the evidence for and against this claim and then comment on the credibility of the logic that led to the creation of the world's current nuclear arsenals and seems to be driving the current &quot;modernization&quot; programs in the US, Russia, China and elsewhere.  

== Summary of research on the consequences of a nuclear war ==

It is theoretically possible that a nuclear exchange would end like [[w:World War II|World War II]] with no more than [[w:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|two nuclear weapons being used]].  It is also theoretically possible that nuclear weapons in a new war would only target deserted areas like [[w:List of nuclear weapons tests|the locations where more than 2,000 tests of nuclear weapons]] have been conducted so far.&lt;ref&gt;For a &quot;[[w:List of nuclear weapons tests|List of nuclear weapons tests]]&quot;, see the Wikipedia article by that title (accessed 2023-07-06).&lt;/ref&gt; Either of those scenarios would increase the level of harmful background radiation worldwide leading to increases in the rates of cancer, birth defects and genetic mutations, but would otherwise not likely have an immediate impact a large portion of humanity.&lt;ref&gt;Johnston (2001) reported that only 521 of the more than 2,000 nuclear weapons tests were above ground.  If 521 explosions of nuclear weapons in deserted places have not generated a substantive impact on human health, it seems unlikely that a nuclear war involving a few thousand explosions of nuclear weapons in deserted areas would be dramatically worse.&lt;/ref&gt;
  
However, a nuclear war with such negligible results is highly unlikely.  More likely is the deaths in a few hours or days of tens or hundreds of millions of humans.&lt;ref&gt;The &quot;Number of direct fatalities&quot; in a nuclear war lasting a week ranged from 27 to 360 million in simulations summarized in Xia et al. (2022, Table 1).&lt;/ref&gt; More would die of radiation poisoning over the next few months and years.&lt;ref&gt;Ellsberg (2017, pp. 2-3) includes a graph that the Joint Chiefs Joint Chiefs of Staff produced in the Spring of 1961 to answer President Kennedy's question, &quot;If your plans for a general [nuclear] war are carried out as planned, how many people will be killed in the Soviet Union and China?&quot; This graph was a straight line beginning at 275 million who would die during the initial nuclear exchange with another 8.25 million dying each month for the next six months, totaling 325 million deaths.&lt;/ref&gt; If more than a few dozen nuclear weapons are used, then &quot;nuclear war would also produce nearly instantaneous climate change that among other effects, would threaten the global food supply.  Even a regional nuclear war ..., such as between India and Pakistan,&lt;ref&gt;Robock et al. (2007); Toon et al. (2019).  Of course, a nuclear war could be started accidentally by any nuclear-weapons state, as suggested in the report of an Indian cruise missile that landed 2022-03-10 in Pakistan (Mashal and Masood 2022). See also Xia et al. (2022).&lt;/ref&gt; in which less than 3% of the world’s nuclear weapons stockpiles were detonated in urban areas, would suddenly decrease the average global temperature by 1°C–7°C [2°–13°F], precipitation by up to 40%, and sunlight by up to 30%. ... Such a conflict would decrease crop production to an extent that it could seriously threaten world food security and even trigger global famine&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;Jägermeyr et al. (2020).&lt;/ref&gt; according to Robock and Prager (2021).  In theory, crop losses of between 10 and 25 percent for 5-10 years&lt;ref&gt;as predicted by Jägermeyr et al. (2020) and others.&lt;/ref&gt; might not threaten a global famine or even an increase in malnutrition if people ate more plant-based foods and less meat.  In practice, famines never work that way:  There is hoarding, and many who do not die of starvation succumb to diseases or secondary wars driven by the food insecurity, according to Helfand (2013).  [[w:Amartya Sen|Nobel Prize Economist Sen]] observed that, &quot;no famine has ever taken place ... in a functioning democracy&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Sen (1999, p. 32). Later on p. 178, he stated similarly, &quot;there has never been a famine in a functioning multiparty democracy.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; This generalizes the observation that Ireland was a ''net food exporter'' during its infamous potato famines of the nineteenth century.&lt;ref&gt;e.g., Woodham-Smith (1962).&lt;/ref&gt; Xia et al. (2022, Table 1) estimated that between 4 and 85 percent of humanity would starve to death if they did not die of something else sooner in the nuclear wars they simulated, with ''between 90 and 95 percent of the fatalities being in countries not directly involved in the hostilities.'' 

In the spring of 1961, &quot;The total death toll as calculated by the Joint Chiefs of Staff [top US military leaders], from a U.S. first strike aimed at the Soviet Union, its Warsaw Pact satellites, and China, would be roughly six hundred million dead.  A hundred Holocausts&quot;, according to Daniel Ellsberg, who served as a nuclear war planner for presidents Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson and Nixon&lt;ref&gt;Ellsberg (2017, esp. pp. 2-3) noted that 325 million would die in the Soviet Union and China and another couple hundred million in neighboring countries, totalling six hundred million.&lt;/ref&gt; before releasing [[w:The Pentagon Papers|&quot;The Pentagon Papers&quot;]] in 1971.  Six hundred million was roughly 20 percent of the total human population on earth in 1961, and that didn't count any in the US who might be killed in retaliation.  In 1957, roughly 4 years earlier, Mao Zedong, then the Chairman of the People's Republic of China, had reportedly said that a nuclear war could kill a third of humanity, perhaps half, &quot;but imperialism would be razed to the ground, and the whole world would become socialist.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Dikötter (2010).  See also Halimi (2018), which gives the date as 1957.  There is some controversy about this quote;  see the Wikipedia article on [[w:Mao Zedong|&quot;Mao Zedong&quot;]], accessed 2022-03-02.&lt;/ref&gt;

Turco et al. (1983) published the first predictions of a ''[[w:nuclear winter|nuclear winter]]'' based on climate modeling that considered smoke anticipated from fires started by a massive nuclear weapons exchange between the US and the Soviet Union. They found that &quot;average light levels can be reduced to a few percent of ambient and land temperatures can reach -15° to -25°C [5° to -4°F]&quot; with smoke transported from the Northern to the Southern Hemisphere, all of which &quot;could pose a serious threat to human survivors and to other species.&quot;  Various teams have published comparable analyses since then with different and increasingly sophisticated models, beginning with Aleksandrov and Stenchikov (1983), with similar conclusions.&lt;ref&gt;Coup et al. (2019, p. 8522).&lt;/ref&gt; Coup et al. (2019) predicted hard freezes ''in the summer'' in most of the Northern Hemisphere including the US, Russia, and most of Europe during the first three years following such a war, where temperatures drop below −4°C [25°F], making it impossible to grow crops in those regions.  China would suffer a similar fate, with only its southeast portion remaining above freezing in the summer.  Much of Southern Mexico, Central and South America, and the Southern Hemisphere would also be negatively impacted, but not to the same extent.  These climate modeling results make Mao's predictions from 1957 seem wildly optimistic:  Any humans in the US, Canada, or most of Eurasia who survived the nuclear exchange would have extreme difficulties finding enough to eat -- &quot;imperialism razed to the ground&quot;, according to Mao.  However, crop yields in most of the rest of the world would also be extremely depressed, which Mao had not considered.  The results would threaten famine vastly worse than what has been predicted following a nuclear war between India and Pakistan.&lt;ref&gt;Ellsberg said that 98 or 99 percent of humanity would starve to death if they did not die of something else sooner (Ellsberg et al. 2017).  Coup et al. (2019) and Xia et al. (2022) conclude that it won't be quite that bad but will still pretty grim.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Of course, no one knows for sure how many people would die directly and indirectly from a nuclear war.  However, it should be obvious to at least some if not most people that the ''worst'' response to a nuclear attack would be a nuclear response:  

* A nuclear response to a nuclear &quot;warning shot&quot; with minimal destruction could too easily escalate until the nuclear arsenals of all parties were expended and the life expectancy of all survivors worldwide was dramatically reduced.  

* Alternatively, a nuclear response to a massive first strike against a thousand cities would most likely ''increase'' the death toll and reduce the life expectancy of survivors ''in the country responding with nuclear weapons'' (and, of course, in other countries not officially involved).  

* It is possible that a nuclear response could deter further uses of nuclear weapons and reduce the length and severity of the war and its global impact.  However, this outcome seems unlikely given the record of history.  

Turcotte (2022) concluded that if the 2022 Ukraine 'conflict ends without the annihilation of our species, it should nonetheless be regarded as a planet-wide near-death experience, and the “Peoples of the United Nations” should demand the total elimination of nuclear weapons as quickly as humanly possible, as well as the establishment of new common security measures that will move us much closer to sustainable peace throughout the world.' In spite of this concern, Turcotte recommended military action to support Ukraine but short of declaring war on Russia.

Leading experts have made alarming comments about the likelihood of a nuclear attack, possibly by a terrorist organization.  In 2004 Bruce Blair, president of the [[w:Center for Defense Information|Center for Defense Information]] wrote: &quot;I wouldn't be at all surprised if nuclear weapons are used over the next 15 or 20 years, first and foremost by a terrorist group that gets its hands on a [[w:Russia and weapons of mass destruction|Russian]]&quot; or [[w:Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction|Pakistani nuclear weapon]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Nicholas D. Kristof (2004) A Nuclear 9/11, NYT--&gt;{{cite Q|Q111906710}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Other experts seemed even more concerned:  A nuclear terrorist attack in the US was considered &quot;more likely than not&quot; within the next five to ten years, according to Professor [[w:Robert Gallucci|Robert Gallucci]] of the [[w:Georgetown University School of Foreign Service|Georgetown University School of Foreign Service]] in 2006 or in the next decade per former U.S. Assistant Secretary of Defense [[w:Graham Allison|Graham Allison]] in 2004.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!-- Ordre Kittrie (2007) Averting Catastrophe: Why the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty is Losing its Deterrence Capacity and How to Restore It --&gt;{{cite Q|Q111906652}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

The Wikipedia article on &quot;[[w:National Response Scenario Number One|National Response Scenario Number One]]&quot; describes &quot;the United States federal government's planned response to a nuclear attack.&quot;  It focuses primarily on &quot;the possible detonation of a small, crude nuclear weapon by a terrorist group in a major city, with significant loss of life and property.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Accessed 2022-05-08, when it cited &lt;!-- Jay Davis (2008) After A Nuclear 9/11 --&gt;{{cite Q|Q111905675}}, &lt;!-- Brian Michael Jenkins (2008) A Nuclear 9/11? --&gt;{{cite Q|Q111906145}}&lt;/ref&gt; That article discusses preparing for a nuclear attack but not how to respond.  

Nevertheless, if the ''worst'' response to a nuclear attack is a nuclear response, that has other policy implications for leaders of nuclear ''and non-nuclear'' countries world wide.  However, an analysis of those implications will be left for future work.&lt;ref&gt;Turcotte (2022) offered some suggestions.  Recommendations more consistent with the analysis here is the &lt;!--Veterans For Peace Nuclear Posture Review
--&gt;{{cite Q|Q111141993}} They mention the &quot;[[w:Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons|Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons]]&quot;, supported by the [[w:International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons|International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN)]].&lt;/ref&gt;

== Credibility of military leaders and national security experts ==

{{main|Expertise of military leaders and national security experts}}

* ''Never attribute to malice that which is adequately explained by stupidity.'' ([[w:Hanlon's razor|Hanlon's razor]])
* ''Never attribute to malice or stupidity that which can be explained by moderately rational individuals following incentives in a complex system.'' (Hubbard's clumsier correlary.&lt;ref&gt;Hubbard (2020, pp. 81-82).&lt;/ref&gt;)

The history of armed conflict should raise questions about the credibility of those advocating use of military force:  In all major armed conflicts in history, at least one side has lost.  Often the official winners lost substantially more than they gained.  

=== Research on expertise === 

The history of armed conflict is consistent with the research by Kahneman and Klein (2009) in their conclusion that 

:''expert intuition is learned from frequent, rapid, high-quality feedback.''  

In particular, military leaders in combat can get frequent, rapid high-quality feedback on their ability to deliver death and destruction to designated targets. However, no one can get such feedback about how to win wars or how to ''promote broadly shared peace and prosperity for the long term.'' This is discussed in more detail in the Wikiversity article on &quot;[[Expertise of military leaders and national security experts]]&quot;. That article documents how experts without such feedback can be beaten by simple rules of thumb developed by intelligent lay people.&lt;ref&gt;Kahneman et al. (2021) report that with some data, a statistical model fit often does better. With lots of data, artificial intelligence systems can do even better. This extends the work of [[w:Paul E. Meehl#Clinical versus statistical prediction|Meehl (1954)]]. Hubbard (2020) and [[w:Superforecasting: The Art and Science of Prediction|Tetlock and Gardner (2015)]] describe things one might do to improve their intuition.&lt;/ref&gt;

As the time since the [[w:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|atomic bombings if Hiroshima and Nagasaki]] increases, the ''intuition'' that political and military leaders have about nuclear weapons gets worse, because that history tells them that they can use more military force, even threatening to use nuclear weapons, without seriously risking a nuclear war. That intuition increasingly threatens the entirity of humanity.

=== Increasing risks with nuclear proliferation === 

Narang and Sagan, eds. (2022) ''The Fragile Balance of Terror: Deterrence in the New Nuclear Age'' includes 8 chapters by 12 authors reviewing the literature on different aspects of nuclear deterrence today. They raised many questions about the applicability of [[w:Cold War|Cold War]] analyses of deterence in an age with [[Forecasting nuclear proliferation|an increasing number of nuclear weapon states]]. They mentioned numerous concerns including the following:
* [[w:2008 Mumbai attacks|During terrorist attacks in Mumbai in 2008]], someone called called Pakistani president Zardari claiming to be Indian foreign minister Mukherjee threatening to attack Pakistan. That crises was diffused without escalation after US secretary of state Condoleezza Rice called Mukherjee, who assured her that he had not placed such a call, and India was ''not'' planning to attack Pakistan. If someone claiming to be a US official had placed a similar call to Kim Jong Un while Donald Trump was President of the US, the result may not have been as benign.&lt;ref&gt;Narang and Sagan (2022, p. 241).&lt;/ref&gt; 
* [[w:2018 Hawaii false missile alert|&quot;In January 2018, the Hawaii emergency management system issued an incoming missile warning alert]] adding, 'this is not a drill.'&quot; The US did not respond, because (a) they had redundant early warning systems that did not indicate an incoming missile, (b) professional operators in Hawaii promptly acknowledged the mistake, and (c) no one in the US seriously expected such an attack. If this had happened in North Korea, none of these three restraining conditions were present: (a) They did not have redundant warning systems. (b) Operators are killed, not just fired in North Korea for making a mistake like that. (c) US &quot;President Trump was threatening 'fire and fury' if North Korean nuclear and missile tests continued.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Narang and Sagan (2022, p. 232).&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[w:2019 Balakot airstrike|In 2019 India bombed an alleged terrorist training camp in Balakot]], Pakistan. This was &quot;the first time a nuclear weapons state has bombed the undisputed territory of another nuclear weapons state.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Narang and Sagan (2022, pp. 231-232).&lt;/ref&gt; 
* [[w:2020–2021 China–India skirmishes|In 2020, Chinese and Indian troops engaged in hostilities along their disputed border]] with fatalities on both sides, &quot;for the first time in almost half a century.  Intense conflict between three nuclear powers simultaneously is no longer a remote possibility.&lt;ref&gt;Narang and Sagan (2022, p. 232).&lt;/ref&gt;

Beyond this, [[w:Richard Ned Lebow|Richard Ned Lebow]] said, &quot;There’s all kinds of empirical evidence that a deterrence strategy is as likely to provoke the behavior it seeks to prevent as not.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Lebow et al. (2023). See also Lebow (2020, ch. 4).&lt;/ref&gt;

=== System accidents ===

The concept of &quot;normal accidents&quot; or &quot;[[w:system accident|system accidents]]&quot; seems important here.  Research in that area has established that ''it is impossible to design and manage complex systems to ultra-high levels of reliability''.  Maintenance on redundant systems is often deferred, because responsible managers are often reluctant to spend money fixing something that works.&lt;ref&gt;e.g., Sagan (1993).&lt;/ref&gt; And procedures are sometimes secretly modified by people with different priorities from their management.  For example, at least between 1970 and 1974 the codes in US Air Force launch control centers for [[w:Intercontinental ballistic missile|Intercontinental ballistic missiles]] were all set continuously to 00000000.&lt;ref&gt;Ellsberg (2017, p. 61).&lt;/ref&gt; This clearly negated the claim that only the President of the US could order the use of US nuclear weapons, secured by secret codes carried in a briefcase (called the [[w:nuclear football|&quot;nuclear football&quot;]]) near the President at all times. Similarly, former US Secretary of Defense William J. Perry has said an actual nuclear attack on the US is far less likely than a report of one generated by a malfunction in the US nuclear command, control, and communications systems.&lt;ref&gt;Perry and Collina (2020).  Of course, a nuclear war could be started accidentally by any nuclear-weapons state, as suggested in the report of an Indian cruise missile that landed 2022-03-10 in Pakistan (Mashal and Masood 2022).&lt;/ref&gt;

A tragic example of a system accident is the [[w:Sinking of MV Sewol|Sinking of MV ''Sewol'']], 2014-04-16.  It sank with over twice its rated load under the command of a substitute captain. The regular captain had complained of deferred maintenance threatening the stability of the vessel;  he said the company had threatened to fire him if he continued to complain.  

As of this writing, it has been over 77 years since nuclear weapons were detonated in hostilities. As noted above, that history feeds human intuition that we can safely be more aggressive in developing, deploying and threatening the use of nuclear weapons without seriously risking [[Time to nuclear Armageddon|nuclear Armageddon]].  People who disagree like the [[w:Union of Concerned Scientists|Union of Concerned Scientists]] with their [[w:Doomsday Clock|Doomsday Clock]] are dismissed as unrealistic, like [[w:Chicken Little|Chicken Little]].

== Human psychology and the role of the media == 

When people are attacked, it can sometimes be difficult to control their responses, which are driven by instinctive reactions often characterized as irrational.  Johnson (2004) documented how these instinctive reactions exist, because they provided survival benefits to our ancestors over hundreds of thousands and millions of years of evolutionary history.  These instincts may, however, push us into the ''worst'' possible response to a nuclear attack.   

Worse, major media everywhere have a conflict of interest in honestly reporting on anything (like these research results) that might threaten those who control the money for the media.&lt;ref name='McC+Cagé+Rolnik&quot;&gt;McChesney (2004).  Cagé (2016).  Rolnik et al. (2019). See also &quot;[[Confirmation bias and conflict]]&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; Everyone thinks they know more than they do,&lt;ref name=Kahneman&gt;Kahneman (2011).&lt;/ref&gt; which makes them easily misled by the media they find credible.&lt;ref&gt;[[Confirmation bias and conflict]]. See also McChesney (2004), Cagé (2016), and Rolnik et al. (2019).&lt;/ref&gt;

== Recapitulation ==

In sum, the worst possible response to a nuclear attack would seem to be a nuclear response.  

Existing nuclear weapons policies appear to be supported by propaganda that is effective, because it supports the preferences of those who control the money for the media,&lt;ref name='McC+Cagé+Rolnik&quot;/&gt; and because everyone thinks they know more than they do.&lt;ref name=Kahneman/&gt; 

== Acknowledgements == 

Thanks to Owen B. Toon, Alan Robock, and presenters at their irregular webinar series on impact on climate of a nuclear war.  Of course, any errors and other deficiencies in this article are solely the responsibility of the author. 

== See also == 

* [[Expertise of military leaders and national security experts]]
* [[Time to nuclear Armageddon]] 
* [[Forecasting nuclear proliferation]] 
* [[Time to extinction of civilization]]

== References == 
* &lt;!-- Guardian (2001-10-14) Bush rejects Taliban offer to hand Bin Laden over --&gt;{{cite Q|Q111228506}}
* &lt;!-- Aleksandrov and Stenchikov (1983) &quot;On the modeling of the climatic consequences of the nuclear war&quot; --&gt;{{cite Q|Q63229964}}
* &lt;!-- Borger (2022) Five of world’s most powerful nations pledge to avoid nuclear war, Guardian --&gt;{{cite Q|Q111011203}}
* &lt;!-- Cagé (2016) Saving the media: Capitalism, crowdfunding and democracy (Harvard U. Pr.)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q54640583}} 
* &lt;!-- Chenoweth and Stephan (2011) Why Civil Resistance Works: The Strategic Logic of Nonviolent Conflict (Columbia U. Pr.) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q88725216}} For their data see, &lt;!-- Chenoweth, NAVCO data project, Harvard --&gt;{{cite Q|Q55842589}}
* &lt;!-- Coup et al. (2019) Nuclear Winter Responses to Nuclear War Between the United States and Russia in the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model Version 4 and the Goddard Institute for Space Studies ModelE --&gt;{{cite Q|Q111222900}}
* &lt;!-- Dikötter (2010) Mao's Great Famine (Bloomsbury) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q3209496}}
* &lt;!-- Douthat (2022) &quot;How to Stop a Nuclear War&quot;, NYT --&gt;{{cite Q|Q111145224}}
* &lt;!-- Ellsberg (2017) The Doomsday Machine: Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner (Bloomsbury) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q63862699}}
* &lt;!--Ellsberg, Goodman and González (2017) &quot;Daniel Ellsberg Reveals He was a Nuclear War Planner, Warns of Nuclear Winter &amp; Global Starvation&quot;, Democracy Now!--&gt;{{cite Q|Q64226035}}
* &lt;!-- Halimi, Serge (2018-08) &quot;The forgotten communist quarrel&quot;, Le Monde Diplomatique --&gt;{{cite Q|Q97657492}}.  
* &lt;!-- Helfand, Ira I2013) &quot;Nuclear famine: two billion people at risk?&quot;, International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War --&gt;{{cite Q|Q63256454}}
* &lt;!-- Doug Hubbard (2020) The Failure of Risk Management: Why it's broken and how to fix it
Second edition (Wiley)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q123514276}}
* &lt;!-- Jägermeyr, J., et al. (2020-03-16) &quot;A regional nuclear conflict would compromise global food security&quot;, Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America --&gt;{{cite Q|Q90371058}}
* &lt;!-- Dominic D. P. Johnson (2004). Overconfidence and War: The Havoc and Glory of Positive Illusions (Harvard U. Pr.) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q118106389}}
* &lt;!-- Johnston (2001) Chronological Listing of Above Ground Nuclear Detonations --&gt;{{cite Q|Q111222177}}
* &lt;!-- Jones, Seth, and Martin C. Libicki (2008) &quot;How Terrorist Groups End: Lessons for Countering al Qa'ida&quot;, RAND Corporation--&gt;{{cite Q|Q57515305}}
* &lt;!-- Kahneman, Daniel (2011) Thinking, Fast and Slow (FSG)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q983718}}
* &lt;!-- Kahneman and Klein (2009) Conditions for intuitive expertise: a failure to disagree--&gt;{{cite Q|Q35001791}}
* &lt;!-- Kahneman, Sibony, and Sunstein (2021) Noise:  A flaw in human judgment --&gt;{{cite Q|Q107108766}}
* &lt;!--Ezra Karger, Josh Rosenberg, Zachary G Jacobs, Molly Hickman, Rose Hadshar, Kayla Gamin, Taylor Smith, Bridget Williams, Tegan McCaslin, Stephen Thomas, and Philip Tetlock (2023) &quot;Forecasting Existential Risks: Evidence from a Long-Run Forecasting Tournament&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q122208144}}* &lt;!-- Richard Ned Lebow (2020) A Democratic foreign policy: Regaining American influence abroad (Palgrave Macmillan)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q124351867}}
* &lt;!-- Lebow, Samuelson, Graves (2023) &quot;Richard Ned Lebow on national defense including deterrence&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q124351846}} 
* &lt;!-- Mujib Mashal and Salman Masood (2022-03-12) &quot;India Accidentally Fires a Missile at Pakistan. Calm Ensues.&quot;, NYT --&gt;{{cite Q|Q111223210}}
* &lt;!-- McChesney, Robert (2004) The Problem of the Media: U.S. Communication Politics in the 21st Century (Monthly Review Press) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q7758439}}
* &lt;!-- Paul E. Meehl (1954) Clinical vs. statistical prediction--&gt;{{cite Q|Q115455297}}
* &lt;!-- Narang, Vipin; Sagan, Scott D. (2022) The Fragile Balance of Terror: Deterrence in the New Nuclear Age (Cornell University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q124351052|authors=Vipin Narang and Scott D. Sagan, eds.}}
* &lt;!-- Pape, Robert, and James K. Feldman (2010) Cutting the fuse : the explosion of global suicide terrorism and how to stop it (U. of Chicago Pr.)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q109249408}}
* &lt;!-- Perry, William J., and Tom Z. Collina (2020) The Button:  The new nuclear arms race and presidential power from Truman to Trump (BenBella)-&gt;&gt;{{cite Q|Q102046116}}
* &lt;!-- Robock, Alan, Luke Oman, Georgiy L. Stenchikov, Owen B. Toon, C. Bardeen, and R. P. Turco (2007) &quot;Climatic consequences of regional nuclear conflicts&quot;, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics --&gt;{{cite Q|Q21129034}}
* &lt;!-- Robock, Alan, and Stewart C. Prager (2021-12-02) &quot;Geoscientists Can Help Reduce the Threat of Nuclear Weapons&quot;, Eos--&gt;{{cite Q|Q111146317}}
* &lt;!-- Guy Rolnik; Julia Cagé; Joshua Gans; Ellen P. Goodman; Brian G. Knight; Andrea Prat; Anya Schiffrin (1 July 2019), Protecting Journalism in the Age of Digital Platforms (PDF), Booth School of Business--&gt;{{cite Q|Q106465358}}
* &lt;!-- Sagan, Scott (1993) The Limits of Safety: Organizations, Accidents, and Nuclear Weapons (Princeton University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q111146417}}
* &lt;!-- Sen, Amartya (1999) Development as Freedom (Knopf)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q5266729}}
* &lt;!--Philip E. Tetlock and Dan Gardner (2015) Superforecasting: The Art and Science of Prediction (Crown)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q21203378}}
* &lt;!-- Tegmark (2023) How would a nuclear war between Russia and the US affect you personally?--&gt;{{cite Q|Q124432900}}
* &lt;!-- Toon, Owen B., Charles G. Bardeen, Alan Robock, Hans Kristensen, Matthew McKinzie, R. J. Peterson, Cheryl S. Harrison, Nicole S. Lovenduski, and Richard P. Turco (2019) &quot;Rapidly expanding nuclear arsenals in Pakistan and India portend regional and global catastrophe&quot;, Sciences Advances--&gt;{{cite Q|Q90735736}}
* &lt;!-- Turco, R. P., Owen B. Toon, T. P. Ackerman, J. B. Pollack, and Carl Sagan (1983) &quot;Nuclear winter: Global consequences of multiple nuclear explosions&quot;, Science, 222(4630), 1283–1292, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.222.4630.1283. --&gt;{{cite Q|Q111146500}}
* &lt;!-- Turcotte (2022-03-09) Global community must step up pressure on Putin --&gt;{{cite Q|Q111235117}}
* &lt;!-- Tyler, Tom R. (2006) Why people obey the law, revised ed. (Princeton U. Pr.)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q111097755}}
* &lt;!-- Tyler, Tom R., and Yuen J. Huo (2002) Trust in the Law: Encouraging Public Cooperation with the Police and Courts (Russell Sage Foundation)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q106943244}}
* &lt;!-- Woodham-Smith, Cecil (1962) The Great Hunger: Ireland 1845-1849 (Harper)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q7737800}}
* &lt;!-- Xia et al. (2022) Global food insecurity and famine ... from a nuclear war ...--&gt;{{cite Q| Q113732668}}

== Notes ==
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[[Category:Original research]]
[[Category:Research]]
[[Category:Political science]]
[[Category:Military]]
[[Category:Military Science]]
[[Category:Freedom and abundance]]
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:''This brief note is on Wikiversity to invite others to provide alternative responses to this question, adding relevant, substantive references, moderated by the Wikimedia rules that invite contributors to [[w:Wikipedia:Be bold|“be bold but not reckless,”]] contributing revisions written from a [[Wikiversity:Disclosures|neutral point of view]], [[Wikiversity:Cite sources|citing credible sources]] -- and raising other questions and concerns on the associated [[Wikiversity:FAQ|''''“Discuss”'''' page]].'' 
::''This article uses [[w:ISO 8601|ISO 8601]] dates except for References, which are controlled by standard Wikidata formatting, and direct quotes. In the initial author's experience, [[ISO 8601 and computing differences between dates|ISO 8601 dates seem to make it easier to remember dates and to compute differences between them.]]'' 

What's the best response to a nuclear attack?  

That's a difficult question.  The opposite is much easier:  

* '''''What's the ''worst'' response to a nuclear attack?'''''  

[[File:How would a nuclear war between Russia and the US affect you personally? - Future of Life Institute.webm|thumb|Simulation of a nuclear war between Russia and the US.&lt;ref&gt;Tegmark (2023).&lt;/ref&gt;]]
::The evidence summarized in this article suggests that the ''worst'' worst response to a nuclear attack would be '''a nuclear response.'''  
::If you think otherwise, please revise this article accordingly, subject to the standard Wikimedia Foundation rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources.  Or post your concerns to the &quot;Discuss&quot; page associated with this article.    

[[File:Percent of the world's population dead from a nuclear war.svg|thumb|Percent of the world's population dead from a nuclear war per simulations by an international team of 10 scientists who specialize in modelling climate, food production, and economics&lt;ref&gt;Xia et al. (2022; see esp. their Table 1).&lt;/ref&gt; with models fit thereto. The vertical axis is the percent of the world's population expected to die within a few years after a one-week long nuclear war that injects between 1.5 and 150 Tg (teragrams = million metric tons) of smoke (soot) into the stratosphere, shown on the top axis.&lt;ref&gt;Xia et al. (2022, Table 1) reported &quot;Number of direct fatalities&quot; and &quot;Number of people without food at the end of year 2&quot; out of a total population of 6.7 billion for their simulated year 2010.  Two issues with this:  First, Xia et al. (2022, Fig. 1) show that the climate impact does not start recovering until year 5 after the nuclear war and has not yet fully recovered 9 years after the war.  Thus, few people still alive without food at the end of year 2 will not likely live to year 9.  Second, the percentages plotted here are the sums of those two numbers divided by 6.7 billion.  The Wikipedia article on [[w:World population|World population]] said the world population in 2010 was 6,985,603,105 -- 7 billion (accessed 2023.08-12).  The difference between 6.7 and 7 billion seems so slight that it can be safely ignored, especially given the uncertainty inherent in these simulations and the likelihood that the small populations excluded were probably not substantively different from those included.&lt;/ref&gt; The bottom axis is the total megatonnage (number of nuclear weapons used times average yield) simulated to produce the quantity of soot plotted on the top axis. &quot;IND-PAK&quot; marks a range of hypothetical nuclear wars between [[w:India and weapons of mass destruction|India]] (IND) and [[w:Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction|Pakistan]] (PAK).  &quot;USA-RUS&quot; marks a simulated nuclear war between [[w:Nuclear weapons of the United States|the US]] (USA) and [[w:Russia and weapons of mass destruction|Russia]] (RUS).  &quot;PRK&quot; = a simulated nuclear war in which [[w:North Korea and weapons of mass destruction|North Korea]] (the People's Republic of Korea, PRK) used their existing nuclear arsenal estimated at 30 weapons with an average yield of 17 kt&lt;ref&gt;Estimates of North Korea's nuclear weapons stockpile vary widely, as summarized in the Wikipedia article on [[w:North Korea and weapons of mass destruction|North Korea and weapons of mass destruction]], accessed 2023-08-07.  The estimate of 30 weapons averaging 17 kt each seems not far from the middle of the estimate cited in that article.  That totals 510 kt (0.51 megatons), roughly a third of smallest nuclear war simulated by Xia et al. (2022).&lt;/ref&gt; ''without nuclear retaliation by an adversary'', as recommended in this article.]]

This conclusion is supported by the accompanying plot summarizing climate simulations by an international interdisciplinary team of 10 scientists who specialize in mathematical and statistical modeling of climate, food production, and economics.  Five of their scenarios describe hypothetical nuclear wars between India and Pakistan that loft between 5 and 47 Tg (teragrams = millions of metric tons) of smoke (soot) to the stratosphere, where it will linger for years covering the globe and reducing the amount of solar radiation reaching the earth.  That in turn will substantially reduce the production of food for humans.  The resulting impact on the global economy means that between 4 and 40 percent of humanity will likely starve to death if they do not die of something else sooner. A hypothetical nuclear war between the US and Russia could lead to the deaths of roughly 75 percent of humanity with death tolls of roughly 99 percent in the US, Russia, Europe, and China.  In any of these scenarios, between 90 and 95 percent of the deaths would be in countries not officially involved in the nuclear exchange.&lt;ref&gt;Xia et al. (2022, esp. their Tables 1 and 2). Their Table 1 gives numbers of fatalities out of a total 2010 &quot;population of the nations used in this study [of] 6,700,000,000.&quot; They give 2 simulations of a nuclear war between the US and Russia, which would produce an estimated 150 Tg (teragrams = million metric tonnes) leading to the deaths of 5.341 and 5.081 billion people, respectively. The smaller number is over 75 percent of 6.7 billion in the study, and almost 75 percent of the 2010 [[w:World population|world population]] of 7 billion.&lt;/ref&gt;

This claim is clearer, more succinct, and stronger than the [[Wikisource:Joint Statement of the Leaders of the Five Nuclear-Weapon States on Preventing Nuclear War and Avoiding Arms Races|Joint Statement of the Leaders of the Five Nuclear-Weapon States on Preventing Nuclear War and Avoiding Arms Races]], &quot;that a nuclear war cannot be won and must never be fought&quot;, issued 2022-01-03 by the leaders of the first five nuclear-weapon states.&lt;ref&gt;[[Wikisource:Joint Statement of the Leaders of the Five Nuclear-Weapon States on Preventing Nuclear War and Avoiding Arms Races]].  See also Borger (2022). Douthat (2022) discussed the [[w:2021-2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis|current Ukraine crisis]] in [[w:The New York Times|''The New York Times'']].  He concluded that for us (presumably the US and perhaps its NATO allies) &quot;To escalate now against a weaker adversary [Russia], one less likely to ultimately defeat us and more likely to engage in atomic recklessness if cornered, would be a grave and existential folly.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; This repeated a statement made 1987-12-11 by US President [[w:Ronald Reagan| Ronald Reagan]] and USSR head of state [[w:Mikhail Gorbachev|Mikhail Gorbachev]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!-- Joint statement by Reagan, Gorbachev --&gt;{{cite Q|Q111845607}}  Reagan made that same statement 1984-01-25 in his [[Wikisource:Ronald Reagan's Fourth State of the Union Address|fourth State of the Union Address]].&lt;/ref&gt; 

In the following we review the evidence for and against this claim and then comment on the credibility of the logic that led to the creation of the world's current nuclear arsenals and seems to be driving the current &quot;modernization&quot; programs in the US, Russia, China and elsewhere.  

== Summary of research on the consequences of a nuclear war ==

It is theoretically possible that a nuclear exchange would end like [[w:World War II|World War II]] with no more than [[w:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|two nuclear weapons being used]].  It is also theoretically possible that nuclear weapons in a new war would only target deserted areas like [[w:List of nuclear weapons tests|the locations where more than 2,000 tests of nuclear weapons]] have been conducted so far.&lt;ref&gt;For a &quot;[[w:List of nuclear weapons tests|List of nuclear weapons tests]]&quot;, see the Wikipedia article by that title (accessed 2023-07-06).&lt;/ref&gt; Either of those scenarios would increase the level of harmful background radiation worldwide leading to increases in the rates of cancer, birth defects and genetic mutations, but would otherwise not likely have an immediate impact a large portion of humanity.&lt;ref&gt;Johnston (2001) reported that only 521 of the more than 2,000 nuclear weapons tests were above ground.  If 521 explosions of nuclear weapons in deserted places have not generated a substantive impact on human health, it seems unlikely that a nuclear war involving a few thousand explosions of nuclear weapons in deserted areas would be dramatically worse.&lt;/ref&gt;
  
However, a nuclear war with such negligible results is highly unlikely.  More likely is the deaths in a few hours or days of tens or hundreds of millions of humans.&lt;ref&gt;The &quot;Number of direct fatalities&quot; in a nuclear war lasting a week ranged from 27 to 360 million in simulations summarized in Xia et al. (2022, Table 1).&lt;/ref&gt; More would die of radiation poisoning over the next few months and years.&lt;ref&gt;Ellsberg (2017, pp. 2-3) includes a graph that the Joint Chiefs Joint Chiefs of Staff produced in the Spring of 1961 to answer President Kennedy's question, &quot;If your plans for a general [nuclear] war are carried out as planned, how many people will be killed in the Soviet Union and China?&quot; This graph was a straight line beginning at 275 million who would die during the initial nuclear exchange with another 8.25 million dying each month for the next six months, totaling 325 million deaths.&lt;/ref&gt; If more than a few dozen nuclear weapons are used, then &quot;nuclear war would also produce nearly instantaneous climate change that among other effects, would threaten the global food supply.  Even a regional nuclear war ..., such as between India and Pakistan,&lt;ref&gt;Robock et al. (2007); Toon et al. (2019).  Of course, a nuclear war could be started accidentally by any nuclear-weapons state, as suggested in the report of an Indian cruise missile that landed 2022-03-10 in Pakistan (Mashal and Masood 2022). See also Xia et al. (2022).&lt;/ref&gt; in which less than 3% of the world’s nuclear weapons stockpiles were detonated in urban areas, would suddenly decrease the average global temperature by 1°C–7°C [2°–13°F], precipitation by up to 40%, and sunlight by up to 30%. ... Such a conflict would decrease crop production to an extent that it could seriously threaten world food security and even trigger global famine&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;Jägermeyr et al. (2020).&lt;/ref&gt; according to Robock and Prager (2021).  In theory, crop losses of between 10 and 25 percent for 5-10 years&lt;ref&gt;as predicted by Jägermeyr et al. (2020) and others.&lt;/ref&gt; might not threaten a global famine or even an increase in malnutrition if people ate more plant-based foods and less meat.  In practice, famines never work that way:  There is hoarding, and many who do not die of starvation succumb to diseases or secondary wars driven by the food insecurity, according to Helfand (2013).  [[w:Amartya Sen|Nobel Prize Economist Sen]] observed that, &quot;no famine has ever taken place ... in a functioning democracy&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Sen (1999, p. 32). Later on p. 178, he stated similarly, &quot;there has never been a famine in a functioning multiparty democracy.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; This generalizes the observation that Ireland was a ''net food exporter'' during its infamous potato famines of the nineteenth century.&lt;ref&gt;e.g., Woodham-Smith (1962).&lt;/ref&gt; Xia et al. (2022, Table 1) estimated that between 4 and 85 percent of humanity would starve to death if they did not die of something else sooner in the nuclear wars they simulated, with ''between 90 and 95 percent of the fatalities being in countries not directly involved in the hostilities.'' 

In the spring of 1961, &quot;The total death toll as calculated by the Joint Chiefs of Staff [top US military leaders], from a U.S. first strike aimed at the Soviet Union, its Warsaw Pact satellites, and China, would be roughly six hundred million dead.  A hundred Holocausts&quot;, according to Daniel Ellsberg, who served as a nuclear war planner for presidents Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson and Nixon&lt;ref&gt;Ellsberg (2017, esp. pp. 2-3) noted that 325 million would die in the Soviet Union and China and another couple hundred million in neighboring countries, totalling six hundred million.&lt;/ref&gt; before releasing [[w:The Pentagon Papers|&quot;The Pentagon Papers&quot;]] in 1971.  Six hundred million was roughly 20 percent of the total human population on earth in 1961, and that didn't count any in the US who might be killed in retaliation.  In 1957, roughly 4 years earlier, Mao Zedong, then the Chairman of the People's Republic of China, had reportedly said that a nuclear war could kill a third of humanity, perhaps half, &quot;but imperialism would be razed to the ground, and the whole world would become socialist.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Dikötter (2010).  See also Halimi (2018), which gives the date as 1957.  There is some controversy about this quote;  see the Wikipedia article on [[w:Mao Zedong|&quot;Mao Zedong&quot;]], accessed 2022-03-02.&lt;/ref&gt;

Turco et al. (1983) published the first predictions of a ''[[w:nuclear winter|nuclear winter]]'' based on climate modeling that considered smoke anticipated from fires started by a massive nuclear weapons exchange between the US and the Soviet Union. They found that &quot;average light levels can be reduced to a few percent of ambient and land temperatures can reach -15° to -25°C [5° to -4°F]&quot; with smoke transported from the Northern to the Southern Hemisphere, all of which &quot;could pose a serious threat to human survivors and to other species.&quot;  Various teams have published comparable analyses since then with different and increasingly sophisticated models, beginning with Aleksandrov and Stenchikov (1983), with similar conclusions.&lt;ref&gt;Coup et al. (2019, p. 8522).&lt;/ref&gt; Coup et al. (2019) predicted hard freezes ''in the summer'' in most of the Northern Hemisphere including the US, Russia, and most of Europe during the first three years following such a war, where temperatures drop below −4°C [25°F], making it impossible to grow crops in those regions.  China would suffer a similar fate, with only its southeast portion remaining above freezing in the summer.  Much of Southern Mexico, Central and South America, and the Southern Hemisphere would also be negatively impacted, but not to the same extent.  These climate modeling results make Mao's predictions from 1957 seem wildly optimistic:  Any humans in the US, Canada, or most of Eurasia who survived the nuclear exchange would have extreme difficulties finding enough to eat -- &quot;imperialism razed to the ground&quot;, according to Mao.  However, crop yields in most of the rest of the world would also be extremely depressed, which Mao had not considered.  The results would threaten famine vastly worse than what has been predicted following a nuclear war between India and Pakistan.&lt;ref&gt;Ellsberg said that 98 or 99 percent of humanity would starve to death if they did not die of something else sooner (Ellsberg et al. 2017).  Coup et al. (2019) and Xia et al. (2022) conclude that it won't be quite that bad but will still pretty grim.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Of course, no one knows for sure how many people would die directly and indirectly from a nuclear war.  However, it should be obvious to at least some if not most people that the ''worst'' response to a nuclear attack would be a nuclear response:  

* A nuclear response to a nuclear &quot;warning shot&quot; with minimal destruction could too easily escalate until the nuclear arsenals of all parties were expended and the life expectancy of all survivors worldwide was dramatically reduced.  

* Alternatively, a nuclear response to a massive first strike against a thousand cities would most likely ''increase'' the death toll and reduce the life expectancy of survivors ''in the country responding with nuclear weapons'' (and, of course, in other countries not officially involved).  

* It is possible that a nuclear response could deter further uses of nuclear weapons and reduce the length and severity of the war and its global impact.  However, this outcome seems unlikely given the record of history.  

Turcotte (2022) concluded that if the 2022 Ukraine 'conflict ends without the annihilation of our species, it should nonetheless be regarded as a planet-wide near-death experience, and the “Peoples of the United Nations” should demand the total elimination of nuclear weapons as quickly as humanly possible, as well as the establishment of new common security measures that will move us much closer to sustainable peace throughout the world.' In spite of this concern, Turcotte recommended military action to support Ukraine but short of declaring war on Russia.

Leading experts have made alarming comments about the likelihood of a nuclear attack, possibly by a terrorist organization.  In 2004 Bruce Blair, president of the [[w:Center for Defense Information|Center for Defense Information]] wrote: &quot;I wouldn't be at all surprised if nuclear weapons are used over the next 15 or 20 years, first and foremost by a terrorist group that gets its hands on a [[w:Russia and weapons of mass destruction|Russian]]&quot; or [[w:Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction|Pakistani nuclear weapon]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Nicholas D. Kristof (2004) A Nuclear 9/11, NYT--&gt;{{cite Q|Q111906710}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Other experts seemed even more concerned:  A nuclear terrorist attack in the US was considered &quot;more likely than not&quot; within the next five to ten years, according to Professor [[w:Robert Gallucci|Robert Gallucci]] of the [[w:Georgetown University School of Foreign Service|Georgetown University School of Foreign Service]] in 2006 or in the next decade per former U.S. Assistant Secretary of Defense [[w:Graham Allison|Graham Allison]] in 2004.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!-- Ordre Kittrie (2007) Averting Catastrophe: Why the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty is Losing its Deterrence Capacity and How to Restore It --&gt;{{cite Q|Q111906652}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

The Wikipedia article on &quot;[[w:National Response Scenario Number One|National Response Scenario Number One]]&quot; describes &quot;the United States federal government's planned response to a nuclear attack.&quot;  It focuses primarily on &quot;the possible detonation of a small, crude nuclear weapon by a terrorist group in a major city, with significant loss of life and property.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Accessed 2022-05-08, when it cited &lt;!-- Jay Davis (2008) After A Nuclear 9/11 --&gt;{{cite Q|Q111905675}}, &lt;!-- Brian Michael Jenkins (2008) A Nuclear 9/11? --&gt;{{cite Q|Q111906145}}&lt;/ref&gt; That article discusses preparing for a nuclear attack but not how to respond.  

Nevertheless, if the ''worst'' response to a nuclear attack is a nuclear response, that has other policy implications for leaders of nuclear ''and non-nuclear'' countries world wide.  However, an analysis of those implications will be left for future work.&lt;ref&gt;Turcotte (2022) offered some suggestions.  Recommendations more consistent with the analysis here is the &lt;!--Veterans For Peace Nuclear Posture Review
--&gt;{{cite Q|Q111141993}} They mention the &quot;[[w:Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons|Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons]]&quot;, supported by the [[w:International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons|International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN)]].&lt;/ref&gt;

== Credibility of military leaders and national security experts ==

{{main|Expertise of military leaders and national security experts}}

* ''Never attribute to malice that which is adequately explained by stupidity.'' ([[w:Hanlon's razor|Hanlon's razor]])
* ''Never attribute to malice or stupidity that which can be explained by moderately rational individuals following incentives in a complex system.'' (Hubbard's clumsier correlary.&lt;ref&gt;Hubbard (2020, pp. 81-82).&lt;/ref&gt;)

The history of armed conflict should raise questions about the credibility of those advocating use of military force:  In all major armed conflicts in history, at least one side has lost.  Often the official winners lost substantially more than they gained.  

=== Research on expertise === 

The history of armed conflict is consistent with the research by Kahneman and Klein (2009) in their conclusion that 

:''expert intuition is learned from frequent, rapid, high-quality feedback.''  

In particular, military leaders in combat can get frequent, rapid high-quality feedback on their ability to deliver death and destruction to designated targets. However, no one can get such feedback about how to win wars or how to ''promote broadly shared peace and prosperity for the long term.'' This is discussed in more detail in the Wikiversity article on &quot;[[Expertise of military leaders and national security experts]]&quot;. That article documents how experts without such feedback can be beaten by simple rules of thumb developed by intelligent lay people.&lt;ref&gt;Kahneman et al. (2021) report that with some data, a statistical model fit often does better. With lots of data, artificial intelligence systems can do even better. This extends the work of [[w:Paul E. Meehl#Clinical versus statistical prediction|Meehl (1954)]]. Hubbard (2020) and [[w:Superforecasting: The Art and Science of Prediction|Tetlock and Gardner (2015)]] describe things one might do to improve their intuition.&lt;/ref&gt;

As the time since the [[w:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|atomic bombings if Hiroshima and Nagasaki]] increases, the ''intuition'' that political and military leaders have about nuclear weapons gets worse, because that history tells them that they can use more military force, even threatening to use nuclear weapons, without seriously risking a nuclear war. That intuition increasingly threatens the entirity of humanity.

=== Increasing risks with nuclear proliferation === 

Narang and Sagan, eds. (2022) ''The Fragile Balance of Terror: Deterrence in the New Nuclear Age'' includes 8 chapters by 12 authors reviewing the literature on different aspects of nuclear deterrence today. They raised many questions about the applicability of [[w:Cold War|Cold War]] analyses of deterence in an age with [[Forecasting nuclear proliferation|an increasing number of nuclear weapon states]]. They mentioned numerous concerns including the following:
* [[w:2008 Mumbai attacks|During terrorist attacks in Mumbai in 2008]], someone called called Pakistani president Zardari claiming to be Indian foreign minister Mukherjee threatening to attack Pakistan. That crises was diffused without escalation after US secretary of state Condoleezza Rice called Mukherjee, who assured her that he had not placed such a call, and India was ''not'' planning to attack Pakistan. If someone claiming to be a US official had placed a similar call to Kim Jong Un while Donald Trump was President of the US, the result may not have been as benign.&lt;ref&gt;Narang and Sagan (2022, p. 241).&lt;/ref&gt; 
* [[w:2018 Hawaii false missile alert|&quot;In January 2018, the Hawaii emergency management system issued an incoming missile warning alert]] adding, 'this is not a drill.'&quot; The US did not respond, because (a) they had redundant early warning systems that did not indicate an incoming missile, (b) professional operators in Hawaii promptly acknowledged the mistake, and (c) no one in the US seriously expected such an attack. If this had happened in North Korea, none of these three restraining conditions were present: (a) They did not have redundant warning systems. (b) Operators are killed, not just fired in North Korea for making a mistake like that. (c) US &quot;President Trump was threatening 'fire and fury' if North Korean nuclear and missile tests continued.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Narang and Sagan (2022, p. 232).&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[w:2019 Balakot airstrike|In 2019 India bombed an alleged terrorist training camp in Balakot]], Pakistan. This was &quot;the first time a nuclear weapons state has bombed the undisputed territory of another nuclear weapons state.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Narang and Sagan (2022, pp. 231-232).&lt;/ref&gt; 
* [[w:2020–2021 China–India skirmishes|In 2020, Chinese and Indian troops engaged in hostilities along their disputed border]] with fatalities on both sides, &quot;for the first time in almost half a century.  Intense conflict between three nuclear powers simultaneously is no longer a remote possibility.&lt;ref&gt;Narang and Sagan (2022, p. 232).&lt;/ref&gt;

Beyond this, [[w:Richard Ned Lebow|Richard Ned Lebow]] said, &quot;There’s all kinds of empirical evidence that a deterrence strategy is as likely to provoke the behavior it seeks to prevent as not.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Lebow et al. (2023). See also Lebow (2020, ch. 4).&lt;/ref&gt;

=== System accidents ===

The concept of &quot;normal accidents&quot; or &quot;[[w:system accident|system accidents]]&quot; seems important here.  Research in that area has established that ''it is impossible to design and manage complex systems to ultra-high levels of reliability''.  Maintenance on redundant systems is often deferred, because responsible managers are often reluctant to spend money fixing something that works.&lt;ref&gt;e.g., Sagan (1993).&lt;/ref&gt; And procedures are sometimes secretly modified by people with different priorities from their management.  For example, at least between 1970 and 1974 the codes in US Air Force launch control centers for [[w:Intercontinental ballistic missile|Intercontinental ballistic missiles]] were all set continuously to 00000000.&lt;ref&gt;Ellsberg (2017, p. 61).&lt;/ref&gt; This clearly negated the claim that only the President of the US could order the use of US nuclear weapons, secured by secret codes carried in a briefcase (called the [[w:nuclear football|&quot;nuclear football&quot;]]) near the President at all times. Similarly, former US Secretary of Defense William J. Perry has said an actual nuclear attack on the US is far less likely than a report of one generated by a malfunction in the US nuclear command, control, and communications systems.&lt;ref&gt;Perry and Collina (2020).  Of course, a nuclear war could be started accidentally by any nuclear-weapons state, as suggested in the report of an Indian cruise missile that landed 2022-03-10 in Pakistan (Mashal and Masood 2022).&lt;/ref&gt;

A tragic example of a system accident is the [[w:Sinking of MV Sewol|Sinking of MV ''Sewol'']], 2014-04-16.  It sank with over twice its rated load under the command of a substitute captain. The regular captain had complained of deferred maintenance threatening the stability of the vessel;  he said the company had threatened to fire him if he continued to complain.  

As of this writing, it has been over 77 years since nuclear weapons were detonated in hostilities. As noted above, that history feeds human intuition that we can safely be more aggressive in developing, deploying and threatening the use of nuclear weapons without seriously risking [[Time to nuclear Armageddon|nuclear Armageddon]].  People who disagree like the [[w:Union of Concerned Scientists|Union of Concerned Scientists]] with their [[w:Doomsday Clock|Doomsday Clock]] are dismissed as unrealistic, like [[w:Chicken Little|Chicken Little]].

== Human psychology and the role of the media == 

When people are attacked, it can sometimes be difficult to control their responses, which are driven by instinctive reactions often characterized as irrational.  Johnson (2004) documented how these instinctive reactions exist, because they provided survival benefits to our ancestors over hundreds of thousands and millions of years of evolutionary history.  These instincts may, however, push us into the ''worst'' possible response to a nuclear attack.   

Worse, major media everywhere have a conflict of interest in honestly reporting on anything (like these research results) that might threaten those who control the money for the media.&lt;ref name='McC+Cagé+Rolnik&quot;&gt;McChesney (2004).  Cagé (2016).  Rolnik et al. (2019). See also &quot;[[Confirmation bias and conflict]]&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; Everyone thinks they know more than they do,&lt;ref name=Kahneman&gt;Kahneman (2011).&lt;/ref&gt; which makes them easily misled by the media they find credible.&lt;ref&gt;[[Confirmation bias and conflict]]. See also McChesney (2004), Cagé (2016), and Rolnik et al. (2019).&lt;/ref&gt;

== Probability of a nuclear war ==

The section on [[Time to nuclear Armageddon#Relevant literature|Relevant literature]] of the Wikiversity article on [[Time to nuclear Armageddon]] includes a table summarizing previous estimates of the probability of a nuclear war. Karger et al. (2023) provides a more extensive study of the probability of a nuclear war and other extistential risks. 

== Recapitulation ==

In sum, the worst possible response to a nuclear attack would seem to be a nuclear response.  

Existing nuclear weapons policies appear to be supported by propaganda that is effective, because it supports the preferences of those who control the money for the media,&lt;ref name='McC+Cagé+Rolnik&quot;/&gt; and because everyone thinks they know more than they do.&lt;ref name=Kahneman/&gt;

== Acknowledgements == 

Thanks to Owen B. Toon, Alan Robock, and presenters at their irregular webinar series on impact on climate of a nuclear war.  Of course, any errors and other deficiencies in this article are solely the responsibility of the author. 

== See also == 

* [[Expertise of military leaders and national security experts]]
* [[Time to nuclear Armageddon]] 
* [[Forecasting nuclear proliferation]] 
* [[Time to extinction of civilization]]

== References == 
* &lt;!-- Guardian (2001-10-14) Bush rejects Taliban offer to hand Bin Laden over --&gt;{{cite Q|Q111228506}}
* &lt;!-- Aleksandrov and Stenchikov (1983) &quot;On the modeling of the climatic consequences of the nuclear war&quot; --&gt;{{cite Q|Q63229964}}
* &lt;!-- Borger (2022) Five of world’s most powerful nations pledge to avoid nuclear war, Guardian --&gt;{{cite Q|Q111011203}}
* &lt;!-- Cagé (2016) Saving the media: Capitalism, crowdfunding and democracy (Harvard U. Pr.)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q54640583}} 
* &lt;!-- Chenoweth and Stephan (2011) Why Civil Resistance Works: The Strategic Logic of Nonviolent Conflict (Columbia U. Pr.) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q88725216}} For their data see, &lt;!-- Chenoweth, NAVCO data project, Harvard --&gt;{{cite Q|Q55842589}}
* &lt;!-- Coup et al. (2019) Nuclear Winter Responses to Nuclear War Between the United States and Russia in the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model Version 4 and the Goddard Institute for Space Studies ModelE --&gt;{{cite Q|Q111222900}}
* &lt;!-- Dikötter (2010) Mao's Great Famine (Bloomsbury) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q3209496}}
* &lt;!-- Douthat (2022) &quot;How to Stop a Nuclear War&quot;, NYT --&gt;{{cite Q|Q111145224}}
* &lt;!-- Ellsberg (2017) The Doomsday Machine: Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner (Bloomsbury) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q63862699}}
* &lt;!--Ellsberg, Goodman and González (2017) &quot;Daniel Ellsberg Reveals He was a Nuclear War Planner, Warns of Nuclear Winter &amp; Global Starvation&quot;, Democracy Now!--&gt;{{cite Q|Q64226035}}
* &lt;!-- Halimi, Serge (2018-08) &quot;The forgotten communist quarrel&quot;, Le Monde Diplomatique --&gt;{{cite Q|Q97657492}}.  
* &lt;!-- Helfand, Ira I2013) &quot;Nuclear famine: two billion people at risk?&quot;, International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War --&gt;{{cite Q|Q63256454}}
* &lt;!-- Doug Hubbard (2020) The Failure of Risk Management: Why it's broken and how to fix it
Second edition (Wiley)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q123514276}}
* &lt;!-- Jägermeyr, J., et al. (2020-03-16) &quot;A regional nuclear conflict would compromise global food security&quot;, Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America --&gt;{{cite Q|Q90371058}}
* &lt;!-- Dominic D. P. Johnson (2004). Overconfidence and War: The Havoc and Glory of Positive Illusions (Harvard U. Pr.) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q118106389}}
* &lt;!-- Johnston (2001) Chronological Listing of Above Ground Nuclear Detonations --&gt;{{cite Q|Q111222177}}
* &lt;!-- Jones, Seth, and Martin C. Libicki (2008) &quot;How Terrorist Groups End: Lessons for Countering al Qa'ida&quot;, RAND Corporation--&gt;{{cite Q|Q57515305}}
* &lt;!-- Kahneman, Daniel (2011) Thinking, Fast and Slow (FSG)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q983718}}
* &lt;!-- Kahneman and Klein (2009) Conditions for intuitive expertise: a failure to disagree--&gt;{{cite Q|Q35001791}}
* &lt;!-- Kahneman, Sibony, and Sunstein (2021) Noise:  A flaw in human judgment --&gt;{{cite Q|Q107108766}}
* &lt;!--Ezra Karger, Josh Rosenberg, Zachary G Jacobs, Molly Hickman, Rose Hadshar, Kayla Gamin, Taylor Smith, Bridget Williams, Tegan McCaslin, Stephen Thomas, and Philip Tetlock (2023) &quot;Forecasting Existential Risks: Evidence from a Long-Run Forecasting Tournament&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q122208144}}* &lt;!-- Richard Ned Lebow (2020) A Democratic foreign policy: Regaining American influence abroad (Palgrave Macmillan)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q124351867}}
* &lt;!-- Lebow, Samuelson, Graves (2023) &quot;Richard Ned Lebow on national defense including deterrence&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q124351846}} 
* &lt;!-- Mujib Mashal and Salman Masood (2022-03-12) &quot;India Accidentally Fires a Missile at Pakistan. Calm Ensues.&quot;, NYT --&gt;{{cite Q|Q111223210}}
* &lt;!-- McChesney, Robert (2004) The Problem of the Media: U.S. Communication Politics in the 21st Century (Monthly Review Press) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q7758439}}
* &lt;!-- Paul E. Meehl (1954) Clinical vs. statistical prediction--&gt;{{cite Q|Q115455297}}
* &lt;!-- Narang, Vipin; Sagan, Scott D. (2022) The Fragile Balance of Terror: Deterrence in the New Nuclear Age (Cornell University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q124351052|authors=Vipin Narang and Scott D. Sagan, eds.}}
* &lt;!-- Pape, Robert, and James K. Feldman (2010) Cutting the fuse : the explosion of global suicide terrorism and how to stop it (U. of Chicago Pr.)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q109249408}}
* &lt;!-- Perry, William J., and Tom Z. Collina (2020) The Button:  The new nuclear arms race and presidential power from Truman to Trump (BenBella)-&gt;&gt;{{cite Q|Q102046116}}
* &lt;!-- Robock, Alan, Luke Oman, Georgiy L. Stenchikov, Owen B. Toon, C. Bardeen, and R. P. Turco (2007) &quot;Climatic consequences of regional nuclear conflicts&quot;, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics --&gt;{{cite Q|Q21129034}}
* &lt;!-- Robock, Alan, and Stewart C. Prager (2021-12-02) &quot;Geoscientists Can Help Reduce the Threat of Nuclear Weapons&quot;, Eos--&gt;{{cite Q|Q111146317}}
* &lt;!-- Guy Rolnik; Julia Cagé; Joshua Gans; Ellen P. Goodman; Brian G. Knight; Andrea Prat; Anya Schiffrin (1 July 2019), Protecting Journalism in the Age of Digital Platforms (PDF), Booth School of Business--&gt;{{cite Q|Q106465358}}
* &lt;!-- Sagan, Scott (1993) The Limits of Safety: Organizations, Accidents, and Nuclear Weapons (Princeton University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q111146417}}
* &lt;!-- Sen, Amartya (1999) Development as Freedom (Knopf)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q5266729}}
* &lt;!--Philip E. Tetlock and Dan Gardner (2015) Superforecasting: The Art and Science of Prediction (Crown)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q21203378}}
* &lt;!-- Tegmark (2023) How would a nuclear war between Russia and the US affect you personally?--&gt;{{cite Q|Q124432900}}
* &lt;!-- Toon, Owen B., Charles G. Bardeen, Alan Robock, Hans Kristensen, Matthew McKinzie, R. J. Peterson, Cheryl S. Harrison, Nicole S. Lovenduski, and Richard P. Turco (2019) &quot;Rapidly expanding nuclear arsenals in Pakistan and India portend regional and global catastrophe&quot;, Sciences Advances--&gt;{{cite Q|Q90735736}}
* &lt;!-- Turco, R. P., Owen B. Toon, T. P. Ackerman, J. B. Pollack, and Carl Sagan (1983) &quot;Nuclear winter: Global consequences of multiple nuclear explosions&quot;, Science, 222(4630), 1283–1292, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.222.4630.1283. --&gt;{{cite Q|Q111146500}}
* &lt;!-- Turcotte (2022-03-09) Global community must step up pressure on Putin --&gt;{{cite Q|Q111235117}}
* &lt;!-- Tyler, Tom R. (2006) Why people obey the law, revised ed. (Princeton U. Pr.)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q111097755}}
* &lt;!-- Tyler, Tom R., and Yuen J. Huo (2002) Trust in the Law: Encouraging Public Cooperation with the Police and Courts (Russell Sage Foundation)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q106943244}}
* &lt;!-- Woodham-Smith, Cecil (1962) The Great Hunger: Ireland 1845-1849 (Harper)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q7737800}}
* &lt;!-- Xia et al. (2022) Global food insecurity and famine ... from a nuclear war ...--&gt;{{cite Q| Q113732668}}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Original research]]
[[Category:Research]]
[[Category:Political science]]
[[Category:Military]]
[[Category:Military Science]]
[[Category:Freedom and abundance]]
[[Category:psychology]]
[[category:Political economy]]</text>
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{{align|center|dc@samizdat.org}}
{{align|center|June 2023 - May 2025}}

&lt;blockquote&gt;'''Abstract:''' The physical universe is properly visualized as a [[w:Four-dimensional_space|Euclidean space of four orthogonal spatial dimensions]]. Space itself has a fourth orthogonal dimension, of which we are unaware in ordinary life. Atoms are [[w:4-polytope|4-polytopes]], small round 4-dimensional objects, and stars are 4-balls of atomic plasma, large round 4-dimensional objects. Objects intermediate in size between atoms and stars, including molecules, people, and planets, are so flat as to be essentially 3-dimensional, having only the thickness of an atom in the orthogonal fourth dimension. A typical galaxy such as ours is a hollow [[w:3-sphere|4-dimensional 3-sphere]] with these objects distributed on its 3-dimensional surface. The black hole at the galaxy's center is nothing: the 4-ball of empty space they surround. Objects in our galaxy occupy this thin 3-dimensional surface, forming a filmy 4-dimensional soap-bubble of galactic size, thicker than an atom only in the interior of stars. Mass is confined to this 3-dimensional manifold by its inertia, also called gravity, the property of its ceaseless motion at a constant, universal velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;, the rate of causality at which the universe evolves. Atoms are always internally in inertial rotational motion, and externally in inertial translational motion through 4-space, at this universal rate of transformation. The observed universe appears to be a 3-sphere expanding radially from a central origin point at velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;, the invariant velocity of mass-carrying objects through 4-space, also the propagation speed of light through 3-space as measured by all observers. All objects with mass move through 4-space at velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt; as long as they exist, and acceleration only varies their direction. The propagation speed of light measured on a straight line through Euclidean 4-space is &lt;math&gt;c^\prime = 2c&lt;/math&gt;, so we can see in 4 dimensions, even though we are physically confined to a moving 3-dimensional manifold, where our direction of motion through 4-space is our proper time dimension. We have been unaware that when we look up at night we see stars and galaxies, themselves large 4-dimensional objects, distributed all around us in 4-dimensional Euclidean space, and moving through it, like us, at velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;. This model of the observed universe is compatible with the theories of special and general relativity, and with the atomic theory of quantum mechanics. It explains those theories geometrically, as expressions of intrinsic symmetries.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Symmetries ==
It is common to speak of nature as a web, and so it is, the great web of our physical experiences. Every web must have its root systems somewhere, and nature in this sense must be rooted in the symmetries which underlie physics and geometry, the [[W:Group (mathematics)|mathematics of groups]].{{Sfn|Conway|Burgiel|Goodman-Strauss|2008}}

As I understand [[W:Noether's theorem|Noether's theorem]] (which is not mathematically), hers is the deepest meta-theory of nature yet, deeper than [[W:Theory of relativity|Einstein's relativity]] or [[W:Evolution|Darwin's evolution]] or [[W:Euclidean geometry|Euclid's geometry]]. It finds that all fundamental findings in physics are based on conservation laws which can be laid at the doors of distinct [[W:symmetry group |symmetry group]]s. Thus all fundamental systems in physics, as examples [[W:quantum chromodynamics|quantum chromodynamics]] (QCD) the theory of the strong force binding the atomic nucleus and [[W:quantum electrodynamics|quantum electrodynamics]] (QED) the theory of the electromagnetic force, each have a corresponding symmetry [[W:group theory|group theory]] of which they are an expression. 

[[W:Coxeter group|Coxeter group]] theory did for geometry what Noether's theorem and Einstein's relativity did for physics. [[W:Coxeter|Coxeter]] showed that Euclidean geometry is based on conservation laws that correspond to distinct symmetry groups and obey the principle of relativity. As I understand Coxeter theory (which is not mathematically),{{Efn|Coxeter's formulation of the motions (congruent transformations) possible in an ''n''-dimensional Euclidean space:{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=217-218|loc=§12.2 Congruent transformations}}
&lt;blockquote&gt;Let Q denote a rotation, R a reflection, T a translation, and let Q&lt;sup&gt;''q''&lt;/sup&gt; R&lt;sup&gt;''r''&lt;/sup&gt; T denote a product of several such transformations, all commutative with one another. Then RT is a glide-reflection (in two or three dimensions), QR is a rotary-reflection, QT is a screw-displacement, and Q&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; is a double rotation (in four dimensions).&lt;br&gt;
Every orthogonal transformation is expressible as:&lt;br&gt;
{{spaces|10}}Q&lt;sup&gt;''q''&lt;/sup&gt; R&lt;sup&gt;''r''&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br&gt;
where 2''q'' + ''r'' ≤ ''n'', the number of dimensions.&lt;br&gt;
Transformations involving a translation are expressible as:&lt;br&gt;
{{spaces|10}}Q&lt;sup&gt;''q''&lt;/sup&gt; R&lt;sup&gt;''r''&lt;/sup&gt; T&lt;br&gt;
where 2''q'' + ''r'' + 1 ≤ ''n''.&lt;br&gt;
For ''n'' {{=}} 4 in particular, every displacement is either a double rotation Q&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, or a screw-displacement QT (where the rotation component Q is a simple rotation). Every enantiomorphous transformation in 4-space (reversing chirality) is a QRT.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
If we assume the [[W:Galilean relativity|Galilean principle of relativity]], every displacement in 4-space can be viewed as either a Q&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; or a QT, because we can view any QT as a Q&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; in a linearly moving (translating) reference frame. Therefore any transformation from one inertial reference frame to another is expressable as a Q&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. By the same principle, we can view any QT or Q&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; as an isoclinic (equi-angled) Q&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; by appropriate choice of reference frame.{{Efn|[[W:Arthur Cayley|Cayley]] showed that any rotation in 4-space can be decomposed into two isoclinic rotations, which intuitively we might see follows from the fact that any transformation from one inertial reference frame to another is expressable as a [[W:SO(4)|rotation in 4-dimensional Euclidean space]].|name=Cayley's rotation factorization into two isoclinic reference frame transformations}} The distinct symmetry groups of the regular polytopes each correspond to their characteristic isoclinic rotations, so Coxeter's relation is a mathematical statement of the principle of relativity, on group-theoretic grounds. It correctly captures the limits to relativity, in that we can only exchange the translation (T) for ''one'' of the two rotations (Q). An observer in any inertial reference frame can always measure the presence, direction and velocity of ''one'' rotation up to uncertainty, and can always distinguish the direction of his own proper time arrow.|name=transformations}} the symmetry groups underlying physics seem to have an expression in a [[W:Euclidean space|Euclidean space]] of four [[W:dimension|dimension]]s, that is, they are [[W:Euclidean geometry#Higher dimensions|four-dimensional Euclidean geometry]]. Therefore as I understand that geometry (which is entirely by synthetic rather than algebraic methods), the [[W:Atom|atom]] seems to have a distinct Euclidean geometry, such that atoms and their constituent particles are four-dimensional objects, and nature can be understood in terms of their [[W:group action|group actions]], including centrally [[W:rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space|rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space]].

== Special relativity describes Euclidean 4-dimensional space ==

...cite Yamashita{{Sfn|Yamashita|2023}}

=== Minkowski spacetime and Euclidean 4-space in relativity ===
...

Is there a configuration in Euclidean space where every observer, and every observed object, is moving at velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;? Yes, there is one such configuration, in 4-dimensional Euclidean space. This configuration must be like the one described above, in our ''Abstract''.

== The rate of atomic symmetry operations ==
...

== General relativity describes a curved 3-dimensional manifold embedded in Euclidean 4-dimensional space ==
...

== The geometry of the atomic nucleus ==

In [[W:Euclidean 4-space|Euclidean four dimensional space]], an [[W:atomic nucleus|atomic nucleus]] is a one or more concentric 4-polytopes of increasing radius. Each concentric shell is a single or compound [[24-cell]], the regular 4-polytope with [[W:Coxeter group#Symmetry groups of regular polytopes|𝔽&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; symmetry]]. Nuclear shells are concentric [[W:3-sphere|3-sphere]]s occupied (fully or partially) by the orbits of this 24-point [[#The 6 regular convex 4-polytopes|regular convex 4-polytope]]. An actual atomic nucleus is a rotating four dimensional object. It is not a ''rigid'' rotating object, it is a kinematic one, because the nucleus of an actual atom of a distinct [[W:nucleon number|nucleon number]] contains a distinct number of orbiting 24-cell vertices which may be in different isoclinic rotational orbits. These moving vertices never describe a compound of static 24-cells at any single instant in time, though their orbits do all the time. The physical configuration of a nucleus as concentric 24-cells can be reduced to the [[W:kinematics|kinematics]] of the orbits of its constituent protons and neutrons. The geometry of the atomic nucleus is therefore strictly [[W:Euclidean geometry#19th century|Euclidean]] in four dimensional space.

=== Rotations ===
The [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotations]] of the convex [[W:regular 4-polytope|regular 4-polytope]]s are usually described as discrete rotations of a rigid object. For example, the rigid [[24-cell]] can rotate in a [[24-cell#Hexagons|hexagonal]] (6-vertex) central [[24-cell#Planes of rotation|plane of rotation]]. A 4-dimensional [[24-cell#Isoclinic rotations|''isoclinic'' rotation]] (as distinct from a [[24-cell#Simple rotations|''simple'' rotation]] like the ones that occur in 3-dimensional space) is a ''diagonal'' rotation in multiple [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]] [[24-cell#Geodesics|central planes]] of rotation at once. It is diagonal because it is a [[W:SO(4)#Double rotations|double rotation]]: in addition to rotating in parallel (like wheels), the multiple planes of rotation also tilt sideways (like coins flipping) into each other's planes. Consequently, the path taken by each vertex is a [[24-cell#Helical hexagrams and their isoclines|twisted helical circle]], rather than the ordinary flat great circle a vertex follows in a simple rotation. In a rigid 4-polytope rotating isoclinically, ''all'' the vertices lie in one of the parallel planes of rotation, so all the vertices move in parallel along Clifford parallel twisting circular paths. [[24-cell#Clifford parallel polytopes|Clifford parallel planes]] are not parallel in the normal sense of parallel planes in three dimensions; the vertices are all moving in different directions around the [[W:3-sphere|3-sphere]]. In one complete 360° isoclinic revolution, a rigid 4-polytope turns itself inside out.

This is sufficiently different from the simple rotations of rigid bodies in our 3-dimensional experience that a precise [[24-cell|detailed description]] enabling the reader to properly visualize it runs to many pages and illustrations, with many accompanying pages of explanatory notes on basic phenomena that arise only in 4-dimensional space: [[24-cell#Squares|completely orthogonal planes]], [[24-cell#Hexagons|Clifford parallelism]] and [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fiber bundles]], [[24-cell#Helical hexagrams and their isoclines|isoclinic geodesic paths]], and [[24-cell#Double rotations|chiral (mirror image) pairs of rotations]], among other complexities. Moreover, the characteristic rotations of the various regular 4-polytopes are all different; each is a surprise. [[#The 6 regular convex 4-polytopes|The 6 regular convex 4-polytopes]] have different numbers of vertices (5, 8, 16, 24, 120, and 600 respectively) and those with fewer vertices occur inscribed in those with more vertices (generally), with the result that the more complex 4-polytopes subsume the kinds of rotations characteristic of their less complex predecessors, as well as each having a characteristic kind of rotation not found in their predecessors. [[W:Euclidean geometry#Higher dimensions|Four dimensional Euclidean space]] is more complicated (and more interesting) than three dimensional space because there is more room in it, in which unprecedented things can happen. It is much harder for us to visualize, because the only way we can experience it is in our imaginations; we have no body of sensory experience in 4-dimensional space to draw upon.

For that reason, descriptions of isoclinic rotations usually begin and end with rigid rotations: [[24-cell#Isoclinic rotations|for example]], all 24 vertices of a single rigid 24-cell rotating in unison, with 6 vertices evenly spaced around each of 4 Clifford parallel twisted circles.{{Efn|name=360 degree geodesic path visiting 3 hexagonal planes}} But that is only the simplest case. Compound and [[W:Kinematics|kinematic]] 24-cells (with moving parts) are even more interesting (and more complicated) than a single rigid 24-cell. 

To begin with, when we examine the individual parts of a single rigid 24-cell that are moving in an isoclinic rotation, such as the orbits of individual vertices, we can imagine a case where fewer than 24 point-objects are orbiting on those twisted circular paths at once. [[24-cell#Reflections|For example]], if we imagine just 8 point-objects, evenly spaced around the 24-cell at [[24-cell#Reciprocal constructions from 8-cell and 16-cell|the 8 vertices that lie on the 4 coordinate axes]], and rotate them isoclinically along exactly the same orbits they would take in the above-mentioned rotation of a rigid 24-cell, then in the course of a single 360° rotation the 8 point-objects will trace out the whole 24-cell, with just one point-object reaching each of the 24 vertex positions just once, and no point-object colliding with any other at any time.

That is still an example of a rigid object in a single distinct isoclinic rotation: a rigid 8-vertex object (called the 4-[[W:orthoplex|orthoplex]] or [[16-cell]]) performing the characteristic rotation of the 24-cell. But we can also imagine ''combining'' distinct isoclinic rotations. What happens when multiple point-objects are orbiting at once, but do ''not'' all follow the Clifford parallel paths characteristic of the ''same'' distinct rotation? What happens when we combine orbits from distinct rotations characteristic of different 4-polytopes, for example when different rigid 4-polytopes are concentric and rotating simultaneously in their characteristic ways? What kinds of such hybrid rotations are possible in the same shell without collisions? In adjacent shells without asymmetric imbalance? What sort of [[Kinematics of the cuboctahedron|kinematic polytopes]] do they trace out, and how do their [[24-cell#Clifford parallel polytopes|component parts]] relate to each other as they move? Is there (sometimes) some kind of mutual stability amid their lack of combined rigidity? Visualizing isoclinic rotations (rigid and otherwise) allows us to explore questions of this kind of [[W:kinematics|kinematics]], and where dynamic stabilities arise, of [[W:kinetics|kinetics]].

=== Isospin ===
A [[W:Nucleon|nucleon]] is a [[W:proton|proton]] or a [[W:neutron|neutron]]. The proton carries a positive net [[W:Electric charge|charge]], and the neutron carries a zero net charge. The proton's [[W:Mass|mass]] is only about 0.13% less than the neutron's, and since they are observed to be identical in other respects, they can be viewed as two states of the same nucleon, together forming an isospin doublet ({{nowrap|''I'' {{=}} {{sfrac|1|2}}}}). In isospin space, neutrons can be transformed into protons and conversely by actions of the [[W:SU(2)|SU(2)]] symmetry group. In nature, protons are very stable (the most stable particle known); a proton and a neutron are a stable nuclide; but free neutrons decay into protons in about 10 or 15 seconds.

According to the [[W:Noether theorem|Noether theorem]], [[W:Isospin|isospin]] is conserved with respect to the [[W:strong interaction|strong interaction]].&lt;ref name=Griffiths2008&gt;{{cite book |author=Griffiths, David J. |title=Introduction to Elementary Particles |edition=2nd revised |publisher=WILEY-VCH |year=2008 |isbn=978-3-527-40601-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|129–130}} Nucleons are acted upon equally by the strong interaction, which is invariant under rotation in isospin space.

Isospin was introduced as a concept in 1932 by [[W:Werner Heisenberg|Werner Heisenberg]],&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite journal
 |last=Heisenberg |first=W. |author-link=W:Werner Heisenberg
 |year=1932
 |title=Über den Bau der Atomkerne
 |journal=[[W:Zeitschrift für Physik|Zeitschrift für Physik]]
 |volume=77 |issue=1–2 |pages=1–11
 |doi=10.1007/BF01342433
 |bibcode = 1932ZPhy...77....1H
 |s2cid=186218053
 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; well before the 1960s development of the [[W:quark model|quark model]], to explain the symmetry of the proton and the then newly discovered neutron. Heisenberg introduced the concept of another conserved quantity that would cause the proton to turn into a neutron and vice versa. In 1937, [[W:Eugene Wigner|Eugene Wigner]] introduced the term &quot;isospin&quot; to indicate how the new quantity is similar to spin in behavior, but otherwise unrelated.&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite journal
 |last=Wigner |first=E. |author-link=W:Eugene Wigner
 |year=1937
 |title=On the Consequences of the Symmetry of the Nuclear Hamiltonian on the Spectroscopy of Nuclei
 |journal=[[W:Physical Review|Physical Review]]
 |volume=51
 |pages=106–119
 |doi=10.1103/PhysRev.51.106
 |bibcode = 1937PhRv...51..106W
 |issue=2
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similar to a spin-1/2 particle, which has two states, protons and neutrons were said to be of isospin 1/2. The proton and neutron were then associated with different isospin projections ''I''&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;nbsp;=&amp;nbsp;+1/2 and −1/2 respectively.

Isospin is a different kind of rotation entirely than the ordinary spin which objects undergo when they rotate in three-dimensional space. Isospin does not correspond to a [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Simple rotations|simple rotation]] in any space (of any number of dimensions). However, it does seem to correspond exactly to an [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]] in a Euclidean space of four dimensions. Isospin space resembles the [[W:3-sphere|3-sphere]], the [[W:Elliptical space#Elliptic space (the 3D case)|curved 3-dimensional space]] that is the surface of a [[W:4-ball (mathematics)#In Euclidean space|4-dimensional ball]].

=== Spinors ===
[[File:Spinor on the circle.png|thumb|upright=1.5|A spinor visualized as a vector pointing along the [[W:Möbius band|Möbius band]], exhibiting a sign inversion when the circle (the &quot;physical system&quot;) is continuously rotated through a full turn of 360°.]][[W:Spinors|Spinors]] are [[W:representation of a Lie group|representations]] of a [[W:spin group|spin group]], which are [[W:Double covering group|double cover]]s of the [[W:special orthogonal group|special orthogonal groups]]. The spin group Spin(4) is the double cover of [[W:SO(4)|SO(4)]], the group of rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space. [[600-cell#Fibrations of isocline polygrams|Isoclines]], the helical geodesic paths followed by points under isoclinic rotation, correspond to spinors representing Spin(4).

Spinors can be viewed as the &quot;square roots&quot; of [[W:Section (fiber bundle)|cross sections]] of [[W:vector bundle|vector bundle]]s; in this correspondence, a fiber bundle of isoclines (of a distinct isoclinic rotation) is a cross section (inverse bundle) of a fibration of great circles (in the invariant planes of that rotation).

A spinor can be visualized as a moving vector on a Möbius strip which transforms to its negative when continuously rotated through 360°, just as [[24-cell#Helical hexagrams and their isoclines|an isocline can be visualized as a Möbius strip]] winding twice around the 3-sphere, during which [[24-cell#Isoclinic rotations|720° isoclinic rotation]] the rigid 4-polytope turns itself inside-out twice.{{Sfn|Goucher|2019|loc=Spin Groups}} Under isoclinic rotation, a rigid 4-polytope is an isospin-1/2 object with two states.

=== Isoclinic rotations in the nucleus ===
Isospin is regarded as a symmetry of the strong interaction under the [[W:Group action (mathematics)|action]] of the [[W:Lie group|Lie group]] [[W:SU(2)|SU(2)]], the two [[W:eigenstate|states]] being the [[W:Up quark|up flavour]] and [[W:Down quark|down flavour]]. A 360° isoclinic rotation of a rigid [[W:nuclide|nuclide]] would transform its protons into neutrons and vice versa, exchanging the up and down flavours of their constituent [[W:quarks|quarks]], by turning the nuclide and all its parts inside-out (or perhaps we should say upside-down). Because we never observe this, we know that the nucleus is not a ''rigid'' polytope undergoing isoclinic rotation.

If the nucleus ''were'' a rigid object, nuclides that were isospin-rotated 360° would be isoclinic mirror images of each other, isospin +1/2 and isospin −1/2 states of the whole nucleus. We don't see whole nuclides rotating as a rigid object, but considering what would happen if they ''were'' rigid tells us something about the geometry we must expect inside the nucleons. One way that an isospin-rotated neutron could become a proton would be if the up quark and down quark were a left and right mirror-image pair of the same object; exchanging them in place would turn each down-down-up neutron into an up-up-down proton. But the case cannot be quite that simple, because the up quark and the down quark are not mirror-images of the same object: they have very different mass and other incongruities.

Another way an isospin-rotated neutron could be a proton would be if the up and down quarks were asymmetrical kinematic polytopes (not indirectly congruent mirror-images, and not rigid polytopes), rotating within the nucleus in different ''hybrid'' orbits. By that we mean that they may have vertices orbiting in rotations characteristic of more than one 4-polytope, so they may change shape as they rotate. In that case their composites (protons and neutrons) could have a symmetry not manifest in their components, but emerging from their combination.

....

=== Hybrid isoclinic rotations ===
The 24-cell has [[24-cell#Isoclinic rotations|its own characteristic isoclinic rotations]] in 4 Clifford parallel hexagonal planes (each intersecting 6 vertices), and also inherits the [[16-cell#Rotations|characteristic isoclinic rotations of its 3 Clifford parallel constituent 16-cells]] in 6 Clifford parallel square planes (each intersecting 4 vertices). The twisted circular paths followed by vertices in these two different kinds of rotation have entirely different geometries. Vertices rotating in hexagonal invariant planes follow [[24-cell#Helical hexagrams and their isoclines|helical geodesic curves whose chords form hexagrams]], and vertices rotating in square invariant planes follow [[24-cell#Helical octagrams and their isoclines|helical geodesic curves whose chords form octagrams]].

In a rigid isoclinic rotation, ''all'' the [[24-cell#Geodesics|great circle polygons]] move, in any kind of rotation. What distinguishes the hexagonal and square isoclinic rotations is the invariant planes of rotation the vertices stay in. The rotation described [[#Rotations|above]] (of 8 vertices rotating in 4 Clifford parallel hexagonal planes) is a single hexagonal isoclinic rotation, not a kinematic or hybrid rotation.

A ''kinematic'' isoclinic rotation in the 24-cell is any subset of the 24 vertices rotating through the same angle in the same time, but independently with respect to the choice of a Clifford parallel set of invariant planes of rotation and the chirality (left or right) of the rotation. A ''hybrid'' isoclinic rotation combines moving vertices from different kinds of isoclinic rotations, characteristic of different regular 4-polytopes. For example, if at least one vertex rotates in a square plane and at least one vertex rotates in a hexagonal plane, the kinematic rotation is a hybrid rotation, combining rotations characteristic of the 16-cell and characteristic of the 24-cell.

As an example of the simplest hybrid isoclinic rotation, consider a 24-cell vertex rotating in a square plane, and a second vertex, initially one 24-cell edge-length distant, rotating in a hexagonal plane. Rotating isoclinically at the same rate, the two moving vertices will never collide where their paths intersect, so this is a ''valid'' hybrid rotation.

To understand hybrid rotations in the 24-cell more generally, visualize the relationship between great squares and great hexagons. The [[24-cell#Squares|18 great squares]] occur as three sets of 6 orthogonal great squares,{{Efn|name=six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} each [[16-cell#Coordinates|forming a 16-cell]]. The three 16-cells are completely disjoint{{Efn|name=completely disjoint}} and [[24-cell#Clifford parallel polytopes|Clifford parallel]]: each has its own 8 vertices (on 4 orthogonal axes) and its own 24 edges (of length {{radic|2}}).{{Efn|name=three isoclinic 16-cells}} The 18 square great circles are crossed by 16 hexagonal great circles; each [[24-cell#Hexagons|hexagon]] has one axis (2 vertices) in each 16-cell.{{Efn|name=non-orthogonal hexagons}} The two [[24-cell#Triangles|great triangles]] inscribed in each great hexagon (occupying its alternate vertices, with edges that are its {{radic|3}} chords) have one vertex in each 16-cell. Thus ''each great triangle is a ring linking three completely disjoint great squares, one from each of the three completely disjoint 16-cells''.{{Efn|There are four different ways (four different ''fibrations'' of the 24-cell) in which the 8 vertices of the 16-cells correspond by being triangles of vertices {{radic|3}} apart: there are 32 distinct linking triangles. Each ''pair'' of 16-cells forms a tesseract (8-cell).{{Efn|name=three 16-cells form three tesseracts}} Each great triangle has one {{radic|3}} edge in each tesseract, so it is also a ring linking the three tesseracts.|name=great linking triangles}} Isoclinic rotations take the elements of the 4-polytope to congruent [[24-cell#Clifford parallel polytopes|Clifford parallel elements]] elsewhere in the 4-polytope. The square rotations do this ''locally'', confined within each 16-cell: for example, they take great squares to other great squares within the same 16-cell. The hexagonal rotations act ''globally'' within the entire 24-cell: for example, they take great squares to other great squares in ''different'' 16-cells. The [[16-cell#Helical construction|chords of the square rotations]] bind the 16-cells together internally, and the [[24-cell#Helical hexagrams and their isoclines|chords of the hexagonal rotations]] bind the three 16-cells together.

....

=== Color ===
When the existence of quarks was suspected in 1964, [[W:Oscar W. Greenberg|Greenberg]] introduced the notion of color charge to explain how quarks could coexist inside some [[W:hadron|hadron]]s in [[W:quark model#The discovery of color|otherwise identical quantum states]] without violating the [[W:Pauli exclusion principle|Pauli exclusion principle]]. The modern concept of [[W:color charge|color charge]] completely commuting with all other charges and providing the strong force charge was articulated in 1973, by [[W:William A. Bardeen|William Bardeen]], [[W:de:Harald Fritzsch|Harald Fritzsch]], and [[W:Murray Gell-Mann|Murray Gell-Mann]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite conference |author1=Bardeen, W. |author2=Fritzsch, H. |author3=Gell-Mann, M. |year=1973 |title=Light cone current algebra, ''π''&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt; decay, and ''e''&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; ''e''&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;&lt;/sup&gt; annihilation |arxiv=hep-ph/0211388 |editor=Gatto, R. |book-title=Scale and conformal symmetry in hadron physics |page=[https://archive.org/details/scaleconformalsy0000unse/page/139 139] |publisher=[[W:John Wiley &amp; Sons|John Wiley &amp; Sons]] |isbn=0-471-29292-3 |bibcode=2002hep.ph...11388B |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/scaleconformalsy0000unse/page/139 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Advantages of the color octet gluon picture |journal=[[W:Physics Letters B|Physics Letters B]] |volume=47 |issue=4 |page=365 |year=1973 |last1=Fritzsch |first1=H. |last2=Gell-Mann |first2=M. |last3=Leutwyler |first3=H. |doi=10.1016/0370-2693(73)90625-4 |bibcode=1973PhLB...47..365F |citeseerx=10.1.1.453.4712}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Color charge is not [[W:electric charge|electric charge]]; the whole point of it is that it is a quantum of something different. But it is related to electric charge, through the way in which the three different-colored quarks combine to contribute fractional quantities of electric charge to a nucleon. As we shall see, color is not really a separate kind of charge at all, but a partitioning of the electric charge into [[24-cell#Clifford parallel polytopes|Clifford parallel subspaces]].

The [[W:Color charge#Red, green, and blue|three different colors]] of quark charge might correspond to three different 16-cells, such as the three disjoint 16-cells inscribed in the 24-cell. Each color might be a disjoint domain in isospin space (the space of points on the 3-sphere).{{Efn|The 8 vertices of each disjoint 16-cell constitute an independent [[16-cell#Coordinates|orthonormal basis for a coordinate reference frame]].}} Alternatively, the three colors might correspond to three different fibrations of the same isospin space: three different ''sequences'' of the same total set of discrete points on the 3-sphere. These alternative possibilities constrain possible representations of the nuclides themselves, for example if we try to represent nuclides as particular rotating 4-polytopes. If the neutron is a (8-point) 16-cell, either of the two color possibilities might somehow make sense as far as the neutron is concerned. But if the proton is a (5-point) 5-cell, only the latter color possibility makes sense, because fibrations (which correspond to distinct isoclinic left-and-right rigid rotations) are the ''only'' thing the 5-cell has three of. Both the 5-cell and the 16-cell have three discrete rotational fibrations. Moreover, in the case of a rigid, isoclinically rotating 4-polytope, those three fibrations always come one-of-a-kind and two-of-a-kind, in at least two different ways. First, one fibration is the set of invariant planes currently being rotated through, and the other two are not. Second, when one considers the three fibrations of each of these 4-polytopes, in each fibration two isoclines carry the left and right rotations respectively, and the third isocline acts simply as a Petrie polygon, the difference between the fibrations being the role assigned to each isocline.

If we associate each quark with one or more isoclinic rotations in which the moving vertices belong to different 16-cells of the 24-cell, and the sign (plus or minus) of the electric charge with the chirality (right or left) of isoclinic rotations generally, we can configure nucleons of three quarks, two performing rotations of one chirality and one performing rotations of the other chirality. The configuration will be a valid kinematic rotation because the completely disjoint 16-cells can rotate independently; their vertices would never collide even if the 16-cells were performing different rigid square isoclinic rotations (all 8 vertices rotating in unison). But we need not associate a quark with a [[16-cell#Rotations|rigidly rotating 16-cell]], or with a single distinct square rotation.

Minimally, we must associate each quark with at least one moving vertex in each of three different 16-cells, following the twisted geodesic isocline of an isoclinic rotation. In the up quark, that could be the isocline of a right rotation; and in the down quark, the isocline of a left rotation. The chirality accounts for the sign of the electric charge (we have said conventionally as +right, −left), but we must also account for the quantity of charge: +{{sfrac|2|3}} in an up quark, and −{{sfrac|1|3}} in a down quark. One way to do that would be to give the three distinct quarks moving vertices of {{sfrac|1|3}} charge in different 16-cells, but provide up quarks with twice as many vertices moving on +right isoclines as down quarks have vertices moving on −left isoclines (assuming the correct chiral pairing is up+right, down−left).

Minimally, an up quark requires two moving vertices (of the up+right chirality).{{Efn|Two moving vertices in one quark could belong to the same 16-cell. A 16-cell may have two vertices moving in the same isoclinic square (octagram) orbit, such as an antipodal pair (a rotating dipole), or two vertices moving in different square orbits of the same up+right chirality.{{Efn|There is only one [[16-cell#Helical construction|octagram orbit]] of each chirality in each fibration of the 16-cell, so two octagram orbits of the same chirality cannot be Clifford parallel (part of the same distinct rotation). Two vertices right-moving on different octagram isoclines in the same 16-cell is a combination of two distinct rotations, whose isoclines will intersect: a kinematic rotation. It can be a valid kinematic rotation if the moving vertices will never pass through a point of intersection at the same time. Octagram isoclines pass through all 8 vertices of the 16-cell, and all eight isoclines (the left and right isoclines of four different fibrations) intersect at ''every'' vertex.}} However, the theory of [[W:Color confinement|color confinement]] may not require that two moving vertices in one quark belong to the same 16-cell; like the moving vertices of different quarks, they could be drawn from the disjoint vertex sets of two different 16-cells.}} Minimally, a down quark requires one moving vertex (of the down−left chirality). In these minimal quark configurations, a proton would have 5 moving vertices and a neutron would have 4.

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=== Nucleons ===
[[File:Symmetrical_5-set_Venn_diagram.svg|thumb|[[W:Branko Grünbaum|Grünbaum's]] rotationally symmetrical 5-set Venn diagram, 1975. It is the [[5-cell]]. Think of it as an [[W:Nuclear magnetic resonance|NMR image]] of the 4-dimensional proton in projection to the plane.]]
The proton is a very stable mass particle. Is there a stable orbit of 5 moving vertices in 4-dimensional Euclidean space? There are few known solutions to the 5-body problem, and fewer still to the [[W:n-body problem|{{mvar|n}}-body problem]], but one is known: the ''central configuration'' of {{mvar|n}} bodies in a space of dimension {{mvar|n}}-1. A [[W:Central configuration|central configuration]] is a system of [[W:Point particle|point masses]] with the property that each mass is pulled by the combined attractive force of the system directly towards the [[W:Center of mass|center of mass]], with acceleration proportional to its distance from the center. Placing three masses in an equilateral triangle, four at the vertices of a regular [[W:Tetrahedron|tetrahedron]], five at the vertices of a regular [[5-cell]], or more generally {{mvar|n}} masses at the vertices of a regular [[W:Simplex|simplex]] produces a central configuration [[W:Central configuration#Examples|even when the masses are not equal]]. In an isoclinic rotation, all the moving vertices orbit at the same radius and the same speed. Therefore if any 5 bodies are orbiting as an isoclinically rotating regular 5-cell (a rigid 4-simplex figure undergoing isoclinic rotation), they maintain a central configuration, describing 5 mutually stable orbits.

Unlike the proton, the neutron is not always a stable particle; a free neutron will decay into a proton. A deficiency of the minimal configurations is that there is no way for this [[W:beta minus decay|beta minus decay]] to occur. The minimal neutron of 4 moving vertices described [[#Color|above]] cannot possibly decay into a proton by losing moving vertices, because it does not possess the four up+right moving vertices required in a proton. This deficiency could be remedied by giving the neutron configuration 8 moving vertices instead of 4: four down−left and four up+right moving vertices. Then by losing 3 down−left moving vertices the neutron could decay into the 5 vertex up-down-up proton configuration.{{Efn|Although protons are very stable, during [[W:stellar nucleosynthesis|stellar nucleosynthesis]] two H&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; protons are fused into an H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; nucleus consisting of a proton and a neutron. This [[W:beta plus decay|beta plus &quot;decay&quot;]] of a proton into a neutron is actually the result of a rare high-energy collision between the two protons, in which a neutron is constructed. With respect to our nucleon configurations of moving vertices, it has to be explained as the conversion of two 5-point 5-cells into a 5-point 5-cell and an 8-point 16-cell, emitting two decay products of at least 1-point each. Thus it must involve the creation of moving vertices, by the conversion of kinetic energy to point-masses.}} A neutron configuration of 8 moving vertices could occur as the 8-point 16-cell, the second-smallest regular 4-polytope after the 5-point 5-cell (the hypothesized proton configuration).

It is possible to double the neutron configuration in this way, without destroying the charge balance that defines the nucleons, by giving down quarks three moving vertices instead of just one: two −left vertices and one +right vertex. The net charge on the down quark remains −{{sfrac|1|3}}, but the down quark becomes heavier (at least in vertex count) than the up quark, as in fact its mass is measured to be.

A nucleon's quark configuration is only a partial specification of its properties. There is much more to a nucleon than what is contained within its three quarks, which contribute only about 1% of the nucleon's energy. The additional 99% of the nucleon mass is said to be associated with the force that binds the three quarks together, rather than being intrinsic to the individual quarks separately. In the case of the proton, 5 moving vertices in the stable orbits of a central configuration (in one of the [[5-cell#Geodesics and rotations|isoclinic rotations characteristic of the regular 5-cell]]) might be sufficient to account for the stability of the proton, but not to account for most of the proton's energy. It is not the point-masses of the moving vertices themselves which constitute most of the mass of the nucleon; if mass is a consequence of geometry, we must look to the larger geometric elements of these polytopes as their major mass contributors. The quark configurations are thus incomplete specifications of the geometry of the nucleons, predictive of only some of the nucleon's properties, such as charge.{{Efn|Notice that by giving the down quark three moving vertices, we seem to have changed the quark model's prediction of the proton's number of moving vertices from 5 to 7, which would be incompatible with our theory that the proton configuration is a rotating regular 5-cell in a central configuration of 5 stable orbits. Fortunately, the actual quark model has nothing at all to say about moving vertices, so we may choose to regard that number as one of the geometric properties the quark model does not specify.}} In particular, they do not account for the forces binding the nucleon together. Moreover, if the rotating regular 5-cell is the proton configuration and the rotating regular 16-cell is the neutron configuration, then a nucleus is a complex of rotating 5-cells and 16-cells, and we must look to the geometric relationship between those two very different regular 4-polytopes for an understanding of the nuclear force binding them together.

The most direct [[120-cell#Relationships among interior polytopes|geometric relationship among stationary regular 4-polytopes]] is the way they occupy a common 3-sphere together. Multiple 16-cells of equal radius can be compounded to form each of the larger regular 4-polytopes, the 8-cell, 24-cell, 600-cell, and 120-cell, but it is noteworthy that multiple regular 5-cells of equal radius cannot be compounded to form any of the other 4-polytopes except the largest, the 120-cell. The 120-cell is the unique intersection of the regular 5-cell and 16-cell: it is a compound of 120 regular 5-cells, and also a compound of 75 16-cells. All regular 4-polytopes except the 5-cell are compounds of 16-cells, but none of them except the largest, the 120-cell, contains any regular 5-cells. So in any compound of equal-radius 16-cells which also contains a regular 5-cell, whether that compound forms some single larger regular 4-polytope or does not, no two of the regular 5-cell's five vertices ever lie in the same 16-cell. So the geometric relationship between the regular 5-cell (our proton candidate) and the regular 16-cell (our neutron candidate) is quite a distant one: they are much more exclusive of each other's elements than they are distantly related, despite their complementary three-quark configurations and other similarities as nucleons. The relationship between a regular 5-cell and a regular 16-cell of equal radius is manifest only in the 120-cell, the most complex regular 4-polytope, which [[120-cell#Geometry|uniquely embodies all the containment relationships]] among all the regular 4-polytopes and their elements.

If the nucleus is a complex of 5-cells (protons) and 16-cells (neutrons) rotating isoclinically around a common center, then its overall motion is a hybrid isoclinic rotation, because the 5-cell and the 16-cell have different characteristic isoclinic rotations, and they have no isoclinic rotation in common.{{Efn|The regular 5-cell does not occur inscribed in any other regular 4-polytope except one, the 600-vertex 120-cell. No two of the 5 vertices of a regular 5-cell can be vertices of the same 16-cell, 8-cell, 24-cell, or 600-cell. The isoclinic rotations characteristic of the regular 5-cell maintain the separation of its 5 moving vertices in 5 disjoint Clifford-parallel subspaces at all times. The [[16-cell#Rotations|isoclinic rotation characteristic of the 16-cell]] maintains the separation of its 8 moving vertices in 2 disjoint Clifford-parallel subspaces (completely orthogonal great square planes) at all times. Therefore, in any hybrid rotation of a concentric 5-cell and 16-cell, at most one 5-cell subspace (containing 1 vertex) might be synchronized with one 16-cell subspace (containing 4 vertices), such that the 1 + 4 vertices they jointly contain occupy the same moving subspace continually, forming a rigid 5-vertex polytope undergoing some kind of rotation. If in fact it existed, this 5-vertex rotating rigid polytope would not be [[5-cell#Geometry|not a 5-cell, since 4 of its vertices are coplanar]]; it is not a 4-polytope but merely a polyhedron, a [[W:square pyramid|square pyramid]].}}

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=== Nuclides ===

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=== Quantum phenomena ===

The Bell-Kochen-Specker (BKS) theorem rules out the existence of deterministic noncontextual hidden variables theories. A proof of the theorem in a space of three or more dimensions can be given by exhibiting a finite set of lines through the origin that cannot each be colored black or white in such a way that (i) no two orthogonal lines are both black, and (ii) not all members of a set of ''d'' mutually orthogonal lines are white.{{Efn|&quot;The Bell-Kochen-Specker theorem rules out the existence of deterministic noncontextual hidden variables theories. A proof of the theorem in a Hilbert space of dimension d ≥ 3 can be given by exhibiting a finite set of rays [9] that cannot each be assigned the value 0 or 1 in such a way that (i) no two orthogonal rays are both assigned the value 1, and (ii) not all members of a set of d mutually orthogonal rays are assigned the value 0.&quot;{{Sfn|Waegell|Aravind|2009|loc=2. The Bell-Kochen-Specker (BKS) theorem}}|name=BKS theorem}}

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=== Motion ===
What does it mean to say that an object moves through space? Coxeter group theory provides precise answers to questions of this kind. A rigid object (polytope) moves by distinct transformations, changing itself in each discrete step into a congruent object in a different orientation and position.{{Efn|name=transformations}}

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== Galilean relativity in a space of four orthogonal dimensions ==

Special relativity is just Galilean relativity in a Euclidean space of four orthogonal dimensions.

General relativity is just Galilean relativity in a general space of four orthogonal dimensions, e.g. Euclidean 4-space &lt;math&gt;R^4&lt;/math&gt;, spherical 4-space &lt;math&gt;S^4&lt;/math&gt;, or any orthogonal 4-manifold.

Light is just reflection. Gravity (and all force) is just rotation. Both motions are just group actions, expressions of intrinsic symmetries. That is all of physics.

Every observer properly sees himself as stationary and the universe as a sphere with himself at the center. The curvature of these spheres is a function of the rate at which causality evolves, and it can be measured by the observer as the speed of light.

=== Special relativity is just Galilean relativity in a Euclidean space of four orthogonal dimensions ===
Perspective effects occur because each observer's ordinary 3-dimensional space is only a curved manifold embedded in 4-dimensional Euclidean space, and its curvature complicates the calculations for him (e.g., he sometimes requires Lorentz transformations). But if  all four spatial dimensions are considered, no Lorentz transformations are required (or permitted) except when you want to calculate a projection, or a shadow, that is, how things will appear from a three-dimensional viewpoint (not how they really are).{{Sfn|Yamashita|2023}} The universe really has four spatial dimensions, and space and time behave just as they do in classical 3-vector space, only bigger by one dimension. It is not necessary to combine 4-space with time in a spacetime to explain 4-dimensional perspective effects at high velocities, because 4-space is already spatially 4-dimensional, and those perspective effects fall out of the 4-dimensional Pythagorean theorem naturally, just as perspective does in three dimensions. The universe is only strange in the ways the Euclidean fourth dimension is strange; but that does hold many surprises for us. Euclidean 4-space is much more interesting than Euclidean 3-space, analogous to the way that 3-space is much more interesting than 2-space. But all Euclidean spaces are dimensionally analogous. Dimensional analogy itself, like everything else in nature, is an exact expression of intrinsic symmetries.

=== General relativity is just Galilean relativity in a general space of four orthogonal dimensions ===
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=== Physics ===
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=== Thoreau's spherical relativity ===
Every observer may properly see himself as stationary and the universe as a 4-sphere with himself at the center observing it, perceptually equidistant from all points on its surface, including his own ''physical'' location which is one of those surface points, distinguished to him but not the center of anything. This statement of the principle of relativity is compatible with Galileo's relativity of uniformly moving objects in ordinary space, Einstein's special relativity of inertial reference frames in 4-dimensional spacetime, Einstein's general relativity of all reference frames in non-Euclidean spacetime, and Coxeter's relativity of orthogonal group actions in Euclidean spaces of any number of dimensions.{{Efn|name=transformations}} It should be known as Thoreau's spherical relativity, since the first precise written statement of it appears in 1849: &quot;The universe is a sphere whose center is wherever there is intelligence.&quot;{{Sfn|Thoreau|1849|p=349|ps=; &quot;The universe is a sphere whose center is wherever there is intelligence.&quot; [Contemporaneous and independent of [[W:Ludwig Schlafli|Ludwig Schlafli]]'s pioneering work enumerating the complete set of regular polytopes in any number of dimensions.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|loc=§7. Ordinary Polytopes in Higher Space; §7.x. Historical remarks|pp=141-144|ps=; &quot;Practically all the ideas in this chapter ... are due to Schläfli, who discovered them before 1853 — a time when Cayley, Grassman and Möbius were the only other people who had ever conceived the possibility of geometry in more than three dimensions.&quot;}}]}}

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== Conclusions==

=== Spherical relativity ===

We began our inquiry by wondering why physical space should be limited to just three dimensions (why ''three''). By visualizing the universe as a Euclidian space of four dimensions, we recognize that relativistic and quantum phenomena are natural consequences of symmetry group operations (including reflections and rotations) in four orthogonal dimensions. We should not then be surprised to see that the universe does not have just four dimensions, either. Physical space must bear as many dimensions as we need to ascribe to it, though the distinct phenomena for which we find a need to do so, in order to explain them, seem to be fewer and fewer as we consider higher and higher dimensions. To laws of physics generally, such as the principle of relativity in particular, we should always append the phrase &quot;in Euclidean spaces of any number of dimensions&quot;. Laws of physics should operate in any flat Euclidean space &lt;math&gt;R^n&lt;/math&gt; and in its corresponding spherical space &lt;math&gt;S^n&lt;/math&gt;.

The first and simplest sense in which we are forced to contemplate a fifth dimension is to accommodate our normal idea of time. Just as Einstein was forced to admit time as a dimension, in his four-dimensional spacetime of three spatial dimensions plus time, for some purposes we require a fifth time dimension to accompany our four spatial dimensions, when our purpose is orthogonal to (in the sense of independent of) the four spatial dimensions. For example, if we theorize that we observe a finite homogeneous universe, and that it is a Euclidean 4-space overall, we may prefer not to have to identify any distinct place within that 4-space as the center where the universe began in a big bang. To avoid having to pick a distinct place as the center of the universe, our model of it must be expanded, at least to be a ''spherical'' 4-dimensional space with the fifth radial dimension as time. Essentially, we require the fifth dimension in order to make our homogeneous 4-space finite, by wrapping it around into a 4-sphere. But perhaps we can still resist admitting the fifth radial dimension as a full-fledged Euclidean spatial dimension, at least so long as we have not observed how any naturally occurring object configurations are best described as 5-polytopes.

One phenomenon which resists explanation in a space of just four dimensions is the propagation of light in a vacuum. The propagation of mass-carrying particles is explained as the consequence of their rotations in closed, curved spaces (3-spheres) of finite size, moving through four-dimensional Euclidean space at a universal constant speed, the speed of light. But an apparent paradox remains that light must seemingly propagate through four-dimensional Euclidean space at more than the speed of light. From an ''n''-dimensional viewpoint, this apparent paradox can be resolved, and in retrospect it is clear how massless particles can translate through four-dimensional space at twice the speed constant, since they are not simultaneously rotating.

Another phenomenon justifying a five-dimensional view of space is the relation between the the 5-cell proton and the 16-cell neutron (the 4-simplex and 4-orthoplex polytopes). Their indirect relationship can be observed in the 4-600-point polytope (the 120-cell), and in its 11-cells,{{Sfn|Christie|2025|loc=&quot;A symmetrical arrangement of eleven 11-cells&quot;}} but it is only directly observed (absent a 120-cell) in a five-dimensional reference frame.

=== Nuclear geometry ===
We have seen how isoclinic rotations (Clifford displacements) relate the orbits in the atomic nucleus to each other, just as they relate the regular convex 4-polytopes to each other, in a sequence of nested objects of increasing complexity. We have identified the proton as a  5-point, 5-cell 4-simplex 𝜶&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, the neutron as an 8-point, 16-cell 4-orthoplex 𝛽&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, and the shell of the atomic nucleus as a 24-point 24-cell. As Coxeter noted, that unique 24-point object stands quite alone in four dimensions, having no analogue above or below.

=== Atomic geometry ===
I'm on a plane flying to Eugene to visit Catalin, we'll talk after I arrive. I've been working on both my unpublished papers, the one going put for pre-publication review soon about 4D geometry, and the big one not going out soon about the 4D sun, 4D atoms, and 4D galaxies and n-D universe. I'vd just added the following paragraph to that big paper:

Atomic geometry

The force binding the protons and neutrons of the nucleus together into a distinct element is specifically an expression of the 11-cell 4-polytope, itself an expression of the pyritohedral symmetry, which binds the distinct 4-polytopes to each other, and relates the n-polytopes to their neighbors of different n by dimensional analogy.


flying over mt shasta out my right-side window at the moment, that last text showing &quot;not delivered&quot; yet because there's no wifi on this plane, gazing at that great peak of the world and feeling as if i've just made the first ascent of it

=== Molecular geometry ===
Molecules are 3-dimensional structures that live in the thin film of 3-membrane only one atom thick in most places that is our ordinary space, but since that is a significantly curved 3-dimensional space at the scale of a molecule, the way the molecule's covalent bonds form is influenced by the local curvature in 4-dimensions at that point.

In the water molecule, there is a reason why the hydrogen atoms are attached to the oxygen atom at an angle of 104.45° in 3-dimensional space, and at root it must be the same symmetry that locates any two of the hydrogen proton's five vertices 104.45° apart on a great circle arc of its tiny 3-sphere.

=== Cosmology ===

==== Solar systems ====

===== Stars =====
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===== The Kepler problem =====
In the proper reference frame of some hypothetical observer in 4-dimensional Euclidean space, the Kepler problem has a solution in which all the planetary orbits are circles. This occurs because all bodies are always orbiting, each in some distinct isoclinic (equi-angled double) rotation. All atoms are rotating isoclinically at (double) the velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;. In the observer's proper reference frame, the isoclinic double rotation of each of his own atoms is most conveniently represented as an equivalent screw displacement: a linear translation at velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt; (along the observer's proper time axis through 4-space), combined with a simple rotation at velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt; (of the atom internally). 

This representation, though proper, is subject to the over-simplification of special relativity, because it ignores the fact that the observer is himself moving on some circular orbit; he is not linearly translating through 4-space. When the observer's own orbit is also represented, the screw displacement becomes an elliptical double rotation, with a very slow, very large-radius simple circular orbit (almost a linear translation), combined with a very fast, very small-radius simple circular orbit of each atom internally. This is the observer's proper reference frame according to general relativity.

An observer moving differently will perceive the motion of the observer and his atoms to be a different elliptical double rotation. We can find a proper reference frame, of some hypothetical observer moving hypothetically, in which the ratio of the radii of the two orthogonal rotations of the atom becomes any value we choose between 1 and &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;. In particular there exists, conceptually accessible to all observers independent of their motion, a distinct reference frame in which an atom is stationary, rotating isoclinically at (double) the velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;. That is simply the stationary reference frame of the atom itself, such as the stationary reference frame of any observer and his own atoms. In 3-dimensional physics, it is known as the observer's proper inertial reference frame. But in 4-dimensional physics, that is ''not'' the most convenient or sensible reference frame in which to consider objects moving differently, in different proper reference frames. In 4-dimensional physics, a reference frame in which an observer and his atoms are translating linearly at velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt; is known as the observer's proper inertial reference frame. Any such proper reference frame makes a great deal more sense for the purpose of considering the motion of objects moving differently in 4-space, just as a heliocentric solar system makes a great deal more sense than a geocentric solar system for the purpose of considering the motion of the planets.

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==== Galaxies ====

The spacetime of general relativity is often illustrated as a projection to a curved 2D surface in which large gravitational objects make gravity wells or dimples in the surface. In the Euclidean 4D view of the universe the 3D surface of a large cosmic object such as a galaxy surrounds an empty 4D space, and large gravitational objects within the galaxy must make dimples in its surface. But should we see them as dimples exactly? Would they dimple inwards or outwards? In the spacetime illustrations they are naturally always shown as dimpling downwards, which is somewhat disingenuous, strongly suggesting to the viewer that the reason for gravity is that it flows downhill - the original tautology we are trying to surmount! In the Euclidean 4D galaxy the dimple, if it is one, must be either inward or outward, and which it is matters since the dimple is flying outward at velocity {{mvar|c}}. The galaxy is not collapsing inward. Is a large gravitational mass (such as a star) ''ahead'' of the smaller masses orbiting around it (such as its planets), or is it ''behind'' them, as they fly through 4-space on their Clifford parallel trajectories? The answer is ''both'' of course, because a star is not a dimple, it is a 4-ball, and it dimples the 3D surface both inwards and outwards. It is a thick place in the 3D surface. We should view it as having its gravitational center precisely at the surface of the expanding 3-sphere. 

What is a black hole? It is the hollow four-dimensional space that a galaxy is the three-dimensional surface of.

When we view another galaxy, such as Andromeda, we are seeing that whole galaxy from a distance, the way the moon astronauts looked back at the whole earth. We see our own milky way galaxy from where we are on its surface, the way we see the earth from its surface, except that the earth is solid, but the galaxy is hollow and transparent. We can look across its empty center and see all the other stars also on its surface, including those opposite ours on the far side of its 3-sphere. The thicker band of stars we see in our night sky and identify as the milky way is not our whole galaxy; the majority of the other visible stars also lie in our galaxy. That dense band is not thicker and brighter than other parts of our galaxy because it lies toward a dense galactic center (our galaxy has an empty center), but for exactly the opposite reason: those apparently more thickly clustered stars lie all around us on the galaxy's surface, in the nearest region of space surrounding us. They appear to be densely packed only because we are looking at them &quot;edge on&quot;. Actually, we are looking into this nearby apparently dense region ''face on'', not edge on, because we are looking at a round sphere of space surrounding us, not a disk. In contrast, stars in our galaxy outside that bright band lie farther off from us, across the empty center of the galaxy, and we see them spread out as they actually are, instead of &quot;edge on&quot; so they appear to be densely clustered. The &quot;dense band&quot; covers only an equatorial band of the night sky instead of all the sky, because when we look out into the four-dimensional space around us, we can see stars above and below our three-dimensional hyperplane in our four-dimensional space. Everything in our solar system lies in our hyperplane, and the nearby stars around us in our galaxy are near our hyperplane (just slightly below it). All the other, more distant stars in our galaxy are also below our hyperplane. We can see objects outside our galaxy, such as other galaxies, both above and below our hyperplane. We can see all around us above our hyperplane (looking up from the galactic surface into the fourth dimension), and all around us below our hyperplane (looking down through our transparent galaxy and out the other side).

== Revolutions ==
The original Copernican revolution displaced the center of the universe from the center of the earth to a point farther away, the center of the sun, with the stars remaining on a fixed sphere around the sun instead of around the earth. But this led inevitably to the recognition that the sun must be a star itself, not equidistant from all the stars, and the center of but one of many spheres, no monotheistic center at all. 

In such fashion the Euclidean four-dimensional viewpoint initially lends itself to a big bang theory of a single origin of the whole universe, but leads inevitably to the recognition that all the stars need not be equidistant from a single origin in time, any more than they all lie in the same galaxy, equidistant from its center in space. The expanding sphere of matter on the surface of which we find ourselves living might be one of many such spheres, with their big bang origins occurring at distinct times and places in the 4-dimensional universe.

When we look up at the heavens, we have no obvious way of knowing whether the space we are looking into is a curved 3-spherical one or a flat 4-space. In this work we suggest a theory of how light travels that says we can see into all four dimensions, and so when we look up at night we see cosmological objects distributed in 4-dimensional space, and not all located on our own 3-spherical membrane. The view from our solar system suggests that our galaxy is its own hollow 3-sphere, and that galaxies generally are single roughly spherical 3-membranes, with the smaller objects within them all lying on that same 3-spherical surface, equidistant from the galaxy center in 4-space. 

The Euclidean four-dimensional viewpoint requires that all mass-carrying objects are in motion at constant velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;, although the relative velocity between nearby objects is much smaller since they move on similar vectors, aimed away from a common origin point in the past. It is natural to expect that objects moving at constant velocity away from a common origin will be distributed roughly on the surface of an expanding 3-sphere. Since their paths away from their origin are not straight lines but various helical isoclines, their 3-sphere will be expanding radially at slightly less than the constant velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;. The view from our solar system does ''not'' suggest that each galaxy is its own distinct 3-sphere expanding at this great rate; rather, the standard theory has been that the entire observable universe is expanding from a single big bang origin in time. While the Euclidean four-dimensional viewpoint lends itself to that standard theory, it also allows theories which require no single origin point in space and time.

These are the voyages of starship Earth, to boldly go where no one has gone before. It made the jump to lightspeed long ago, in whatever big bang its atoms emerged from, and hasn't slowed down since.

== Origins of the theory ==
Einstein himself was one of the first to imagine the universe as the three-dimensional surface of a four-dimensional Euclidean sphere, in what was narrowly the first written articulation of the principle of Euclidean 4-space relativity, contemporaneous with the teen-aged Coxeter's (quoted below). Einstein did this as a [[W:Gedankenexperiment|gedankenexperiment]] in the context of investigating whether his equations of general relativity predicted an infinite or a finite universe, in his 1921 Princeton lecture.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/36276|title=The Meaning of Relativity|last=Einstein|first=Albert|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1923|isbn=|location=|pages=110-111}}&lt;/ref&gt; He invited us to imagine &quot;A spherical manifold of three dimensions, embedded in a Euclidean continuum of four dimensions&quot;, but he was careful to disclaim parenthetically that &quot;The aid of a fourth space dimension has naturally no significance except that of a mathematical artifice.&quot;

Informally, the Euclidean 4-dimensional theory of relativity may be given as a sort of reciprocal of that formulation of Einstein's: ''The Minkowski spacetime has naturally no significance except that of a mathematical artifice, as an aid to understanding how things will appear to an observer from his perspective; the forthshortenings, clock desynchronizations and other perceptual effects it predicts are exact calculations of actual perspective effects; but space is actually a flat, Euclidean continuum of four orthogonal spatial dimensions, and in it the ordinary laws of a flat vector space hold (such as the Pythagorean theorem), and all sightline calculations work classically, so long as you consider all four dimensions.''

The Euclidean 4-dimensional theory differs from the standard theory in being a description of the physical universe in terms of a geometry of four or more orthogonal spatial dimensions, rather than in the standard theory's terms of the [[w:Minkowski spacetime|Minkowski spacetime]] geometry (in which three spatial dimensions and a time dimension comprise a unified spacetime of four dimensions). The invention of geometry of more than three spatial dimensions preceded Einstein's theories by more than fifty years. It was first worked out by the Swiss mathematician [[w:Ludwig Schläfli|Ludwig Schläfli]] around 1850. Schläfli extended Euclid's geometry of one, two, and three dimensions in a direct way to four or more dimensions, generalizing the rules and terms of [[w:Euclidean geometry|Euclidean geometry]] to spaces of any number of dimensions. He coined the general term ''polyscheme'' to mean geometric forms of any number of dimensions, including two-dimensional [[w:polygon|polygons]], three-dimensional [[w:polyhedron|polyhedra]], four dimensional [[w:polychoron|polychora]], and so on, and in the process he discovered all the [[w:Regular polytope|regular polyschemes]] that are possible in every dimension, including in particular the six convex regular polyschemes which can be constructed in a space of four dimensions (a set analogous to the five [[w:Platonic solid|Platonic solids]] in three dimensional space). Thus he was the first to explore the fourth dimension, reveal its emergent geometric properties, and discover all its astonishing regular objects. Because most of his work remained almost completely unknown until it was published posthumously in 1901, other researchers had more than fifty years to rediscover the regular polyschemes, and competing terms were coined; today [[W:Alicia Boole Stott|Alicia Boole Stott]]'s word ''[[w:Polytope|polytope]]'' is the commonly used term for ''polyscheme''.{{Efn|Today Schläfli's original ''polyscheme'', with its echo of ''schema'' as in the configurations of information structures, seems even more fitting in its generality than ''polytope'' -- perhaps analogously as information software (programming) is even more general than information hardware (computers).}}

== Boundaries ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;Ever since we discovered that Earth is round and turns like a mad-spinning top, we have understood that reality is not as it appears to us: every time we glimpse a new aspect of it, it is a deeply emotional experience. Another veil has fallen.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Carlo Rovelli|title=Seven Brief Lessons on Physics}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Of course it is strange to consciously contemplate this world we inhabit, our planet, our solar system, our vast galaxy, as the merest film, a boundary no thicker in the places we inhabit than the diameter of an electron (though much thicker in some places we cannot inhabit, such as the interior of stars). But is not our unconscious traditional concept of the boundary of our world even stranger? Since the enlightenment we are accustomed to thinking that there is nothing beyond three dimensional space: no boundary, because there is nothing else to separate us from. But anyone who knows the [[polyscheme]]s Schlafli discovered knows that space can have any number of dimensions, and that there are fundamental objects and motions to be discovered in four dimensions that are even more various and interesting than those we can discover in three. The strange thing, when we think about it, is that there ''is'' a boundary between three and four dimensions. ''Why'' can't we move (or apparently, see) in more than three dimensions? Why is our world apparently only three dimensional? Why would it have ''three'' dimensions, and not four, or five, or the ''n'' dimensions that Schlafli mapped? What is the nature of the boundary which confines us to just three? 

We know that in Euclidean geometry the boundary between three and four dimensions is itself a spherical three dimensional space, so we should suspect that we are materially confined within such a curved boundary. Light need not be confined with us within our three dimensional boundary space. We would look directly through four dimensional space in our natural way by receiving light signals that traveled to us on straight lines through it. The reason we do not observe a fourth spatial dimension in our vicinity is that there are no nearby objects in it, just off our hyperplane in the wild. The nearest four-dimensional object we can see with our eyes is our sun, which lies equatorially in our own hyperplane, though it bulges out of it above and below. But when we look up at the heavens, every pinprick of light we observe is itself a four-dimensional object off our hyperplane, and they are distributed around us in four-dimensional space through which we gaze. We are four-dimensionally sighted creates, even though our bodies are three-dimensional objects, thin as an atom in the fourth dimension. But that should not surprise us: we can see into three dimensional space even though our retinas are two dimensional objects, thin as a photoreceptor cell.

Our unconscious provincial concept is that there is nothing else outside our three dimensional world: no boundary, because there is nothing else to separate us from. But Schlafli discovered something else: all the astonishing regular objects that exist in higher dimensions. So this conception now has the same kind of status as our idea that the sun rises in the east and passes overhead: it is mere appearance, not a true model and not a proper explanation. A boundary is an explanation, be it ever so thin. And would a boundary of ''no'' thickness, a mere abstraction with no physical power to separate, be a more suitable explanation?

&lt;blockquote&gt;The number of dimensions possessed by a figure is the number of straight lines each perpendicular to all the others which can be drawn on it. Thus a point has no dimensions, a straight line one, a plane surface two, and a solid three ....

In space as we now know it only three lines can be imagined perpendicular to each other. A fourth line, perpendicular to all the other three would be quite invisible and unimaginable to us. We ourselves and all the material things around us probably possess a fourth dimension, of which we are quite unaware. If not, from a four-dimensional point of view we are mere geometrical abstractions, like geometrical surfaces, lines, and points are to us. But this thickness in the fourth dimension must be exceedingly minute, if it exists at all. That is, we could only draw an exceedingly small line perpendicular to our three perpendicular lines, length, breadth and thickness, so small that no microscope could ever perceive it.

We can find out something about the conditions of the fourth and higher dimensions if they exist, without being certain that they do exist, by a process which I have termed &quot;Dimensional Analogy.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Dimensional Analogy|last=Coxeter|first=Donald|date=February 1923|publisher=Coxeter Fonds, University of Toronto Archives|authorlink=W:Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter|series=|postscript=|work=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

I believe, but I cannot prove, that our universe is properly a Euclidean space of four orthogonal spatial dimensions. Others will have to work out the physics and do the math, because I don't have the mathematics; entirely unlike Coxeter and Einstein, I am illiterate in those languages.

&lt;blockquote&gt;
::::::BEECH

:Where my imaginary line
:Bends square in woods, an iron spine
:And pile of real rocks have been founded.
:And off this corner in the wild,
:Where these are driven in and piled,
:One tree, by being deeply wounded,
:Has been impressed as Witness Tree
:And made commit to memory
:My proof of being not unbounded.
:Thus truth's established and borne out,
:Though circumstanced with dark and doubt—
:Though by a world of doubt surrounded.

:::::::—''The Moodie Forester''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=A Witness Tree|last=Frost|first=Robert|year=1942|series=The Poetry of Robert Frost|publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston|edition=1969|}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Sequence of regular 4-polytopes ==
{{Regular convex 4-polytopes|wiki=W:|radius={{radic|2}}|columns=9}}

== Notes ==
{{Efn|In a ''[[W:William Kingdon Clifford|Clifford]] displacement'', also known as an [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]], all the Clifford parallel{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} invariant planes are displaced in four orthogonal directions (two completely orthogonal planes) at once: they are rotated by the same angle, and at the same time they are tilted ''sideways'' by that same angle. A [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Isoclinic rotations|Clifford displacement]] is [[W:8-cell#Radial equilateral symmetry|4-dimensionally diagonal]].{{Efn|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}} Every plane that is Clifford parallel to one of the completely orthogonal planes (including in this case an entire Clifford parallel bundle of 4 hexagons, but not all 16 hexagons) is invariant under the isoclinic rotation: all the points in the plane rotate in circles but remain in the plane, even as the whole plane tilts sideways. All 16 hexagons rotate by the same angle (though only 4 of them do so invariantly). All 16 hexagons are rotated by 60 degrees, and also displaced sideways by 60 degrees to a Clifford parallel hexagon. All of the other central polygons (e.g. squares) are also displaced to a Clifford parallel polygon 60 degrees away.|name=Clifford displacement}}

{{Efn|It is not difficult to visualize four hexagonal planes intersecting at 60 degrees to each other, even in three dimensions. Four hexagonal central planes intersect at 60 degrees in the [[W:cuboctahedron|cuboctahedron]]. Four of the 24-cell's 16 hexagonal central planes (lying in the same 3-dimensional hyperplane) intersect at each of the 24-cell's vertices exactly the way they do at the center of a cuboctahedron. But the ''edges'' around the vertex do not meet as the radii do at the center of a cuboctahedron; the 24-cell has 8 edges around each vertex, not 12, so its vertex figure is the cube, not the cuboctahedron. The 8 edges meet exactly the way 8 edges do at the apex of a canonical [[W:cubic pyramid]|cubic pyramid]].{{Efn|name=24-cell vertex figure}}|name=cuboctahedral hexagons}}

{{Efn|The long radius (center to vertex) of the 24-cell is equal to its edge length; thus its long diameter (vertex to opposite vertex) is 2 edge lengths. Only a few uniform polytopes have this property, including the four-dimensional 24-cell and [[W:Tesseract#Radial equilateral symmetry|tesseract]], the three-dimensional [[W:Cuboctahedron#Radial equilateral symmetry|cuboctahedron]], and the two-dimensional [[W:Hexagon#Regular hexagon|hexagon]]. (The cuboctahedron is the equatorial cross section of the 24-cell, and the hexagon is the equatorial cross section of the cuboctahedron.) '''Radially equilateral''' polytopes are those which can be constructed, with their long radii, from equilateral triangles which meet at the center of the polytope, each contributing two radii and an edge.|name=radially equilateral|group=}}

{{Efn|Eight {{sqrt|1}} edges converge in curved 3-dimensional space from the corners of the 24-cell's cubical vertex figure{{Efn|The [[W:vertex figure|vertex figure]] is the facet which is made by truncating a vertex; canonically, at the mid-edges incident to the vertex. But one can make similar vertex figures of different radii by truncating at any point along those edges, up to and including truncating at the adjacent vertices to make a ''full size'' vertex figure. Stillwell defines the vertex figure as &quot;the convex hull of the neighbouring vertices of a given vertex&quot;.{{Sfn|Stillwell|2001|p=17}} That is what serves the illustrative purpose here.|name=full size vertex figure}} and meet at its center (the vertex), where they form 4 straight lines which cross there. The 8 vertices of the cube are the eight nearest other vertices of the 24-cell. The straight lines are geodesics: two {{sqrt|1}}-length segments of an apparently straight line (in the 3-space of the 24-cell's curved surface) that is bent in the 4th dimension into a great circle hexagon (in 4-space). Imagined from inside this curved 3-space, the bends in the hexagons are invisible. From outside (if we could view the 24-cell in 4-space), the straight lines would be seen to bend in the 4th dimension at the cube centers, because the center is displaced outward in the 4th dimension, out of the hyperplane defined by the cube's vertices. Thus the vertex cube is actually a [[W:cubic pyramid|cubic pyramid]]. Unlike a cube, it seems to be radially equilateral (like the tesseract and the 24-cell itself): its &quot;radius&quot; equals its edge length.{{Efn|The vertex cubic pyramid is not actually radially equilateral,{{Efn|name=radially equilateral}} because the edges radiating from its apex are not actually its radii: the apex of the [[W:cubic pyramid|cubic pyramid]] is not actually its center, just one of its vertices.}}|name=24-cell vertex figure}}

{{Efn|The hexagons are inclined (tilted) at 60 degrees with respect to the unit radius coordinate system's orthogonal planes. Each hexagonal plane contains only ''one'' of the 4 coordinate system axes.{{Efn|Each great hexagon of the 24-cell contains one axis (one pair of antipodal vertices) belonging to each of the three inscribed 16-cells. The 24-cell contains three disjoint inscribed 16-cells, rotated 60° isoclinically{{Efn|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}} with respect to each other (so their corresponding vertices are 120° {{=}} {{radic|3}} apart). A [[16-cell#Coordinates|16-cell is an orthonormal ''basis'']] for a 4-dimensional coordinate system, because its 8 vertices define the four orthogonal axes. In any choice of a vertex-up coordinate system (such as the unit radius coordinates used in this article), one of the three inscribed 16-cells is the basis for the coordinate system, and each hexagon has only ''one'' axis which is a coordinate system axis.|name=three basis 16-cells}} The hexagon consists of 3 pairs of opposite vertices (three 24-cell diameters): one opposite pair of ''integer'' coordinate vertices (one of the four coordinate axes), and two opposite pairs of ''half-integer'' coordinate vertices (not coordinate axes). For example:
{{indent|17}}({{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}1,{{spaces|2}}0)
{{indent|5}}({{spaces|2}}&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,–&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,{{spaces|2}}&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,–&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;){{spaces|3}}({{spaces|2}}&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,{{spaces|2}}&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,{{spaces|2}}&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,{{spaces|2}}&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;)
{{indent|5}}(–&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,–&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,–&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,–&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;){{spaces|3}}(–&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,{{spaces|2}}&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,–&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,{{spaces|2}}&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;)
{{indent|17}}({{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}0,–1,{{spaces|2}}0)&lt;br&gt;
is a hexagon on the ''y'' axis. Unlike the {{sqrt|2}} squares, the hexagons are actually made of 24-cell edges, so they are visible features of the 24-cell.|name=non-orthogonal hexagons|group=}}

{{Efn|Visualize the three [[16-cell]]s inscribed in the 24-cell (left, right, and middle), and the rotation which takes them to each other. [[24-cell#Reciprocal constructions from 8-cell and 16-cell|The vertices of the middle 16-cell lie on the (w, x, y, z) coordinate axes]];{{Efn|name=six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} the other two are rotated 60° [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinically]] to its left and its right. The 24-vertex 24-cell is a compound of three 16-cells, whose three sets of 8 vertices are distributed around the 24-cell symmetrically; each vertex is surrounded by 8 others (in the 3-dimensional space of the 4-dimensional 24-cell's ''surface''), the way the vertices of a cube surround its center.{{Efn|name=24-cell vertex figure}} The 8 surrounding vertices (the cube corners) lie in other 16-cells: 4 in the other 16-cell to the left, and 4 in the other 16-cell to the right. They are the vertices of two tetrahedra inscribed in the cube, one belonging (as a cell) to each 16-cell. If the 16-cell edges are {{radic|2}}, each vertex of the compound of three 16-cells is {{radic|1}} away from its 8 surrounding vertices in other 16-cells. Now visualize those {{radic|1}} distances as the edges of the 24-cell (while continuing to visualize the disjoint 16-cells). The {{radic|1}} edges form great hexagons of 6 vertices which run around the 24-cell in a central plane. ''Four'' hexagons cross at each vertex (and its antipodal vertex), inclined at 60° to each other.{{Efn|name=cuboctahedral hexagons}} The [[24-cell#Hexagons|hexagons]] are not perpendicular to each other, or to the 16-cells' perpendicular [[24-cell#Squares|square central planes]].{{Efn|name=non-orthogonal hexagons}} The left and right 16-cells form a tesseract.{{Efn|Each pair of the three 16-cells inscribed in the 24-cell forms a 4-dimensional [[W:tesseract|hypercube (a tesseract or 8-cell)]], in [[24-cell#Relationships among interior polytopes|dimensional analogy]] to the way two tetrahedra form a cube: the two 8-vertex 16-cells are inscribed in the 16-vertex tesseract, occupying its alternate vertices. The third 16-cell does not lie within the tesseract; its 8 vertices protrude from the sides of the tesseract, forming a cubic pyramid on each of the tesseract's cubic cells. The three pairs of 16-cells form three tesseracts.{{Efn|name=three 8-cells}} The tesseracts share vertices, but the 16-cells are completely disjoint.{{Efn|name=completely disjoint}}|name=three 16-cells form three tesseracts}} Two 16-cells have vertex-pairs which are one {{radic|1}} edge (one hexagon edge) apart. But a [[24-cell#Simple rotations|''simple'' rotation]] of 60° will not take one whole 16-cell to another 16-cell, because their vertices are 60° apart in different directions, and a simple rotation has only one hexagonal plane of rotation. One 16-cell ''can'' be taken to another 16-cell by a 60° [[24-cell#Isoclinic rotations|''isoclinic'' rotation]], because an isoclinic rotation is [[3-sphere]] symmetric: four [[24-cell#Clifford parallel polytopes|Clifford parallel hexagonal planes]] rotate together, but in four different rotational directions,{{Efn|name=Clifford displacement}} taking each 16-cell to another 16-cell. But since an isoclinic 60°  rotation is a ''diagonal'' rotation by 60° in ''two'' completely orthogonal directions at once,{{Efn|name=isoclinic geodesic}} the corresponding vertices of the 16-cell and the 16-cell it is taken to are 120° apart: ''two'' {{radic|1}} hexagon edges (or one {{radic|3}} hexagon chord) apart, not one {{radic|1}} edge (60°) apart as in a simple rotation.{{Efn|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}} By the [[W:chiral|chiral]] diagonal nature of isoclinic rotations, the 16-cell ''cannot'' reach the adjacent 16-cell by rotating toward it; it can only reach the 16-cell ''beyond'' it. But of course, the 16-cell beyond the 16-cell to its right is the 16-cell to its left. So a 60° isoclinic  rotation ''will'' take every 16-cell to another 16-cell: a 60° ''right'' isoclinic rotation will take the middle 16-cell to the 16-cell we may have originally visualized as the ''left'' 16-cell, and a 60° ''left'' isoclinic rotation will take the middle 16-cell to the 16-cell we visualized as the ''right'' 16-cell. (If so, that was our error in visualization; the 16-cell to the &quot;left&quot; is in fact the one reached by the left isoclinic rotation, as that is the only sense in which the two 16-cells are left or right of each other.)|name=three isoclinic 16-cells}}

{{Efn|In a double rotation each vertex can be said to move along two completely orthogonal great circles at the same time, but it does not stay within the central plane of either of those original great circles; rather, it moves along a helical geodesic that traverses diagonally between great circles. The two completely orthogonal planes of rotation are said to be ''invariant'' because the points in each stay in the plane ''as the plane moves'', tilting sideways by the same angle that the other plane rotates.|name=helical geodesic}}

{{Efn|A point under isoclinic rotation traverses the diagonal{{Efn|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}} straight line of a single '''isoclinic geodesic''', reaching its destination directly, instead of the bent line of two successive '''simple geodesics'''. A '''[[W:geodesic|geodesic]]''' is the ''shortest path'' through a space (intuitively, a string pulled taught between two points). Simple geodesics are great circles lying in a central plane (the only kind of geodesics that occur in 3-space on the 2-sphere). Isoclinic geodesics are different: they do ''not'' lie in a single plane; they are 4-dimensional [[W:helix|spirals]] rather than simple 2-dimensional circles.{{Efn|name=helical geodesic}} But they are not like 3-dimensional [[W:screw threads|screw threads]] either, because they form a closed loop like any circle (after ''two'' revolutions). Isoclinic geodesics are ''4-dimensional great circles'', and they are just as circular as 2-dimensional circles: in fact, twice as circular, because they curve in a circle in two completely orthogonal directions at once.{{Efn|Isoclinic geodesics are ''4-dimensional great circles'' in the sense that they are 1-dimensional geodesic ''lines'' that curve in 4-space in two completely orthogonal planes at once. They should not be confused with ''great 2-spheres'',{{Sfn|Stillwell|2001|p=24}} which are the 4-dimensional analogues of 2-dimensional great circles (great 1-spheres).}} These '''isoclines''' are geodesic 1-dimensional lines embedded in a 4-dimensional space. On the 3-sphere{{Efn|All isoclines are geodesics, and isoclines on the 3-sphere are 4-dimensionally circular, but not all isoclines on 3-manifolds in 4-space are perfectly circular.}} they always occur in [[W:chiral|chiral]] pairs and form a pair of [[W:Villarceau circle|Villarceau circle]]s on the [[W:Clifford torus|Clifford torus]],{{Efn|Isoclines on the 3-sphere occur in non-intersecting chiral pairs. A left and a right isocline form a [[W:Hopf link|Hopf link]] called the {1,1} torus knot{{Sfn|Dorst|2019|loc=§1. Villarceau Circles|p=44|ps=; &quot;In mathematics, the path that the (1, 1) knot on the torus traces is also
known as a [[W:Villarceau circle|Villarceau circle]]. Villarceau circles are usually introduced as two
intersecting circles that are the cross-section of a torus by a well-chosen plane
cutting it. Picking one such circle and rotating it around the torus
axis, the resulting family of circles can be used to rule the torus. By nesting
tori smartly, the collection of all such circles then form a [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fibration]].... we prefer to consider the Villarceau circle as the
(1, 1) torus knot [a [[W:Hopf link|Hopf link]]] rather than as a planar cut [two intersecting circles].&quot;}} in which ''each'' of the two linked circles traverses all four dimensions.}} the paths of the left and the right [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Double rotations|isoclinic rotation]]. They are [[W:Helix|helices]] bent into a [[W:Möbius strip|Möbius loop]] in the fourth dimension, taking a diagonal [[W:Winding number|winding route]] twice around the 3-sphere through the non-adjacent vertices of a 4-polytope's [[W:Skew polygon#Regular skew polygons in four dimensions|skew polygon]].|name=isoclinic geodesic}}

{{Efn|[[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]]s are non-intersecting curved lines that are parallel in the sense that the perpendicular (shortest) distance between them is the same at each point.{{Sfn|Tyrrell|Semple|1971|loc=§3. Clifford's original definition of parallelism|pp=5-6}} A double helix is an example of Clifford parallelism in ordinary 3-dimensional Euclidean space. In 4-space Clifford parallels occur as geodesic great circles on the [[W:3-sphere|3-sphere]].{{Sfn|Kim|Rote|2016|pp=8-10|loc=Relations to Clifford Parallelism}} Whereas in 3-dimensional space, any two geodesic great circles on the 2-sphere will always intersect at two antipodal points, in 4-dimensional space not all great circles intersect; various sets of Clifford parallel non-intersecting geodesic great circles can be found on the 3-sphere. Perhaps the simplest example is that six mutually orthogonal great circles can be drawn on the 3-sphere, as three pairs of completely orthogonal great circles.{{Efn|name=six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} Each completely orthogonal pair is Clifford parallel. The two circles cannot intersect at all, because they lie in planes which intersect at only one point: the center of the 3-sphere.{{Efn|name=only some Clifford parallels are orthogonal}} Because they are perpendicular and share a common center, the two circles are obviously not parallel and separate in the usual way of parallel circles in 3 dimensions; rather they are connected like adjacent links in a chain, each passing through the other without intersecting at any points, forming a [[W:Hopf link|Hopf link]].|name=Clifford parallels}}

{{Efn|In the 24-cell each great square plane is completely orthogonal{{Efn|name=completely orthogonal planes}} to another great square plane, and each great hexagon plane is completely orthogonal to a plane which intersects only two vertices: a great [[W:digon|digon]] plane.|name=pairs of completely orthogonal planes}}

{{Efn|In an [[24-cell#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]], each point anywhere in the 4-polytope moves an equal distance in four orthogonal directions at once, on a [[W:8-cell#Radial equilateral symmetry|4-dimensional diagonal]]. The point is displaced a total [[W:Pythagorean distance]] equal to the square root of four times the square of that distance. For example, when the unit-radius 24-cell rotates isoclinically 60° in a hexagon invariant plane and 60° in its completely orthogonal invariant plane,{{Efn|name=pairs of completely orthogonal planes}} all vertices are displaced to a vertex two edge lengths away. Each vertex is displaced to another vertex {{radic|3}} (120°) away, moving {{radic|3/4}} in four orthogonal coordinate directions.|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}}

{{Efn|Each square plane is isoclinic (Clifford parallel) to five other square planes but completely orthogonal{{Efn|name=completely orthogonal planes}} to only one of them.{{Efn|name=Clifford parallel squares in the 16-cell and 24-cell}} Every pair of completely orthogonal planes has Clifford parallel great circles, but not all Clifford parallel great circles are orthogonal (e.g., none of the hexagonal geodesics in the 24-cell are mutually orthogonal).|name=only some Clifford parallels are orthogonal}}

{{Efn|In the [[16-cell#Rotations|16-cell]] the 6 orthogonal great squares form 3 pairs of completely orthogonal great circles; each pair is Clifford parallel. In the 24-cell, the 3 inscribed 16-cells lie rotated 60 degrees isoclinically{{Efn|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}} with respect to each other; consequently their corresponding vertices are 120 degrees apart on a hexagonal great circle. Pairing their vertices which are 90 degrees apart reveals corresponding square great circles which are Clifford parallel. Each of the 18 square great circles is Clifford parallel not only to one other square great circle in the same 16-cell (the completely orthogonal one), but also to two square great circles (which are completely orthogonal to each other) in each of the other two 16-cells. (Completely orthogonal great circles are Clifford parallel, but not all Clifford parallels are orthogonal.{{Efn|name=only some Clifford parallels are orthogonal}}) A 60 degree isoclinic rotation of the 24-cell in hexagonal invariant planes takes each square great circle to a Clifford parallel (but non-orthogonal) square great circle in a different 16-cell.|name=Clifford parallel squares in the 16-cell and 24-cell}}

{{Efn|In 4 dimensional space we can construct 4 perpendicular axes and 6 perpendicular planes through a point. Without loss of generality, we may take these to be the axes and orthogonal central planes of a (w, x, y, z) Cartesian coordinate system. In 4 dimensions we have the same 3 orthogonal planes (xy, xz, yz) that we have in 3 dimensions, and also 3 others (wx, wy, wz). Each of the 6 orthogonal planes shares an axis with 4 of the others, and is ''completely orthogonal'' to just one of the others: the only one with which it does not share an axis. Thus there are 3 pairs of completely orthogonal planes: xy and wz intersect only at the origin; xz and wy intersect only at the origin; yz and wx intersect only at the origin.|name=six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}}

{{Efn|Two planes in 4-dimensional space can have four possible reciprocal positions: (1) they can coincide (be exactly the same plane); (2) they can be parallel (the only way they can fail to intersect at all); (3) they can intersect in a single line, as two non-parallel planes do in 3-dimensional space; or (4) '''they can intersect in a single point'''{{Efn|To visualize how two planes can intersect in a single point in a four dimensional space, consider the Euclidean space (w, x, y, z) and imagine that the w dimension represents time rather than a spatial dimension. The xy central plane (where w{{=}}0, z{{=}}0) shares no axis with the wz central plane (where x{{=}}0, y{{=}}0). The xy plane exists at only a single instant in time (w{{=}}0); the wz plane (and in particular the w axis) exists all the time. Thus their only moment and place of intersection is at the origin point (0,0,0,0).|name=how planes intersect at a single point}} (and they ''must'', if they are completely orthogonal).{{Efn|Two flat planes A and B of a Euclidean space of four dimensions are called ''completely orthogonal'' if and only if every line in A is orthogonal to every line in B. In that case the planes A and B intersect at a single point O, so that if a line in A intersects with a line in B, they intersect at O.{{Efn|name=six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}}|name=completely orthogonal planes}}|name=how planes intersect}}

{{Efn|Polytopes are '''completely disjoint''' if all their ''element sets'' are disjoint: they do not share any vertices, edges, faces or cells. They may still overlap in space, sharing 4-content, volume, area, or lineage.|name=completely disjoint}}

{{Efn|If the [[W:Euclidean distance|Pythagorean distance]] between any two vertices is {{sqrt|1}}, their geodesic distance is 1; they may be two adjacent vertices (in the curved 3-space of the surface), or a vertex and the center (in 4-space). If their Pythagorean distance is {{sqrt|2}}, their geodesic distance is 2 (whether via 3-space or 4-space, because the path along the edges is the same straight line with one 90&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt; bend in it as the path through the center). If their Pythagorean distance is {{sqrt|3}}, their geodesic distance is still 2 (whether on a hexagonal great circle past one 60&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt; bend, or as a straight line with one 60&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt; bend in it through the center). Finally, if their Pythagorean distance is {{sqrt|4}}, their geodesic distance is still 2 in 4-space (straight through the center), but it reaches 3 in 3-space (by going halfway around a hexagonal great circle).|name=Geodesic distance}}

{{Efn|Two angles are required to fix the relative positions of two planes in 4-space.{{Sfn|Kim|Rote|2016|p=7|loc=§6 Angles between two Planes in 4-Space|ps=; &quot;In four (and higher) dimensions, we need two angles to fix the relative position between two planes. (More generally, ''k'' angles are defined between ''k''-dimensional subspaces.)&quot;}} Since all planes in the same [[W:hyperplane|hyperplane]] are 0 degrees apart in one of the two angles, only one angle is required in 3-space. Great hexagons in different hyperplanes are 60 degrees apart in ''both'' angles. Great squares in different hyperplanes are 90 degrees apart in ''both'' angles (completely orthogonal){{Efn|name=completely orthogonal planes}} or 60 degrees apart in ''both'' angles.{{Efn||name=Clifford parallel squares in the 16-cell and 24-cell}} Planes which are separated by two equal angles are called ''isoclinic''. Planes which are isoclinic have [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]] great circles.{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} A great square and a great hexagon in different hyperplanes are neither isoclinic nor Clifford parallel; they are separated by a 90 degree angle ''and'' a 60 degree angle.|name=two angles between central planes}}

{{Efn|The 24-cell contains 3 distinct 8-cells (tesseracts), rotated 60° isoclinically with respect to each other. The corresponding vertices of two 8-cells are {{radic|3}} (120°) apart. Each 8-cell contains 8 cubical cells, and each cube contains four {{radic|3}} chords (its long diagonals). The 8-cells are not completely disjoint{{Efn|name=completely disjoint}} (they share vertices), but each cube and each {{radic|3}} chord belongs to just one 8-cell. The {{radic|3}} chords joining the corresponding vertices of two 8-cells belong to the third 8-cell.|name=three 8-cells}}

{{Efn|Departing from any vertex V&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; in the original great hexagon plane of isoclinic rotation P&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;, the first vertex reached V&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; is 120 degrees away along a {{radic|3}} chord lying in a different hexagonal plane P&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;. P&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; is inclined to P&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; at a 60° angle.{{Efn|P&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; and P&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; lie in the same hyperplane (the same central cuboctahedron) so their other angle of separation is 0.{{Efn|name=two angles between central planes}}}} The second vertex reached V&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; is 120 degrees beyond V&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; along a second {{radic|3}} chord lying in another hexagonal plane P&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; that is Clifford parallel to P&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;.{{Efn|P&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; and P&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; are 60° apart in ''both'' angles of separation.{{Efn|name=two angles between central planes}} Clifford parallel planes are isoclinic (which means they are separated by two equal angles), and their corresponding vertices are all the same distance apart. Although V&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; and V&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; are ''two'' {{radic|3}} chords apart{{Efn|V&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; and V&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; are two {{radic|3}} chords apart on the geodesic path of this rotational isocline, but that is not the shortest geodesic path between them. In the 24-cell, it is impossible for two vertices to be more distant than ''one'' {{radic|3}} chord, unless they are antipodal vertices {{radic|4}} apart.{{Efn|name=Geodesic distance}} V&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; and V&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; are ''one'' {{radic|3}} chord apart on some other isocline. More generally, isoclines are geodesics because the distance between their ''adjacent'' vertices is the shortest distance between those two vertices, but a path between two vertices along a geodesic is not always the shortest distance between them (even on ordinary great circle geodesics).}}, P&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; and P&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; are just one {{radic|1}} edge apart (at every pair of ''nearest'' vertices).}} (Notice that V&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; lies in both intersecting planes P&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; and P&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, as V&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; lies in both P&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; and P&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;. But P&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; and P&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; have ''no'' vertices in common; they do not intersect.) The third vertex reached V&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; is 120 degrees beyond V&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; along a third {{radic|3}} chord lying in another hexagonal plane P&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; that is Clifford parallel to P&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;. The three {{radic|3}} chords lie in different 8-cells.{{Efn|name=three 8-cells}} V&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; to V&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; is a 360° isoclinic rotation.|name=360 degree geodesic path visiting 3 hexagonal planes}}

{{Notelist|40em}}

== Citations ==
{{Sfn|Mamone|Pileio|Levitt|2010|loc=§4.5 Regular Convex 4-Polytopes|pp=1438-1439|ps=; the 24-cell has 1152 symmetry operations (rotations and reflections) as enumerated in Table 2, symmetry group 𝐹&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;.}}

{{Reflist|40em}}

== References ==
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** (Paper 3) H.S.M. Coxeter, ''Two aspects of the regular 24-cell in four dimensions''
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* {{Cite arXiv | eprint=1903.06971 | last=Copher | first=Jessica | year=2019 | title=Sums and Products of Regular Polytopes' Squared Chord Lengths | class=math.MG }}
* {{Cite thesis|url= http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:dcffce5a-0b47-404e-8a67-9a3845774d89 |title=Symmetry groups of regular polytopes in three and four dimensions|last=van Ittersum |first=Clara|year=2020|publisher=[[W:Delft University of Technology|Delft University of Technology]]}}
* {{cite arXiv|last1=Kim|first1=Heuna|last2=Rote|first2=G.|date=2016|title=Congruence Testing of Point Sets in 4 Dimensions|class=cs.CG|eprint=1603.07269}}
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* {{Cite journal|title=Theoretical Evidence for Principles of Special Relativity Based on Isotropic and Uniform Four-Dimensional Space|first=Takuya|last=Yamashita|date=25 May 2023|doi= 10.20944/preprints202305.1785.v1|journal=Preprints|volume=2023|issue=2023051785|url=https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202305.1785.v1}}
*{{Citation | last=Goucher | first=A.P. | title=Spin groups | date=19 November 2019 | journal=Complex Projective 4-Space | url=https://cp4space.hatsya.com/2012/11/19/spin-groups/ }}
* {{Citation|last=Christie|first=David Brooks|author-link=User:Dc.samizdat|year=2025|title=A symmetrical arrangement of eleven 11-cells|title-link=User:Dc.samizdat/A symmetrical arrangement of eleven 11-cells|journal=Wikiversity}}
{{Refend}}</text>
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      <text bytes="107831" sha1="kby76e97kwe3ipt2ue7042gqlx9mxow" xml:space="preserve">{{align|center|David Brooks Christie}}
{{align|center|dc@samizdat.org}}
{{align|center|June 2023 - June 2025}}

&lt;blockquote&gt;'''Abstract:''' The physical universe is properly visualized as a [[w:Four-dimensional_space|Euclidean space of four orthogonal spatial dimensions]]. Space itself has a fourth orthogonal dimension, of which we are unaware in ordinary life. Atoms are [[w:4-polytope|4-polytopes]], small round 4-dimensional objects, and stars are 4-balls of atomic plasma, large round 4-dimensional objects. Objects intermediate in size between atoms and stars, including molecules, people, and planets, are so flat as to be essentially 3-dimensional, having only the thickness of an atom in the orthogonal fourth dimension. A typical galaxy such as ours is a hollow [[w:3-sphere|4-dimensional 3-sphere]] with these objects distributed on its 3-dimensional surface. The black hole at the galaxy's center is nothing: the 4-ball of empty space they surround. Objects in our galaxy occupy this thin 3-dimensional surface, forming a filmy 4-dimensional soap-bubble of galactic size, thicker than an atom only in the interior of stars. Mass is confined to this 3-dimensional manifold by its inertia, also called gravity, the property of its ceaseless motion at a constant, universal velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;, the rate of causality at which the universe evolves. Atoms are always internally in inertial rotational motion, and externally in inertial translational motion through 4-space, at this universal rate of transformation. The observed universe appears to be a 3-sphere expanding radially from a central origin point at velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;, the invariant velocity of mass-carrying objects through 4-space, also the propagation speed of light through 3-space as measured by all observers. All objects with mass move through 4-space at velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt; as long as they exist, and acceleration only varies their direction. The propagation speed of light measured on a straight line through Euclidean 4-space is &lt;math&gt;c^\prime = 2c&lt;/math&gt;, so we can see in 4 dimensions, even though we are physically confined to a moving 3-dimensional manifold, where our direction of motion through 4-space is our proper time dimension. We have been unaware that when we look up at night we see stars and galaxies, themselves large 4-dimensional objects, distributed all around us in 4-dimensional Euclidean space, and moving through it, like us, at velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;. This model of the observed universe is compatible with the theories of special and general relativity, and with the atomic theory of quantum mechanics. It explains those theories geometrically, as expressions of intrinsic symmetries.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Symmetries ==
It is common to speak of nature as a web, and so it is, the great web of our physical experiences. Every web must have its root systems somewhere, and nature in this sense must be rooted in the symmetries which underlie physics and geometry, the [[W:Group (mathematics)|mathematics of groups]].{{Sfn|Conway|Burgiel|Goodman-Strauss|2008}}

As I understand [[W:Noether's theorem|Noether's theorem]] (which is not mathematically), hers is the deepest meta-theory of nature yet, deeper than [[W:Theory of relativity|Einstein's relativity]] or [[W:Evolution|Darwin's evolution]] or [[W:Euclidean geometry|Euclid's geometry]]. It finds that all fundamental findings in physics are based on conservation laws which can be laid at the doors of distinct [[W:symmetry group |symmetry group]]s. Thus all fundamental systems in physics, as examples [[W:quantum chromodynamics|quantum chromodynamics]] (QCD) the theory of the strong force binding the atomic nucleus and [[W:quantum electrodynamics|quantum electrodynamics]] (QED) the theory of the electromagnetic force, each have a corresponding symmetry [[W:group theory|group theory]] of which they are an expression. 

[[W:Coxeter group|Coxeter group]] theory did for geometry what Noether's theorem and Einstein's relativity did for physics. [[W:Coxeter|Coxeter]] showed that Euclidean geometry is based on conservation laws that correspond to distinct symmetry groups and obey the principle of relativity. As I understand Coxeter theory (which is not mathematically),{{Efn|Coxeter's formulation of the motions (congruent transformations) possible in an ''n''-dimensional Euclidean space:{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=217-218|loc=§12.2 Congruent transformations}}
&lt;blockquote&gt;Let Q denote a rotation, R a reflection, T a translation, and let Q&lt;sup&gt;''q''&lt;/sup&gt; R&lt;sup&gt;''r''&lt;/sup&gt; T denote a product of several such transformations, all commutative with one another. Then RT is a glide-reflection (in two or three dimensions), QR is a rotary-reflection, QT is a screw-displacement, and Q&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; is a double rotation (in four dimensions).&lt;br&gt;
Every orthogonal transformation is expressible as:&lt;br&gt;
{{spaces|10}}Q&lt;sup&gt;''q''&lt;/sup&gt; R&lt;sup&gt;''r''&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br&gt;
where 2''q'' + ''r'' ≤ ''n'', the number of dimensions.&lt;br&gt;
Transformations involving a translation are expressible as:&lt;br&gt;
{{spaces|10}}Q&lt;sup&gt;''q''&lt;/sup&gt; R&lt;sup&gt;''r''&lt;/sup&gt; T&lt;br&gt;
where 2''q'' + ''r'' + 1 ≤ ''n''.&lt;br&gt;
For ''n'' {{=}} 4 in particular, every displacement is either a double rotation Q&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, or a screw-displacement QT (where the rotation component Q is a simple rotation). Every enantiomorphous transformation in 4-space (reversing chirality) is a QRT.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
If we assume the [[W:Galilean relativity|Galilean principle of relativity]], every displacement in 4-space can be viewed as either a Q&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; or a QT, because we can view any QT as a Q&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; in a linearly moving (translating) reference frame. Therefore any transformation from one inertial reference frame to another is expressable as a Q&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. By the same principle, we can view any QT or Q&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; as an isoclinic (equi-angled) Q&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; by appropriate choice of reference frame.{{Efn|[[W:Arthur Cayley|Cayley]] showed that any rotation in 4-space can be decomposed into two isoclinic rotations, which intuitively we might see follows from the fact that any transformation from one inertial reference frame to another is expressable as a [[W:SO(4)|rotation in 4-dimensional Euclidean space]].|name=Cayley's rotation factorization into two isoclinic reference frame transformations}} The distinct symmetry groups of the regular polytopes each correspond to their characteristic isoclinic rotations, so Coxeter's relation is a mathematical statement of the principle of relativity, on group-theoretic grounds. It correctly captures the limits to relativity, in that we can only exchange the translation (T) for ''one'' of the two rotations (Q). An observer in any inertial reference frame can always measure the presence, direction and velocity of ''one'' rotation up to uncertainty, and can always distinguish the direction of his own proper time arrow.|name=transformations}} the symmetry groups underlying physics seem to have an expression in a [[W:Euclidean space|Euclidean space]] of four [[W:dimension|dimension]]s, that is, they are [[W:Euclidean geometry#Higher dimensions|four-dimensional Euclidean geometry]]. Therefore as I understand that geometry (which is entirely by synthetic rather than algebraic methods), the [[W:Atom|atom]] seems to have a distinct Euclidean geometry, such that atoms and their constituent particles are four-dimensional objects, and nature can be understood in terms of their [[W:group action|group actions]], including centrally [[W:rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space|rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space]].

== Special relativity describes Euclidean 4-dimensional space ==

...cite Yamashita{{Sfn|Yamashita|2023}}

=== Minkowski spacetime and Euclidean 4-space in relativity ===
...

Is there a configuration in Euclidean space where every observer, and every observed object, is moving at velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;? Yes, there is one such configuration, in 4-dimensional Euclidean space. This configuration must be like the one described above, in our ''Abstract''.

== The rate of atomic symmetry operations ==
...

== General relativity describes a curved 3-dimensional manifold embedded in Euclidean 4-dimensional space ==
...

== The geometry of the atomic nucleus ==

In [[W:Euclidean 4-space|Euclidean four dimensional space]], an [[W:atomic nucleus|atomic nucleus]] is a one or more concentric 4-polytopes of increasing radius. Each concentric shell is a single or compound [[24-cell]], the regular 4-polytope with [[W:Coxeter group#Symmetry groups of regular polytopes|𝔽&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; symmetry]]. Nuclear shells are concentric [[W:3-sphere|3-sphere]]s occupied (fully or partially) by the orbits of this 24-point [[#The 6 regular convex 4-polytopes|regular convex 4-polytope]]. An actual atomic nucleus is a rotating four dimensional object. It is not a ''rigid'' rotating object, it is a kinematic one, because the nucleus of an actual atom of a distinct [[W:nucleon number|nucleon number]] contains a distinct number of orbiting 24-cell vertices which may be in different isoclinic rotational orbits. These moving vertices never describe a compound of static 24-cells at any single instant in time, though their orbits do all the time. The physical configuration of a nucleus as concentric 24-cells can be reduced to the [[W:kinematics|kinematics]] of the orbits of its constituent protons and neutrons. The geometry of the atomic nucleus is therefore strictly [[W:Euclidean geometry#19th century|Euclidean]] in four dimensional space.

=== Rotations ===
The [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotations]] of the convex [[W:regular 4-polytope|regular 4-polytope]]s are usually described as discrete rotations of a rigid object. For example, the rigid [[24-cell]] can rotate in a [[24-cell#Hexagons|hexagonal]] (6-vertex) central [[24-cell#Planes of rotation|plane of rotation]]. A 4-dimensional [[24-cell#Isoclinic rotations|''isoclinic'' rotation]] (as distinct from a [[24-cell#Simple rotations|''simple'' rotation]] like the ones that occur in 3-dimensional space) is a ''diagonal'' rotation in multiple [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]] [[24-cell#Geodesics|central planes]] of rotation at once. It is diagonal because it is a [[W:SO(4)#Double rotations|double rotation]]: in addition to rotating in parallel (like wheels), the multiple planes of rotation also tilt sideways (like coins flipping) into each other's planes. Consequently, the path taken by each vertex is a [[24-cell#Helical hexagrams and their isoclines|twisted helical circle]], rather than the ordinary flat great circle a vertex follows in a simple rotation. In a rigid 4-polytope rotating isoclinically, ''all'' the vertices lie in one of the parallel planes of rotation, so all the vertices move in parallel along Clifford parallel twisting circular paths. [[24-cell#Clifford parallel polytopes|Clifford parallel planes]] are not parallel in the normal sense of parallel planes in three dimensions; the vertices are all moving in different directions around the [[W:3-sphere|3-sphere]]. In one complete 360° isoclinic revolution, a rigid 4-polytope turns itself inside out.

This is sufficiently different from the simple rotations of rigid bodies in our 3-dimensional experience that a precise [[24-cell|detailed description]] enabling the reader to properly visualize it runs to many pages and illustrations, with many accompanying pages of explanatory notes on basic phenomena that arise only in 4-dimensional space: [[24-cell#Squares|completely orthogonal planes]], [[24-cell#Hexagons|Clifford parallelism]] and [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fiber bundles]], [[24-cell#Helical hexagrams and their isoclines|isoclinic geodesic paths]], and [[24-cell#Double rotations|chiral (mirror image) pairs of rotations]], among other complexities. Moreover, the characteristic rotations of the various regular 4-polytopes are all different; each is a surprise. [[#The 6 regular convex 4-polytopes|The 6 regular convex 4-polytopes]] have different numbers of vertices (5, 8, 16, 24, 120, and 600 respectively) and those with fewer vertices occur inscribed in those with more vertices (generally), with the result that the more complex 4-polytopes subsume the kinds of rotations characteristic of their less complex predecessors, as well as each having a characteristic kind of rotation not found in their predecessors. [[W:Euclidean geometry#Higher dimensions|Four dimensional Euclidean space]] is more complicated (and more interesting) than three dimensional space because there is more room in it, in which unprecedented things can happen. It is much harder for us to visualize, because the only way we can experience it is in our imaginations; we have no body of sensory experience in 4-dimensional space to draw upon.

For that reason, descriptions of isoclinic rotations usually begin and end with rigid rotations: [[24-cell#Isoclinic rotations|for example]], all 24 vertices of a single rigid 24-cell rotating in unison, with 6 vertices evenly spaced around each of 4 Clifford parallel twisted circles.{{Efn|name=360 degree geodesic path visiting 3 hexagonal planes}} But that is only the simplest case. Compound and [[W:Kinematics|kinematic]] 24-cells (with moving parts) are even more interesting (and more complicated) than a single rigid 24-cell. 

To begin with, when we examine the individual parts of a single rigid 24-cell that are moving in an isoclinic rotation, such as the orbits of individual vertices, we can imagine a case where fewer than 24 point-objects are orbiting on those twisted circular paths at once. [[24-cell#Reflections|For example]], if we imagine just 8 point-objects, evenly spaced around the 24-cell at [[24-cell#Reciprocal constructions from 8-cell and 16-cell|the 8 vertices that lie on the 4 coordinate axes]], and rotate them isoclinically along exactly the same orbits they would take in the above-mentioned rotation of a rigid 24-cell, then in the course of a single 360° rotation the 8 point-objects will trace out the whole 24-cell, with just one point-object reaching each of the 24 vertex positions just once, and no point-object colliding with any other at any time.

That is still an example of a rigid object in a single distinct isoclinic rotation: a rigid 8-vertex object (called the 4-[[W:orthoplex|orthoplex]] or [[16-cell]]) performing the characteristic rotation of the 24-cell. But we can also imagine ''combining'' distinct isoclinic rotations. What happens when multiple point-objects are orbiting at once, but do ''not'' all follow the Clifford parallel paths characteristic of the ''same'' distinct rotation? What happens when we combine orbits from distinct rotations characteristic of different 4-polytopes, for example when different rigid 4-polytopes are concentric and rotating simultaneously in their characteristic ways? What kinds of such hybrid rotations are possible in the same shell without collisions? In adjacent shells without asymmetric imbalance? What sort of [[Kinematics of the cuboctahedron|kinematic polytopes]] do they trace out, and how do their [[24-cell#Clifford parallel polytopes|component parts]] relate to each other as they move? Is there (sometimes) some kind of mutual stability amid their lack of combined rigidity? Visualizing isoclinic rotations (rigid and otherwise) allows us to explore questions of this kind of [[W:kinematics|kinematics]], and where dynamic stabilities arise, of [[W:kinetics|kinetics]].

=== Isospin ===
A [[W:Nucleon|nucleon]] is a [[W:proton|proton]] or a [[W:neutron|neutron]]. The proton carries a positive net [[W:Electric charge|charge]], and the neutron carries a zero net charge. The proton's [[W:Mass|mass]] is only about 0.13% less than the neutron's, and since they are observed to be identical in other respects, they can be viewed as two states of the same nucleon, together forming an isospin doublet ({{nowrap|''I'' {{=}} {{sfrac|1|2}}}}). In isospin space, neutrons can be transformed into protons and conversely by actions of the [[W:SU(2)|SU(2)]] symmetry group. In nature, protons are very stable (the most stable particle known); a proton and a neutron are a stable nuclide; but free neutrons decay into protons in about 10 or 15 seconds.

According to the [[W:Noether theorem|Noether theorem]], [[W:Isospin|isospin]] is conserved with respect to the [[W:strong interaction|strong interaction]].&lt;ref name=Griffiths2008&gt;{{cite book |author=Griffiths, David J. |title=Introduction to Elementary Particles |edition=2nd revised |publisher=WILEY-VCH |year=2008 |isbn=978-3-527-40601-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|129–130}} Nucleons are acted upon equally by the strong interaction, which is invariant under rotation in isospin space.

Isospin was introduced as a concept in 1932 by [[W:Werner Heisenberg|Werner Heisenberg]],&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite journal
 |last=Heisenberg |first=W. |author-link=W:Werner Heisenberg
 |year=1932
 |title=Über den Bau der Atomkerne
 |journal=[[W:Zeitschrift für Physik|Zeitschrift für Physik]]
 |volume=77 |issue=1–2 |pages=1–11
 |doi=10.1007/BF01342433
 |bibcode = 1932ZPhy...77....1H
 |s2cid=186218053
 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; well before the 1960s development of the [[W:quark model|quark model]], to explain the symmetry of the proton and the then newly discovered neutron. Heisenberg introduced the concept of another conserved quantity that would cause the proton to turn into a neutron and vice versa. In 1937, [[W:Eugene Wigner|Eugene Wigner]] introduced the term &quot;isospin&quot; to indicate how the new quantity is similar to spin in behavior, but otherwise unrelated.&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite journal
 |last=Wigner |first=E. |author-link=W:Eugene Wigner
 |year=1937
 |title=On the Consequences of the Symmetry of the Nuclear Hamiltonian on the Spectroscopy of Nuclei
 |journal=[[W:Physical Review|Physical Review]]
 |volume=51
 |pages=106–119
 |doi=10.1103/PhysRev.51.106
 |bibcode = 1937PhRv...51..106W
 |issue=2
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similar to a spin-1/2 particle, which has two states, protons and neutrons were said to be of isospin 1/2. The proton and neutron were then associated with different isospin projections ''I''&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;nbsp;=&amp;nbsp;+1/2 and −1/2 respectively.

Isospin is a different kind of rotation entirely than the ordinary spin which objects undergo when they rotate in three-dimensional space. Isospin does not correspond to a [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Simple rotations|simple rotation]] in any space (of any number of dimensions). However, it does seem to correspond exactly to an [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]] in a Euclidean space of four dimensions. Isospin space resembles the [[W:3-sphere|3-sphere]], the [[W:Elliptical space#Elliptic space (the 3D case)|curved 3-dimensional space]] that is the surface of a [[W:4-ball (mathematics)#In Euclidean space|4-dimensional ball]].

=== Spinors ===
[[File:Spinor on the circle.png|thumb|upright=1.5|A spinor visualized as a vector pointing along the [[W:Möbius band|Möbius band]], exhibiting a sign inversion when the circle (the &quot;physical system&quot;) is continuously rotated through a full turn of 360°.]][[W:Spinors|Spinors]] are [[W:representation of a Lie group|representations]] of a [[W:spin group|spin group]], which are [[W:Double covering group|double cover]]s of the [[W:special orthogonal group|special orthogonal groups]]. The spin group Spin(4) is the double cover of [[W:SO(4)|SO(4)]], the group of rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space. [[600-cell#Fibrations of isocline polygrams|Isoclines]], the helical geodesic paths followed by points under isoclinic rotation, correspond to spinors representing Spin(4).

Spinors can be viewed as the &quot;square roots&quot; of [[W:Section (fiber bundle)|cross sections]] of [[W:vector bundle|vector bundle]]s; in this correspondence, a fiber bundle of isoclines (of a distinct isoclinic rotation) is a cross section (inverse bundle) of a fibration of great circles (in the invariant planes of that rotation).

A spinor can be visualized as a moving vector on a Möbius strip which transforms to its negative when continuously rotated through 360°, just as [[24-cell#Helical hexagrams and their isoclines|an isocline can be visualized as a Möbius strip]] winding twice around the 3-sphere, during which [[24-cell#Isoclinic rotations|720° isoclinic rotation]] the rigid 4-polytope turns itself inside-out twice.{{Sfn|Goucher|2019|loc=Spin Groups}} Under isoclinic rotation, a rigid 4-polytope is an isospin-1/2 object with two states.

=== Isoclinic rotations in the nucleus ===
Isospin is regarded as a symmetry of the strong interaction under the [[W:Group action (mathematics)|action]] of the [[W:Lie group|Lie group]] [[W:SU(2)|SU(2)]], the two [[W:eigenstate|states]] being the [[W:Up quark|up flavour]] and [[W:Down quark|down flavour]]. A 360° isoclinic rotation of a rigid [[W:nuclide|nuclide]] would transform its protons into neutrons and vice versa, exchanging the up and down flavours of their constituent [[W:quarks|quarks]], by turning the nuclide and all its parts inside-out (or perhaps we should say upside-down). Because we never observe this, we know that the nucleus is not a ''rigid'' polytope undergoing isoclinic rotation.

If the nucleus ''were'' a rigid object, nuclides that were isospin-rotated 360° would be isoclinic mirror images of each other, isospin +1/2 and isospin −1/2 states of the whole nucleus. We don't see whole nuclides rotating as a rigid object, but considering what would happen if they ''were'' rigid tells us something about the geometry we must expect inside the nucleons. One way that an isospin-rotated neutron could become a proton would be if the up quark and down quark were a left and right mirror-image pair of the same object; exchanging them in place would turn each down-down-up neutron into an up-up-down proton. But the case cannot be quite that simple, because the up quark and the down quark are not mirror-images of the same object: they have very different mass and other incongruities.

Another way an isospin-rotated neutron could be a proton would be if the up and down quarks were asymmetrical kinematic polytopes (not indirectly congruent mirror-images, and not rigid polytopes), rotating within the nucleus in different ''hybrid'' orbits. By that we mean that they may have vertices orbiting in rotations characteristic of more than one 4-polytope, so they may change shape as they rotate. In that case their composites (protons and neutrons) could have a symmetry not manifest in their components, but emerging from their combination.

....

=== Hybrid isoclinic rotations ===
The 24-cell has [[24-cell#Isoclinic rotations|its own characteristic isoclinic rotations]] in 4 Clifford parallel hexagonal planes (each intersecting 6 vertices), and also inherits the [[16-cell#Rotations|characteristic isoclinic rotations of its 3 Clifford parallel constituent 16-cells]] in 6 Clifford parallel square planes (each intersecting 4 vertices). The twisted circular paths followed by vertices in these two different kinds of rotation have entirely different geometries. Vertices rotating in hexagonal invariant planes follow [[24-cell#Helical hexagrams and their isoclines|helical geodesic curves whose chords form hexagrams]], and vertices rotating in square invariant planes follow [[24-cell#Helical octagrams and their isoclines|helical geodesic curves whose chords form octagrams]].

In a rigid isoclinic rotation, ''all'' the [[24-cell#Geodesics|great circle polygons]] move, in any kind of rotation. What distinguishes the hexagonal and square isoclinic rotations is the invariant planes of rotation the vertices stay in. The rotation described [[#Rotations|above]] (of 8 vertices rotating in 4 Clifford parallel hexagonal planes) is a single hexagonal isoclinic rotation, not a kinematic or hybrid rotation.

A ''kinematic'' isoclinic rotation in the 24-cell is any subset of the 24 vertices rotating through the same angle in the same time, but independently with respect to the choice of a Clifford parallel set of invariant planes of rotation and the chirality (left or right) of the rotation. A ''hybrid'' isoclinic rotation combines moving vertices from different kinds of isoclinic rotations, characteristic of different regular 4-polytopes. For example, if at least one vertex rotates in a square plane and at least one vertex rotates in a hexagonal plane, the kinematic rotation is a hybrid rotation, combining rotations characteristic of the 16-cell and characteristic of the 24-cell.

As an example of the simplest hybrid isoclinic rotation, consider a 24-cell vertex rotating in a square plane, and a second vertex, initially one 24-cell edge-length distant, rotating in a hexagonal plane. Rotating isoclinically at the same rate, the two moving vertices will never collide where their paths intersect, so this is a ''valid'' hybrid rotation.

To understand hybrid rotations in the 24-cell more generally, visualize the relationship between great squares and great hexagons. The [[24-cell#Squares|18 great squares]] occur as three sets of 6 orthogonal great squares,{{Efn|name=six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} each [[16-cell#Coordinates|forming a 16-cell]]. The three 16-cells are completely disjoint{{Efn|name=completely disjoint}} and [[24-cell#Clifford parallel polytopes|Clifford parallel]]: each has its own 8 vertices (on 4 orthogonal axes) and its own 24 edges (of length {{radic|2}}).{{Efn|name=three isoclinic 16-cells}} The 18 square great circles are crossed by 16 hexagonal great circles; each [[24-cell#Hexagons|hexagon]] has one axis (2 vertices) in each 16-cell.{{Efn|name=non-orthogonal hexagons}} The two [[24-cell#Triangles|great triangles]] inscribed in each great hexagon (occupying its alternate vertices, with edges that are its {{radic|3}} chords) have one vertex in each 16-cell. Thus ''each great triangle is a ring linking three completely disjoint great squares, one from each of the three completely disjoint 16-cells''.{{Efn|There are four different ways (four different ''fibrations'' of the 24-cell) in which the 8 vertices of the 16-cells correspond by being triangles of vertices {{radic|3}} apart: there are 32 distinct linking triangles. Each ''pair'' of 16-cells forms a tesseract (8-cell).{{Efn|name=three 16-cells form three tesseracts}} Each great triangle has one {{radic|3}} edge in each tesseract, so it is also a ring linking the three tesseracts.|name=great linking triangles}} Isoclinic rotations take the elements of the 4-polytope to congruent [[24-cell#Clifford parallel polytopes|Clifford parallel elements]] elsewhere in the 4-polytope. The square rotations do this ''locally'', confined within each 16-cell: for example, they take great squares to other great squares within the same 16-cell. The hexagonal rotations act ''globally'' within the entire 24-cell: for example, they take great squares to other great squares in ''different'' 16-cells. The [[16-cell#Helical construction|chords of the square rotations]] bind the 16-cells together internally, and the [[24-cell#Helical hexagrams and their isoclines|chords of the hexagonal rotations]] bind the three 16-cells together.

....

=== Color ===
When the existence of quarks was suspected in 1964, [[W:Oscar W. Greenberg|Greenberg]] introduced the notion of color charge to explain how quarks could coexist inside some [[W:hadron|hadron]]s in [[W:quark model#The discovery of color|otherwise identical quantum states]] without violating the [[W:Pauli exclusion principle|Pauli exclusion principle]]. The modern concept of [[W:color charge|color charge]] completely commuting with all other charges and providing the strong force charge was articulated in 1973, by [[W:William A. Bardeen|William Bardeen]], [[W:de:Harald Fritzsch|Harald Fritzsch]], and [[W:Murray Gell-Mann|Murray Gell-Mann]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite conference |author1=Bardeen, W. |author2=Fritzsch, H. |author3=Gell-Mann, M. |year=1973 |title=Light cone current algebra, ''π''&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt; decay, and ''e''&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; ''e''&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;&lt;/sup&gt; annihilation |arxiv=hep-ph/0211388 |editor=Gatto, R. |book-title=Scale and conformal symmetry in hadron physics |page=[https://archive.org/details/scaleconformalsy0000unse/page/139 139] |publisher=[[W:John Wiley &amp; Sons|John Wiley &amp; Sons]] |isbn=0-471-29292-3 |bibcode=2002hep.ph...11388B |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/scaleconformalsy0000unse/page/139 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Advantages of the color octet gluon picture |journal=[[W:Physics Letters B|Physics Letters B]] |volume=47 |issue=4 |page=365 |year=1973 |last1=Fritzsch |first1=H. |last2=Gell-Mann |first2=M. |last3=Leutwyler |first3=H. |doi=10.1016/0370-2693(73)90625-4 |bibcode=1973PhLB...47..365F |citeseerx=10.1.1.453.4712}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Color charge is not [[W:electric charge|electric charge]]; the whole point of it is that it is a quantum of something different. But it is related to electric charge, through the way in which the three different-colored quarks combine to contribute fractional quantities of electric charge to a nucleon. As we shall see, color is not really a separate kind of charge at all, but a partitioning of the electric charge into [[24-cell#Clifford parallel polytopes|Clifford parallel subspaces]].

The [[W:Color charge#Red, green, and blue|three different colors]] of quark charge might correspond to three different 16-cells, such as the three disjoint 16-cells inscribed in the 24-cell. Each color might be a disjoint domain in isospin space (the space of points on the 3-sphere).{{Efn|The 8 vertices of each disjoint 16-cell constitute an independent [[16-cell#Coordinates|orthonormal basis for a coordinate reference frame]].}} Alternatively, the three colors might correspond to three different fibrations of the same isospin space: three different ''sequences'' of the same total set of discrete points on the 3-sphere. These alternative possibilities constrain possible representations of the nuclides themselves, for example if we try to represent nuclides as particular rotating 4-polytopes. If the neutron is a (8-point) 16-cell, either of the two color possibilities might somehow make sense as far as the neutron is concerned. But if the proton is a (5-point) 5-cell, only the latter color possibility makes sense, because fibrations (which correspond to distinct isoclinic left-and-right rigid rotations) are the ''only'' thing the 5-cell has three of. Both the 5-cell and the 16-cell have three discrete rotational fibrations. Moreover, in the case of a rigid, isoclinically rotating 4-polytope, those three fibrations always come one-of-a-kind and two-of-a-kind, in at least two different ways. First, one fibration is the set of invariant planes currently being rotated through, and the other two are not. Second, when one considers the three fibrations of each of these 4-polytopes, in each fibration two isoclines carry the left and right rotations respectively, and the third isocline acts simply as a Petrie polygon, the difference between the fibrations being the role assigned to each isocline.

If we associate each quark with one or more isoclinic rotations in which the moving vertices belong to different 16-cells of the 24-cell, and the sign (plus or minus) of the electric charge with the chirality (right or left) of isoclinic rotations generally, we can configure nucleons of three quarks, two performing rotations of one chirality and one performing rotations of the other chirality. The configuration will be a valid kinematic rotation because the completely disjoint 16-cells can rotate independently; their vertices would never collide even if the 16-cells were performing different rigid square isoclinic rotations (all 8 vertices rotating in unison). But we need not associate a quark with a [[16-cell#Rotations|rigidly rotating 16-cell]], or with a single distinct square rotation.

Minimally, we must associate each quark with at least one moving vertex in each of three different 16-cells, following the twisted geodesic isocline of an isoclinic rotation. In the up quark, that could be the isocline of a right rotation; and in the down quark, the isocline of a left rotation. The chirality accounts for the sign of the electric charge (we have said conventionally as +right, −left), but we must also account for the quantity of charge: +{{sfrac|2|3}} in an up quark, and −{{sfrac|1|3}} in a down quark. One way to do that would be to give the three distinct quarks moving vertices of {{sfrac|1|3}} charge in different 16-cells, but provide up quarks with twice as many vertices moving on +right isoclines as down quarks have vertices moving on −left isoclines (assuming the correct chiral pairing is up+right, down−left).

Minimally, an up quark requires two moving vertices (of the up+right chirality).{{Efn|Two moving vertices in one quark could belong to the same 16-cell. A 16-cell may have two vertices moving in the same isoclinic square (octagram) orbit, such as an antipodal pair (a rotating dipole), or two vertices moving in different square orbits of the same up+right chirality.{{Efn|There is only one [[16-cell#Helical construction|octagram orbit]] of each chirality in each fibration of the 16-cell, so two octagram orbits of the same chirality cannot be Clifford parallel (part of the same distinct rotation). Two vertices right-moving on different octagram isoclines in the same 16-cell is a combination of two distinct rotations, whose isoclines will intersect: a kinematic rotation. It can be a valid kinematic rotation if the moving vertices will never pass through a point of intersection at the same time. Octagram isoclines pass through all 8 vertices of the 16-cell, and all eight isoclines (the left and right isoclines of four different fibrations) intersect at ''every'' vertex.}} However, the theory of [[W:Color confinement|color confinement]] may not require that two moving vertices in one quark belong to the same 16-cell; like the moving vertices of different quarks, they could be drawn from the disjoint vertex sets of two different 16-cells.}} Minimally, a down quark requires one moving vertex (of the down−left chirality). In these minimal quark configurations, a proton would have 5 moving vertices and a neutron would have 4.

....

=== Nucleons ===
[[File:Symmetrical_5-set_Venn_diagram.svg|thumb|[[W:Branko Grünbaum|Grünbaum's]] rotationally symmetrical 5-set Venn diagram, 1975. It is the [[5-cell]]. Think of it as an [[W:Nuclear magnetic resonance|NMR image]] of the 4-dimensional proton in projection to the plane.]]
The proton is a very stable mass particle. Is there a stable orbit of 5 moving vertices in 4-dimensional Euclidean space? There are few known solutions to the 5-body problem, and fewer still to the [[W:n-body problem|{{mvar|n}}-body problem]], but one is known: the ''central configuration'' of {{mvar|n}} bodies in a space of dimension {{mvar|n}}-1. A [[W:Central configuration|central configuration]] is a system of [[W:Point particle|point masses]] with the property that each mass is pulled by the combined attractive force of the system directly towards the [[W:Center of mass|center of mass]], with acceleration proportional to its distance from the center. Placing three masses in an equilateral triangle, four at the vertices of a regular [[W:Tetrahedron|tetrahedron]], five at the vertices of a regular [[5-cell]], or more generally {{mvar|n}} masses at the vertices of a regular [[W:Simplex|simplex]] produces a central configuration [[W:Central configuration#Examples|even when the masses are not equal]]. In an isoclinic rotation, all the moving vertices orbit at the same radius and the same speed. Therefore if any 5 bodies are orbiting as an isoclinically rotating regular 5-cell (a rigid 4-simplex figure undergoing isoclinic rotation), they maintain a central configuration, describing 5 mutually stable orbits.

Unlike the proton, the neutron is not always a stable particle; a free neutron will decay into a proton. A deficiency of the minimal configurations is that there is no way for this [[W:beta minus decay|beta minus decay]] to occur. The minimal neutron of 4 moving vertices described [[#Color|above]] cannot possibly decay into a proton by losing moving vertices, because it does not possess the four up+right moving vertices required in a proton. This deficiency could be remedied by giving the neutron configuration 8 moving vertices instead of 4: four down−left and four up+right moving vertices. Then by losing 3 down−left moving vertices the neutron could decay into the 5 vertex up-down-up proton configuration.{{Efn|Although protons are very stable, during [[W:stellar nucleosynthesis|stellar nucleosynthesis]] two H&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; protons are fused into an H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; nucleus consisting of a proton and a neutron. This [[W:beta plus decay|beta plus &quot;decay&quot;]] of a proton into a neutron is actually the result of a rare high-energy collision between the two protons, in which a neutron is constructed. With respect to our nucleon configurations of moving vertices, it has to be explained as the conversion of two 5-point 5-cells into a 5-point 5-cell and an 8-point 16-cell, emitting two decay products of at least 1-point each. Thus it must involve the creation of moving vertices, by the conversion of kinetic energy to point-masses.}} A neutron configuration of 8 moving vertices could occur as the 8-point 16-cell, the second-smallest regular 4-polytope after the 5-point 5-cell (the hypothesized proton configuration).

It is possible to double the neutron configuration in this way, without destroying the charge balance that defines the nucleons, by giving down quarks three moving vertices instead of just one: two −left vertices and one +right vertex. The net charge on the down quark remains −{{sfrac|1|3}}, but the down quark becomes heavier (at least in vertex count) than the up quark, as in fact its mass is measured to be.

A nucleon's quark configuration is only a partial specification of its properties. There is much more to a nucleon than what is contained within its three quarks, which contribute only about 1% of the nucleon's energy. The additional 99% of the nucleon mass is said to be associated with the force that binds the three quarks together, rather than being intrinsic to the individual quarks separately. In the case of the proton, 5 moving vertices in the stable orbits of a central configuration (in one of the [[5-cell#Geodesics and rotations|isoclinic rotations characteristic of the regular 5-cell]]) might be sufficient to account for the stability of the proton, but not to account for most of the proton's energy. It is not the point-masses of the moving vertices themselves which constitute most of the mass of the nucleon; if mass is a consequence of geometry, we must look to the larger geometric elements of these polytopes as their major mass contributors. The quark configurations are thus incomplete specifications of the geometry of the nucleons, predictive of only some of the nucleon's properties, such as charge.{{Efn|Notice that by giving the down quark three moving vertices, we seem to have changed the quark model's prediction of the proton's number of moving vertices from 5 to 7, which would be incompatible with our theory that the proton configuration is a rotating regular 5-cell in a central configuration of 5 stable orbits. Fortunately, the actual quark model has nothing at all to say about moving vertices, so we may choose to regard that number as one of the geometric properties the quark model does not specify.}} In particular, they do not account for the forces binding the nucleon together. Moreover, if the rotating regular 5-cell is the proton configuration and the rotating regular 16-cell is the neutron configuration, then a nucleus is a complex of rotating 5-cells and 16-cells, and we must look to the geometric relationship between those two very different regular 4-polytopes for an understanding of the nuclear force binding them together.

The most direct [[120-cell#Relationships among interior polytopes|geometric relationship among stationary regular 4-polytopes]] is the way they occupy a common 3-sphere together. Multiple 16-cells of equal radius can be compounded to form each of the larger regular 4-polytopes, the 8-cell, 24-cell, 600-cell, and 120-cell, but it is noteworthy that multiple regular 5-cells of equal radius cannot be compounded to form any of the other 4-polytopes except the largest, the 120-cell. The 120-cell is the unique intersection of the regular 5-cell and 16-cell: it is a compound of 120 regular 5-cells, and also a compound of 75 16-cells. All regular 4-polytopes except the 5-cell are compounds of 16-cells, but none of them except the largest, the 120-cell, contains any regular 5-cells. So in any compound of equal-radius 16-cells which also contains a regular 5-cell, whether that compound forms some single larger regular 4-polytope or does not, no two of the regular 5-cell's five vertices ever lie in the same 16-cell. So the geometric relationship between the regular 5-cell (our proton candidate) and the regular 16-cell (our neutron candidate) is quite a distant one: they are much more exclusive of each other's elements than they are distantly related, despite their complementary three-quark configurations and other similarities as nucleons. The relationship between a regular 5-cell and a regular 16-cell of equal radius is manifest only in the 120-cell, the most complex regular 4-polytope, which [[120-cell#Geometry|uniquely embodies all the containment relationships]] among all the regular 4-polytopes and their elements.

If the nucleus is a complex of 5-cells (protons) and 16-cells (neutrons) rotating isoclinically around a common center, then its overall motion is a hybrid isoclinic rotation, because the 5-cell and the 16-cell have different characteristic isoclinic rotations, and they have no isoclinic rotation in common.{{Efn|The regular 5-cell does not occur inscribed in any other regular 4-polytope except one, the 600-vertex 120-cell. No two of the 5 vertices of a regular 5-cell can be vertices of the same 16-cell, 8-cell, 24-cell, or 600-cell. The isoclinic rotations characteristic of the regular 5-cell maintain the separation of its 5 moving vertices in 5 disjoint Clifford-parallel subspaces at all times. The [[16-cell#Rotations|isoclinic rotation characteristic of the 16-cell]] maintains the separation of its 8 moving vertices in 2 disjoint Clifford-parallel subspaces (completely orthogonal great square planes) at all times. Therefore, in any hybrid rotation of a concentric 5-cell and 16-cell, at most one 5-cell subspace (containing 1 vertex) might be synchronized with one 16-cell subspace (containing 4 vertices), such that the 1 + 4 vertices they jointly contain occupy the same moving subspace continually, forming a rigid 5-vertex polytope undergoing some kind of rotation. If in fact it existed, this 5-vertex rotating rigid polytope would not be [[5-cell#Geometry|not a 5-cell, since 4 of its vertices are coplanar]]; it is not a 4-polytope but merely a polyhedron, a [[W:square pyramid|square pyramid]].}}

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=== Nuclides ===

...

=== Quantum phenomena ===

The Bell-Kochen-Specker (BKS) theorem rules out the existence of deterministic noncontextual hidden variables theories. A proof of the theorem in a space of three or more dimensions can be given by exhibiting a finite set of lines through the origin that cannot each be colored black or white in such a way that (i) no two orthogonal lines are both black, and (ii) not all members of a set of ''d'' mutually orthogonal lines are white.{{Efn|&quot;The Bell-Kochen-Specker theorem rules out the existence of deterministic noncontextual hidden variables theories. A proof of the theorem in a Hilbert space of dimension d ≥ 3 can be given by exhibiting a finite set of rays [9] that cannot each be assigned the value 0 or 1 in such a way that (i) no two orthogonal rays are both assigned the value 1, and (ii) not all members of a set of d mutually orthogonal rays are assigned the value 0.&quot;{{Sfn|Waegell|Aravind|2009|loc=2. The Bell-Kochen-Specker (BKS) theorem}}|name=BKS theorem}}

....

=== Motion ===
What does it mean to say that an object moves through space? Coxeter group theory provides precise answers to questions of this kind. A rigid object (polytope) moves by distinct transformations, changing itself in each discrete step into a congruent object in a different orientation and position.{{Efn|name=transformations}}

....

== Galilean relativity in a space of four orthogonal dimensions ==

Special relativity is just Galilean relativity in a Euclidean space of four orthogonal dimensions.

General relativity is just Galilean relativity in a general space of four orthogonal dimensions, e.g. Euclidean 4-space &lt;math&gt;R^4&lt;/math&gt;, spherical 4-space &lt;math&gt;S^4&lt;/math&gt;, or any orthogonal 4-manifold.

Light is just reflection. Gravity (and all force) is just rotation. Both motions are just group actions, expressions of intrinsic symmetries. That is all of physics.

Every observer properly sees himself as stationary and the universe as a sphere with himself at the center. The curvature of these spheres is a function of the rate at which causality evolves, and it can be measured by the observer as the speed of light.

=== Special relativity is just Galilean relativity in a Euclidean space of four orthogonal dimensions ===
Perspective effects occur because each observer's ordinary 3-dimensional space is only a curved manifold embedded in 4-dimensional Euclidean space, and its curvature complicates the calculations for him (e.g., he sometimes requires Lorentz transformations). But if  all four spatial dimensions are considered, no Lorentz transformations are required (or permitted) except when you want to calculate a projection, or a shadow, that is, how things will appear from a three-dimensional viewpoint (not how they really are).{{Sfn|Yamashita|2023}} The universe really has four spatial dimensions, and space and time behave just as they do in classical 3-vector space, only bigger by one dimension. It is not necessary to combine 4-space with time in a spacetime to explain 4-dimensional perspective effects at high velocities, because 4-space is already spatially 4-dimensional, and those perspective effects fall out of the 4-dimensional Pythagorean theorem naturally, just as perspective does in three dimensions. The universe is only strange in the ways the Euclidean fourth dimension is strange; but that does hold many surprises for us. Euclidean 4-space is much more interesting than Euclidean 3-space, analogous to the way that 3-space is much more interesting than 2-space. But all Euclidean spaces are dimensionally analogous. Dimensional analogy itself, like everything else in nature, is an exact expression of intrinsic symmetries.

=== General relativity is just Galilean relativity in a general space of four orthogonal dimensions ===
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=== Physics ===
....

=== Thoreau's spherical relativity ===
Every observer may properly see himself as stationary and the universe as a 4-sphere with himself at the center observing it, perceptually equidistant from all points on its surface, including his own ''physical'' location which is one of those surface points, distinguished to him but not the center of anything. This statement of the principle of relativity is compatible with Galileo's relativity of uniformly moving objects in ordinary space, Einstein's special relativity of inertial reference frames in 4-dimensional spacetime, Einstein's general relativity of all reference frames in non-Euclidean spacetime, and Coxeter's relativity of orthogonal group actions in Euclidean spaces of any number of dimensions.{{Efn|name=transformations}} It should be known as Thoreau's spherical relativity, since the first precise written statement of it appears in 1849: &quot;The universe is a sphere whose center is wherever there is intelligence.&quot;{{Sfn|Thoreau|1849|p=349|ps=; &quot;The universe is a sphere whose center is wherever there is intelligence.&quot; [Contemporaneous and independent of [[W:Ludwig Schlafli|Ludwig Schlafli]]'s pioneering work enumerating the complete set of regular polytopes in any number of dimensions.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|loc=§7. Ordinary Polytopes in Higher Space; §7.x. Historical remarks|pp=141-144|ps=; &quot;Practically all the ideas in this chapter ... are due to Schläfli, who discovered them before 1853 — a time when Cayley, Grassman and Möbius were the only other people who had ever conceived the possibility of geometry in more than three dimensions.&quot;}}]}}

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== Conclusions==

=== Spherical relativity ===

We began our inquiry by wondering why physical space should be limited to just three dimensions (why ''three''). By visualizing the universe as a Euclidian space of four dimensions, we recognize that relativistic and quantum phenomena are natural consequences of symmetry group operations (including reflections and rotations) in four orthogonal dimensions. We should not then be surprised to see that the universe does not have just four dimensions, either. Physical space must bear as many dimensions as we need to ascribe to it, though the distinct phenomena for which we find a need to do so, in order to explain them, seem to be fewer and fewer as we consider higher and higher dimensions. To laws of physics generally, such as the principle of relativity in particular, we should always append the phrase &quot;in Euclidean spaces of any number of dimensions&quot;. Laws of physics should operate in any flat Euclidean space &lt;math&gt;R^n&lt;/math&gt; and in its corresponding spherical space &lt;math&gt;S^n&lt;/math&gt;.

The first and simplest sense in which we are forced to contemplate a fifth dimension is to accommodate our normal idea of time. Just as Einstein was forced to admit time as a dimension, in his four-dimensional spacetime of three spatial dimensions plus time, for some purposes we require a fifth time dimension to accompany our four spatial dimensions, when our purpose is orthogonal to (in the sense of independent of) the four spatial dimensions. For example, if we theorize that we observe a finite homogeneous universe, and that it is a Euclidean 4-space overall, we may prefer not to have to identify any distinct place within that 4-space as the center where the universe began in a big bang. To avoid having to pick a distinct place as the center of the universe, our model of it must be expanded, at least to be a ''spherical'' 4-dimensional space with the fifth radial dimension as time. Essentially, we require the fifth dimension in order to make our homogeneous 4-space finite, by wrapping it around into a 4-sphere. But perhaps we can still resist admitting the fifth radial dimension as a full-fledged Euclidean spatial dimension, at least so long as we have not observed how any naturally occurring object configurations are best described as 5-polytopes.

One phenomenon which resists explanation in a space of just four dimensions is the propagation of light in a vacuum. The propagation of mass-carrying particles is explained as the consequence of their rotations in closed, curved spaces (3-spheres) of finite size, moving through four-dimensional Euclidean space at a universal constant speed, the speed of light. But an apparent paradox remains that light must seemingly propagate through four-dimensional Euclidean space at more than the speed of light. From an ''n''-dimensional viewpoint, this apparent paradox can be resolved, and in retrospect it is clear how massless particles can translate through four-dimensional space at twice the speed constant, since they are not simultaneously rotating.

Another phenomenon justifying a five-dimensional view of space is the relation between the the 5-cell proton and the 16-cell neutron (the 4-simplex and 4-orthoplex polytopes). Their indirect relationship can be observed in the 4-600-point polytope (the 120-cell), and in its 11-cells,{{Sfn|Christie|2025|loc=&quot;A symmetrical arrangement of eleven 11-cells&quot;}} but it is only directly observed (absent a 120-cell) in a five-dimensional reference frame.

=== Nuclear geometry ===
We have seen how isoclinic rotations (Clifford displacements) relate the orbits in the atomic nucleus to each other, just as they relate the regular convex 4-polytopes to each other, in a sequence of nested objects of increasing complexity. We have identified the proton as a  5-point, 5-cell 4-simplex 𝜶&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, the neutron as an 8-point, 16-cell 4-orthoplex 𝛽&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, and the shell of the atomic nucleus as a 24-point 24-cell. As Coxeter noted, that unique 24-point object stands quite alone in four dimensions, having no analogue above or below.

=== Atomic geometry ===
I'm on a plane flying to Eugene to visit Catalin, we'll talk after I arrive. I've been working on both my unpublished papers, the one going put for pre-publication review soon about 4D geometry, and the big one not going out soon about the 4D sun, 4D atoms, and 4D galaxies and n-D universe. I'vd just added the following paragraph to that big paper:

Atomic geometry

The force binding the protons and neutrons of the nucleus together into a distinct element is specifically an expression of the 11-cell 4-polytope, itself an expression of the pyritohedral symmetry, which binds the distinct 4-polytopes to each other, and relates the n-polytopes to their neighbors of different n by dimensional analogy.


flying over mt shasta out my right-side window at the moment, that last text showing &quot;not delivered&quot; yet because there's no wifi on this plane, gazing at that great peak of the world and feeling as if i've just made the first ascent of it

=== Molecular geometry ===
Molecules are 3-dimensional structures that live in the thin film of 3-membrane only one atom thick in most places that is our ordinary space, but since that is a significantly curved 3-dimensional space at the scale of a molecule, the way the molecule's covalent bonds form is influenced by the local curvature in 4-dimensions at that point.

In the water molecule, there is a reason why the hydrogen atoms are attached to the oxygen atom at an angle of 104.45° in 3-dimensional space, and at root it must be the same symmetry that locates any two of the hydrogen proton's five vertices 104.45° apart on a great circle arc of its tiny 3-sphere.

=== Cosmology ===

==== Solar systems ====

===== Stars =====
...

===== The Kepler problem =====
In the proper reference frame of some hypothetical observer in 4-dimensional Euclidean space, the Kepler problem has a solution in which all the planetary orbits are circles. This occurs because all bodies are always orbiting, each in some distinct isoclinic (equi-angled double) rotation. All atoms are rotating isoclinically at (double) the velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;. In the observer's proper reference frame, the isoclinic double rotation of each of his own atoms is most conveniently represented as an equivalent screw displacement: a linear translation at velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt; (along the observer's proper time axis through 4-space), combined with a simple rotation at velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt; (of the atom internally). 

This representation, though proper, is subject to the over-simplification of special relativity, because it ignores the fact that the observer is himself moving on some circular orbit; he is not linearly translating through 4-space. When the observer's own orbit is also represented, the screw displacement becomes an elliptical double rotation, with a very slow, very large-radius simple circular orbit (almost a linear translation), combined with a very fast, very small-radius simple circular orbit of each atom internally. This is the observer's proper reference frame according to general relativity.

An observer moving differently will perceive the motion of the observer and his atoms to be a different elliptical double rotation. We can find a proper reference frame, of some hypothetical observer moving hypothetically, in which the ratio of the radii of the two orthogonal rotations of the atom becomes any value we choose between 1 and &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;. In particular there exists, conceptually accessible to all observers independent of their motion, a distinct reference frame in which an atom is stationary, rotating isoclinically at (double) the velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;. That is simply the stationary reference frame of the atom itself, such as the stationary reference frame of any observer and his own atoms. In 3-dimensional physics, it is known as the observer's proper inertial reference frame. But in 4-dimensional physics, that is ''not'' the most convenient or sensible reference frame in which to consider objects moving differently, in different proper reference frames. In 4-dimensional physics, a reference frame in which an observer and his atoms are translating linearly at velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt; is known as the observer's proper inertial reference frame. Any such proper reference frame makes a great deal more sense for the purpose of considering the motion of objects moving differently in 4-space, just as a heliocentric solar system makes a great deal more sense than a geocentric solar system for the purpose of considering the motion of the planets.

...

==== Galaxies ====

The spacetime of general relativity is often illustrated as a projection to a curved 2D surface in which large gravitational objects make gravity wells or dimples in the surface. In the Euclidean 4D view of the universe the 3D surface of a large cosmic object such as a galaxy surrounds an empty 4D space, and large gravitational objects within the galaxy must make dimples in its surface. But should we see them as dimples exactly? Would they dimple inwards or outwards? In the spacetime illustrations they are naturally always shown as dimpling downwards, which is somewhat disingenuous, strongly suggesting to the viewer that the reason for gravity is that it flows downhill - the original tautology we are trying to surmount! In the Euclidean 4D galaxy the dimple, if it is one, must be either inward or outward, and which it is matters since the dimple is flying outward at velocity {{mvar|c}}. The galaxy is not collapsing inward. Is a large gravitational mass (such as a star) ''ahead'' of the smaller masses orbiting around it (such as its planets), or is it ''behind'' them, as they fly through 4-space on their Clifford parallel trajectories? The answer is ''both'' of course, because a star is not a dimple, it is a 4-ball, and it dimples the 3D surface both inwards and outwards. It is a thick place in the 3D surface. We should view it as having its gravitational center precisely at the surface of the expanding 3-sphere. 

What is a black hole? It is the hollow four-dimensional space that a galaxy is the three-dimensional surface of.

When we view another galaxy, such as Andromeda, we are seeing that whole galaxy from a distance, the way the moon astronauts looked back at the whole earth. We see our own milky way galaxy from where we are on its surface, the way we see the earth from its surface, except that the earth is solid, but the galaxy is hollow and transparent. We can look across its empty center and see all the other stars also on its surface, including those opposite ours on the far side of its 3-sphere. The thicker band of stars we see in our night sky and identify as the milky way is not our whole galaxy; the majority of the other visible stars also lie in our galaxy. That dense band is not thicker and brighter than other parts of our galaxy because it lies toward a dense galactic center (our galaxy has an empty center), but for exactly the opposite reason: those apparently more thickly clustered stars lie all around us on the galaxy's surface, in the nearest region of space surrounding us. They appear to be densely packed only because we are looking at them &quot;edge on&quot;. Actually, we are looking into this nearby apparently dense region ''face on'', not edge on, because we are looking at a round sphere of space surrounding us, not a disk. In contrast, stars in our galaxy outside that bright band lie farther off from us, across the empty center of the galaxy, and we see them spread out as they actually are, instead of &quot;edge on&quot; so they appear to be densely clustered. The &quot;dense band&quot; covers only an equatorial band of the night sky instead of all the sky, because when we look out into the four-dimensional space around us, we can see stars above and below our three-dimensional hyperplane in our four-dimensional space. Everything in our solar system lies in our hyperplane, and the nearby stars around us in our galaxy are near our hyperplane (just slightly below it). All the other, more distant stars in our galaxy are also below our hyperplane. We can see objects outside our galaxy, such as other galaxies, both above and below our hyperplane. We can see all around us above our hyperplane (looking up from the galactic surface into the fourth dimension), and all around us below our hyperplane (looking down through our transparent galaxy and out the other side).

== Revolutions ==
The original Copernican revolution displaced the center of the universe from the center of the earth to a point farther away, the center of the sun, with the stars remaining on a fixed sphere around the sun instead of around the earth. But this led inevitably to the recognition that the sun must be a star itself, not equidistant from all the stars, and the center of but one of many spheres, no monotheistic center at all. 

In such fashion the Euclidean four-dimensional viewpoint initially lends itself to a big bang theory of a single origin of the whole universe, but leads inevitably to the recognition that all the stars need not be equidistant from a single origin in time, any more than they all lie in the same galaxy, equidistant from its center in space. The expanding sphere of matter on the surface of which we find ourselves living might be one of many such spheres, with their big bang origins occurring at distinct times and places in the 4-dimensional universe.

When we look up at the heavens, we have no obvious way of knowing whether the space we are looking into is a curved 3-spherical one or a flat 4-space. In this work we suggest a theory of how light travels that says we can see into all four dimensions, and so when we look up at night we see cosmological objects distributed in 4-dimensional space, and not all located on our own 3-spherical membrane. The view from our solar system suggests that our galaxy is its own hollow 3-sphere, and that galaxies generally are single roughly spherical 3-membranes, with the smaller objects within them all lying on that same 3-spherical surface, equidistant from the galaxy center in 4-space. 

The Euclidean four-dimensional viewpoint requires that all mass-carrying objects are in motion at constant velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;, although the relative velocity between nearby objects is much smaller since they move on similar vectors, aimed away from a common origin point in the past. It is natural to expect that objects moving at constant velocity away from a common origin will be distributed roughly on the surface of an expanding 3-sphere. Since their paths away from their origin are not straight lines but various helical isoclines, their 3-sphere will be expanding radially at slightly less than the constant velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;. The view from our solar system does ''not'' suggest that each galaxy is its own distinct 3-sphere expanding at this great rate; rather, the standard theory has been that the entire observable universe is expanding from a single big bang origin in time. While the Euclidean four-dimensional viewpoint lends itself to that standard theory, it also allows theories which require no single origin point in space and time.

These are the voyages of starship Earth, to boldly go where no one has gone before. It made the jump to lightspeed long ago, in whatever big bang its atoms emerged from, and hasn't slowed down since.

== Origins of the theory ==
Einstein himself was one of the first to imagine the universe as the three-dimensional surface of a four-dimensional Euclidean sphere, in what was narrowly the first written articulation of the principle of Euclidean 4-space relativity, contemporaneous with the teen-aged Coxeter's (quoted below). Einstein did this as a [[W:Gedankenexperiment|gedankenexperiment]] in the context of investigating whether his equations of general relativity predicted an infinite or a finite universe, in his 1921 Princeton lecture.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/36276|title=The Meaning of Relativity|last=Einstein|first=Albert|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1923|isbn=|location=|pages=110-111}}&lt;/ref&gt; He invited us to imagine &quot;A spherical manifold of three dimensions, embedded in a Euclidean continuum of four dimensions&quot;, but he was careful to disclaim parenthetically that &quot;The aid of a fourth space dimension has naturally no significance except that of a mathematical artifice.&quot;

Informally, the Euclidean 4-dimensional theory of relativity may be given as a sort of reciprocal of that formulation of Einstein's: ''The Minkowski spacetime has naturally no significance except that of a mathematical artifice, as an aid to understanding how things will appear to an observer from his perspective; the forthshortenings, clock desynchronizations and other perceptual effects it predicts are exact calculations of actual perspective effects; but space is actually a flat, Euclidean continuum of four orthogonal spatial dimensions, and in it the ordinary laws of a flat vector space hold (such as the Pythagorean theorem), and all sightline calculations work classically, so long as you consider all four dimensions.''

The Euclidean 4-dimensional theory differs from the standard theory in being a description of the physical universe in terms of a geometry of four or more orthogonal spatial dimensions, rather than in the standard theory's terms of the [[w:Minkowski spacetime|Minkowski spacetime]] geometry (in which three spatial dimensions and a time dimension comprise a unified spacetime of four dimensions). The invention of geometry of more than three spatial dimensions preceded Einstein's theories by more than fifty years. It was first worked out by the Swiss mathematician [[w:Ludwig Schläfli|Ludwig Schläfli]] around 1850. Schläfli extended Euclid's geometry of one, two, and three dimensions in a direct way to four or more dimensions, generalizing the rules and terms of [[w:Euclidean geometry|Euclidean geometry]] to spaces of any number of dimensions. He coined the general term ''polyscheme'' to mean geometric forms of any number of dimensions, including two-dimensional [[w:polygon|polygons]], three-dimensional [[w:polyhedron|polyhedra]], four dimensional [[w:polychoron|polychora]], and so on, and in the process he discovered all the [[w:Regular polytope|regular polyschemes]] that are possible in every dimension, including in particular the six convex regular polyschemes which can be constructed in a space of four dimensions (a set analogous to the five [[w:Platonic solid|Platonic solids]] in three dimensional space). Thus he was the first to explore the fourth dimension, reveal its emergent geometric properties, and discover all its astonishing regular objects. Because most of his work remained almost completely unknown until it was published posthumously in 1901, other researchers had more than fifty years to rediscover the regular polyschemes, and competing terms were coined; today [[W:Alicia Boole Stott|Alicia Boole Stott]]'s word ''[[w:Polytope|polytope]]'' is the commonly used term for ''polyscheme''.{{Efn|Today Schläfli's original ''polyscheme'', with its echo of ''schema'' as in the configurations of information structures, seems even more fitting in its generality than ''polytope'' -- perhaps analogously as information software (programming) is even more general than information hardware (computers).}}

== Boundaries ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;Ever since we discovered that Earth is round and turns like a mad-spinning top, we have understood that reality is not as it appears to us: every time we glimpse a new aspect of it, it is a deeply emotional experience. Another veil has fallen.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Carlo Rovelli|title=Seven Brief Lessons on Physics}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Of course it is strange to consciously contemplate this world we inhabit, our planet, our solar system, our vast galaxy, as the merest film, a boundary no thicker in the places we inhabit than the diameter of an electron (though much thicker in some places we cannot inhabit, such as the interior of stars). But is not our unconscious traditional concept of the boundary of our world even stranger? Since the enlightenment we are accustomed to thinking that there is nothing beyond three dimensional space: no boundary, because there is nothing else to separate us from. But anyone who knows the [[polyscheme]]s Schlafli discovered knows that space can have any number of dimensions, and that there are fundamental objects and motions to be discovered in four dimensions that are even more various and interesting than those we can discover in three. The strange thing, when we think about it, is that there ''is'' a boundary between three and four dimensions. ''Why'' can't we move (or apparently, see) in more than three dimensions? Why is our world apparently only three dimensional? Why would it have ''three'' dimensions, and not four, or five, or the ''n'' dimensions that Schlafli mapped? What is the nature of the boundary which confines us to just three? 

We know that in Euclidean geometry the boundary between three and four dimensions is itself a spherical three dimensional space, so we should suspect that we are materially confined within such a curved boundary. Light need not be confined with us within our three dimensional boundary space. We would look directly through four dimensional space in our natural way by receiving light signals that traveled to us on straight lines through it. The reason we do not observe a fourth spatial dimension in our vicinity is that there are no nearby objects in it, just off our hyperplane in the wild. The nearest four-dimensional object we can see with our eyes is our sun, which lies equatorially in our own hyperplane, though it bulges out of it above and below. But when we look up at the heavens, every pinprick of light we observe is itself a four-dimensional object off our hyperplane, and they are distributed around us in four-dimensional space through which we gaze. We are four-dimensionally sighted creates, even though our bodies are three-dimensional objects, thin as an atom in the fourth dimension. But that should not surprise us: we can see into three dimensional space even though our retinas are two dimensional objects, thin as a photoreceptor cell.

Our unconscious provincial concept is that there is nothing else outside our three dimensional world: no boundary, because there is nothing else to separate us from. But Schlafli discovered something else: all the astonishing regular objects that exist in higher dimensions. So this conception now has the same kind of status as our idea that the sun rises in the east and passes overhead: it is mere appearance, not a true model and not a proper explanation. A boundary is an explanation, be it ever so thin. And would a boundary of ''no'' thickness, a mere abstraction with no physical power to separate, be a more suitable explanation?

&lt;blockquote&gt;The number of dimensions possessed by a figure is the number of straight lines each perpendicular to all the others which can be drawn on it. Thus a point has no dimensions, a straight line one, a plane surface two, and a solid three ....

In space as we now know it only three lines can be imagined perpendicular to each other. A fourth line, perpendicular to all the other three would be quite invisible and unimaginable to us. We ourselves and all the material things around us probably possess a fourth dimension, of which we are quite unaware. If not, from a four-dimensional point of view we are mere geometrical abstractions, like geometrical surfaces, lines, and points are to us. But this thickness in the fourth dimension must be exceedingly minute, if it exists at all. That is, we could only draw an exceedingly small line perpendicular to our three perpendicular lines, length, breadth and thickness, so small that no microscope could ever perceive it.

We can find out something about the conditions of the fourth and higher dimensions if they exist, without being certain that they do exist, by a process which I have termed &quot;Dimensional Analogy.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Dimensional Analogy|last=Coxeter|first=Donald|date=February 1923|publisher=Coxeter Fonds, University of Toronto Archives|authorlink=W:Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter|series=|postscript=|work=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

I believe, but I cannot prove, that our universe is properly a Euclidean space of four orthogonal spatial dimensions. Others will have to work out the physics and do the math, because I don't have the mathematics; entirely unlike Coxeter and Einstein, I am illiterate in those languages.

&lt;blockquote&gt;
::::::BEECH

:Where my imaginary line
:Bends square in woods, an iron spine
:And pile of real rocks have been founded.
:And off this corner in the wild,
:Where these are driven in and piled,
:One tree, by being deeply wounded,
:Has been impressed as Witness Tree
:And made commit to memory
:My proof of being not unbounded.
:Thus truth's established and borne out,
:Though circumstanced with dark and doubt—
:Though by a world of doubt surrounded.

:::::::—''The Moodie Forester''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=A Witness Tree|last=Frost|first=Robert|year=1942|series=The Poetry of Robert Frost|publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston|edition=1969|}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Sequence of regular 4-polytopes ==
{{Regular convex 4-polytopes|wiki=W:|radius={{radic|2}}|columns=9}}

== Notes ==
{{Efn|In a ''[[W:William Kingdon Clifford|Clifford]] displacement'', also known as an [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]], all the Clifford parallel{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} invariant planes are displaced in four orthogonal directions (two completely orthogonal planes) at once: they are rotated by the same angle, and at the same time they are tilted ''sideways'' by that same angle. A [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Isoclinic rotations|Clifford displacement]] is [[W:8-cell#Radial equilateral symmetry|4-dimensionally diagonal]].{{Efn|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}} Every plane that is Clifford parallel to one of the completely orthogonal planes (including in this case an entire Clifford parallel bundle of 4 hexagons, but not all 16 hexagons) is invariant under the isoclinic rotation: all the points in the plane rotate in circles but remain in the plane, even as the whole plane tilts sideways. All 16 hexagons rotate by the same angle (though only 4 of them do so invariantly). All 16 hexagons are rotated by 60 degrees, and also displaced sideways by 60 degrees to a Clifford parallel hexagon. All of the other central polygons (e.g. squares) are also displaced to a Clifford parallel polygon 60 degrees away.|name=Clifford displacement}}

{{Efn|It is not difficult to visualize four hexagonal planes intersecting at 60 degrees to each other, even in three dimensions. Four hexagonal central planes intersect at 60 degrees in the [[W:cuboctahedron|cuboctahedron]]. Four of the 24-cell's 16 hexagonal central planes (lying in the same 3-dimensional hyperplane) intersect at each of the 24-cell's vertices exactly the way they do at the center of a cuboctahedron. But the ''edges'' around the vertex do not meet as the radii do at the center of a cuboctahedron; the 24-cell has 8 edges around each vertex, not 12, so its vertex figure is the cube, not the cuboctahedron. The 8 edges meet exactly the way 8 edges do at the apex of a canonical [[W:cubic pyramid]|cubic pyramid]].{{Efn|name=24-cell vertex figure}}|name=cuboctahedral hexagons}}

{{Efn|The long radius (center to vertex) of the 24-cell is equal to its edge length; thus its long diameter (vertex to opposite vertex) is 2 edge lengths. Only a few uniform polytopes have this property, including the four-dimensional 24-cell and [[W:Tesseract#Radial equilateral symmetry|tesseract]], the three-dimensional [[W:Cuboctahedron#Radial equilateral symmetry|cuboctahedron]], and the two-dimensional [[W:Hexagon#Regular hexagon|hexagon]]. (The cuboctahedron is the equatorial cross section of the 24-cell, and the hexagon is the equatorial cross section of the cuboctahedron.) '''Radially equilateral''' polytopes are those which can be constructed, with their long radii, from equilateral triangles which meet at the center of the polytope, each contributing two radii and an edge.|name=radially equilateral|group=}}

{{Efn|Eight {{sqrt|1}} edges converge in curved 3-dimensional space from the corners of the 24-cell's cubical vertex figure{{Efn|The [[W:vertex figure|vertex figure]] is the facet which is made by truncating a vertex; canonically, at the mid-edges incident to the vertex. But one can make similar vertex figures of different radii by truncating at any point along those edges, up to and including truncating at the adjacent vertices to make a ''full size'' vertex figure. Stillwell defines the vertex figure as &quot;the convex hull of the neighbouring vertices of a given vertex&quot;.{{Sfn|Stillwell|2001|p=17}} That is what serves the illustrative purpose here.|name=full size vertex figure}} and meet at its center (the vertex), where they form 4 straight lines which cross there. The 8 vertices of the cube are the eight nearest other vertices of the 24-cell. The straight lines are geodesics: two {{sqrt|1}}-length segments of an apparently straight line (in the 3-space of the 24-cell's curved surface) that is bent in the 4th dimension into a great circle hexagon (in 4-space). Imagined from inside this curved 3-space, the bends in the hexagons are invisible. From outside (if we could view the 24-cell in 4-space), the straight lines would be seen to bend in the 4th dimension at the cube centers, because the center is displaced outward in the 4th dimension, out of the hyperplane defined by the cube's vertices. Thus the vertex cube is actually a [[W:cubic pyramid|cubic pyramid]]. Unlike a cube, it seems to be radially equilateral (like the tesseract and the 24-cell itself): its &quot;radius&quot; equals its edge length.{{Efn|The vertex cubic pyramid is not actually radially equilateral,{{Efn|name=radially equilateral}} because the edges radiating from its apex are not actually its radii: the apex of the [[W:cubic pyramid|cubic pyramid]] is not actually its center, just one of its vertices.}}|name=24-cell vertex figure}}

{{Efn|The hexagons are inclined (tilted) at 60 degrees with respect to the unit radius coordinate system's orthogonal planes. Each hexagonal plane contains only ''one'' of the 4 coordinate system axes.{{Efn|Each great hexagon of the 24-cell contains one axis (one pair of antipodal vertices) belonging to each of the three inscribed 16-cells. The 24-cell contains three disjoint inscribed 16-cells, rotated 60° isoclinically{{Efn|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}} with respect to each other (so their corresponding vertices are 120° {{=}} {{radic|3}} apart). A [[16-cell#Coordinates|16-cell is an orthonormal ''basis'']] for a 4-dimensional coordinate system, because its 8 vertices define the four orthogonal axes. In any choice of a vertex-up coordinate system (such as the unit radius coordinates used in this article), one of the three inscribed 16-cells is the basis for the coordinate system, and each hexagon has only ''one'' axis which is a coordinate system axis.|name=three basis 16-cells}} The hexagon consists of 3 pairs of opposite vertices (three 24-cell diameters): one opposite pair of ''integer'' coordinate vertices (one of the four coordinate axes), and two opposite pairs of ''half-integer'' coordinate vertices (not coordinate axes). For example:
{{indent|17}}({{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}1,{{spaces|2}}0)
{{indent|5}}({{spaces|2}}&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,–&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,{{spaces|2}}&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,–&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;){{spaces|3}}({{spaces|2}}&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,{{spaces|2}}&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,{{spaces|2}}&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,{{spaces|2}}&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;)
{{indent|5}}(–&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,–&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,–&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,–&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;){{spaces|3}}(–&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,{{spaces|2}}&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,–&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,{{spaces|2}}&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;)
{{indent|17}}({{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}0,–1,{{spaces|2}}0)&lt;br&gt;
is a hexagon on the ''y'' axis. Unlike the {{sqrt|2}} squares, the hexagons are actually made of 24-cell edges, so they are visible features of the 24-cell.|name=non-orthogonal hexagons|group=}}

{{Efn|Visualize the three [[16-cell]]s inscribed in the 24-cell (left, right, and middle), and the rotation which takes them to each other. [[24-cell#Reciprocal constructions from 8-cell and 16-cell|The vertices of the middle 16-cell lie on the (w, x, y, z) coordinate axes]];{{Efn|name=six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} the other two are rotated 60° [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinically]] to its left and its right. The 24-vertex 24-cell is a compound of three 16-cells, whose three sets of 8 vertices are distributed around the 24-cell symmetrically; each vertex is surrounded by 8 others (in the 3-dimensional space of the 4-dimensional 24-cell's ''surface''), the way the vertices of a cube surround its center.{{Efn|name=24-cell vertex figure}} The 8 surrounding vertices (the cube corners) lie in other 16-cells: 4 in the other 16-cell to the left, and 4 in the other 16-cell to the right. They are the vertices of two tetrahedra inscribed in the cube, one belonging (as a cell) to each 16-cell. If the 16-cell edges are {{radic|2}}, each vertex of the compound of three 16-cells is {{radic|1}} away from its 8 surrounding vertices in other 16-cells. Now visualize those {{radic|1}} distances as the edges of the 24-cell (while continuing to visualize the disjoint 16-cells). The {{radic|1}} edges form great hexagons of 6 vertices which run around the 24-cell in a central plane. ''Four'' hexagons cross at each vertex (and its antipodal vertex), inclined at 60° to each other.{{Efn|name=cuboctahedral hexagons}} The [[24-cell#Hexagons|hexagons]] are not perpendicular to each other, or to the 16-cells' perpendicular [[24-cell#Squares|square central planes]].{{Efn|name=non-orthogonal hexagons}} The left and right 16-cells form a tesseract.{{Efn|Each pair of the three 16-cells inscribed in the 24-cell forms a 4-dimensional [[W:tesseract|hypercube (a tesseract or 8-cell)]], in [[24-cell#Relationships among interior polytopes|dimensional analogy]] to the way two tetrahedra form a cube: the two 8-vertex 16-cells are inscribed in the 16-vertex tesseract, occupying its alternate vertices. The third 16-cell does not lie within the tesseract; its 8 vertices protrude from the sides of the tesseract, forming a cubic pyramid on each of the tesseract's cubic cells. The three pairs of 16-cells form three tesseracts.{{Efn|name=three 8-cells}} The tesseracts share vertices, but the 16-cells are completely disjoint.{{Efn|name=completely disjoint}}|name=three 16-cells form three tesseracts}} Two 16-cells have vertex-pairs which are one {{radic|1}} edge (one hexagon edge) apart. But a [[24-cell#Simple rotations|''simple'' rotation]] of 60° will not take one whole 16-cell to another 16-cell, because their vertices are 60° apart in different directions, and a simple rotation has only one hexagonal plane of rotation. One 16-cell ''can'' be taken to another 16-cell by a 60° [[24-cell#Isoclinic rotations|''isoclinic'' rotation]], because an isoclinic rotation is [[3-sphere]] symmetric: four [[24-cell#Clifford parallel polytopes|Clifford parallel hexagonal planes]] rotate together, but in four different rotational directions,{{Efn|name=Clifford displacement}} taking each 16-cell to another 16-cell. But since an isoclinic 60°  rotation is a ''diagonal'' rotation by 60° in ''two'' completely orthogonal directions at once,{{Efn|name=isoclinic geodesic}} the corresponding vertices of the 16-cell and the 16-cell it is taken to are 120° apart: ''two'' {{radic|1}} hexagon edges (or one {{radic|3}} hexagon chord) apart, not one {{radic|1}} edge (60°) apart as in a simple rotation.{{Efn|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}} By the [[W:chiral|chiral]] diagonal nature of isoclinic rotations, the 16-cell ''cannot'' reach the adjacent 16-cell by rotating toward it; it can only reach the 16-cell ''beyond'' it. But of course, the 16-cell beyond the 16-cell to its right is the 16-cell to its left. So a 60° isoclinic  rotation ''will'' take every 16-cell to another 16-cell: a 60° ''right'' isoclinic rotation will take the middle 16-cell to the 16-cell we may have originally visualized as the ''left'' 16-cell, and a 60° ''left'' isoclinic rotation will take the middle 16-cell to the 16-cell we visualized as the ''right'' 16-cell. (If so, that was our error in visualization; the 16-cell to the &quot;left&quot; is in fact the one reached by the left isoclinic rotation, as that is the only sense in which the two 16-cells are left or right of each other.)|name=three isoclinic 16-cells}}

{{Efn|In a double rotation each vertex can be said to move along two completely orthogonal great circles at the same time, but it does not stay within the central plane of either of those original great circles; rather, it moves along a helical geodesic that traverses diagonally between great circles. The two completely orthogonal planes of rotation are said to be ''invariant'' because the points in each stay in the plane ''as the plane moves'', tilting sideways by the same angle that the other plane rotates.|name=helical geodesic}}

{{Efn|A point under isoclinic rotation traverses the diagonal{{Efn|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}} straight line of a single '''isoclinic geodesic''', reaching its destination directly, instead of the bent line of two successive '''simple geodesics'''. A '''[[W:geodesic|geodesic]]''' is the ''shortest path'' through a space (intuitively, a string pulled taught between two points). Simple geodesics are great circles lying in a central plane (the only kind of geodesics that occur in 3-space on the 2-sphere). Isoclinic geodesics are different: they do ''not'' lie in a single plane; they are 4-dimensional [[W:helix|spirals]] rather than simple 2-dimensional circles.{{Efn|name=helical geodesic}} But they are not like 3-dimensional [[W:screw threads|screw threads]] either, because they form a closed loop like any circle (after ''two'' revolutions). Isoclinic geodesics are ''4-dimensional great circles'', and they are just as circular as 2-dimensional circles: in fact, twice as circular, because they curve in a circle in two completely orthogonal directions at once.{{Efn|Isoclinic geodesics are ''4-dimensional great circles'' in the sense that they are 1-dimensional geodesic ''lines'' that curve in 4-space in two completely orthogonal planes at once. They should not be confused with ''great 2-spheres'',{{Sfn|Stillwell|2001|p=24}} which are the 4-dimensional analogues of 2-dimensional great circles (great 1-spheres).}} These '''isoclines''' are geodesic 1-dimensional lines embedded in a 4-dimensional space. On the 3-sphere{{Efn|All isoclines are geodesics, and isoclines on the 3-sphere are 4-dimensionally circular, but not all isoclines on 3-manifolds in 4-space are perfectly circular.}} they always occur in [[W:chiral|chiral]] pairs and form a pair of [[W:Villarceau circle|Villarceau circle]]s on the [[W:Clifford torus|Clifford torus]],{{Efn|Isoclines on the 3-sphere occur in non-intersecting chiral pairs. A left and a right isocline form a [[W:Hopf link|Hopf link]] called the {1,1} torus knot{{Sfn|Dorst|2019|loc=§1. Villarceau Circles|p=44|ps=; &quot;In mathematics, the path that the (1, 1) knot on the torus traces is also
known as a [[W:Villarceau circle|Villarceau circle]]. Villarceau circles are usually introduced as two
intersecting circles that are the cross-section of a torus by a well-chosen plane
cutting it. Picking one such circle and rotating it around the torus
axis, the resulting family of circles can be used to rule the torus. By nesting
tori smartly, the collection of all such circles then form a [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fibration]].... we prefer to consider the Villarceau circle as the
(1, 1) torus knot [a [[W:Hopf link|Hopf link]]] rather than as a planar cut [two intersecting circles].&quot;}} in which ''each'' of the two linked circles traverses all four dimensions.}} the paths of the left and the right [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Double rotations|isoclinic rotation]]. They are [[W:Helix|helices]] bent into a [[W:Möbius strip|Möbius loop]] in the fourth dimension, taking a diagonal [[W:Winding number|winding route]] twice around the 3-sphere through the non-adjacent vertices of a 4-polytope's [[W:Skew polygon#Regular skew polygons in four dimensions|skew polygon]].|name=isoclinic geodesic}}

{{Efn|[[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]]s are non-intersecting curved lines that are parallel in the sense that the perpendicular (shortest) distance between them is the same at each point.{{Sfn|Tyrrell|Semple|1971|loc=§3. Clifford's original definition of parallelism|pp=5-6}} A double helix is an example of Clifford parallelism in ordinary 3-dimensional Euclidean space. In 4-space Clifford parallels occur as geodesic great circles on the [[W:3-sphere|3-sphere]].{{Sfn|Kim|Rote|2016|pp=8-10|loc=Relations to Clifford Parallelism}} Whereas in 3-dimensional space, any two geodesic great circles on the 2-sphere will always intersect at two antipodal points, in 4-dimensional space not all great circles intersect; various sets of Clifford parallel non-intersecting geodesic great circles can be found on the 3-sphere. Perhaps the simplest example is that six mutually orthogonal great circles can be drawn on the 3-sphere, as three pairs of completely orthogonal great circles.{{Efn|name=six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} Each completely orthogonal pair is Clifford parallel. The two circles cannot intersect at all, because they lie in planes which intersect at only one point: the center of the 3-sphere.{{Efn|name=only some Clifford parallels are orthogonal}} Because they are perpendicular and share a common center, the two circles are obviously not parallel and separate in the usual way of parallel circles in 3 dimensions; rather they are connected like adjacent links in a chain, each passing through the other without intersecting at any points, forming a [[W:Hopf link|Hopf link]].|name=Clifford parallels}}

{{Efn|In the 24-cell each great square plane is completely orthogonal{{Efn|name=completely orthogonal planes}} to another great square plane, and each great hexagon plane is completely orthogonal to a plane which intersects only two vertices: a great [[W:digon|digon]] plane.|name=pairs of completely orthogonal planes}}

{{Efn|In an [[24-cell#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]], each point anywhere in the 4-polytope moves an equal distance in four orthogonal directions at once, on a [[W:8-cell#Radial equilateral symmetry|4-dimensional diagonal]]. The point is displaced a total [[W:Pythagorean distance]] equal to the square root of four times the square of that distance. For example, when the unit-radius 24-cell rotates isoclinically 60° in a hexagon invariant plane and 60° in its completely orthogonal invariant plane,{{Efn|name=pairs of completely orthogonal planes}} all vertices are displaced to a vertex two edge lengths away. Each vertex is displaced to another vertex {{radic|3}} (120°) away, moving {{radic|3/4}} in four orthogonal coordinate directions.|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}}

{{Efn|Each square plane is isoclinic (Clifford parallel) to five other square planes but completely orthogonal{{Efn|name=completely orthogonal planes}} to only one of them.{{Efn|name=Clifford parallel squares in the 16-cell and 24-cell}} Every pair of completely orthogonal planes has Clifford parallel great circles, but not all Clifford parallel great circles are orthogonal (e.g., none of the hexagonal geodesics in the 24-cell are mutually orthogonal).|name=only some Clifford parallels are orthogonal}}

{{Efn|In the [[16-cell#Rotations|16-cell]] the 6 orthogonal great squares form 3 pairs of completely orthogonal great circles; each pair is Clifford parallel. In the 24-cell, the 3 inscribed 16-cells lie rotated 60 degrees isoclinically{{Efn|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}} with respect to each other; consequently their corresponding vertices are 120 degrees apart on a hexagonal great circle. Pairing their vertices which are 90 degrees apart reveals corresponding square great circles which are Clifford parallel. Each of the 18 square great circles is Clifford parallel not only to one other square great circle in the same 16-cell (the completely orthogonal one), but also to two square great circles (which are completely orthogonal to each other) in each of the other two 16-cells. (Completely orthogonal great circles are Clifford parallel, but not all Clifford parallels are orthogonal.{{Efn|name=only some Clifford parallels are orthogonal}}) A 60 degree isoclinic rotation of the 24-cell in hexagonal invariant planes takes each square great circle to a Clifford parallel (but non-orthogonal) square great circle in a different 16-cell.|name=Clifford parallel squares in the 16-cell and 24-cell}}

{{Efn|In 4 dimensional space we can construct 4 perpendicular axes and 6 perpendicular planes through a point. Without loss of generality, we may take these to be the axes and orthogonal central planes of a (w, x, y, z) Cartesian coordinate system. In 4 dimensions we have the same 3 orthogonal planes (xy, xz, yz) that we have in 3 dimensions, and also 3 others (wx, wy, wz). Each of the 6 orthogonal planes shares an axis with 4 of the others, and is ''completely orthogonal'' to just one of the others: the only one with which it does not share an axis. Thus there are 3 pairs of completely orthogonal planes: xy and wz intersect only at the origin; xz and wy intersect only at the origin; yz and wx intersect only at the origin.|name=six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}}

{{Efn|Two planes in 4-dimensional space can have four possible reciprocal positions: (1) they can coincide (be exactly the same plane); (2) they can be parallel (the only way they can fail to intersect at all); (3) they can intersect in a single line, as two non-parallel planes do in 3-dimensional space; or (4) '''they can intersect in a single point'''{{Efn|To visualize how two planes can intersect in a single point in a four dimensional space, consider the Euclidean space (w, x, y, z) and imagine that the w dimension represents time rather than a spatial dimension. The xy central plane (where w{{=}}0, z{{=}}0) shares no axis with the wz central plane (where x{{=}}0, y{{=}}0). The xy plane exists at only a single instant in time (w{{=}}0); the wz plane (and in particular the w axis) exists all the time. Thus their only moment and place of intersection is at the origin point (0,0,0,0).|name=how planes intersect at a single point}} (and they ''must'', if they are completely orthogonal).{{Efn|Two flat planes A and B of a Euclidean space of four dimensions are called ''completely orthogonal'' if and only if every line in A is orthogonal to every line in B. In that case the planes A and B intersect at a single point O, so that if a line in A intersects with a line in B, they intersect at O.{{Efn|name=six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}}|name=completely orthogonal planes}}|name=how planes intersect}}

{{Efn|Polytopes are '''completely disjoint''' if all their ''element sets'' are disjoint: they do not share any vertices, edges, faces or cells. They may still overlap in space, sharing 4-content, volume, area, or lineage.|name=completely disjoint}}

{{Efn|If the [[W:Euclidean distance|Pythagorean distance]] between any two vertices is {{sqrt|1}}, their geodesic distance is 1; they may be two adjacent vertices (in the curved 3-space of the surface), or a vertex and the center (in 4-space). If their Pythagorean distance is {{sqrt|2}}, their geodesic distance is 2 (whether via 3-space or 4-space, because the path along the edges is the same straight line with one 90&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt; bend in it as the path through the center). If their Pythagorean distance is {{sqrt|3}}, their geodesic distance is still 2 (whether on a hexagonal great circle past one 60&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt; bend, or as a straight line with one 60&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt; bend in it through the center). Finally, if their Pythagorean distance is {{sqrt|4}}, their geodesic distance is still 2 in 4-space (straight through the center), but it reaches 3 in 3-space (by going halfway around a hexagonal great circle).|name=Geodesic distance}}

{{Efn|Two angles are required to fix the relative positions of two planes in 4-space.{{Sfn|Kim|Rote|2016|p=7|loc=§6 Angles between two Planes in 4-Space|ps=; &quot;In four (and higher) dimensions, we need two angles to fix the relative position between two planes. (More generally, ''k'' angles are defined between ''k''-dimensional subspaces.)&quot;}} Since all planes in the same [[W:hyperplane|hyperplane]] are 0 degrees apart in one of the two angles, only one angle is required in 3-space. Great hexagons in different hyperplanes are 60 degrees apart in ''both'' angles. Great squares in different hyperplanes are 90 degrees apart in ''both'' angles (completely orthogonal){{Efn|name=completely orthogonal planes}} or 60 degrees apart in ''both'' angles.{{Efn||name=Clifford parallel squares in the 16-cell and 24-cell}} Planes which are separated by two equal angles are called ''isoclinic''. Planes which are isoclinic have [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]] great circles.{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} A great square and a great hexagon in different hyperplanes are neither isoclinic nor Clifford parallel; they are separated by a 90 degree angle ''and'' a 60 degree angle.|name=two angles between central planes}}

{{Efn|The 24-cell contains 3 distinct 8-cells (tesseracts), rotated 60° isoclinically with respect to each other. The corresponding vertices of two 8-cells are {{radic|3}} (120°) apart. Each 8-cell contains 8 cubical cells, and each cube contains four {{radic|3}} chords (its long diagonals). The 8-cells are not completely disjoint{{Efn|name=completely disjoint}} (they share vertices), but each cube and each {{radic|3}} chord belongs to just one 8-cell. The {{radic|3}} chords joining the corresponding vertices of two 8-cells belong to the third 8-cell.|name=three 8-cells}}

{{Efn|Departing from any vertex V&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; in the original great hexagon plane of isoclinic rotation P&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;, the first vertex reached V&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; is 120 degrees away along a {{radic|3}} chord lying in a different hexagonal plane P&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;. P&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; is inclined to P&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; at a 60° angle.{{Efn|P&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; and P&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; lie in the same hyperplane (the same central cuboctahedron) so their other angle of separation is 0.{{Efn|name=two angles between central planes}}}} The second vertex reached V&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; is 120 degrees beyond V&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; along a second {{radic|3}} chord lying in another hexagonal plane P&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; that is Clifford parallel to P&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;.{{Efn|P&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; and P&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; are 60° apart in ''both'' angles of separation.{{Efn|name=two angles between central planes}} Clifford parallel planes are isoclinic (which means they are separated by two equal angles), and their corresponding vertices are all the same distance apart. Although V&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; and V&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; are ''two'' {{radic|3}} chords apart{{Efn|V&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; and V&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; are two {{radic|3}} chords apart on the geodesic path of this rotational isocline, but that is not the shortest geodesic path between them. In the 24-cell, it is impossible for two vertices to be more distant than ''one'' {{radic|3}} chord, unless they are antipodal vertices {{radic|4}} apart.{{Efn|name=Geodesic distance}} V&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; and V&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; are ''one'' {{radic|3}} chord apart on some other isocline. More generally, isoclines are geodesics because the distance between their ''adjacent'' vertices is the shortest distance between those two vertices, but a path between two vertices along a geodesic is not always the shortest distance between them (even on ordinary great circle geodesics).}}, P&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; and P&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; are just one {{radic|1}} edge apart (at every pair of ''nearest'' vertices).}} (Notice that V&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; lies in both intersecting planes P&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; and P&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, as V&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; lies in both P&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; and P&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;. But P&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; and P&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; have ''no'' vertices in common; they do not intersect.) The third vertex reached V&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; is 120 degrees beyond V&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; along a third {{radic|3}} chord lying in another hexagonal plane P&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; that is Clifford parallel to P&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;. The three {{radic|3}} chords lie in different 8-cells.{{Efn|name=three 8-cells}} V&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; to V&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; is a 360° isoclinic rotation.|name=360 degree geodesic path visiting 3 hexagonal planes}}

{{Notelist|40em}}

== Citations ==
{{Sfn|Mamone|Pileio|Levitt|2010|loc=§4.5 Regular Convex 4-Polytopes|pp=1438-1439|ps=; the 24-cell has 1152 symmetry operations (rotations and reflections) as enumerated in Table 2, symmetry group 𝐹&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;.}}

{{Reflist|40em}}

== References ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book | last=Kepler | first=Johannes | author-link=W:Johannes Kepler | title=Harmonices Mundi (The Harmony of the World) | title-link=W:Harmonices Mundi | publisher=Johann Planck | year=1619}}
* {{Cite book|title=A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers|last=Thoreau|first=Henry David|author-link=W:Thoreau|publisher=James Munroe and Company|year=1849|isbn=|location=Boston}}
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{{Refend}}</text>
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      <text bytes="107828" sha1="3k0k9g7nqj5p7m8hzmviphzuoa12ax2" xml:space="preserve">{{align|center|David Brooks Christie}}
{{align|center|dc@samizdat.org}}
{{align|center|June 2023 - June 2025}}

&lt;blockquote&gt;'''Abstract:''' The physical universe is properly visualized as a [[w:Four-dimensional_space|Euclidean space of four orthogonal spatial dimensions]]. Space itself has a fourth orthogonal dimension, of which we are unaware in ordinary life. Atoms are [[w:4-polytope|4-polytopes]], small round 4-dimensional objects, and stars are 4-balls of atomic plasma, large round 4-dimensional objects. Objects intermediate in size between atoms and stars, including molecules, people, and planets, are so flat as to be essentially 3-dimensional, having only the thickness of an atom in the orthogonal fourth dimension. A typical galaxy such as ours is a hollow [[w:3-sphere|4-dimensional 3-sphere]] with these objects distributed on its 3-dimensional surface. The black hole at the galaxy's center is nothing: the 4-ball of empty space they surround. Objects in our galaxy occupy this thin 3-dimensional surface, forming a filmy 4-dimensional soap-bubble of galactic size, thicker than an atom only in the interior of stars. Mass is confined to this 3-dimensional manifold by its inertia, also called gravity, the property of its ceaseless motion at a constant, universal velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;, the rate of causality at which the universe evolves. Atoms are always internally in inertial rotational motion, and externally in inertial translational motion through 4-space, at this universal rate of transformation. The observed universe appears to be a 3-sphere expanding radially from a central origin point at velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;, the invariant velocity of mass-carrying objects through 4-space, also the propagation speed of light through 3-space as measured by all observers. All objects with mass move through 4-space at velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt; as long as they exist, and acceleration only varies their direction. The propagation speed of light measured on a straight line through Euclidean 4-space is &lt;math&gt;c^\prime = 2c&lt;/math&gt;, so we can see in 4 dimensions, even though we are physically confined to a moving 3-dimensional manifold, where our direction of motion through 4-space is our proper time dimension. We have been unaware that when we look up at night we see stars and galaxies, themselves large 4-dimensional objects, distributed all around us in 4-dimensional Euclidean space, and moving through it, like us, at velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;. This model of the observed universe is compatible with the theories of special and general relativity, and with the atomic theory of quantum mechanics. It explains those theories geometrically, as expressions of intrinsic symmetries.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Symmetries ==
It is common to speak of nature as a web, and so it is, the great web of our physical experiences. Every web must have its root systems somewhere, and nature in this sense must be rooted in the symmetries which underlie physics and geometry, the [[W:Group (mathematics)|mathematics of groups]].{{Sfn|Conway|Burgiel|Goodman-Strauss|2008}}

As I understand [[W:Noether's theorem|Noether's theorem]] (which is not mathematically), hers is the deepest meta-theory of nature yet, deeper than [[W:Theory of relativity|Einstein's relativity]] or [[W:Evolution|Darwin's evolution]] or [[W:Euclidean geometry|Euclid's geometry]]. It finds that all fundamental findings in physics are based on conservation laws which can be laid at the doors of distinct [[W:symmetry group |symmetry group]]s. Thus all fundamental systems in physics, as examples [[W:quantum chromodynamics|quantum chromodynamics]] (QCD) the theory of the strong force binding the atomic nucleus and [[W:quantum electrodynamics|quantum electrodynamics]] (QED) the theory of the electromagnetic force, each have a corresponding symmetry [[W:group theory|group theory]] of which they are an expression. 

[[W:Coxeter group|Coxeter group]] theory did for geometry what Noether's theorem and Einstein's relativity did for physics. [[W:Coxeter|Coxeter]] showed that Euclidean geometry is based on conservation laws that correspond to distinct symmetry groups and obey the principle of relativity. As I understand Coxeter theory (which is not mathematically),{{Efn|Coxeter's formulation of the motions (congruent transformations) possible in an ''n''-dimensional Euclidean space:{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=217-218|loc=§12.2 Congruent transformations}}
&lt;blockquote&gt;Let Q denote a rotation, R a reflection, T a translation, and let Q&lt;sup&gt;''q''&lt;/sup&gt; R&lt;sup&gt;''r''&lt;/sup&gt; T denote a product of several such transformations, all commutative with one another. Then RT is a glide-reflection (in two or three dimensions), QR is a rotary-reflection, QT is a screw-displacement, and Q&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; is a double rotation (in four dimensions).&lt;br&gt;
Every orthogonal transformation is expressible as:&lt;br&gt;
{{spaces|10}}Q&lt;sup&gt;''q''&lt;/sup&gt; R&lt;sup&gt;''r''&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br&gt;
where 2''q'' + ''r'' ≤ ''n'', the number of dimensions.&lt;br&gt;
Transformations involving a translation are expressible as:&lt;br&gt;
{{spaces|10}}Q&lt;sup&gt;''q''&lt;/sup&gt; R&lt;sup&gt;''r''&lt;/sup&gt; T&lt;br&gt;
where 2''q'' + ''r'' + 1 ≤ ''n''.&lt;br&gt;
For ''n'' {{=}} 4 in particular, every displacement is either a double rotation Q&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, or a screw-displacement QT (where the rotation component Q is a simple rotation). Every enantiomorphous transformation in 4-space (reversing chirality) is a QRT.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
If we assume the [[W:Galilean relativity|Galilean principle of relativity]], every displacement in 4-space can be viewed as either a Q&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; or a QT, because we can view any QT as a Q&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; in a linearly moving (translating) reference frame. Therefore any transformation from one inertial reference frame to another is expressable as a Q&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. By the same principle, we can view any QT or Q&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; as an isoclinic (equi-angled) Q&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; by appropriate choice of reference frame.{{Efn|[[W:Arthur Cayley|Cayley]] showed that any rotation in 4-space can be decomposed into two isoclinic rotations, which intuitively we might see follows from the fact that any transformation from one inertial reference frame to another is expressable as a [[W:SO(4)|rotation in 4-dimensional Euclidean space]].|name=Cayley's rotation factorization into two isoclinic reference frame transformations}} The distinct symmetry groups of the regular polytopes each correspond to their characteristic isoclinic rotations. Coxeter's relation is a mathematical statement of the principle of relativity, on group-theoretic grounds. It correctly captures the limits to relativity, in that we can only exchange the translation (T) for ''one'' of the two rotations (Q). An observer in any inertial reference frame can always measure the presence, direction and velocity of ''one'' rotation up to uncertainty, and can always distinguish the direction of his own proper time arrow.|name=transformations}} the symmetry groups underlying physics seem to have an expression in a [[W:Euclidean space|Euclidean space]] of four [[W:dimension|dimension]]s, that is, they are [[W:Euclidean geometry#Higher dimensions|four-dimensional Euclidean geometry]]. Therefore as I understand that geometry (which is entirely by synthetic rather than algebraic methods), the [[W:Atom|atom]] seems to have a distinct Euclidean geometry, such that atoms and their constituent particles are four-dimensional objects, and nature can be understood in terms of their [[W:group action|group actions]], including centrally [[W:rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space|rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space]].

== Special relativity describes Euclidean 4-dimensional space ==

...cite Yamashita{{Sfn|Yamashita|2023}}

=== Minkowski spacetime and Euclidean 4-space in relativity ===
...

Is there a configuration in Euclidean space where every observer, and every observed object, is moving at velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;? Yes, there is one such configuration, in 4-dimensional Euclidean space. This configuration must be like the one described above, in our ''Abstract''.

== The rate of atomic symmetry operations ==
...

== General relativity describes a curved 3-dimensional manifold embedded in Euclidean 4-dimensional space ==
...

== The geometry of the atomic nucleus ==

In [[W:Euclidean 4-space|Euclidean four dimensional space]], an [[W:atomic nucleus|atomic nucleus]] is a one or more concentric 4-polytopes of increasing radius. Each concentric shell is a single or compound [[24-cell]], the regular 4-polytope with [[W:Coxeter group#Symmetry groups of regular polytopes|𝔽&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; symmetry]]. Nuclear shells are concentric [[W:3-sphere|3-sphere]]s occupied (fully or partially) by the orbits of this 24-point [[#The 6 regular convex 4-polytopes|regular convex 4-polytope]]. An actual atomic nucleus is a rotating four dimensional object. It is not a ''rigid'' rotating object, it is a kinematic one, because the nucleus of an actual atom of a distinct [[W:nucleon number|nucleon number]] contains a distinct number of orbiting 24-cell vertices which may be in different isoclinic rotational orbits. These moving vertices never describe a compound of static 24-cells at any single instant in time, though their orbits do all the time. The physical configuration of a nucleus as concentric 24-cells can be reduced to the [[W:kinematics|kinematics]] of the orbits of its constituent protons and neutrons. The geometry of the atomic nucleus is therefore strictly [[W:Euclidean geometry#19th century|Euclidean]] in four dimensional space.

=== Rotations ===
The [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotations]] of the convex [[W:regular 4-polytope|regular 4-polytope]]s are usually described as discrete rotations of a rigid object. For example, the rigid [[24-cell]] can rotate in a [[24-cell#Hexagons|hexagonal]] (6-vertex) central [[24-cell#Planes of rotation|plane of rotation]]. A 4-dimensional [[24-cell#Isoclinic rotations|''isoclinic'' rotation]] (as distinct from a [[24-cell#Simple rotations|''simple'' rotation]] like the ones that occur in 3-dimensional space) is a ''diagonal'' rotation in multiple [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]] [[24-cell#Geodesics|central planes]] of rotation at once. It is diagonal because it is a [[W:SO(4)#Double rotations|double rotation]]: in addition to rotating in parallel (like wheels), the multiple planes of rotation also tilt sideways (like coins flipping) into each other's planes. Consequently, the path taken by each vertex is a [[24-cell#Helical hexagrams and their isoclines|twisted helical circle]], rather than the ordinary flat great circle a vertex follows in a simple rotation. In a rigid 4-polytope rotating isoclinically, ''all'' the vertices lie in one of the parallel planes of rotation, so all the vertices move in parallel along Clifford parallel twisting circular paths. [[24-cell#Clifford parallel polytopes|Clifford parallel planes]] are not parallel in the normal sense of parallel planes in three dimensions; the vertices are all moving in different directions around the [[W:3-sphere|3-sphere]]. In one complete 360° isoclinic revolution, a rigid 4-polytope turns itself inside out.

This is sufficiently different from the simple rotations of rigid bodies in our 3-dimensional experience that a precise [[24-cell|detailed description]] enabling the reader to properly visualize it runs to many pages and illustrations, with many accompanying pages of explanatory notes on basic phenomena that arise only in 4-dimensional space: [[24-cell#Squares|completely orthogonal planes]], [[24-cell#Hexagons|Clifford parallelism]] and [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fiber bundles]], [[24-cell#Helical hexagrams and their isoclines|isoclinic geodesic paths]], and [[24-cell#Double rotations|chiral (mirror image) pairs of rotations]], among other complexities. Moreover, the characteristic rotations of the various regular 4-polytopes are all different; each is a surprise. [[#The 6 regular convex 4-polytopes|The 6 regular convex 4-polytopes]] have different numbers of vertices (5, 8, 16, 24, 120, and 600 respectively) and those with fewer vertices occur inscribed in those with more vertices (generally), with the result that the more complex 4-polytopes subsume the kinds of rotations characteristic of their less complex predecessors, as well as each having a characteristic kind of rotation not found in their predecessors. [[W:Euclidean geometry#Higher dimensions|Four dimensional Euclidean space]] is more complicated (and more interesting) than three dimensional space because there is more room in it, in which unprecedented things can happen. It is much harder for us to visualize, because the only way we can experience it is in our imaginations; we have no body of sensory experience in 4-dimensional space to draw upon.

For that reason, descriptions of isoclinic rotations usually begin and end with rigid rotations: [[24-cell#Isoclinic rotations|for example]], all 24 vertices of a single rigid 24-cell rotating in unison, with 6 vertices evenly spaced around each of 4 Clifford parallel twisted circles.{{Efn|name=360 degree geodesic path visiting 3 hexagonal planes}} But that is only the simplest case. Compound and [[W:Kinematics|kinematic]] 24-cells (with moving parts) are even more interesting (and more complicated) than a single rigid 24-cell. 

To begin with, when we examine the individual parts of a single rigid 24-cell that are moving in an isoclinic rotation, such as the orbits of individual vertices, we can imagine a case where fewer than 24 point-objects are orbiting on those twisted circular paths at once. [[24-cell#Reflections|For example]], if we imagine just 8 point-objects, evenly spaced around the 24-cell at [[24-cell#Reciprocal constructions from 8-cell and 16-cell|the 8 vertices that lie on the 4 coordinate axes]], and rotate them isoclinically along exactly the same orbits they would take in the above-mentioned rotation of a rigid 24-cell, then in the course of a single 360° rotation the 8 point-objects will trace out the whole 24-cell, with just one point-object reaching each of the 24 vertex positions just once, and no point-object colliding with any other at any time.

That is still an example of a rigid object in a single distinct isoclinic rotation: a rigid 8-vertex object (called the 4-[[W:orthoplex|orthoplex]] or [[16-cell]]) performing the characteristic rotation of the 24-cell. But we can also imagine ''combining'' distinct isoclinic rotations. What happens when multiple point-objects are orbiting at once, but do ''not'' all follow the Clifford parallel paths characteristic of the ''same'' distinct rotation? What happens when we combine orbits from distinct rotations characteristic of different 4-polytopes, for example when different rigid 4-polytopes are concentric and rotating simultaneously in their characteristic ways? What kinds of such hybrid rotations are possible in the same shell without collisions? In adjacent shells without asymmetric imbalance? What sort of [[Kinematics of the cuboctahedron|kinematic polytopes]] do they trace out, and how do their [[24-cell#Clifford parallel polytopes|component parts]] relate to each other as they move? Is there (sometimes) some kind of mutual stability amid their lack of combined rigidity? Visualizing isoclinic rotations (rigid and otherwise) allows us to explore questions of this kind of [[W:kinematics|kinematics]], and where dynamic stabilities arise, of [[W:kinetics|kinetics]].

=== Isospin ===
A [[W:Nucleon|nucleon]] is a [[W:proton|proton]] or a [[W:neutron|neutron]]. The proton carries a positive net [[W:Electric charge|charge]], and the neutron carries a zero net charge. The proton's [[W:Mass|mass]] is only about 0.13% less than the neutron's, and since they are observed to be identical in other respects, they can be viewed as two states of the same nucleon, together forming an isospin doublet ({{nowrap|''I'' {{=}} {{sfrac|1|2}}}}). In isospin space, neutrons can be transformed into protons and conversely by actions of the [[W:SU(2)|SU(2)]] symmetry group. In nature, protons are very stable (the most stable particle known); a proton and a neutron are a stable nuclide; but free neutrons decay into protons in about 10 or 15 seconds.

According to the [[W:Noether theorem|Noether theorem]], [[W:Isospin|isospin]] is conserved with respect to the [[W:strong interaction|strong interaction]].&lt;ref name=Griffiths2008&gt;{{cite book |author=Griffiths, David J. |title=Introduction to Elementary Particles |edition=2nd revised |publisher=WILEY-VCH |year=2008 |isbn=978-3-527-40601-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|129–130}} Nucleons are acted upon equally by the strong interaction, which is invariant under rotation in isospin space.

Isospin was introduced as a concept in 1932 by [[W:Werner Heisenberg|Werner Heisenberg]],&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite journal
 |last=Heisenberg |first=W. |author-link=W:Werner Heisenberg
 |year=1932
 |title=Über den Bau der Atomkerne
 |journal=[[W:Zeitschrift für Physik|Zeitschrift für Physik]]
 |volume=77 |issue=1–2 |pages=1–11
 |doi=10.1007/BF01342433
 |bibcode = 1932ZPhy...77....1H
 |s2cid=186218053
 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; well before the 1960s development of the [[W:quark model|quark model]], to explain the symmetry of the proton and the then newly discovered neutron. Heisenberg introduced the concept of another conserved quantity that would cause the proton to turn into a neutron and vice versa. In 1937, [[W:Eugene Wigner|Eugene Wigner]] introduced the term &quot;isospin&quot; to indicate how the new quantity is similar to spin in behavior, but otherwise unrelated.&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite journal
 |last=Wigner |first=E. |author-link=W:Eugene Wigner
 |year=1937
 |title=On the Consequences of the Symmetry of the Nuclear Hamiltonian on the Spectroscopy of Nuclei
 |journal=[[W:Physical Review|Physical Review]]
 |volume=51
 |pages=106–119
 |doi=10.1103/PhysRev.51.106
 |bibcode = 1937PhRv...51..106W
 |issue=2
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similar to a spin-1/2 particle, which has two states, protons and neutrons were said to be of isospin 1/2. The proton and neutron were then associated with different isospin projections ''I''&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;nbsp;=&amp;nbsp;+1/2 and −1/2 respectively.

Isospin is a different kind of rotation entirely than the ordinary spin which objects undergo when they rotate in three-dimensional space. Isospin does not correspond to a [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Simple rotations|simple rotation]] in any space (of any number of dimensions). However, it does seem to correspond exactly to an [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]] in a Euclidean space of four dimensions. Isospin space resembles the [[W:3-sphere|3-sphere]], the [[W:Elliptical space#Elliptic space (the 3D case)|curved 3-dimensional space]] that is the surface of a [[W:4-ball (mathematics)#In Euclidean space|4-dimensional ball]].

=== Spinors ===
[[File:Spinor on the circle.png|thumb|upright=1.5|A spinor visualized as a vector pointing along the [[W:Möbius band|Möbius band]], exhibiting a sign inversion when the circle (the &quot;physical system&quot;) is continuously rotated through a full turn of 360°.]][[W:Spinors|Spinors]] are [[W:representation of a Lie group|representations]] of a [[W:spin group|spin group]], which are [[W:Double covering group|double cover]]s of the [[W:special orthogonal group|special orthogonal groups]]. The spin group Spin(4) is the double cover of [[W:SO(4)|SO(4)]], the group of rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space. [[600-cell#Fibrations of isocline polygrams|Isoclines]], the helical geodesic paths followed by points under isoclinic rotation, correspond to spinors representing Spin(4).

Spinors can be viewed as the &quot;square roots&quot; of [[W:Section (fiber bundle)|cross sections]] of [[W:vector bundle|vector bundle]]s; in this correspondence, a fiber bundle of isoclines (of a distinct isoclinic rotation) is a cross section (inverse bundle) of a fibration of great circles (in the invariant planes of that rotation).

A spinor can be visualized as a moving vector on a Möbius strip which transforms to its negative when continuously rotated through 360°, just as [[24-cell#Helical hexagrams and their isoclines|an isocline can be visualized as a Möbius strip]] winding twice around the 3-sphere, during which [[24-cell#Isoclinic rotations|720° isoclinic rotation]] the rigid 4-polytope turns itself inside-out twice.{{Sfn|Goucher|2019|loc=Spin Groups}} Under isoclinic rotation, a rigid 4-polytope is an isospin-1/2 object with two states.

=== Isoclinic rotations in the nucleus ===
Isospin is regarded as a symmetry of the strong interaction under the [[W:Group action (mathematics)|action]] of the [[W:Lie group|Lie group]] [[W:SU(2)|SU(2)]], the two [[W:eigenstate|states]] being the [[W:Up quark|up flavour]] and [[W:Down quark|down flavour]]. A 360° isoclinic rotation of a rigid [[W:nuclide|nuclide]] would transform its protons into neutrons and vice versa, exchanging the up and down flavours of their constituent [[W:quarks|quarks]], by turning the nuclide and all its parts inside-out (or perhaps we should say upside-down). Because we never observe this, we know that the nucleus is not a ''rigid'' polytope undergoing isoclinic rotation.

If the nucleus ''were'' a rigid object, nuclides that were isospin-rotated 360° would be isoclinic mirror images of each other, isospin +1/2 and isospin −1/2 states of the whole nucleus. We don't see whole nuclides rotating as a rigid object, but considering what would happen if they ''were'' rigid tells us something about the geometry we must expect inside the nucleons. One way that an isospin-rotated neutron could become a proton would be if the up quark and down quark were a left and right mirror-image pair of the same object; exchanging them in place would turn each down-down-up neutron into an up-up-down proton. But the case cannot be quite that simple, because the up quark and the down quark are not mirror-images of the same object: they have very different mass and other incongruities.

Another way an isospin-rotated neutron could be a proton would be if the up and down quarks were asymmetrical kinematic polytopes (not indirectly congruent mirror-images, and not rigid polytopes), rotating within the nucleus in different ''hybrid'' orbits. By that we mean that they may have vertices orbiting in rotations characteristic of more than one 4-polytope, so they may change shape as they rotate. In that case their composites (protons and neutrons) could have a symmetry not manifest in their components, but emerging from their combination.

....

=== Hybrid isoclinic rotations ===
The 24-cell has [[24-cell#Isoclinic rotations|its own characteristic isoclinic rotations]] in 4 Clifford parallel hexagonal planes (each intersecting 6 vertices), and also inherits the [[16-cell#Rotations|characteristic isoclinic rotations of its 3 Clifford parallel constituent 16-cells]] in 6 Clifford parallel square planes (each intersecting 4 vertices). The twisted circular paths followed by vertices in these two different kinds of rotation have entirely different geometries. Vertices rotating in hexagonal invariant planes follow [[24-cell#Helical hexagrams and their isoclines|helical geodesic curves whose chords form hexagrams]], and vertices rotating in square invariant planes follow [[24-cell#Helical octagrams and their isoclines|helical geodesic curves whose chords form octagrams]].

In a rigid isoclinic rotation, ''all'' the [[24-cell#Geodesics|great circle polygons]] move, in any kind of rotation. What distinguishes the hexagonal and square isoclinic rotations is the invariant planes of rotation the vertices stay in. The rotation described [[#Rotations|above]] (of 8 vertices rotating in 4 Clifford parallel hexagonal planes) is a single hexagonal isoclinic rotation, not a kinematic or hybrid rotation.

A ''kinematic'' isoclinic rotation in the 24-cell is any subset of the 24 vertices rotating through the same angle in the same time, but independently with respect to the choice of a Clifford parallel set of invariant planes of rotation and the chirality (left or right) of the rotation. A ''hybrid'' isoclinic rotation combines moving vertices from different kinds of isoclinic rotations, characteristic of different regular 4-polytopes. For example, if at least one vertex rotates in a square plane and at least one vertex rotates in a hexagonal plane, the kinematic rotation is a hybrid rotation, combining rotations characteristic of the 16-cell and characteristic of the 24-cell.

As an example of the simplest hybrid isoclinic rotation, consider a 24-cell vertex rotating in a square plane, and a second vertex, initially one 24-cell edge-length distant, rotating in a hexagonal plane. Rotating isoclinically at the same rate, the two moving vertices will never collide where their paths intersect, so this is a ''valid'' hybrid rotation.

To understand hybrid rotations in the 24-cell more generally, visualize the relationship between great squares and great hexagons. The [[24-cell#Squares|18 great squares]] occur as three sets of 6 orthogonal great squares,{{Efn|name=six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} each [[16-cell#Coordinates|forming a 16-cell]]. The three 16-cells are completely disjoint{{Efn|name=completely disjoint}} and [[24-cell#Clifford parallel polytopes|Clifford parallel]]: each has its own 8 vertices (on 4 orthogonal axes) and its own 24 edges (of length {{radic|2}}).{{Efn|name=three isoclinic 16-cells}} The 18 square great circles are crossed by 16 hexagonal great circles; each [[24-cell#Hexagons|hexagon]] has one axis (2 vertices) in each 16-cell.{{Efn|name=non-orthogonal hexagons}} The two [[24-cell#Triangles|great triangles]] inscribed in each great hexagon (occupying its alternate vertices, with edges that are its {{radic|3}} chords) have one vertex in each 16-cell. Thus ''each great triangle is a ring linking three completely disjoint great squares, one from each of the three completely disjoint 16-cells''.{{Efn|There are four different ways (four different ''fibrations'' of the 24-cell) in which the 8 vertices of the 16-cells correspond by being triangles of vertices {{radic|3}} apart: there are 32 distinct linking triangles. Each ''pair'' of 16-cells forms a tesseract (8-cell).{{Efn|name=three 16-cells form three tesseracts}} Each great triangle has one {{radic|3}} edge in each tesseract, so it is also a ring linking the three tesseracts.|name=great linking triangles}} Isoclinic rotations take the elements of the 4-polytope to congruent [[24-cell#Clifford parallel polytopes|Clifford parallel elements]] elsewhere in the 4-polytope. The square rotations do this ''locally'', confined within each 16-cell: for example, they take great squares to other great squares within the same 16-cell. The hexagonal rotations act ''globally'' within the entire 24-cell: for example, they take great squares to other great squares in ''different'' 16-cells. The [[16-cell#Helical construction|chords of the square rotations]] bind the 16-cells together internally, and the [[24-cell#Helical hexagrams and their isoclines|chords of the hexagonal rotations]] bind the three 16-cells together.

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=== Color ===
When the existence of quarks was suspected in 1964, [[W:Oscar W. Greenberg|Greenberg]] introduced the notion of color charge to explain how quarks could coexist inside some [[W:hadron|hadron]]s in [[W:quark model#The discovery of color|otherwise identical quantum states]] without violating the [[W:Pauli exclusion principle|Pauli exclusion principle]]. The modern concept of [[W:color charge|color charge]] completely commuting with all other charges and providing the strong force charge was articulated in 1973, by [[W:William A. Bardeen|William Bardeen]], [[W:de:Harald Fritzsch|Harald Fritzsch]], and [[W:Murray Gell-Mann|Murray Gell-Mann]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite conference |author1=Bardeen, W. |author2=Fritzsch, H. |author3=Gell-Mann, M. |year=1973 |title=Light cone current algebra, ''π''&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt; decay, and ''e''&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; ''e''&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;&lt;/sup&gt; annihilation |arxiv=hep-ph/0211388 |editor=Gatto, R. |book-title=Scale and conformal symmetry in hadron physics |page=[https://archive.org/details/scaleconformalsy0000unse/page/139 139] |publisher=[[W:John Wiley &amp; Sons|John Wiley &amp; Sons]] |isbn=0-471-29292-3 |bibcode=2002hep.ph...11388B |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/scaleconformalsy0000unse/page/139 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Advantages of the color octet gluon picture |journal=[[W:Physics Letters B|Physics Letters B]] |volume=47 |issue=4 |page=365 |year=1973 |last1=Fritzsch |first1=H. |last2=Gell-Mann |first2=M. |last3=Leutwyler |first3=H. |doi=10.1016/0370-2693(73)90625-4 |bibcode=1973PhLB...47..365F |citeseerx=10.1.1.453.4712}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Color charge is not [[W:electric charge|electric charge]]; the whole point of it is that it is a quantum of something different. But it is related to electric charge, through the way in which the three different-colored quarks combine to contribute fractional quantities of electric charge to a nucleon. As we shall see, color is not really a separate kind of charge at all, but a partitioning of the electric charge into [[24-cell#Clifford parallel polytopes|Clifford parallel subspaces]].

The [[W:Color charge#Red, green, and blue|three different colors]] of quark charge might correspond to three different 16-cells, such as the three disjoint 16-cells inscribed in the 24-cell. Each color might be a disjoint domain in isospin space (the space of points on the 3-sphere).{{Efn|The 8 vertices of each disjoint 16-cell constitute an independent [[16-cell#Coordinates|orthonormal basis for a coordinate reference frame]].}} Alternatively, the three colors might correspond to three different fibrations of the same isospin space: three different ''sequences'' of the same total set of discrete points on the 3-sphere. These alternative possibilities constrain possible representations of the nuclides themselves, for example if we try to represent nuclides as particular rotating 4-polytopes. If the neutron is a (8-point) 16-cell, either of the two color possibilities might somehow make sense as far as the neutron is concerned. But if the proton is a (5-point) 5-cell, only the latter color possibility makes sense, because fibrations (which correspond to distinct isoclinic left-and-right rigid rotations) are the ''only'' thing the 5-cell has three of. Both the 5-cell and the 16-cell have three discrete rotational fibrations. Moreover, in the case of a rigid, isoclinically rotating 4-polytope, those three fibrations always come one-of-a-kind and two-of-a-kind, in at least two different ways. First, one fibration is the set of invariant planes currently being rotated through, and the other two are not. Second, when one considers the three fibrations of each of these 4-polytopes, in each fibration two isoclines carry the left and right rotations respectively, and the third isocline acts simply as a Petrie polygon, the difference between the fibrations being the role assigned to each isocline.

If we associate each quark with one or more isoclinic rotations in which the moving vertices belong to different 16-cells of the 24-cell, and the sign (plus or minus) of the electric charge with the chirality (right or left) of isoclinic rotations generally, we can configure nucleons of three quarks, two performing rotations of one chirality and one performing rotations of the other chirality. The configuration will be a valid kinematic rotation because the completely disjoint 16-cells can rotate independently; their vertices would never collide even if the 16-cells were performing different rigid square isoclinic rotations (all 8 vertices rotating in unison). But we need not associate a quark with a [[16-cell#Rotations|rigidly rotating 16-cell]], or with a single distinct square rotation.

Minimally, we must associate each quark with at least one moving vertex in each of three different 16-cells, following the twisted geodesic isocline of an isoclinic rotation. In the up quark, that could be the isocline of a right rotation; and in the down quark, the isocline of a left rotation. The chirality accounts for the sign of the electric charge (we have said conventionally as +right, −left), but we must also account for the quantity of charge: +{{sfrac|2|3}} in an up quark, and −{{sfrac|1|3}} in a down quark. One way to do that would be to give the three distinct quarks moving vertices of {{sfrac|1|3}} charge in different 16-cells, but provide up quarks with twice as many vertices moving on +right isoclines as down quarks have vertices moving on −left isoclines (assuming the correct chiral pairing is up+right, down−left).

Minimally, an up quark requires two moving vertices (of the up+right chirality).{{Efn|Two moving vertices in one quark could belong to the same 16-cell. A 16-cell may have two vertices moving in the same isoclinic square (octagram) orbit, such as an antipodal pair (a rotating dipole), or two vertices moving in different square orbits of the same up+right chirality.{{Efn|There is only one [[16-cell#Helical construction|octagram orbit]] of each chirality in each fibration of the 16-cell, so two octagram orbits of the same chirality cannot be Clifford parallel (part of the same distinct rotation). Two vertices right-moving on different octagram isoclines in the same 16-cell is a combination of two distinct rotations, whose isoclines will intersect: a kinematic rotation. It can be a valid kinematic rotation if the moving vertices will never pass through a point of intersection at the same time. Octagram isoclines pass through all 8 vertices of the 16-cell, and all eight isoclines (the left and right isoclines of four different fibrations) intersect at ''every'' vertex.}} However, the theory of [[W:Color confinement|color confinement]] may not require that two moving vertices in one quark belong to the same 16-cell; like the moving vertices of different quarks, they could be drawn from the disjoint vertex sets of two different 16-cells.}} Minimally, a down quark requires one moving vertex (of the down−left chirality). In these minimal quark configurations, a proton would have 5 moving vertices and a neutron would have 4.

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=== Nucleons ===
[[File:Symmetrical_5-set_Venn_diagram.svg|thumb|[[W:Branko Grünbaum|Grünbaum's]] rotationally symmetrical 5-set Venn diagram, 1975. It is the [[5-cell]]. Think of it as an [[W:Nuclear magnetic resonance|NMR image]] of the 4-dimensional proton in projection to the plane.]]
The proton is a very stable mass particle. Is there a stable orbit of 5 moving vertices in 4-dimensional Euclidean space? There are few known solutions to the 5-body problem, and fewer still to the [[W:n-body problem|{{mvar|n}}-body problem]], but one is known: the ''central configuration'' of {{mvar|n}} bodies in a space of dimension {{mvar|n}}-1. A [[W:Central configuration|central configuration]] is a system of [[W:Point particle|point masses]] with the property that each mass is pulled by the combined attractive force of the system directly towards the [[W:Center of mass|center of mass]], with acceleration proportional to its distance from the center. Placing three masses in an equilateral triangle, four at the vertices of a regular [[W:Tetrahedron|tetrahedron]], five at the vertices of a regular [[5-cell]], or more generally {{mvar|n}} masses at the vertices of a regular [[W:Simplex|simplex]] produces a central configuration [[W:Central configuration#Examples|even when the masses are not equal]]. In an isoclinic rotation, all the moving vertices orbit at the same radius and the same speed. Therefore if any 5 bodies are orbiting as an isoclinically rotating regular 5-cell (a rigid 4-simplex figure undergoing isoclinic rotation), they maintain a central configuration, describing 5 mutually stable orbits.

Unlike the proton, the neutron is not always a stable particle; a free neutron will decay into a proton. A deficiency of the minimal configurations is that there is no way for this [[W:beta minus decay|beta minus decay]] to occur. The minimal neutron of 4 moving vertices described [[#Color|above]] cannot possibly decay into a proton by losing moving vertices, because it does not possess the four up+right moving vertices required in a proton. This deficiency could be remedied by giving the neutron configuration 8 moving vertices instead of 4: four down−left and four up+right moving vertices. Then by losing 3 down−left moving vertices the neutron could decay into the 5 vertex up-down-up proton configuration.{{Efn|Although protons are very stable, during [[W:stellar nucleosynthesis|stellar nucleosynthesis]] two H&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; protons are fused into an H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; nucleus consisting of a proton and a neutron. This [[W:beta plus decay|beta plus &quot;decay&quot;]] of a proton into a neutron is actually the result of a rare high-energy collision between the two protons, in which a neutron is constructed. With respect to our nucleon configurations of moving vertices, it has to be explained as the conversion of two 5-point 5-cells into a 5-point 5-cell and an 8-point 16-cell, emitting two decay products of at least 1-point each. Thus it must involve the creation of moving vertices, by the conversion of kinetic energy to point-masses.}} A neutron configuration of 8 moving vertices could occur as the 8-point 16-cell, the second-smallest regular 4-polytope after the 5-point 5-cell (the hypothesized proton configuration).

It is possible to double the neutron configuration in this way, without destroying the charge balance that defines the nucleons, by giving down quarks three moving vertices instead of just one: two −left vertices and one +right vertex. The net charge on the down quark remains −{{sfrac|1|3}}, but the down quark becomes heavier (at least in vertex count) than the up quark, as in fact its mass is measured to be.

A nucleon's quark configuration is only a partial specification of its properties. There is much more to a nucleon than what is contained within its three quarks, which contribute only about 1% of the nucleon's energy. The additional 99% of the nucleon mass is said to be associated with the force that binds the three quarks together, rather than being intrinsic to the individual quarks separately. In the case of the proton, 5 moving vertices in the stable orbits of a central configuration (in one of the [[5-cell#Geodesics and rotations|isoclinic rotations characteristic of the regular 5-cell]]) might be sufficient to account for the stability of the proton, but not to account for most of the proton's energy. It is not the point-masses of the moving vertices themselves which constitute most of the mass of the nucleon; if mass is a consequence of geometry, we must look to the larger geometric elements of these polytopes as their major mass contributors. The quark configurations are thus incomplete specifications of the geometry of the nucleons, predictive of only some of the nucleon's properties, such as charge.{{Efn|Notice that by giving the down quark three moving vertices, we seem to have changed the quark model's prediction of the proton's number of moving vertices from 5 to 7, which would be incompatible with our theory that the proton configuration is a rotating regular 5-cell in a central configuration of 5 stable orbits. Fortunately, the actual quark model has nothing at all to say about moving vertices, so we may choose to regard that number as one of the geometric properties the quark model does not specify.}} In particular, they do not account for the forces binding the nucleon together. Moreover, if the rotating regular 5-cell is the proton configuration and the rotating regular 16-cell is the neutron configuration, then a nucleus is a complex of rotating 5-cells and 16-cells, and we must look to the geometric relationship between those two very different regular 4-polytopes for an understanding of the nuclear force binding them together.

The most direct [[120-cell#Relationships among interior polytopes|geometric relationship among stationary regular 4-polytopes]] is the way they occupy a common 3-sphere together. Multiple 16-cells of equal radius can be compounded to form each of the larger regular 4-polytopes, the 8-cell, 24-cell, 600-cell, and 120-cell, but it is noteworthy that multiple regular 5-cells of equal radius cannot be compounded to form any of the other 4-polytopes except the largest, the 120-cell. The 120-cell is the unique intersection of the regular 5-cell and 16-cell: it is a compound of 120 regular 5-cells, and also a compound of 75 16-cells. All regular 4-polytopes except the 5-cell are compounds of 16-cells, but none of them except the largest, the 120-cell, contains any regular 5-cells. So in any compound of equal-radius 16-cells which also contains a regular 5-cell, whether that compound forms some single larger regular 4-polytope or does not, no two of the regular 5-cell's five vertices ever lie in the same 16-cell. So the geometric relationship between the regular 5-cell (our proton candidate) and the regular 16-cell (our neutron candidate) is quite a distant one: they are much more exclusive of each other's elements than they are distantly related, despite their complementary three-quark configurations and other similarities as nucleons. The relationship between a regular 5-cell and a regular 16-cell of equal radius is manifest only in the 120-cell, the most complex regular 4-polytope, which [[120-cell#Geometry|uniquely embodies all the containment relationships]] among all the regular 4-polytopes and their elements.

If the nucleus is a complex of 5-cells (protons) and 16-cells (neutrons) rotating isoclinically around a common center, then its overall motion is a hybrid isoclinic rotation, because the 5-cell and the 16-cell have different characteristic isoclinic rotations, and they have no isoclinic rotation in common.{{Efn|The regular 5-cell does not occur inscribed in any other regular 4-polytope except one, the 600-vertex 120-cell. No two of the 5 vertices of a regular 5-cell can be vertices of the same 16-cell, 8-cell, 24-cell, or 600-cell. The isoclinic rotations characteristic of the regular 5-cell maintain the separation of its 5 moving vertices in 5 disjoint Clifford-parallel subspaces at all times. The [[16-cell#Rotations|isoclinic rotation characteristic of the 16-cell]] maintains the separation of its 8 moving vertices in 2 disjoint Clifford-parallel subspaces (completely orthogonal great square planes) at all times. Therefore, in any hybrid rotation of a concentric 5-cell and 16-cell, at most one 5-cell subspace (containing 1 vertex) might be synchronized with one 16-cell subspace (containing 4 vertices), such that the 1 + 4 vertices they jointly contain occupy the same moving subspace continually, forming a rigid 5-vertex polytope undergoing some kind of rotation. If in fact it existed, this 5-vertex rotating rigid polytope would not be [[5-cell#Geometry|not a 5-cell, since 4 of its vertices are coplanar]]; it is not a 4-polytope but merely a polyhedron, a [[W:square pyramid|square pyramid]].}}

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=== Nuclides ===

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=== Quantum phenomena ===

The Bell-Kochen-Specker (BKS) theorem rules out the existence of deterministic noncontextual hidden variables theories. A proof of the theorem in a space of three or more dimensions can be given by exhibiting a finite set of lines through the origin that cannot each be colored black or white in such a way that (i) no two orthogonal lines are both black, and (ii) not all members of a set of ''d'' mutually orthogonal lines are white.{{Efn|&quot;The Bell-Kochen-Specker theorem rules out the existence of deterministic noncontextual hidden variables theories. A proof of the theorem in a Hilbert space of dimension d ≥ 3 can be given by exhibiting a finite set of rays [9] that cannot each be assigned the value 0 or 1 in such a way that (i) no two orthogonal rays are both assigned the value 1, and (ii) not all members of a set of d mutually orthogonal rays are assigned the value 0.&quot;{{Sfn|Waegell|Aravind|2009|loc=2. The Bell-Kochen-Specker (BKS) theorem}}|name=BKS theorem}}

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=== Motion ===
What does it mean to say that an object moves through space? Coxeter group theory provides precise answers to questions of this kind. A rigid object (polytope) moves by distinct transformations, changing itself in each discrete step into a congruent object in a different orientation and position.{{Efn|name=transformations}}

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== Galilean relativity in a space of four orthogonal dimensions ==

Special relativity is just Galilean relativity in a Euclidean space of four orthogonal dimensions.

General relativity is just Galilean relativity in a general space of four orthogonal dimensions, e.g. Euclidean 4-space &lt;math&gt;R^4&lt;/math&gt;, spherical 4-space &lt;math&gt;S^4&lt;/math&gt;, or any orthogonal 4-manifold.

Light is just reflection. Gravity (and all force) is just rotation. Both motions are just group actions, expressions of intrinsic symmetries. That is all of physics.

Every observer properly sees himself as stationary and the universe as a sphere with himself at the center. The curvature of these spheres is a function of the rate at which causality evolves, and it can be measured by the observer as the speed of light.

=== Special relativity is just Galilean relativity in a Euclidean space of four orthogonal dimensions ===
Perspective effects occur because each observer's ordinary 3-dimensional space is only a curved manifold embedded in 4-dimensional Euclidean space, and its curvature complicates the calculations for him (e.g., he sometimes requires Lorentz transformations). But if  all four spatial dimensions are considered, no Lorentz transformations are required (or permitted) except when you want to calculate a projection, or a shadow, that is, how things will appear from a three-dimensional viewpoint (not how they really are).{{Sfn|Yamashita|2023}} The universe really has four spatial dimensions, and space and time behave just as they do in classical 3-vector space, only bigger by one dimension. It is not necessary to combine 4-space with time in a spacetime to explain 4-dimensional perspective effects at high velocities, because 4-space is already spatially 4-dimensional, and those perspective effects fall out of the 4-dimensional Pythagorean theorem naturally, just as perspective does in three dimensions. The universe is only strange in the ways the Euclidean fourth dimension is strange; but that does hold many surprises for us. Euclidean 4-space is much more interesting than Euclidean 3-space, analogous to the way that 3-space is much more interesting than 2-space. But all Euclidean spaces are dimensionally analogous. Dimensional analogy itself, like everything else in nature, is an exact expression of intrinsic symmetries.

=== General relativity is just Galilean relativity in a general space of four orthogonal dimensions ===
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=== Physics ===
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=== Thoreau's spherical relativity ===
Every observer may properly see himself as stationary and the universe as a 4-sphere with himself at the center observing it, perceptually equidistant from all points on its surface, including his own ''physical'' location which is one of those surface points, distinguished to him but not the center of anything. This statement of the principle of relativity is compatible with Galileo's relativity of uniformly moving objects in ordinary space, Einstein's special relativity of inertial reference frames in 4-dimensional spacetime, Einstein's general relativity of all reference frames in non-Euclidean spacetime, and Coxeter's relativity of orthogonal group actions in Euclidean spaces of any number of dimensions.{{Efn|name=transformations}} It should be known as Thoreau's spherical relativity, since the first precise written statement of it appears in 1849: &quot;The universe is a sphere whose center is wherever there is intelligence.&quot;{{Sfn|Thoreau|1849|p=349|ps=; &quot;The universe is a sphere whose center is wherever there is intelligence.&quot; [Contemporaneous and independent of [[W:Ludwig Schlafli|Ludwig Schlafli]]'s pioneering work enumerating the complete set of regular polytopes in any number of dimensions.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|loc=§7. Ordinary Polytopes in Higher Space; §7.x. Historical remarks|pp=141-144|ps=; &quot;Practically all the ideas in this chapter ... are due to Schläfli, who discovered them before 1853 — a time when Cayley, Grassman and Möbius were the only other people who had ever conceived the possibility of geometry in more than three dimensions.&quot;}}]}}

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== Conclusions==

=== Spherical relativity ===

We began our inquiry by wondering why physical space should be limited to just three dimensions (why ''three''). By visualizing the universe as a Euclidian space of four dimensions, we recognize that relativistic and quantum phenomena are natural consequences of symmetry group operations (including reflections and rotations) in four orthogonal dimensions. We should not then be surprised to see that the universe does not have just four dimensions, either. Physical space must bear as many dimensions as we need to ascribe to it, though the distinct phenomena for which we find a need to do so, in order to explain them, seem to be fewer and fewer as we consider higher and higher dimensions. To laws of physics generally, such as the principle of relativity in particular, we should always append the phrase &quot;in Euclidean spaces of any number of dimensions&quot;. Laws of physics should operate in any flat Euclidean space &lt;math&gt;R^n&lt;/math&gt; and in its corresponding spherical space &lt;math&gt;S^n&lt;/math&gt;.

The first and simplest sense in which we are forced to contemplate a fifth dimension is to accommodate our normal idea of time. Just as Einstein was forced to admit time as a dimension, in his four-dimensional spacetime of three spatial dimensions plus time, for some purposes we require a fifth time dimension to accompany our four spatial dimensions, when our purpose is orthogonal to (in the sense of independent of) the four spatial dimensions. For example, if we theorize that we observe a finite homogeneous universe, and that it is a Euclidean 4-space overall, we may prefer not to have to identify any distinct place within that 4-space as the center where the universe began in a big bang. To avoid having to pick a distinct place as the center of the universe, our model of it must be expanded, at least to be a ''spherical'' 4-dimensional space with the fifth radial dimension as time. Essentially, we require the fifth dimension in order to make our homogeneous 4-space finite, by wrapping it around into a 4-sphere. But perhaps we can still resist admitting the fifth radial dimension as a full-fledged Euclidean spatial dimension, at least so long as we have not observed how any naturally occurring object configurations are best described as 5-polytopes.

One phenomenon which resists explanation in a space of just four dimensions is the propagation of light in a vacuum. The propagation of mass-carrying particles is explained as the consequence of their rotations in closed, curved spaces (3-spheres) of finite size, moving through four-dimensional Euclidean space at a universal constant speed, the speed of light. But an apparent paradox remains that light must seemingly propagate through four-dimensional Euclidean space at more than the speed of light. From an ''n''-dimensional viewpoint, this apparent paradox can be resolved, and in retrospect it is clear how massless particles can translate through four-dimensional space at twice the speed constant, since they are not simultaneously rotating.

Another phenomenon justifying a five-dimensional view of space is the relation between the the 5-cell proton and the 16-cell neutron (the 4-simplex and 4-orthoplex polytopes). Their indirect relationship can be observed in the 4-600-point polytope (the 120-cell), and in its 11-cells,{{Sfn|Christie|2025|loc=&quot;A symmetrical arrangement of eleven 11-cells&quot;}} but it is only directly observed (absent a 120-cell) in a five-dimensional reference frame.

=== Nuclear geometry ===
We have seen how isoclinic rotations (Clifford displacements) relate the orbits in the atomic nucleus to each other, just as they relate the regular convex 4-polytopes to each other, in a sequence of nested objects of increasing complexity. We have identified the proton as a  5-point, 5-cell 4-simplex 𝜶&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, the neutron as an 8-point, 16-cell 4-orthoplex 𝛽&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, and the shell of the atomic nucleus as a 24-point 24-cell. As Coxeter noted, that unique 24-point object stands quite alone in four dimensions, having no analogue above or below.

=== Atomic geometry ===
I'm on a plane flying to Eugene to visit Catalin, we'll talk after I arrive. I've been working on both my unpublished papers, the one going put for pre-publication review soon about 4D geometry, and the big one not going out soon about the 4D sun, 4D atoms, and 4D galaxies and n-D universe. I'vd just added the following paragraph to that big paper:

Atomic geometry

The force binding the protons and neutrons of the nucleus together into a distinct element is specifically an expression of the 11-cell 4-polytope, itself an expression of the pyritohedral symmetry, which binds the distinct 4-polytopes to each other, and relates the n-polytopes to their neighbors of different n by dimensional analogy.


flying over mt shasta out my right-side window at the moment, that last text showing &quot;not delivered&quot; yet because there's no wifi on this plane, gazing at that great peak of the world and feeling as if i've just made the first ascent of it

=== Molecular geometry ===
Molecules are 3-dimensional structures that live in the thin film of 3-membrane only one atom thick in most places that is our ordinary space, but since that is a significantly curved 3-dimensional space at the scale of a molecule, the way the molecule's covalent bonds form is influenced by the local curvature in 4-dimensions at that point.

In the water molecule, there is a reason why the hydrogen atoms are attached to the oxygen atom at an angle of 104.45° in 3-dimensional space, and at root it must be the same symmetry that locates any two of the hydrogen proton's five vertices 104.45° apart on a great circle arc of its tiny 3-sphere.

=== Cosmology ===

==== Solar systems ====

===== Stars =====
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===== The Kepler problem =====
In the proper reference frame of some hypothetical observer in 4-dimensional Euclidean space, the Kepler problem has a solution in which all the planetary orbits are circles. This occurs because all bodies are always orbiting, each in some distinct isoclinic (equi-angled double) rotation. All atoms are rotating isoclinically at (double) the velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;. In the observer's proper reference frame, the isoclinic double rotation of each of his own atoms is most conveniently represented as an equivalent screw displacement: a linear translation at velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt; (along the observer's proper time axis through 4-space), combined with a simple rotation at velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt; (of the atom internally). 

This representation, though proper, is subject to the over-simplification of special relativity, because it ignores the fact that the observer is himself moving on some circular orbit; he is not linearly translating through 4-space. When the observer's own orbit is also represented, the screw displacement becomes an elliptical double rotation, with a very slow, very large-radius simple circular orbit (almost a linear translation), combined with a very fast, very small-radius simple circular orbit of each atom internally. This is the observer's proper reference frame according to general relativity.

An observer moving differently will perceive the motion of the observer and his atoms to be a different elliptical double rotation. We can find a proper reference frame, of some hypothetical observer moving hypothetically, in which the ratio of the radii of the two orthogonal rotations of the atom becomes any value we choose between 1 and &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;. In particular there exists, conceptually accessible to all observers independent of their motion, a distinct reference frame in which an atom is stationary, rotating isoclinically at (double) the velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;. That is simply the stationary reference frame of the atom itself, such as the stationary reference frame of any observer and his own atoms. In 3-dimensional physics, it is known as the observer's proper inertial reference frame. But in 4-dimensional physics, that is ''not'' the most convenient or sensible reference frame in which to consider objects moving differently, in different proper reference frames. In 4-dimensional physics, a reference frame in which an observer and his atoms are translating linearly at velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt; is known as the observer's proper inertial reference frame. Any such proper reference frame makes a great deal more sense for the purpose of considering the motion of objects moving differently in 4-space, just as a heliocentric solar system makes a great deal more sense than a geocentric solar system for the purpose of considering the motion of the planets.

...

==== Galaxies ====

The spacetime of general relativity is often illustrated as a projection to a curved 2D surface in which large gravitational objects make gravity wells or dimples in the surface. In the Euclidean 4D view of the universe the 3D surface of a large cosmic object such as a galaxy surrounds an empty 4D space, and large gravitational objects within the galaxy must make dimples in its surface. But should we see them as dimples exactly? Would they dimple inwards or outwards? In the spacetime illustrations they are naturally always shown as dimpling downwards, which is somewhat disingenuous, strongly suggesting to the viewer that the reason for gravity is that it flows downhill - the original tautology we are trying to surmount! In the Euclidean 4D galaxy the dimple, if it is one, must be either inward or outward, and which it is matters since the dimple is flying outward at velocity {{mvar|c}}. The galaxy is not collapsing inward. Is a large gravitational mass (such as a star) ''ahead'' of the smaller masses orbiting around it (such as its planets), or is it ''behind'' them, as they fly through 4-space on their Clifford parallel trajectories? The answer is ''both'' of course, because a star is not a dimple, it is a 4-ball, and it dimples the 3D surface both inwards and outwards. It is a thick place in the 3D surface. We should view it as having its gravitational center precisely at the surface of the expanding 3-sphere. 

What is a black hole? It is the hollow four-dimensional space that a galaxy is the three-dimensional surface of.

When we view another galaxy, such as Andromeda, we are seeing that whole galaxy from a distance, the way the moon astronauts looked back at the whole earth. We see our own milky way galaxy from where we are on its surface, the way we see the earth from its surface, except that the earth is solid, but the galaxy is hollow and transparent. We can look across its empty center and see all the other stars also on its surface, including those opposite ours on the far side of its 3-sphere. The thicker band of stars we see in our night sky and identify as the milky way is not our whole galaxy; the majority of the other visible stars also lie in our galaxy. That dense band is not thicker and brighter than other parts of our galaxy because it lies toward a dense galactic center (our galaxy has an empty center), but for exactly the opposite reason: those apparently more thickly clustered stars lie all around us on the galaxy's surface, in the nearest region of space surrounding us. They appear to be densely packed only because we are looking at them &quot;edge on&quot;. Actually, we are looking into this nearby apparently dense region ''face on'', not edge on, because we are looking at a round sphere of space surrounding us, not a disk. In contrast, stars in our galaxy outside that bright band lie farther off from us, across the empty center of the galaxy, and we see them spread out as they actually are, instead of &quot;edge on&quot; so they appear to be densely clustered. The &quot;dense band&quot; covers only an equatorial band of the night sky instead of all the sky, because when we look out into the four-dimensional space around us, we can see stars above and below our three-dimensional hyperplane in our four-dimensional space. Everything in our solar system lies in our hyperplane, and the nearby stars around us in our galaxy are near our hyperplane (just slightly below it). All the other, more distant stars in our galaxy are also below our hyperplane. We can see objects outside our galaxy, such as other galaxies, both above and below our hyperplane. We can see all around us above our hyperplane (looking up from the galactic surface into the fourth dimension), and all around us below our hyperplane (looking down through our transparent galaxy and out the other side).

== Revolutions ==
The original Copernican revolution displaced the center of the universe from the center of the earth to a point farther away, the center of the sun, with the stars remaining on a fixed sphere around the sun instead of around the earth. But this led inevitably to the recognition that the sun must be a star itself, not equidistant from all the stars, and the center of but one of many spheres, no monotheistic center at all. 

In such fashion the Euclidean four-dimensional viewpoint initially lends itself to a big bang theory of a single origin of the whole universe, but leads inevitably to the recognition that all the stars need not be equidistant from a single origin in time, any more than they all lie in the same galaxy, equidistant from its center in space. The expanding sphere of matter on the surface of which we find ourselves living might be one of many such spheres, with their big bang origins occurring at distinct times and places in the 4-dimensional universe.

When we look up at the heavens, we have no obvious way of knowing whether the space we are looking into is a curved 3-spherical one or a flat 4-space. In this work we suggest a theory of how light travels that says we can see into all four dimensions, and so when we look up at night we see cosmological objects distributed in 4-dimensional space, and not all located on our own 3-spherical membrane. The view from our solar system suggests that our galaxy is its own hollow 3-sphere, and that galaxies generally are single roughly spherical 3-membranes, with the smaller objects within them all lying on that same 3-spherical surface, equidistant from the galaxy center in 4-space. 

The Euclidean four-dimensional viewpoint requires that all mass-carrying objects are in motion at constant velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;, although the relative velocity between nearby objects is much smaller since they move on similar vectors, aimed away from a common origin point in the past. It is natural to expect that objects moving at constant velocity away from a common origin will be distributed roughly on the surface of an expanding 3-sphere. Since their paths away from their origin are not straight lines but various helical isoclines, their 3-sphere will be expanding radially at slightly less than the constant velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;. The view from our solar system does ''not'' suggest that each galaxy is its own distinct 3-sphere expanding at this great rate; rather, the standard theory has been that the entire observable universe is expanding from a single big bang origin in time. While the Euclidean four-dimensional viewpoint lends itself to that standard theory, it also allows theories which require no single origin point in space and time.

These are the voyages of starship Earth, to boldly go where no one has gone before. It made the jump to lightspeed long ago, in whatever big bang its atoms emerged from, and hasn't slowed down since.

== Origins of the theory ==
Einstein himself was one of the first to imagine the universe as the three-dimensional surface of a four-dimensional Euclidean sphere, in what was narrowly the first written articulation of the principle of Euclidean 4-space relativity, contemporaneous with the teen-aged Coxeter's (quoted below). Einstein did this as a [[W:Gedankenexperiment|gedankenexperiment]] in the context of investigating whether his equations of general relativity predicted an infinite or a finite universe, in his 1921 Princeton lecture.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/36276|title=The Meaning of Relativity|last=Einstein|first=Albert|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1923|isbn=|location=|pages=110-111}}&lt;/ref&gt; He invited us to imagine &quot;A spherical manifold of three dimensions, embedded in a Euclidean continuum of four dimensions&quot;, but he was careful to disclaim parenthetically that &quot;The aid of a fourth space dimension has naturally no significance except that of a mathematical artifice.&quot;

Informally, the Euclidean 4-dimensional theory of relativity may be given as a sort of reciprocal of that formulation of Einstein's: ''The Minkowski spacetime has naturally no significance except that of a mathematical artifice, as an aid to understanding how things will appear to an observer from his perspective; the forthshortenings, clock desynchronizations and other perceptual effects it predicts are exact calculations of actual perspective effects; but space is actually a flat, Euclidean continuum of four orthogonal spatial dimensions, and in it the ordinary laws of a flat vector space hold (such as the Pythagorean theorem), and all sightline calculations work classically, so long as you consider all four dimensions.''

The Euclidean 4-dimensional theory differs from the standard theory in being a description of the physical universe in terms of a geometry of four or more orthogonal spatial dimensions, rather than in the standard theory's terms of the [[w:Minkowski spacetime|Minkowski spacetime]] geometry (in which three spatial dimensions and a time dimension comprise a unified spacetime of four dimensions). The invention of geometry of more than three spatial dimensions preceded Einstein's theories by more than fifty years. It was first worked out by the Swiss mathematician [[w:Ludwig Schläfli|Ludwig Schläfli]] around 1850. Schläfli extended Euclid's geometry of one, two, and three dimensions in a direct way to four or more dimensions, generalizing the rules and terms of [[w:Euclidean geometry|Euclidean geometry]] to spaces of any number of dimensions. He coined the general term ''polyscheme'' to mean geometric forms of any number of dimensions, including two-dimensional [[w:polygon|polygons]], three-dimensional [[w:polyhedron|polyhedra]], four dimensional [[w:polychoron|polychora]], and so on, and in the process he discovered all the [[w:Regular polytope|regular polyschemes]] that are possible in every dimension, including in particular the six convex regular polyschemes which can be constructed in a space of four dimensions (a set analogous to the five [[w:Platonic solid|Platonic solids]] in three dimensional space). Thus he was the first to explore the fourth dimension, reveal its emergent geometric properties, and discover all its astonishing regular objects. Because most of his work remained almost completely unknown until it was published posthumously in 1901, other researchers had more than fifty years to rediscover the regular polyschemes, and competing terms were coined; today [[W:Alicia Boole Stott|Alicia Boole Stott]]'s word ''[[w:Polytope|polytope]]'' is the commonly used term for ''polyscheme''.{{Efn|Today Schläfli's original ''polyscheme'', with its echo of ''schema'' as in the configurations of information structures, seems even more fitting in its generality than ''polytope'' -- perhaps analogously as information software (programming) is even more general than information hardware (computers).}}

== Boundaries ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;Ever since we discovered that Earth is round and turns like a mad-spinning top, we have understood that reality is not as it appears to us: every time we glimpse a new aspect of it, it is a deeply emotional experience. Another veil has fallen.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Carlo Rovelli|title=Seven Brief Lessons on Physics}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Of course it is strange to consciously contemplate this world we inhabit, our planet, our solar system, our vast galaxy, as the merest film, a boundary no thicker in the places we inhabit than the diameter of an electron (though much thicker in some places we cannot inhabit, such as the interior of stars). But is not our unconscious traditional concept of the boundary of our world even stranger? Since the enlightenment we are accustomed to thinking that there is nothing beyond three dimensional space: no boundary, because there is nothing else to separate us from. But anyone who knows the [[polyscheme]]s Schlafli discovered knows that space can have any number of dimensions, and that there are fundamental objects and motions to be discovered in four dimensions that are even more various and interesting than those we can discover in three. The strange thing, when we think about it, is that there ''is'' a boundary between three and four dimensions. ''Why'' can't we move (or apparently, see) in more than three dimensions? Why is our world apparently only three dimensional? Why would it have ''three'' dimensions, and not four, or five, or the ''n'' dimensions that Schlafli mapped? What is the nature of the boundary which confines us to just three? 

We know that in Euclidean geometry the boundary between three and four dimensions is itself a spherical three dimensional space, so we should suspect that we are materially confined within such a curved boundary. Light need not be confined with us within our three dimensional boundary space. We would look directly through four dimensional space in our natural way by receiving light signals that traveled to us on straight lines through it. The reason we do not observe a fourth spatial dimension in our vicinity is that there are no nearby objects in it, just off our hyperplane in the wild. The nearest four-dimensional object we can see with our eyes is our sun, which lies equatorially in our own hyperplane, though it bulges out of it above and below. But when we look up at the heavens, every pinprick of light we observe is itself a four-dimensional object off our hyperplane, and they are distributed around us in four-dimensional space through which we gaze. We are four-dimensionally sighted creates, even though our bodies are three-dimensional objects, thin as an atom in the fourth dimension. But that should not surprise us: we can see into three dimensional space even though our retinas are two dimensional objects, thin as a photoreceptor cell.

Our unconscious provincial concept is that there is nothing else outside our three dimensional world: no boundary, because there is nothing else to separate us from. But Schlafli discovered something else: all the astonishing regular objects that exist in higher dimensions. So this conception now has the same kind of status as our idea that the sun rises in the east and passes overhead: it is mere appearance, not a true model and not a proper explanation. A boundary is an explanation, be it ever so thin. And would a boundary of ''no'' thickness, a mere abstraction with no physical power to separate, be a more suitable explanation?

&lt;blockquote&gt;The number of dimensions possessed by a figure is the number of straight lines each perpendicular to all the others which can be drawn on it. Thus a point has no dimensions, a straight line one, a plane surface two, and a solid three ....

In space as we now know it only three lines can be imagined perpendicular to each other. A fourth line, perpendicular to all the other three would be quite invisible and unimaginable to us. We ourselves and all the material things around us probably possess a fourth dimension, of which we are quite unaware. If not, from a four-dimensional point of view we are mere geometrical abstractions, like geometrical surfaces, lines, and points are to us. But this thickness in the fourth dimension must be exceedingly minute, if it exists at all. That is, we could only draw an exceedingly small line perpendicular to our three perpendicular lines, length, breadth and thickness, so small that no microscope could ever perceive it.

We can find out something about the conditions of the fourth and higher dimensions if they exist, without being certain that they do exist, by a process which I have termed &quot;Dimensional Analogy.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Dimensional Analogy|last=Coxeter|first=Donald|date=February 1923|publisher=Coxeter Fonds, University of Toronto Archives|authorlink=W:Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter|series=|postscript=|work=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

I believe, but I cannot prove, that our universe is properly a Euclidean space of four orthogonal spatial dimensions. Others will have to work out the physics and do the math, because I don't have the mathematics; entirely unlike Coxeter and Einstein, I am illiterate in those languages.

&lt;blockquote&gt;
::::::BEECH

:Where my imaginary line
:Bends square in woods, an iron spine
:And pile of real rocks have been founded.
:And off this corner in the wild,
:Where these are driven in and piled,
:One tree, by being deeply wounded,
:Has been impressed as Witness Tree
:And made commit to memory
:My proof of being not unbounded.
:Thus truth's established and borne out,
:Though circumstanced with dark and doubt—
:Though by a world of doubt surrounded.

:::::::—''The Moodie Forester''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=A Witness Tree|last=Frost|first=Robert|year=1942|series=The Poetry of Robert Frost|publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston|edition=1969|}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Sequence of regular 4-polytopes ==
{{Regular convex 4-polytopes|wiki=W:|radius={{radic|2}}|columns=9}}

== Notes ==
{{Efn|In a ''[[W:William Kingdon Clifford|Clifford]] displacement'', also known as an [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]], all the Clifford parallel{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} invariant planes are displaced in four orthogonal directions (two completely orthogonal planes) at once: they are rotated by the same angle, and at the same time they are tilted ''sideways'' by that same angle. A [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Isoclinic rotations|Clifford displacement]] is [[W:8-cell#Radial equilateral symmetry|4-dimensionally diagonal]].{{Efn|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}} Every plane that is Clifford parallel to one of the completely orthogonal planes (including in this case an entire Clifford parallel bundle of 4 hexagons, but not all 16 hexagons) is invariant under the isoclinic rotation: all the points in the plane rotate in circles but remain in the plane, even as the whole plane tilts sideways. All 16 hexagons rotate by the same angle (though only 4 of them do so invariantly). All 16 hexagons are rotated by 60 degrees, and also displaced sideways by 60 degrees to a Clifford parallel hexagon. All of the other central polygons (e.g. squares) are also displaced to a Clifford parallel polygon 60 degrees away.|name=Clifford displacement}}

{{Efn|It is not difficult to visualize four hexagonal planes intersecting at 60 degrees to each other, even in three dimensions. Four hexagonal central planes intersect at 60 degrees in the [[W:cuboctahedron|cuboctahedron]]. Four of the 24-cell's 16 hexagonal central planes (lying in the same 3-dimensional hyperplane) intersect at each of the 24-cell's vertices exactly the way they do at the center of a cuboctahedron. But the ''edges'' around the vertex do not meet as the radii do at the center of a cuboctahedron; the 24-cell has 8 edges around each vertex, not 12, so its vertex figure is the cube, not the cuboctahedron. The 8 edges meet exactly the way 8 edges do at the apex of a canonical [[W:cubic pyramid]|cubic pyramid]].{{Efn|name=24-cell vertex figure}}|name=cuboctahedral hexagons}}

{{Efn|The long radius (center to vertex) of the 24-cell is equal to its edge length; thus its long diameter (vertex to opposite vertex) is 2 edge lengths. Only a few uniform polytopes have this property, including the four-dimensional 24-cell and [[W:Tesseract#Radial equilateral symmetry|tesseract]], the three-dimensional [[W:Cuboctahedron#Radial equilateral symmetry|cuboctahedron]], and the two-dimensional [[W:Hexagon#Regular hexagon|hexagon]]. (The cuboctahedron is the equatorial cross section of the 24-cell, and the hexagon is the equatorial cross section of the cuboctahedron.) '''Radially equilateral''' polytopes are those which can be constructed, with their long radii, from equilateral triangles which meet at the center of the polytope, each contributing two radii and an edge.|name=radially equilateral|group=}}

{{Efn|Eight {{sqrt|1}} edges converge in curved 3-dimensional space from the corners of the 24-cell's cubical vertex figure{{Efn|The [[W:vertex figure|vertex figure]] is the facet which is made by truncating a vertex; canonically, at the mid-edges incident to the vertex. But one can make similar vertex figures of different radii by truncating at any point along those edges, up to and including truncating at the adjacent vertices to make a ''full size'' vertex figure. Stillwell defines the vertex figure as &quot;the convex hull of the neighbouring vertices of a given vertex&quot;.{{Sfn|Stillwell|2001|p=17}} That is what serves the illustrative purpose here.|name=full size vertex figure}} and meet at its center (the vertex), where they form 4 straight lines which cross there. The 8 vertices of the cube are the eight nearest other vertices of the 24-cell. The straight lines are geodesics: two {{sqrt|1}}-length segments of an apparently straight line (in the 3-space of the 24-cell's curved surface) that is bent in the 4th dimension into a great circle hexagon (in 4-space). Imagined from inside this curved 3-space, the bends in the hexagons are invisible. From outside (if we could view the 24-cell in 4-space), the straight lines would be seen to bend in the 4th dimension at the cube centers, because the center is displaced outward in the 4th dimension, out of the hyperplane defined by the cube's vertices. Thus the vertex cube is actually a [[W:cubic pyramid|cubic pyramid]]. Unlike a cube, it seems to be radially equilateral (like the tesseract and the 24-cell itself): its &quot;radius&quot; equals its edge length.{{Efn|The vertex cubic pyramid is not actually radially equilateral,{{Efn|name=radially equilateral}} because the edges radiating from its apex are not actually its radii: the apex of the [[W:cubic pyramid|cubic pyramid]] is not actually its center, just one of its vertices.}}|name=24-cell vertex figure}}

{{Efn|The hexagons are inclined (tilted) at 60 degrees with respect to the unit radius coordinate system's orthogonal planes. Each hexagonal plane contains only ''one'' of the 4 coordinate system axes.{{Efn|Each great hexagon of the 24-cell contains one axis (one pair of antipodal vertices) belonging to each of the three inscribed 16-cells. The 24-cell contains three disjoint inscribed 16-cells, rotated 60° isoclinically{{Efn|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}} with respect to each other (so their corresponding vertices are 120° {{=}} {{radic|3}} apart). A [[16-cell#Coordinates|16-cell is an orthonormal ''basis'']] for a 4-dimensional coordinate system, because its 8 vertices define the four orthogonal axes. In any choice of a vertex-up coordinate system (such as the unit radius coordinates used in this article), one of the three inscribed 16-cells is the basis for the coordinate system, and each hexagon has only ''one'' axis which is a coordinate system axis.|name=three basis 16-cells}} The hexagon consists of 3 pairs of opposite vertices (three 24-cell diameters): one opposite pair of ''integer'' coordinate vertices (one of the four coordinate axes), and two opposite pairs of ''half-integer'' coordinate vertices (not coordinate axes). For example:
{{indent|17}}({{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}1,{{spaces|2}}0)
{{indent|5}}({{spaces|2}}&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,–&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,{{spaces|2}}&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,–&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;){{spaces|3}}({{spaces|2}}&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,{{spaces|2}}&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,{{spaces|2}}&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,{{spaces|2}}&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;)
{{indent|5}}(–&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,–&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,–&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,–&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;){{spaces|3}}(–&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,{{spaces|2}}&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,–&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,{{spaces|2}}&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;)
{{indent|17}}({{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}0,–1,{{spaces|2}}0)&lt;br&gt;
is a hexagon on the ''y'' axis. Unlike the {{sqrt|2}} squares, the hexagons are actually made of 24-cell edges, so they are visible features of the 24-cell.|name=non-orthogonal hexagons|group=}}

{{Efn|Visualize the three [[16-cell]]s inscribed in the 24-cell (left, right, and middle), and the rotation which takes them to each other. [[24-cell#Reciprocal constructions from 8-cell and 16-cell|The vertices of the middle 16-cell lie on the (w, x, y, z) coordinate axes]];{{Efn|name=six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} the other two are rotated 60° [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinically]] to its left and its right. The 24-vertex 24-cell is a compound of three 16-cells, whose three sets of 8 vertices are distributed around the 24-cell symmetrically; each vertex is surrounded by 8 others (in the 3-dimensional space of the 4-dimensional 24-cell's ''surface''), the way the vertices of a cube surround its center.{{Efn|name=24-cell vertex figure}} The 8 surrounding vertices (the cube corners) lie in other 16-cells: 4 in the other 16-cell to the left, and 4 in the other 16-cell to the right. They are the vertices of two tetrahedra inscribed in the cube, one belonging (as a cell) to each 16-cell. If the 16-cell edges are {{radic|2}}, each vertex of the compound of three 16-cells is {{radic|1}} away from its 8 surrounding vertices in other 16-cells. Now visualize those {{radic|1}} distances as the edges of the 24-cell (while continuing to visualize the disjoint 16-cells). The {{radic|1}} edges form great hexagons of 6 vertices which run around the 24-cell in a central plane. ''Four'' hexagons cross at each vertex (and its antipodal vertex), inclined at 60° to each other.{{Efn|name=cuboctahedral hexagons}} The [[24-cell#Hexagons|hexagons]] are not perpendicular to each other, or to the 16-cells' perpendicular [[24-cell#Squares|square central planes]].{{Efn|name=non-orthogonal hexagons}} The left and right 16-cells form a tesseract.{{Efn|Each pair of the three 16-cells inscribed in the 24-cell forms a 4-dimensional [[W:tesseract|hypercube (a tesseract or 8-cell)]], in [[24-cell#Relationships among interior polytopes|dimensional analogy]] to the way two tetrahedra form a cube: the two 8-vertex 16-cells are inscribed in the 16-vertex tesseract, occupying its alternate vertices. The third 16-cell does not lie within the tesseract; its 8 vertices protrude from the sides of the tesseract, forming a cubic pyramid on each of the tesseract's cubic cells. The three pairs of 16-cells form three tesseracts.{{Efn|name=three 8-cells}} The tesseracts share vertices, but the 16-cells are completely disjoint.{{Efn|name=completely disjoint}}|name=three 16-cells form three tesseracts}} Two 16-cells have vertex-pairs which are one {{radic|1}} edge (one hexagon edge) apart. But a [[24-cell#Simple rotations|''simple'' rotation]] of 60° will not take one whole 16-cell to another 16-cell, because their vertices are 60° apart in different directions, and a simple rotation has only one hexagonal plane of rotation. One 16-cell ''can'' be taken to another 16-cell by a 60° [[24-cell#Isoclinic rotations|''isoclinic'' rotation]], because an isoclinic rotation is [[3-sphere]] symmetric: four [[24-cell#Clifford parallel polytopes|Clifford parallel hexagonal planes]] rotate together, but in four different rotational directions,{{Efn|name=Clifford displacement}} taking each 16-cell to another 16-cell. But since an isoclinic 60°  rotation is a ''diagonal'' rotation by 60° in ''two'' completely orthogonal directions at once,{{Efn|name=isoclinic geodesic}} the corresponding vertices of the 16-cell and the 16-cell it is taken to are 120° apart: ''two'' {{radic|1}} hexagon edges (or one {{radic|3}} hexagon chord) apart, not one {{radic|1}} edge (60°) apart as in a simple rotation.{{Efn|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}} By the [[W:chiral|chiral]] diagonal nature of isoclinic rotations, the 16-cell ''cannot'' reach the adjacent 16-cell by rotating toward it; it can only reach the 16-cell ''beyond'' it. But of course, the 16-cell beyond the 16-cell to its right is the 16-cell to its left. So a 60° isoclinic  rotation ''will'' take every 16-cell to another 16-cell: a 60° ''right'' isoclinic rotation will take the middle 16-cell to the 16-cell we may have originally visualized as the ''left'' 16-cell, and a 60° ''left'' isoclinic rotation will take the middle 16-cell to the 16-cell we visualized as the ''right'' 16-cell. (If so, that was our error in visualization; the 16-cell to the &quot;left&quot; is in fact the one reached by the left isoclinic rotation, as that is the only sense in which the two 16-cells are left or right of each other.)|name=three isoclinic 16-cells}}

{{Efn|In a double rotation each vertex can be said to move along two completely orthogonal great circles at the same time, but it does not stay within the central plane of either of those original great circles; rather, it moves along a helical geodesic that traverses diagonally between great circles. The two completely orthogonal planes of rotation are said to be ''invariant'' because the points in each stay in the plane ''as the plane moves'', tilting sideways by the same angle that the other plane rotates.|name=helical geodesic}}

{{Efn|A point under isoclinic rotation traverses the diagonal{{Efn|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}} straight line of a single '''isoclinic geodesic''', reaching its destination directly, instead of the bent line of two successive '''simple geodesics'''. A '''[[W:geodesic|geodesic]]''' is the ''shortest path'' through a space (intuitively, a string pulled taught between two points). Simple geodesics are great circles lying in a central plane (the only kind of geodesics that occur in 3-space on the 2-sphere). Isoclinic geodesics are different: they do ''not'' lie in a single plane; they are 4-dimensional [[W:helix|spirals]] rather than simple 2-dimensional circles.{{Efn|name=helical geodesic}} But they are not like 3-dimensional [[W:screw threads|screw threads]] either, because they form a closed loop like any circle (after ''two'' revolutions). Isoclinic geodesics are ''4-dimensional great circles'', and they are just as circular as 2-dimensional circles: in fact, twice as circular, because they curve in a circle in two completely orthogonal directions at once.{{Efn|Isoclinic geodesics are ''4-dimensional great circles'' in the sense that they are 1-dimensional geodesic ''lines'' that curve in 4-space in two completely orthogonal planes at once. They should not be confused with ''great 2-spheres'',{{Sfn|Stillwell|2001|p=24}} which are the 4-dimensional analogues of 2-dimensional great circles (great 1-spheres).}} These '''isoclines''' are geodesic 1-dimensional lines embedded in a 4-dimensional space. On the 3-sphere{{Efn|All isoclines are geodesics, and isoclines on the 3-sphere are 4-dimensionally circular, but not all isoclines on 3-manifolds in 4-space are perfectly circular.}} they always occur in [[W:chiral|chiral]] pairs and form a pair of [[W:Villarceau circle|Villarceau circle]]s on the [[W:Clifford torus|Clifford torus]],{{Efn|Isoclines on the 3-sphere occur in non-intersecting chiral pairs. A left and a right isocline form a [[W:Hopf link|Hopf link]] called the {1,1} torus knot{{Sfn|Dorst|2019|loc=§1. Villarceau Circles|p=44|ps=; &quot;In mathematics, the path that the (1, 1) knot on the torus traces is also
known as a [[W:Villarceau circle|Villarceau circle]]. Villarceau circles are usually introduced as two
intersecting circles that are the cross-section of a torus by a well-chosen plane
cutting it. Picking one such circle and rotating it around the torus
axis, the resulting family of circles can be used to rule the torus. By nesting
tori smartly, the collection of all such circles then form a [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fibration]].... we prefer to consider the Villarceau circle as the
(1, 1) torus knot [a [[W:Hopf link|Hopf link]]] rather than as a planar cut [two intersecting circles].&quot;}} in which ''each'' of the two linked circles traverses all four dimensions.}} the paths of the left and the right [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Double rotations|isoclinic rotation]]. They are [[W:Helix|helices]] bent into a [[W:Möbius strip|Möbius loop]] in the fourth dimension, taking a diagonal [[W:Winding number|winding route]] twice around the 3-sphere through the non-adjacent vertices of a 4-polytope's [[W:Skew polygon#Regular skew polygons in four dimensions|skew polygon]].|name=isoclinic geodesic}}

{{Efn|[[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]]s are non-intersecting curved lines that are parallel in the sense that the perpendicular (shortest) distance between them is the same at each point.{{Sfn|Tyrrell|Semple|1971|loc=§3. Clifford's original definition of parallelism|pp=5-6}} A double helix is an example of Clifford parallelism in ordinary 3-dimensional Euclidean space. In 4-space Clifford parallels occur as geodesic great circles on the [[W:3-sphere|3-sphere]].{{Sfn|Kim|Rote|2016|pp=8-10|loc=Relations to Clifford Parallelism}} Whereas in 3-dimensional space, any two geodesic great circles on the 2-sphere will always intersect at two antipodal points, in 4-dimensional space not all great circles intersect; various sets of Clifford parallel non-intersecting geodesic great circles can be found on the 3-sphere. Perhaps the simplest example is that six mutually orthogonal great circles can be drawn on the 3-sphere, as three pairs of completely orthogonal great circles.{{Efn|name=six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} Each completely orthogonal pair is Clifford parallel. The two circles cannot intersect at all, because they lie in planes which intersect at only one point: the center of the 3-sphere.{{Efn|name=only some Clifford parallels are orthogonal}} Because they are perpendicular and share a common center, the two circles are obviously not parallel and separate in the usual way of parallel circles in 3 dimensions; rather they are connected like adjacent links in a chain, each passing through the other without intersecting at any points, forming a [[W:Hopf link|Hopf link]].|name=Clifford parallels}}

{{Efn|In the 24-cell each great square plane is completely orthogonal{{Efn|name=completely orthogonal planes}} to another great square plane, and each great hexagon plane is completely orthogonal to a plane which intersects only two vertices: a great [[W:digon|digon]] plane.|name=pairs of completely orthogonal planes}}

{{Efn|In an [[24-cell#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]], each point anywhere in the 4-polytope moves an equal distance in four orthogonal directions at once, on a [[W:8-cell#Radial equilateral symmetry|4-dimensional diagonal]]. The point is displaced a total [[W:Pythagorean distance]] equal to the square root of four times the square of that distance. For example, when the unit-radius 24-cell rotates isoclinically 60° in a hexagon invariant plane and 60° in its completely orthogonal invariant plane,{{Efn|name=pairs of completely orthogonal planes}} all vertices are displaced to a vertex two edge lengths away. Each vertex is displaced to another vertex {{radic|3}} (120°) away, moving {{radic|3/4}} in four orthogonal coordinate directions.|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}}

{{Efn|Each square plane is isoclinic (Clifford parallel) to five other square planes but completely orthogonal{{Efn|name=completely orthogonal planes}} to only one of them.{{Efn|name=Clifford parallel squares in the 16-cell and 24-cell}} Every pair of completely orthogonal planes has Clifford parallel great circles, but not all Clifford parallel great circles are orthogonal (e.g., none of the hexagonal geodesics in the 24-cell are mutually orthogonal).|name=only some Clifford parallels are orthogonal}}

{{Efn|In the [[16-cell#Rotations|16-cell]] the 6 orthogonal great squares form 3 pairs of completely orthogonal great circles; each pair is Clifford parallel. In the 24-cell, the 3 inscribed 16-cells lie rotated 60 degrees isoclinically{{Efn|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}} with respect to each other; consequently their corresponding vertices are 120 degrees apart on a hexagonal great circle. Pairing their vertices which are 90 degrees apart reveals corresponding square great circles which are Clifford parallel. Each of the 18 square great circles is Clifford parallel not only to one other square great circle in the same 16-cell (the completely orthogonal one), but also to two square great circles (which are completely orthogonal to each other) in each of the other two 16-cells. (Completely orthogonal great circles are Clifford parallel, but not all Clifford parallels are orthogonal.{{Efn|name=only some Clifford parallels are orthogonal}}) A 60 degree isoclinic rotation of the 24-cell in hexagonal invariant planes takes each square great circle to a Clifford parallel (but non-orthogonal) square great circle in a different 16-cell.|name=Clifford parallel squares in the 16-cell and 24-cell}}

{{Efn|In 4 dimensional space we can construct 4 perpendicular axes and 6 perpendicular planes through a point. Without loss of generality, we may take these to be the axes and orthogonal central planes of a (w, x, y, z) Cartesian coordinate system. In 4 dimensions we have the same 3 orthogonal planes (xy, xz, yz) that we have in 3 dimensions, and also 3 others (wx, wy, wz). Each of the 6 orthogonal planes shares an axis with 4 of the others, and is ''completely orthogonal'' to just one of the others: the only one with which it does not share an axis. Thus there are 3 pairs of completely orthogonal planes: xy and wz intersect only at the origin; xz and wy intersect only at the origin; yz and wx intersect only at the origin.|name=six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}}

{{Efn|Two planes in 4-dimensional space can have four possible reciprocal positions: (1) they can coincide (be exactly the same plane); (2) they can be parallel (the only way they can fail to intersect at all); (3) they can intersect in a single line, as two non-parallel planes do in 3-dimensional space; or (4) '''they can intersect in a single point'''{{Efn|To visualize how two planes can intersect in a single point in a four dimensional space, consider the Euclidean space (w, x, y, z) and imagine that the w dimension represents time rather than a spatial dimension. The xy central plane (where w{{=}}0, z{{=}}0) shares no axis with the wz central plane (where x{{=}}0, y{{=}}0). The xy plane exists at only a single instant in time (w{{=}}0); the wz plane (and in particular the w axis) exists all the time. Thus their only moment and place of intersection is at the origin point (0,0,0,0).|name=how planes intersect at a single point}} (and they ''must'', if they are completely orthogonal).{{Efn|Two flat planes A and B of a Euclidean space of four dimensions are called ''completely orthogonal'' if and only if every line in A is orthogonal to every line in B. In that case the planes A and B intersect at a single point O, so that if a line in A intersects with a line in B, they intersect at O.{{Efn|name=six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}}|name=completely orthogonal planes}}|name=how planes intersect}}

{{Efn|Polytopes are '''completely disjoint''' if all their ''element sets'' are disjoint: they do not share any vertices, edges, faces or cells. They may still overlap in space, sharing 4-content, volume, area, or lineage.|name=completely disjoint}}

{{Efn|If the [[W:Euclidean distance|Pythagorean distance]] between any two vertices is {{sqrt|1}}, their geodesic distance is 1; they may be two adjacent vertices (in the curved 3-space of the surface), or a vertex and the center (in 4-space). If their Pythagorean distance is {{sqrt|2}}, their geodesic distance is 2 (whether via 3-space or 4-space, because the path along the edges is the same straight line with one 90&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt; bend in it as the path through the center). If their Pythagorean distance is {{sqrt|3}}, their geodesic distance is still 2 (whether on a hexagonal great circle past one 60&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt; bend, or as a straight line with one 60&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt; bend in it through the center). Finally, if their Pythagorean distance is {{sqrt|4}}, their geodesic distance is still 2 in 4-space (straight through the center), but it reaches 3 in 3-space (by going halfway around a hexagonal great circle).|name=Geodesic distance}}

{{Efn|Two angles are required to fix the relative positions of two planes in 4-space.{{Sfn|Kim|Rote|2016|p=7|loc=§6 Angles between two Planes in 4-Space|ps=; &quot;In four (and higher) dimensions, we need two angles to fix the relative position between two planes. (More generally, ''k'' angles are defined between ''k''-dimensional subspaces.)&quot;}} Since all planes in the same [[W:hyperplane|hyperplane]] are 0 degrees apart in one of the two angles, only one angle is required in 3-space. Great hexagons in different hyperplanes are 60 degrees apart in ''both'' angles. Great squares in different hyperplanes are 90 degrees apart in ''both'' angles (completely orthogonal){{Efn|name=completely orthogonal planes}} or 60 degrees apart in ''both'' angles.{{Efn||name=Clifford parallel squares in the 16-cell and 24-cell}} Planes which are separated by two equal angles are called ''isoclinic''. Planes which are isoclinic have [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]] great circles.{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} A great square and a great hexagon in different hyperplanes are neither isoclinic nor Clifford parallel; they are separated by a 90 degree angle ''and'' a 60 degree angle.|name=two angles between central planes}}

{{Efn|The 24-cell contains 3 distinct 8-cells (tesseracts), rotated 60° isoclinically with respect to each other. The corresponding vertices of two 8-cells are {{radic|3}} (120°) apart. Each 8-cell contains 8 cubical cells, and each cube contains four {{radic|3}} chords (its long diagonals). The 8-cells are not completely disjoint{{Efn|name=completely disjoint}} (they share vertices), but each cube and each {{radic|3}} chord belongs to just one 8-cell. The {{radic|3}} chords joining the corresponding vertices of two 8-cells belong to the third 8-cell.|name=three 8-cells}}

{{Efn|Departing from any vertex V&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; in the original great hexagon plane of isoclinic rotation P&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;, the first vertex reached V&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; is 120 degrees away along a {{radic|3}} chord lying in a different hexagonal plane P&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;. P&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; is inclined to P&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; at a 60° angle.{{Efn|P&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; and P&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; lie in the same hyperplane (the same central cuboctahedron) so their other angle of separation is 0.{{Efn|name=two angles between central planes}}}} The second vertex reached V&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; is 120 degrees beyond V&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; along a second {{radic|3}} chord lying in another hexagonal plane P&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; that is Clifford parallel to P&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;.{{Efn|P&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; and P&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; are 60° apart in ''both'' angles of separation.{{Efn|name=two angles between central planes}} Clifford parallel planes are isoclinic (which means they are separated by two equal angles), and their corresponding vertices are all the same distance apart. Although V&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; and V&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; are ''two'' {{radic|3}} chords apart{{Efn|V&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; and V&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; are two {{radic|3}} chords apart on the geodesic path of this rotational isocline, but that is not the shortest geodesic path between them. In the 24-cell, it is impossible for two vertices to be more distant than ''one'' {{radic|3}} chord, unless they are antipodal vertices {{radic|4}} apart.{{Efn|name=Geodesic distance}} V&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; and V&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; are ''one'' {{radic|3}} chord apart on some other isocline. More generally, isoclines are geodesics because the distance between their ''adjacent'' vertices is the shortest distance between those two vertices, but a path between two vertices along a geodesic is not always the shortest distance between them (even on ordinary great circle geodesics).}}, P&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; and P&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; are just one {{radic|1}} edge apart (at every pair of ''nearest'' vertices).}} (Notice that V&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; lies in both intersecting planes P&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; and P&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, as V&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; lies in both P&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; and P&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;. But P&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; and P&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; have ''no'' vertices in common; they do not intersect.) The third vertex reached V&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; is 120 degrees beyond V&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; along a third {{radic|3}} chord lying in another hexagonal plane P&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; that is Clifford parallel to P&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;. The three {{radic|3}} chords lie in different 8-cells.{{Efn|name=three 8-cells}} V&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; to V&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; is a 360° isoclinic rotation.|name=360 degree geodesic path visiting 3 hexagonal planes}}

{{Notelist|40em}}

== Citations ==
{{Sfn|Mamone|Pileio|Levitt|2010|loc=§4.5 Regular Convex 4-Polytopes|pp=1438-1439|ps=; the 24-cell has 1152 symmetry operations (rotations and reflections) as enumerated in Table 2, symmetry group 𝐹&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;.}}

{{Reflist|40em}}

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{{Refend}}</text>
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{{align|center|dc@samizdat.org}}
{{align|center|June 2023 - June 2025}}

&lt;blockquote&gt;'''Abstract:''' The physical universe is properly visualized as a [[w:Four-dimensional_space|Euclidean space of four orthogonal spatial dimensions]]. Space itself has a fourth orthogonal dimension, of which we are unaware in ordinary life. Atoms are [[w:4-polytope|4-polytopes]], small round 4-dimensional objects, and stars are 4-balls of atomic plasma, large round 4-dimensional objects. Objects intermediate in size between atoms and stars, including molecules, people, and planets, are so flat as to be essentially 3-dimensional, having only the thickness of an atom in the orthogonal fourth dimension. A typical galaxy such as ours is a hollow [[w:3-sphere|4-dimensional 3-sphere]] with these objects distributed on its 3-dimensional surface. The black hole at the galaxy's center is nothing: the 4-ball of empty space they surround. Objects in our galaxy occupy this thin 3-dimensional surface, forming a filmy 4-dimensional soap-bubble of galactic size, thicker than an atom only in the interior of stars. Mass is confined to this 3-dimensional manifold by its inertia, also called gravity, the property of its ceaseless motion at a constant, universal velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;, the rate of causality at which the universe evolves. Atoms are always internally in inertial rotational motion, and externally in inertial translational motion through 4-space, at this universal rate of transformation. The observed universe appears to be a 3-sphere expanding radially from a central origin point at velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;, the invariant velocity of mass-carrying objects through 4-space, also the propagation speed of light through 3-space as measured by all observers. All objects with mass move through 4-space at velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt; as long as they exist, and acceleration only varies their direction. The propagation speed of light measured on a straight line through Euclidean 4-space is &lt;math&gt;c^\prime = 2c&lt;/math&gt;, so we can see in 4 dimensions, even though we are physically confined to a moving 3-dimensional manifold, where our direction of motion through 4-space is our proper time dimension. We have been unaware that when we look up at night we see stars and galaxies, themselves large 4-dimensional objects, distributed all around us in 4-dimensional Euclidean space, and moving through it, like us, at velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;. This model of the observed universe is compatible with the theories of special and general relativity, and with the atomic theory of quantum mechanics. It explains those theories geometrically, as expressions of intrinsic symmetries.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Symmetries ==
It is common to speak of nature as a web, and so it is, the great web of our physical experiences. Every web must have its root systems somewhere, and nature in this sense must be rooted in the symmetries which underlie physics and geometry, the [[W:Group (mathematics)|mathematics of groups]].{{Sfn|Conway|Burgiel|Goodman-Strauss|2008}}

As I understand [[W:Noether's theorem|Noether's theorem]] (which is not mathematically), hers is the deepest meta-theory of nature yet, deeper than [[W:Theory of relativity|Einstein's relativity]] or [[W:Evolution|Darwin's evolution]] or [[W:Euclidean geometry|Euclid's geometry]]. It finds that all fundamental findings in physics are based on conservation laws which can be laid at the doors of distinct [[W:symmetry group |symmetry group]]s. Thus all fundamental systems in physics, as examples [[W:quantum chromodynamics|quantum chromodynamics]] (QCD) the theory of the strong force binding the atomic nucleus and [[W:quantum electrodynamics|quantum electrodynamics]] (QED) the theory of the electromagnetic force, each have a corresponding symmetry [[W:group theory|group theory]] of which they are an expression. 

[[W:Coxeter group|Coxeter group]] theory did for geometry what Noether's theorem and Einstein's relativity did for physics. [[W:Coxeter|Coxeter]] showed that Euclidean geometry is based on conservation laws that correspond to distinct symmetry groups and obey the principle of relativity. As I understand Coxeter theory (which is not mathematically),{{Efn|Coxeter's formulation of the motions (congruent transformations) possible in an ''n''-dimensional Euclidean space:{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=217-218|loc=§12.2 Congruent transformations}}
&lt;blockquote&gt;Let Q denote a rotation, R a reflection, T a translation, and let Q&lt;sup&gt;''q''&lt;/sup&gt; R&lt;sup&gt;''r''&lt;/sup&gt; T denote a product of several such transformations, all commutative with one another. Then RT is a glide-reflection (in two or three dimensions), QR is a rotary-reflection, QT is a screw-displacement, and Q&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; is a double rotation (in four dimensions).&lt;br&gt;
Every orthogonal transformation is expressible as:&lt;br&gt;
{{spaces|10}}Q&lt;sup&gt;''q''&lt;/sup&gt; R&lt;sup&gt;''r''&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br&gt;
where 2''q'' + ''r'' ≤ ''n'', the number of dimensions.&lt;br&gt;
Transformations involving a translation are expressible as:&lt;br&gt;
{{spaces|10}}Q&lt;sup&gt;''q''&lt;/sup&gt; R&lt;sup&gt;''r''&lt;/sup&gt; T&lt;br&gt;
where 2''q'' + ''r'' + 1 ≤ ''n''.&lt;br&gt;
For ''n'' {{=}} 4 in particular, every displacement is either a double rotation Q&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, or a screw-displacement QT (where the rotation component Q is a simple rotation). Every enantiomorphous transformation in 4-space (reversing chirality) is a QRT.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
If we assume the [[W:Galilean relativity|Galilean principle of relativity]], every displacement in 4-space can be viewed as either a Q&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; or a QT, because we can view any QT as a Q&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; in a linearly moving (translating) reference frame. Therefore any transformation from one inertial reference frame to another is expressable as a Q&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. By the same principle, we can view any QT or Q&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; as an isoclinic (equi-angled) Q&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; by appropriate choice of reference frame.{{Efn|[[W:Arthur Cayley|Cayley]] showed that any rotation in 4-space can be decomposed into two isoclinic rotations, which intuitively we might see follows from the fact that any transformation from one inertial reference frame to another is expressable as a [[W:SO(4)|rotation in 4-dimensional Euclidean space]]. The distinct symmetry groups of the regular polytopes each correspond to their characteristic isoclinic rotations.|name=Cayley's rotation factorization into two isoclinic reference frame transformations}} Coxeter's relation is a mathematical statement of the principle of relativity, on group-theoretic grounds. It correctly captures the limits to relativity, in that we can only exchange the translation (T) for ''one'' of the two rotations (Q). An observer in any inertial reference frame can always measure the presence, direction and velocity of ''one'' rotation up to uncertainty, and can always distinguish the direction of his own proper time arrow.|name=transformations}} the symmetry groups underlying physics seem to have an expression in a [[W:Euclidean space|Euclidean space]] of four [[W:dimension|dimension]]s, that is, they are [[W:Euclidean geometry#Higher dimensions|four-dimensional Euclidean geometry]]. Therefore as I understand that geometry (which is entirely by synthetic rather than algebraic methods), the [[W:Atom|atom]] seems to have a distinct Euclidean geometry, such that atoms and their constituent particles are four-dimensional objects, and nature can be understood in terms of their [[W:group action|group actions]], including centrally [[W:rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space|rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space]].

== Special relativity describes Euclidean 4-dimensional space ==

...cite Yamashita{{Sfn|Yamashita|2023}}

=== Minkowski spacetime and Euclidean 4-space in relativity ===
...

Is there a configuration in Euclidean space where every observer, and every observed object, is moving at velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;? Yes, there is one such configuration, in 4-dimensional Euclidean space. This configuration must be like the one described above, in our ''Abstract''.

== The rate of atomic symmetry operations ==
...

== General relativity describes a curved 3-dimensional manifold embedded in Euclidean 4-dimensional space ==
...

== The geometry of the atomic nucleus ==

In [[W:Euclidean 4-space|Euclidean four dimensional space]], an [[W:atomic nucleus|atomic nucleus]] is a one or more concentric 4-polytopes of increasing radius. Each concentric shell is a single or compound [[24-cell]], the regular 4-polytope with [[W:Coxeter group#Symmetry groups of regular polytopes|𝔽&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; symmetry]]. Nuclear shells are concentric [[W:3-sphere|3-sphere]]s occupied (fully or partially) by the orbits of this 24-point [[#The 6 regular convex 4-polytopes|regular convex 4-polytope]]. An actual atomic nucleus is a rotating four dimensional object. It is not a ''rigid'' rotating object, it is a kinematic one, because the nucleus of an actual atom of a distinct [[W:nucleon number|nucleon number]] contains a distinct number of orbiting 24-cell vertices which may be in different isoclinic rotational orbits. These moving vertices never describe a compound of static 24-cells at any single instant in time, though their orbits do all the time. The physical configuration of a nucleus as concentric 24-cells can be reduced to the [[W:kinematics|kinematics]] of the orbits of its constituent protons and neutrons. The geometry of the atomic nucleus is therefore strictly [[W:Euclidean geometry#19th century|Euclidean]] in four dimensional space.

=== Rotations ===
The [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotations]] of the convex [[W:regular 4-polytope|regular 4-polytope]]s are usually described as discrete rotations of a rigid object. For example, the rigid [[24-cell]] can rotate in a [[24-cell#Hexagons|hexagonal]] (6-vertex) central [[24-cell#Planes of rotation|plane of rotation]]. A 4-dimensional [[24-cell#Isoclinic rotations|''isoclinic'' rotation]] (as distinct from a [[24-cell#Simple rotations|''simple'' rotation]] like the ones that occur in 3-dimensional space) is a ''diagonal'' rotation in multiple [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]] [[24-cell#Geodesics|central planes]] of rotation at once. It is diagonal because it is a [[W:SO(4)#Double rotations|double rotation]]: in addition to rotating in parallel (like wheels), the multiple planes of rotation also tilt sideways (like coins flipping) into each other's planes. Consequently, the path taken by each vertex is a [[24-cell#Helical hexagrams and their isoclines|twisted helical circle]], rather than the ordinary flat great circle a vertex follows in a simple rotation. In a rigid 4-polytope rotating isoclinically, ''all'' the vertices lie in one of the parallel planes of rotation, so all the vertices move in parallel along Clifford parallel twisting circular paths. [[24-cell#Clifford parallel polytopes|Clifford parallel planes]] are not parallel in the normal sense of parallel planes in three dimensions; the vertices are all moving in different directions around the [[W:3-sphere|3-sphere]]. In one complete 360° isoclinic revolution, a rigid 4-polytope turns itself inside out.

This is sufficiently different from the simple rotations of rigid bodies in our 3-dimensional experience that a precise [[24-cell|detailed description]] enabling the reader to properly visualize it runs to many pages and illustrations, with many accompanying pages of explanatory notes on basic phenomena that arise only in 4-dimensional space: [[24-cell#Squares|completely orthogonal planes]], [[24-cell#Hexagons|Clifford parallelism]] and [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fiber bundles]], [[24-cell#Helical hexagrams and their isoclines|isoclinic geodesic paths]], and [[24-cell#Double rotations|chiral (mirror image) pairs of rotations]], among other complexities. Moreover, the characteristic rotations of the various regular 4-polytopes are all different; each is a surprise. [[#The 6 regular convex 4-polytopes|The 6 regular convex 4-polytopes]] have different numbers of vertices (5, 8, 16, 24, 120, and 600 respectively) and those with fewer vertices occur inscribed in those with more vertices (generally), with the result that the more complex 4-polytopes subsume the kinds of rotations characteristic of their less complex predecessors, as well as each having a characteristic kind of rotation not found in their predecessors. [[W:Euclidean geometry#Higher dimensions|Four dimensional Euclidean space]] is more complicated (and more interesting) than three dimensional space because there is more room in it, in which unprecedented things can happen. It is much harder for us to visualize, because the only way we can experience it is in our imaginations; we have no body of sensory experience in 4-dimensional space to draw upon.

For that reason, descriptions of isoclinic rotations usually begin and end with rigid rotations: [[24-cell#Isoclinic rotations|for example]], all 24 vertices of a single rigid 24-cell rotating in unison, with 6 vertices evenly spaced around each of 4 Clifford parallel twisted circles.{{Efn|name=360 degree geodesic path visiting 3 hexagonal planes}} But that is only the simplest case. Compound and [[W:Kinematics|kinematic]] 24-cells (with moving parts) are even more interesting (and more complicated) than a single rigid 24-cell. 

To begin with, when we examine the individual parts of a single rigid 24-cell that are moving in an isoclinic rotation, such as the orbits of individual vertices, we can imagine a case where fewer than 24 point-objects are orbiting on those twisted circular paths at once. [[24-cell#Reflections|For example]], if we imagine just 8 point-objects, evenly spaced around the 24-cell at [[24-cell#Reciprocal constructions from 8-cell and 16-cell|the 8 vertices that lie on the 4 coordinate axes]], and rotate them isoclinically along exactly the same orbits they would take in the above-mentioned rotation of a rigid 24-cell, then in the course of a single 360° rotation the 8 point-objects will trace out the whole 24-cell, with just one point-object reaching each of the 24 vertex positions just once, and no point-object colliding with any other at any time.

That is still an example of a rigid object in a single distinct isoclinic rotation: a rigid 8-vertex object (called the 4-[[W:orthoplex|orthoplex]] or [[16-cell]]) performing the characteristic rotation of the 24-cell. But we can also imagine ''combining'' distinct isoclinic rotations. What happens when multiple point-objects are orbiting at once, but do ''not'' all follow the Clifford parallel paths characteristic of the ''same'' distinct rotation? What happens when we combine orbits from distinct rotations characteristic of different 4-polytopes, for example when different rigid 4-polytopes are concentric and rotating simultaneously in their characteristic ways? What kinds of such hybrid rotations are possible in the same shell without collisions? In adjacent shells without asymmetric imbalance? What sort of [[Kinematics of the cuboctahedron|kinematic polytopes]] do they trace out, and how do their [[24-cell#Clifford parallel polytopes|component parts]] relate to each other as they move? Is there (sometimes) some kind of mutual stability amid their lack of combined rigidity? Visualizing isoclinic rotations (rigid and otherwise) allows us to explore questions of this kind of [[W:kinematics|kinematics]], and where dynamic stabilities arise, of [[W:kinetics|kinetics]].

=== Isospin ===
A [[W:Nucleon|nucleon]] is a [[W:proton|proton]] or a [[W:neutron|neutron]]. The proton carries a positive net [[W:Electric charge|charge]], and the neutron carries a zero net charge. The proton's [[W:Mass|mass]] is only about 0.13% less than the neutron's, and since they are observed to be identical in other respects, they can be viewed as two states of the same nucleon, together forming an isospin doublet ({{nowrap|''I'' {{=}} {{sfrac|1|2}}}}). In isospin space, neutrons can be transformed into protons and conversely by actions of the [[W:SU(2)|SU(2)]] symmetry group. In nature, protons are very stable (the most stable particle known); a proton and a neutron are a stable nuclide; but free neutrons decay into protons in about 10 or 15 seconds.

According to the [[W:Noether theorem|Noether theorem]], [[W:Isospin|isospin]] is conserved with respect to the [[W:strong interaction|strong interaction]].&lt;ref name=Griffiths2008&gt;{{cite book |author=Griffiths, David J. |title=Introduction to Elementary Particles |edition=2nd revised |publisher=WILEY-VCH |year=2008 |isbn=978-3-527-40601-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|129–130}} Nucleons are acted upon equally by the strong interaction, which is invariant under rotation in isospin space.

Isospin was introduced as a concept in 1932 by [[W:Werner Heisenberg|Werner Heisenberg]],&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite journal
 |last=Heisenberg |first=W. |author-link=W:Werner Heisenberg
 |year=1932
 |title=Über den Bau der Atomkerne
 |journal=[[W:Zeitschrift für Physik|Zeitschrift für Physik]]
 |volume=77 |issue=1–2 |pages=1–11
 |doi=10.1007/BF01342433
 |bibcode = 1932ZPhy...77....1H
 |s2cid=186218053
 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; well before the 1960s development of the [[W:quark model|quark model]], to explain the symmetry of the proton and the then newly discovered neutron. Heisenberg introduced the concept of another conserved quantity that would cause the proton to turn into a neutron and vice versa. In 1937, [[W:Eugene Wigner|Eugene Wigner]] introduced the term &quot;isospin&quot; to indicate how the new quantity is similar to spin in behavior, but otherwise unrelated.&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite journal
 |last=Wigner |first=E. |author-link=W:Eugene Wigner
 |year=1937
 |title=On the Consequences of the Symmetry of the Nuclear Hamiltonian on the Spectroscopy of Nuclei
 |journal=[[W:Physical Review|Physical Review]]
 |volume=51
 |pages=106–119
 |doi=10.1103/PhysRev.51.106
 |bibcode = 1937PhRv...51..106W
 |issue=2
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similar to a spin-1/2 particle, which has two states, protons and neutrons were said to be of isospin 1/2. The proton and neutron were then associated with different isospin projections ''I''&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;nbsp;=&amp;nbsp;+1/2 and −1/2 respectively.

Isospin is a different kind of rotation entirely than the ordinary spin which objects undergo when they rotate in three-dimensional space. Isospin does not correspond to a [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Simple rotations|simple rotation]] in any space (of any number of dimensions). However, it does seem to correspond exactly to an [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]] in a Euclidean space of four dimensions. Isospin space resembles the [[W:3-sphere|3-sphere]], the [[W:Elliptical space#Elliptic space (the 3D case)|curved 3-dimensional space]] that is the surface of a [[W:4-ball (mathematics)#In Euclidean space|4-dimensional ball]].

=== Spinors ===
[[File:Spinor on the circle.png|thumb|upright=1.5|A spinor visualized as a vector pointing along the [[W:Möbius band|Möbius band]], exhibiting a sign inversion when the circle (the &quot;physical system&quot;) is continuously rotated through a full turn of 360°.]][[W:Spinors|Spinors]] are [[W:representation of a Lie group|representations]] of a [[W:spin group|spin group]], which are [[W:Double covering group|double cover]]s of the [[W:special orthogonal group|special orthogonal groups]]. The spin group Spin(4) is the double cover of [[W:SO(4)|SO(4)]], the group of rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space. [[600-cell#Fibrations of isocline polygrams|Isoclines]], the helical geodesic paths followed by points under isoclinic rotation, correspond to spinors representing Spin(4).

Spinors can be viewed as the &quot;square roots&quot; of [[W:Section (fiber bundle)|cross sections]] of [[W:vector bundle|vector bundle]]s; in this correspondence, a fiber bundle of isoclines (of a distinct isoclinic rotation) is a cross section (inverse bundle) of a fibration of great circles (in the invariant planes of that rotation).

A spinor can be visualized as a moving vector on a Möbius strip which transforms to its negative when continuously rotated through 360°, just as [[24-cell#Helical hexagrams and their isoclines|an isocline can be visualized as a Möbius strip]] winding twice around the 3-sphere, during which [[24-cell#Isoclinic rotations|720° isoclinic rotation]] the rigid 4-polytope turns itself inside-out twice.{{Sfn|Goucher|2019|loc=Spin Groups}} Under isoclinic rotation, a rigid 4-polytope is an isospin-1/2 object with two states.

=== Isoclinic rotations in the nucleus ===
Isospin is regarded as a symmetry of the strong interaction under the [[W:Group action (mathematics)|action]] of the [[W:Lie group|Lie group]] [[W:SU(2)|SU(2)]], the two [[W:eigenstate|states]] being the [[W:Up quark|up flavour]] and [[W:Down quark|down flavour]]. A 360° isoclinic rotation of a rigid [[W:nuclide|nuclide]] would transform its protons into neutrons and vice versa, exchanging the up and down flavours of their constituent [[W:quarks|quarks]], by turning the nuclide and all its parts inside-out (or perhaps we should say upside-down). Because we never observe this, we know that the nucleus is not a ''rigid'' polytope undergoing isoclinic rotation.

If the nucleus ''were'' a rigid object, nuclides that were isospin-rotated 360° would be isoclinic mirror images of each other, isospin +1/2 and isospin −1/2 states of the whole nucleus. We don't see whole nuclides rotating as a rigid object, but considering what would happen if they ''were'' rigid tells us something about the geometry we must expect inside the nucleons. One way that an isospin-rotated neutron could become a proton would be if the up quark and down quark were a left and right mirror-image pair of the same object; exchanging them in place would turn each down-down-up neutron into an up-up-down proton. But the case cannot be quite that simple, because the up quark and the down quark are not mirror-images of the same object: they have very different mass and other incongruities.

Another way an isospin-rotated neutron could be a proton would be if the up and down quarks were asymmetrical kinematic polytopes (not indirectly congruent mirror-images, and not rigid polytopes), rotating within the nucleus in different ''hybrid'' orbits. By that we mean that they may have vertices orbiting in rotations characteristic of more than one 4-polytope, so they may change shape as they rotate. In that case their composites (protons and neutrons) could have a symmetry not manifest in their components, but emerging from their combination.

....

=== Hybrid isoclinic rotations ===
The 24-cell has [[24-cell#Isoclinic rotations|its own characteristic isoclinic rotations]] in 4 Clifford parallel hexagonal planes (each intersecting 6 vertices), and also inherits the [[16-cell#Rotations|characteristic isoclinic rotations of its 3 Clifford parallel constituent 16-cells]] in 6 Clifford parallel square planes (each intersecting 4 vertices). The twisted circular paths followed by vertices in these two different kinds of rotation have entirely different geometries. Vertices rotating in hexagonal invariant planes follow [[24-cell#Helical hexagrams and their isoclines|helical geodesic curves whose chords form hexagrams]], and vertices rotating in square invariant planes follow [[24-cell#Helical octagrams and their isoclines|helical geodesic curves whose chords form octagrams]].

In a rigid isoclinic rotation, ''all'' the [[24-cell#Geodesics|great circle polygons]] move, in any kind of rotation. What distinguishes the hexagonal and square isoclinic rotations is the invariant planes of rotation the vertices stay in. The rotation described [[#Rotations|above]] (of 8 vertices rotating in 4 Clifford parallel hexagonal planes) is a single hexagonal isoclinic rotation, not a kinematic or hybrid rotation.

A ''kinematic'' isoclinic rotation in the 24-cell is any subset of the 24 vertices rotating through the same angle in the same time, but independently with respect to the choice of a Clifford parallel set of invariant planes of rotation and the chirality (left or right) of the rotation. A ''hybrid'' isoclinic rotation combines moving vertices from different kinds of isoclinic rotations, characteristic of different regular 4-polytopes. For example, if at least one vertex rotates in a square plane and at least one vertex rotates in a hexagonal plane, the kinematic rotation is a hybrid rotation, combining rotations characteristic of the 16-cell and characteristic of the 24-cell.

As an example of the simplest hybrid isoclinic rotation, consider a 24-cell vertex rotating in a square plane, and a second vertex, initially one 24-cell edge-length distant, rotating in a hexagonal plane. Rotating isoclinically at the same rate, the two moving vertices will never collide where their paths intersect, so this is a ''valid'' hybrid rotation.

To understand hybrid rotations in the 24-cell more generally, visualize the relationship between great squares and great hexagons. The [[24-cell#Squares|18 great squares]] occur as three sets of 6 orthogonal great squares,{{Efn|name=six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} each [[16-cell#Coordinates|forming a 16-cell]]. The three 16-cells are completely disjoint{{Efn|name=completely disjoint}} and [[24-cell#Clifford parallel polytopes|Clifford parallel]]: each has its own 8 vertices (on 4 orthogonal axes) and its own 24 edges (of length {{radic|2}}).{{Efn|name=three isoclinic 16-cells}} The 18 square great circles are crossed by 16 hexagonal great circles; each [[24-cell#Hexagons|hexagon]] has one axis (2 vertices) in each 16-cell.{{Efn|name=non-orthogonal hexagons}} The two [[24-cell#Triangles|great triangles]] inscribed in each great hexagon (occupying its alternate vertices, with edges that are its {{radic|3}} chords) have one vertex in each 16-cell. Thus ''each great triangle is a ring linking three completely disjoint great squares, one from each of the three completely disjoint 16-cells''.{{Efn|There are four different ways (four different ''fibrations'' of the 24-cell) in which the 8 vertices of the 16-cells correspond by being triangles of vertices {{radic|3}} apart: there are 32 distinct linking triangles. Each ''pair'' of 16-cells forms a tesseract (8-cell).{{Efn|name=three 16-cells form three tesseracts}} Each great triangle has one {{radic|3}} edge in each tesseract, so it is also a ring linking the three tesseracts.|name=great linking triangles}} Isoclinic rotations take the elements of the 4-polytope to congruent [[24-cell#Clifford parallel polytopes|Clifford parallel elements]] elsewhere in the 4-polytope. The square rotations do this ''locally'', confined within each 16-cell: for example, they take great squares to other great squares within the same 16-cell. The hexagonal rotations act ''globally'' within the entire 24-cell: for example, they take great squares to other great squares in ''different'' 16-cells. The [[16-cell#Helical construction|chords of the square rotations]] bind the 16-cells together internally, and the [[24-cell#Helical hexagrams and their isoclines|chords of the hexagonal rotations]] bind the three 16-cells together.

....

=== Color ===
When the existence of quarks was suspected in 1964, [[W:Oscar W. Greenberg|Greenberg]] introduced the notion of color charge to explain how quarks could coexist inside some [[W:hadron|hadron]]s in [[W:quark model#The discovery of color|otherwise identical quantum states]] without violating the [[W:Pauli exclusion principle|Pauli exclusion principle]]. The modern concept of [[W:color charge|color charge]] completely commuting with all other charges and providing the strong force charge was articulated in 1973, by [[W:William A. Bardeen|William Bardeen]], [[W:de:Harald Fritzsch|Harald Fritzsch]], and [[W:Murray Gell-Mann|Murray Gell-Mann]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite conference |author1=Bardeen, W. |author2=Fritzsch, H. |author3=Gell-Mann, M. |year=1973 |title=Light cone current algebra, ''π''&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt; decay, and ''e''&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; ''e''&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;&lt;/sup&gt; annihilation |arxiv=hep-ph/0211388 |editor=Gatto, R. |book-title=Scale and conformal symmetry in hadron physics |page=[https://archive.org/details/scaleconformalsy0000unse/page/139 139] |publisher=[[W:John Wiley &amp; Sons|John Wiley &amp; Sons]] |isbn=0-471-29292-3 |bibcode=2002hep.ph...11388B |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/scaleconformalsy0000unse/page/139 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Advantages of the color octet gluon picture |journal=[[W:Physics Letters B|Physics Letters B]] |volume=47 |issue=4 |page=365 |year=1973 |last1=Fritzsch |first1=H. |last2=Gell-Mann |first2=M. |last3=Leutwyler |first3=H. |doi=10.1016/0370-2693(73)90625-4 |bibcode=1973PhLB...47..365F |citeseerx=10.1.1.453.4712}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Color charge is not [[W:electric charge|electric charge]]; the whole point of it is that it is a quantum of something different. But it is related to electric charge, through the way in which the three different-colored quarks combine to contribute fractional quantities of electric charge to a nucleon. As we shall see, color is not really a separate kind of charge at all, but a partitioning of the electric charge into [[24-cell#Clifford parallel polytopes|Clifford parallel subspaces]].

The [[W:Color charge#Red, green, and blue|three different colors]] of quark charge might correspond to three different 16-cells, such as the three disjoint 16-cells inscribed in the 24-cell. Each color might be a disjoint domain in isospin space (the space of points on the 3-sphere).{{Efn|The 8 vertices of each disjoint 16-cell constitute an independent [[16-cell#Coordinates|orthonormal basis for a coordinate reference frame]].}} Alternatively, the three colors might correspond to three different fibrations of the same isospin space: three different ''sequences'' of the same total set of discrete points on the 3-sphere. These alternative possibilities constrain possible representations of the nuclides themselves, for example if we try to represent nuclides as particular rotating 4-polytopes. If the neutron is a (8-point) 16-cell, either of the two color possibilities might somehow make sense as far as the neutron is concerned. But if the proton is a (5-point) 5-cell, only the latter color possibility makes sense, because fibrations (which correspond to distinct isoclinic left-and-right rigid rotations) are the ''only'' thing the 5-cell has three of. Both the 5-cell and the 16-cell have three discrete rotational fibrations. Moreover, in the case of a rigid, isoclinically rotating 4-polytope, those three fibrations always come one-of-a-kind and two-of-a-kind, in at least two different ways. First, one fibration is the set of invariant planes currently being rotated through, and the other two are not. Second, when one considers the three fibrations of each of these 4-polytopes, in each fibration two isoclines carry the left and right rotations respectively, and the third isocline acts simply as a Petrie polygon, the difference between the fibrations being the role assigned to each isocline.

If we associate each quark with one or more isoclinic rotations in which the moving vertices belong to different 16-cells of the 24-cell, and the sign (plus or minus) of the electric charge with the chirality (right or left) of isoclinic rotations generally, we can configure nucleons of three quarks, two performing rotations of one chirality and one performing rotations of the other chirality. The configuration will be a valid kinematic rotation because the completely disjoint 16-cells can rotate independently; their vertices would never collide even if the 16-cells were performing different rigid square isoclinic rotations (all 8 vertices rotating in unison). But we need not associate a quark with a [[16-cell#Rotations|rigidly rotating 16-cell]], or with a single distinct square rotation.

Minimally, we must associate each quark with at least one moving vertex in each of three different 16-cells, following the twisted geodesic isocline of an isoclinic rotation. In the up quark, that could be the isocline of a right rotation; and in the down quark, the isocline of a left rotation. The chirality accounts for the sign of the electric charge (we have said conventionally as +right, −left), but we must also account for the quantity of charge: +{{sfrac|2|3}} in an up quark, and −{{sfrac|1|3}} in a down quark. One way to do that would be to give the three distinct quarks moving vertices of {{sfrac|1|3}} charge in different 16-cells, but provide up quarks with twice as many vertices moving on +right isoclines as down quarks have vertices moving on −left isoclines (assuming the correct chiral pairing is up+right, down−left).

Minimally, an up quark requires two moving vertices (of the up+right chirality).{{Efn|Two moving vertices in one quark could belong to the same 16-cell. A 16-cell may have two vertices moving in the same isoclinic square (octagram) orbit, such as an antipodal pair (a rotating dipole), or two vertices moving in different square orbits of the same up+right chirality.{{Efn|There is only one [[16-cell#Helical construction|octagram orbit]] of each chirality in each fibration of the 16-cell, so two octagram orbits of the same chirality cannot be Clifford parallel (part of the same distinct rotation). Two vertices right-moving on different octagram isoclines in the same 16-cell is a combination of two distinct rotations, whose isoclines will intersect: a kinematic rotation. It can be a valid kinematic rotation if the moving vertices will never pass through a point of intersection at the same time. Octagram isoclines pass through all 8 vertices of the 16-cell, and all eight isoclines (the left and right isoclines of four different fibrations) intersect at ''every'' vertex.}} However, the theory of [[W:Color confinement|color confinement]] may not require that two moving vertices in one quark belong to the same 16-cell; like the moving vertices of different quarks, they could be drawn from the disjoint vertex sets of two different 16-cells.}} Minimally, a down quark requires one moving vertex (of the down−left chirality). In these minimal quark configurations, a proton would have 5 moving vertices and a neutron would have 4.

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=== Nucleons ===
[[File:Symmetrical_5-set_Venn_diagram.svg|thumb|[[W:Branko Grünbaum|Grünbaum's]] rotationally symmetrical 5-set Venn diagram, 1975. It is the [[5-cell]]. Think of it as an [[W:Nuclear magnetic resonance|NMR image]] of the 4-dimensional proton in projection to the plane.]]
The proton is a very stable mass particle. Is there a stable orbit of 5 moving vertices in 4-dimensional Euclidean space? There are few known solutions to the 5-body problem, and fewer still to the [[W:n-body problem|{{mvar|n}}-body problem]], but one is known: the ''central configuration'' of {{mvar|n}} bodies in a space of dimension {{mvar|n}}-1. A [[W:Central configuration|central configuration]] is a system of [[W:Point particle|point masses]] with the property that each mass is pulled by the combined attractive force of the system directly towards the [[W:Center of mass|center of mass]], with acceleration proportional to its distance from the center. Placing three masses in an equilateral triangle, four at the vertices of a regular [[W:Tetrahedron|tetrahedron]], five at the vertices of a regular [[5-cell]], or more generally {{mvar|n}} masses at the vertices of a regular [[W:Simplex|simplex]] produces a central configuration [[W:Central configuration#Examples|even when the masses are not equal]]. In an isoclinic rotation, all the moving vertices orbit at the same radius and the same speed. Therefore if any 5 bodies are orbiting as an isoclinically rotating regular 5-cell (a rigid 4-simplex figure undergoing isoclinic rotation), they maintain a central configuration, describing 5 mutually stable orbits.

Unlike the proton, the neutron is not always a stable particle; a free neutron will decay into a proton. A deficiency of the minimal configurations is that there is no way for this [[W:beta minus decay|beta minus decay]] to occur. The minimal neutron of 4 moving vertices described [[#Color|above]] cannot possibly decay into a proton by losing moving vertices, because it does not possess the four up+right moving vertices required in a proton. This deficiency could be remedied by giving the neutron configuration 8 moving vertices instead of 4: four down−left and four up+right moving vertices. Then by losing 3 down−left moving vertices the neutron could decay into the 5 vertex up-down-up proton configuration.{{Efn|Although protons are very stable, during [[W:stellar nucleosynthesis|stellar nucleosynthesis]] two H&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; protons are fused into an H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; nucleus consisting of a proton and a neutron. This [[W:beta plus decay|beta plus &quot;decay&quot;]] of a proton into a neutron is actually the result of a rare high-energy collision between the two protons, in which a neutron is constructed. With respect to our nucleon configurations of moving vertices, it has to be explained as the conversion of two 5-point 5-cells into a 5-point 5-cell and an 8-point 16-cell, emitting two decay products of at least 1-point each. Thus it must involve the creation of moving vertices, by the conversion of kinetic energy to point-masses.}} A neutron configuration of 8 moving vertices could occur as the 8-point 16-cell, the second-smallest regular 4-polytope after the 5-point 5-cell (the hypothesized proton configuration).

It is possible to double the neutron configuration in this way, without destroying the charge balance that defines the nucleons, by giving down quarks three moving vertices instead of just one: two −left vertices and one +right vertex. The net charge on the down quark remains −{{sfrac|1|3}}, but the down quark becomes heavier (at least in vertex count) than the up quark, as in fact its mass is measured to be.

A nucleon's quark configuration is only a partial specification of its properties. There is much more to a nucleon than what is contained within its three quarks, which contribute only about 1% of the nucleon's energy. The additional 99% of the nucleon mass is said to be associated with the force that binds the three quarks together, rather than being intrinsic to the individual quarks separately. In the case of the proton, 5 moving vertices in the stable orbits of a central configuration (in one of the [[5-cell#Geodesics and rotations|isoclinic rotations characteristic of the regular 5-cell]]) might be sufficient to account for the stability of the proton, but not to account for most of the proton's energy. It is not the point-masses of the moving vertices themselves which constitute most of the mass of the nucleon; if mass is a consequence of geometry, we must look to the larger geometric elements of these polytopes as their major mass contributors. The quark configurations are thus incomplete specifications of the geometry of the nucleons, predictive of only some of the nucleon's properties, such as charge.{{Efn|Notice that by giving the down quark three moving vertices, we seem to have changed the quark model's prediction of the proton's number of moving vertices from 5 to 7, which would be incompatible with our theory that the proton configuration is a rotating regular 5-cell in a central configuration of 5 stable orbits. Fortunately, the actual quark model has nothing at all to say about moving vertices, so we may choose to regard that number as one of the geometric properties the quark model does not specify.}} In particular, they do not account for the forces binding the nucleon together. Moreover, if the rotating regular 5-cell is the proton configuration and the rotating regular 16-cell is the neutron configuration, then a nucleus is a complex of rotating 5-cells and 16-cells, and we must look to the geometric relationship between those two very different regular 4-polytopes for an understanding of the nuclear force binding them together.

The most direct [[120-cell#Relationships among interior polytopes|geometric relationship among stationary regular 4-polytopes]] is the way they occupy a common 3-sphere together. Multiple 16-cells of equal radius can be compounded to form each of the larger regular 4-polytopes, the 8-cell, 24-cell, 600-cell, and 120-cell, but it is noteworthy that multiple regular 5-cells of equal radius cannot be compounded to form any of the other 4-polytopes except the largest, the 120-cell. The 120-cell is the unique intersection of the regular 5-cell and 16-cell: it is a compound of 120 regular 5-cells, and also a compound of 75 16-cells. All regular 4-polytopes except the 5-cell are compounds of 16-cells, but none of them except the largest, the 120-cell, contains any regular 5-cells. So in any compound of equal-radius 16-cells which also contains a regular 5-cell, whether that compound forms some single larger regular 4-polytope or does not, no two of the regular 5-cell's five vertices ever lie in the same 16-cell. So the geometric relationship between the regular 5-cell (our proton candidate) and the regular 16-cell (our neutron candidate) is quite a distant one: they are much more exclusive of each other's elements than they are distantly related, despite their complementary three-quark configurations and other similarities as nucleons. The relationship between a regular 5-cell and a regular 16-cell of equal radius is manifest only in the 120-cell, the most complex regular 4-polytope, which [[120-cell#Geometry|uniquely embodies all the containment relationships]] among all the regular 4-polytopes and their elements.

If the nucleus is a complex of 5-cells (protons) and 16-cells (neutrons) rotating isoclinically around a common center, then its overall motion is a hybrid isoclinic rotation, because the 5-cell and the 16-cell have different characteristic isoclinic rotations, and they have no isoclinic rotation in common.{{Efn|The regular 5-cell does not occur inscribed in any other regular 4-polytope except one, the 600-vertex 120-cell. No two of the 5 vertices of a regular 5-cell can be vertices of the same 16-cell, 8-cell, 24-cell, or 600-cell. The isoclinic rotations characteristic of the regular 5-cell maintain the separation of its 5 moving vertices in 5 disjoint Clifford-parallel subspaces at all times. The [[16-cell#Rotations|isoclinic rotation characteristic of the 16-cell]] maintains the separation of its 8 moving vertices in 2 disjoint Clifford-parallel subspaces (completely orthogonal great square planes) at all times. Therefore, in any hybrid rotation of a concentric 5-cell and 16-cell, at most one 5-cell subspace (containing 1 vertex) might be synchronized with one 16-cell subspace (containing 4 vertices), such that the 1 + 4 vertices they jointly contain occupy the same moving subspace continually, forming a rigid 5-vertex polytope undergoing some kind of rotation. If in fact it existed, this 5-vertex rotating rigid polytope would not be [[5-cell#Geometry|not a 5-cell, since 4 of its vertices are coplanar]]; it is not a 4-polytope but merely a polyhedron, a [[W:square pyramid|square pyramid]].}}

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=== Nuclides ===

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=== Quantum phenomena ===

The Bell-Kochen-Specker (BKS) theorem rules out the existence of deterministic noncontextual hidden variables theories. A proof of the theorem in a space of three or more dimensions can be given by exhibiting a finite set of lines through the origin that cannot each be colored black or white in such a way that (i) no two orthogonal lines are both black, and (ii) not all members of a set of ''d'' mutually orthogonal lines are white.{{Efn|&quot;The Bell-Kochen-Specker theorem rules out the existence of deterministic noncontextual hidden variables theories. A proof of the theorem in a Hilbert space of dimension d ≥ 3 can be given by exhibiting a finite set of rays [9] that cannot each be assigned the value 0 or 1 in such a way that (i) no two orthogonal rays are both assigned the value 1, and (ii) not all members of a set of d mutually orthogonal rays are assigned the value 0.&quot;{{Sfn|Waegell|Aravind|2009|loc=2. The Bell-Kochen-Specker (BKS) theorem}}|name=BKS theorem}}

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=== Motion ===
What does it mean to say that an object moves through space? Coxeter group theory provides precise answers to questions of this kind. A rigid object (polytope) moves by distinct transformations, changing itself in each discrete step into a congruent object in a different orientation and position.{{Efn|name=transformations}}

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== Galilean relativity in a space of four orthogonal dimensions ==

Special relativity is just Galilean relativity in a Euclidean space of four orthogonal dimensions.

General relativity is just Galilean relativity in a general space of four orthogonal dimensions, e.g. Euclidean 4-space &lt;math&gt;R^4&lt;/math&gt;, spherical 4-space &lt;math&gt;S^4&lt;/math&gt;, or any orthogonal 4-manifold.

Light is just reflection. Gravity (and all force) is just rotation. Both motions are just group actions, expressions of intrinsic symmetries. That is all of physics.

Every observer properly sees himself as stationary and the universe as a sphere with himself at the center. The curvature of these spheres is a function of the rate at which causality evolves, and it can be measured by the observer as the speed of light.

=== Special relativity is just Galilean relativity in a Euclidean space of four orthogonal dimensions ===
Perspective effects occur because each observer's ordinary 3-dimensional space is only a curved manifold embedded in 4-dimensional Euclidean space, and its curvature complicates the calculations for him (e.g., he sometimes requires Lorentz transformations). But if  all four spatial dimensions are considered, no Lorentz transformations are required (or permitted) except when you want to calculate a projection, or a shadow, that is, how things will appear from a three-dimensional viewpoint (not how they really are).{{Sfn|Yamashita|2023}} The universe really has four spatial dimensions, and space and time behave just as they do in classical 3-vector space, only bigger by one dimension. It is not necessary to combine 4-space with time in a spacetime to explain 4-dimensional perspective effects at high velocities, because 4-space is already spatially 4-dimensional, and those perspective effects fall out of the 4-dimensional Pythagorean theorem naturally, just as perspective does in three dimensions. The universe is only strange in the ways the Euclidean fourth dimension is strange; but that does hold many surprises for us. Euclidean 4-space is much more interesting than Euclidean 3-space, analogous to the way that 3-space is much more interesting than 2-space. But all Euclidean spaces are dimensionally analogous. Dimensional analogy itself, like everything else in nature, is an exact expression of intrinsic symmetries.

=== General relativity is just Galilean relativity in a general space of four orthogonal dimensions ===
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=== Physics ===
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=== Thoreau's spherical relativity ===
Every observer may properly see himself as stationary and the universe as a 4-sphere with himself at the center observing it, perceptually equidistant from all points on its surface, including his own ''physical'' location which is one of those surface points, distinguished to him but not the center of anything. This statement of the principle of relativity is compatible with Galileo's relativity of uniformly moving objects in ordinary space, Einstein's special relativity of inertial reference frames in 4-dimensional spacetime, Einstein's general relativity of all reference frames in non-Euclidean spacetime, and Coxeter's relativity of orthogonal group actions in Euclidean spaces of any number of dimensions.{{Efn|name=transformations}} It should be known as Thoreau's spherical relativity, since the first precise written statement of it appears in 1849: &quot;The universe is a sphere whose center is wherever there is intelligence.&quot;{{Sfn|Thoreau|1849|p=349|ps=; &quot;The universe is a sphere whose center is wherever there is intelligence.&quot; [Contemporaneous and independent of [[W:Ludwig Schlafli|Ludwig Schlafli]]'s pioneering work enumerating the complete set of regular polytopes in any number of dimensions.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|loc=§7. Ordinary Polytopes in Higher Space; §7.x. Historical remarks|pp=141-144|ps=; &quot;Practically all the ideas in this chapter ... are due to Schläfli, who discovered them before 1853 — a time when Cayley, Grassman and Möbius were the only other people who had ever conceived the possibility of geometry in more than three dimensions.&quot;}}]}}

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== Conclusions==

=== Spherical relativity ===

We began our inquiry by wondering why physical space should be limited to just three dimensions (why ''three''). By visualizing the universe as a Euclidian space of four dimensions, we recognize that relativistic and quantum phenomena are natural consequences of symmetry group operations (including reflections and rotations) in four orthogonal dimensions. We should not then be surprised to see that the universe does not have just four dimensions, either. Physical space must bear as many dimensions as we need to ascribe to it, though the distinct phenomena for which we find a need to do so, in order to explain them, seem to be fewer and fewer as we consider higher and higher dimensions. To laws of physics generally, such as the principle of relativity in particular, we should always append the phrase &quot;in Euclidean spaces of any number of dimensions&quot;. Laws of physics should operate in any flat Euclidean space &lt;math&gt;R^n&lt;/math&gt; and in its corresponding spherical space &lt;math&gt;S^n&lt;/math&gt;.

The first and simplest sense in which we are forced to contemplate a fifth dimension is to accommodate our normal idea of time. Just as Einstein was forced to admit time as a dimension, in his four-dimensional spacetime of three spatial dimensions plus time, for some purposes we require a fifth time dimension to accompany our four spatial dimensions, when our purpose is orthogonal to (in the sense of independent of) the four spatial dimensions. For example, if we theorize that we observe a finite homogeneous universe, and that it is a Euclidean 4-space overall, we may prefer not to have to identify any distinct place within that 4-space as the center where the universe began in a big bang. To avoid having to pick a distinct place as the center of the universe, our model of it must be expanded, at least to be a ''spherical'' 4-dimensional space with the fifth radial dimension as time. Essentially, we require the fifth dimension in order to make our homogeneous 4-space finite, by wrapping it around into a 4-sphere. But perhaps we can still resist admitting the fifth radial dimension as a full-fledged Euclidean spatial dimension, at least so long as we have not observed how any naturally occurring object configurations are best described as 5-polytopes.

One phenomenon which resists explanation in a space of just four dimensions is the propagation of light in a vacuum. The propagation of mass-carrying particles is explained as the consequence of their rotations in closed, curved spaces (3-spheres) of finite size, moving through four-dimensional Euclidean space at a universal constant speed, the speed of light. But an apparent paradox remains that light must seemingly propagate through four-dimensional Euclidean space at more than the speed of light. From an ''n''-dimensional viewpoint, this apparent paradox can be resolved, and in retrospect it is clear how massless particles can translate through four-dimensional space at twice the speed constant, since they are not simultaneously rotating.

Another phenomenon justifying a five-dimensional view of space is the relation between the the 5-cell proton and the 16-cell neutron (the 4-simplex and 4-orthoplex polytopes). Their indirect relationship can be observed in the 4-600-point polytope (the 120-cell), and in its 11-cells,{{Sfn|Christie|2025|loc=&quot;A symmetrical arrangement of eleven 11-cells&quot;}} but it is only directly observed (absent a 120-cell) in a five-dimensional reference frame.

=== Nuclear geometry ===
We have seen how isoclinic rotations (Clifford displacements) relate the orbits in the atomic nucleus to each other, just as they relate the regular convex 4-polytopes to each other, in a sequence of nested objects of increasing complexity. We have identified the proton as a  5-point, 5-cell 4-simplex 𝜶&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, the neutron as an 8-point, 16-cell 4-orthoplex 𝛽&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, and the shell of the atomic nucleus as a 24-point 24-cell. As Coxeter noted, that unique 24-point object stands quite alone in four dimensions, having no analogue above or below.

=== Atomic geometry ===
I'm on a plane flying to Eugene to visit Catalin, we'll talk after I arrive. I've been working on both my unpublished papers, the one going put for pre-publication review soon about 4D geometry, and the big one not going out soon about the 4D sun, 4D atoms, and 4D galaxies and n-D universe. I'vd just added the following paragraph to that big paper:

Atomic geometry

The force binding the protons and neutrons of the nucleus together into a distinct element is specifically an expression of the 11-cell 4-polytope, itself an expression of the pyritohedral symmetry, which binds the distinct 4-polytopes to each other, and relates the n-polytopes to their neighbors of different n by dimensional analogy.


flying over mt shasta out my right-side window at the moment, that last text showing &quot;not delivered&quot; yet because there's no wifi on this plane, gazing at that great peak of the world and feeling as if i've just made the first ascent of it

=== Molecular geometry ===
Molecules are 3-dimensional structures that live in the thin film of 3-membrane only one atom thick in most places that is our ordinary space, but since that is a significantly curved 3-dimensional space at the scale of a molecule, the way the molecule's covalent bonds form is influenced by the local curvature in 4-dimensions at that point.

In the water molecule, there is a reason why the hydrogen atoms are attached to the oxygen atom at an angle of 104.45° in 3-dimensional space, and at root it must be the same symmetry that locates any two of the hydrogen proton's five vertices 104.45° apart on a great circle arc of its tiny 3-sphere.

=== Cosmology ===

==== Solar systems ====

===== Stars =====
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===== The Kepler problem =====
In the proper reference frame of some hypothetical observer in 4-dimensional Euclidean space, the Kepler problem has a solution in which all the planetary orbits are circles. This occurs because all bodies are always orbiting, each in some distinct isoclinic (equi-angled double) rotation. All atoms are rotating isoclinically at (double) the velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;. In the observer's proper reference frame, the isoclinic double rotation of each of his own atoms is most conveniently represented as an equivalent screw displacement: a linear translation at velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt; (along the observer's proper time axis through 4-space), combined with a simple rotation at velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt; (of the atom internally). 

This representation, though proper, is subject to the over-simplification of special relativity, because it ignores the fact that the observer is himself moving on some circular orbit; he is not linearly translating through 4-space. When the observer's own orbit is also represented, the screw displacement becomes an elliptical double rotation, with a very slow, very large-radius simple circular orbit (almost a linear translation), combined with a very fast, very small-radius simple circular orbit of each atom internally. This is the observer's proper reference frame according to general relativity.

An observer moving differently will perceive the motion of the observer and his atoms to be a different elliptical double rotation. We can find a proper reference frame, of some hypothetical observer moving hypothetically, in which the ratio of the radii of the two orthogonal rotations of the atom becomes any value we choose between 1 and &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;. In particular there exists, conceptually accessible to all observers independent of their motion, a distinct reference frame in which an atom is stationary, rotating isoclinically at (double) the velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;. That is simply the stationary reference frame of the atom itself, such as the stationary reference frame of any observer and his own atoms. In 3-dimensional physics, it is known as the observer's proper inertial reference frame. But in 4-dimensional physics, that is ''not'' the most convenient or sensible reference frame in which to consider objects moving differently, in different proper reference frames. In 4-dimensional physics, a reference frame in which an observer and his atoms are translating linearly at velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt; is known as the observer's proper inertial reference frame. Any such proper reference frame makes a great deal more sense for the purpose of considering the motion of objects moving differently in 4-space, just as a heliocentric solar system makes a great deal more sense than a geocentric solar system for the purpose of considering the motion of the planets.

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==== Galaxies ====

The spacetime of general relativity is often illustrated as a projection to a curved 2D surface in which large gravitational objects make gravity wells or dimples in the surface. In the Euclidean 4D view of the universe the 3D surface of a large cosmic object such as a galaxy surrounds an empty 4D space, and large gravitational objects within the galaxy must make dimples in its surface. But should we see them as dimples exactly? Would they dimple inwards or outwards? In the spacetime illustrations they are naturally always shown as dimpling downwards, which is somewhat disingenuous, strongly suggesting to the viewer that the reason for gravity is that it flows downhill - the original tautology we are trying to surmount! In the Euclidean 4D galaxy the dimple, if it is one, must be either inward or outward, and which it is matters since the dimple is flying outward at velocity {{mvar|c}}. The galaxy is not collapsing inward. Is a large gravitational mass (such as a star) ''ahead'' of the smaller masses orbiting around it (such as its planets), or is it ''behind'' them, as they fly through 4-space on their Clifford parallel trajectories? The answer is ''both'' of course, because a star is not a dimple, it is a 4-ball, and it dimples the 3D surface both inwards and outwards. It is a thick place in the 3D surface. We should view it as having its gravitational center precisely at the surface of the expanding 3-sphere. 

What is a black hole? It is the hollow four-dimensional space that a galaxy is the three-dimensional surface of.

When we view another galaxy, such as Andromeda, we are seeing that whole galaxy from a distance, the way the moon astronauts looked back at the whole earth. We see our own milky way galaxy from where we are on its surface, the way we see the earth from its surface, except that the earth is solid, but the galaxy is hollow and transparent. We can look across its empty center and see all the other stars also on its surface, including those opposite ours on the far side of its 3-sphere. The thicker band of stars we see in our night sky and identify as the milky way is not our whole galaxy; the majority of the other visible stars also lie in our galaxy. That dense band is not thicker and brighter than other parts of our galaxy because it lies toward a dense galactic center (our galaxy has an empty center), but for exactly the opposite reason: those apparently more thickly clustered stars lie all around us on the galaxy's surface, in the nearest region of space surrounding us. They appear to be densely packed only because we are looking at them &quot;edge on&quot;. Actually, we are looking into this nearby apparently dense region ''face on'', not edge on, because we are looking at a round sphere of space surrounding us, not a disk. In contrast, stars in our galaxy outside that bright band lie farther off from us, across the empty center of the galaxy, and we see them spread out as they actually are, instead of &quot;edge on&quot; so they appear to be densely clustered. The &quot;dense band&quot; covers only an equatorial band of the night sky instead of all the sky, because when we look out into the four-dimensional space around us, we can see stars above and below our three-dimensional hyperplane in our four-dimensional space. Everything in our solar system lies in our hyperplane, and the nearby stars around us in our galaxy are near our hyperplane (just slightly below it). All the other, more distant stars in our galaxy are also below our hyperplane. We can see objects outside our galaxy, such as other galaxies, both above and below our hyperplane. We can see all around us above our hyperplane (looking up from the galactic surface into the fourth dimension), and all around us below our hyperplane (looking down through our transparent galaxy and out the other side).

== Revolutions ==
The original Copernican revolution displaced the center of the universe from the center of the earth to a point farther away, the center of the sun, with the stars remaining on a fixed sphere around the sun instead of around the earth. But this led inevitably to the recognition that the sun must be a star itself, not equidistant from all the stars, and the center of but one of many spheres, no monotheistic center at all. 

In such fashion the Euclidean four-dimensional viewpoint initially lends itself to a big bang theory of a single origin of the whole universe, but leads inevitably to the recognition that all the stars need not be equidistant from a single origin in time, any more than they all lie in the same galaxy, equidistant from its center in space. The expanding sphere of matter on the surface of which we find ourselves living might be one of many such spheres, with their big bang origins occurring at distinct times and places in the 4-dimensional universe.

When we look up at the heavens, we have no obvious way of knowing whether the space we are looking into is a curved 3-spherical one or a flat 4-space. In this work we suggest a theory of how light travels that says we can see into all four dimensions, and so when we look up at night we see cosmological objects distributed in 4-dimensional space, and not all located on our own 3-spherical membrane. The view from our solar system suggests that our galaxy is its own hollow 3-sphere, and that galaxies generally are single roughly spherical 3-membranes, with the smaller objects within them all lying on that same 3-spherical surface, equidistant from the galaxy center in 4-space. 

The Euclidean four-dimensional viewpoint requires that all mass-carrying objects are in motion at constant velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;, although the relative velocity between nearby objects is much smaller since they move on similar vectors, aimed away from a common origin point in the past. It is natural to expect that objects moving at constant velocity away from a common origin will be distributed roughly on the surface of an expanding 3-sphere. Since their paths away from their origin are not straight lines but various helical isoclines, their 3-sphere will be expanding radially at slightly less than the constant velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;. The view from our solar system does ''not'' suggest that each galaxy is its own distinct 3-sphere expanding at this great rate; rather, the standard theory has been that the entire observable universe is expanding from a single big bang origin in time. While the Euclidean four-dimensional viewpoint lends itself to that standard theory, it also allows theories which require no single origin point in space and time.

These are the voyages of starship Earth, to boldly go where no one has gone before. It made the jump to lightspeed long ago, in whatever big bang its atoms emerged from, and hasn't slowed down since.

== Origins of the theory ==
Einstein himself was one of the first to imagine the universe as the three-dimensional surface of a four-dimensional Euclidean sphere, in what was narrowly the first written articulation of the principle of Euclidean 4-space relativity, contemporaneous with the teen-aged Coxeter's (quoted below). Einstein did this as a [[W:Gedankenexperiment|gedankenexperiment]] in the context of investigating whether his equations of general relativity predicted an infinite or a finite universe, in his 1921 Princeton lecture.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/36276|title=The Meaning of Relativity|last=Einstein|first=Albert|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1923|isbn=|location=|pages=110-111}}&lt;/ref&gt; He invited us to imagine &quot;A spherical manifold of three dimensions, embedded in a Euclidean continuum of four dimensions&quot;, but he was careful to disclaim parenthetically that &quot;The aid of a fourth space dimension has naturally no significance except that of a mathematical artifice.&quot;

Informally, the Euclidean 4-dimensional theory of relativity may be given as a sort of reciprocal of that formulation of Einstein's: ''The Minkowski spacetime has naturally no significance except that of a mathematical artifice, as an aid to understanding how things will appear to an observer from his perspective; the forthshortenings, clock desynchronizations and other perceptual effects it predicts are exact calculations of actual perspective effects; but space is actually a flat, Euclidean continuum of four orthogonal spatial dimensions, and in it the ordinary laws of a flat vector space hold (such as the Pythagorean theorem), and all sightline calculations work classically, so long as you consider all four dimensions.''

The Euclidean 4-dimensional theory differs from the standard theory in being a description of the physical universe in terms of a geometry of four or more orthogonal spatial dimensions, rather than in the standard theory's terms of the [[w:Minkowski spacetime|Minkowski spacetime]] geometry (in which three spatial dimensions and a time dimension comprise a unified spacetime of four dimensions). The invention of geometry of more than three spatial dimensions preceded Einstein's theories by more than fifty years. It was first worked out by the Swiss mathematician [[w:Ludwig Schläfli|Ludwig Schläfli]] around 1850. Schläfli extended Euclid's geometry of one, two, and three dimensions in a direct way to four or more dimensions, generalizing the rules and terms of [[w:Euclidean geometry|Euclidean geometry]] to spaces of any number of dimensions. He coined the general term ''polyscheme'' to mean geometric forms of any number of dimensions, including two-dimensional [[w:polygon|polygons]], three-dimensional [[w:polyhedron|polyhedra]], four dimensional [[w:polychoron|polychora]], and so on, and in the process he discovered all the [[w:Regular polytope|regular polyschemes]] that are possible in every dimension, including in particular the six convex regular polyschemes which can be constructed in a space of four dimensions (a set analogous to the five [[w:Platonic solid|Platonic solids]] in three dimensional space). Thus he was the first to explore the fourth dimension, reveal its emergent geometric properties, and discover all its astonishing regular objects. Because most of his work remained almost completely unknown until it was published posthumously in 1901, other researchers had more than fifty years to rediscover the regular polyschemes, and competing terms were coined; today [[W:Alicia Boole Stott|Alicia Boole Stott]]'s word ''[[w:Polytope|polytope]]'' is the commonly used term for ''polyscheme''.{{Efn|Today Schläfli's original ''polyscheme'', with its echo of ''schema'' as in the configurations of information structures, seems even more fitting in its generality than ''polytope'' -- perhaps analogously as information software (programming) is even more general than information hardware (computers).}}

== Boundaries ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;Ever since we discovered that Earth is round and turns like a mad-spinning top, we have understood that reality is not as it appears to us: every time we glimpse a new aspect of it, it is a deeply emotional experience. Another veil has fallen.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Carlo Rovelli|title=Seven Brief Lessons on Physics}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Of course it is strange to consciously contemplate this world we inhabit, our planet, our solar system, our vast galaxy, as the merest film, a boundary no thicker in the places we inhabit than the diameter of an electron (though much thicker in some places we cannot inhabit, such as the interior of stars). But is not our unconscious traditional concept of the boundary of our world even stranger? Since the enlightenment we are accustomed to thinking that there is nothing beyond three dimensional space: no boundary, because there is nothing else to separate us from. But anyone who knows the [[polyscheme]]s Schlafli discovered knows that space can have any number of dimensions, and that there are fundamental objects and motions to be discovered in four dimensions that are even more various and interesting than those we can discover in three. The strange thing, when we think about it, is that there ''is'' a boundary between three and four dimensions. ''Why'' can't we move (or apparently, see) in more than three dimensions? Why is our world apparently only three dimensional? Why would it have ''three'' dimensions, and not four, or five, or the ''n'' dimensions that Schlafli mapped? What is the nature of the boundary which confines us to just three? 

We know that in Euclidean geometry the boundary between three and four dimensions is itself a spherical three dimensional space, so we should suspect that we are materially confined within such a curved boundary. Light need not be confined with us within our three dimensional boundary space. We would look directly through four dimensional space in our natural way by receiving light signals that traveled to us on straight lines through it. The reason we do not observe a fourth spatial dimension in our vicinity is that there are no nearby objects in it, just off our hyperplane in the wild. The nearest four-dimensional object we can see with our eyes is our sun, which lies equatorially in our own hyperplane, though it bulges out of it above and below. But when we look up at the heavens, every pinprick of light we observe is itself a four-dimensional object off our hyperplane, and they are distributed around us in four-dimensional space through which we gaze. We are four-dimensionally sighted creates, even though our bodies are three-dimensional objects, thin as an atom in the fourth dimension. But that should not surprise us: we can see into three dimensional space even though our retinas are two dimensional objects, thin as a photoreceptor cell.

Our unconscious provincial concept is that there is nothing else outside our three dimensional world: no boundary, because there is nothing else to separate us from. But Schlafli discovered something else: all the astonishing regular objects that exist in higher dimensions. So this conception now has the same kind of status as our idea that the sun rises in the east and passes overhead: it is mere appearance, not a true model and not a proper explanation. A boundary is an explanation, be it ever so thin. And would a boundary of ''no'' thickness, a mere abstraction with no physical power to separate, be a more suitable explanation?

&lt;blockquote&gt;The number of dimensions possessed by a figure is the number of straight lines each perpendicular to all the others which can be drawn on it. Thus a point has no dimensions, a straight line one, a plane surface two, and a solid three ....

In space as we now know it only three lines can be imagined perpendicular to each other. A fourth line, perpendicular to all the other three would be quite invisible and unimaginable to us. We ourselves and all the material things around us probably possess a fourth dimension, of which we are quite unaware. If not, from a four-dimensional point of view we are mere geometrical abstractions, like geometrical surfaces, lines, and points are to us. But this thickness in the fourth dimension must be exceedingly minute, if it exists at all. That is, we could only draw an exceedingly small line perpendicular to our three perpendicular lines, length, breadth and thickness, so small that no microscope could ever perceive it.

We can find out something about the conditions of the fourth and higher dimensions if they exist, without being certain that they do exist, by a process which I have termed &quot;Dimensional Analogy.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Dimensional Analogy|last=Coxeter|first=Donald|date=February 1923|publisher=Coxeter Fonds, University of Toronto Archives|authorlink=W:Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter|series=|postscript=|work=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

I believe, but I cannot prove, that our universe is properly a Euclidean space of four orthogonal spatial dimensions. Others will have to work out the physics and do the math, because I don't have the mathematics; entirely unlike Coxeter and Einstein, I am illiterate in those languages.

&lt;blockquote&gt;
::::::BEECH

:Where my imaginary line
:Bends square in woods, an iron spine
:And pile of real rocks have been founded.
:And off this corner in the wild,
:Where these are driven in and piled,
:One tree, by being deeply wounded,
:Has been impressed as Witness Tree
:And made commit to memory
:My proof of being not unbounded.
:Thus truth's established and borne out,
:Though circumstanced with dark and doubt—
:Though by a world of doubt surrounded.

:::::::—''The Moodie Forester''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=A Witness Tree|last=Frost|first=Robert|year=1942|series=The Poetry of Robert Frost|publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston|edition=1969|}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Sequence of regular 4-polytopes ==
{{Regular convex 4-polytopes|wiki=W:|radius={{radic|2}}|columns=9}}

== Notes ==
{{Efn|In a ''[[W:William Kingdon Clifford|Clifford]] displacement'', also known as an [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]], all the Clifford parallel{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} invariant planes are displaced in four orthogonal directions (two completely orthogonal planes) at once: they are rotated by the same angle, and at the same time they are tilted ''sideways'' by that same angle. A [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Isoclinic rotations|Clifford displacement]] is [[W:8-cell#Radial equilateral symmetry|4-dimensionally diagonal]].{{Efn|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}} Every plane that is Clifford parallel to one of the completely orthogonal planes (including in this case an entire Clifford parallel bundle of 4 hexagons, but not all 16 hexagons) is invariant under the isoclinic rotation: all the points in the plane rotate in circles but remain in the plane, even as the whole plane tilts sideways. All 16 hexagons rotate by the same angle (though only 4 of them do so invariantly). All 16 hexagons are rotated by 60 degrees, and also displaced sideways by 60 degrees to a Clifford parallel hexagon. All of the other central polygons (e.g. squares) are also displaced to a Clifford parallel polygon 60 degrees away.|name=Clifford displacement}}

{{Efn|It is not difficult to visualize four hexagonal planes intersecting at 60 degrees to each other, even in three dimensions. Four hexagonal central planes intersect at 60 degrees in the [[W:cuboctahedron|cuboctahedron]]. Four of the 24-cell's 16 hexagonal central planes (lying in the same 3-dimensional hyperplane) intersect at each of the 24-cell's vertices exactly the way they do at the center of a cuboctahedron. But the ''edges'' around the vertex do not meet as the radii do at the center of a cuboctahedron; the 24-cell has 8 edges around each vertex, not 12, so its vertex figure is the cube, not the cuboctahedron. The 8 edges meet exactly the way 8 edges do at the apex of a canonical [[W:cubic pyramid]|cubic pyramid]].{{Efn|name=24-cell vertex figure}}|name=cuboctahedral hexagons}}

{{Efn|The long radius (center to vertex) of the 24-cell is equal to its edge length; thus its long diameter (vertex to opposite vertex) is 2 edge lengths. Only a few uniform polytopes have this property, including the four-dimensional 24-cell and [[W:Tesseract#Radial equilateral symmetry|tesseract]], the three-dimensional [[W:Cuboctahedron#Radial equilateral symmetry|cuboctahedron]], and the two-dimensional [[W:Hexagon#Regular hexagon|hexagon]]. (The cuboctahedron is the equatorial cross section of the 24-cell, and the hexagon is the equatorial cross section of the cuboctahedron.) '''Radially equilateral''' polytopes are those which can be constructed, with their long radii, from equilateral triangles which meet at the center of the polytope, each contributing two radii and an edge.|name=radially equilateral|group=}}

{{Efn|Eight {{sqrt|1}} edges converge in curved 3-dimensional space from the corners of the 24-cell's cubical vertex figure{{Efn|The [[W:vertex figure|vertex figure]] is the facet which is made by truncating a vertex; canonically, at the mid-edges incident to the vertex. But one can make similar vertex figures of different radii by truncating at any point along those edges, up to and including truncating at the adjacent vertices to make a ''full size'' vertex figure. Stillwell defines the vertex figure as &quot;the convex hull of the neighbouring vertices of a given vertex&quot;.{{Sfn|Stillwell|2001|p=17}} That is what serves the illustrative purpose here.|name=full size vertex figure}} and meet at its center (the vertex), where they form 4 straight lines which cross there. The 8 vertices of the cube are the eight nearest other vertices of the 24-cell. The straight lines are geodesics: two {{sqrt|1}}-length segments of an apparently straight line (in the 3-space of the 24-cell's curved surface) that is bent in the 4th dimension into a great circle hexagon (in 4-space). Imagined from inside this curved 3-space, the bends in the hexagons are invisible. From outside (if we could view the 24-cell in 4-space), the straight lines would be seen to bend in the 4th dimension at the cube centers, because the center is displaced outward in the 4th dimension, out of the hyperplane defined by the cube's vertices. Thus the vertex cube is actually a [[W:cubic pyramid|cubic pyramid]]. Unlike a cube, it seems to be radially equilateral (like the tesseract and the 24-cell itself): its &quot;radius&quot; equals its edge length.{{Efn|The vertex cubic pyramid is not actually radially equilateral,{{Efn|name=radially equilateral}} because the edges radiating from its apex are not actually its radii: the apex of the [[W:cubic pyramid|cubic pyramid]] is not actually its center, just one of its vertices.}}|name=24-cell vertex figure}}

{{Efn|The hexagons are inclined (tilted) at 60 degrees with respect to the unit radius coordinate system's orthogonal planes. Each hexagonal plane contains only ''one'' of the 4 coordinate system axes.{{Efn|Each great hexagon of the 24-cell contains one axis (one pair of antipodal vertices) belonging to each of the three inscribed 16-cells. The 24-cell contains three disjoint inscribed 16-cells, rotated 60° isoclinically{{Efn|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}} with respect to each other (so their corresponding vertices are 120° {{=}} {{radic|3}} apart). A [[16-cell#Coordinates|16-cell is an orthonormal ''basis'']] for a 4-dimensional coordinate system, because its 8 vertices define the four orthogonal axes. In any choice of a vertex-up coordinate system (such as the unit radius coordinates used in this article), one of the three inscribed 16-cells is the basis for the coordinate system, and each hexagon has only ''one'' axis which is a coordinate system axis.|name=three basis 16-cells}} The hexagon consists of 3 pairs of opposite vertices (three 24-cell diameters): one opposite pair of ''integer'' coordinate vertices (one of the four coordinate axes), and two opposite pairs of ''half-integer'' coordinate vertices (not coordinate axes). For example:
{{indent|17}}({{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}1,{{spaces|2}}0)
{{indent|5}}({{spaces|2}}&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,–&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,{{spaces|2}}&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,–&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;){{spaces|3}}({{spaces|2}}&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,{{spaces|2}}&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,{{spaces|2}}&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,{{spaces|2}}&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;)
{{indent|5}}(–&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,–&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,–&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,–&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;){{spaces|3}}(–&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,{{spaces|2}}&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,–&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,{{spaces|2}}&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;)
{{indent|17}}({{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}0,–1,{{spaces|2}}0)&lt;br&gt;
is a hexagon on the ''y'' axis. Unlike the {{sqrt|2}} squares, the hexagons are actually made of 24-cell edges, so they are visible features of the 24-cell.|name=non-orthogonal hexagons|group=}}

{{Efn|Visualize the three [[16-cell]]s inscribed in the 24-cell (left, right, and middle), and the rotation which takes them to each other. [[24-cell#Reciprocal constructions from 8-cell and 16-cell|The vertices of the middle 16-cell lie on the (w, x, y, z) coordinate axes]];{{Efn|name=six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} the other two are rotated 60° [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinically]] to its left and its right. The 24-vertex 24-cell is a compound of three 16-cells, whose three sets of 8 vertices are distributed around the 24-cell symmetrically; each vertex is surrounded by 8 others (in the 3-dimensional space of the 4-dimensional 24-cell's ''surface''), the way the vertices of a cube surround its center.{{Efn|name=24-cell vertex figure}} The 8 surrounding vertices (the cube corners) lie in other 16-cells: 4 in the other 16-cell to the left, and 4 in the other 16-cell to the right. They are the vertices of two tetrahedra inscribed in the cube, one belonging (as a cell) to each 16-cell. If the 16-cell edges are {{radic|2}}, each vertex of the compound of three 16-cells is {{radic|1}} away from its 8 surrounding vertices in other 16-cells. Now visualize those {{radic|1}} distances as the edges of the 24-cell (while continuing to visualize the disjoint 16-cells). The {{radic|1}} edges form great hexagons of 6 vertices which run around the 24-cell in a central plane. ''Four'' hexagons cross at each vertex (and its antipodal vertex), inclined at 60° to each other.{{Efn|name=cuboctahedral hexagons}} The [[24-cell#Hexagons|hexagons]] are not perpendicular to each other, or to the 16-cells' perpendicular [[24-cell#Squares|square central planes]].{{Efn|name=non-orthogonal hexagons}} The left and right 16-cells form a tesseract.{{Efn|Each pair of the three 16-cells inscribed in the 24-cell forms a 4-dimensional [[W:tesseract|hypercube (a tesseract or 8-cell)]], in [[24-cell#Relationships among interior polytopes|dimensional analogy]] to the way two tetrahedra form a cube: the two 8-vertex 16-cells are inscribed in the 16-vertex tesseract, occupying its alternate vertices. The third 16-cell does not lie within the tesseract; its 8 vertices protrude from the sides of the tesseract, forming a cubic pyramid on each of the tesseract's cubic cells. The three pairs of 16-cells form three tesseracts.{{Efn|name=three 8-cells}} The tesseracts share vertices, but the 16-cells are completely disjoint.{{Efn|name=completely disjoint}}|name=three 16-cells form three tesseracts}} Two 16-cells have vertex-pairs which are one {{radic|1}} edge (one hexagon edge) apart. But a [[24-cell#Simple rotations|''simple'' rotation]] of 60° will not take one whole 16-cell to another 16-cell, because their vertices are 60° apart in different directions, and a simple rotation has only one hexagonal plane of rotation. One 16-cell ''can'' be taken to another 16-cell by a 60° [[24-cell#Isoclinic rotations|''isoclinic'' rotation]], because an isoclinic rotation is [[3-sphere]] symmetric: four [[24-cell#Clifford parallel polytopes|Clifford parallel hexagonal planes]] rotate together, but in four different rotational directions,{{Efn|name=Clifford displacement}} taking each 16-cell to another 16-cell. But since an isoclinic 60°  rotation is a ''diagonal'' rotation by 60° in ''two'' completely orthogonal directions at once,{{Efn|name=isoclinic geodesic}} the corresponding vertices of the 16-cell and the 16-cell it is taken to are 120° apart: ''two'' {{radic|1}} hexagon edges (or one {{radic|3}} hexagon chord) apart, not one {{radic|1}} edge (60°) apart as in a simple rotation.{{Efn|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}} By the [[W:chiral|chiral]] diagonal nature of isoclinic rotations, the 16-cell ''cannot'' reach the adjacent 16-cell by rotating toward it; it can only reach the 16-cell ''beyond'' it. But of course, the 16-cell beyond the 16-cell to its right is the 16-cell to its left. So a 60° isoclinic  rotation ''will'' take every 16-cell to another 16-cell: a 60° ''right'' isoclinic rotation will take the middle 16-cell to the 16-cell we may have originally visualized as the ''left'' 16-cell, and a 60° ''left'' isoclinic rotation will take the middle 16-cell to the 16-cell we visualized as the ''right'' 16-cell. (If so, that was our error in visualization; the 16-cell to the &quot;left&quot; is in fact the one reached by the left isoclinic rotation, as that is the only sense in which the two 16-cells are left or right of each other.)|name=three isoclinic 16-cells}}

{{Efn|In a double rotation each vertex can be said to move along two completely orthogonal great circles at the same time, but it does not stay within the central plane of either of those original great circles; rather, it moves along a helical geodesic that traverses diagonally between great circles. The two completely orthogonal planes of rotation are said to be ''invariant'' because the points in each stay in the plane ''as the plane moves'', tilting sideways by the same angle that the other plane rotates.|name=helical geodesic}}

{{Efn|A point under isoclinic rotation traverses the diagonal{{Efn|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}} straight line of a single '''isoclinic geodesic''', reaching its destination directly, instead of the bent line of two successive '''simple geodesics'''. A '''[[W:geodesic|geodesic]]''' is the ''shortest path'' through a space (intuitively, a string pulled taught between two points). Simple geodesics are great circles lying in a central plane (the only kind of geodesics that occur in 3-space on the 2-sphere). Isoclinic geodesics are different: they do ''not'' lie in a single plane; they are 4-dimensional [[W:helix|spirals]] rather than simple 2-dimensional circles.{{Efn|name=helical geodesic}} But they are not like 3-dimensional [[W:screw threads|screw threads]] either, because they form a closed loop like any circle (after ''two'' revolutions). Isoclinic geodesics are ''4-dimensional great circles'', and they are just as circular as 2-dimensional circles: in fact, twice as circular, because they curve in a circle in two completely orthogonal directions at once.{{Efn|Isoclinic geodesics are ''4-dimensional great circles'' in the sense that they are 1-dimensional geodesic ''lines'' that curve in 4-space in two completely orthogonal planes at once. They should not be confused with ''great 2-spheres'',{{Sfn|Stillwell|2001|p=24}} which are the 4-dimensional analogues of 2-dimensional great circles (great 1-spheres).}} These '''isoclines''' are geodesic 1-dimensional lines embedded in a 4-dimensional space. On the 3-sphere{{Efn|All isoclines are geodesics, and isoclines on the 3-sphere are 4-dimensionally circular, but not all isoclines on 3-manifolds in 4-space are perfectly circular.}} they always occur in [[W:chiral|chiral]] pairs and form a pair of [[W:Villarceau circle|Villarceau circle]]s on the [[W:Clifford torus|Clifford torus]],{{Efn|Isoclines on the 3-sphere occur in non-intersecting chiral pairs. A left and a right isocline form a [[W:Hopf link|Hopf link]] called the {1,1} torus knot{{Sfn|Dorst|2019|loc=§1. Villarceau Circles|p=44|ps=; &quot;In mathematics, the path that the (1, 1) knot on the torus traces is also
known as a [[W:Villarceau circle|Villarceau circle]]. Villarceau circles are usually introduced as two
intersecting circles that are the cross-section of a torus by a well-chosen plane
cutting it. Picking one such circle and rotating it around the torus
axis, the resulting family of circles can be used to rule the torus. By nesting
tori smartly, the collection of all such circles then form a [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fibration]].... we prefer to consider the Villarceau circle as the
(1, 1) torus knot [a [[W:Hopf link|Hopf link]]] rather than as a planar cut [two intersecting circles].&quot;}} in which ''each'' of the two linked circles traverses all four dimensions.}} the paths of the left and the right [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Double rotations|isoclinic rotation]]. They are [[W:Helix|helices]] bent into a [[W:Möbius strip|Möbius loop]] in the fourth dimension, taking a diagonal [[W:Winding number|winding route]] twice around the 3-sphere through the non-adjacent vertices of a 4-polytope's [[W:Skew polygon#Regular skew polygons in four dimensions|skew polygon]].|name=isoclinic geodesic}}

{{Efn|[[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]]s are non-intersecting curved lines that are parallel in the sense that the perpendicular (shortest) distance between them is the same at each point.{{Sfn|Tyrrell|Semple|1971|loc=§3. Clifford's original definition of parallelism|pp=5-6}} A double helix is an example of Clifford parallelism in ordinary 3-dimensional Euclidean space. In 4-space Clifford parallels occur as geodesic great circles on the [[W:3-sphere|3-sphere]].{{Sfn|Kim|Rote|2016|pp=8-10|loc=Relations to Clifford Parallelism}} Whereas in 3-dimensional space, any two geodesic great circles on the 2-sphere will always intersect at two antipodal points, in 4-dimensional space not all great circles intersect; various sets of Clifford parallel non-intersecting geodesic great circles can be found on the 3-sphere. Perhaps the simplest example is that six mutually orthogonal great circles can be drawn on the 3-sphere, as three pairs of completely orthogonal great circles.{{Efn|name=six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} Each completely orthogonal pair is Clifford parallel. The two circles cannot intersect at all, because they lie in planes which intersect at only one point: the center of the 3-sphere.{{Efn|name=only some Clifford parallels are orthogonal}} Because they are perpendicular and share a common center, the two circles are obviously not parallel and separate in the usual way of parallel circles in 3 dimensions; rather they are connected like adjacent links in a chain, each passing through the other without intersecting at any points, forming a [[W:Hopf link|Hopf link]].|name=Clifford parallels}}

{{Efn|In the 24-cell each great square plane is completely orthogonal{{Efn|name=completely orthogonal planes}} to another great square plane, and each great hexagon plane is completely orthogonal to a plane which intersects only two vertices: a great [[W:digon|digon]] plane.|name=pairs of completely orthogonal planes}}

{{Efn|In an [[24-cell#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]], each point anywhere in the 4-polytope moves an equal distance in four orthogonal directions at once, on a [[W:8-cell#Radial equilateral symmetry|4-dimensional diagonal]]. The point is displaced a total [[W:Pythagorean distance]] equal to the square root of four times the square of that distance. For example, when the unit-radius 24-cell rotates isoclinically 60° in a hexagon invariant plane and 60° in its completely orthogonal invariant plane,{{Efn|name=pairs of completely orthogonal planes}} all vertices are displaced to a vertex two edge lengths away. Each vertex is displaced to another vertex {{radic|3}} (120°) away, moving {{radic|3/4}} in four orthogonal coordinate directions.|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}}

{{Efn|Each square plane is isoclinic (Clifford parallel) to five other square planes but completely orthogonal{{Efn|name=completely orthogonal planes}} to only one of them.{{Efn|name=Clifford parallel squares in the 16-cell and 24-cell}} Every pair of completely orthogonal planes has Clifford parallel great circles, but not all Clifford parallel great circles are orthogonal (e.g., none of the hexagonal geodesics in the 24-cell are mutually orthogonal).|name=only some Clifford parallels are orthogonal}}

{{Efn|In the [[16-cell#Rotations|16-cell]] the 6 orthogonal great squares form 3 pairs of completely orthogonal great circles; each pair is Clifford parallel. In the 24-cell, the 3 inscribed 16-cells lie rotated 60 degrees isoclinically{{Efn|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}} with respect to each other; consequently their corresponding vertices are 120 degrees apart on a hexagonal great circle. Pairing their vertices which are 90 degrees apart reveals corresponding square great circles which are Clifford parallel. Each of the 18 square great circles is Clifford parallel not only to one other square great circle in the same 16-cell (the completely orthogonal one), but also to two square great circles (which are completely orthogonal to each other) in each of the other two 16-cells. (Completely orthogonal great circles are Clifford parallel, but not all Clifford parallels are orthogonal.{{Efn|name=only some Clifford parallels are orthogonal}}) A 60 degree isoclinic rotation of the 24-cell in hexagonal invariant planes takes each square great circle to a Clifford parallel (but non-orthogonal) square great circle in a different 16-cell.|name=Clifford parallel squares in the 16-cell and 24-cell}}

{{Efn|In 4 dimensional space we can construct 4 perpendicular axes and 6 perpendicular planes through a point. Without loss of generality, we may take these to be the axes and orthogonal central planes of a (w, x, y, z) Cartesian coordinate system. In 4 dimensions we have the same 3 orthogonal planes (xy, xz, yz) that we have in 3 dimensions, and also 3 others (wx, wy, wz). Each of the 6 orthogonal planes shares an axis with 4 of the others, and is ''completely orthogonal'' to just one of the others: the only one with which it does not share an axis. Thus there are 3 pairs of completely orthogonal planes: xy and wz intersect only at the origin; xz and wy intersect only at the origin; yz and wx intersect only at the origin.|name=six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}}

{{Efn|Two planes in 4-dimensional space can have four possible reciprocal positions: (1) they can coincide (be exactly the same plane); (2) they can be parallel (the only way they can fail to intersect at all); (3) they can intersect in a single line, as two non-parallel planes do in 3-dimensional space; or (4) '''they can intersect in a single point'''{{Efn|To visualize how two planes can intersect in a single point in a four dimensional space, consider the Euclidean space (w, x, y, z) and imagine that the w dimension represents time rather than a spatial dimension. The xy central plane (where w{{=}}0, z{{=}}0) shares no axis with the wz central plane (where x{{=}}0, y{{=}}0). The xy plane exists at only a single instant in time (w{{=}}0); the wz plane (and in particular the w axis) exists all the time. Thus their only moment and place of intersection is at the origin point (0,0,0,0).|name=how planes intersect at a single point}} (and they ''must'', if they are completely orthogonal).{{Efn|Two flat planes A and B of a Euclidean space of four dimensions are called ''completely orthogonal'' if and only if every line in A is orthogonal to every line in B. In that case the planes A and B intersect at a single point O, so that if a line in A intersects with a line in B, they intersect at O.{{Efn|name=six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}}|name=completely orthogonal planes}}|name=how planes intersect}}

{{Efn|Polytopes are '''completely disjoint''' if all their ''element sets'' are disjoint: they do not share any vertices, edges, faces or cells. They may still overlap in space, sharing 4-content, volume, area, or lineage.|name=completely disjoint}}

{{Efn|If the [[W:Euclidean distance|Pythagorean distance]] between any two vertices is {{sqrt|1}}, their geodesic distance is 1; they may be two adjacent vertices (in the curved 3-space of the surface), or a vertex and the center (in 4-space). If their Pythagorean distance is {{sqrt|2}}, their geodesic distance is 2 (whether via 3-space or 4-space, because the path along the edges is the same straight line with one 90&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt; bend in it as the path through the center). If their Pythagorean distance is {{sqrt|3}}, their geodesic distance is still 2 (whether on a hexagonal great circle past one 60&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt; bend, or as a straight line with one 60&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt; bend in it through the center). Finally, if their Pythagorean distance is {{sqrt|4}}, their geodesic distance is still 2 in 4-space (straight through the center), but it reaches 3 in 3-space (by going halfway around a hexagonal great circle).|name=Geodesic distance}}

{{Efn|Two angles are required to fix the relative positions of two planes in 4-space.{{Sfn|Kim|Rote|2016|p=7|loc=§6 Angles between two Planes in 4-Space|ps=; &quot;In four (and higher) dimensions, we need two angles to fix the relative position between two planes. (More generally, ''k'' angles are defined between ''k''-dimensional subspaces.)&quot;}} Since all planes in the same [[W:hyperplane|hyperplane]] are 0 degrees apart in one of the two angles, only one angle is required in 3-space. Great hexagons in different hyperplanes are 60 degrees apart in ''both'' angles. Great squares in different hyperplanes are 90 degrees apart in ''both'' angles (completely orthogonal){{Efn|name=completely orthogonal planes}} or 60 degrees apart in ''both'' angles.{{Efn||name=Clifford parallel squares in the 16-cell and 24-cell}} Planes which are separated by two equal angles are called ''isoclinic''. Planes which are isoclinic have [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]] great circles.{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} A great square and a great hexagon in different hyperplanes are neither isoclinic nor Clifford parallel; they are separated by a 90 degree angle ''and'' a 60 degree angle.|name=two angles between central planes}}

{{Efn|The 24-cell contains 3 distinct 8-cells (tesseracts), rotated 60° isoclinically with respect to each other. The corresponding vertices of two 8-cells are {{radic|3}} (120°) apart. Each 8-cell contains 8 cubical cells, and each cube contains four {{radic|3}} chords (its long diagonals). The 8-cells are not completely disjoint{{Efn|name=completely disjoint}} (they share vertices), but each cube and each {{radic|3}} chord belongs to just one 8-cell. The {{radic|3}} chords joining the corresponding vertices of two 8-cells belong to the third 8-cell.|name=three 8-cells}}

{{Efn|Departing from any vertex V&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; in the original great hexagon plane of isoclinic rotation P&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;, the first vertex reached V&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; is 120 degrees away along a {{radic|3}} chord lying in a different hexagonal plane P&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;. P&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; is inclined to P&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; at a 60° angle.{{Efn|P&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; and P&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; lie in the same hyperplane (the same central cuboctahedron) so their other angle of separation is 0.{{Efn|name=two angles between central planes}}}} The second vertex reached V&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; is 120 degrees beyond V&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; along a second {{radic|3}} chord lying in another hexagonal plane P&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; that is Clifford parallel to P&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;.{{Efn|P&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; and P&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; are 60° apart in ''both'' angles of separation.{{Efn|name=two angles between central planes}} Clifford parallel planes are isoclinic (which means they are separated by two equal angles), and their corresponding vertices are all the same distance apart. Although V&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; and V&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; are ''two'' {{radic|3}} chords apart{{Efn|V&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; and V&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; are two {{radic|3}} chords apart on the geodesic path of this rotational isocline, but that is not the shortest geodesic path between them. In the 24-cell, it is impossible for two vertices to be more distant than ''one'' {{radic|3}} chord, unless they are antipodal vertices {{radic|4}} apart.{{Efn|name=Geodesic distance}} V&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; and V&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; are ''one'' {{radic|3}} chord apart on some other isocline. More generally, isoclines are geodesics because the distance between their ''adjacent'' vertices is the shortest distance between those two vertices, but a path between two vertices along a geodesic is not always the shortest distance between them (even on ordinary great circle geodesics).}}, P&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; and P&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; are just one {{radic|1}} edge apart (at every pair of ''nearest'' vertices).}} (Notice that V&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; lies in both intersecting planes P&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; and P&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, as V&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; lies in both P&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; and P&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;. But P&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; and P&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; have ''no'' vertices in common; they do not intersect.) The third vertex reached V&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; is 120 degrees beyond V&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; along a third {{radic|3}} chord lying in another hexagonal plane P&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; that is Clifford parallel to P&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;. The three {{radic|3}} chords lie in different 8-cells.{{Efn|name=three 8-cells}} V&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; to V&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; is a 360° isoclinic rotation.|name=360 degree geodesic path visiting 3 hexagonal planes}}

{{Notelist|40em}}

== Citations ==
{{Sfn|Mamone|Pileio|Levitt|2010|loc=§4.5 Regular Convex 4-Polytopes|pp=1438-1439|ps=; the 24-cell has 1152 symmetry operations (rotations and reflections) as enumerated in Table 2, symmetry group 𝐹&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;.}}

{{Reflist|40em}}

== References ==
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* {{Cite book|title=A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers|last=Thoreau|first=Henry David|author-link=W:Thoreau|publisher=James Munroe and Company|year=1849|isbn=|location=Boston}}
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* {{Citation | last=Coxeter | first=H.S.M. | author-link=W:Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter | year=1991 | title=Regular Complex Polytopes | place=Cambridge | publisher=Cambridge University Press | edition=2nd }}
* {{Citation | last=Coxeter | first=H.S.M. | author-link=W:Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter | year=1995 | title=Kaleidoscopes: Selected Writings of H.S.M. Coxeter | publisher=Wiley-Interscience Publication | edition=2nd | isbn=978-0-471-01003-6 | url=https://archive.org/details/kaleidoscopessel0000coxe | editor1-last=Sherk | editor1-first=F. Arthur | editor2-last=McMullen | editor2-first=Peter | editor3-last=Thompson | editor3-first=Anthony C. | editor4-last=Weiss | editor4-first=Asia Ivic | url-access=registration }}
** (Paper 3) H.S.M. Coxeter, ''Two aspects of the regular 24-cell in four dimensions''
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* {{Cite journal|last1=Perez-Gracia|first1=Alba|last2=Thomas|first2=Federico|date=2017|title=On Cayley's Factorization of 4D Rotations and Applications|url=https://upcommons.upc.edu/bitstream/handle/2117/113067/1749-ON-CAYLEYS-FACTORIZATION-OF-4D-ROTATIONS-AND-APPLICATIONS.pdf|journal=Adv. Appl. Clifford Algebras|volume=27|pages=523–538|doi=10.1007/s00006-016-0683-9|hdl=2117/113067|s2cid=12350382|hdl-access=free}}
* {{Cite arXiv | eprint=1903.06971 | last=Copher | first=Jessica | year=2019 | title=Sums and Products of Regular Polytopes' Squared Chord Lengths | class=math.MG }}
* {{Cite thesis|url= http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:dcffce5a-0b47-404e-8a67-9a3845774d89 |title=Symmetry groups of regular polytopes in three and four dimensions|last=van Ittersum |first=Clara|year=2020|publisher=[[W:Delft University of Technology|Delft University of Technology]]}}
* {{cite arXiv|last1=Kim|first1=Heuna|last2=Rote|first2=G.|date=2016|title=Congruence Testing of Point Sets in 4 Dimensions|class=cs.CG|eprint=1603.07269}}
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* {{Cite journal|last=Dorst|first=Leo|title=Conformal Villarceau Rotors|year=2019|journal=Advances in Applied Clifford Algebras|volume=29|issue=44|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00006-019-0960-5}}
* {{Cite journal|title=Theoretical Evidence for Principles of Special Relativity Based on Isotropic and Uniform Four-Dimensional Space|first=Takuya|last=Yamashita|date=25 May 2023|doi= 10.20944/preprints202305.1785.v1|journal=Preprints|volume=2023|issue=2023051785|url=https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202305.1785.v1}}
*{{Citation | last=Goucher | first=A.P. | title=Spin groups | date=19 November 2019 | journal=Complex Projective 4-Space | url=https://cp4space.hatsya.com/2012/11/19/spin-groups/ }}
* {{Citation|last=Christie|first=David Brooks|author-link=User:Dc.samizdat|year=2025|title=A symmetrical arrangement of eleven 11-cells|title-link=User:Dc.samizdat/A symmetrical arrangement of eleven 11-cells|journal=Wikiversity}}
{{Refend}}</text>
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      <text bytes="107920" sha1="kk2iwrq9d9tj2j0o3y55fge0mbyerj5" xml:space="preserve">{{align|center|David Brooks Christie}}
{{align|center|dc@samizdat.org}}
{{align|center|June 2023 - June 2025}}

&lt;blockquote&gt;'''Abstract:''' The physical universe is properly visualized as a [[w:Four-dimensional_space|Euclidean space of four orthogonal spatial dimensions]]. Space itself has a fourth orthogonal dimension, of which we are unaware in ordinary life. Atoms are [[w:4-polytope|4-polytopes]], small round 4-dimensional objects, and stars are 4-balls of atomic plasma, large round 4-dimensional objects. Objects intermediate in size between atoms and stars, including molecules, people, and planets, are so flat as to be essentially 3-dimensional, having only the thickness of an atom in the orthogonal fourth dimension. A typical galaxy such as ours is a hollow [[w:3-sphere|4-dimensional 3-sphere]] with these objects distributed on its 3-dimensional surface. The black hole at the galaxy's center is nothing: the 4-ball of empty space they surround. Objects in our galaxy occupy this thin 3-dimensional surface, forming a filmy 4-dimensional soap-bubble of galactic size, thicker than an atom only in the interior of stars. Mass is confined to this 3-dimensional manifold by its inertia, also called gravity, the property of its ceaseless motion at a constant, universal velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;, the rate of causality at which the universe evolves. Atoms are always internally in inertial rotational motion, and externally in inertial translational motion through 4-space, at this universal rate of transformation. The observed universe appears to be a 3-sphere expanding radially from a central origin point at velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;, the invariant velocity of mass-carrying objects through 4-space, also the propagation speed of light through 3-space as measured by all observers. All objects with mass move through 4-space at velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt; as long as they exist, and acceleration only varies their direction. The propagation speed of light measured on a straight line through Euclidean 4-space is &lt;math&gt;c^\prime = 2c&lt;/math&gt;, so we can see in 4 dimensions, even though we are physically confined to a moving 3-dimensional manifold, where our direction of motion through 4-space is our proper time dimension. We have been unaware that when we look up at night we see stars and galaxies, themselves large 4-dimensional objects, distributed all around us in 4-dimensional Euclidean space, and moving through it, like us, at velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;. This model of the observed universe is compatible with the theories of special and general relativity, and with the atomic theory of quantum mechanics. It explains those theories geometrically, as expressions of intrinsic symmetries.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Symmetries ==
It is common to speak of nature as a web, and so it is, the great web of our physical experiences. Every web must have its root systems somewhere, and nature in this sense must be rooted in the symmetries which underlie physics and geometry, the [[W:Group (mathematics)|mathematics of groups]].{{Sfn|Conway|Burgiel|Goodman-Strauss|2008}}

As I understand [[W:Noether's theorem|Noether's theorem]] (which is not mathematically), hers is the deepest meta-theory of nature yet, deeper than [[W:Theory of relativity|Einstein's relativity]] or [[W:Evolution|Darwin's evolution]] or [[W:Euclidean geometry|Euclid's geometry]]. It finds that all fundamental findings in physics are based on conservation laws which can be laid at the doors of distinct [[W:symmetry group |symmetry group]]s. Thus all fundamental systems in physics, as examples [[W:quantum chromodynamics|quantum chromodynamics]] (QCD) the theory of the strong force binding the atomic nucleus and [[W:quantum electrodynamics|quantum electrodynamics]] (QED) the theory of the electromagnetic force, each have a corresponding symmetry [[W:group theory|group theory]] of which they are an expression. 

[[W:Coxeter group|Coxeter group]] theory did for geometry what Noether's theorem and Einstein's relativity did for physics. [[W:Coxeter|Coxeter]] showed that Euclidean geometry is based on conservation laws that correspond to distinct symmetry groups and obey the principle of relativity. As I understand Coxeter theory (which is not mathematically),{{Efn|Coxeter's formulation of the motions (congruent transformations) possible in an ''n''-dimensional Euclidean space:{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=217-218|loc=§12.2 Congruent transformations}}
&lt;blockquote&gt;Let Q denote a rotation, R a reflection, T a translation, and let Q&lt;sup&gt;''q''&lt;/sup&gt; R&lt;sup&gt;''r''&lt;/sup&gt; T denote a product of several such transformations, all commutative with one another. Then RT is a glide-reflection (in two or three dimensions), QR is a rotary-reflection, QT is a screw-displacement, and Q&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; is a double rotation (in four dimensions).&lt;br&gt;
Every orthogonal transformation is expressible as:&lt;br&gt;
{{spaces|10}}Q&lt;sup&gt;''q''&lt;/sup&gt; R&lt;sup&gt;''r''&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br&gt;
where 2''q'' + ''r'' ≤ ''n'', the number of dimensions.&lt;br&gt;
Transformations involving a translation are expressible as:&lt;br&gt;
{{spaces|10}}Q&lt;sup&gt;''q''&lt;/sup&gt; R&lt;sup&gt;''r''&lt;/sup&gt; T&lt;br&gt;
where 2''q'' + ''r'' + 1 ≤ ''n''.&lt;br&gt;
For ''n'' {{=}} 4 in particular, every displacement is either a double rotation Q&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, or a screw-displacement QT (where the rotation component Q is a simple rotation). Every enantiomorphous transformation in 4-space (reversing chirality) is a QRT.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
If we assume the [[W:Galilean relativity|Galilean principle of relativity]], every displacement in 4-space can be viewed as either a Q&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; or a QT, because we can view any QT as a Q&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; in a linearly moving (translating) reference frame. Therefore any transformation from one inertial reference frame to another is expressable as a Q&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. By the same principle, we can view any QT or Q&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; as an isoclinic (equi-angled) Q&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; by appropriate choice of reference frame.{{Efn|[[W:Arthur Cayley|Cayley]] showed that any rotation in 4-space can be decomposed into two isoclinic rotations, which intuitively we might see follows from the fact that any transformation from one inertial reference frame to another is expressable as a [[W:SO(4)|rotation in 4-dimensional Euclidean space]]. The distinct symmetry groups of the regular polytopes each correspond to their characteristic isoclinic rotations. These isoclinic rotations are distinguished in geometry, relativity, and quantum mechanics.|name=Cayley's rotation factorization into two isoclinic reference frame transformations}} Coxeter's relation is a mathematical statement of the principle of relativity, on group-theoretic grounds. It correctly captures the limits to relativity, in that we can only exchange the translation (T) for ''one'' of the two rotations (Q). An observer in any inertial reference frame can always measure the presence, direction and velocity of ''one'' rotation up to uncertainty, and can always distinguish the direction of his own proper time arrow.|name=transformations}} the symmetry groups underlying physics seem to have an expression in a [[W:Euclidean space|Euclidean space]] of four [[W:dimension|dimension]]s, that is, they are [[W:Euclidean geometry#Higher dimensions|four-dimensional Euclidean geometry]]. Therefore as I understand that geometry (which is entirely by synthetic rather than algebraic methods), the [[W:Atom|atom]] seems to have a distinct Euclidean geometry, such that atoms and their constituent particles are four-dimensional objects, and nature can be understood in terms of their [[W:group action|group actions]], including centrally [[W:rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space|rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space]].

== Special relativity describes Euclidean 4-dimensional space ==

...cite Yamashita{{Sfn|Yamashita|2023}}

=== Minkowski spacetime and Euclidean 4-space in relativity ===
...

Is there a configuration in Euclidean space where every observer, and every observed object, is moving at velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;? Yes, there is one such configuration, in 4-dimensional Euclidean space. This configuration must be like the one described above, in our ''Abstract''.

== The rate of atomic symmetry operations ==
...

== General relativity describes a curved 3-dimensional manifold embedded in Euclidean 4-dimensional space ==
...

== The geometry of the atomic nucleus ==

In [[W:Euclidean 4-space|Euclidean four dimensional space]], an [[W:atomic nucleus|atomic nucleus]] is a one or more concentric 4-polytopes of increasing radius. Each concentric shell is a single or compound [[24-cell]], the regular 4-polytope with [[W:Coxeter group#Symmetry groups of regular polytopes|𝔽&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; symmetry]]. Nuclear shells are concentric [[W:3-sphere|3-sphere]]s occupied (fully or partially) by the orbits of this 24-point [[#The 6 regular convex 4-polytopes|regular convex 4-polytope]]. An actual atomic nucleus is a rotating four dimensional object. It is not a ''rigid'' rotating object, it is a kinematic one, because the nucleus of an actual atom of a distinct [[W:nucleon number|nucleon number]] contains a distinct number of orbiting 24-cell vertices which may be in different isoclinic rotational orbits. These moving vertices never describe a compound of static 24-cells at any single instant in time, though their orbits do all the time. The physical configuration of a nucleus as concentric 24-cells can be reduced to the [[W:kinematics|kinematics]] of the orbits of its constituent protons and neutrons. The geometry of the atomic nucleus is therefore strictly [[W:Euclidean geometry#19th century|Euclidean]] in four dimensional space.

=== Rotations ===
The [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotations]] of the convex [[W:regular 4-polytope|regular 4-polytope]]s are usually described as discrete rotations of a rigid object. For example, the rigid [[24-cell]] can rotate in a [[24-cell#Hexagons|hexagonal]] (6-vertex) central [[24-cell#Planes of rotation|plane of rotation]]. A 4-dimensional [[24-cell#Isoclinic rotations|''isoclinic'' rotation]] (as distinct from a [[24-cell#Simple rotations|''simple'' rotation]] like the ones that occur in 3-dimensional space) is a ''diagonal'' rotation in multiple [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]] [[24-cell#Geodesics|central planes]] of rotation at once. It is diagonal because it is a [[W:SO(4)#Double rotations|double rotation]]: in addition to rotating in parallel (like wheels), the multiple planes of rotation also tilt sideways (like coins flipping) into each other's planes. Consequently, the path taken by each vertex is a [[24-cell#Helical hexagrams and their isoclines|twisted helical circle]], rather than the ordinary flat great circle a vertex follows in a simple rotation. In a rigid 4-polytope rotating isoclinically, ''all'' the vertices lie in one of the parallel planes of rotation, so all the vertices move in parallel along Clifford parallel twisting circular paths. [[24-cell#Clifford parallel polytopes|Clifford parallel planes]] are not parallel in the normal sense of parallel planes in three dimensions; the vertices are all moving in different directions around the [[W:3-sphere|3-sphere]]. In one complete 360° isoclinic revolution, a rigid 4-polytope turns itself inside out.

This is sufficiently different from the simple rotations of rigid bodies in our 3-dimensional experience that a precise [[24-cell|detailed description]] enabling the reader to properly visualize it runs to many pages and illustrations, with many accompanying pages of explanatory notes on basic phenomena that arise only in 4-dimensional space: [[24-cell#Squares|completely orthogonal planes]], [[24-cell#Hexagons|Clifford parallelism]] and [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fiber bundles]], [[24-cell#Helical hexagrams and their isoclines|isoclinic geodesic paths]], and [[24-cell#Double rotations|chiral (mirror image) pairs of rotations]], among other complexities. Moreover, the characteristic rotations of the various regular 4-polytopes are all different; each is a surprise. [[#The 6 regular convex 4-polytopes|The 6 regular convex 4-polytopes]] have different numbers of vertices (5, 8, 16, 24, 120, and 600 respectively) and those with fewer vertices occur inscribed in those with more vertices (generally), with the result that the more complex 4-polytopes subsume the kinds of rotations characteristic of their less complex predecessors, as well as each having a characteristic kind of rotation not found in their predecessors. [[W:Euclidean geometry#Higher dimensions|Four dimensional Euclidean space]] is more complicated (and more interesting) than three dimensional space because there is more room in it, in which unprecedented things can happen. It is much harder for us to visualize, because the only way we can experience it is in our imaginations; we have no body of sensory experience in 4-dimensional space to draw upon.

For that reason, descriptions of isoclinic rotations usually begin and end with rigid rotations: [[24-cell#Isoclinic rotations|for example]], all 24 vertices of a single rigid 24-cell rotating in unison, with 6 vertices evenly spaced around each of 4 Clifford parallel twisted circles.{{Efn|name=360 degree geodesic path visiting 3 hexagonal planes}} But that is only the simplest case. Compound and [[W:Kinematics|kinematic]] 24-cells (with moving parts) are even more interesting (and more complicated) than a single rigid 24-cell. 

To begin with, when we examine the individual parts of a single rigid 24-cell that are moving in an isoclinic rotation, such as the orbits of individual vertices, we can imagine a case where fewer than 24 point-objects are orbiting on those twisted circular paths at once. [[24-cell#Reflections|For example]], if we imagine just 8 point-objects, evenly spaced around the 24-cell at [[24-cell#Reciprocal constructions from 8-cell and 16-cell|the 8 vertices that lie on the 4 coordinate axes]], and rotate them isoclinically along exactly the same orbits they would take in the above-mentioned rotation of a rigid 24-cell, then in the course of a single 360° rotation the 8 point-objects will trace out the whole 24-cell, with just one point-object reaching each of the 24 vertex positions just once, and no point-object colliding with any other at any time.

That is still an example of a rigid object in a single distinct isoclinic rotation: a rigid 8-vertex object (called the 4-[[W:orthoplex|orthoplex]] or [[16-cell]]) performing the characteristic rotation of the 24-cell. But we can also imagine ''combining'' distinct isoclinic rotations. What happens when multiple point-objects are orbiting at once, but do ''not'' all follow the Clifford parallel paths characteristic of the ''same'' distinct rotation? What happens when we combine orbits from distinct rotations characteristic of different 4-polytopes, for example when different rigid 4-polytopes are concentric and rotating simultaneously in their characteristic ways? What kinds of such hybrid rotations are possible in the same shell without collisions? In adjacent shells without asymmetric imbalance? What sort of [[Kinematics of the cuboctahedron|kinematic polytopes]] do they trace out, and how do their [[24-cell#Clifford parallel polytopes|component parts]] relate to each other as they move? Is there (sometimes) some kind of mutual stability amid their lack of combined rigidity? Visualizing isoclinic rotations (rigid and otherwise) allows us to explore questions of this kind of [[W:kinematics|kinematics]], and where dynamic stabilities arise, of [[W:kinetics|kinetics]].

=== Isospin ===
A [[W:Nucleon|nucleon]] is a [[W:proton|proton]] or a [[W:neutron|neutron]]. The proton carries a positive net [[W:Electric charge|charge]], and the neutron carries a zero net charge. The proton's [[W:Mass|mass]] is only about 0.13% less than the neutron's, and since they are observed to be identical in other respects, they can be viewed as two states of the same nucleon, together forming an isospin doublet ({{nowrap|''I'' {{=}} {{sfrac|1|2}}}}). In isospin space, neutrons can be transformed into protons and conversely by actions of the [[W:SU(2)|SU(2)]] symmetry group. In nature, protons are very stable (the most stable particle known); a proton and a neutron are a stable nuclide; but free neutrons decay into protons in about 10 or 15 seconds.

According to the [[W:Noether theorem|Noether theorem]], [[W:Isospin|isospin]] is conserved with respect to the [[W:strong interaction|strong interaction]].&lt;ref name=Griffiths2008&gt;{{cite book |author=Griffiths, David J. |title=Introduction to Elementary Particles |edition=2nd revised |publisher=WILEY-VCH |year=2008 |isbn=978-3-527-40601-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|129–130}} Nucleons are acted upon equally by the strong interaction, which is invariant under rotation in isospin space.

Isospin was introduced as a concept in 1932 by [[W:Werner Heisenberg|Werner Heisenberg]],&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite journal
 |last=Heisenberg |first=W. |author-link=W:Werner Heisenberg
 |year=1932
 |title=Über den Bau der Atomkerne
 |journal=[[W:Zeitschrift für Physik|Zeitschrift für Physik]]
 |volume=77 |issue=1–2 |pages=1–11
 |doi=10.1007/BF01342433
 |bibcode = 1932ZPhy...77....1H
 |s2cid=186218053
 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; well before the 1960s development of the [[W:quark model|quark model]], to explain the symmetry of the proton and the then newly discovered neutron. Heisenberg introduced the concept of another conserved quantity that would cause the proton to turn into a neutron and vice versa. In 1937, [[W:Eugene Wigner|Eugene Wigner]] introduced the term &quot;isospin&quot; to indicate how the new quantity is similar to spin in behavior, but otherwise unrelated.&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite journal
 |last=Wigner |first=E. |author-link=W:Eugene Wigner
 |year=1937
 |title=On the Consequences of the Symmetry of the Nuclear Hamiltonian on the Spectroscopy of Nuclei
 |journal=[[W:Physical Review|Physical Review]]
 |volume=51
 |pages=106–119
 |doi=10.1103/PhysRev.51.106
 |bibcode = 1937PhRv...51..106W
 |issue=2
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similar to a spin-1/2 particle, which has two states, protons and neutrons were said to be of isospin 1/2. The proton and neutron were then associated with different isospin projections ''I''&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;nbsp;=&amp;nbsp;+1/2 and −1/2 respectively.

Isospin is a different kind of rotation entirely than the ordinary spin which objects undergo when they rotate in three-dimensional space. Isospin does not correspond to a [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Simple rotations|simple rotation]] in any space (of any number of dimensions). However, it does seem to correspond exactly to an [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]] in a Euclidean space of four dimensions. Isospin space resembles the [[W:3-sphere|3-sphere]], the [[W:Elliptical space#Elliptic space (the 3D case)|curved 3-dimensional space]] that is the surface of a [[W:4-ball (mathematics)#In Euclidean space|4-dimensional ball]].

=== Spinors ===
[[File:Spinor on the circle.png|thumb|upright=1.5|A spinor visualized as a vector pointing along the [[W:Möbius band|Möbius band]], exhibiting a sign inversion when the circle (the &quot;physical system&quot;) is continuously rotated through a full turn of 360°.]][[W:Spinors|Spinors]] are [[W:representation of a Lie group|representations]] of a [[W:spin group|spin group]], which are [[W:Double covering group|double cover]]s of the [[W:special orthogonal group|special orthogonal groups]]. The spin group Spin(4) is the double cover of [[W:SO(4)|SO(4)]], the group of rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space. [[600-cell#Fibrations of isocline polygrams|Isoclines]], the helical geodesic paths followed by points under isoclinic rotation, correspond to spinors representing Spin(4).

Spinors can be viewed as the &quot;square roots&quot; of [[W:Section (fiber bundle)|cross sections]] of [[W:vector bundle|vector bundle]]s; in this correspondence, a fiber bundle of isoclines (of a distinct isoclinic rotation) is a cross section (inverse bundle) of a fibration of great circles (in the invariant planes of that rotation).

A spinor can be visualized as a moving vector on a Möbius strip which transforms to its negative when continuously rotated through 360°, just as [[24-cell#Helical hexagrams and their isoclines|an isocline can be visualized as a Möbius strip]] winding twice around the 3-sphere, during which [[24-cell#Isoclinic rotations|720° isoclinic rotation]] the rigid 4-polytope turns itself inside-out twice.{{Sfn|Goucher|2019|loc=Spin Groups}} Under isoclinic rotation, a rigid 4-polytope is an isospin-1/2 object with two states.

=== Isoclinic rotations in the nucleus ===
Isospin is regarded as a symmetry of the strong interaction under the [[W:Group action (mathematics)|action]] of the [[W:Lie group|Lie group]] [[W:SU(2)|SU(2)]], the two [[W:eigenstate|states]] being the [[W:Up quark|up flavour]] and [[W:Down quark|down flavour]]. A 360° isoclinic rotation of a rigid [[W:nuclide|nuclide]] would transform its protons into neutrons and vice versa, exchanging the up and down flavours of their constituent [[W:quarks|quarks]], by turning the nuclide and all its parts inside-out (or perhaps we should say upside-down). Because we never observe this, we know that the nucleus is not a ''rigid'' polytope undergoing isoclinic rotation.

If the nucleus ''were'' a rigid object, nuclides that were isospin-rotated 360° would be isoclinic mirror images of each other, isospin +1/2 and isospin −1/2 states of the whole nucleus. We don't see whole nuclides rotating as a rigid object, but considering what would happen if they ''were'' rigid tells us something about the geometry we must expect inside the nucleons. One way that an isospin-rotated neutron could become a proton would be if the up quark and down quark were a left and right mirror-image pair of the same object; exchanging them in place would turn each down-down-up neutron into an up-up-down proton. But the case cannot be quite that simple, because the up quark and the down quark are not mirror-images of the same object: they have very different mass and other incongruities.

Another way an isospin-rotated neutron could be a proton would be if the up and down quarks were asymmetrical kinematic polytopes (not indirectly congruent mirror-images, and not rigid polytopes), rotating within the nucleus in different ''hybrid'' orbits. By that we mean that they may have vertices orbiting in rotations characteristic of more than one 4-polytope, so they may change shape as they rotate. In that case their composites (protons and neutrons) could have a symmetry not manifest in their components, but emerging from their combination.

....

=== Hybrid isoclinic rotations ===
The 24-cell has [[24-cell#Isoclinic rotations|its own characteristic isoclinic rotations]] in 4 Clifford parallel hexagonal planes (each intersecting 6 vertices), and also inherits the [[16-cell#Rotations|characteristic isoclinic rotations of its 3 Clifford parallel constituent 16-cells]] in 6 Clifford parallel square planes (each intersecting 4 vertices). The twisted circular paths followed by vertices in these two different kinds of rotation have entirely different geometries. Vertices rotating in hexagonal invariant planes follow [[24-cell#Helical hexagrams and their isoclines|helical geodesic curves whose chords form hexagrams]], and vertices rotating in square invariant planes follow [[24-cell#Helical octagrams and their isoclines|helical geodesic curves whose chords form octagrams]].

In a rigid isoclinic rotation, ''all'' the [[24-cell#Geodesics|great circle polygons]] move, in any kind of rotation. What distinguishes the hexagonal and square isoclinic rotations is the invariant planes of rotation the vertices stay in. The rotation described [[#Rotations|above]] (of 8 vertices rotating in 4 Clifford parallel hexagonal planes) is a single hexagonal isoclinic rotation, not a kinematic or hybrid rotation.

A ''kinematic'' isoclinic rotation in the 24-cell is any subset of the 24 vertices rotating through the same angle in the same time, but independently with respect to the choice of a Clifford parallel set of invariant planes of rotation and the chirality (left or right) of the rotation. A ''hybrid'' isoclinic rotation combines moving vertices from different kinds of isoclinic rotations, characteristic of different regular 4-polytopes. For example, if at least one vertex rotates in a square plane and at least one vertex rotates in a hexagonal plane, the kinematic rotation is a hybrid rotation, combining rotations characteristic of the 16-cell and characteristic of the 24-cell.

As an example of the simplest hybrid isoclinic rotation, consider a 24-cell vertex rotating in a square plane, and a second vertex, initially one 24-cell edge-length distant, rotating in a hexagonal plane. Rotating isoclinically at the same rate, the two moving vertices will never collide where their paths intersect, so this is a ''valid'' hybrid rotation.

To understand hybrid rotations in the 24-cell more generally, visualize the relationship between great squares and great hexagons. The [[24-cell#Squares|18 great squares]] occur as three sets of 6 orthogonal great squares,{{Efn|name=six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} each [[16-cell#Coordinates|forming a 16-cell]]. The three 16-cells are completely disjoint{{Efn|name=completely disjoint}} and [[24-cell#Clifford parallel polytopes|Clifford parallel]]: each has its own 8 vertices (on 4 orthogonal axes) and its own 24 edges (of length {{radic|2}}).{{Efn|name=three isoclinic 16-cells}} The 18 square great circles are crossed by 16 hexagonal great circles; each [[24-cell#Hexagons|hexagon]] has one axis (2 vertices) in each 16-cell.{{Efn|name=non-orthogonal hexagons}} The two [[24-cell#Triangles|great triangles]] inscribed in each great hexagon (occupying its alternate vertices, with edges that are its {{radic|3}} chords) have one vertex in each 16-cell. Thus ''each great triangle is a ring linking three completely disjoint great squares, one from each of the three completely disjoint 16-cells''.{{Efn|There are four different ways (four different ''fibrations'' of the 24-cell) in which the 8 vertices of the 16-cells correspond by being triangles of vertices {{radic|3}} apart: there are 32 distinct linking triangles. Each ''pair'' of 16-cells forms a tesseract (8-cell).{{Efn|name=three 16-cells form three tesseracts}} Each great triangle has one {{radic|3}} edge in each tesseract, so it is also a ring linking the three tesseracts.|name=great linking triangles}} Isoclinic rotations take the elements of the 4-polytope to congruent [[24-cell#Clifford parallel polytopes|Clifford parallel elements]] elsewhere in the 4-polytope. The square rotations do this ''locally'', confined within each 16-cell: for example, they take great squares to other great squares within the same 16-cell. The hexagonal rotations act ''globally'' within the entire 24-cell: for example, they take great squares to other great squares in ''different'' 16-cells. The [[16-cell#Helical construction|chords of the square rotations]] bind the 16-cells together internally, and the [[24-cell#Helical hexagrams and their isoclines|chords of the hexagonal rotations]] bind the three 16-cells together.

....

=== Color ===
When the existence of quarks was suspected in 1964, [[W:Oscar W. Greenberg|Greenberg]] introduced the notion of color charge to explain how quarks could coexist inside some [[W:hadron|hadron]]s in [[W:quark model#The discovery of color|otherwise identical quantum states]] without violating the [[W:Pauli exclusion principle|Pauli exclusion principle]]. The modern concept of [[W:color charge|color charge]] completely commuting with all other charges and providing the strong force charge was articulated in 1973, by [[W:William A. Bardeen|William Bardeen]], [[W:de:Harald Fritzsch|Harald Fritzsch]], and [[W:Murray Gell-Mann|Murray Gell-Mann]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite conference |author1=Bardeen, W. |author2=Fritzsch, H. |author3=Gell-Mann, M. |year=1973 |title=Light cone current algebra, ''π''&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt; decay, and ''e''&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; ''e''&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;&lt;/sup&gt; annihilation |arxiv=hep-ph/0211388 |editor=Gatto, R. |book-title=Scale and conformal symmetry in hadron physics |page=[https://archive.org/details/scaleconformalsy0000unse/page/139 139] |publisher=[[W:John Wiley &amp; Sons|John Wiley &amp; Sons]] |isbn=0-471-29292-3 |bibcode=2002hep.ph...11388B |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/scaleconformalsy0000unse/page/139 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Advantages of the color octet gluon picture |journal=[[W:Physics Letters B|Physics Letters B]] |volume=47 |issue=4 |page=365 |year=1973 |last1=Fritzsch |first1=H. |last2=Gell-Mann |first2=M. |last3=Leutwyler |first3=H. |doi=10.1016/0370-2693(73)90625-4 |bibcode=1973PhLB...47..365F |citeseerx=10.1.1.453.4712}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Color charge is not [[W:electric charge|electric charge]]; the whole point of it is that it is a quantum of something different. But it is related to electric charge, through the way in which the three different-colored quarks combine to contribute fractional quantities of electric charge to a nucleon. As we shall see, color is not really a separate kind of charge at all, but a partitioning of the electric charge into [[24-cell#Clifford parallel polytopes|Clifford parallel subspaces]].

The [[W:Color charge#Red, green, and blue|three different colors]] of quark charge might correspond to three different 16-cells, such as the three disjoint 16-cells inscribed in the 24-cell. Each color might be a disjoint domain in isospin space (the space of points on the 3-sphere).{{Efn|The 8 vertices of each disjoint 16-cell constitute an independent [[16-cell#Coordinates|orthonormal basis for a coordinate reference frame]].}} Alternatively, the three colors might correspond to three different fibrations of the same isospin space: three different ''sequences'' of the same total set of discrete points on the 3-sphere. These alternative possibilities constrain possible representations of the nuclides themselves, for example if we try to represent nuclides as particular rotating 4-polytopes. If the neutron is a (8-point) 16-cell, either of the two color possibilities might somehow make sense as far as the neutron is concerned. But if the proton is a (5-point) 5-cell, only the latter color possibility makes sense, because fibrations (which correspond to distinct isoclinic left-and-right rigid rotations) are the ''only'' thing the 5-cell has three of. Both the 5-cell and the 16-cell have three discrete rotational fibrations. Moreover, in the case of a rigid, isoclinically rotating 4-polytope, those three fibrations always come one-of-a-kind and two-of-a-kind, in at least two different ways. First, one fibration is the set of invariant planes currently being rotated through, and the other two are not. Second, when one considers the three fibrations of each of these 4-polytopes, in each fibration two isoclines carry the left and right rotations respectively, and the third isocline acts simply as a Petrie polygon, the difference between the fibrations being the role assigned to each isocline.

If we associate each quark with one or more isoclinic rotations in which the moving vertices belong to different 16-cells of the 24-cell, and the sign (plus or minus) of the electric charge with the chirality (right or left) of isoclinic rotations generally, we can configure nucleons of three quarks, two performing rotations of one chirality and one performing rotations of the other chirality. The configuration will be a valid kinematic rotation because the completely disjoint 16-cells can rotate independently; their vertices would never collide even if the 16-cells were performing different rigid square isoclinic rotations (all 8 vertices rotating in unison). But we need not associate a quark with a [[16-cell#Rotations|rigidly rotating 16-cell]], or with a single distinct square rotation.

Minimally, we must associate each quark with at least one moving vertex in each of three different 16-cells, following the twisted geodesic isocline of an isoclinic rotation. In the up quark, that could be the isocline of a right rotation; and in the down quark, the isocline of a left rotation. The chirality accounts for the sign of the electric charge (we have said conventionally as +right, −left), but we must also account for the quantity of charge: +{{sfrac|2|3}} in an up quark, and −{{sfrac|1|3}} in a down quark. One way to do that would be to give the three distinct quarks moving vertices of {{sfrac|1|3}} charge in different 16-cells, but provide up quarks with twice as many vertices moving on +right isoclines as down quarks have vertices moving on −left isoclines (assuming the correct chiral pairing is up+right, down−left).

Minimally, an up quark requires two moving vertices (of the up+right chirality).{{Efn|Two moving vertices in one quark could belong to the same 16-cell. A 16-cell may have two vertices moving in the same isoclinic square (octagram) orbit, such as an antipodal pair (a rotating dipole), or two vertices moving in different square orbits of the same up+right chirality.{{Efn|There is only one [[16-cell#Helical construction|octagram orbit]] of each chirality in each fibration of the 16-cell, so two octagram orbits of the same chirality cannot be Clifford parallel (part of the same distinct rotation). Two vertices right-moving on different octagram isoclines in the same 16-cell is a combination of two distinct rotations, whose isoclines will intersect: a kinematic rotation. It can be a valid kinematic rotation if the moving vertices will never pass through a point of intersection at the same time. Octagram isoclines pass through all 8 vertices of the 16-cell, and all eight isoclines (the left and right isoclines of four different fibrations) intersect at ''every'' vertex.}} However, the theory of [[W:Color confinement|color confinement]] may not require that two moving vertices in one quark belong to the same 16-cell; like the moving vertices of different quarks, they could be drawn from the disjoint vertex sets of two different 16-cells.}} Minimally, a down quark requires one moving vertex (of the down−left chirality). In these minimal quark configurations, a proton would have 5 moving vertices and a neutron would have 4.

....

=== Nucleons ===
[[File:Symmetrical_5-set_Venn_diagram.svg|thumb|[[W:Branko Grünbaum|Grünbaum's]] rotationally symmetrical 5-set Venn diagram, 1975. It is the [[5-cell]]. Think of it as an [[W:Nuclear magnetic resonance|NMR image]] of the 4-dimensional proton in projection to the plane.]]
The proton is a very stable mass particle. Is there a stable orbit of 5 moving vertices in 4-dimensional Euclidean space? There are few known solutions to the 5-body problem, and fewer still to the [[W:n-body problem|{{mvar|n}}-body problem]], but one is known: the ''central configuration'' of {{mvar|n}} bodies in a space of dimension {{mvar|n}}-1. A [[W:Central configuration|central configuration]] is a system of [[W:Point particle|point masses]] with the property that each mass is pulled by the combined attractive force of the system directly towards the [[W:Center of mass|center of mass]], with acceleration proportional to its distance from the center. Placing three masses in an equilateral triangle, four at the vertices of a regular [[W:Tetrahedron|tetrahedron]], five at the vertices of a regular [[5-cell]], or more generally {{mvar|n}} masses at the vertices of a regular [[W:Simplex|simplex]] produces a central configuration [[W:Central configuration#Examples|even when the masses are not equal]]. In an isoclinic rotation, all the moving vertices orbit at the same radius and the same speed. Therefore if any 5 bodies are orbiting as an isoclinically rotating regular 5-cell (a rigid 4-simplex figure undergoing isoclinic rotation), they maintain a central configuration, describing 5 mutually stable orbits.

Unlike the proton, the neutron is not always a stable particle; a free neutron will decay into a proton. A deficiency of the minimal configurations is that there is no way for this [[W:beta minus decay|beta minus decay]] to occur. The minimal neutron of 4 moving vertices described [[#Color|above]] cannot possibly decay into a proton by losing moving vertices, because it does not possess the four up+right moving vertices required in a proton. This deficiency could be remedied by giving the neutron configuration 8 moving vertices instead of 4: four down−left and four up+right moving vertices. Then by losing 3 down−left moving vertices the neutron could decay into the 5 vertex up-down-up proton configuration.{{Efn|Although protons are very stable, during [[W:stellar nucleosynthesis|stellar nucleosynthesis]] two H&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; protons are fused into an H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; nucleus consisting of a proton and a neutron. This [[W:beta plus decay|beta plus &quot;decay&quot;]] of a proton into a neutron is actually the result of a rare high-energy collision between the two protons, in which a neutron is constructed. With respect to our nucleon configurations of moving vertices, it has to be explained as the conversion of two 5-point 5-cells into a 5-point 5-cell and an 8-point 16-cell, emitting two decay products of at least 1-point each. Thus it must involve the creation of moving vertices, by the conversion of kinetic energy to point-masses.}} A neutron configuration of 8 moving vertices could occur as the 8-point 16-cell, the second-smallest regular 4-polytope after the 5-point 5-cell (the hypothesized proton configuration).

It is possible to double the neutron configuration in this way, without destroying the charge balance that defines the nucleons, by giving down quarks three moving vertices instead of just one: two −left vertices and one +right vertex. The net charge on the down quark remains −{{sfrac|1|3}}, but the down quark becomes heavier (at least in vertex count) than the up quark, as in fact its mass is measured to be.

A nucleon's quark configuration is only a partial specification of its properties. There is much more to a nucleon than what is contained within its three quarks, which contribute only about 1% of the nucleon's energy. The additional 99% of the nucleon mass is said to be associated with the force that binds the three quarks together, rather than being intrinsic to the individual quarks separately. In the case of the proton, 5 moving vertices in the stable orbits of a central configuration (in one of the [[5-cell#Geodesics and rotations|isoclinic rotations characteristic of the regular 5-cell]]) might be sufficient to account for the stability of the proton, but not to account for most of the proton's energy. It is not the point-masses of the moving vertices themselves which constitute most of the mass of the nucleon; if mass is a consequence of geometry, we must look to the larger geometric elements of these polytopes as their major mass contributors. The quark configurations are thus incomplete specifications of the geometry of the nucleons, predictive of only some of the nucleon's properties, such as charge.{{Efn|Notice that by giving the down quark three moving vertices, we seem to have changed the quark model's prediction of the proton's number of moving vertices from 5 to 7, which would be incompatible with our theory that the proton configuration is a rotating regular 5-cell in a central configuration of 5 stable orbits. Fortunately, the actual quark model has nothing at all to say about moving vertices, so we may choose to regard that number as one of the geometric properties the quark model does not specify.}} In particular, they do not account for the forces binding the nucleon together. Moreover, if the rotating regular 5-cell is the proton configuration and the rotating regular 16-cell is the neutron configuration, then a nucleus is a complex of rotating 5-cells and 16-cells, and we must look to the geometric relationship between those two very different regular 4-polytopes for an understanding of the nuclear force binding them together.

The most direct [[120-cell#Relationships among interior polytopes|geometric relationship among stationary regular 4-polytopes]] is the way they occupy a common 3-sphere together. Multiple 16-cells of equal radius can be compounded to form each of the larger regular 4-polytopes, the 8-cell, 24-cell, 600-cell, and 120-cell, but it is noteworthy that multiple regular 5-cells of equal radius cannot be compounded to form any of the other 4-polytopes except the largest, the 120-cell. The 120-cell is the unique intersection of the regular 5-cell and 16-cell: it is a compound of 120 regular 5-cells, and also a compound of 75 16-cells. All regular 4-polytopes except the 5-cell are compounds of 16-cells, but none of them except the largest, the 120-cell, contains any regular 5-cells. So in any compound of equal-radius 16-cells which also contains a regular 5-cell, whether that compound forms some single larger regular 4-polytope or does not, no two of the regular 5-cell's five vertices ever lie in the same 16-cell. So the geometric relationship between the regular 5-cell (our proton candidate) and the regular 16-cell (our neutron candidate) is quite a distant one: they are much more exclusive of each other's elements than they are distantly related, despite their complementary three-quark configurations and other similarities as nucleons. The relationship between a regular 5-cell and a regular 16-cell of equal radius is manifest only in the 120-cell, the most complex regular 4-polytope, which [[120-cell#Geometry|uniquely embodies all the containment relationships]] among all the regular 4-polytopes and their elements.

If the nucleus is a complex of 5-cells (protons) and 16-cells (neutrons) rotating isoclinically around a common center, then its overall motion is a hybrid isoclinic rotation, because the 5-cell and the 16-cell have different characteristic isoclinic rotations, and they have no isoclinic rotation in common.{{Efn|The regular 5-cell does not occur inscribed in any other regular 4-polytope except one, the 600-vertex 120-cell. No two of the 5 vertices of a regular 5-cell can be vertices of the same 16-cell, 8-cell, 24-cell, or 600-cell. The isoclinic rotations characteristic of the regular 5-cell maintain the separation of its 5 moving vertices in 5 disjoint Clifford-parallel subspaces at all times. The [[16-cell#Rotations|isoclinic rotation characteristic of the 16-cell]] maintains the separation of its 8 moving vertices in 2 disjoint Clifford-parallel subspaces (completely orthogonal great square planes) at all times. Therefore, in any hybrid rotation of a concentric 5-cell and 16-cell, at most one 5-cell subspace (containing 1 vertex) might be synchronized with one 16-cell subspace (containing 4 vertices), such that the 1 + 4 vertices they jointly contain occupy the same moving subspace continually, forming a rigid 5-vertex polytope undergoing some kind of rotation. If in fact it existed, this 5-vertex rotating rigid polytope would not be [[5-cell#Geometry|not a 5-cell, since 4 of its vertices are coplanar]]; it is not a 4-polytope but merely a polyhedron, a [[W:square pyramid|square pyramid]].}}

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=== Nuclides ===

...

=== Quantum phenomena ===

The Bell-Kochen-Specker (BKS) theorem rules out the existence of deterministic noncontextual hidden variables theories. A proof of the theorem in a space of three or more dimensions can be given by exhibiting a finite set of lines through the origin that cannot each be colored black or white in such a way that (i) no two orthogonal lines are both black, and (ii) not all members of a set of ''d'' mutually orthogonal lines are white.{{Efn|&quot;The Bell-Kochen-Specker theorem rules out the existence of deterministic noncontextual hidden variables theories. A proof of the theorem in a Hilbert space of dimension d ≥ 3 can be given by exhibiting a finite set of rays [9] that cannot each be assigned the value 0 or 1 in such a way that (i) no two orthogonal rays are both assigned the value 1, and (ii) not all members of a set of d mutually orthogonal rays are assigned the value 0.&quot;{{Sfn|Waegell|Aravind|2009|loc=2. The Bell-Kochen-Specker (BKS) theorem}}|name=BKS theorem}}

....

=== Motion ===
What does it mean to say that an object moves through space? Coxeter group theory provides precise answers to questions of this kind. A rigid object (polytope) moves by distinct transformations, changing itself in each discrete step into a congruent object in a different orientation and position.{{Efn|name=transformations}}

....

== Galilean relativity in a space of four orthogonal dimensions ==

Special relativity is just Galilean relativity in a Euclidean space of four orthogonal dimensions.

General relativity is just Galilean relativity in a general space of four orthogonal dimensions, e.g. Euclidean 4-space &lt;math&gt;R^4&lt;/math&gt;, spherical 4-space &lt;math&gt;S^4&lt;/math&gt;, or any orthogonal 4-manifold.

Light is just reflection. Gravity (and all force) is just rotation. Both motions are just group actions, expressions of intrinsic symmetries. That is all of physics.

Every observer properly sees himself as stationary and the universe as a sphere with himself at the center. The curvature of these spheres is a function of the rate at which causality evolves, and it can be measured by the observer as the speed of light.

=== Special relativity is just Galilean relativity in a Euclidean space of four orthogonal dimensions ===
Perspective effects occur because each observer's ordinary 3-dimensional space is only a curved manifold embedded in 4-dimensional Euclidean space, and its curvature complicates the calculations for him (e.g., he sometimes requires Lorentz transformations). But if  all four spatial dimensions are considered, no Lorentz transformations are required (or permitted) except when you want to calculate a projection, or a shadow, that is, how things will appear from a three-dimensional viewpoint (not how they really are).{{Sfn|Yamashita|2023}} The universe really has four spatial dimensions, and space and time behave just as they do in classical 3-vector space, only bigger by one dimension. It is not necessary to combine 4-space with time in a spacetime to explain 4-dimensional perspective effects at high velocities, because 4-space is already spatially 4-dimensional, and those perspective effects fall out of the 4-dimensional Pythagorean theorem naturally, just as perspective does in three dimensions. The universe is only strange in the ways the Euclidean fourth dimension is strange; but that does hold many surprises for us. Euclidean 4-space is much more interesting than Euclidean 3-space, analogous to the way that 3-space is much more interesting than 2-space. But all Euclidean spaces are dimensionally analogous. Dimensional analogy itself, like everything else in nature, is an exact expression of intrinsic symmetries.

=== General relativity is just Galilean relativity in a general space of four orthogonal dimensions ===
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=== Physics ===
....

=== Thoreau's spherical relativity ===
Every observer may properly see himself as stationary and the universe as a 4-sphere with himself at the center observing it, perceptually equidistant from all points on its surface, including his own ''physical'' location which is one of those surface points, distinguished to him but not the center of anything. This statement of the principle of relativity is compatible with Galileo's relativity of uniformly moving objects in ordinary space, Einstein's special relativity of inertial reference frames in 4-dimensional spacetime, Einstein's general relativity of all reference frames in non-Euclidean spacetime, and Coxeter's relativity of orthogonal group actions in Euclidean spaces of any number of dimensions.{{Efn|name=transformations}} It should be known as Thoreau's spherical relativity, since the first precise written statement of it appears in 1849: &quot;The universe is a sphere whose center is wherever there is intelligence.&quot;{{Sfn|Thoreau|1849|p=349|ps=; &quot;The universe is a sphere whose center is wherever there is intelligence.&quot; [Contemporaneous and independent of [[W:Ludwig Schlafli|Ludwig Schlafli]]'s pioneering work enumerating the complete set of regular polytopes in any number of dimensions.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|loc=§7. Ordinary Polytopes in Higher Space; §7.x. Historical remarks|pp=141-144|ps=; &quot;Practically all the ideas in this chapter ... are due to Schläfli, who discovered them before 1853 — a time when Cayley, Grassman and Möbius were the only other people who had ever conceived the possibility of geometry in more than three dimensions.&quot;}}]}}

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== Conclusions==

=== Spherical relativity ===

We began our inquiry by wondering why physical space should be limited to just three dimensions (why ''three''). By visualizing the universe as a Euclidian space of four dimensions, we recognize that relativistic and quantum phenomena are natural consequences of symmetry group operations (including reflections and rotations) in four orthogonal dimensions. We should not then be surprised to see that the universe does not have just four dimensions, either. Physical space must bear as many dimensions as we need to ascribe to it, though the distinct phenomena for which we find a need to do so, in order to explain them, seem to be fewer and fewer as we consider higher and higher dimensions. To laws of physics generally, such as the principle of relativity in particular, we should always append the phrase &quot;in Euclidean spaces of any number of dimensions&quot;. Laws of physics should operate in any flat Euclidean space &lt;math&gt;R^n&lt;/math&gt; and in its corresponding spherical space &lt;math&gt;S^n&lt;/math&gt;.

The first and simplest sense in which we are forced to contemplate a fifth dimension is to accommodate our normal idea of time. Just as Einstein was forced to admit time as a dimension, in his four-dimensional spacetime of three spatial dimensions plus time, for some purposes we require a fifth time dimension to accompany our four spatial dimensions, when our purpose is orthogonal to (in the sense of independent of) the four spatial dimensions. For example, if we theorize that we observe a finite homogeneous universe, and that it is a Euclidean 4-space overall, we may prefer not to have to identify any distinct place within that 4-space as the center where the universe began in a big bang. To avoid having to pick a distinct place as the center of the universe, our model of it must be expanded, at least to be a ''spherical'' 4-dimensional space with the fifth radial dimension as time. Essentially, we require the fifth dimension in order to make our homogeneous 4-space finite, by wrapping it around into a 4-sphere. But perhaps we can still resist admitting the fifth radial dimension as a full-fledged Euclidean spatial dimension, at least so long as we have not observed how any naturally occurring object configurations are best described as 5-polytopes.

One phenomenon which resists explanation in a space of just four dimensions is the propagation of light in a vacuum. The propagation of mass-carrying particles is explained as the consequence of their rotations in closed, curved spaces (3-spheres) of finite size, moving through four-dimensional Euclidean space at a universal constant speed, the speed of light. But an apparent paradox remains that light must seemingly propagate through four-dimensional Euclidean space at more than the speed of light. From an ''n''-dimensional viewpoint, this apparent paradox can be resolved, and in retrospect it is clear how massless particles can translate through four-dimensional space at twice the speed constant, since they are not simultaneously rotating.

Another phenomenon justifying a five-dimensional view of space is the relation between the the 5-cell proton and the 16-cell neutron (the 4-simplex and 4-orthoplex polytopes). Their indirect relationship can be observed in the 4-600-point polytope (the 120-cell), and in its 11-cells,{{Sfn|Christie|2025|loc=&quot;A symmetrical arrangement of eleven 11-cells&quot;}} but it is only directly observed (absent a 120-cell) in a five-dimensional reference frame.

=== Nuclear geometry ===
We have seen how isoclinic rotations (Clifford displacements) relate the orbits in the atomic nucleus to each other, just as they relate the regular convex 4-polytopes to each other, in a sequence of nested objects of increasing complexity. We have identified the proton as a  5-point, 5-cell 4-simplex 𝜶&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, the neutron as an 8-point, 16-cell 4-orthoplex 𝛽&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, and the shell of the atomic nucleus as a 24-point 24-cell. As Coxeter noted, that unique 24-point object stands quite alone in four dimensions, having no analogue above or below.

=== Atomic geometry ===
I'm on a plane flying to Eugene to visit Catalin, we'll talk after I arrive. I've been working on both my unpublished papers, the one going put for pre-publication review soon about 4D geometry, and the big one not going out soon about the 4D sun, 4D atoms, and 4D galaxies and n-D universe. I'vd just added the following paragraph to that big paper:

Atomic geometry

The force binding the protons and neutrons of the nucleus together into a distinct element is specifically an expression of the 11-cell 4-polytope, itself an expression of the pyritohedral symmetry, which binds the distinct 4-polytopes to each other, and relates the n-polytopes to their neighbors of different n by dimensional analogy.


flying over mt shasta out my right-side window at the moment, that last text showing &quot;not delivered&quot; yet because there's no wifi on this plane, gazing at that great peak of the world and feeling as if i've just made the first ascent of it

=== Molecular geometry ===
Molecules are 3-dimensional structures that live in the thin film of 3-membrane only one atom thick in most places that is our ordinary space, but since that is a significantly curved 3-dimensional space at the scale of a molecule, the way the molecule's covalent bonds form is influenced by the local curvature in 4-dimensions at that point.

In the water molecule, there is a reason why the hydrogen atoms are attached to the oxygen atom at an angle of 104.45° in 3-dimensional space, and at root it must be the same symmetry that locates any two of the hydrogen proton's five vertices 104.45° apart on a great circle arc of its tiny 3-sphere.

=== Cosmology ===

==== Solar systems ====

===== Stars =====
...

===== The Kepler problem =====
In the proper reference frame of some hypothetical observer in 4-dimensional Euclidean space, the Kepler problem has a solution in which all the planetary orbits are circles. This occurs because all bodies are always orbiting, each in some distinct isoclinic (equi-angled double) rotation. All atoms are rotating isoclinically at (double) the velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;. In the observer's proper reference frame, the isoclinic double rotation of each of his own atoms is most conveniently represented as an equivalent screw displacement: a linear translation at velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt; (along the observer's proper time axis through 4-space), combined with a simple rotation at velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt; (of the atom internally). 

This representation, though proper, is subject to the over-simplification of special relativity, because it ignores the fact that the observer is himself moving on some circular orbit; he is not linearly translating through 4-space. When the observer's own orbit is also represented, the screw displacement becomes an elliptical double rotation, with a very slow, very large-radius simple circular orbit (almost a linear translation), combined with a very fast, very small-radius simple circular orbit of each atom internally. This is the observer's proper reference frame according to general relativity.

An observer moving differently will perceive the motion of the observer and his atoms to be a different elliptical double rotation. We can find a proper reference frame, of some hypothetical observer moving hypothetically, in which the ratio of the radii of the two orthogonal rotations of the atom becomes any value we choose between 1 and &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;. In particular there exists, conceptually accessible to all observers independent of their motion, a distinct reference frame in which an atom is stationary, rotating isoclinically at (double) the velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;. That is simply the stationary reference frame of the atom itself, such as the stationary reference frame of any observer and his own atoms. In 3-dimensional physics, it is known as the observer's proper inertial reference frame. But in 4-dimensional physics, that is ''not'' the most convenient or sensible reference frame in which to consider objects moving differently, in different proper reference frames. In 4-dimensional physics, a reference frame in which an observer and his atoms are translating linearly at velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt; is known as the observer's proper inertial reference frame. Any such proper reference frame makes a great deal more sense for the purpose of considering the motion of objects moving differently in 4-space, just as a heliocentric solar system makes a great deal more sense than a geocentric solar system for the purpose of considering the motion of the planets.

...

==== Galaxies ====

The spacetime of general relativity is often illustrated as a projection to a curved 2D surface in which large gravitational objects make gravity wells or dimples in the surface. In the Euclidean 4D view of the universe the 3D surface of a large cosmic object such as a galaxy surrounds an empty 4D space, and large gravitational objects within the galaxy must make dimples in its surface. But should we see them as dimples exactly? Would they dimple inwards or outwards? In the spacetime illustrations they are naturally always shown as dimpling downwards, which is somewhat disingenuous, strongly suggesting to the viewer that the reason for gravity is that it flows downhill - the original tautology we are trying to surmount! In the Euclidean 4D galaxy the dimple, if it is one, must be either inward or outward, and which it is matters since the dimple is flying outward at velocity {{mvar|c}}. The galaxy is not collapsing inward. Is a large gravitational mass (such as a star) ''ahead'' of the smaller masses orbiting around it (such as its planets), or is it ''behind'' them, as they fly through 4-space on their Clifford parallel trajectories? The answer is ''both'' of course, because a star is not a dimple, it is a 4-ball, and it dimples the 3D surface both inwards and outwards. It is a thick place in the 3D surface. We should view it as having its gravitational center precisely at the surface of the expanding 3-sphere. 

What is a black hole? It is the hollow four-dimensional space that a galaxy is the three-dimensional surface of.

When we view another galaxy, such as Andromeda, we are seeing that whole galaxy from a distance, the way the moon astronauts looked back at the whole earth. We see our own milky way galaxy from where we are on its surface, the way we see the earth from its surface, except that the earth is solid, but the galaxy is hollow and transparent. We can look across its empty center and see all the other stars also on its surface, including those opposite ours on the far side of its 3-sphere. The thicker band of stars we see in our night sky and identify as the milky way is not our whole galaxy; the majority of the other visible stars also lie in our galaxy. That dense band is not thicker and brighter than other parts of our galaxy because it lies toward a dense galactic center (our galaxy has an empty center), but for exactly the opposite reason: those apparently more thickly clustered stars lie all around us on the galaxy's surface, in the nearest region of space surrounding us. They appear to be densely packed only because we are looking at them &quot;edge on&quot;. Actually, we are looking into this nearby apparently dense region ''face on'', not edge on, because we are looking at a round sphere of space surrounding us, not a disk. In contrast, stars in our galaxy outside that bright band lie farther off from us, across the empty center of the galaxy, and we see them spread out as they actually are, instead of &quot;edge on&quot; so they appear to be densely clustered. The &quot;dense band&quot; covers only an equatorial band of the night sky instead of all the sky, because when we look out into the four-dimensional space around us, we can see stars above and below our three-dimensional hyperplane in our four-dimensional space. Everything in our solar system lies in our hyperplane, and the nearby stars around us in our galaxy are near our hyperplane (just slightly below it). All the other, more distant stars in our galaxy are also below our hyperplane. We can see objects outside our galaxy, such as other galaxies, both above and below our hyperplane. We can see all around us above our hyperplane (looking up from the galactic surface into the fourth dimension), and all around us below our hyperplane (looking down through our transparent galaxy and out the other side).

== Revolutions ==
The original Copernican revolution displaced the center of the universe from the center of the earth to a point farther away, the center of the sun, with the stars remaining on a fixed sphere around the sun instead of around the earth. But this led inevitably to the recognition that the sun must be a star itself, not equidistant from all the stars, and the center of but one of many spheres, no monotheistic center at all. 

In such fashion the Euclidean four-dimensional viewpoint initially lends itself to a big bang theory of a single origin of the whole universe, but leads inevitably to the recognition that all the stars need not be equidistant from a single origin in time, any more than they all lie in the same galaxy, equidistant from its center in space. The expanding sphere of matter on the surface of which we find ourselves living might be one of many such spheres, with their big bang origins occurring at distinct times and places in the 4-dimensional universe.

When we look up at the heavens, we have no obvious way of knowing whether the space we are looking into is a curved 3-spherical one or a flat 4-space. In this work we suggest a theory of how light travels that says we can see into all four dimensions, and so when we look up at night we see cosmological objects distributed in 4-dimensional space, and not all located on our own 3-spherical membrane. The view from our solar system suggests that our galaxy is its own hollow 3-sphere, and that galaxies generally are single roughly spherical 3-membranes, with the smaller objects within them all lying on that same 3-spherical surface, equidistant from the galaxy center in 4-space. 

The Euclidean four-dimensional viewpoint requires that all mass-carrying objects are in motion at constant velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;, although the relative velocity between nearby objects is much smaller since they move on similar vectors, aimed away from a common origin point in the past. It is natural to expect that objects moving at constant velocity away from a common origin will be distributed roughly on the surface of an expanding 3-sphere. Since their paths away from their origin are not straight lines but various helical isoclines, their 3-sphere will be expanding radially at slightly less than the constant velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;. The view from our solar system does ''not'' suggest that each galaxy is its own distinct 3-sphere expanding at this great rate; rather, the standard theory has been that the entire observable universe is expanding from a single big bang origin in time. While the Euclidean four-dimensional viewpoint lends itself to that standard theory, it also allows theories which require no single origin point in space and time.

These are the voyages of starship Earth, to boldly go where no one has gone before. It made the jump to lightspeed long ago, in whatever big bang its atoms emerged from, and hasn't slowed down since.

== Origins of the theory ==
Einstein himself was one of the first to imagine the universe as the three-dimensional surface of a four-dimensional Euclidean sphere, in what was narrowly the first written articulation of the principle of Euclidean 4-space relativity, contemporaneous with the teen-aged Coxeter's (quoted below). Einstein did this as a [[W:Gedankenexperiment|gedankenexperiment]] in the context of investigating whether his equations of general relativity predicted an infinite or a finite universe, in his 1921 Princeton lecture.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/36276|title=The Meaning of Relativity|last=Einstein|first=Albert|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1923|isbn=|location=|pages=110-111}}&lt;/ref&gt; He invited us to imagine &quot;A spherical manifold of three dimensions, embedded in a Euclidean continuum of four dimensions&quot;, but he was careful to disclaim parenthetically that &quot;The aid of a fourth space dimension has naturally no significance except that of a mathematical artifice.&quot;

Informally, the Euclidean 4-dimensional theory of relativity may be given as a sort of reciprocal of that formulation of Einstein's: ''The Minkowski spacetime has naturally no significance except that of a mathematical artifice, as an aid to understanding how things will appear to an observer from his perspective; the forthshortenings, clock desynchronizations and other perceptual effects it predicts are exact calculations of actual perspective effects; but space is actually a flat, Euclidean continuum of four orthogonal spatial dimensions, and in it the ordinary laws of a flat vector space hold (such as the Pythagorean theorem), and all sightline calculations work classically, so long as you consider all four dimensions.''

The Euclidean 4-dimensional theory differs from the standard theory in being a description of the physical universe in terms of a geometry of four or more orthogonal spatial dimensions, rather than in the standard theory's terms of the [[w:Minkowski spacetime|Minkowski spacetime]] geometry (in which three spatial dimensions and a time dimension comprise a unified spacetime of four dimensions). The invention of geometry of more than three spatial dimensions preceded Einstein's theories by more than fifty years. It was first worked out by the Swiss mathematician [[w:Ludwig Schläfli|Ludwig Schläfli]] around 1850. Schläfli extended Euclid's geometry of one, two, and three dimensions in a direct way to four or more dimensions, generalizing the rules and terms of [[w:Euclidean geometry|Euclidean geometry]] to spaces of any number of dimensions. He coined the general term ''polyscheme'' to mean geometric forms of any number of dimensions, including two-dimensional [[w:polygon|polygons]], three-dimensional [[w:polyhedron|polyhedra]], four dimensional [[w:polychoron|polychora]], and so on, and in the process he discovered all the [[w:Regular polytope|regular polyschemes]] that are possible in every dimension, including in particular the six convex regular polyschemes which can be constructed in a space of four dimensions (a set analogous to the five [[w:Platonic solid|Platonic solids]] in three dimensional space). Thus he was the first to explore the fourth dimension, reveal its emergent geometric properties, and discover all its astonishing regular objects. Because most of his work remained almost completely unknown until it was published posthumously in 1901, other researchers had more than fifty years to rediscover the regular polyschemes, and competing terms were coined; today [[W:Alicia Boole Stott|Alicia Boole Stott]]'s word ''[[w:Polytope|polytope]]'' is the commonly used term for ''polyscheme''.{{Efn|Today Schläfli's original ''polyscheme'', with its echo of ''schema'' as in the configurations of information structures, seems even more fitting in its generality than ''polytope'' -- perhaps analogously as information software (programming) is even more general than information hardware (computers).}}

== Boundaries ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;Ever since we discovered that Earth is round and turns like a mad-spinning top, we have understood that reality is not as it appears to us: every time we glimpse a new aspect of it, it is a deeply emotional experience. Another veil has fallen.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Carlo Rovelli|title=Seven Brief Lessons on Physics}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Of course it is strange to consciously contemplate this world we inhabit, our planet, our solar system, our vast galaxy, as the merest film, a boundary no thicker in the places we inhabit than the diameter of an electron (though much thicker in some places we cannot inhabit, such as the interior of stars). But is not our unconscious traditional concept of the boundary of our world even stranger? Since the enlightenment we are accustomed to thinking that there is nothing beyond three dimensional space: no boundary, because there is nothing else to separate us from. But anyone who knows the [[polyscheme]]s Schlafli discovered knows that space can have any number of dimensions, and that there are fundamental objects and motions to be discovered in four dimensions that are even more various and interesting than those we can discover in three. The strange thing, when we think about it, is that there ''is'' a boundary between three and four dimensions. ''Why'' can't we move (or apparently, see) in more than three dimensions? Why is our world apparently only three dimensional? Why would it have ''three'' dimensions, and not four, or five, or the ''n'' dimensions that Schlafli mapped? What is the nature of the boundary which confines us to just three? 

We know that in Euclidean geometry the boundary between three and four dimensions is itself a spherical three dimensional space, so we should suspect that we are materially confined within such a curved boundary. Light need not be confined with us within our three dimensional boundary space. We would look directly through four dimensional space in our natural way by receiving light signals that traveled to us on straight lines through it. The reason we do not observe a fourth spatial dimension in our vicinity is that there are no nearby objects in it, just off our hyperplane in the wild. The nearest four-dimensional object we can see with our eyes is our sun, which lies equatorially in our own hyperplane, though it bulges out of it above and below. But when we look up at the heavens, every pinprick of light we observe is itself a four-dimensional object off our hyperplane, and they are distributed around us in four-dimensional space through which we gaze. We are four-dimensionally sighted creates, even though our bodies are three-dimensional objects, thin as an atom in the fourth dimension. But that should not surprise us: we can see into three dimensional space even though our retinas are two dimensional objects, thin as a photoreceptor cell.

Our unconscious provincial concept is that there is nothing else outside our three dimensional world: no boundary, because there is nothing else to separate us from. But Schlafli discovered something else: all the astonishing regular objects that exist in higher dimensions. So this conception now has the same kind of status as our idea that the sun rises in the east and passes overhead: it is mere appearance, not a true model and not a proper explanation. A boundary is an explanation, be it ever so thin. And would a boundary of ''no'' thickness, a mere abstraction with no physical power to separate, be a more suitable explanation?

&lt;blockquote&gt;The number of dimensions possessed by a figure is the number of straight lines each perpendicular to all the others which can be drawn on it. Thus a point has no dimensions, a straight line one, a plane surface two, and a solid three ....

In space as we now know it only three lines can be imagined perpendicular to each other. A fourth line, perpendicular to all the other three would be quite invisible and unimaginable to us. We ourselves and all the material things around us probably possess a fourth dimension, of which we are quite unaware. If not, from a four-dimensional point of view we are mere geometrical abstractions, like geometrical surfaces, lines, and points are to us. But this thickness in the fourth dimension must be exceedingly minute, if it exists at all. That is, we could only draw an exceedingly small line perpendicular to our three perpendicular lines, length, breadth and thickness, so small that no microscope could ever perceive it.

We can find out something about the conditions of the fourth and higher dimensions if they exist, without being certain that they do exist, by a process which I have termed &quot;Dimensional Analogy.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Dimensional Analogy|last=Coxeter|first=Donald|date=February 1923|publisher=Coxeter Fonds, University of Toronto Archives|authorlink=W:Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter|series=|postscript=|work=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

I believe, but I cannot prove, that our universe is properly a Euclidean space of four orthogonal spatial dimensions. Others will have to work out the physics and do the math, because I don't have the mathematics; entirely unlike Coxeter and Einstein, I am illiterate in those languages.

&lt;blockquote&gt;
::::::BEECH

:Where my imaginary line
:Bends square in woods, an iron spine
:And pile of real rocks have been founded.
:And off this corner in the wild,
:Where these are driven in and piled,
:One tree, by being deeply wounded,
:Has been impressed as Witness Tree
:And made commit to memory
:My proof of being not unbounded.
:Thus truth's established and borne out,
:Though circumstanced with dark and doubt—
:Though by a world of doubt surrounded.

:::::::—''The Moodie Forester''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=A Witness Tree|last=Frost|first=Robert|year=1942|series=The Poetry of Robert Frost|publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston|edition=1969|}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Sequence of regular 4-polytopes ==
{{Regular convex 4-polytopes|wiki=W:|radius={{radic|2}}|columns=9}}

== Notes ==
{{Efn|In a ''[[W:William Kingdon Clifford|Clifford]] displacement'', also known as an [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]], all the Clifford parallel{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} invariant planes are displaced in four orthogonal directions (two completely orthogonal planes) at once: they are rotated by the same angle, and at the same time they are tilted ''sideways'' by that same angle. A [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Isoclinic rotations|Clifford displacement]] is [[W:8-cell#Radial equilateral symmetry|4-dimensionally diagonal]].{{Efn|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}} Every plane that is Clifford parallel to one of the completely orthogonal planes (including in this case an entire Clifford parallel bundle of 4 hexagons, but not all 16 hexagons) is invariant under the isoclinic rotation: all the points in the plane rotate in circles but remain in the plane, even as the whole plane tilts sideways. All 16 hexagons rotate by the same angle (though only 4 of them do so invariantly). All 16 hexagons are rotated by 60 degrees, and also displaced sideways by 60 degrees to a Clifford parallel hexagon. All of the other central polygons (e.g. squares) are also displaced to a Clifford parallel polygon 60 degrees away.|name=Clifford displacement}}

{{Efn|It is not difficult to visualize four hexagonal planes intersecting at 60 degrees to each other, even in three dimensions. Four hexagonal central planes intersect at 60 degrees in the [[W:cuboctahedron|cuboctahedron]]. Four of the 24-cell's 16 hexagonal central planes (lying in the same 3-dimensional hyperplane) intersect at each of the 24-cell's vertices exactly the way they do at the center of a cuboctahedron. But the ''edges'' around the vertex do not meet as the radii do at the center of a cuboctahedron; the 24-cell has 8 edges around each vertex, not 12, so its vertex figure is the cube, not the cuboctahedron. The 8 edges meet exactly the way 8 edges do at the apex of a canonical [[W:cubic pyramid]|cubic pyramid]].{{Efn|name=24-cell vertex figure}}|name=cuboctahedral hexagons}}

{{Efn|The long radius (center to vertex) of the 24-cell is equal to its edge length; thus its long diameter (vertex to opposite vertex) is 2 edge lengths. Only a few uniform polytopes have this property, including the four-dimensional 24-cell and [[W:Tesseract#Radial equilateral symmetry|tesseract]], the three-dimensional [[W:Cuboctahedron#Radial equilateral symmetry|cuboctahedron]], and the two-dimensional [[W:Hexagon#Regular hexagon|hexagon]]. (The cuboctahedron is the equatorial cross section of the 24-cell, and the hexagon is the equatorial cross section of the cuboctahedron.) '''Radially equilateral''' polytopes are those which can be constructed, with their long radii, from equilateral triangles which meet at the center of the polytope, each contributing two radii and an edge.|name=radially equilateral|group=}}

{{Efn|Eight {{sqrt|1}} edges converge in curved 3-dimensional space from the corners of the 24-cell's cubical vertex figure{{Efn|The [[W:vertex figure|vertex figure]] is the facet which is made by truncating a vertex; canonically, at the mid-edges incident to the vertex. But one can make similar vertex figures of different radii by truncating at any point along those edges, up to and including truncating at the adjacent vertices to make a ''full size'' vertex figure. Stillwell defines the vertex figure as &quot;the convex hull of the neighbouring vertices of a given vertex&quot;.{{Sfn|Stillwell|2001|p=17}} That is what serves the illustrative purpose here.|name=full size vertex figure}} and meet at its center (the vertex), where they form 4 straight lines which cross there. The 8 vertices of the cube are the eight nearest other vertices of the 24-cell. The straight lines are geodesics: two {{sqrt|1}}-length segments of an apparently straight line (in the 3-space of the 24-cell's curved surface) that is bent in the 4th dimension into a great circle hexagon (in 4-space). Imagined from inside this curved 3-space, the bends in the hexagons are invisible. From outside (if we could view the 24-cell in 4-space), the straight lines would be seen to bend in the 4th dimension at the cube centers, because the center is displaced outward in the 4th dimension, out of the hyperplane defined by the cube's vertices. Thus the vertex cube is actually a [[W:cubic pyramid|cubic pyramid]]. Unlike a cube, it seems to be radially equilateral (like the tesseract and the 24-cell itself): its &quot;radius&quot; equals its edge length.{{Efn|The vertex cubic pyramid is not actually radially equilateral,{{Efn|name=radially equilateral}} because the edges radiating from its apex are not actually its radii: the apex of the [[W:cubic pyramid|cubic pyramid]] is not actually its center, just one of its vertices.}}|name=24-cell vertex figure}}

{{Efn|The hexagons are inclined (tilted) at 60 degrees with respect to the unit radius coordinate system's orthogonal planes. Each hexagonal plane contains only ''one'' of the 4 coordinate system axes.{{Efn|Each great hexagon of the 24-cell contains one axis (one pair of antipodal vertices) belonging to each of the three inscribed 16-cells. The 24-cell contains three disjoint inscribed 16-cells, rotated 60° isoclinically{{Efn|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}} with respect to each other (so their corresponding vertices are 120° {{=}} {{radic|3}} apart). A [[16-cell#Coordinates|16-cell is an orthonormal ''basis'']] for a 4-dimensional coordinate system, because its 8 vertices define the four orthogonal axes. In any choice of a vertex-up coordinate system (such as the unit radius coordinates used in this article), one of the three inscribed 16-cells is the basis for the coordinate system, and each hexagon has only ''one'' axis which is a coordinate system axis.|name=three basis 16-cells}} The hexagon consists of 3 pairs of opposite vertices (three 24-cell diameters): one opposite pair of ''integer'' coordinate vertices (one of the four coordinate axes), and two opposite pairs of ''half-integer'' coordinate vertices (not coordinate axes). For example:
{{indent|17}}({{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}1,{{spaces|2}}0)
{{indent|5}}({{spaces|2}}&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,–&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,{{spaces|2}}&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,–&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;){{spaces|3}}({{spaces|2}}&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,{{spaces|2}}&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,{{spaces|2}}&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,{{spaces|2}}&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;)
{{indent|5}}(–&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,–&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,–&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,–&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;){{spaces|3}}(–&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,{{spaces|2}}&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,–&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,{{spaces|2}}&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;)
{{indent|17}}({{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}0,–1,{{spaces|2}}0)&lt;br&gt;
is a hexagon on the ''y'' axis. Unlike the {{sqrt|2}} squares, the hexagons are actually made of 24-cell edges, so they are visible features of the 24-cell.|name=non-orthogonal hexagons|group=}}

{{Efn|Visualize the three [[16-cell]]s inscribed in the 24-cell (left, right, and middle), and the rotation which takes them to each other. [[24-cell#Reciprocal constructions from 8-cell and 16-cell|The vertices of the middle 16-cell lie on the (w, x, y, z) coordinate axes]];{{Efn|name=six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} the other two are rotated 60° [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinically]] to its left and its right. The 24-vertex 24-cell is a compound of three 16-cells, whose three sets of 8 vertices are distributed around the 24-cell symmetrically; each vertex is surrounded by 8 others (in the 3-dimensional space of the 4-dimensional 24-cell's ''surface''), the way the vertices of a cube surround its center.{{Efn|name=24-cell vertex figure}} The 8 surrounding vertices (the cube corners) lie in other 16-cells: 4 in the other 16-cell to the left, and 4 in the other 16-cell to the right. They are the vertices of two tetrahedra inscribed in the cube, one belonging (as a cell) to each 16-cell. If the 16-cell edges are {{radic|2}}, each vertex of the compound of three 16-cells is {{radic|1}} away from its 8 surrounding vertices in other 16-cells. Now visualize those {{radic|1}} distances as the edges of the 24-cell (while continuing to visualize the disjoint 16-cells). The {{radic|1}} edges form great hexagons of 6 vertices which run around the 24-cell in a central plane. ''Four'' hexagons cross at each vertex (and its antipodal vertex), inclined at 60° to each other.{{Efn|name=cuboctahedral hexagons}} The [[24-cell#Hexagons|hexagons]] are not perpendicular to each other, or to the 16-cells' perpendicular [[24-cell#Squares|square central planes]].{{Efn|name=non-orthogonal hexagons}} The left and right 16-cells form a tesseract.{{Efn|Each pair of the three 16-cells inscribed in the 24-cell forms a 4-dimensional [[W:tesseract|hypercube (a tesseract or 8-cell)]], in [[24-cell#Relationships among interior polytopes|dimensional analogy]] to the way two tetrahedra form a cube: the two 8-vertex 16-cells are inscribed in the 16-vertex tesseract, occupying its alternate vertices. The third 16-cell does not lie within the tesseract; its 8 vertices protrude from the sides of the tesseract, forming a cubic pyramid on each of the tesseract's cubic cells. The three pairs of 16-cells form three tesseracts.{{Efn|name=three 8-cells}} The tesseracts share vertices, but the 16-cells are completely disjoint.{{Efn|name=completely disjoint}}|name=three 16-cells form three tesseracts}} Two 16-cells have vertex-pairs which are one {{radic|1}} edge (one hexagon edge) apart. But a [[24-cell#Simple rotations|''simple'' rotation]] of 60° will not take one whole 16-cell to another 16-cell, because their vertices are 60° apart in different directions, and a simple rotation has only one hexagonal plane of rotation. One 16-cell ''can'' be taken to another 16-cell by a 60° [[24-cell#Isoclinic rotations|''isoclinic'' rotation]], because an isoclinic rotation is [[3-sphere]] symmetric: four [[24-cell#Clifford parallel polytopes|Clifford parallel hexagonal planes]] rotate together, but in four different rotational directions,{{Efn|name=Clifford displacement}} taking each 16-cell to another 16-cell. But since an isoclinic 60°  rotation is a ''diagonal'' rotation by 60° in ''two'' completely orthogonal directions at once,{{Efn|name=isoclinic geodesic}} the corresponding vertices of the 16-cell and the 16-cell it is taken to are 120° apart: ''two'' {{radic|1}} hexagon edges (or one {{radic|3}} hexagon chord) apart, not one {{radic|1}} edge (60°) apart as in a simple rotation.{{Efn|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}} By the [[W:chiral|chiral]] diagonal nature of isoclinic rotations, the 16-cell ''cannot'' reach the adjacent 16-cell by rotating toward it; it can only reach the 16-cell ''beyond'' it. But of course, the 16-cell beyond the 16-cell to its right is the 16-cell to its left. So a 60° isoclinic  rotation ''will'' take every 16-cell to another 16-cell: a 60° ''right'' isoclinic rotation will take the middle 16-cell to the 16-cell we may have originally visualized as the ''left'' 16-cell, and a 60° ''left'' isoclinic rotation will take the middle 16-cell to the 16-cell we visualized as the ''right'' 16-cell. (If so, that was our error in visualization; the 16-cell to the &quot;left&quot; is in fact the one reached by the left isoclinic rotation, as that is the only sense in which the two 16-cells are left or right of each other.)|name=three isoclinic 16-cells}}

{{Efn|In a double rotation each vertex can be said to move along two completely orthogonal great circles at the same time, but it does not stay within the central plane of either of those original great circles; rather, it moves along a helical geodesic that traverses diagonally between great circles. The two completely orthogonal planes of rotation are said to be ''invariant'' because the points in each stay in the plane ''as the plane moves'', tilting sideways by the same angle that the other plane rotates.|name=helical geodesic}}

{{Efn|A point under isoclinic rotation traverses the diagonal{{Efn|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}} straight line of a single '''isoclinic geodesic''', reaching its destination directly, instead of the bent line of two successive '''simple geodesics'''. A '''[[W:geodesic|geodesic]]''' is the ''shortest path'' through a space (intuitively, a string pulled taught between two points). Simple geodesics are great circles lying in a central plane (the only kind of geodesics that occur in 3-space on the 2-sphere). Isoclinic geodesics are different: they do ''not'' lie in a single plane; they are 4-dimensional [[W:helix|spirals]] rather than simple 2-dimensional circles.{{Efn|name=helical geodesic}} But they are not like 3-dimensional [[W:screw threads|screw threads]] either, because they form a closed loop like any circle (after ''two'' revolutions). Isoclinic geodesics are ''4-dimensional great circles'', and they are just as circular as 2-dimensional circles: in fact, twice as circular, because they curve in a circle in two completely orthogonal directions at once.{{Efn|Isoclinic geodesics are ''4-dimensional great circles'' in the sense that they are 1-dimensional geodesic ''lines'' that curve in 4-space in two completely orthogonal planes at once. They should not be confused with ''great 2-spheres'',{{Sfn|Stillwell|2001|p=24}} which are the 4-dimensional analogues of 2-dimensional great circles (great 1-spheres).}} These '''isoclines''' are geodesic 1-dimensional lines embedded in a 4-dimensional space. On the 3-sphere{{Efn|All isoclines are geodesics, and isoclines on the 3-sphere are 4-dimensionally circular, but not all isoclines on 3-manifolds in 4-space are perfectly circular.}} they always occur in [[W:chiral|chiral]] pairs and form a pair of [[W:Villarceau circle|Villarceau circle]]s on the [[W:Clifford torus|Clifford torus]],{{Efn|Isoclines on the 3-sphere occur in non-intersecting chiral pairs. A left and a right isocline form a [[W:Hopf link|Hopf link]] called the {1,1} torus knot{{Sfn|Dorst|2019|loc=§1. Villarceau Circles|p=44|ps=; &quot;In mathematics, the path that the (1, 1) knot on the torus traces is also
known as a [[W:Villarceau circle|Villarceau circle]]. Villarceau circles are usually introduced as two
intersecting circles that are the cross-section of a torus by a well-chosen plane
cutting it. Picking one such circle and rotating it around the torus
axis, the resulting family of circles can be used to rule the torus. By nesting
tori smartly, the collection of all such circles then form a [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fibration]].... we prefer to consider the Villarceau circle as the
(1, 1) torus knot [a [[W:Hopf link|Hopf link]]] rather than as a planar cut [two intersecting circles].&quot;}} in which ''each'' of the two linked circles traverses all four dimensions.}} the paths of the left and the right [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Double rotations|isoclinic rotation]]. They are [[W:Helix|helices]] bent into a [[W:Möbius strip|Möbius loop]] in the fourth dimension, taking a diagonal [[W:Winding number|winding route]] twice around the 3-sphere through the non-adjacent vertices of a 4-polytope's [[W:Skew polygon#Regular skew polygons in four dimensions|skew polygon]].|name=isoclinic geodesic}}

{{Efn|[[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]]s are non-intersecting curved lines that are parallel in the sense that the perpendicular (shortest) distance between them is the same at each point.{{Sfn|Tyrrell|Semple|1971|loc=§3. Clifford's original definition of parallelism|pp=5-6}} A double helix is an example of Clifford parallelism in ordinary 3-dimensional Euclidean space. In 4-space Clifford parallels occur as geodesic great circles on the [[W:3-sphere|3-sphere]].{{Sfn|Kim|Rote|2016|pp=8-10|loc=Relations to Clifford Parallelism}} Whereas in 3-dimensional space, any two geodesic great circles on the 2-sphere will always intersect at two antipodal points, in 4-dimensional space not all great circles intersect; various sets of Clifford parallel non-intersecting geodesic great circles can be found on the 3-sphere. Perhaps the simplest example is that six mutually orthogonal great circles can be drawn on the 3-sphere, as three pairs of completely orthogonal great circles.{{Efn|name=six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} Each completely orthogonal pair is Clifford parallel. The two circles cannot intersect at all, because they lie in planes which intersect at only one point: the center of the 3-sphere.{{Efn|name=only some Clifford parallels are orthogonal}} Because they are perpendicular and share a common center, the two circles are obviously not parallel and separate in the usual way of parallel circles in 3 dimensions; rather they are connected like adjacent links in a chain, each passing through the other without intersecting at any points, forming a [[W:Hopf link|Hopf link]].|name=Clifford parallels}}

{{Efn|In the 24-cell each great square plane is completely orthogonal{{Efn|name=completely orthogonal planes}} to another great square plane, and each great hexagon plane is completely orthogonal to a plane which intersects only two vertices: a great [[W:digon|digon]] plane.|name=pairs of completely orthogonal planes}}

{{Efn|In an [[24-cell#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]], each point anywhere in the 4-polytope moves an equal distance in four orthogonal directions at once, on a [[W:8-cell#Radial equilateral symmetry|4-dimensional diagonal]]. The point is displaced a total [[W:Pythagorean distance]] equal to the square root of four times the square of that distance. For example, when the unit-radius 24-cell rotates isoclinically 60° in a hexagon invariant plane and 60° in its completely orthogonal invariant plane,{{Efn|name=pairs of completely orthogonal planes}} all vertices are displaced to a vertex two edge lengths away. Each vertex is displaced to another vertex {{radic|3}} (120°) away, moving {{radic|3/4}} in four orthogonal coordinate directions.|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}}

{{Efn|Each square plane is isoclinic (Clifford parallel) to five other square planes but completely orthogonal{{Efn|name=completely orthogonal planes}} to only one of them.{{Efn|name=Clifford parallel squares in the 16-cell and 24-cell}} Every pair of completely orthogonal planes has Clifford parallel great circles, but not all Clifford parallel great circles are orthogonal (e.g., none of the hexagonal geodesics in the 24-cell are mutually orthogonal).|name=only some Clifford parallels are orthogonal}}

{{Efn|In the [[16-cell#Rotations|16-cell]] the 6 orthogonal great squares form 3 pairs of completely orthogonal great circles; each pair is Clifford parallel. In the 24-cell, the 3 inscribed 16-cells lie rotated 60 degrees isoclinically{{Efn|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}} with respect to each other; consequently their corresponding vertices are 120 degrees apart on a hexagonal great circle. Pairing their vertices which are 90 degrees apart reveals corresponding square great circles which are Clifford parallel. Each of the 18 square great circles is Clifford parallel not only to one other square great circle in the same 16-cell (the completely orthogonal one), but also to two square great circles (which are completely orthogonal to each other) in each of the other two 16-cells. (Completely orthogonal great circles are Clifford parallel, but not all Clifford parallels are orthogonal.{{Efn|name=only some Clifford parallels are orthogonal}}) A 60 degree isoclinic rotation of the 24-cell in hexagonal invariant planes takes each square great circle to a Clifford parallel (but non-orthogonal) square great circle in a different 16-cell.|name=Clifford parallel squares in the 16-cell and 24-cell}}

{{Efn|In 4 dimensional space we can construct 4 perpendicular axes and 6 perpendicular planes through a point. Without loss of generality, we may take these to be the axes and orthogonal central planes of a (w, x, y, z) Cartesian coordinate system. In 4 dimensions we have the same 3 orthogonal planes (xy, xz, yz) that we have in 3 dimensions, and also 3 others (wx, wy, wz). Each of the 6 orthogonal planes shares an axis with 4 of the others, and is ''completely orthogonal'' to just one of the others: the only one with which it does not share an axis. Thus there are 3 pairs of completely orthogonal planes: xy and wz intersect only at the origin; xz and wy intersect only at the origin; yz and wx intersect only at the origin.|name=six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}}

{{Efn|Two planes in 4-dimensional space can have four possible reciprocal positions: (1) they can coincide (be exactly the same plane); (2) they can be parallel (the only way they can fail to intersect at all); (3) they can intersect in a single line, as two non-parallel planes do in 3-dimensional space; or (4) '''they can intersect in a single point'''{{Efn|To visualize how two planes can intersect in a single point in a four dimensional space, consider the Euclidean space (w, x, y, z) and imagine that the w dimension represents time rather than a spatial dimension. The xy central plane (where w{{=}}0, z{{=}}0) shares no axis with the wz central plane (where x{{=}}0, y{{=}}0). The xy plane exists at only a single instant in time (w{{=}}0); the wz plane (and in particular the w axis) exists all the time. Thus their only moment and place of intersection is at the origin point (0,0,0,0).|name=how planes intersect at a single point}} (and they ''must'', if they are completely orthogonal).{{Efn|Two flat planes A and B of a Euclidean space of four dimensions are called ''completely orthogonal'' if and only if every line in A is orthogonal to every line in B. In that case the planes A and B intersect at a single point O, so that if a line in A intersects with a line in B, they intersect at O.{{Efn|name=six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}}|name=completely orthogonal planes}}|name=how planes intersect}}

{{Efn|Polytopes are '''completely disjoint''' if all their ''element sets'' are disjoint: they do not share any vertices, edges, faces or cells. They may still overlap in space, sharing 4-content, volume, area, or lineage.|name=completely disjoint}}

{{Efn|If the [[W:Euclidean distance|Pythagorean distance]] between any two vertices is {{sqrt|1}}, their geodesic distance is 1; they may be two adjacent vertices (in the curved 3-space of the surface), or a vertex and the center (in 4-space). If their Pythagorean distance is {{sqrt|2}}, their geodesic distance is 2 (whether via 3-space or 4-space, because the path along the edges is the same straight line with one 90&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt; bend in it as the path through the center). If their Pythagorean distance is {{sqrt|3}}, their geodesic distance is still 2 (whether on a hexagonal great circle past one 60&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt; bend, or as a straight line with one 60&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt; bend in it through the center). Finally, if their Pythagorean distance is {{sqrt|4}}, their geodesic distance is still 2 in 4-space (straight through the center), but it reaches 3 in 3-space (by going halfway around a hexagonal great circle).|name=Geodesic distance}}

{{Efn|Two angles are required to fix the relative positions of two planes in 4-space.{{Sfn|Kim|Rote|2016|p=7|loc=§6 Angles between two Planes in 4-Space|ps=; &quot;In four (and higher) dimensions, we need two angles to fix the relative position between two planes. (More generally, ''k'' angles are defined between ''k''-dimensional subspaces.)&quot;}} Since all planes in the same [[W:hyperplane|hyperplane]] are 0 degrees apart in one of the two angles, only one angle is required in 3-space. Great hexagons in different hyperplanes are 60 degrees apart in ''both'' angles. Great squares in different hyperplanes are 90 degrees apart in ''both'' angles (completely orthogonal){{Efn|name=completely orthogonal planes}} or 60 degrees apart in ''both'' angles.{{Efn||name=Clifford parallel squares in the 16-cell and 24-cell}} Planes which are separated by two equal angles are called ''isoclinic''. Planes which are isoclinic have [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]] great circles.{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} A great square and a great hexagon in different hyperplanes are neither isoclinic nor Clifford parallel; they are separated by a 90 degree angle ''and'' a 60 degree angle.|name=two angles between central planes}}

{{Efn|The 24-cell contains 3 distinct 8-cells (tesseracts), rotated 60° isoclinically with respect to each other. The corresponding vertices of two 8-cells are {{radic|3}} (120°) apart. Each 8-cell contains 8 cubical cells, and each cube contains four {{radic|3}} chords (its long diagonals). The 8-cells are not completely disjoint{{Efn|name=completely disjoint}} (they share vertices), but each cube and each {{radic|3}} chord belongs to just one 8-cell. The {{radic|3}} chords joining the corresponding vertices of two 8-cells belong to the third 8-cell.|name=three 8-cells}}

{{Efn|Departing from any vertex V&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; in the original great hexagon plane of isoclinic rotation P&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;, the first vertex reached V&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; is 120 degrees away along a {{radic|3}} chord lying in a different hexagonal plane P&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;. P&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; is inclined to P&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; at a 60° angle.{{Efn|P&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; and P&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; lie in the same hyperplane (the same central cuboctahedron) so their other angle of separation is 0.{{Efn|name=two angles between central planes}}}} The second vertex reached V&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; is 120 degrees beyond V&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; along a second {{radic|3}} chord lying in another hexagonal plane P&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; that is Clifford parallel to P&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;.{{Efn|P&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; and P&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; are 60° apart in ''both'' angles of separation.{{Efn|name=two angles between central planes}} Clifford parallel planes are isoclinic (which means they are separated by two equal angles), and their corresponding vertices are all the same distance apart. Although V&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; and V&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; are ''two'' {{radic|3}} chords apart{{Efn|V&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; and V&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; are two {{radic|3}} chords apart on the geodesic path of this rotational isocline, but that is not the shortest geodesic path between them. In the 24-cell, it is impossible for two vertices to be more distant than ''one'' {{radic|3}} chord, unless they are antipodal vertices {{radic|4}} apart.{{Efn|name=Geodesic distance}} V&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; and V&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; are ''one'' {{radic|3}} chord apart on some other isocline. More generally, isoclines are geodesics because the distance between their ''adjacent'' vertices is the shortest distance between those two vertices, but a path between two vertices along a geodesic is not always the shortest distance between them (even on ordinary great circle geodesics).}}, P&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; and P&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; are just one {{radic|1}} edge apart (at every pair of ''nearest'' vertices).}} (Notice that V&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; lies in both intersecting planes P&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; and P&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, as V&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; lies in both P&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; and P&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;. But P&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; and P&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; have ''no'' vertices in common; they do not intersect.) The third vertex reached V&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; is 120 degrees beyond V&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; along a third {{radic|3}} chord lying in another hexagonal plane P&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; that is Clifford parallel to P&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;. The three {{radic|3}} chords lie in different 8-cells.{{Efn|name=three 8-cells}} V&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; to V&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; is a 360° isoclinic rotation.|name=360 degree geodesic path visiting 3 hexagonal planes}}

{{Notelist|40em}}

== Citations ==
{{Sfn|Mamone|Pileio|Levitt|2010|loc=§4.5 Regular Convex 4-Polytopes|pp=1438-1439|ps=; the 24-cell has 1152 symmetry operations (rotations and reflections) as enumerated in Table 2, symmetry group 𝐹&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;.}}

{{Reflist|40em}}

== References ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book | last=Kepler | first=Johannes | author-link=W:Johannes Kepler | title=Harmonices Mundi (The Harmony of the World) | title-link=W:Harmonices Mundi | publisher=Johann Planck | year=1619}}
* {{Cite book|title=A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers|last=Thoreau|first=Henry David|author-link=W:Thoreau|publisher=James Munroe and Company|year=1849|isbn=|location=Boston}}
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** (Paper 3) H.S.M. Coxeter, ''Two aspects of the regular 24-cell in four dimensions''
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{{Refend}}</text>
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      <text bytes="108401" sha1="dl1uzgjsprtxzuo70swg66cswl1asl2" xml:space="preserve">{{align|center|David Brooks Christie}}
{{align|center|dc@samizdat.org}}
{{align|center|June 2023 - June 2025}}

&lt;blockquote&gt;'''Abstract:''' The physical universe is properly visualized as a [[w:Four-dimensional_space|Euclidean space of four orthogonal spatial dimensions]]. Space itself has a fourth orthogonal dimension, of which we are unaware in ordinary life. Atoms are [[w:4-polytope|4-polytopes]], small round 4-dimensional objects, and stars are 4-balls of atomic plasma, large round 4-dimensional objects. Objects intermediate in size between atoms and stars, including molecules, people, and planets, are so flat as to be essentially 3-dimensional, having only the thickness of an atom in the orthogonal fourth dimension. A typical galaxy such as ours is a hollow [[w:3-sphere|4-dimensional 3-sphere]] with these objects distributed on its 3-dimensional surface. The black hole at the galaxy's center is nothing: the 4-ball of empty space they surround. Objects in our galaxy occupy this thin 3-dimensional surface, forming a filmy 4-dimensional soap-bubble of galactic size, thicker than an atom only in the interior of stars. Mass is confined to this 3-dimensional manifold by its inertia, also called gravity, the property of its ceaseless motion at a constant, universal velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;, the rate of causality at which the universe evolves. Atoms are always internally in inertial rotational motion, and externally in inertial translational motion through 4-space, at this universal rate of transformation. The observed universe appears to be a 3-sphere expanding radially from a central origin point at velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;, the invariant velocity of mass-carrying objects through 4-space, also the propagation speed of light through 3-space as measured by all observers. All objects with mass move through 4-space at velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt; as long as they exist, and acceleration only varies their direction. The propagation speed of light measured on a straight line through Euclidean 4-space is &lt;math&gt;c^\prime = 2c&lt;/math&gt;, so we can see in 4 dimensions, even though we are physically confined to a moving 3-dimensional manifold, where our direction of motion through 4-space is our proper time dimension. We have been unaware that when we look up at night we see stars and galaxies, themselves large 4-dimensional objects, distributed all around us in 4-dimensional Euclidean space, and moving through it, like us, at velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;. This model of the observed universe is compatible with the theories of special and general relativity, and with the atomic theory of quantum mechanics. It explains those theories geometrically, as expressions of intrinsic symmetries.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Symmetries ==
It is common to speak of nature as a web, and so it is, the great web of our physical experiences. Every web must have its root systems somewhere, and nature in this sense must be rooted in the symmetries which underlie physics and geometry, the [[W:Group (mathematics)|mathematics of groups]].{{Sfn|Conway|Burgiel|Goodman-Strauss|2008}}

As I understand [[W:Noether's theorem|Noether's theorem]] (which is not mathematically), hers is the deepest meta-theory of nature yet, deeper than [[W:Theory of relativity|Einstein's relativity]] or [[W:Evolution|Darwin's evolution]] or [[W:Euclidean geometry|Euclid's geometry]]. It finds that all fundamental findings in physics are based on conservation laws which can be laid at the doors of distinct [[W:symmetry group |symmetry group]]s. Thus all fundamental systems in physics, as examples [[W:quantum chromodynamics|quantum chromodynamics]] (QCD) the theory of the strong force binding the atomic nucleus and [[W:quantum electrodynamics|quantum electrodynamics]] (QED) the theory of the electromagnetic force, each have a corresponding symmetry [[W:group theory|group theory]] of which they are an expression. 

[[W:Coxeter group|Coxeter group]] theory did for geometry what Noether's theorem and Einstein's relativity did for physics. [[W:Coxeter|Coxeter]] showed that Euclidean geometry is based on conservation laws that correspond to distinct symmetry groups and obey the principle of relativity. As I understand Coxeter theory (which is not mathematically),{{Efn|Coxeter's formulation of the motions (congruent transformations) possible in an ''n''-dimensional Euclidean space:{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=217-218|loc=§12.2 Congruent transformations}}
&lt;blockquote&gt;Let Q denote a rotation, R a reflection, T a translation, and let Q&lt;sup&gt;''q''&lt;/sup&gt; R&lt;sup&gt;''r''&lt;/sup&gt; T denote a product of several such transformations, all commutative with one another. Then RT is a glide-reflection (in two or three dimensions), QR is a rotary-reflection, QT is a screw-displacement, and Q&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; is a double rotation (in four dimensions).&lt;br&gt;
Every orthogonal transformation is expressible as:&lt;br&gt;
{{spaces|10}}Q&lt;sup&gt;''q''&lt;/sup&gt; R&lt;sup&gt;''r''&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br&gt;
where 2''q'' + ''r'' ≤ ''n'', the number of dimensions.&lt;br&gt;
Transformations involving a translation are expressible as:&lt;br&gt;
{{spaces|10}}Q&lt;sup&gt;''q''&lt;/sup&gt; R&lt;sup&gt;''r''&lt;/sup&gt; T&lt;br&gt;
where 2''q'' + ''r'' + 1 ≤ ''n''.&lt;br&gt;
For ''n'' {{=}} 4 in particular, every displacement is either a double rotation Q&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, or a screw-displacement QT (where the rotation component Q is a simple rotation). Every enantiomorphous transformation in 4-space (reversing chirality) is a QRT.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
If we assume the [[W:Galilean relativity|Galilean principle of relativity]], every displacement in 4-space can be viewed as either a Q&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; or a QT, because we can view any QT as a Q&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; in a linearly moving (translating) reference frame. Therefore any transformation from one inertial reference frame to another is expressable as a Q&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. By the same principle, we can view any QT or Q&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; as an isoclinic (equi-angled) Q&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; by appropriate choice of reference frame.{{Efn|[[W:Arthur Cayley|Cayley]] showed that any rotation in 4-space can be decomposed into two isoclinic rotations, which intuitively we might see follows from the fact that any transformation from one inertial reference frame to another is expressable as a [[W:SO(4)|rotation in 4-dimensional Euclidean space]]. The distinct symmetry groups of the regular polytopes each correspond to their characteristic isoclinic rotations. These isoclinic rotations are distinguished in geometry, relativity, and quantum mechanics.|name=Cayley's rotation factorization into two isoclinic reference frame transformations}} Coxeter's relation is a mathematical statement of the principle of relativity, on group-theoretic grounds. It correctly captures the limits to relativity, in that we can only exchange the translation (T) for ''one'' of the two rotations (Q). An observer in any inertial reference frame can always measure the presence, direction and velocity of ''one'' rotation up to uncertainty, and can always distinguish the direction of his own proper time arrow.|name=transformations}} the symmetry groups underlying physics seem to have an expression in a [[W:Euclidean space|Euclidean space]] of four [[W:dimension|dimension]]s, that is, they are [[W:Euclidean geometry#Higher dimensions|four-dimensional Euclidean geometry]]. Therefore as I understand that geometry (which is entirely by synthetic rather than algebraic methods), the [[W:Atom|atom]] seems to have a distinct Euclidean geometry, such that atoms and their constituent particles are four-dimensional objects, and nature can be understood in terms of their [[W:group action|group actions]], including centrally [[W:rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space|rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space]].

== Special relativity describes Euclidean 4-dimensional space ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;Our entire model of the universe is built on symmetries. Some, like isotropy (the laws are the same in all directions), homogeneity (same in all places), and time invariance (same at all times) seem natural enough. Even relativity, the Lorentz Invariance that allows everyone to observe a constant speed of light, has an elegance to it that makes it seem natural.{{Sfn|Goldberg|2013|loc=§10. Hidden Symmetries: Why some symmetries but not others?|p=264}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

...cite Yamashita{{Sfn|Yamashita|2023}}

=== Minkowski spacetime and Euclidean 4-space in relativity ===
...

Is there a configuration in Euclidean space where every observer, and every observed object, is moving at velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;? Yes, there is one such configuration, in 4-dimensional Euclidean space. This configuration must be like the one described above, in our ''Abstract''.

== The rate of atomic symmetry operations ==
...

== General relativity describes a curved 3-dimensional manifold embedded in Euclidean 4-dimensional space ==
...

== The geometry of the atomic nucleus ==

In [[W:Euclidean 4-space|Euclidean four dimensional space]], an [[W:atomic nucleus|atomic nucleus]] is a one or more concentric 4-polytopes of increasing radius. Each concentric shell is a single or compound [[24-cell]], the regular 4-polytope with [[W:Coxeter group#Symmetry groups of regular polytopes|𝔽&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; symmetry]]. Nuclear shells are concentric [[W:3-sphere|3-sphere]]s occupied (fully or partially) by the orbits of this 24-point [[#The 6 regular convex 4-polytopes|regular convex 4-polytope]]. An actual atomic nucleus is a rotating four dimensional object. It is not a ''rigid'' rotating object, it is a kinematic one, because the nucleus of an actual atom of a distinct [[W:nucleon number|nucleon number]] contains a distinct number of orbiting 24-cell vertices which may be in different isoclinic rotational orbits. These moving vertices never describe a compound of static 24-cells at any single instant in time, though their orbits do all the time. The physical configuration of a nucleus as concentric 24-cells can be reduced to the [[W:kinematics|kinematics]] of the orbits of its constituent protons and neutrons. The geometry of the atomic nucleus is therefore strictly [[W:Euclidean geometry#19th century|Euclidean]] in four dimensional space.

=== Rotations ===
The [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotations]] of the convex [[W:regular 4-polytope|regular 4-polytope]]s are usually described as discrete rotations of a rigid object. For example, the rigid [[24-cell]] can rotate in a [[24-cell#Hexagons|hexagonal]] (6-vertex) central [[24-cell#Planes of rotation|plane of rotation]]. A 4-dimensional [[24-cell#Isoclinic rotations|''isoclinic'' rotation]] (as distinct from a [[24-cell#Simple rotations|''simple'' rotation]] like the ones that occur in 3-dimensional space) is a ''diagonal'' rotation in multiple [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]] [[24-cell#Geodesics|central planes]] of rotation at once. It is diagonal because it is a [[W:SO(4)#Double rotations|double rotation]]: in addition to rotating in parallel (like wheels), the multiple planes of rotation also tilt sideways (like coins flipping) into each other's planes. Consequently, the path taken by each vertex is a [[24-cell#Helical hexagrams and their isoclines|twisted helical circle]], rather than the ordinary flat great circle a vertex follows in a simple rotation. In a rigid 4-polytope rotating isoclinically, ''all'' the vertices lie in one of the parallel planes of rotation, so all the vertices move in parallel along Clifford parallel twisting circular paths. [[24-cell#Clifford parallel polytopes|Clifford parallel planes]] are not parallel in the normal sense of parallel planes in three dimensions; the vertices are all moving in different directions around the [[W:3-sphere|3-sphere]]. In one complete 360° isoclinic revolution, a rigid 4-polytope turns itself inside out.

This is sufficiently different from the simple rotations of rigid bodies in our 3-dimensional experience that a precise [[24-cell|detailed description]] enabling the reader to properly visualize it runs to many pages and illustrations, with many accompanying pages of explanatory notes on basic phenomena that arise only in 4-dimensional space: [[24-cell#Squares|completely orthogonal planes]], [[24-cell#Hexagons|Clifford parallelism]] and [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fiber bundles]], [[24-cell#Helical hexagrams and their isoclines|isoclinic geodesic paths]], and [[24-cell#Double rotations|chiral (mirror image) pairs of rotations]], among other complexities. Moreover, the characteristic rotations of the various regular 4-polytopes are all different; each is a surprise. [[#The 6 regular convex 4-polytopes|The 6 regular convex 4-polytopes]] have different numbers of vertices (5, 8, 16, 24, 120, and 600 respectively) and those with fewer vertices occur inscribed in those with more vertices (generally), with the result that the more complex 4-polytopes subsume the kinds of rotations characteristic of their less complex predecessors, as well as each having a characteristic kind of rotation not found in their predecessors. [[W:Euclidean geometry#Higher dimensions|Four dimensional Euclidean space]] is more complicated (and more interesting) than three dimensional space because there is more room in it, in which unprecedented things can happen. It is much harder for us to visualize, because the only way we can experience it is in our imaginations; we have no body of sensory experience in 4-dimensional space to draw upon.

For that reason, descriptions of isoclinic rotations usually begin and end with rigid rotations: [[24-cell#Isoclinic rotations|for example]], all 24 vertices of a single rigid 24-cell rotating in unison, with 6 vertices evenly spaced around each of 4 Clifford parallel twisted circles.{{Efn|name=360 degree geodesic path visiting 3 hexagonal planes}} But that is only the simplest case. Compound and [[W:Kinematics|kinematic]] 24-cells (with moving parts) are even more interesting (and more complicated) than a single rigid 24-cell. 

To begin with, when we examine the individual parts of a single rigid 24-cell that are moving in an isoclinic rotation, such as the orbits of individual vertices, we can imagine a case where fewer than 24 point-objects are orbiting on those twisted circular paths at once. [[24-cell#Reflections|For example]], if we imagine just 8 point-objects, evenly spaced around the 24-cell at [[24-cell#Reciprocal constructions from 8-cell and 16-cell|the 8 vertices that lie on the 4 coordinate axes]], and rotate them isoclinically along exactly the same orbits they would take in the above-mentioned rotation of a rigid 24-cell, then in the course of a single 360° rotation the 8 point-objects will trace out the whole 24-cell, with just one point-object reaching each of the 24 vertex positions just once, and no point-object colliding with any other at any time.

That is still an example of a rigid object in a single distinct isoclinic rotation: a rigid 8-vertex object (called the 4-[[W:orthoplex|orthoplex]] or [[16-cell]]) performing the characteristic rotation of the 24-cell. But we can also imagine ''combining'' distinct isoclinic rotations. What happens when multiple point-objects are orbiting at once, but do ''not'' all follow the Clifford parallel paths characteristic of the ''same'' distinct rotation? What happens when we combine orbits from distinct rotations characteristic of different 4-polytopes, for example when different rigid 4-polytopes are concentric and rotating simultaneously in their characteristic ways? What kinds of such hybrid rotations are possible in the same shell without collisions? In adjacent shells without asymmetric imbalance? What sort of [[Kinematics of the cuboctahedron|kinematic polytopes]] do they trace out, and how do their [[24-cell#Clifford parallel polytopes|component parts]] relate to each other as they move? Is there (sometimes) some kind of mutual stability amid their lack of combined rigidity? Visualizing isoclinic rotations (rigid and otherwise) allows us to explore questions of this kind of [[W:kinematics|kinematics]], and where dynamic stabilities arise, of [[W:kinetics|kinetics]].

=== Isospin ===
A [[W:Nucleon|nucleon]] is a [[W:proton|proton]] or a [[W:neutron|neutron]]. The proton carries a positive net [[W:Electric charge|charge]], and the neutron carries a zero net charge. The proton's [[W:Mass|mass]] is only about 0.13% less than the neutron's, and since they are observed to be identical in other respects, they can be viewed as two states of the same nucleon, together forming an isospin doublet ({{nowrap|''I'' {{=}} {{sfrac|1|2}}}}). In isospin space, neutrons can be transformed into protons and conversely by actions of the [[W:SU(2)|SU(2)]] symmetry group. In nature, protons are very stable (the most stable particle known); a proton and a neutron are a stable nuclide; but free neutrons decay into protons in about 10 or 15 seconds.

According to the [[W:Noether theorem|Noether theorem]], [[W:Isospin|isospin]] is conserved with respect to the [[W:strong interaction|strong interaction]].&lt;ref name=Griffiths2008&gt;{{cite book |author=Griffiths, David J. |title=Introduction to Elementary Particles |edition=2nd revised |publisher=WILEY-VCH |year=2008 |isbn=978-3-527-40601-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|129–130}} Nucleons are acted upon equally by the strong interaction, which is invariant under rotation in isospin space.

Isospin was introduced as a concept in 1932 by [[W:Werner Heisenberg|Werner Heisenberg]],&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite journal
 |last=Heisenberg |first=W. |author-link=W:Werner Heisenberg
 |year=1932
 |title=Über den Bau der Atomkerne
 |journal=[[W:Zeitschrift für Physik|Zeitschrift für Physik]]
 |volume=77 |issue=1–2 |pages=1–11
 |doi=10.1007/BF01342433
 |bibcode = 1932ZPhy...77....1H
 |s2cid=186218053
 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; well before the 1960s development of the [[W:quark model|quark model]], to explain the symmetry of the proton and the then newly discovered neutron. Heisenberg introduced the concept of another conserved quantity that would cause the proton to turn into a neutron and vice versa. In 1937, [[W:Eugene Wigner|Eugene Wigner]] introduced the term &quot;isospin&quot; to indicate how the new quantity is similar to spin in behavior, but otherwise unrelated.&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite journal
 |last=Wigner |first=E. |author-link=W:Eugene Wigner
 |year=1937
 |title=On the Consequences of the Symmetry of the Nuclear Hamiltonian on the Spectroscopy of Nuclei
 |journal=[[W:Physical Review|Physical Review]]
 |volume=51
 |pages=106–119
 |doi=10.1103/PhysRev.51.106
 |bibcode = 1937PhRv...51..106W
 |issue=2
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similar to a spin-1/2 particle, which has two states, protons and neutrons were said to be of isospin 1/2. The proton and neutron were then associated with different isospin projections ''I''&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;nbsp;=&amp;nbsp;+1/2 and −1/2 respectively.

Isospin is a different kind of rotation entirely than the ordinary spin which objects undergo when they rotate in three-dimensional space. Isospin does not correspond to a [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Simple rotations|simple rotation]] in any space (of any number of dimensions). However, it does seem to correspond exactly to an [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]] in a Euclidean space of four dimensions. Isospin space resembles the [[W:3-sphere|3-sphere]], the [[W:Elliptical space#Elliptic space (the 3D case)|curved 3-dimensional space]] that is the surface of a [[W:4-ball (mathematics)#In Euclidean space|4-dimensional ball]].

=== Spinors ===
[[File:Spinor on the circle.png|thumb|upright=1.5|A spinor visualized as a vector pointing along the [[W:Möbius band|Möbius band]], exhibiting a sign inversion when the circle (the &quot;physical system&quot;) is continuously rotated through a full turn of 360°.]][[W:Spinors|Spinors]] are [[W:representation of a Lie group|representations]] of a [[W:spin group|spin group]], which are [[W:Double covering group|double cover]]s of the [[W:special orthogonal group|special orthogonal groups]]. The spin group Spin(4) is the double cover of [[W:SO(4)|SO(4)]], the group of rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space. [[600-cell#Fibrations of isocline polygrams|Isoclines]], the helical geodesic paths followed by points under isoclinic rotation, correspond to spinors representing Spin(4).

Spinors can be viewed as the &quot;square roots&quot; of [[W:Section (fiber bundle)|cross sections]] of [[W:vector bundle|vector bundle]]s; in this correspondence, a fiber bundle of isoclines (of a distinct isoclinic rotation) is a cross section (inverse bundle) of a fibration of great circles (in the invariant planes of that rotation).

A spinor can be visualized as a moving vector on a Möbius strip which transforms to its negative when continuously rotated through 360°, just as [[24-cell#Helical hexagrams and their isoclines|an isocline can be visualized as a Möbius strip]] winding twice around the 3-sphere, during which [[24-cell#Isoclinic rotations|720° isoclinic rotation]] the rigid 4-polytope turns itself inside-out twice.{{Sfn|Goucher|2019|loc=Spin Groups}} Under isoclinic rotation, a rigid 4-polytope is an isospin-1/2 object with two states.

=== Isoclinic rotations in the nucleus ===
Isospin is regarded as a symmetry of the strong interaction under the [[W:Group action (mathematics)|action]] of the [[W:Lie group|Lie group]] [[W:SU(2)|SU(2)]], the two [[W:eigenstate|states]] being the [[W:Up quark|up flavour]] and [[W:Down quark|down flavour]]. A 360° isoclinic rotation of a rigid [[W:nuclide|nuclide]] would transform its protons into neutrons and vice versa, exchanging the up and down flavours of their constituent [[W:quarks|quarks]], by turning the nuclide and all its parts inside-out (or perhaps we should say upside-down). Because we never observe this, we know that the nucleus is not a ''rigid'' polytope undergoing isoclinic rotation.

If the nucleus ''were'' a rigid object, nuclides that were isospin-rotated 360° would be isoclinic mirror images of each other, isospin +1/2 and isospin −1/2 states of the whole nucleus. We don't see whole nuclides rotating as a rigid object, but considering what would happen if they ''were'' rigid tells us something about the geometry we must expect inside the nucleons. One way that an isospin-rotated neutron could become a proton would be if the up quark and down quark were a left and right mirror-image pair of the same object; exchanging them in place would turn each down-down-up neutron into an up-up-down proton. But the case cannot be quite that simple, because the up quark and the down quark are not mirror-images of the same object: they have very different mass and other incongruities.

Another way an isospin-rotated neutron could be a proton would be if the up and down quarks were asymmetrical kinematic polytopes (not indirectly congruent mirror-images, and not rigid polytopes), rotating within the nucleus in different ''hybrid'' orbits. By that we mean that they may have vertices orbiting in rotations characteristic of more than one 4-polytope, so they may change shape as they rotate. In that case their composites (protons and neutrons) could have a symmetry not manifest in their components, but emerging from their combination.

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=== Hybrid isoclinic rotations ===
The 24-cell has [[24-cell#Isoclinic rotations|its own characteristic isoclinic rotations]] in 4 Clifford parallel hexagonal planes (each intersecting 6 vertices), and also inherits the [[16-cell#Rotations|characteristic isoclinic rotations of its 3 Clifford parallel constituent 16-cells]] in 6 Clifford parallel square planes (each intersecting 4 vertices). The twisted circular paths followed by vertices in these two different kinds of rotation have entirely different geometries. Vertices rotating in hexagonal invariant planes follow [[24-cell#Helical hexagrams and their isoclines|helical geodesic curves whose chords form hexagrams]], and vertices rotating in square invariant planes follow [[24-cell#Helical octagrams and their isoclines|helical geodesic curves whose chords form octagrams]].

In a rigid isoclinic rotation, ''all'' the [[24-cell#Geodesics|great circle polygons]] move, in any kind of rotation. What distinguishes the hexagonal and square isoclinic rotations is the invariant planes of rotation the vertices stay in. The rotation described [[#Rotations|above]] (of 8 vertices rotating in 4 Clifford parallel hexagonal planes) is a single hexagonal isoclinic rotation, not a kinematic or hybrid rotation.

A ''kinematic'' isoclinic rotation in the 24-cell is any subset of the 24 vertices rotating through the same angle in the same time, but independently with respect to the choice of a Clifford parallel set of invariant planes of rotation and the chirality (left or right) of the rotation. A ''hybrid'' isoclinic rotation combines moving vertices from different kinds of isoclinic rotations, characteristic of different regular 4-polytopes. For example, if at least one vertex rotates in a square plane and at least one vertex rotates in a hexagonal plane, the kinematic rotation is a hybrid rotation, combining rotations characteristic of the 16-cell and characteristic of the 24-cell.

As an example of the simplest hybrid isoclinic rotation, consider a 24-cell vertex rotating in a square plane, and a second vertex, initially one 24-cell edge-length distant, rotating in a hexagonal plane. Rotating isoclinically at the same rate, the two moving vertices will never collide where their paths intersect, so this is a ''valid'' hybrid rotation.

To understand hybrid rotations in the 24-cell more generally, visualize the relationship between great squares and great hexagons. The [[24-cell#Squares|18 great squares]] occur as three sets of 6 orthogonal great squares,{{Efn|name=six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} each [[16-cell#Coordinates|forming a 16-cell]]. The three 16-cells are completely disjoint{{Efn|name=completely disjoint}} and [[24-cell#Clifford parallel polytopes|Clifford parallel]]: each has its own 8 vertices (on 4 orthogonal axes) and its own 24 edges (of length {{radic|2}}).{{Efn|name=three isoclinic 16-cells}} The 18 square great circles are crossed by 16 hexagonal great circles; each [[24-cell#Hexagons|hexagon]] has one axis (2 vertices) in each 16-cell.{{Efn|name=non-orthogonal hexagons}} The two [[24-cell#Triangles|great triangles]] inscribed in each great hexagon (occupying its alternate vertices, with edges that are its {{radic|3}} chords) have one vertex in each 16-cell. Thus ''each great triangle is a ring linking three completely disjoint great squares, one from each of the three completely disjoint 16-cells''.{{Efn|There are four different ways (four different ''fibrations'' of the 24-cell) in which the 8 vertices of the 16-cells correspond by being triangles of vertices {{radic|3}} apart: there are 32 distinct linking triangles. Each ''pair'' of 16-cells forms a tesseract (8-cell).{{Efn|name=three 16-cells form three tesseracts}} Each great triangle has one {{radic|3}} edge in each tesseract, so it is also a ring linking the three tesseracts.|name=great linking triangles}} Isoclinic rotations take the elements of the 4-polytope to congruent [[24-cell#Clifford parallel polytopes|Clifford parallel elements]] elsewhere in the 4-polytope. The square rotations do this ''locally'', confined within each 16-cell: for example, they take great squares to other great squares within the same 16-cell. The hexagonal rotations act ''globally'' within the entire 24-cell: for example, they take great squares to other great squares in ''different'' 16-cells. The [[16-cell#Helical construction|chords of the square rotations]] bind the 16-cells together internally, and the [[24-cell#Helical hexagrams and their isoclines|chords of the hexagonal rotations]] bind the three 16-cells together.

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=== Color ===
When the existence of quarks was suspected in 1964, [[W:Oscar W. Greenberg|Greenberg]] introduced the notion of color charge to explain how quarks could coexist inside some [[W:hadron|hadron]]s in [[W:quark model#The discovery of color|otherwise identical quantum states]] without violating the [[W:Pauli exclusion principle|Pauli exclusion principle]]. The modern concept of [[W:color charge|color charge]] completely commuting with all other charges and providing the strong force charge was articulated in 1973, by [[W:William A. Bardeen|William Bardeen]], [[W:de:Harald Fritzsch|Harald Fritzsch]], and [[W:Murray Gell-Mann|Murray Gell-Mann]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite conference |author1=Bardeen, W. |author2=Fritzsch, H. |author3=Gell-Mann, M. |year=1973 |title=Light cone current algebra, ''π''&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt; decay, and ''e''&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; ''e''&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;&lt;/sup&gt; annihilation |arxiv=hep-ph/0211388 |editor=Gatto, R. |book-title=Scale and conformal symmetry in hadron physics |page=[https://archive.org/details/scaleconformalsy0000unse/page/139 139] |publisher=[[W:John Wiley &amp; Sons|John Wiley &amp; Sons]] |isbn=0-471-29292-3 |bibcode=2002hep.ph...11388B |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/scaleconformalsy0000unse/page/139 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Advantages of the color octet gluon picture |journal=[[W:Physics Letters B|Physics Letters B]] |volume=47 |issue=4 |page=365 |year=1973 |last1=Fritzsch |first1=H. |last2=Gell-Mann |first2=M. |last3=Leutwyler |first3=H. |doi=10.1016/0370-2693(73)90625-4 |bibcode=1973PhLB...47..365F |citeseerx=10.1.1.453.4712}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Color charge is not [[W:electric charge|electric charge]]; the whole point of it is that it is a quantum of something different. But it is related to electric charge, through the way in which the three different-colored quarks combine to contribute fractional quantities of electric charge to a nucleon. As we shall see, color is not really a separate kind of charge at all, but a partitioning of the electric charge into [[24-cell#Clifford parallel polytopes|Clifford parallel subspaces]].

The [[W:Color charge#Red, green, and blue|three different colors]] of quark charge might correspond to three different 16-cells, such as the three disjoint 16-cells inscribed in the 24-cell. Each color might be a disjoint domain in isospin space (the space of points on the 3-sphere).{{Efn|The 8 vertices of each disjoint 16-cell constitute an independent [[16-cell#Coordinates|orthonormal basis for a coordinate reference frame]].}} Alternatively, the three colors might correspond to three different fibrations of the same isospin space: three different ''sequences'' of the same total set of discrete points on the 3-sphere. These alternative possibilities constrain possible representations of the nuclides themselves, for example if we try to represent nuclides as particular rotating 4-polytopes. If the neutron is a (8-point) 16-cell, either of the two color possibilities might somehow make sense as far as the neutron is concerned. But if the proton is a (5-point) 5-cell, only the latter color possibility makes sense, because fibrations (which correspond to distinct isoclinic left-and-right rigid rotations) are the ''only'' thing the 5-cell has three of. Both the 5-cell and the 16-cell have three discrete rotational fibrations. Moreover, in the case of a rigid, isoclinically rotating 4-polytope, those three fibrations always come one-of-a-kind and two-of-a-kind, in at least two different ways. First, one fibration is the set of invariant planes currently being rotated through, and the other two are not. Second, when one considers the three fibrations of each of these 4-polytopes, in each fibration two isoclines carry the left and right rotations respectively, and the third isocline acts simply as a Petrie polygon, the difference between the fibrations being the role assigned to each isocline.

If we associate each quark with one or more isoclinic rotations in which the moving vertices belong to different 16-cells of the 24-cell, and the sign (plus or minus) of the electric charge with the chirality (right or left) of isoclinic rotations generally, we can configure nucleons of three quarks, two performing rotations of one chirality and one performing rotations of the other chirality. The configuration will be a valid kinematic rotation because the completely disjoint 16-cells can rotate independently; their vertices would never collide even if the 16-cells were performing different rigid square isoclinic rotations (all 8 vertices rotating in unison). But we need not associate a quark with a [[16-cell#Rotations|rigidly rotating 16-cell]], or with a single distinct square rotation.

Minimally, we must associate each quark with at least one moving vertex in each of three different 16-cells, following the twisted geodesic isocline of an isoclinic rotation. In the up quark, that could be the isocline of a right rotation; and in the down quark, the isocline of a left rotation. The chirality accounts for the sign of the electric charge (we have said conventionally as +right, −left), but we must also account for the quantity of charge: +{{sfrac|2|3}} in an up quark, and −{{sfrac|1|3}} in a down quark. One way to do that would be to give the three distinct quarks moving vertices of {{sfrac|1|3}} charge in different 16-cells, but provide up quarks with twice as many vertices moving on +right isoclines as down quarks have vertices moving on −left isoclines (assuming the correct chiral pairing is up+right, down−left).

Minimally, an up quark requires two moving vertices (of the up+right chirality).{{Efn|Two moving vertices in one quark could belong to the same 16-cell. A 16-cell may have two vertices moving in the same isoclinic square (octagram) orbit, such as an antipodal pair (a rotating dipole), or two vertices moving in different square orbits of the same up+right chirality.{{Efn|There is only one [[16-cell#Helical construction|octagram orbit]] of each chirality in each fibration of the 16-cell, so two octagram orbits of the same chirality cannot be Clifford parallel (part of the same distinct rotation). Two vertices right-moving on different octagram isoclines in the same 16-cell is a combination of two distinct rotations, whose isoclines will intersect: a kinematic rotation. It can be a valid kinematic rotation if the moving vertices will never pass through a point of intersection at the same time. Octagram isoclines pass through all 8 vertices of the 16-cell, and all eight isoclines (the left and right isoclines of four different fibrations) intersect at ''every'' vertex.}} However, the theory of [[W:Color confinement|color confinement]] may not require that two moving vertices in one quark belong to the same 16-cell; like the moving vertices of different quarks, they could be drawn from the disjoint vertex sets of two different 16-cells.}} Minimally, a down quark requires one moving vertex (of the down−left chirality). In these minimal quark configurations, a proton would have 5 moving vertices and a neutron would have 4.

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=== Nucleons ===
[[File:Symmetrical_5-set_Venn_diagram.svg|thumb|[[W:Branko Grünbaum|Grünbaum's]] rotationally symmetrical 5-set Venn diagram, 1975. It is the [[5-cell]]. Think of it as an [[W:Nuclear magnetic resonance|NMR image]] of the 4-dimensional proton in projection to the plane.]]
The proton is a very stable mass particle. Is there a stable orbit of 5 moving vertices in 4-dimensional Euclidean space? There are few known solutions to the 5-body problem, and fewer still to the [[W:n-body problem|{{mvar|n}}-body problem]], but one is known: the ''central configuration'' of {{mvar|n}} bodies in a space of dimension {{mvar|n}}-1. A [[W:Central configuration|central configuration]] is a system of [[W:Point particle|point masses]] with the property that each mass is pulled by the combined attractive force of the system directly towards the [[W:Center of mass|center of mass]], with acceleration proportional to its distance from the center. Placing three masses in an equilateral triangle, four at the vertices of a regular [[W:Tetrahedron|tetrahedron]], five at the vertices of a regular [[5-cell]], or more generally {{mvar|n}} masses at the vertices of a regular [[W:Simplex|simplex]] produces a central configuration [[W:Central configuration#Examples|even when the masses are not equal]]. In an isoclinic rotation, all the moving vertices orbit at the same radius and the same speed. Therefore if any 5 bodies are orbiting as an isoclinically rotating regular 5-cell (a rigid 4-simplex figure undergoing isoclinic rotation), they maintain a central configuration, describing 5 mutually stable orbits.

Unlike the proton, the neutron is not always a stable particle; a free neutron will decay into a proton. A deficiency of the minimal configurations is that there is no way for this [[W:beta minus decay|beta minus decay]] to occur. The minimal neutron of 4 moving vertices described [[#Color|above]] cannot possibly decay into a proton by losing moving vertices, because it does not possess the four up+right moving vertices required in a proton. This deficiency could be remedied by giving the neutron configuration 8 moving vertices instead of 4: four down−left and four up+right moving vertices. Then by losing 3 down−left moving vertices the neutron could decay into the 5 vertex up-down-up proton configuration.{{Efn|Although protons are very stable, during [[W:stellar nucleosynthesis|stellar nucleosynthesis]] two H&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; protons are fused into an H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; nucleus consisting of a proton and a neutron. This [[W:beta plus decay|beta plus &quot;decay&quot;]] of a proton into a neutron is actually the result of a rare high-energy collision between the two protons, in which a neutron is constructed. With respect to our nucleon configurations of moving vertices, it has to be explained as the conversion of two 5-point 5-cells into a 5-point 5-cell and an 8-point 16-cell, emitting two decay products of at least 1-point each. Thus it must involve the creation of moving vertices, by the conversion of kinetic energy to point-masses.}} A neutron configuration of 8 moving vertices could occur as the 8-point 16-cell, the second-smallest regular 4-polytope after the 5-point 5-cell (the hypothesized proton configuration).

It is possible to double the neutron configuration in this way, without destroying the charge balance that defines the nucleons, by giving down quarks three moving vertices instead of just one: two −left vertices and one +right vertex. The net charge on the down quark remains −{{sfrac|1|3}}, but the down quark becomes heavier (at least in vertex count) than the up quark, as in fact its mass is measured to be.

A nucleon's quark configuration is only a partial specification of its properties. There is much more to a nucleon than what is contained within its three quarks, which contribute only about 1% of the nucleon's energy. The additional 99% of the nucleon mass is said to be associated with the force that binds the three quarks together, rather than being intrinsic to the individual quarks separately. In the case of the proton, 5 moving vertices in the stable orbits of a central configuration (in one of the [[5-cell#Geodesics and rotations|isoclinic rotations characteristic of the regular 5-cell]]) might be sufficient to account for the stability of the proton, but not to account for most of the proton's energy. It is not the point-masses of the moving vertices themselves which constitute most of the mass of the nucleon; if mass is a consequence of geometry, we must look to the larger geometric elements of these polytopes as their major mass contributors. The quark configurations are thus incomplete specifications of the geometry of the nucleons, predictive of only some of the nucleon's properties, such as charge.{{Efn|Notice that by giving the down quark three moving vertices, we seem to have changed the quark model's prediction of the proton's number of moving vertices from 5 to 7, which would be incompatible with our theory that the proton configuration is a rotating regular 5-cell in a central configuration of 5 stable orbits. Fortunately, the actual quark model has nothing at all to say about moving vertices, so we may choose to regard that number as one of the geometric properties the quark model does not specify.}} In particular, they do not account for the forces binding the nucleon together. Moreover, if the rotating regular 5-cell is the proton configuration and the rotating regular 16-cell is the neutron configuration, then a nucleus is a complex of rotating 5-cells and 16-cells, and we must look to the geometric relationship between those two very different regular 4-polytopes for an understanding of the nuclear force binding them together.

The most direct [[120-cell#Relationships among interior polytopes|geometric relationship among stationary regular 4-polytopes]] is the way they occupy a common 3-sphere together. Multiple 16-cells of equal radius can be compounded to form each of the larger regular 4-polytopes, the 8-cell, 24-cell, 600-cell, and 120-cell, but it is noteworthy that multiple regular 5-cells of equal radius cannot be compounded to form any of the other 4-polytopes except the largest, the 120-cell. The 120-cell is the unique intersection of the regular 5-cell and 16-cell: it is a compound of 120 regular 5-cells, and also a compound of 75 16-cells. All regular 4-polytopes except the 5-cell are compounds of 16-cells, but none of them except the largest, the 120-cell, contains any regular 5-cells. So in any compound of equal-radius 16-cells which also contains a regular 5-cell, whether that compound forms some single larger regular 4-polytope or does not, no two of the regular 5-cell's five vertices ever lie in the same 16-cell. So the geometric relationship between the regular 5-cell (our proton candidate) and the regular 16-cell (our neutron candidate) is quite a distant one: they are much more exclusive of each other's elements than they are distantly related, despite their complementary three-quark configurations and other similarities as nucleons. The relationship between a regular 5-cell and a regular 16-cell of equal radius is manifest only in the 120-cell, the most complex regular 4-polytope, which [[120-cell#Geometry|uniquely embodies all the containment relationships]] among all the regular 4-polytopes and their elements.

If the nucleus is a complex of 5-cells (protons) and 16-cells (neutrons) rotating isoclinically around a common center, then its overall motion is a hybrid isoclinic rotation, because the 5-cell and the 16-cell have different characteristic isoclinic rotations, and they have no isoclinic rotation in common.{{Efn|The regular 5-cell does not occur inscribed in any other regular 4-polytope except one, the 600-vertex 120-cell. No two of the 5 vertices of a regular 5-cell can be vertices of the same 16-cell, 8-cell, 24-cell, or 600-cell. The isoclinic rotations characteristic of the regular 5-cell maintain the separation of its 5 moving vertices in 5 disjoint Clifford-parallel subspaces at all times. The [[16-cell#Rotations|isoclinic rotation characteristic of the 16-cell]] maintains the separation of its 8 moving vertices in 2 disjoint Clifford-parallel subspaces (completely orthogonal great square planes) at all times. Therefore, in any hybrid rotation of a concentric 5-cell and 16-cell, at most one 5-cell subspace (containing 1 vertex) might be synchronized with one 16-cell subspace (containing 4 vertices), such that the 1 + 4 vertices they jointly contain occupy the same moving subspace continually, forming a rigid 5-vertex polytope undergoing some kind of rotation. If in fact it existed, this 5-vertex rotating rigid polytope would not be [[5-cell#Geometry|not a 5-cell, since 4 of its vertices are coplanar]]; it is not a 4-polytope but merely a polyhedron, a [[W:square pyramid|square pyramid]].}}

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=== Nuclides ===

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=== Quantum phenomena ===

The Bell-Kochen-Specker (BKS) theorem rules out the existence of deterministic noncontextual hidden variables theories. A proof of the theorem in a space of three or more dimensions can be given by exhibiting a finite set of lines through the origin that cannot each be colored black or white in such a way that (i) no two orthogonal lines are both black, and (ii) not all members of a set of ''d'' mutually orthogonal lines are white.{{Efn|&quot;The Bell-Kochen-Specker theorem rules out the existence of deterministic noncontextual hidden variables theories. A proof of the theorem in a Hilbert space of dimension d ≥ 3 can be given by exhibiting a finite set of rays [9] that cannot each be assigned the value 0 or 1 in such a way that (i) no two orthogonal rays are both assigned the value 1, and (ii) not all members of a set of d mutually orthogonal rays are assigned the value 0.&quot;{{Sfn|Waegell|Aravind|2009|loc=2. The Bell-Kochen-Specker (BKS) theorem}}|name=BKS theorem}}

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=== Motion ===
What does it mean to say that an object moves through space? Coxeter group theory provides precise answers to questions of this kind. A rigid object (polytope) moves by distinct transformations, changing itself in each discrete step into a congruent object in a different orientation and position.{{Efn|name=transformations}}

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== Galilean relativity in a space of four orthogonal dimensions ==

Special relativity is just Galilean relativity in a Euclidean space of four orthogonal dimensions.

General relativity is just Galilean relativity in a general space of four orthogonal dimensions, e.g. Euclidean 4-space &lt;math&gt;R^4&lt;/math&gt;, spherical 4-space &lt;math&gt;S^4&lt;/math&gt;, or any orthogonal 4-manifold.

Light is just reflection. Gravity (and all force) is just rotation. Both motions are just group actions, expressions of intrinsic symmetries. That is all of physics.

Every observer properly sees himself as stationary and the universe as a sphere with himself at the center. The curvature of these spheres is a function of the rate at which causality evolves, and it can be measured by the observer as the speed of light.

=== Special relativity is just Galilean relativity in a Euclidean space of four orthogonal dimensions ===
Perspective effects occur because each observer's ordinary 3-dimensional space is only a curved manifold embedded in 4-dimensional Euclidean space, and its curvature complicates the calculations for him (e.g., he sometimes requires Lorentz transformations). But if  all four spatial dimensions are considered, no Lorentz transformations are required (or permitted) except when you want to calculate a projection, or a shadow, that is, how things will appear from a three-dimensional viewpoint (not how they really are).{{Sfn|Yamashita|2023}} The universe really has four spatial dimensions, and space and time behave just as they do in classical 3-vector space, only bigger by one dimension. It is not necessary to combine 4-space with time in a spacetime to explain 4-dimensional perspective effects at high velocities, because 4-space is already spatially 4-dimensional, and those perspective effects fall out of the 4-dimensional Pythagorean theorem naturally, just as perspective does in three dimensions. The universe is only strange in the ways the Euclidean fourth dimension is strange; but that does hold many surprises for us. Euclidean 4-space is much more interesting than Euclidean 3-space, analogous to the way that 3-space is much more interesting than 2-space. But all Euclidean spaces are dimensionally analogous. Dimensional analogy itself, like everything else in nature, is an exact expression of intrinsic symmetries.

=== General relativity is just Galilean relativity in a general space of four orthogonal dimensions ===
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=== Physics ===
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=== Thoreau's spherical relativity ===
Every observer may properly see himself as stationary and the universe as a 4-sphere with himself at the center observing it, perceptually equidistant from all points on its surface, including his own ''physical'' location which is one of those surface points, distinguished to him but not the center of anything. This statement of the principle of relativity is compatible with Galileo's relativity of uniformly moving objects in ordinary space, Einstein's special relativity of inertial reference frames in 4-dimensional spacetime, Einstein's general relativity of all reference frames in non-Euclidean spacetime, and Coxeter's relativity of orthogonal group actions in Euclidean spaces of any number of dimensions.{{Efn|name=transformations}} It should be known as Thoreau's spherical relativity, since the first precise written statement of it appears in 1849: &quot;The universe is a sphere whose center is wherever there is intelligence.&quot;{{Sfn|Thoreau|1849|p=349|ps=; &quot;The universe is a sphere whose center is wherever there is intelligence.&quot; [Contemporaneous and independent of [[W:Ludwig Schlafli|Ludwig Schlafli]]'s pioneering work enumerating the complete set of regular polytopes in any number of dimensions.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|loc=§7. Ordinary Polytopes in Higher Space; §7.x. Historical remarks|pp=141-144|ps=; &quot;Practically all the ideas in this chapter ... are due to Schläfli, who discovered them before 1853 — a time when Cayley, Grassman and Möbius were the only other people who had ever conceived the possibility of geometry in more than three dimensions.&quot;}}]}}

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== Conclusions==

=== Spherical relativity ===

We began our inquiry by wondering why physical space should be limited to just three dimensions (why ''three''). By visualizing the universe as a Euclidian space of four dimensions, we recognize that relativistic and quantum phenomena are natural consequences of symmetry group operations (including reflections and rotations) in four orthogonal dimensions. We should not then be surprised to see that the universe does not have just four dimensions, either. Physical space must bear as many dimensions as we need to ascribe to it, though the distinct phenomena for which we find a need to do so, in order to explain them, seem to be fewer and fewer as we consider higher and higher dimensions. To laws of physics generally, such as the principle of relativity in particular, we should always append the phrase &quot;in Euclidean spaces of any number of dimensions&quot;. Laws of physics should operate in any flat Euclidean space &lt;math&gt;R^n&lt;/math&gt; and in its corresponding spherical space &lt;math&gt;S^n&lt;/math&gt;.

The first and simplest sense in which we are forced to contemplate a fifth dimension is to accommodate our normal idea of time. Just as Einstein was forced to admit time as a dimension, in his four-dimensional spacetime of three spatial dimensions plus time, for some purposes we require a fifth time dimension to accompany our four spatial dimensions, when our purpose is orthogonal to (in the sense of independent of) the four spatial dimensions. For example, if we theorize that we observe a finite homogeneous universe, and that it is a Euclidean 4-space overall, we may prefer not to have to identify any distinct place within that 4-space as the center where the universe began in a big bang. To avoid having to pick a distinct place as the center of the universe, our model of it must be expanded, at least to be a ''spherical'' 4-dimensional space with the fifth radial dimension as time. Essentially, we require the fifth dimension in order to make our homogeneous 4-space finite, by wrapping it around into a 4-sphere. But perhaps we can still resist admitting the fifth radial dimension as a full-fledged Euclidean spatial dimension, at least so long as we have not observed how any naturally occurring object configurations are best described as 5-polytopes.

One phenomenon which resists explanation in a space of just four dimensions is the propagation of light in a vacuum. The propagation of mass-carrying particles is explained as the consequence of their rotations in closed, curved spaces (3-spheres) of finite size, moving through four-dimensional Euclidean space at a universal constant speed, the speed of light. But an apparent paradox remains that light must seemingly propagate through four-dimensional Euclidean space at more than the speed of light. From an ''n''-dimensional viewpoint, this apparent paradox can be resolved, and in retrospect it is clear how massless particles can translate through four-dimensional space at twice the speed constant, since they are not simultaneously rotating.

Another phenomenon justifying a five-dimensional view of space is the relation between the the 5-cell proton and the 16-cell neutron (the 4-simplex and 4-orthoplex polytopes). Their indirect relationship can be observed in the 4-600-point polytope (the 120-cell), and in its 11-cells,{{Sfn|Christie|2025|loc=&quot;A symmetrical arrangement of eleven 11-cells&quot;}} but it is only directly observed (absent a 120-cell) in a five-dimensional reference frame.

=== Nuclear geometry ===
We have seen how isoclinic rotations (Clifford displacements) relate the orbits in the atomic nucleus to each other, just as they relate the regular convex 4-polytopes to each other, in a sequence of nested objects of increasing complexity. We have identified the proton as a  5-point, 5-cell 4-simplex 𝜶&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, the neutron as an 8-point, 16-cell 4-orthoplex 𝛽&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, and the shell of the atomic nucleus as a 24-point 24-cell. As Coxeter noted, that unique 24-point object stands quite alone in four dimensions, having no analogue above or below.

=== Atomic geometry ===
I'm on a plane flying to Eugene to visit Catalin, we'll talk after I arrive. I've been working on both my unpublished papers, the one going put for pre-publication review soon about 4D geometry, and the big one not going out soon about the 4D sun, 4D atoms, and 4D galaxies and n-D universe. I'vd just added the following paragraph to that big paper:

Atomic geometry

The force binding the protons and neutrons of the nucleus together into a distinct element is specifically an expression of the 11-cell 4-polytope, itself an expression of the pyritohedral symmetry, which binds the distinct 4-polytopes to each other, and relates the n-polytopes to their neighbors of different n by dimensional analogy.


flying over mt shasta out my right-side window at the moment, that last text showing &quot;not delivered&quot; yet because there's no wifi on this plane, gazing at that great peak of the world and feeling as if i've just made the first ascent of it

=== Molecular geometry ===
Molecules are 3-dimensional structures that live in the thin film of 3-membrane only one atom thick in most places that is our ordinary space, but since that is a significantly curved 3-dimensional space at the scale of a molecule, the way the molecule's covalent bonds form is influenced by the local curvature in 4-dimensions at that point.

In the water molecule, there is a reason why the hydrogen atoms are attached to the oxygen atom at an angle of 104.45° in 3-dimensional space, and at root it must be the same symmetry that locates any two of the hydrogen proton's five vertices 104.45° apart on a great circle arc of its tiny 3-sphere.

=== Cosmology ===

==== Solar systems ====

===== Stars =====
...

===== The Kepler problem =====
In the proper reference frame of some hypothetical observer in 4-dimensional Euclidean space, the Kepler problem has a solution in which all the planetary orbits are circles. This occurs because all bodies are always orbiting, each in some distinct isoclinic (equi-angled double) rotation. All atoms are rotating isoclinically at (double) the velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;. In the observer's proper reference frame, the isoclinic double rotation of each of his own atoms is most conveniently represented as an equivalent screw displacement: a linear translation at velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt; (along the observer's proper time axis through 4-space), combined with a simple rotation at velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt; (of the atom internally). 

This representation, though proper, is subject to the over-simplification of special relativity, because it ignores the fact that the observer is himself moving on some circular orbit; he is not linearly translating through 4-space. When the observer's own orbit is also represented, the screw displacement becomes an elliptical double rotation, with a very slow, very large-radius simple circular orbit (almost a linear translation), combined with a very fast, very small-radius simple circular orbit of each atom internally. This is the observer's proper reference frame according to general relativity.

An observer moving differently will perceive the motion of the observer and his atoms to be a different elliptical double rotation. We can find a proper reference frame, of some hypothetical observer moving hypothetically, in which the ratio of the radii of the two orthogonal rotations of the atom becomes any value we choose between 1 and &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;. In particular there exists, conceptually accessible to all observers independent of their motion, a distinct reference frame in which an atom is stationary, rotating isoclinically at (double) the velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;. That is simply the stationary reference frame of the atom itself, such as the stationary reference frame of any observer and his own atoms. In 3-dimensional physics, it is known as the observer's proper inertial reference frame. But in 4-dimensional physics, that is ''not'' the most convenient or sensible reference frame in which to consider objects moving differently, in different proper reference frames. In 4-dimensional physics, a reference frame in which an observer and his atoms are translating linearly at velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt; is known as the observer's proper inertial reference frame. Any such proper reference frame makes a great deal more sense for the purpose of considering the motion of objects moving differently in 4-space, just as a heliocentric solar system makes a great deal more sense than a geocentric solar system for the purpose of considering the motion of the planets.

...

==== Galaxies ====

The spacetime of general relativity is often illustrated as a projection to a curved 2D surface in which large gravitational objects make gravity wells or dimples in the surface. In the Euclidean 4D view of the universe the 3D surface of a large cosmic object such as a galaxy surrounds an empty 4D space, and large gravitational objects within the galaxy must make dimples in its surface. But should we see them as dimples exactly? Would they dimple inwards or outwards? In the spacetime illustrations they are naturally always shown as dimpling downwards, which is somewhat disingenuous, strongly suggesting to the viewer that the reason for gravity is that it flows downhill - the original tautology we are trying to surmount! In the Euclidean 4D galaxy the dimple, if it is one, must be either inward or outward, and which it is matters since the dimple is flying outward at velocity {{mvar|c}}. The galaxy is not collapsing inward. Is a large gravitational mass (such as a star) ''ahead'' of the smaller masses orbiting around it (such as its planets), or is it ''behind'' them, as they fly through 4-space on their Clifford parallel trajectories? The answer is ''both'' of course, because a star is not a dimple, it is a 4-ball, and it dimples the 3D surface both inwards and outwards. It is a thick place in the 3D surface. We should view it as having its gravitational center precisely at the surface of the expanding 3-sphere. 

What is a black hole? It is the hollow four-dimensional space that a galaxy is the three-dimensional surface of.

When we view another galaxy, such as Andromeda, we are seeing that whole galaxy from a distance, the way the moon astronauts looked back at the whole earth. We see our own milky way galaxy from where we are on its surface, the way we see the earth from its surface, except that the earth is solid, but the galaxy is hollow and transparent. We can look across its empty center and see all the other stars also on its surface, including those opposite ours on the far side of its 3-sphere. The thicker band of stars we see in our night sky and identify as the milky way is not our whole galaxy; the majority of the other visible stars also lie in our galaxy. That dense band is not thicker and brighter than other parts of our galaxy because it lies toward a dense galactic center (our galaxy has an empty center), but for exactly the opposite reason: those apparently more thickly clustered stars lie all around us on the galaxy's surface, in the nearest region of space surrounding us. They appear to be densely packed only because we are looking at them &quot;edge on&quot;. Actually, we are looking into this nearby apparently dense region ''face on'', not edge on, because we are looking at a round sphere of space surrounding us, not a disk. In contrast, stars in our galaxy outside that bright band lie farther off from us, across the empty center of the galaxy, and we see them spread out as they actually are, instead of &quot;edge on&quot; so they appear to be densely clustered. The &quot;dense band&quot; covers only an equatorial band of the night sky instead of all the sky, because when we look out into the four-dimensional space around us, we can see stars above and below our three-dimensional hyperplane in our four-dimensional space. Everything in our solar system lies in our hyperplane, and the nearby stars around us in our galaxy are near our hyperplane (just slightly below it). All the other, more distant stars in our galaxy are also below our hyperplane. We can see objects outside our galaxy, such as other galaxies, both above and below our hyperplane. We can see all around us above our hyperplane (looking up from the galactic surface into the fourth dimension), and all around us below our hyperplane (looking down through our transparent galaxy and out the other side).

== Revolutions ==
The original Copernican revolution displaced the center of the universe from the center of the earth to a point farther away, the center of the sun, with the stars remaining on a fixed sphere around the sun instead of around the earth. But this led inevitably to the recognition that the sun must be a star itself, not equidistant from all the stars, and the center of but one of many spheres, no monotheistic center at all. 

In such fashion the Euclidean four-dimensional viewpoint initially lends itself to a big bang theory of a single origin of the whole universe, but leads inevitably to the recognition that all the stars need not be equidistant from a single origin in time, any more than they all lie in the same galaxy, equidistant from its center in space. The expanding sphere of matter on the surface of which we find ourselves living might be one of many such spheres, with their big bang origins occurring at distinct times and places in the 4-dimensional universe.

When we look up at the heavens, we have no obvious way of knowing whether the space we are looking into is a curved 3-spherical one or a flat 4-space. In this work we suggest a theory of how light travels that says we can see into all four dimensions, and so when we look up at night we see cosmological objects distributed in 4-dimensional space, and not all located on our own 3-spherical membrane. The view from our solar system suggests that our galaxy is its own hollow 3-sphere, and that galaxies generally are single roughly spherical 3-membranes, with the smaller objects within them all lying on that same 3-spherical surface, equidistant from the galaxy center in 4-space. 

The Euclidean four-dimensional viewpoint requires that all mass-carrying objects are in motion at constant velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;, although the relative velocity between nearby objects is much smaller since they move on similar vectors, aimed away from a common origin point in the past. It is natural to expect that objects moving at constant velocity away from a common origin will be distributed roughly on the surface of an expanding 3-sphere. Since their paths away from their origin are not straight lines but various helical isoclines, their 3-sphere will be expanding radially at slightly less than the constant velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;. The view from our solar system does ''not'' suggest that each galaxy is its own distinct 3-sphere expanding at this great rate; rather, the standard theory has been that the entire observable universe is expanding from a single big bang origin in time. While the Euclidean four-dimensional viewpoint lends itself to that standard theory, it also allows theories which require no single origin point in space and time.

These are the voyages of starship Earth, to boldly go where no one has gone before. It made the jump to lightspeed long ago, in whatever big bang its atoms emerged from, and hasn't slowed down since.

== Origins of the theory ==
Einstein himself was one of the first to imagine the universe as the three-dimensional surface of a four-dimensional Euclidean sphere, in what was narrowly the first written articulation of the principle of Euclidean 4-space relativity, contemporaneous with the teen-aged Coxeter's (quoted below). Einstein did this as a [[W:Gedankenexperiment|gedankenexperiment]] in the context of investigating whether his equations of general relativity predicted an infinite or a finite universe, in his 1921 Princeton lecture.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/36276|title=The Meaning of Relativity|last=Einstein|first=Albert|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1923|isbn=|location=|pages=110-111}}&lt;/ref&gt; He invited us to imagine &quot;A spherical manifold of three dimensions, embedded in a Euclidean continuum of four dimensions&quot;, but he was careful to disclaim parenthetically that &quot;The aid of a fourth space dimension has naturally no significance except that of a mathematical artifice.&quot;

Informally, the Euclidean 4-dimensional theory of relativity may be given as a sort of reciprocal of that formulation of Einstein's: ''The Minkowski spacetime has naturally no significance except that of a mathematical artifice, as an aid to understanding how things will appear to an observer from his perspective; the forthshortenings, clock desynchronizations and other perceptual effects it predicts are exact calculations of actual perspective effects; but space is actually a flat, Euclidean continuum of four orthogonal spatial dimensions, and in it the ordinary laws of a flat vector space hold (such as the Pythagorean theorem), and all sightline calculations work classically, so long as you consider all four dimensions.''

The Euclidean 4-dimensional theory differs from the standard theory in being a description of the physical universe in terms of a geometry of four or more orthogonal spatial dimensions, rather than in the standard theory's terms of the [[w:Minkowski spacetime|Minkowski spacetime]] geometry (in which three spatial dimensions and a time dimension comprise a unified spacetime of four dimensions). The invention of geometry of more than three spatial dimensions preceded Einstein's theories by more than fifty years. It was first worked out by the Swiss mathematician [[w:Ludwig Schläfli|Ludwig Schläfli]] around 1850. Schläfli extended Euclid's geometry of one, two, and three dimensions in a direct way to four or more dimensions, generalizing the rules and terms of [[w:Euclidean geometry|Euclidean geometry]] to spaces of any number of dimensions. He coined the general term ''polyscheme'' to mean geometric forms of any number of dimensions, including two-dimensional [[w:polygon|polygons]], three-dimensional [[w:polyhedron|polyhedra]], four dimensional [[w:polychoron|polychora]], and so on, and in the process he discovered all the [[w:Regular polytope|regular polyschemes]] that are possible in every dimension, including in particular the six convex regular polyschemes which can be constructed in a space of four dimensions (a set analogous to the five [[w:Platonic solid|Platonic solids]] in three dimensional space). Thus he was the first to explore the fourth dimension, reveal its emergent geometric properties, and discover all its astonishing regular objects. Because most of his work remained almost completely unknown until it was published posthumously in 1901, other researchers had more than fifty years to rediscover the regular polyschemes, and competing terms were coined; today [[W:Alicia Boole Stott|Alicia Boole Stott]]'s word ''[[w:Polytope|polytope]]'' is the commonly used term for ''polyscheme''.{{Efn|Today Schläfli's original ''polyscheme'', with its echo of ''schema'' as in the configurations of information structures, seems even more fitting in its generality than ''polytope'' -- perhaps analogously as information software (programming) is even more general than information hardware (computers).}}

== Boundaries ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;Ever since we discovered that Earth is round and turns like a mad-spinning top, we have understood that reality is not as it appears to us: every time we glimpse a new aspect of it, it is a deeply emotional experience. Another veil has fallen.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Carlo Rovelli|title=Seven Brief Lessons on Physics}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Of course it is strange to consciously contemplate this world we inhabit, our planet, our solar system, our vast galaxy, as the merest film, a boundary no thicker in the places we inhabit than the diameter of an electron (though much thicker in some places we cannot inhabit, such as the interior of stars). But is not our unconscious traditional concept of the boundary of our world even stranger? Since the enlightenment we are accustomed to thinking that there is nothing beyond three dimensional space: no boundary, because there is nothing else to separate us from. But anyone who knows the [[polyscheme]]s Schlafli discovered knows that space can have any number of dimensions, and that there are fundamental objects and motions to be discovered in four dimensions that are even more various and interesting than those we can discover in three. The strange thing, when we think about it, is that there ''is'' a boundary between three and four dimensions. ''Why'' can't we move (or apparently, see) in more than three dimensions? Why is our world apparently only three dimensional? Why would it have ''three'' dimensions, and not four, or five, or the ''n'' dimensions that Schlafli mapped? What is the nature of the boundary which confines us to just three? 

We know that in Euclidean geometry the boundary between three and four dimensions is itself a spherical three dimensional space, so we should suspect that we are materially confined within such a curved boundary. Light need not be confined with us within our three dimensional boundary space. We would look directly through four dimensional space in our natural way by receiving light signals that traveled to us on straight lines through it. The reason we do not observe a fourth spatial dimension in our vicinity is that there are no nearby objects in it, just off our hyperplane in the wild. The nearest four-dimensional object we can see with our eyes is our sun, which lies equatorially in our own hyperplane, though it bulges out of it above and below. But when we look up at the heavens, every pinprick of light we observe is itself a four-dimensional object off our hyperplane, and they are distributed around us in four-dimensional space through which we gaze. We are four-dimensionally sighted creates, even though our bodies are three-dimensional objects, thin as an atom in the fourth dimension. But that should not surprise us: we can see into three dimensional space even though our retinas are two dimensional objects, thin as a photoreceptor cell.

Our unconscious provincial concept is that there is nothing else outside our three dimensional world: no boundary, because there is nothing else to separate us from. But Schlafli discovered something else: all the astonishing regular objects that exist in higher dimensions. So this conception now has the same kind of status as our idea that the sun rises in the east and passes overhead: it is mere appearance, not a true model and not a proper explanation. A boundary is an explanation, be it ever so thin. And would a boundary of ''no'' thickness, a mere abstraction with no physical power to separate, be a more suitable explanation?

&lt;blockquote&gt;The number of dimensions possessed by a figure is the number of straight lines each perpendicular to all the others which can be drawn on it. Thus a point has no dimensions, a straight line one, a plane surface two, and a solid three ....

In space as we now know it only three lines can be imagined perpendicular to each other. A fourth line, perpendicular to all the other three would be quite invisible and unimaginable to us. We ourselves and all the material things around us probably possess a fourth dimension, of which we are quite unaware. If not, from a four-dimensional point of view we are mere geometrical abstractions, like geometrical surfaces, lines, and points are to us. But this thickness in the fourth dimension must be exceedingly minute, if it exists at all. That is, we could only draw an exceedingly small line perpendicular to our three perpendicular lines, length, breadth and thickness, so small that no microscope could ever perceive it.

We can find out something about the conditions of the fourth and higher dimensions if they exist, without being certain that they do exist, by a process which I have termed &quot;Dimensional Analogy.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Dimensional Analogy|last=Coxeter|first=Donald|date=February 1923|publisher=Coxeter Fonds, University of Toronto Archives|authorlink=W:Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter|series=|postscript=|work=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

I believe, but I cannot prove, that our universe is properly a Euclidean space of four orthogonal spatial dimensions. Others will have to work out the physics and do the math, because I don't have the mathematics; entirely unlike Coxeter and Einstein, I am illiterate in those languages.

&lt;blockquote&gt;
::::::BEECH

:Where my imaginary line
:Bends square in woods, an iron spine
:And pile of real rocks have been founded.
:And off this corner in the wild,
:Where these are driven in and piled,
:One tree, by being deeply wounded,
:Has been impressed as Witness Tree
:And made commit to memory
:My proof of being not unbounded.
:Thus truth's established and borne out,
:Though circumstanced with dark and doubt—
:Though by a world of doubt surrounded.

:::::::—''The Moodie Forester''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=A Witness Tree|last=Frost|first=Robert|year=1942|series=The Poetry of Robert Frost|publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston|edition=1969|}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Sequence of regular 4-polytopes ==
{{Regular convex 4-polytopes|wiki=W:|radius={{radic|2}}|columns=9}}

== Notes ==
{{Efn|In a ''[[W:William Kingdon Clifford|Clifford]] displacement'', also known as an [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]], all the Clifford parallel{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} invariant planes are displaced in four orthogonal directions (two completely orthogonal planes) at once: they are rotated by the same angle, and at the same time they are tilted ''sideways'' by that same angle. A [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Isoclinic rotations|Clifford displacement]] is [[W:8-cell#Radial equilateral symmetry|4-dimensionally diagonal]].{{Efn|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}} Every plane that is Clifford parallel to one of the completely orthogonal planes (including in this case an entire Clifford parallel bundle of 4 hexagons, but not all 16 hexagons) is invariant under the isoclinic rotation: all the points in the plane rotate in circles but remain in the plane, even as the whole plane tilts sideways. All 16 hexagons rotate by the same angle (though only 4 of them do so invariantly). All 16 hexagons are rotated by 60 degrees, and also displaced sideways by 60 degrees to a Clifford parallel hexagon. All of the other central polygons (e.g. squares) are also displaced to a Clifford parallel polygon 60 degrees away.|name=Clifford displacement}}

{{Efn|It is not difficult to visualize four hexagonal planes intersecting at 60 degrees to each other, even in three dimensions. Four hexagonal central planes intersect at 60 degrees in the [[W:cuboctahedron|cuboctahedron]]. Four of the 24-cell's 16 hexagonal central planes (lying in the same 3-dimensional hyperplane) intersect at each of the 24-cell's vertices exactly the way they do at the center of a cuboctahedron. But the ''edges'' around the vertex do not meet as the radii do at the center of a cuboctahedron; the 24-cell has 8 edges around each vertex, not 12, so its vertex figure is the cube, not the cuboctahedron. The 8 edges meet exactly the way 8 edges do at the apex of a canonical [[W:cubic pyramid]|cubic pyramid]].{{Efn|name=24-cell vertex figure}}|name=cuboctahedral hexagons}}

{{Efn|The long radius (center to vertex) of the 24-cell is equal to its edge length; thus its long diameter (vertex to opposite vertex) is 2 edge lengths. Only a few uniform polytopes have this property, including the four-dimensional 24-cell and [[W:Tesseract#Radial equilateral symmetry|tesseract]], the three-dimensional [[W:Cuboctahedron#Radial equilateral symmetry|cuboctahedron]], and the two-dimensional [[W:Hexagon#Regular hexagon|hexagon]]. (The cuboctahedron is the equatorial cross section of the 24-cell, and the hexagon is the equatorial cross section of the cuboctahedron.) '''Radially equilateral''' polytopes are those which can be constructed, with their long radii, from equilateral triangles which meet at the center of the polytope, each contributing two radii and an edge.|name=radially equilateral|group=}}

{{Efn|Eight {{sqrt|1}} edges converge in curved 3-dimensional space from the corners of the 24-cell's cubical vertex figure{{Efn|The [[W:vertex figure|vertex figure]] is the facet which is made by truncating a vertex; canonically, at the mid-edges incident to the vertex. But one can make similar vertex figures of different radii by truncating at any point along those edges, up to and including truncating at the adjacent vertices to make a ''full size'' vertex figure. Stillwell defines the vertex figure as &quot;the convex hull of the neighbouring vertices of a given vertex&quot;.{{Sfn|Stillwell|2001|p=17}} That is what serves the illustrative purpose here.|name=full size vertex figure}} and meet at its center (the vertex), where they form 4 straight lines which cross there. The 8 vertices of the cube are the eight nearest other vertices of the 24-cell. The straight lines are geodesics: two {{sqrt|1}}-length segments of an apparently straight line (in the 3-space of the 24-cell's curved surface) that is bent in the 4th dimension into a great circle hexagon (in 4-space). Imagined from inside this curved 3-space, the bends in the hexagons are invisible. From outside (if we could view the 24-cell in 4-space), the straight lines would be seen to bend in the 4th dimension at the cube centers, because the center is displaced outward in the 4th dimension, out of the hyperplane defined by the cube's vertices. Thus the vertex cube is actually a [[W:cubic pyramid|cubic pyramid]]. Unlike a cube, it seems to be radially equilateral (like the tesseract and the 24-cell itself): its &quot;radius&quot; equals its edge length.{{Efn|The vertex cubic pyramid is not actually radially equilateral,{{Efn|name=radially equilateral}} because the edges radiating from its apex are not actually its radii: the apex of the [[W:cubic pyramid|cubic pyramid]] is not actually its center, just one of its vertices.}}|name=24-cell vertex figure}}

{{Efn|The hexagons are inclined (tilted) at 60 degrees with respect to the unit radius coordinate system's orthogonal planes. Each hexagonal plane contains only ''one'' of the 4 coordinate system axes.{{Efn|Each great hexagon of the 24-cell contains one axis (one pair of antipodal vertices) belonging to each of the three inscribed 16-cells. The 24-cell contains three disjoint inscribed 16-cells, rotated 60° isoclinically{{Efn|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}} with respect to each other (so their corresponding vertices are 120° {{=}} {{radic|3}} apart). A [[16-cell#Coordinates|16-cell is an orthonormal ''basis'']] for a 4-dimensional coordinate system, because its 8 vertices define the four orthogonal axes. In any choice of a vertex-up coordinate system (such as the unit radius coordinates used in this article), one of the three inscribed 16-cells is the basis for the coordinate system, and each hexagon has only ''one'' axis which is a coordinate system axis.|name=three basis 16-cells}} The hexagon consists of 3 pairs of opposite vertices (three 24-cell diameters): one opposite pair of ''integer'' coordinate vertices (one of the four coordinate axes), and two opposite pairs of ''half-integer'' coordinate vertices (not coordinate axes). For example:
{{indent|17}}({{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}1,{{spaces|2}}0)
{{indent|5}}({{spaces|2}}&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,–&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,{{spaces|2}}&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,–&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;){{spaces|3}}({{spaces|2}}&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,{{spaces|2}}&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,{{spaces|2}}&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,{{spaces|2}}&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;)
{{indent|5}}(–&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,–&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,–&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,–&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;){{spaces|3}}(–&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,{{spaces|2}}&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,–&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,{{spaces|2}}&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;)
{{indent|17}}({{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}0,–1,{{spaces|2}}0)&lt;br&gt;
is a hexagon on the ''y'' axis. Unlike the {{sqrt|2}} squares, the hexagons are actually made of 24-cell edges, so they are visible features of the 24-cell.|name=non-orthogonal hexagons|group=}}

{{Efn|Visualize the three [[16-cell]]s inscribed in the 24-cell (left, right, and middle), and the rotation which takes them to each other. [[24-cell#Reciprocal constructions from 8-cell and 16-cell|The vertices of the middle 16-cell lie on the (w, x, y, z) coordinate axes]];{{Efn|name=six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} the other two are rotated 60° [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinically]] to its left and its right. The 24-vertex 24-cell is a compound of three 16-cells, whose three sets of 8 vertices are distributed around the 24-cell symmetrically; each vertex is surrounded by 8 others (in the 3-dimensional space of the 4-dimensional 24-cell's ''surface''), the way the vertices of a cube surround its center.{{Efn|name=24-cell vertex figure}} The 8 surrounding vertices (the cube corners) lie in other 16-cells: 4 in the other 16-cell to the left, and 4 in the other 16-cell to the right. They are the vertices of two tetrahedra inscribed in the cube, one belonging (as a cell) to each 16-cell. If the 16-cell edges are {{radic|2}}, each vertex of the compound of three 16-cells is {{radic|1}} away from its 8 surrounding vertices in other 16-cells. Now visualize those {{radic|1}} distances as the edges of the 24-cell (while continuing to visualize the disjoint 16-cells). The {{radic|1}} edges form great hexagons of 6 vertices which run around the 24-cell in a central plane. ''Four'' hexagons cross at each vertex (and its antipodal vertex), inclined at 60° to each other.{{Efn|name=cuboctahedral hexagons}} The [[24-cell#Hexagons|hexagons]] are not perpendicular to each other, or to the 16-cells' perpendicular [[24-cell#Squares|square central planes]].{{Efn|name=non-orthogonal hexagons}} The left and right 16-cells form a tesseract.{{Efn|Each pair of the three 16-cells inscribed in the 24-cell forms a 4-dimensional [[W:tesseract|hypercube (a tesseract or 8-cell)]], in [[24-cell#Relationships among interior polytopes|dimensional analogy]] to the way two tetrahedra form a cube: the two 8-vertex 16-cells are inscribed in the 16-vertex tesseract, occupying its alternate vertices. The third 16-cell does not lie within the tesseract; its 8 vertices protrude from the sides of the tesseract, forming a cubic pyramid on each of the tesseract's cubic cells. The three pairs of 16-cells form three tesseracts.{{Efn|name=three 8-cells}} The tesseracts share vertices, but the 16-cells are completely disjoint.{{Efn|name=completely disjoint}}|name=three 16-cells form three tesseracts}} Two 16-cells have vertex-pairs which are one {{radic|1}} edge (one hexagon edge) apart. But a [[24-cell#Simple rotations|''simple'' rotation]] of 60° will not take one whole 16-cell to another 16-cell, because their vertices are 60° apart in different directions, and a simple rotation has only one hexagonal plane of rotation. One 16-cell ''can'' be taken to another 16-cell by a 60° [[24-cell#Isoclinic rotations|''isoclinic'' rotation]], because an isoclinic rotation is [[3-sphere]] symmetric: four [[24-cell#Clifford parallel polytopes|Clifford parallel hexagonal planes]] rotate together, but in four different rotational directions,{{Efn|name=Clifford displacement}} taking each 16-cell to another 16-cell. But since an isoclinic 60°  rotation is a ''diagonal'' rotation by 60° in ''two'' completely orthogonal directions at once,{{Efn|name=isoclinic geodesic}} the corresponding vertices of the 16-cell and the 16-cell it is taken to are 120° apart: ''two'' {{radic|1}} hexagon edges (or one {{radic|3}} hexagon chord) apart, not one {{radic|1}} edge (60°) apart as in a simple rotation.{{Efn|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}} By the [[W:chiral|chiral]] diagonal nature of isoclinic rotations, the 16-cell ''cannot'' reach the adjacent 16-cell by rotating toward it; it can only reach the 16-cell ''beyond'' it. But of course, the 16-cell beyond the 16-cell to its right is the 16-cell to its left. So a 60° isoclinic  rotation ''will'' take every 16-cell to another 16-cell: a 60° ''right'' isoclinic rotation will take the middle 16-cell to the 16-cell we may have originally visualized as the ''left'' 16-cell, and a 60° ''left'' isoclinic rotation will take the middle 16-cell to the 16-cell we visualized as the ''right'' 16-cell. (If so, that was our error in visualization; the 16-cell to the &quot;left&quot; is in fact the one reached by the left isoclinic rotation, as that is the only sense in which the two 16-cells are left or right of each other.)|name=three isoclinic 16-cells}}

{{Efn|In a double rotation each vertex can be said to move along two completely orthogonal great circles at the same time, but it does not stay within the central plane of either of those original great circles; rather, it moves along a helical geodesic that traverses diagonally between great circles. The two completely orthogonal planes of rotation are said to be ''invariant'' because the points in each stay in the plane ''as the plane moves'', tilting sideways by the same angle that the other plane rotates.|name=helical geodesic}}

{{Efn|A point under isoclinic rotation traverses the diagonal{{Efn|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}} straight line of a single '''isoclinic geodesic''', reaching its destination directly, instead of the bent line of two successive '''simple geodesics'''. A '''[[W:geodesic|geodesic]]''' is the ''shortest path'' through a space (intuitively, a string pulled taught between two points). Simple geodesics are great circles lying in a central plane (the only kind of geodesics that occur in 3-space on the 2-sphere). Isoclinic geodesics are different: they do ''not'' lie in a single plane; they are 4-dimensional [[W:helix|spirals]] rather than simple 2-dimensional circles.{{Efn|name=helical geodesic}} But they are not like 3-dimensional [[W:screw threads|screw threads]] either, because they form a closed loop like any circle (after ''two'' revolutions). Isoclinic geodesics are ''4-dimensional great circles'', and they are just as circular as 2-dimensional circles: in fact, twice as circular, because they curve in a circle in two completely orthogonal directions at once.{{Efn|Isoclinic geodesics are ''4-dimensional great circles'' in the sense that they are 1-dimensional geodesic ''lines'' that curve in 4-space in two completely orthogonal planes at once. They should not be confused with ''great 2-spheres'',{{Sfn|Stillwell|2001|p=24}} which are the 4-dimensional analogues of 2-dimensional great circles (great 1-spheres).}} These '''isoclines''' are geodesic 1-dimensional lines embedded in a 4-dimensional space. On the 3-sphere{{Efn|All isoclines are geodesics, and isoclines on the 3-sphere are 4-dimensionally circular, but not all isoclines on 3-manifolds in 4-space are perfectly circular.}} they always occur in [[W:chiral|chiral]] pairs and form a pair of [[W:Villarceau circle|Villarceau circle]]s on the [[W:Clifford torus|Clifford torus]],{{Efn|Isoclines on the 3-sphere occur in non-intersecting chiral pairs. A left and a right isocline form a [[W:Hopf link|Hopf link]] called the {1,1} torus knot{{Sfn|Dorst|2019|loc=§1. Villarceau Circles|p=44|ps=; &quot;In mathematics, the path that the (1, 1) knot on the torus traces is also
known as a [[W:Villarceau circle|Villarceau circle]]. Villarceau circles are usually introduced as two
intersecting circles that are the cross-section of a torus by a well-chosen plane
cutting it. Picking one such circle and rotating it around the torus
axis, the resulting family of circles can be used to rule the torus. By nesting
tori smartly, the collection of all such circles then form a [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fibration]].... we prefer to consider the Villarceau circle as the
(1, 1) torus knot [a [[W:Hopf link|Hopf link]]] rather than as a planar cut [two intersecting circles].&quot;}} in which ''each'' of the two linked circles traverses all four dimensions.}} the paths of the left and the right [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Double rotations|isoclinic rotation]]. They are [[W:Helix|helices]] bent into a [[W:Möbius strip|Möbius loop]] in the fourth dimension, taking a diagonal [[W:Winding number|winding route]] twice around the 3-sphere through the non-adjacent vertices of a 4-polytope's [[W:Skew polygon#Regular skew polygons in four dimensions|skew polygon]].|name=isoclinic geodesic}}

{{Efn|[[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]]s are non-intersecting curved lines that are parallel in the sense that the perpendicular (shortest) distance between them is the same at each point.{{Sfn|Tyrrell|Semple|1971|loc=§3. Clifford's original definition of parallelism|pp=5-6}} A double helix is an example of Clifford parallelism in ordinary 3-dimensional Euclidean space. In 4-space Clifford parallels occur as geodesic great circles on the [[W:3-sphere|3-sphere]].{{Sfn|Kim|Rote|2016|pp=8-10|loc=Relations to Clifford Parallelism}} Whereas in 3-dimensional space, any two geodesic great circles on the 2-sphere will always intersect at two antipodal points, in 4-dimensional space not all great circles intersect; various sets of Clifford parallel non-intersecting geodesic great circles can be found on the 3-sphere. Perhaps the simplest example is that six mutually orthogonal great circles can be drawn on the 3-sphere, as three pairs of completely orthogonal great circles.{{Efn|name=six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} Each completely orthogonal pair is Clifford parallel. The two circles cannot intersect at all, because they lie in planes which intersect at only one point: the center of the 3-sphere.{{Efn|name=only some Clifford parallels are orthogonal}} Because they are perpendicular and share a common center, the two circles are obviously not parallel and separate in the usual way of parallel circles in 3 dimensions; rather they are connected like adjacent links in a chain, each passing through the other without intersecting at any points, forming a [[W:Hopf link|Hopf link]].|name=Clifford parallels}}

{{Efn|In the 24-cell each great square plane is completely orthogonal{{Efn|name=completely orthogonal planes}} to another great square plane, and each great hexagon plane is completely orthogonal to a plane which intersects only two vertices: a great [[W:digon|digon]] plane.|name=pairs of completely orthogonal planes}}

{{Efn|In an [[24-cell#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]], each point anywhere in the 4-polytope moves an equal distance in four orthogonal directions at once, on a [[W:8-cell#Radial equilateral symmetry|4-dimensional diagonal]]. The point is displaced a total [[W:Pythagorean distance]] equal to the square root of four times the square of that distance. For example, when the unit-radius 24-cell rotates isoclinically 60° in a hexagon invariant plane and 60° in its completely orthogonal invariant plane,{{Efn|name=pairs of completely orthogonal planes}} all vertices are displaced to a vertex two edge lengths away. Each vertex is displaced to another vertex {{radic|3}} (120°) away, moving {{radic|3/4}} in four orthogonal coordinate directions.|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}}

{{Efn|Each square plane is isoclinic (Clifford parallel) to five other square planes but completely orthogonal{{Efn|name=completely orthogonal planes}} to only one of them.{{Efn|name=Clifford parallel squares in the 16-cell and 24-cell}} Every pair of completely orthogonal planes has Clifford parallel great circles, but not all Clifford parallel great circles are orthogonal (e.g., none of the hexagonal geodesics in the 24-cell are mutually orthogonal).|name=only some Clifford parallels are orthogonal}}

{{Efn|In the [[16-cell#Rotations|16-cell]] the 6 orthogonal great squares form 3 pairs of completely orthogonal great circles; each pair is Clifford parallel. In the 24-cell, the 3 inscribed 16-cells lie rotated 60 degrees isoclinically{{Efn|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}} with respect to each other; consequently their corresponding vertices are 120 degrees apart on a hexagonal great circle. Pairing their vertices which are 90 degrees apart reveals corresponding square great circles which are Clifford parallel. Each of the 18 square great circles is Clifford parallel not only to one other square great circle in the same 16-cell (the completely orthogonal one), but also to two square great circles (which are completely orthogonal to each other) in each of the other two 16-cells. (Completely orthogonal great circles are Clifford parallel, but not all Clifford parallels are orthogonal.{{Efn|name=only some Clifford parallels are orthogonal}}) A 60 degree isoclinic rotation of the 24-cell in hexagonal invariant planes takes each square great circle to a Clifford parallel (but non-orthogonal) square great circle in a different 16-cell.|name=Clifford parallel squares in the 16-cell and 24-cell}}

{{Efn|In 4 dimensional space we can construct 4 perpendicular axes and 6 perpendicular planes through a point. Without loss of generality, we may take these to be the axes and orthogonal central planes of a (w, x, y, z) Cartesian coordinate system. In 4 dimensions we have the same 3 orthogonal planes (xy, xz, yz) that we have in 3 dimensions, and also 3 others (wx, wy, wz). Each of the 6 orthogonal planes shares an axis with 4 of the others, and is ''completely orthogonal'' to just one of the others: the only one with which it does not share an axis. Thus there are 3 pairs of completely orthogonal planes: xy and wz intersect only at the origin; xz and wy intersect only at the origin; yz and wx intersect only at the origin.|name=six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}}

{{Efn|Two planes in 4-dimensional space can have four possible reciprocal positions: (1) they can coincide (be exactly the same plane); (2) they can be parallel (the only way they can fail to intersect at all); (3) they can intersect in a single line, as two non-parallel planes do in 3-dimensional space; or (4) '''they can intersect in a single point'''{{Efn|To visualize how two planes can intersect in a single point in a four dimensional space, consider the Euclidean space (w, x, y, z) and imagine that the w dimension represents time rather than a spatial dimension. The xy central plane (where w{{=}}0, z{{=}}0) shares no axis with the wz central plane (where x{{=}}0, y{{=}}0). The xy plane exists at only a single instant in time (w{{=}}0); the wz plane (and in particular the w axis) exists all the time. Thus their only moment and place of intersection is at the origin point (0,0,0,0).|name=how planes intersect at a single point}} (and they ''must'', if they are completely orthogonal).{{Efn|Two flat planes A and B of a Euclidean space of four dimensions are called ''completely orthogonal'' if and only if every line in A is orthogonal to every line in B. In that case the planes A and B intersect at a single point O, so that if a line in A intersects with a line in B, they intersect at O.{{Efn|name=six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}}|name=completely orthogonal planes}}|name=how planes intersect}}

{{Efn|Polytopes are '''completely disjoint''' if all their ''element sets'' are disjoint: they do not share any vertices, edges, faces or cells. They may still overlap in space, sharing 4-content, volume, area, or lineage.|name=completely disjoint}}

{{Efn|If the [[W:Euclidean distance|Pythagorean distance]] between any two vertices is {{sqrt|1}}, their geodesic distance is 1; they may be two adjacent vertices (in the curved 3-space of the surface), or a vertex and the center (in 4-space). If their Pythagorean distance is {{sqrt|2}}, their geodesic distance is 2 (whether via 3-space or 4-space, because the path along the edges is the same straight line with one 90&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt; bend in it as the path through the center). If their Pythagorean distance is {{sqrt|3}}, their geodesic distance is still 2 (whether on a hexagonal great circle past one 60&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt; bend, or as a straight line with one 60&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt; bend in it through the center). Finally, if their Pythagorean distance is {{sqrt|4}}, their geodesic distance is still 2 in 4-space (straight through the center), but it reaches 3 in 3-space (by going halfway around a hexagonal great circle).|name=Geodesic distance}}

{{Efn|Two angles are required to fix the relative positions of two planes in 4-space.{{Sfn|Kim|Rote|2016|p=7|loc=§6 Angles between two Planes in 4-Space|ps=; &quot;In four (and higher) dimensions, we need two angles to fix the relative position between two planes. (More generally, ''k'' angles are defined between ''k''-dimensional subspaces.)&quot;}} Since all planes in the same [[W:hyperplane|hyperplane]] are 0 degrees apart in one of the two angles, only one angle is required in 3-space. Great hexagons in different hyperplanes are 60 degrees apart in ''both'' angles. Great squares in different hyperplanes are 90 degrees apart in ''both'' angles (completely orthogonal){{Efn|name=completely orthogonal planes}} or 60 degrees apart in ''both'' angles.{{Efn||name=Clifford parallel squares in the 16-cell and 24-cell}} Planes which are separated by two equal angles are called ''isoclinic''. Planes which are isoclinic have [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]] great circles.{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} A great square and a great hexagon in different hyperplanes are neither isoclinic nor Clifford parallel; they are separated by a 90 degree angle ''and'' a 60 degree angle.|name=two angles between central planes}}

{{Efn|The 24-cell contains 3 distinct 8-cells (tesseracts), rotated 60° isoclinically with respect to each other. The corresponding vertices of two 8-cells are {{radic|3}} (120°) apart. Each 8-cell contains 8 cubical cells, and each cube contains four {{radic|3}} chords (its long diagonals). The 8-cells are not completely disjoint{{Efn|name=completely disjoint}} (they share vertices), but each cube and each {{radic|3}} chord belongs to just one 8-cell. The {{radic|3}} chords joining the corresponding vertices of two 8-cells belong to the third 8-cell.|name=three 8-cells}}

{{Efn|Departing from any vertex V&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; in the original great hexagon plane of isoclinic rotation P&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;, the first vertex reached V&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; is 120 degrees away along a {{radic|3}} chord lying in a different hexagonal plane P&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;. P&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; is inclined to P&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; at a 60° angle.{{Efn|P&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; and P&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; lie in the same hyperplane (the same central cuboctahedron) so their other angle of separation is 0.{{Efn|name=two angles between central planes}}}} The second vertex reached V&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; is 120 degrees beyond V&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; along a second {{radic|3}} chord lying in another hexagonal plane P&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; that is Clifford parallel to P&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;.{{Efn|P&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; and P&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; are 60° apart in ''both'' angles of separation.{{Efn|name=two angles between central planes}} Clifford parallel planes are isoclinic (which means they are separated by two equal angles), and their corresponding vertices are all the same distance apart. Although V&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; and V&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; are ''two'' {{radic|3}} chords apart{{Efn|V&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; and V&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; are two {{radic|3}} chords apart on the geodesic path of this rotational isocline, but that is not the shortest geodesic path between them. In the 24-cell, it is impossible for two vertices to be more distant than ''one'' {{radic|3}} chord, unless they are antipodal vertices {{radic|4}} apart.{{Efn|name=Geodesic distance}} V&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; and V&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; are ''one'' {{radic|3}} chord apart on some other isocline. More generally, isoclines are geodesics because the distance between their ''adjacent'' vertices is the shortest distance between those two vertices, but a path between two vertices along a geodesic is not always the shortest distance between them (even on ordinary great circle geodesics).}}, P&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; and P&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; are just one {{radic|1}} edge apart (at every pair of ''nearest'' vertices).}} (Notice that V&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; lies in both intersecting planes P&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; and P&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, as V&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; lies in both P&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; and P&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;. But P&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; and P&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; have ''no'' vertices in common; they do not intersect.) The third vertex reached V&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; is 120 degrees beyond V&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; along a third {{radic|3}} chord lying in another hexagonal plane P&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; that is Clifford parallel to P&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;. The three {{radic|3}} chords lie in different 8-cells.{{Efn|name=three 8-cells}} V&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; to V&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; is a 360° isoclinic rotation.|name=360 degree geodesic path visiting 3 hexagonal planes}}

{{Notelist|40em}}

== Citations ==
{{Sfn|Mamone|Pileio|Levitt|2010|loc=§4.5 Regular Convex 4-Polytopes|pp=1438-1439|ps=; the 24-cell has 1152 symmetry operations (rotations and reflections) as enumerated in Table 2, symmetry group 𝐹&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;.}}

{{Reflist|40em}}

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{{Refend}}</text>
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{{align|center|dc@samizdat.org}}
{{align|center|June 2023 - June 2025}}

&lt;blockquote&gt;'''Abstract:''' The physical universe is properly visualized as a [[w:Four-dimensional_space|Euclidean space of four orthogonal spatial dimensions]]. Space itself has a fourth orthogonal dimension, of which we are unaware in ordinary life. Atoms are [[w:4-polytope|4-polytopes]], small round 4-dimensional objects, and stars are 4-balls of atomic plasma, large round 4-dimensional objects. Objects intermediate in size between atoms and stars, including molecules, people, and planets, are so flat as to be essentially 3-dimensional, having only the thickness of an atom in the orthogonal fourth dimension. A typical galaxy such as ours is a hollow [[w:3-sphere|4-dimensional 3-sphere]] with these objects distributed on its 3-dimensional surface. The black hole at the galaxy's center is nothing: the 4-ball of empty space they surround. Objects in our galaxy occupy this thin 3-dimensional surface, forming a filmy 4-dimensional soap-bubble of galactic size, thicker than an atom only in the interior of stars. Mass is confined to this 3-dimensional manifold by its inertia, also called gravity, the property of its ceaseless motion at a constant, universal velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;, the rate of causality at which the universe evolves. Atoms are always internally in inertial rotational motion, and externally in inertial translational motion through 4-space, at this universal rate of transformation. The observed universe appears to be a 3-sphere expanding radially from a central origin point at velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;, the invariant velocity of mass-carrying objects through 4-space, also the propagation speed of light through 3-space as measured by all observers. All objects with mass move through 4-space at velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt; as long as they exist, and acceleration only varies their direction. The propagation speed of light measured on a straight line through Euclidean 4-space is &lt;math&gt;c^\prime = 2c&lt;/math&gt;, so we can see in 4 dimensions, even though we are physically confined to a moving 3-dimensional manifold, where our direction of motion through 4-space is our proper time dimension. We have been unaware that when we look up at night we see stars and galaxies, themselves large 4-dimensional objects, distributed all around us in 4-dimensional Euclidean space, and moving through it, like us, at velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;. This model of the observed universe is compatible with the theories of special and general relativity, and with the atomic theory of quantum mechanics. It explains those theories geometrically, as expressions of intrinsic symmetries.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Symmetries ==
It is common to speak of nature as a web, and so it is, the great web of our physical experiences. Every web must have its root systems somewhere, and nature in this sense must be rooted in the symmetries which underlie physics and geometry, the [[W:Group (mathematics)|mathematics of groups]].{{Sfn|Conway|Burgiel|Goodman-Strauss|2008}}

As I understand [[W:Noether's theorem|Noether's theorem]] (which is not mathematically), hers is the deepest meta-theory of nature yet, deeper than [[W:Theory of relativity|Einstein's relativity]] or [[W:Evolution|Darwin's evolution]] or [[W:Euclidean geometry|Euclid's geometry]]. It finds that all fundamental findings in physics are based on conservation laws which can be laid at the doors of distinct [[W:symmetry group |symmetry group]]s. Thus all fundamental systems in physics, as examples [[W:quantum chromodynamics|quantum chromodynamics]] (QCD) the theory of the strong force binding the atomic nucleus and [[W:quantum electrodynamics|quantum electrodynamics]] (QED) the theory of the electromagnetic force, each have a corresponding symmetry [[W:group theory|group theory]] of which they are an expression. 

[[W:Coxeter group|Coxeter group]] theory did for geometry what Noether's theorem and Einstein's relativity did for physics. [[W:Coxeter|Coxeter]] showed that Euclidean geometry is based on conservation laws that correspond to distinct symmetry groups and obey the principle of relativity. As I understand Coxeter theory (which is not mathematically),{{Efn|Coxeter's formulation of the motions (congruent transformations) possible in an ''n''-dimensional Euclidean space:{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=217-218|loc=§12.2 Congruent transformations}}
&lt;blockquote&gt;Let Q denote a rotation, R a reflection, T a translation, and let Q&lt;sup&gt;''q''&lt;/sup&gt; R&lt;sup&gt;''r''&lt;/sup&gt; T denote a product of several such transformations, all commutative with one another. Then RT is a glide-reflection (in two or three dimensions), QR is a rotary-reflection, QT is a screw-displacement, and Q&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; is a double rotation (in four dimensions).&lt;br&gt;
Every orthogonal transformation is expressible as:&lt;br&gt;
{{spaces|10}}Q&lt;sup&gt;''q''&lt;/sup&gt; R&lt;sup&gt;''r''&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br&gt;
where 2''q'' + ''r'' ≤ ''n'', the number of dimensions.&lt;br&gt;
Transformations involving a translation are expressible as:&lt;br&gt;
{{spaces|10}}Q&lt;sup&gt;''q''&lt;/sup&gt; R&lt;sup&gt;''r''&lt;/sup&gt; T&lt;br&gt;
where 2''q'' + ''r'' + 1 ≤ ''n''.&lt;br&gt;
For ''n'' {{=}} 4 in particular, every displacement is either a double rotation Q&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, or a screw-displacement QT (where the rotation component Q is a simple rotation). Every enantiomorphous transformation in 4-space (reversing chirality) is a QRT.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
If we assume the [[W:Galilean relativity|Galilean principle of relativity]], every displacement in 4-space can be viewed as either a Q&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; or a QT, because we can view any QT as a Q&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; in a linearly moving (translating) reference frame. Therefore any transformation from one inertial reference frame to another is expressable as a Q&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. By the same principle, we can view any QT or Q&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; as an isoclinic (equi-angled) Q&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; by appropriate choice of reference frame.{{Efn|[[W:Arthur Cayley|Cayley]] showed that any rotation in 4-space can be decomposed into two isoclinic rotations, which intuitively we might see follows from the fact that any transformation from one inertial reference frame to another is expressable as a [[W:SO(4)|rotation in 4-dimensional Euclidean space]]. The distinct symmetry groups of the regular polytopes each correspond to their characteristic isoclinic rotations. These isoclinic rotations are distinguished in geometry, relativity, and quantum mechanics.|name=Cayley's rotation factorization into two isoclinic reference frame transformations}} Coxeter's relation is a mathematical statement of the principle of relativity, on group-theoretic grounds. It correctly captures the limits to relativity, in that we can only exchange the translation (T) for ''one'' of the two rotations (Q). An observer in any inertial reference frame can always measure the presence, direction and velocity of ''one'' rotation up to uncertainty, and can always distinguish the direction of his own proper time arrow.|name=transformations}} the symmetry groups underlying physics seem to have an expression in a [[W:Euclidean space|Euclidean space]] of four [[W:dimension|dimension]]s, that is, they are [[W:Euclidean geometry#Higher dimensions|four-dimensional Euclidean geometry]]. Therefore as I understand that geometry (which is entirely by synthetic rather than algebraic methods), the [[W:Atom|atom]] seems to have a distinct Euclidean geometry, such that atoms and their constituent particles are four-dimensional objects, and nature can be understood in terms of their [[W:group action|group actions]], including centrally [[W:rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space|rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space]].

== Special relativity describes Euclidean 4-dimensional space ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;Our entire model of the universe is built on symmetries. Some, like isotropy (the laws are the same in all directions), homogeneity (same in all places), and time invariance (same at all times) seem natural enough. Even relativity, the Lorentz Invariance that allows everyone to observe a constant speed of light, has an elegance to it that makes it seem natural.{{Sfn|Goldberg|2013|loc=§10. Hidden Symmetries: Why some symmetries but not others?|p=264}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

...cite Yamashita{{Sfn|Yamashita|2023}}

=== Minkowski spacetime and Euclidean 4-space in relativity ===
...

Is there a configuration in Euclidean space where every observer, and every observed object, is moving at velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;? Yes, there is one such configuration, in 4-dimensional Euclidean space. This configuration must be like the one described above, in our ''Abstract''.

== The rate of atomic symmetry operations ==
...

== General relativity describes a curved 3-dimensional manifold embedded in Euclidean 4-dimensional space ==
...

== The geometry of the atomic nucleus ==

In [[W:Euclidean 4-space|Euclidean four dimensional space]], an [[W:atomic nucleus|atomic nucleus]] is a one or more concentric 4-polytopes of increasing radius. Each concentric shell is a single or compound [[24-cell]], the regular 4-polytope with [[W:Coxeter group#Symmetry groups of regular polytopes|𝔽&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; symmetry]]. Nuclear shells are concentric [[W:3-sphere|3-sphere]]s occupied (fully or partially) by the orbits of this 24-point [[#The 6 regular convex 4-polytopes|regular convex 4-polytope]]. An actual atomic nucleus is a rotating four dimensional object. It is not a ''rigid'' rotating object, it is a kinematic one, because the nucleus of an actual atom of a distinct [[W:nucleon number|nucleon number]] contains a distinct number of orbiting 24-cell vertices which may be in different isoclinic rotational orbits. These moving vertices never describe a compound of static 24-cells at any single instant in time, though their orbits do all the time. The physical configuration of a nucleus as concentric 24-cells can be reduced to the [[W:kinematics|kinematics]] of the orbits of its constituent protons and neutrons. The geometry of the atomic nucleus is therefore strictly [[W:Euclidean geometry#19th century|Euclidean]] in four dimensional space.

=== Rotations ===
The [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotations]] of the convex [[W:regular 4-polytope|regular 4-polytope]]s are usually described as discrete rotations of a rigid object. For example, the rigid [[24-cell]] can rotate in a [[24-cell#Hexagons|hexagonal]] (6-vertex) central [[24-cell#Planes of rotation|plane of rotation]]. A 4-dimensional [[24-cell#Isoclinic rotations|''isoclinic'' rotation]] (as distinct from a [[24-cell#Simple rotations|''simple'' rotation]] like the ones that occur in 3-dimensional space) is a ''diagonal'' rotation in multiple [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]] [[24-cell#Geodesics|central planes]] of rotation at once. It is diagonal because it is a [[W:SO(4)#Double rotations|double rotation]]: in addition to rotating in parallel (like wheels), the multiple planes of rotation also tilt sideways (like coins flipping) into each other's planes. Consequently, the path taken by each vertex is a [[24-cell#Helical hexagrams and their isoclines|twisted helical circle]], rather than the ordinary flat great circle a vertex follows in a simple rotation. In a rigid 4-polytope rotating isoclinically, ''all'' the vertices lie in one of the parallel planes of rotation, so all the vertices move in parallel along Clifford parallel twisting circular paths. [[24-cell#Clifford parallel polytopes|Clifford parallel planes]] are not parallel in the normal sense of parallel planes in three dimensions; the vertices are all moving in different directions around the [[W:3-sphere|3-sphere]]. In one complete 360° isoclinic revolution, a rigid 4-polytope turns itself inside out.

This is sufficiently different from the simple rotations of rigid bodies in our 3-dimensional experience that a precise [[24-cell|detailed description]] enabling the reader to properly visualize it runs to many pages and illustrations, with many accompanying pages of explanatory notes on basic phenomena that arise only in 4-dimensional space: [[24-cell#Squares|completely orthogonal planes]], [[24-cell#Hexagons|Clifford parallelism]] and [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fiber bundles]], [[24-cell#Helical hexagrams and their isoclines|isoclinic geodesic paths]], and [[24-cell#Double rotations|chiral (mirror image) pairs of rotations]], among other complexities. Moreover, the characteristic rotations of the various regular 4-polytopes are all different; each is a surprise. [[#The 6 regular convex 4-polytopes|The 6 regular convex 4-polytopes]] have different numbers of vertices (5, 8, 16, 24, 120, and 600 respectively) and those with fewer vertices occur inscribed in those with more vertices (generally), with the result that the more complex 4-polytopes subsume the kinds of rotations characteristic of their less complex predecessors, as well as each having a characteristic kind of rotation not found in their predecessors. [[W:Euclidean geometry#Higher dimensions|Four dimensional Euclidean space]] is more complicated (and more interesting) than three dimensional space because there is more room in it, in which unprecedented things can happen. It is much harder for us to visualize, because the only way we can experience it is in our imaginations; we have no body of sensory experience in 4-dimensional space to draw upon.

For that reason, descriptions of isoclinic rotations usually begin and end with rigid rotations: [[24-cell#Isoclinic rotations|for example]], all 24 vertices of a single rigid 24-cell rotating in unison, with 6 vertices evenly spaced around each of 4 Clifford parallel twisted circles.{{Efn|name=360 degree geodesic path visiting 3 hexagonal planes}} But that is only the simplest case. Compound and [[W:Kinematics|kinematic]] 24-cells (with moving parts) are even more interesting (and more complicated) than a single rigid 24-cell. 

To begin with, when we examine the individual parts of a single rigid 24-cell that are moving in an isoclinic rotation, such as the orbits of individual vertices, we can imagine a case where fewer than 24 point-objects are orbiting on those twisted circular paths at once. [[24-cell#Reflections|For example]], if we imagine just 8 point-objects, evenly spaced around the 24-cell at [[24-cell#Reciprocal constructions from 8-cell and 16-cell|the 8 vertices that lie on the 4 coordinate axes]], and rotate them isoclinically along exactly the same orbits they would take in the above-mentioned rotation of a rigid 24-cell, then in the course of a single 360° rotation the 8 point-objects will trace out the whole 24-cell, with just one point-object reaching each of the 24 vertex positions just once, and no point-object colliding with any other at any time.

That is still an example of a rigid object in a single distinct isoclinic rotation: a rigid 8-vertex object (called the 4-[[W:orthoplex|orthoplex]] or [[16-cell]]) performing the characteristic rotation of the 24-cell. But we can also imagine ''combining'' distinct isoclinic rotations. What happens when multiple point-objects are orbiting at once, but do ''not'' all follow the Clifford parallel paths characteristic of the ''same'' distinct rotation? What happens when we combine orbits from distinct rotations characteristic of different 4-polytopes, for example when different rigid 4-polytopes are concentric and rotating simultaneously in their characteristic ways? What kinds of such hybrid rotations are possible in the same shell without collisions? In adjacent shells without asymmetric imbalance? What sort of [[Kinematics of the cuboctahedron|kinematic polytopes]] do they trace out, and how do their [[24-cell#Clifford parallel polytopes|component parts]] relate to each other as they move? Is there (sometimes) some kind of mutual stability amid their lack of combined rigidity? Visualizing isoclinic rotations (rigid and otherwise) allows us to explore questions of this kind of [[W:kinematics|kinematics]], and where dynamic stabilities arise, of [[W:kinetics|kinetics]].

=== Isospin ===
A [[W:Nucleon|nucleon]] is a [[W:proton|proton]] or a [[W:neutron|neutron]]. The proton carries a positive net [[W:Electric charge|charge]], and the neutron carries a zero net charge. The proton's [[W:Mass|mass]] is only about 0.13% less than the neutron's, and since they are observed to be identical in other respects, they can be viewed as two states of the same nucleon, together forming an isospin doublet ({{nowrap|''I'' {{=}} {{sfrac|1|2}}}}). In isospin space, neutrons can be transformed into protons and conversely by actions of the [[W:SU(2)|SU(2)]] symmetry group. In nature, protons are very stable (the most stable particle known); a proton and a neutron are a stable nuclide; but free neutrons decay into protons in about 10 or 15 seconds.

According to the [[W:Noether theorem|Noether theorem]], [[W:Isospin|isospin]] is conserved with respect to the [[W:strong interaction|strong interaction]].&lt;ref name=Griffiths2008&gt;{{cite book |author=Griffiths, David J. |title=Introduction to Elementary Particles |edition=2nd revised |publisher=WILEY-VCH |year=2008 |isbn=978-3-527-40601-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|129–130}} Nucleons are acted upon equally by the strong interaction, which is invariant under rotation in isospin space.

Isospin was introduced as a concept in 1932 by [[W:Werner Heisenberg|Werner Heisenberg]],&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite journal
 |last=Heisenberg |first=W. |author-link=W:Werner Heisenberg
 |year=1932
 |title=Über den Bau der Atomkerne
 |journal=[[W:Zeitschrift für Physik|Zeitschrift für Physik]]
 |volume=77 |issue=1–2 |pages=1–11
 |doi=10.1007/BF01342433
 |bibcode = 1932ZPhy...77....1H
 |s2cid=186218053
 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; well before the 1960s development of the [[W:quark model|quark model]], to explain the symmetry of the proton and the then newly discovered neutron. Heisenberg introduced the concept of another conserved quantity that would cause the proton to turn into a neutron and vice versa. In 1937, [[W:Eugene Wigner|Eugene Wigner]] introduced the term &quot;isospin&quot; to indicate how the new quantity is similar to spin in behavior, but otherwise unrelated.&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite journal
 |last=Wigner |first=E. |author-link=W:Eugene Wigner
 |year=1937
 |title=On the Consequences of the Symmetry of the Nuclear Hamiltonian on the Spectroscopy of Nuclei
 |journal=[[W:Physical Review|Physical Review]]
 |volume=51
 |pages=106–119
 |doi=10.1103/PhysRev.51.106
 |bibcode = 1937PhRv...51..106W
 |issue=2
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similar to a spin-1/2 particle, which has two states, protons and neutrons were said to be of isospin 1/2. The proton and neutron were then associated with different isospin projections ''I''&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;nbsp;=&amp;nbsp;+1/2 and −1/2 respectively.

Isospin is a different kind of rotation entirely than the ordinary spin which objects undergo when they rotate in three-dimensional space. Isospin does not correspond to a [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Simple rotations|simple rotation]] in any space (of any number of dimensions). However, it does seem to correspond exactly to an [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]] in a Euclidean space of four dimensions. Isospin space resembles the [[W:3-sphere|3-sphere]], the [[W:Elliptical space#Elliptic space (the 3D case)|curved 3-dimensional space]] that is the surface of a [[W:4-ball (mathematics)#In Euclidean space|4-dimensional ball]].

=== Spinors ===
[[File:Spinor on the circle.png|thumb|upright=1.5|A spinor visualized as a vector pointing along the [[W:Möbius band|Möbius band]], exhibiting a sign inversion when the circle (the &quot;physical system&quot;) is continuously rotated through a full turn of 360°.]][[W:Spinors|Spinors]] are [[W:representation of a Lie group|representations]] of a [[W:spin group|spin group]], which are [[W:Double covering group|double cover]]s of the [[W:special orthogonal group|special orthogonal groups]]. The spin group Spin(4) is the double cover of [[W:SO(4)|SO(4)]], the group of rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space. [[600-cell#Fibrations of isocline polygrams|Isoclines]], the helical geodesic paths followed by points under isoclinic rotation, correspond to spinors representing Spin(4).

Spinors can be viewed as the &quot;square roots&quot; of [[W:Section (fiber bundle)|cross sections]] of [[W:vector bundle|vector bundle]]s; in this correspondence, a fiber bundle of isoclines (of a distinct isoclinic rotation) is a cross section (inverse bundle) of a fibration of great circles (in the invariant planes of that rotation).

A spinor can be visualized as a moving vector on a Möbius strip which transforms to its negative when continuously rotated through 360°, just as [[24-cell#Helical hexagrams and their isoclines|an isocline can be visualized as a Möbius strip]] winding twice around the 3-sphere, during which [[24-cell#Isoclinic rotations|720° isoclinic rotation]] the rigid 4-polytope turns itself inside-out twice.{{Sfn|Goucher|2019|loc=Spin Groups}} Under isoclinic rotation, a rigid 4-polytope is an isospin-1/2 object with two states.

=== Isoclinic rotations in the nucleus ===
Isospin is regarded as a symmetry of the strong interaction under the [[W:Group action (mathematics)|action]] of the [[W:Lie group|Lie group]] [[W:SU(2)|SU(2)]], the two [[W:eigenstate|states]] being the [[W:Up quark|up flavour]] and [[W:Down quark|down flavour]]. A 360° isoclinic rotation of a rigid [[W:nuclide|nuclide]] would transform its protons into neutrons and vice versa, exchanging the up and down flavours of their constituent [[W:quarks|quarks]], by turning the nuclide and all its parts inside-out (or perhaps we should say upside-down). Because we never observe this, we know that the nucleus is not a ''rigid'' polytope undergoing isoclinic rotation.

If the nucleus ''were'' a rigid object, nuclides that were isospin-rotated 360° would be isoclinic mirror images of each other, isospin +1/2 and isospin −1/2 states of the whole nucleus. We don't see whole nuclides rotating as a rigid object, but considering what would happen if they ''were'' rigid tells us something about the geometry we must expect inside the nucleons. One way that an isospin-rotated neutron could become a proton would be if the up quark and down quark were a left and right mirror-image pair of the same object; exchanging them in place would turn each down-down-up neutron into an up-up-down proton. But the case cannot be quite that simple, because the up quark and the down quark are not mirror-images of the same object: they have very different mass and other incongruities.

Another way an isospin-rotated neutron could be a proton would be if the up and down quarks were asymmetrical kinematic polytopes (not indirectly congruent mirror-images, and not rigid polytopes), rotating within the nucleus in different ''hybrid'' orbits. By that we mean that they may have vertices orbiting in rotations characteristic of more than one 4-polytope, so they may change shape as they rotate. In that case their composites (protons and neutrons) could have a symmetry not manifest in their components, but emerging from their combination.

....

=== Hybrid isoclinic rotations ===
The 24-cell has [[24-cell#Isoclinic rotations|its own characteristic isoclinic rotations]] in 4 Clifford parallel hexagonal planes (each intersecting 6 vertices), and also inherits the [[16-cell#Rotations|characteristic isoclinic rotations of its 3 Clifford parallel constituent 16-cells]] in 6 Clifford parallel square planes (each intersecting 4 vertices). The twisted circular paths followed by vertices in these two different kinds of rotation have entirely different geometries. Vertices rotating in hexagonal invariant planes follow [[24-cell#Helical hexagrams and their isoclines|helical geodesic curves whose chords form hexagrams]], and vertices rotating in square invariant planes follow [[24-cell#Helical octagrams and their isoclines|helical geodesic curves whose chords form octagrams]].

In a rigid isoclinic rotation, ''all'' the [[24-cell#Geodesics|great circle polygons]] move, in any kind of rotation. What distinguishes the hexagonal and square isoclinic rotations is the invariant planes of rotation the vertices stay in. The rotation described [[#Rotations|above]] (of 8 vertices rotating in 4 Clifford parallel hexagonal planes) is a single hexagonal isoclinic rotation, not a kinematic or hybrid rotation.

A ''kinematic'' isoclinic rotation in the 24-cell is any subset of the 24 vertices rotating through the same angle in the same time, but independently with respect to the choice of a Clifford parallel set of invariant planes of rotation and the chirality (left or right) of the rotation. A ''hybrid'' isoclinic rotation combines moving vertices from different kinds of isoclinic rotations, characteristic of different regular 4-polytopes. For example, if at least one vertex rotates in a square plane and at least one vertex rotates in a hexagonal plane, the kinematic rotation is a hybrid rotation, combining rotations characteristic of the 16-cell and characteristic of the 24-cell.

As an example of the simplest hybrid isoclinic rotation, consider a 24-cell vertex rotating in a square plane, and a second vertex, initially one 24-cell edge-length distant, rotating in a hexagonal plane. Rotating isoclinically at the same rate, the two moving vertices will never collide where their paths intersect, so this is a ''valid'' hybrid rotation.

To understand hybrid rotations in the 24-cell more generally, visualize the relationship between great squares and great hexagons. The [[24-cell#Squares|18 great squares]] occur as three sets of 6 orthogonal great squares,{{Efn|name=six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} each [[16-cell#Coordinates|forming a 16-cell]]. The three 16-cells are completely disjoint{{Efn|name=completely disjoint}} and [[24-cell#Clifford parallel polytopes|Clifford parallel]]: each has its own 8 vertices (on 4 orthogonal axes) and its own 24 edges (of length {{radic|2}}).{{Efn|name=three isoclinic 16-cells}} The 18 square great circles are crossed by 16 hexagonal great circles; each [[24-cell#Hexagons|hexagon]] has one axis (2 vertices) in each 16-cell.{{Efn|name=non-orthogonal hexagons}} The two [[24-cell#Triangles|great triangles]] inscribed in each great hexagon (occupying its alternate vertices, with edges that are its {{radic|3}} chords) have one vertex in each 16-cell. Thus ''each great triangle is a ring linking three completely disjoint great squares, one from each of the three completely disjoint 16-cells''.{{Efn|There are four different ways (four different ''fibrations'' of the 24-cell) in which the 8 vertices of the 16-cells correspond by being triangles of vertices {{radic|3}} apart: there are 32 distinct linking triangles. Each ''pair'' of 16-cells forms a tesseract (8-cell).{{Efn|name=three 16-cells form three tesseracts}} Each great triangle has one {{radic|3}} edge in each tesseract, so it is also a ring linking the three tesseracts.|name=great linking triangles}} Isoclinic rotations take the elements of the 4-polytope to congruent [[24-cell#Clifford parallel polytopes|Clifford parallel elements]] elsewhere in the 4-polytope. The square rotations do this ''locally'', confined within each 16-cell: for example, they take great squares to other great squares within the same 16-cell. The hexagonal rotations act ''globally'' within the entire 24-cell: for example, they take great squares to other great squares in ''different'' 16-cells. The [[16-cell#Helical construction|chords of the square rotations]] bind the 16-cells together internally, and the [[24-cell#Helical hexagrams and their isoclines|chords of the hexagonal rotations]] bind the three 16-cells together.

....

=== Color ===
When the existence of quarks was suspected in 1964, [[W:Oscar W. Greenberg|Greenberg]] introduced the notion of color charge to explain how quarks could coexist inside some [[W:hadron|hadron]]s in [[W:quark model#The discovery of color|otherwise identical quantum states]] without violating the [[W:Pauli exclusion principle|Pauli exclusion principle]]. The modern concept of [[W:color charge|color charge]] completely commuting with all other charges and providing the strong force charge was articulated in 1973, by [[W:William A. Bardeen|William Bardeen]], [[W:de:Harald Fritzsch|Harald Fritzsch]], and [[W:Murray Gell-Mann|Murray Gell-Mann]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite conference |author1=Bardeen, W. |author2=Fritzsch, H. |author3=Gell-Mann, M. |year=1973 |title=Light cone current algebra, ''π''&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt; decay, and ''e''&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; ''e''&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;&lt;/sup&gt; annihilation |arxiv=hep-ph/0211388 |editor=Gatto, R. |book-title=Scale and conformal symmetry in hadron physics |page=[https://archive.org/details/scaleconformalsy0000unse/page/139 139] |publisher=[[W:John Wiley &amp; Sons|John Wiley &amp; Sons]] |isbn=0-471-29292-3 |bibcode=2002hep.ph...11388B |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/scaleconformalsy0000unse/page/139 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Advantages of the color octet gluon picture |journal=[[W:Physics Letters B|Physics Letters B]] |volume=47 |issue=4 |page=365 |year=1973 |last1=Fritzsch |first1=H. |last2=Gell-Mann |first2=M. |last3=Leutwyler |first3=H. |doi=10.1016/0370-2693(73)90625-4 |bibcode=1973PhLB...47..365F |citeseerx=10.1.1.453.4712}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Color charge is not [[W:electric charge|electric charge]]; the whole point of it is that it is a quantum of something different. But it is related to electric charge, through the way in which the three different-colored quarks combine to contribute fractional quantities of electric charge to a nucleon. As we shall see, color is not really a separate kind of charge at all, but a partitioning of the electric charge into [[24-cell#Clifford parallel polytopes|Clifford parallel subspaces]].

The [[W:Color charge#Red, green, and blue|three different colors]] of quark charge might correspond to three different 16-cells, such as the three disjoint 16-cells inscribed in the 24-cell. Each color might be a disjoint domain in isospin space (the space of points on the 3-sphere).{{Efn|The 8 vertices of each disjoint 16-cell constitute an independent [[16-cell#Coordinates|orthonormal basis for a coordinate reference frame]].}} Alternatively, the three colors might correspond to three different fibrations of the same isospin space: three different ''sequences'' of the same total set of discrete points on the 3-sphere. These alternative possibilities constrain possible representations of the nuclides themselves, for example if we try to represent nuclides as particular rotating 4-polytopes. If the neutron is a (8-point) 16-cell, either of the two color possibilities might somehow make sense as far as the neutron is concerned. But if the proton is a (5-point) 5-cell, only the latter color possibility makes sense, because fibrations (which correspond to distinct isoclinic left-and-right rigid rotations) are the ''only'' thing the 5-cell has three of. Both the 5-cell and the 16-cell have three discrete rotational fibrations. Moreover, in the case of a rigid, isoclinically rotating 4-polytope, those three fibrations always come one-of-a-kind and two-of-a-kind, in at least two different ways. First, one fibration is the set of invariant planes currently being rotated through, and the other two are not. Second, when one considers the three fibrations of each of these 4-polytopes, in each fibration two isoclines carry the left and right rotations respectively, and the third isocline acts simply as a Petrie polygon, the difference between the fibrations being the role assigned to each isocline.

If we associate each quark with one or more isoclinic rotations in which the moving vertices belong to different 16-cells of the 24-cell, and the sign (plus or minus) of the electric charge with the chirality (right or left) of isoclinic rotations generally, we can configure nucleons of three quarks, two performing rotations of one chirality and one performing rotations of the other chirality. The configuration will be a valid kinematic rotation because the completely disjoint 16-cells can rotate independently; their vertices would never collide even if the 16-cells were performing different rigid square isoclinic rotations (all 8 vertices rotating in unison). But we need not associate a quark with a [[16-cell#Rotations|rigidly rotating 16-cell]], or with a single distinct square rotation.

Minimally, we must associate each quark with at least one moving vertex in each of three different 16-cells, following the twisted geodesic isocline of an isoclinic rotation. In the up quark, that could be the isocline of a right rotation; and in the down quark, the isocline of a left rotation. The chirality accounts for the sign of the electric charge (we have said conventionally as +right, −left), but we must also account for the quantity of charge: +{{sfrac|2|3}} in an up quark, and −{{sfrac|1|3}} in a down quark. One way to do that would be to give the three distinct quarks moving vertices of {{sfrac|1|3}} charge in different 16-cells, but provide up quarks with twice as many vertices moving on +right isoclines as down quarks have vertices moving on −left isoclines (assuming the correct chiral pairing is up+right, down−left).

Minimally, an up quark requires two moving vertices (of the up+right chirality).{{Efn|Two moving vertices in one quark could belong to the same 16-cell. A 16-cell may have two vertices moving in the same isoclinic square (octagram) orbit, such as an antipodal pair (a rotating dipole), or two vertices moving in different square orbits of the same up+right chirality.{{Efn|There is only one [[16-cell#Helical construction|octagram orbit]] of each chirality in each fibration of the 16-cell, so two octagram orbits of the same chirality cannot be Clifford parallel (part of the same distinct rotation). Two vertices right-moving on different octagram isoclines in the same 16-cell is a combination of two distinct rotations, whose isoclines will intersect: a kinematic rotation. It can be a valid kinematic rotation if the moving vertices will never pass through a point of intersection at the same time. Octagram isoclines pass through all 8 vertices of the 16-cell, and all eight isoclines (the left and right isoclines of four different fibrations) intersect at ''every'' vertex.}} However, the theory of [[W:Color confinement|color confinement]] may not require that two moving vertices in one quark belong to the same 16-cell; like the moving vertices of different quarks, they could be drawn from the disjoint vertex sets of two different 16-cells.}} Minimally, a down quark requires one moving vertex (of the down−left chirality). In these minimal quark configurations, a proton would have 5 moving vertices and a neutron would have 4.

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=== Nucleons ===
[[File:Symmetrical_5-set_Venn_diagram.svg|thumb|[[W:Branko Grünbaum|Grünbaum's]] rotationally symmetrical 5-set Venn diagram, 1975. It is the [[5-cell]]. Think of it as an [[W:Nuclear magnetic resonance|NMR image]] of the 4-dimensional proton in projection to the plane.]]
The proton is a very stable mass particle. Is there a stable orbit of 5 moving vertices in 4-dimensional Euclidean space? There are few known solutions to the 5-body problem, and fewer still to the [[W:n-body problem|{{mvar|n}}-body problem]], but one is known: the ''central configuration'' of {{mvar|n}} bodies in a space of dimension {{mvar|n}}-1. A [[W:Central configuration|central configuration]] is a system of [[W:Point particle|point masses]] with the property that each mass is pulled by the combined attractive force of the system directly towards the [[W:Center of mass|center of mass]], with acceleration proportional to its distance from the center. Placing three masses in an equilateral triangle, four at the vertices of a regular [[W:Tetrahedron|tetrahedron]], five at the vertices of a regular [[5-cell]], or more generally {{mvar|n}} masses at the vertices of a regular [[W:Simplex|simplex]] produces a central configuration [[W:Central configuration#Examples|even when the masses are not equal]]. In an isoclinic rotation, all the moving vertices orbit at the same radius and the same speed. Therefore if any 5 bodies are orbiting as an isoclinically rotating regular 5-cell (a rigid 4-simplex figure undergoing isoclinic rotation), they maintain a central configuration, describing 5 mutually stable orbits.

Unlike the proton, the neutron is not always a stable particle; a free neutron will decay into a proton. A deficiency of the minimal configurations is that there is no way for this [[W:beta minus decay|beta minus decay]] to occur. The minimal neutron of 4 moving vertices described [[#Color|above]] cannot possibly decay into a proton by losing moving vertices, because it does not possess the four up+right moving vertices required in a proton. This deficiency could be remedied by giving the neutron configuration 8 moving vertices instead of 4: four down−left and four up+right moving vertices. Then by losing 3 down−left moving vertices the neutron could decay into the 5 vertex up-down-up proton configuration.{{Efn|Although protons are very stable, during [[W:stellar nucleosynthesis|stellar nucleosynthesis]] two H&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; protons are fused into an H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; nucleus consisting of a proton and a neutron. This [[W:beta plus decay|beta plus &quot;decay&quot;]] of a proton into a neutron is actually the result of a rare high-energy collision between the two protons, in which a neutron is constructed. With respect to our nucleon configurations of moving vertices, it has to be explained as the conversion of two 5-point 5-cells into a 5-point 5-cell and an 8-point 16-cell, emitting two decay products of at least 1-point each. Thus it must involve the creation of moving vertices, by the conversion of kinetic energy to point-masses.}} A neutron configuration of 8 moving vertices could occur as the 8-point 16-cell, the second-smallest regular 4-polytope after the 5-point 5-cell (the hypothesized proton configuration).

It is possible to double the neutron configuration in this way, without destroying the charge balance that defines the nucleons, by giving down quarks three moving vertices instead of just one: two −left vertices and one +right vertex. The net charge on the down quark remains −{{sfrac|1|3}}, but the down quark becomes heavier (at least in vertex count) than the up quark, as in fact its mass is measured to be.

A nucleon's quark configuration is only a partial specification of its properties. There is much more to a nucleon than what is contained within its three quarks, which contribute only about 1% of the nucleon's energy. The additional 99% of the nucleon mass is said to be associated with the force that binds the three quarks together, rather than being intrinsic to the individual quarks separately. In the case of the proton, 5 moving vertices in the stable orbits of a central configuration (in one of the [[5-cell#Geodesics and rotations|isoclinic rotations characteristic of the regular 5-cell]]) might be sufficient to account for the stability of the proton, but not to account for most of the proton's energy. It is not the point-masses of the moving vertices themselves which constitute most of the mass of the nucleon; if mass is a consequence of geometry, we must look to the larger geometric elements of these polytopes as their major mass contributors. The quark configurations are thus incomplete specifications of the geometry of the nucleons, predictive of only some of the nucleon's properties, such as charge.{{Efn|Notice that by giving the down quark three moving vertices, we seem to have changed the quark model's prediction of the proton's number of moving vertices from 5 to 7, which would be incompatible with our theory that the proton configuration is a rotating regular 5-cell in a central configuration of 5 stable orbits. Fortunately, the actual quark model has nothing at all to say about moving vertices, so we may choose to regard that number as one of the geometric properties the quark model does not specify.}} In particular, they do not account for the forces binding the nucleon together. Moreover, if the rotating regular 5-cell is the proton configuration and the rotating regular 16-cell is the neutron configuration, then a nucleus is a complex of rotating 5-cells and 16-cells, and we must look to the geometric relationship between those two very different regular 4-polytopes for an understanding of the nuclear force binding them together.

The most direct [[120-cell#Relationships among interior polytopes|geometric relationship among stationary regular 4-polytopes]] is the way they occupy a common 3-sphere together. Multiple 16-cells of equal radius can be compounded to form each of the larger regular 4-polytopes, the 8-cell, 24-cell, 600-cell, and 120-cell, but it is noteworthy that multiple regular 5-cells of equal radius cannot be compounded to form any of the other 4-polytopes except the largest, the 120-cell. The 120-cell is the unique intersection of the regular 5-cell and 16-cell: it is a compound of 120 regular 5-cells, and also a compound of 75 16-cells. All regular 4-polytopes except the 5-cell are compounds of 16-cells, but none of them except the largest, the 120-cell, contains any regular 5-cells. So in any compound of equal-radius 16-cells which also contains a regular 5-cell, whether that compound forms some single larger regular 4-polytope or does not, no two of the regular 5-cell's five vertices ever lie in the same 16-cell. So the geometric relationship between the regular 5-cell (our proton candidate) and the regular 16-cell (our neutron candidate) is quite a distant one: they are much more exclusive of each other's elements than they are distantly related, despite their complementary three-quark configurations and other similarities as nucleons. The relationship between a regular 5-cell and a regular 16-cell of equal radius is manifest only in the 120-cell, the most complex regular 4-polytope, which [[120-cell#Geometry|uniquely embodies all the containment relationships]] among all the regular 4-polytopes and their elements.

If the nucleus is a complex of 5-cells (protons) and 16-cells (neutrons) rotating isoclinically around a common center, then its overall motion is a hybrid isoclinic rotation, because the 5-cell and the 16-cell have different characteristic isoclinic rotations, and they have no isoclinic rotation in common.{{Efn|The regular 5-cell does not occur inscribed in any other regular 4-polytope except one, the 600-vertex 120-cell. No two of the 5 vertices of a regular 5-cell can be vertices of the same 16-cell, 8-cell, 24-cell, or 600-cell. The isoclinic rotations characteristic of the regular 5-cell maintain the separation of its 5 moving vertices in 5 disjoint Clifford-parallel subspaces at all times. The [[16-cell#Rotations|isoclinic rotation characteristic of the 16-cell]] maintains the separation of its 8 moving vertices in 2 disjoint Clifford-parallel subspaces (completely orthogonal great square planes) at all times. Therefore, in any hybrid rotation of a concentric 5-cell and 16-cell, at most one 5-cell subspace (containing 1 vertex) might be synchronized with one 16-cell subspace (containing 4 vertices), such that the 1 + 4 vertices they jointly contain occupy the same moving subspace continually, forming a rigid 5-vertex polytope undergoing some kind of rotation. If in fact it existed, this 5-vertex rotating rigid polytope would not be [[5-cell#Geometry|not a 5-cell, since 4 of its vertices are coplanar]]; it is not a 4-polytope but merely a polyhedron, a [[W:square pyramid|square pyramid]].}}

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=== Nuclides ===

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=== Quantum phenomena ===

The Bell-Kochen-Specker (BKS) theorem rules out the existence of deterministic noncontextual hidden variables theories. A proof of the theorem in a space of three or more dimensions can be given by exhibiting a finite set of lines through the origin that cannot each be colored black or white in such a way that (i) no two orthogonal lines are both black, and (ii) not all members of a set of ''d'' mutually orthogonal lines are white.{{Efn|&quot;The Bell-Kochen-Specker theorem rules out the existence of deterministic noncontextual hidden variables theories. A proof of the theorem in a Hilbert space of dimension d ≥ 3 can be given by exhibiting a finite set of rays [9] that cannot each be assigned the value 0 or 1 in such a way that (i) no two orthogonal rays are both assigned the value 1, and (ii) not all members of a set of d mutually orthogonal rays are assigned the value 0.&quot;{{Sfn|Waegell|Aravind|2009|loc=2. The Bell-Kochen-Specker (BKS) theorem}}|name=BKS theorem}}

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=== Motion ===
What does it mean to say that an object moves through space? Coxeter group theory provides precise answers to questions of this kind. A rigid object (polytope) moves by distinct transformations, changing itself in each discrete step into a congruent object in a different orientation and position.{{Efn|name=transformations}}

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== Galilean relativity in a space of four orthogonal dimensions ==

Special relativity is just Galilean relativity in a Euclidean space of four orthogonal dimensions.

General relativity is just Galilean relativity in a general space of four orthogonal dimensions, e.g. Euclidean 4-space &lt;math&gt;R^4&lt;/math&gt;, spherical 4-space &lt;math&gt;S^4&lt;/math&gt;, or any orthogonal 4-manifold.

Light is just reflection. Gravity (and all force) is just rotation. Both motions are just group actions, expressions of intrinsic symmetries. That is all of physics.

Every observer properly sees himself as stationary and the universe as a sphere with himself at the center. The curvature of these spheres is a function of the rate at which causality evolves, and it can be measured by the observer as the speed of light.

=== Special relativity is just Galilean relativity in a Euclidean space of four orthogonal dimensions ===
Perspective effects occur because each observer's ordinary 3-dimensional space is only a curved manifold embedded in 4-dimensional Euclidean space, and its curvature complicates the calculations for him (e.g., he sometimes requires Lorentz transformations). But if  all four spatial dimensions are considered, no Lorentz transformations are required (or permitted) except when you want to calculate a projection, or a shadow, that is, how things will appear from a three-dimensional viewpoint (not how they really are).{{Sfn|Yamashita|2023}} The universe really has four spatial dimensions, and space and time behave just as they do in classical 3-vector space, only bigger by one dimension. It is not necessary to combine 4-space with time in a spacetime to explain 4-dimensional perspective effects at high velocities, because 4-space is already spatially 4-dimensional, and those perspective effects fall out of the 4-dimensional Pythagorean theorem naturally, just as perspective does in three dimensions. The universe is only strange in the ways the Euclidean fourth dimension is strange; but that does hold many surprises for us. Euclidean 4-space is much more interesting than Euclidean 3-space, analogous to the way that 3-space is much more interesting than 2-space. But all Euclidean spaces are dimensionally analogous. Dimensional analogy itself, like everything else in nature, is an exact expression of intrinsic symmetries.

=== General relativity is just Galilean relativity in a general space of four orthogonal dimensions ===
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=== Physics ===
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=== Thoreau's spherical relativity ===
Every observer may properly see himself as stationary and the universe as a 4-sphere with himself at the center observing it, perceptually equidistant from all points on its surface, including his own ''physical'' location which is one of those surface points, distinguished to him but not the center of anything. This statement of the principle of relativity is compatible with Galileo's relativity of uniformly moving objects in ordinary space, Einstein's special relativity of inertial reference frames in 4-dimensional spacetime, Einstein's general relativity of all reference frames in non-Euclidean spacetime, and Coxeter's relativity of orthogonal group actions in Euclidean spaces of any number of dimensions.{{Efn|name=transformations}} It should be known as Thoreau's spherical relativity, since the first precise written statement of it appears in 1849: &quot;The universe is a sphere whose center is wherever there is intelligence.&quot;{{Sfn|Thoreau|1849|p=349|ps=; &quot;The universe is a sphere whose center is wherever there is intelligence.&quot; [Contemporaneous and independent of [[W:Ludwig Schlafli|Ludwig Schlafli]]'s pioneering work enumerating the complete set of regular polytopes in any number of dimensions.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|loc=§7. Ordinary Polytopes in Higher Space; §7.x. Historical remarks|pp=141-144|ps=; &quot;Practically all the ideas in this chapter ... are due to Schläfli, who discovered them before 1853 — a time when Cayley, Grassman and Möbius were the only other people who had ever conceived the possibility of geometry in more than three dimensions.&quot;}}]}}

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== Conclusions==

=== Spherical relativity ===

We began our inquiry by wondering why physical space should be limited to just three dimensions (why ''three''). By visualizing the universe as a Euclidian space of four dimensions, we recognize that relativistic and quantum phenomena are natural consequences of symmetry group operations (including reflections and rotations) in four orthogonal dimensions. We should not then be surprised to see that the universe does not have just four dimensions, either. Physical space must bear as many dimensions as we need to ascribe to it, though the distinct phenomena for which we find a need to do so, in order to explain them, seem to be fewer and fewer as we consider higher and higher dimensions. To laws of physics generally, such as the principle of relativity in particular, we should always append the phrase &quot;in Euclidean spaces of any number of dimensions&quot;. Laws of physics should operate in any flat Euclidean space &lt;math&gt;R^n&lt;/math&gt; and in its corresponding spherical space &lt;math&gt;S^n&lt;/math&gt;.

The first and simplest sense in which we are forced to contemplate a fifth dimension is to accommodate our normal idea of time. Just as Einstein was forced to admit time as a dimension, in his four-dimensional spacetime of three spatial dimensions plus time, for some purposes we require a fifth time dimension to accompany our four spatial dimensions, when our purpose is orthogonal to (in the sense of independent of) the four spatial dimensions. For example, if we theorize that we observe a finite homogeneous universe, and that it is a Euclidean 4-space overall, we may prefer not to have to identify any distinct place within that 4-space as the center where the universe began in a big bang. To avoid having to pick a distinct place as the center of the universe, our model of it must be expanded, at least to be a ''spherical'' 4-dimensional space with the fifth radial dimension as time. Essentially, we require the fifth dimension in order to make our homogeneous 4-space finite, by wrapping it around into a 4-sphere. But perhaps we can still resist admitting the fifth radial dimension as a full-fledged Euclidean spatial dimension, at least so long as we have not observed how any naturally occurring object configurations are best described as 5-polytopes.

One phenomenon which resists explanation in a space of just four dimensions is the propagation of light in a vacuum. The propagation of mass-carrying particles is explained as the consequence of their rotations in closed, curved spaces (3-spheres) of finite size, moving through four-dimensional Euclidean space at a universal constant speed, the speed of light. But an apparent paradox remains that light must seemingly propagate through four-dimensional Euclidean space at more than the speed of light. From an ''n''-dimensional viewpoint, this apparent paradox can be resolved, and in retrospect it is clear how massless particles can translate through four-dimensional space at twice the speed constant, since they are not simultaneously rotating.

Another phenomenon justifying a five-dimensional view of space is the relation between the the 5-cell proton and the 16-cell neutron (the 4-simplex and 4-orthoplex polytopes). Their indirect relationship can be observed in the 4-600-point polytope (the 120-cell), and in its 11-cells,{{Sfn|Christie|2025|loc=&quot;A symmetrical arrangement of eleven 11-cells&quot;}} but it is only directly observed (absent a 120-cell) in a five-dimensional reference frame.

=== Nuclear geometry ===
We have seen how isoclinic rotations (Clifford displacements) relate the orbits in the atomic nucleus to each other, just as they relate the regular convex 4-polytopes to each other, in a sequence of nested objects of increasing complexity. We have identified the proton as a  5-point, 5-cell 4-simplex 𝜶&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, the neutron as an 8-point, 16-cell 4-orthoplex 𝛽&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, and the shell of the atomic nucleus as a 24-point 24-cell. As Coxeter noted, that unique 24-point object stands quite alone in four dimensions, having no analogue above or below.

=== Atomic geometry ===
I'm on a plane flying to Eugene to visit Catalin, we'll talk after I arrive. I've been working on both my unpublished papers, the one going put for pre-publication review soon about 4D geometry, and the big one not going out soon about the 4D sun, 4D atoms, and 4D galaxies and n-D universe. I'vd just added the following paragraph to that big paper:

Atomic geometry

The force binding the protons and neutrons of the nucleus together into a distinct element is specifically an expression of the 11-cell 4-polytope, itself an expression of the pyritohedral symmetry, which binds the distinct 4-polytopes to each other, and relates the n-polytopes to their neighbors of different n by dimensional analogy.


flying over mt shasta out my right-side window at the moment, that last text showing &quot;not delivered&quot; yet because there's no wifi on this plane, gazing at that great peak of the world and feeling as if i've just made the first ascent of it

=== Molecular geometry ===
Molecules are 3-dimensional structures that live in the thin film of 3-membrane only one atom thick in most places that is our ordinary space, but since that is a significantly curved 3-dimensional space at the scale of a molecule, the way the molecule's covalent bonds form is influenced by the local curvature in 4-dimensions at that point.

In the water molecule, there is a reason why the hydrogen atoms are attached to the oxygen atom at an angle of 104.45° in 3-dimensional space, and at root it must be the same symmetry that locates any two of the hydrogen proton's five vertices 104.45° apart on a great circle arc of its tiny 3-sphere.

=== Cosmology ===

==== Solar systems ====

===== Stars =====
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===== The Kepler problem =====
In the proper reference frame of some hypothetical observer in 4-dimensional Euclidean space, the Kepler problem has a solution in which all the planetary orbits are circles. This occurs because all bodies are always orbiting, each in some distinct isoclinic (equi-angled double) rotation. All atoms are rotating isoclinically at (double) the velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;. In the observer's proper reference frame, the isoclinic double rotation of each of his own atoms is most conveniently represented as an equivalent screw displacement: a linear translation at velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt; (along the observer's proper time axis through 4-space), combined with a simple rotation at velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt; (of the atom internally). 

This representation, though proper, is subject to the over-simplification of special relativity, because it ignores the fact that the observer is himself moving on some circular orbit; he is not linearly translating through 4-space. When the observer's own orbit is also represented, the screw displacement becomes an elliptical double rotation, with a very slow, very large-radius simple circular orbit (almost a linear translation), combined with a very fast, very small-radius simple circular orbit of each atom internally. This is the observer's proper reference frame according to general relativity.

An observer moving differently will perceive the motion of the observer and his atoms to be a different elliptical double rotation. We can find a proper reference frame, of some hypothetical observer moving hypothetically, in which the ratio of the radii of the two orthogonal rotations of the atom becomes any value we choose between 1 and &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;. In particular there exists, conceptually accessible to all observers independent of their motion, a distinct reference frame in which an atom is stationary, rotating isoclinically at (double) the velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;. That is simply the stationary reference frame of the atom itself, such as the stationary reference frame of any observer and his own atoms. In 3-dimensional physics, it is known as the observer's proper inertial reference frame. But in 4-dimensional physics, that is ''not'' the most convenient or sensible reference frame in which to consider objects moving differently, in different proper reference frames. In 4-dimensional physics, a reference frame in which an observer and his atoms are translating linearly at velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt; is known as the observer's proper inertial reference frame. Any such proper reference frame makes a great deal more sense for the purpose of considering the motion of objects moving differently in 4-space, just as a heliocentric solar system makes a great deal more sense than a geocentric solar system for the purpose of considering the motion of the planets.

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==== Galaxies ====

The spacetime of general relativity is often illustrated as a projection to a curved 2D surface in which large gravitational objects make gravity wells or dimples in the surface. In the Euclidean 4D view of the universe the 3D surface of a large cosmic object such as a galaxy surrounds an empty 4D space, and large gravitational objects within the galaxy must make dimples in its surface. But should we see them as dimples exactly? Would they dimple inwards or outwards? In the spacetime illustrations they are naturally always shown as dimpling downwards, which is somewhat disingenuous, strongly suggesting to the viewer that the reason for gravity is that it flows downhill - the original tautology we are trying to surmount! In the Euclidean 4D galaxy the dimple, if it is one, must be either inward or outward, and which it is matters since the dimple is flying outward at velocity {{mvar|c}}. The galaxy is not collapsing inward. Is a large gravitational mass (such as a star) ''ahead'' of the smaller masses orbiting around it (such as its planets), or is it ''behind'' them, as they fly through 4-space on their Clifford parallel trajectories? The answer is ''both'' of course, because a star is not a dimple, it is a 4-ball, and it dimples the 3D surface both inwards and outwards. It is a thick place in the 3D surface. We should view it as having its gravitational center precisely at the surface of the expanding 3-sphere. 

What is a black hole? It is the hollow four-dimensional space that a galaxy is the three-dimensional surface of.

When we view another galaxy, such as Andromeda, we are seeing that whole galaxy from a distance, the way the moon astronauts looked back at the whole earth. We see our own milky way galaxy from where we are on its surface, the way we see the earth from its surface, except that the earth is solid, but the galaxy is hollow and transparent. We can look across its empty center and see all the other stars also on its surface, including those opposite ours on the far side of its 3-sphere. The thicker band of stars we see in our night sky and identify as the milky way is not our whole galaxy; the majority of the other visible stars also lie in our galaxy. That dense band is not thicker and brighter than other parts of our galaxy because it lies toward a dense galactic center (our galaxy has an empty center), but for exactly the opposite reason: those apparently more thickly clustered stars lie all around us on the galaxy's surface, in the nearest region of space surrounding us. They appear to be densely packed only because we are looking at them &quot;edge on&quot;. Actually, we are looking into this nearby apparently dense region ''face on'', not edge on, because we are looking at a round sphere of space surrounding us, not a disk. In contrast, stars in our galaxy outside that bright band lie farther off from us, across the empty center of the galaxy, and we see them spread out as they actually are, instead of &quot;edge on&quot; so they appear to be densely clustered. The &quot;dense band&quot; covers only an equatorial band of the night sky instead of all the sky, because when we look out into the four-dimensional space around us, we can see stars above and below our three-dimensional hyperplane in our four-dimensional space. Everything in our solar system lies in our hyperplane, and the nearby stars around us in our galaxy are near our hyperplane (just slightly below it). All the other, more distant stars in our galaxy are also below our hyperplane. We can see objects outside our galaxy, such as other galaxies, both above and below our hyperplane. We can see all around us above our hyperplane (looking up from the galactic surface into the fourth dimension), and all around us below our hyperplane (looking down through our transparent galaxy and out the other side).

== Revolutions ==
The original Copernican revolution displaced the center of the universe from the center of the earth to a point farther away, the center of the sun, with the stars remaining on a fixed sphere around the sun instead of around the earth. But this led inevitably to the recognition that the sun must be a star itself, not equidistant from all the stars, and the center of but one of many spheres, no monotheistic center at all. 

In such fashion the Euclidean four-dimensional viewpoint initially lends itself to a big bang theory of a single origin of the whole universe, but leads inevitably to the recognition that all the stars need not be equidistant from a single origin in time, any more than they all lie in the same galaxy, equidistant from its center in space. The expanding sphere of matter on the surface of which we find ourselves living might be one of many such spheres, with their big bang origins occurring at distinct times and places in the 4-dimensional universe.

When we look up at the heavens, we have no obvious way of knowing whether the space we are looking into is a curved 3-spherical one or a flat 4-space. In this work we suggest a theory of how light travels that says we can see into all four dimensions, and so when we look up at night we see cosmological objects distributed in 4-dimensional space, and not all located on our own 3-spherical membrane. The view from our solar system suggests that our galaxy is its own hollow 3-sphere, and that galaxies generally are single roughly spherical 3-membranes, with the smaller objects within them all lying on that same 3-spherical surface, equidistant from the galaxy center in 4-space. 

The Euclidean four-dimensional viewpoint requires that all mass-carrying objects are in motion at constant velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;, although the relative velocity between nearby objects is much smaller since they move on similar vectors, aimed away from a common origin point in the past. It is natural to expect that objects moving at constant velocity away from a common origin will be distributed roughly on the surface of an expanding 3-sphere. Since their paths away from their origin are not straight lines but various helical isoclines, their 3-sphere will be expanding radially at slightly less than the constant velocity &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;. The view from our solar system does ''not'' suggest that each galaxy is its own distinct 3-sphere expanding at this great rate; rather, the standard theory has been that the entire observable universe is expanding from a single big bang origin in time. While the Euclidean four-dimensional viewpoint lends itself to that standard theory, it also allows theories which require no single origin point in space and time.

These are the voyages of starship Earth, to boldly go where no one has gone before. It made the jump to lightspeed long ago, in whatever big bang its atoms emerged from, and hasn't slowed down since.

== Origins of the theory ==
Einstein himself was one of the first to imagine the universe as the three-dimensional surface of a four-dimensional Euclidean sphere, in what was narrowly the first written articulation of the principle of Euclidean 4-space relativity, contemporaneous with the teen-aged Coxeter's (quoted below). Einstein did this as a [[W:Gedankenexperiment|gedankenexperiment]] in the context of investigating whether his equations of general relativity predicted an infinite or a finite universe, in his 1921 Princeton lecture.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/36276|title=The Meaning of Relativity|last=Einstein|first=Albert|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1923|isbn=|location=|pages=110-111}}&lt;/ref&gt; He invited us to imagine &quot;A spherical manifold of three dimensions, embedded in a Euclidean continuum of four dimensions&quot;, but he was careful to disclaim parenthetically that &quot;The aid of a fourth space dimension has naturally no significance except that of a mathematical artifice.&quot;

Informally, the Euclidean 4-dimensional theory of relativity may be given as a sort of reciprocal of that formulation of Einstein's: ''The Minkowski spacetime has naturally no significance except that of a mathematical artifice, as an aid to understanding how things will appear to an observer from his perspective; the forthshortenings, clock desynchronizations and other perceptual effects it predicts are exact calculations of actual perspective effects; but space is actually a flat, Euclidean continuum of four orthogonal spatial dimensions, and in it the ordinary laws of a flat vector space hold (such as the Pythagorean theorem), and all sightline calculations work classically, so long as you consider all four dimensions.''

The Euclidean 4-dimensional theory differs from the standard theory in being a description of the physical universe in terms of a geometry of four or more orthogonal spatial dimensions, rather than in the standard theory's terms of the [[w:Minkowski spacetime|Minkowski spacetime]] geometry (in which three spatial dimensions and a time dimension comprise a unified spacetime of four dimensions). The invention of geometry of more than three spatial dimensions preceded Einstein's theories by more than fifty years. It was first worked out by the Swiss mathematician [[w:Ludwig Schläfli|Ludwig Schläfli]] around 1850. Schläfli extended Euclid's geometry of one, two, and three dimensions in a direct way to four or more dimensions, generalizing the rules and terms of [[w:Euclidean geometry|Euclidean geometry]] to spaces of any number of dimensions. He coined the general term ''polyscheme'' to mean geometric forms of any number of dimensions, including two-dimensional [[w:polygon|polygons]], three-dimensional [[w:polyhedron|polyhedra]], four dimensional [[w:polychoron|polychora]], and so on, and in the process he discovered all the [[w:Regular polytope|regular polyschemes]] that are possible in every dimension, including in particular the six convex regular polyschemes which can be constructed in a space of four dimensions (a set analogous to the five [[w:Platonic solid|Platonic solids]] in three dimensional space). Thus he was the first to explore the fourth dimension, reveal its emergent geometric properties, and discover all its astonishing regular objects. Because most of his work remained almost completely unknown until it was published posthumously in 1901, other researchers had more than fifty years to rediscover the regular polyschemes, and competing terms were coined; today [[W:Alicia Boole Stott|Alicia Boole Stott]]'s word ''[[w:Polytope|polytope]]'' is the commonly used term for ''polyscheme''.{{Efn|Today Schläfli's original ''polyscheme'', with its echo of ''schema'' as in the configurations of information structures, seems even more fitting in its generality than ''polytope'' -- perhaps analogously as information software (programming) is even more general than information hardware (computers).}}

== Boundaries ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;Ever since we discovered that Earth is round and turns like a mad-spinning top, we have understood that reality is not as it appears to us: every time we glimpse a new aspect of it, it is a deeply emotional experience. Another veil has fallen.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Carlo Rovelli|title=Seven Brief Lessons on Physics}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Of course it is strange to consciously contemplate this world we inhabit, our planet, our solar system, our vast galaxy, as the merest film, a boundary no thicker in the places we inhabit than the diameter of an electron (though much thicker in some places we cannot inhabit, such as the interior of stars). But is not our unconscious traditional concept of the boundary of our world even stranger? Since the enlightenment we are accustomed to thinking that there is nothing beyond three dimensional space: no boundary, because there is nothing else to separate us from. But anyone who knows the [[polyscheme]]s Schlafli discovered knows that space can have any number of dimensions, and that there are fundamental objects and motions to be discovered in four dimensions that are even more various and interesting than those we can discover in three. The strange thing, when we think about it, is that there ''is'' a boundary between three and four dimensions. ''Why'' can't we move (or apparently, see) in more than three dimensions? Why is our world apparently only three dimensional? Why would it have ''three'' dimensions, and not four, or five, or the ''n'' dimensions that Schlafli mapped? What is the nature of the boundary which confines us to just three? 

We know that in Euclidean geometry the boundary between three and four dimensions is itself a spherical three dimensional space, so we should suspect that we are materially confined within such a curved boundary. Light need not be confined with us within our three dimensional boundary space. We would look directly through four dimensional space in our natural way by receiving light signals that traveled to us on straight lines through it. The reason we do not observe a fourth spatial dimension in our vicinity is that there are no nearby objects in it, just off our hyperplane in the wild. The nearest four-dimensional object we can see with our eyes is our sun, which lies equatorially in our own hyperplane, though it bulges out of it above and below. But when we look up at the heavens, every pinprick of light we observe is itself a four-dimensional object off our hyperplane, and they are distributed around us in four-dimensional space through which we gaze. We are four-dimensionally sighted creates, even though our bodies are three-dimensional objects, thin as an atom in the fourth dimension. But that should not surprise us: we can see into three dimensional space even though our retinas are two dimensional objects, thin as a photoreceptor cell.

Our unconscious provincial concept is that there is nothing else outside our three dimensional world: no boundary, because there is nothing else to separate us from. But Schlafli discovered something else: all the astonishing regular objects that exist in higher dimensions. So this conception now has the same kind of status as our idea that the sun rises in the east and passes overhead: it is mere appearance, not a true model and not a proper explanation. A boundary is an explanation, be it ever so thin. And would a boundary of ''no'' thickness, a mere abstraction with no physical power to separate, be a more suitable explanation?

&lt;blockquote&gt;The number of dimensions possessed by a figure is the number of straight lines each perpendicular to all the others which can be drawn on it. Thus a point has no dimensions, a straight line one, a plane surface two, and a solid three ....

In space as we now know it only three lines can be imagined perpendicular to each other. A fourth line, perpendicular to all the other three would be quite invisible and unimaginable to us. We ourselves and all the material things around us probably possess a fourth dimension, of which we are quite unaware. If not, from a four-dimensional point of view we are mere geometrical abstractions, like geometrical surfaces, lines, and points are to us. But this thickness in the fourth dimension must be exceedingly minute, if it exists at all. That is, we could only draw an exceedingly small line perpendicular to our three perpendicular lines, length, breadth and thickness, so small that no microscope could ever perceive it.

We can find out something about the conditions of the fourth and higher dimensions if they exist, without being certain that they do exist, by a process which I have termed &quot;Dimensional Analogy.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Dimensional Analogy|last=Coxeter|first=Donald|date=February 1923|publisher=Coxeter Fonds, University of Toronto Archives|authorlink=W:Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter|series=|postscript=|work=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

I believe, but I cannot prove, that our universe is properly a Euclidean space of four orthogonal spatial dimensions. Others will have to work out the physics and do the math, because I don't have the mathematics; entirely unlike Coxeter and Einstein, I am illiterate in those languages.

&lt;blockquote&gt;
::::::BEECH

:Where my imaginary line
:Bends square in woods, an iron spine
:And pile of real rocks have been founded.
:And off this corner in the wild,
:Where these are driven in and piled,
:One tree, by being deeply wounded,
:Has been impressed as Witness Tree
:And made commit to memory
:My proof of being not unbounded.
:Thus truth's established and borne out,
:Though circumstanced with dark and doubt—
:Though by a world of doubt surrounded.

:::::::—''The Moodie Forester''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=A Witness Tree|last=Frost|first=Robert|year=1942|series=The Poetry of Robert Frost|publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston|edition=1969|}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Sequence of regular 4-polytopes ==
{{Regular convex 4-polytopes|wiki=W:|radius={{radic|2}}|columns=9}}

== Notes ==
{{Efn|In a ''[[W:William Kingdon Clifford|Clifford]] displacement'', also known as an [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]], all the Clifford parallel{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} invariant planes are displaced in four orthogonal directions (two completely orthogonal planes) at once: they are rotated by the same angle, and at the same time they are tilted ''sideways'' by that same angle. A [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Isoclinic rotations|Clifford displacement]] is [[W:8-cell#Radial equilateral symmetry|4-dimensionally diagonal]].{{Efn|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}} Every plane that is Clifford parallel to one of the completely orthogonal planes (including in this case an entire Clifford parallel bundle of 4 hexagons, but not all 16 hexagons) is invariant under the isoclinic rotation: all the points in the plane rotate in circles but remain in the plane, even as the whole plane tilts sideways. All 16 hexagons rotate by the same angle (though only 4 of them do so invariantly). All 16 hexagons are rotated by 60 degrees, and also displaced sideways by 60 degrees to a Clifford parallel hexagon. All of the other central polygons (e.g. squares) are also displaced to a Clifford parallel polygon 60 degrees away.|name=Clifford displacement}}

{{Efn|It is not difficult to visualize four hexagonal planes intersecting at 60 degrees to each other, even in three dimensions. Four hexagonal central planes intersect at 60 degrees in the [[W:cuboctahedron|cuboctahedron]]. Four of the 24-cell's 16 hexagonal central planes (lying in the same 3-dimensional hyperplane) intersect at each of the 24-cell's vertices exactly the way they do at the center of a cuboctahedron. But the ''edges'' around the vertex do not meet as the radii do at the center of a cuboctahedron; the 24-cell has 8 edges around each vertex, not 12, so its vertex figure is the cube, not the cuboctahedron. The 8 edges meet exactly the way 8 edges do at the apex of a canonical [[W:cubic pyramid]|cubic pyramid]].{{Efn|name=24-cell vertex figure}}|name=cuboctahedral hexagons}}

{{Efn|The long radius (center to vertex) of the 24-cell is equal to its edge length; thus its long diameter (vertex to opposite vertex) is 2 edge lengths. Only a few uniform polytopes have this property, including the four-dimensional 24-cell and [[W:Tesseract#Radial equilateral symmetry|tesseract]], the three-dimensional [[W:Cuboctahedron#Radial equilateral symmetry|cuboctahedron]], and the two-dimensional [[W:Hexagon#Regular hexagon|hexagon]]. (The cuboctahedron is the equatorial cross section of the 24-cell, and the hexagon is the equatorial cross section of the cuboctahedron.) '''Radially equilateral''' polytopes are those which can be constructed, with their long radii, from equilateral triangles which meet at the center of the polytope, each contributing two radii and an edge.|name=radially equilateral|group=}}

{{Efn|Eight {{sqrt|1}} edges converge in curved 3-dimensional space from the corners of the 24-cell's cubical vertex figure{{Efn|The [[W:vertex figure|vertex figure]] is the facet which is made by truncating a vertex; canonically, at the mid-edges incident to the vertex. But one can make similar vertex figures of different radii by truncating at any point along those edges, up to and including truncating at the adjacent vertices to make a ''full size'' vertex figure. Stillwell defines the vertex figure as &quot;the convex hull of the neighbouring vertices of a given vertex&quot;.{{Sfn|Stillwell|2001|p=17}} That is what serves the illustrative purpose here.|name=full size vertex figure}} and meet at its center (the vertex), where they form 4 straight lines which cross there. The 8 vertices of the cube are the eight nearest other vertices of the 24-cell. The straight lines are geodesics: two {{sqrt|1}}-length segments of an apparently straight line (in the 3-space of the 24-cell's curved surface) that is bent in the 4th dimension into a great circle hexagon (in 4-space). Imagined from inside this curved 3-space, the bends in the hexagons are invisible. From outside (if we could view the 24-cell in 4-space), the straight lines would be seen to bend in the 4th dimension at the cube centers, because the center is displaced outward in the 4th dimension, out of the hyperplane defined by the cube's vertices. Thus the vertex cube is actually a [[W:cubic pyramid|cubic pyramid]]. Unlike a cube, it seems to be radially equilateral (like the tesseract and the 24-cell itself): its &quot;radius&quot; equals its edge length.{{Efn|The vertex cubic pyramid is not actually radially equilateral,{{Efn|name=radially equilateral}} because the edges radiating from its apex are not actually its radii: the apex of the [[W:cubic pyramid|cubic pyramid]] is not actually its center, just one of its vertices.}}|name=24-cell vertex figure}}

{{Efn|The hexagons are inclined (tilted) at 60 degrees with respect to the unit radius coordinate system's orthogonal planes. Each hexagonal plane contains only ''one'' of the 4 coordinate system axes.{{Efn|Each great hexagon of the 24-cell contains one axis (one pair of antipodal vertices) belonging to each of the three inscribed 16-cells. The 24-cell contains three disjoint inscribed 16-cells, rotated 60° isoclinically{{Efn|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}} with respect to each other (so their corresponding vertices are 120° {{=}} {{radic|3}} apart). A [[16-cell#Coordinates|16-cell is an orthonormal ''basis'']] for a 4-dimensional coordinate system, because its 8 vertices define the four orthogonal axes. In any choice of a vertex-up coordinate system (such as the unit radius coordinates used in this article), one of the three inscribed 16-cells is the basis for the coordinate system, and each hexagon has only ''one'' axis which is a coordinate system axis.|name=three basis 16-cells}} The hexagon consists of 3 pairs of opposite vertices (three 24-cell diameters): one opposite pair of ''integer'' coordinate vertices (one of the four coordinate axes), and two opposite pairs of ''half-integer'' coordinate vertices (not coordinate axes). For example:
{{indent|17}}({{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}1,{{spaces|2}}0)
{{indent|5}}({{spaces|2}}&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,–&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,{{spaces|2}}&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,–&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;){{spaces|3}}({{spaces|2}}&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,{{spaces|2}}&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,{{spaces|2}}&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,{{spaces|2}}&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;)
{{indent|5}}(–&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,–&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,–&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,–&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;){{spaces|3}}(–&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,{{spaces|2}}&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,–&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;,{{spaces|2}}&lt;small&gt;{{sfrac|1|2}}&lt;/small&gt;)
{{indent|17}}({{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}0,–1,{{spaces|2}}0)&lt;br&gt;
is a hexagon on the ''y'' axis. Unlike the {{sqrt|2}} squares, the hexagons are actually made of 24-cell edges, so they are visible features of the 24-cell.|name=non-orthogonal hexagons|group=}}

{{Efn|Visualize the three [[16-cell]]s inscribed in the 24-cell (left, right, and middle), and the rotation which takes them to each other. [[24-cell#Reciprocal constructions from 8-cell and 16-cell|The vertices of the middle 16-cell lie on the (w, x, y, z) coordinate axes]];{{Efn|name=six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} the other two are rotated 60° [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinically]] to its left and its right. The 24-vertex 24-cell is a compound of three 16-cells, whose three sets of 8 vertices are distributed around the 24-cell symmetrically; each vertex is surrounded by 8 others (in the 3-dimensional space of the 4-dimensional 24-cell's ''surface''), the way the vertices of a cube surround its center.{{Efn|name=24-cell vertex figure}} The 8 surrounding vertices (the cube corners) lie in other 16-cells: 4 in the other 16-cell to the left, and 4 in the other 16-cell to the right. They are the vertices of two tetrahedra inscribed in the cube, one belonging (as a cell) to each 16-cell. If the 16-cell edges are {{radic|2}}, each vertex of the compound of three 16-cells is {{radic|1}} away from its 8 surrounding vertices in other 16-cells. Now visualize those {{radic|1}} distances as the edges of the 24-cell (while continuing to visualize the disjoint 16-cells). The {{radic|1}} edges form great hexagons of 6 vertices which run around the 24-cell in a central plane. ''Four'' hexagons cross at each vertex (and its antipodal vertex), inclined at 60° to each other.{{Efn|name=cuboctahedral hexagons}} The [[24-cell#Hexagons|hexagons]] are not perpendicular to each other, or to the 16-cells' perpendicular [[24-cell#Squares|square central planes]].{{Efn|name=non-orthogonal hexagons}} The left and right 16-cells form a tesseract.{{Efn|Each pair of the three 16-cells inscribed in the 24-cell forms a 4-dimensional [[W:tesseract|hypercube (a tesseract or 8-cell)]], in [[24-cell#Relationships among interior polytopes|dimensional analogy]] to the way two tetrahedra form a cube: the two 8-vertex 16-cells are inscribed in the 16-vertex tesseract, occupying its alternate vertices. The third 16-cell does not lie within the tesseract; its 8 vertices protrude from the sides of the tesseract, forming a cubic pyramid on each of the tesseract's cubic cells. The three pairs of 16-cells form three tesseracts.{{Efn|name=three 8-cells}} The tesseracts share vertices, but the 16-cells are completely disjoint.{{Efn|name=completely disjoint}}|name=three 16-cells form three tesseracts}} Two 16-cells have vertex-pairs which are one {{radic|1}} edge (one hexagon edge) apart. But a [[24-cell#Simple rotations|''simple'' rotation]] of 60° will not take one whole 16-cell to another 16-cell, because their vertices are 60° apart in different directions, and a simple rotation has only one hexagonal plane of rotation. One 16-cell ''can'' be taken to another 16-cell by a 60° [[24-cell#Isoclinic rotations|''isoclinic'' rotation]], because an isoclinic rotation is [[3-sphere]] symmetric: four [[24-cell#Clifford parallel polytopes|Clifford parallel hexagonal planes]] rotate together, but in four different rotational directions,{{Efn|name=Clifford displacement}} taking each 16-cell to another 16-cell. But since an isoclinic 60°  rotation is a ''diagonal'' rotation by 60° in ''two'' completely orthogonal directions at once,{{Efn|name=isoclinic geodesic}} the corresponding vertices of the 16-cell and the 16-cell it is taken to are 120° apart: ''two'' {{radic|1}} hexagon edges (or one {{radic|3}} hexagon chord) apart, not one {{radic|1}} edge (60°) apart as in a simple rotation.{{Efn|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}} By the [[W:chiral|chiral]] diagonal nature of isoclinic rotations, the 16-cell ''cannot'' reach the adjacent 16-cell by rotating toward it; it can only reach the 16-cell ''beyond'' it. But of course, the 16-cell beyond the 16-cell to its right is the 16-cell to its left. So a 60° isoclinic  rotation ''will'' take every 16-cell to another 16-cell: a 60° ''right'' isoclinic rotation will take the middle 16-cell to the 16-cell we may have originally visualized as the ''left'' 16-cell, and a 60° ''left'' isoclinic rotation will take the middle 16-cell to the 16-cell we visualized as the ''right'' 16-cell. (If so, that was our error in visualization; the 16-cell to the &quot;left&quot; is in fact the one reached by the left isoclinic rotation, as that is the only sense in which the two 16-cells are left or right of each other.)|name=three isoclinic 16-cells}}

{{Efn|In a double rotation each vertex can be said to move along two completely orthogonal great circles at the same time, but it does not stay within the central plane of either of those original great circles; rather, it moves along a helical geodesic that traverses diagonally between great circles. The two completely orthogonal planes of rotation are said to be ''invariant'' because the points in each stay in the plane ''as the plane moves'', tilting sideways by the same angle that the other plane rotates.|name=helical geodesic}}

{{Efn|A point under isoclinic rotation traverses the diagonal{{Efn|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}} straight line of a single '''isoclinic geodesic''', reaching its destination directly, instead of the bent line of two successive '''simple geodesics'''. A '''[[W:geodesic|geodesic]]''' is the ''shortest path'' through a space (intuitively, a string pulled taught between two points). Simple geodesics are great circles lying in a central plane (the only kind of geodesics that occur in 3-space on the 2-sphere). Isoclinic geodesics are different: they do ''not'' lie in a single plane; they are 4-dimensional [[W:helix|spirals]] rather than simple 2-dimensional circles.{{Efn|name=helical geodesic}} But they are not like 3-dimensional [[W:screw threads|screw threads]] either, because they form a closed loop like any circle (after ''two'' revolutions). Isoclinic geodesics are ''4-dimensional great circles'', and they are just as circular as 2-dimensional circles: in fact, twice as circular, because they curve in a circle in two completely orthogonal directions at once.{{Efn|Isoclinic geodesics are ''4-dimensional great circles'' in the sense that they are 1-dimensional geodesic ''lines'' that curve in 4-space in two completely orthogonal planes at once. They should not be confused with ''great 2-spheres'',{{Sfn|Stillwell|2001|p=24}} which are the 4-dimensional analogues of 2-dimensional great circles (great 1-spheres).}} These '''isoclines''' are geodesic 1-dimensional lines embedded in a 4-dimensional space. On the 3-sphere{{Efn|All isoclines are geodesics, and isoclines on the 3-sphere are 4-dimensionally circular, but not all isoclines on 3-manifolds in 4-space are perfectly circular.}} they always occur in [[W:chiral|chiral]] pairs and form a pair of [[W:Villarceau circle|Villarceau circle]]s on the [[W:Clifford torus|Clifford torus]],{{Efn|Isoclines on the 3-sphere occur in non-intersecting chiral pairs. A left and a right isocline form a [[W:Hopf link|Hopf link]] called the {1,1} torus knot{{Sfn|Dorst|2019|loc=§1. Villarceau Circles|p=44|ps=; &quot;In mathematics, the path that the (1, 1) knot on the torus traces is also
known as a [[W:Villarceau circle|Villarceau circle]]. Villarceau circles are usually introduced as two
intersecting circles that are the cross-section of a torus by a well-chosen plane
cutting it. Picking one such circle and rotating it around the torus
axis, the resulting family of circles can be used to rule the torus. By nesting
tori smartly, the collection of all such circles then form a [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fibration]].... we prefer to consider the Villarceau circle as the
(1, 1) torus knot [a [[W:Hopf link|Hopf link]]] rather than as a planar cut [two intersecting circles].&quot;}} in which ''each'' of the two linked circles traverses all four dimensions.}} the paths of the left and the right [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Double rotations|isoclinic rotation]]. They are [[W:Helix|helices]] bent into a [[W:Möbius strip|Möbius loop]] in the fourth dimension, taking a diagonal [[W:Winding number|winding route]] twice around the 3-sphere through the non-adjacent vertices of a 4-polytope's [[W:Skew polygon#Regular skew polygons in four dimensions|skew polygon]].|name=isoclinic geodesic}}

{{Efn|[[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]]s are non-intersecting curved lines that are parallel in the sense that the perpendicular (shortest) distance between them is the same at each point.{{Sfn|Tyrrell|Semple|1971|loc=§3. Clifford's original definition of parallelism|pp=5-6}} A double helix is an example of Clifford parallelism in ordinary 3-dimensional Euclidean space. In 4-space Clifford parallels occur as geodesic great circles on the [[W:3-sphere|3-sphere]].{{Sfn|Kim|Rote|2016|pp=8-10|loc=Relations to Clifford Parallelism}} Whereas in 3-dimensional space, any two geodesic great circles on the 2-sphere will always intersect at two antipodal points, in 4-dimensional space not all great circles intersect; various sets of Clifford parallel non-intersecting geodesic great circles can be found on the 3-sphere. Perhaps the simplest example is that six mutually orthogonal great circles can be drawn on the 3-sphere, as three pairs of completely orthogonal great circles.{{Efn|name=six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} Each completely orthogonal pair is Clifford parallel. The two circles cannot intersect at all, because they lie in planes which intersect at only one point: the center of the 3-sphere.{{Efn|name=only some Clifford parallels are orthogonal}} Because they are perpendicular and share a common center, the two circles are obviously not parallel and separate in the usual way of parallel circles in 3 dimensions; rather they are connected like adjacent links in a chain, each passing through the other without intersecting at any points, forming a [[W:Hopf link|Hopf link]].|name=Clifford parallels}}

{{Efn|In the 24-cell each great square plane is completely orthogonal{{Efn|name=completely orthogonal planes}} to another great square plane, and each great hexagon plane is completely orthogonal to a plane which intersects only two vertices: a great [[W:digon|digon]] plane.|name=pairs of completely orthogonal planes}}

{{Efn|In an [[24-cell#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]], each point anywhere in the 4-polytope moves an equal distance in four orthogonal directions at once, on a [[W:8-cell#Radial equilateral symmetry|4-dimensional diagonal]]. The point is displaced a total [[W:Pythagorean distance]] equal to the square root of four times the square of that distance. For example, when the unit-radius 24-cell rotates isoclinically 60° in a hexagon invariant plane and 60° in its completely orthogonal invariant plane,{{Efn|name=pairs of completely orthogonal planes}} all vertices are displaced to a vertex two edge lengths away. Each vertex is displaced to another vertex {{radic|3}} (120°) away, moving {{radic|3/4}} in four orthogonal coordinate directions.|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}}

{{Efn|Each square plane is isoclinic (Clifford parallel) to five other square planes but completely orthogonal{{Efn|name=completely orthogonal planes}} to only one of them.{{Efn|name=Clifford parallel squares in the 16-cell and 24-cell}} Every pair of completely orthogonal planes has Clifford parallel great circles, but not all Clifford parallel great circles are orthogonal (e.g., none of the hexagonal geodesics in the 24-cell are mutually orthogonal).|name=only some Clifford parallels are orthogonal}}

{{Efn|In the [[16-cell#Rotations|16-cell]] the 6 orthogonal great squares form 3 pairs of completely orthogonal great circles; each pair is Clifford parallel. In the 24-cell, the 3 inscribed 16-cells lie rotated 60 degrees isoclinically{{Efn|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}} with respect to each other; consequently their corresponding vertices are 120 degrees apart on a hexagonal great circle. Pairing their vertices which are 90 degrees apart reveals corresponding square great circles which are Clifford parallel. Each of the 18 square great circles is Clifford parallel not only to one other square great circle in the same 16-cell (the completely orthogonal one), but also to two square great circles (which are completely orthogonal to each other) in each of the other two 16-cells. (Completely orthogonal great circles are Clifford parallel, but not all Clifford parallels are orthogonal.{{Efn|name=only some Clifford parallels are orthogonal}}) A 60 degree isoclinic rotation of the 24-cell in hexagonal invariant planes takes each square great circle to a Clifford parallel (but non-orthogonal) square great circle in a different 16-cell.|name=Clifford parallel squares in the 16-cell and 24-cell}}

{{Efn|In 4 dimensional space we can construct 4 perpendicular axes and 6 perpendicular planes through a point. Without loss of generality, we may take these to be the axes and orthogonal central planes of a (w, x, y, z) Cartesian coordinate system. In 4 dimensions we have the same 3 orthogonal planes (xy, xz, yz) that we have in 3 dimensions, and also 3 others (wx, wy, wz). Each of the 6 orthogonal planes shares an axis with 4 of the others, and is ''completely orthogonal'' to just one of the others: the only one with which it does not share an axis. Thus there are 3 pairs of completely orthogonal planes: xy and wz intersect only at the origin; xz and wy intersect only at the origin; yz and wx intersect only at the origin.|name=six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}}

{{Efn|Two planes in 4-dimensional space can have four possible reciprocal positions: (1) they can coincide (be exactly the same plane); (2) they can be parallel (the only way they can fail to intersect at all); (3) they can intersect in a single line, as two non-parallel planes do in 3-dimensional space; or (4) '''they can intersect in a single point'''{{Efn|To visualize how two planes can intersect in a single point in a four dimensional space, consider the Euclidean space (w, x, y, z) and imagine that the w dimension represents time rather than a spatial dimension. The xy central plane (where w{{=}}0, z{{=}}0) shares no axis with the wz central plane (where x{{=}}0, y{{=}}0). The xy plane exists at only a single instant in time (w{{=}}0); the wz plane (and in particular the w axis) exists all the time. Thus their only moment and place of intersection is at the origin point (0,0,0,0).|name=how planes intersect at a single point}} (and they ''must'', if they are completely orthogonal).{{Efn|Two flat planes A and B of a Euclidean space of four dimensions are called ''completely orthogonal'' if and only if every line in A is orthogonal to every line in B. In that case the planes A and B intersect at a single point O, so that if a line in A intersects with a line in B, they intersect at O.{{Efn|name=six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}}|name=completely orthogonal planes}}|name=how planes intersect}}

{{Efn|Polytopes are '''completely disjoint''' if all their ''element sets'' are disjoint: they do not share any vertices, edges, faces or cells. They may still overlap in space, sharing 4-content, volume, area, or lineage.|name=completely disjoint}}

{{Efn|If the [[W:Euclidean distance|Pythagorean distance]] between any two vertices is {{sqrt|1}}, their geodesic distance is 1; they may be two adjacent vertices (in the curved 3-space of the surface), or a vertex and the center (in 4-space). If their Pythagorean distance is {{sqrt|2}}, their geodesic distance is 2 (whether via 3-space or 4-space, because the path along the edges is the same straight line with one 90&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt; bend in it as the path through the center). If their Pythagorean distance is {{sqrt|3}}, their geodesic distance is still 2 (whether on a hexagonal great circle past one 60&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt; bend, or as a straight line with one 60&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt; bend in it through the center). Finally, if their Pythagorean distance is {{sqrt|4}}, their geodesic distance is still 2 in 4-space (straight through the center), but it reaches 3 in 3-space (by going halfway around a hexagonal great circle).|name=Geodesic distance}}

{{Efn|Two angles are required to fix the relative positions of two planes in 4-space.{{Sfn|Kim|Rote|2016|p=7|loc=§6 Angles between two Planes in 4-Space|ps=; &quot;In four (and higher) dimensions, we need two angles to fix the relative position between two planes. (More generally, ''k'' angles are defined between ''k''-dimensional subspaces.)&quot;}} Since all planes in the same [[W:hyperplane|hyperplane]] are 0 degrees apart in one of the two angles, only one angle is required in 3-space. Great hexagons in different hyperplanes are 60 degrees apart in ''both'' angles. Great squares in different hyperplanes are 90 degrees apart in ''both'' angles (completely orthogonal){{Efn|name=completely orthogonal planes}} or 60 degrees apart in ''both'' angles.{{Efn||name=Clifford parallel squares in the 16-cell and 24-cell}} Planes which are separated by two equal angles are called ''isoclinic''. Planes which are isoclinic have [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]] great circles.{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} A great square and a great hexagon in different hyperplanes are neither isoclinic nor Clifford parallel; they are separated by a 90 degree angle ''and'' a 60 degree angle.|name=two angles between central planes}}

{{Efn|The 24-cell contains 3 distinct 8-cells (tesseracts), rotated 60° isoclinically with respect to each other. The corresponding vertices of two 8-cells are {{radic|3}} (120°) apart. Each 8-cell contains 8 cubical cells, and each cube contains four {{radic|3}} chords (its long diagonals). The 8-cells are not completely disjoint{{Efn|name=completely disjoint}} (they share vertices), but each cube and each {{radic|3}} chord belongs to just one 8-cell. The {{radic|3}} chords joining the corresponding vertices of two 8-cells belong to the third 8-cell.|name=three 8-cells}}

{{Efn|Departing from any vertex V&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; in the original great hexagon plane of isoclinic rotation P&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;, the first vertex reached V&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; is 120 degrees away along a {{radic|3}} chord lying in a different hexagonal plane P&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;. P&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; is inclined to P&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; at a 60° angle.{{Efn|P&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; and P&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; lie in the same hyperplane (the same central cuboctahedron) so their other angle of separation is 0.{{Efn|name=two angles between central planes}}}} The second vertex reached V&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; is 120 degrees beyond V&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; along a second {{radic|3}} chord lying in another hexagonal plane P&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; that is Clifford parallel to P&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;.{{Efn|P&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; and P&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; are 60° apart in ''both'' angles of separation.{{Efn|name=two angles between central planes}} Clifford parallel planes are isoclinic (which means they are separated by two equal angles), and their corresponding vertices are all the same distance apart. Although V&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; and V&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; are ''two'' {{radic|3}} chords apart{{Efn|V&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; and V&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; are two {{radic|3}} chords apart on the geodesic path of this rotational isocline, but that is not the shortest geodesic path between them. In the 24-cell, it is impossible for two vertices to be more distant than ''one'' {{radic|3}} chord, unless they are antipodal vertices {{radic|4}} apart.{{Efn|name=Geodesic distance}} V&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; and V&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; are ''one'' {{radic|3}} chord apart on some other isocline. More generally, isoclines are geodesics because the distance between their ''adjacent'' vertices is the shortest distance between those two vertices, but a path between two vertices along a geodesic is not always the shortest distance between them (even on ordinary great circle geodesics).}}, P&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; and P&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; are just one {{radic|1}} edge apart (at every pair of ''nearest'' vertices).}} (Notice that V&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; lies in both intersecting planes P&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; and P&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, as V&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; lies in both P&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; and P&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;. But P&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; and P&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; have ''no'' vertices in common; they do not intersect.) The third vertex reached V&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; is 120 degrees beyond V&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; along a third {{radic|3}} chord lying in another hexagonal plane P&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; that is Clifford parallel to P&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;. The three {{radic|3}} chords lie in different 8-cells.{{Efn|name=three 8-cells}} V&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; to V&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; is a 360° isoclinic rotation.|name=360 degree geodesic path visiting 3 hexagonal planes}}

{{Notelist|40em}}

== Citations ==
{{Sfn|Mamone|Pileio|Levitt|2010|loc=§4.5 Regular Convex 4-Polytopes|pp=1438-1439|ps=; the 24-cell has 1152 symmetry operations (rotations and reflections) as enumerated in Table 2, symmetry group 𝐹&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;.}}

{{Reflist|40em}}

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** (Paper 3) H.S.M. Coxeter, ''Two aspects of the regular 24-cell in four dimensions''
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* {{Cite arXiv | eprint=1903.06971 | last=Copher | first=Jessica | year=2019 | title=Sums and Products of Regular Polytopes' Squared Chord Lengths | class=math.MG }}
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* {{cite arXiv|last1=Kim|first1=Heuna|last2=Rote|first2=G.|date=2016|title=Congruence Testing of Point Sets in 4 Dimensions|class=cs.CG|eprint=1603.07269}}
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* {{Cite journal|title=Theoretical Evidence for Principles of Special Relativity Based on Isotropic and Uniform Four-Dimensional Space|first=Takuya|last=Yamashita|date=25 May 2023|doi= 10.20944/preprints202305.1785.v1|journal=Preprints|volume=2023|issue=2023051785|url=https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202305.1785.v1}}
*{{Citation | last=Goucher | first=A.P. | title=Spin groups | date=19 November 2019 | journal=Complex Projective 4-Space | url=https://cp4space.hatsya.com/2012/11/19/spin-groups/ }}
* {{Citation|last=Christie|first=David Brooks|author-link=User:Dc.samizdat|year=2025|title=A symmetrical arrangement of eleven 11-cells|title-link=User:Dc.samizdat/A symmetrical arrangement of eleven 11-cells|journal=Wikiversity}}
{{Refend}}</text>
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    <title>Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government</title>
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      <text bytes="160132" sha1="j8n8pepqhettihzvgefxcn7wsz2zc4n" xml:space="preserve">{{Research project}} 

:''This essay is on Wikiversity to encourage a wide discussion of the issues it raises moderated by the Wikimedia rules that invite contributors to [[w:Wikipedia:Be bold|“be bold but not reckless,”]] contributing revisions written from a [[Wikiversity:Disclosures|neutral point of view]], [[Wikiversity:Cite sources|citing credible sources]] -- and raising other questions and concerns on the associated [[Wikiversity:FAQ|''''“Discuss”'''' page]].''  

::''This article uses [[w:ISO 8601|ISO 8601]] dates except for References, which are controlled by standard Wikidata formatting, and direct quotes. In the initial author's experience, [[ISO 8601 and computing differences between dates|ISO 8601 dates seem to make it easier to remember dates and to compute differences between them.]]'' 

== Abstract == 

This article reviews literature relevant to the claim that &quot;information is a public good&quot; and recommends experiments to quantify the impact of news on society. We propose randomized controlled trials to evaluate the relative effectiveness of alternative interventions on the lethality of conflict and broadly shared economic growth. Experimental units would be polities in conflict or with incomes (nominal Gross Domestic Products, GDPs or gross local products) small enough so competitive local news outlets could be funded by philanthropies or organizations like the World Bank but large enough that their political economies have been tracked with sufficient accuracy to allow them to be considered in such experiments. One factor in such experiments would be subsidies for local journalism, perhaps distributed to local news outlets on the basis of local elections, similar to the proposal of McChesney and Nichols (2021, 2022).

== Introduction ==

:''Information is a public good.''&lt;ref&gt;This is the title of Cagé and Huet (2021, in French).  However, the thrust of their book is very different.  It is subtitled, &quot;Refounding media ownership&quot;.  Their focus is on creating legal structure(s) to support journalistic independence as outlined in Cagé (2016).&lt;/ref&gt; 
:''Misinformation is a public nuisance.''&lt;ref&gt;The Wikipedia article on [[w:misinformation|misinformation]] says, &quot;Misinformation is incorrect or misleading information. Misinformation can exist without specific malicious intent; disinformation is distinct in that it is ''deliberately'' deceptive and propagated. ... ''Midinformation'' is information that was originally thought to be true but was later discovered not to be true&quot;. (emphasis in the original; accessed 2024-05-19.) This article will not distinguish between misinformation and midinformation. The Wikipedia article on &quot;[[w:Public nuisance|Public nuisance]]&quot; says, &quot;In English criminal law, public nuisance was a common law offence in which the injury, loss, or damage is suffered by the public, in general, rather than an individual, in particular.&quot; (accessed 2023-04-24.) Misinformation seems to fit this definition.&lt;/ref&gt;
:''Disinformation is a public evil.''&lt;ref&gt;The Wikipedia article on [[w:misinformation|misinformation]] says that &quot;disinformation is ... ''deliberately'' deceptive and propagated. ... ''Malinformation'' is accurate information that is disseminated with malicious intent. This includes sensitive material that is disseminated in order to hurt someone or their reputation. Examples include doxing, revenge porn, and editing videos to remove important context or content.&quot; This article will not attempt to distinguish between disinformation and malinformation. (emphasis in the original; accessed 2024-05-19.) The initial author of this essay is unaware of any previous use of the term, &quot;public evil&quot;, but it seems appropriate in this context to describe content disseminated by mass media, including social media, curated with the explicit intent to convince people to support public policies contrary to the best interests of the audience and the general public.&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Public goods ===

In economics, a [[w:public good (economics)|public good]] is a good (or service) that is both [[w:Rivalry (economics)|non-rivalrous]] and [[w:Excludability|non-excludable]].&lt;ref&gt;e.g., Cornes and Sandler (1996). See also the Wikipedia article on &quot;[[w:public good (economics)|public good (economics)]]&quot;, accessed 2024-05-19.&lt;/ref&gt; Non-rivalrous means that we can all consume it at the same time. An apple is rivalrous, because if I eat an apple, you cannot eat the same apple. 

A printed newspaper may be rivalrous, because it may not be easy for you and me to hold the same sheet of paper and read it at the same time. However, the ''news'' itself is non-rivalrous, because both of us and anyone else can consume the same news at the same time, once it is produced, especially if it's published openly on the Internet or broadcasted on radio or television. 

Non-excludable means that once the good is produced, anyone can use it without paying for it. Information is non-excludable, because everyone can consume it at the same time once it becomes available. [[w:Copyright|Copyright]] law does ''not'' apply to information: It applies to ''expression''.&lt;ref&gt;The US Copyright Act of 1976, Section 102, says, &quot;Copyright protection subsists ... in original works of authorship fixed in any tangible medium of expression ... . In no case does copyright protection ... extend to any idea, procedure, process, system, method of operation, concept, principle, or discovery.&quot; 17 U.S. Code § 102. &lt;!--US Copyright Law of 1976--&gt;{{cite Q|Q3196755}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[w:Joseph Stiglitz|Stiglitz]] (1999) said that [[w:Thomas Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] anticipated the modern concept of information as a public good by saying, &quot;He who receives an idea from me, receives instruction himself without lessening mine; as he who lights his taper at mine, receives light without darkening me.&quot; Stiglitz distinguished between &quot;push and pull mechanisms&quot; to promote innovation and creative work: &quot;Push&quot; mechanisms pay for work upfront, hoping that it will achieve a desired outcome, like citizen-directed subsidies for newspapers. &quot;Pull&quot; mechanisms set a target and then reward those who reach the target, like copyrights and patents.&lt;ref&gt;Baker (2023a).&lt;/ref&gt;

Lindahl (1919, 1958) recommended taxing people for public goods in proportion to the benefits they receive. For subsidies for news, especially citizen-directed, this would mean taxing primarily the poor and middle class to fund this.&lt;ref&gt;For more on this, see the Wikipedia articles on [[w:Lindahl tax|Lindahl tax]] and [[w:Theories of taxation|Theories of taxation]], accessed 2024-05-19.&lt;/ref&gt; If better news translates into productivity improvements whose benefits are broadly shared, as claimed in the literature cited in this article, the benefits that poor people receive would soon exceed the taxes they pay for it. Then the news subsidies would effectively be free in perpetuity, paid by benefits the poor would not have without those subsidies. If Piketty (2021, cited below with Figure 1) is correct, the ultra-wealthy would likely also benefit in absolute terms, though the relative distinction between them and the poor might be reduced.

This article recommends [[w:randomized controlled trials|randomized controlled trials]] to quantify the extent to which experimental interventions benefit the public by modifying socio-political environment(s), including information environment(s), in ways that (a) reduce political polarization and any accompanying violence and (b) improve broadly shared peace and prosperity for the long term.

=== Sharing increases the value === 

The logic behind claiming that &quot;information is a public good&quot; can be easily understood as follows:  

:''If I know the best solution to any major societal problem, it will not help anyone unless a critical mass of some body politic shares that perception.  Conversely, if a critical mass of a body politic believes in the need to implement a certain reform, it will happen, even if I am ignorant of it or completely opposed to it.''  

We can extend this analysis to our worst enemies:  

:It is in ''our best interest'' to help people supporting our worst enemies get information they want, ''independent'' of controls that people with power exercise over nearly all major media today:  If our actions reduce the ability of their leaders to censor their media (and of our political and economic leaders to censor ours), the information everyone gets should make it harder for leaders to convince others to support measures contrary to nearly everyone's best interests.  

What kinds of data can we collect and analyze to evaluate who benefits and who loses from alternative interventions attempting to improve the media? See below.&lt;ref&gt;The power relationship between media and politicians can go both ways.  In addition to asking the extent to which politicians control the media, we can also consider the extent to which political leaders might feel constrained by the major media: To what extent do the major media create the stage upon which politicians read their lines, as claimed in the Wikiversity article on &quot;[[Confirmation bias and conflict]]&quot;, accessed 2024-05-19?  Might a more diverse media environment make it easier for political leaders to pursue policies informed more by available research and less by propaganda?  Might experiments as described herein help politicians develop more effective governmental policies, because of a reduction in the power of media whose ownership and funding are more diverse? This is discussed further in this article in a section on [[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government#Media and war|Media and war]].&lt;/ref&gt;

=== World Bank on the value of information === 

In 2002 the President of the [[w:World Bank|World Bank]],&lt;ref&gt;The 2022 World Bank Group portfolio was 104 billion USD (World Bank 2022, Table 1, p. 13; 17/116 in PDF).  An improvement of 0.1 percentage points in the performance of that portfolio would be 104 million.  A lot could be accomplished with budgets much smaller than this.&lt;/ref&gt; [[w:James Wolfensohn|James Wolfensohn]], wrote, &quot;[A] free press is not a luxury. It is at the core of equitable development. The media can expose corruption. ... They can facilitate trade [and bring] health and education information to remote villages ... . But ... the independence of the media can be fragile and easily compromised. All too often governments shackle the media. Sometimes control by powerful private interests restricts reporting. ... [T]o support development, media need the right environment{{mdash}}in terms of freedoms, capacities, and checks and balances.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Wolfensohn (2002). More on this is available in other contributions to Islam et al. (2002) including [[w:Joseph Stiglitz|Stiglitz]] (2002), who noted the following: &quot;There is a natural asymmetry of information between those who govern and those whom they are supposed to serve. ... Free speech and a free press not only make abuses of governmental powers less likely, they also enhance the likelihood that people's basic social needs will be met. ... [S]ecrecy distorts the arena of politics. ... Neither theory nor evidence provides much support for the hypothesis that fuller and timelier disclosure and discussion would have adverse effects. ... The most important check against abuses is a competitive press that reflects a variety of interests. ... [F]or government officials to appropriate the information that they have access to for private gain ... is as much theft as stealing any other public property.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

This article includes proposals for evaluating alternative ways of improving the media and circumstances under which they may or may not be effective.

=== Information and epidemics ===

Epidemics are best depicted as a race between two contagions: the infectious agent and the information about how best to combat it. Blackburn et al. (2018, 2020), in a review of vulnerability and response to epidemics, declared that uncoordinated, shifting or unclear communication by governments would be a major factor in accelerating and increasing spread of the disease. Barry (2005) pointed out that governments withholding data about the 1918 flu epidemic, to avoid disclosing weaknesses to adversaries, contributed greatly to accelerating the spread and delaying effective response. Information about public health is clearly a public good. Misinformation about an epidemic is an obstacle to dealing with the threat. Disinformation about an epidemic may have been used as a weapon by some nations against others.

=== US Postal Service Act of 1792: a natural experiment === 

[[w:Robert W. McChesney|McChesney]] and [[w:John Nichols (journalist)|Nichols]] (2010, 2016) suggested that the US [[w:Postal Service Act|Postal Service Act]]&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia &quot;[[w:Postal Service Act|Postal Service Act]]&quot;, accessed 2023-07-11.&lt;/ref&gt; of 1792 made a major contribution to making the US what it is today.  Under that act, newspapers were delivered up to 100 miles for a penny, when first class postage was between 6 and 25 cents depending on distance.  McChesney and Nichols estimated that between 1840 and 1844, the US postal subsidy was 0.211% of GDP with federal printing subsidies adding another 0.005%, totaling 0.216% of GDP.&lt;ref name=McC-N2010&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88).&lt;/ref&gt; That percent of GDP would be roughly $140 per person per year in 2019.&lt;ref name=McN_IMF&gt;International Monetary Fund (2023):  US Gross domestic product per capita at current prices was estimated at $65,077 for 2019 on 2023-04-28. 0.211% of $65,077 = $137; 0.216% = $141. Round to $140 for convenience.&lt;/ref&gt; We use 2019 dollars here to make it easy to compare with Rolnik et al. (2019), who recommended $50 per adult per year, which is roughly 0.06% of US GDP.  Rolnik et al. added that the level of subsidies would require &quot;extensive deliberation and experimentation&quot;.&lt;ref name=Rolnik&gt;Rolnik et al. (2019, p. 44). The Wikipedia article on &quot;[[w:Demographics of the United States|Demographics of the United States]]&quot; says that 22.2% of the US population was under 18 in 2021 when accessed 2024-06-22. Thus, adults are 77.8% of the population, which means that $50 per adult was approximate $38.90 per capita in 2019. US GDP per capita was $65,077 in 2019 in current dollars per International Monetary Fund (2023). Thus, $64.27 per capita would be roughly 0.06% of GDP.&lt;/ref&gt; More recently McChesney and Nichols have recommended 0.15% of GDP ($98 per person per year in 2019), considering the fact that the advent of the Internet has nearly eliminated the costs of printing and distribution.&lt;ref name=McC-N2021&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2021; 2022, p. 19).&lt;/ref&gt;

[[w:Alexis de Tocqueville|Tocqueville]], who visited the US in 1831, observed the following:  
* [T]he liberty of the press does not affect political opinion alone, but extends to all the opinions of men, and modifies customs as well as laws. ... I approve of it from a consideration more of the evils it prevents, than of the advantages it insures.&lt;ref&gt;Tocqueville (1835; 2001, p. 91).  In 2002 Roumeen Islam stated this more forcefully:  &quot;Arbitrary actions by government are always to be feared. If there is to be a bias in the quantity of information that is released, then erring on the side of more freedom rather than less would appear to cause less harm.&quot; (World Bank, 2002, pp. 21-22; 33-34/336 in pdf).&lt;/ref&gt;
* The liberty of writing ... is most formidable when it is a novelty; for a people who have never been accustomed to hear state affairs discussed before them, place implicit confidence in the first tribune who presents himself.  The Anglo-Americans have enjoyed this liberty ever since the foundation of the Colonies ... .  A glance at a French and an American newspaper is sufficient to show the difference ... .  In France, the space allotted to commercial advertisements is very limited, and the news-intelligence is not considerable; but the essential part of the journal is the discussion of the politics of the day.  In America, three-quarters of the enormous sheet are filled with advertisements, and the remainder is frequently occupied by political intelligence or trivial anecdotes:  it is only from time to time that one finds a corner devoted to passionate discussions, like those which the journalists of France every day give to their readers.&lt;ref&gt;Tocqueville (1835; 2001, p. 92).&lt;/ref&gt; 
* It has been demonstrated by observation, and discovered by the sure instinct even of the pettiest despots, that the influence of a power is increased in proportion as its direction is centralized.&lt;ref&gt;Tocqueville (1835; 2001, pp. 92-93).&lt;/ref&gt;
* [T]he number of periodical and semi-periodical publications in the United States is almost incredibly large. In America there is scarcely a hamlet which does not have its newspaper.&lt;ref&gt;Tocqueville (1835; 2001, p. 93).&lt;/ref&gt;
* In the United States, each separate journal exercises but little authority; but the power of the periodical press is second only to that of the people ... .&lt;ref&gt;Tocqueville (1835; 2001, p. 94). &lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Real US GDP per capita in 5 epocs.svg|thumb|Figure 1.  Average annual income (Gross Domestic Product per capita adjusted for inflation in thousands of 2017 $) in the US 1790-2023 showing five epochs identified in a &quot;breakpoint&quot; analysis (to 1929, 1933, 1945, 1947, 2023) documented in the Wikiversity article on &quot;[[US Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Wikiversity &quot;[[US Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita]]&quot;, accessed 2023-07-18.&lt;/ref&gt; Piketty (2021, p. 139) noted, &quot;In the United States, the national income per inhabitant rose at a rate ... of 2.2% between 1950 to 1990 when the top tax rate reached on average 72%.  The top rate was then cut in half, with the announced objective of boosting growth.  But in fact, growth fell by half, to 1.1% per annum between 1990 and 2020&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;A more recent review of the literature of the impact of inequality on growth is provided by Jahangir (2023, sec. 3), who notes that some studies have claimed that inequality ''increases'' the rate of economic growth, while other reach the opposite conclusion. However, 'the preponderant academic position is shifting from the argument that “we don’t have enough evidence” and towards seriously addressing and combating economic inequality.' Stiglitz (2024, p. 119) insists &quot;that we pay a high price for inequality even in terms of GDP ... . Countries with more inequality perform more poorly.&quot; He cites other sources to support that claim.&lt;/ref&gt; Our analysis of US GDP per capita from Measuring Worth do not match Piketty's report exactly, but they are close. We got 2.3% annual growth from 1950 to 1990 then 1.8% to 2008 and 1.3% to 2023. However, we have so far been unable to find a model that suggests that this decline is statistically significant.]]  

To what extent was [[w:Alexis de Tocqueville|Tocqueville's]] &quot;incredibly large&quot; &quot;number of periodical and semi-periodical publications in the United States&quot; due to the US Postal Service Act of 1792? To what extent did that &quot;incredibly large&quot; number of publications encourage literacy, limit political corruption, and help the US of that day remain together and grow both in land area and economically while contemporary New Spain, then Mexico, fractured, shrank, and stagnated economically? To what extent does the enormous power of the US today rest on the economic growth of that period and its impact on the political culture of that day continuing to the present?&lt;ref&gt;Wikiversity &quot;[[The Great American Paradox]]&quot;, accessed 2023-06-12.&lt;/ref&gt; That growth transformed the US into the world leader that it is today;  see Figure 1.  In the process, it generated new technologies that benefit the vast majority of the world's population alive today. If the newspapers Tocqueville read made any substantive contribution to the growth summarized in Figure 1, the information in those newspapers were public goods potentially ''benefiting the vast majority of humanity'' (people who never read those newspapers and were unaware even of their existence) ''to the end of human civilization.''&lt;ref&gt;Acemoglu (2023) documents how the power of monopolies and other politically favored groups often distorts the direction of technology development into suboptimal technologies.  Might increasing the funding for more independent news outlets reduce the power of such favored groups and thereby help correct these distortions and deliver &quot;sizable welfare benefits&quot;, e.g., &quot;in the context of industrial automation, health care, and energy&quot;?&lt;/ref&gt; 

Experiments of the type discussed below can help quantify the magnitude of these suggested benefits in contemporary settings.

=== Other economists === 

We cannot prove that the diversity of newspapers in the early US contributed to the economic growth it experienced. Banerjee and Duflo (2019) concluded that no one knows how to create economic growth. They won the 2019 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics with Michael Kremer for their leadership in using [[w:randomized controlled trials|randomized controlled trials]]&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia &quot;[[w:Randomized controlled trials|Randomized controlled trials]]&quot;, accessed 2023-07-11.&lt;/ref&gt; to learn how to reduce global poverty.&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia &quot;[[w:2019 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|2019 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences]]&quot;, accessed 2023-06-13.  Nobel Prize (2019).  Amazon.com indicates that distribution of the book started 2019-11-12, twenty-nine days after the Nobel prize announcement 2019-10-14. It seems likely that the book was completed before the announcement.&lt;/ref&gt; More recently, Wake et al. (2021) found evidence that ''the economic costs of curbing press freedom persist long after such freedoms have been restored.''&lt;ref&gt;See also Nguyen et al. (2021).&lt;/ref&gt; And Mohammadi et al. (2022) found that economic growth rates were impacted by civil liberties, economic and press freedom and the economic growth rates of neighbors (spacial autocorrelation) but not democracy. These findings of Mohammidi et al. (2022) and Wake et al. (2021) reinforce Thomas Jefferson's 1787 comment that, &quot;were it left to me to decide whether we should have a government without newspapers, or newspapers without a government, I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;From a letter to Colonel Edward Carrington (16 January 1787), cited in Wikiquote, &quot;[[Wikiquote:Thomas Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]]&quot;, accessed 2023-07-29.&lt;/ref&gt; 

To what extent might experiments like those recommended in this article either reinforce or refute this claim of Jefferson from 1787?

=== Randomized controlled trials to quantify the value of information === 

This article suggests randomized controlled trials to quantify the impact of citizen-directed subsidies for journalism, roughly following the recommendations of McChesney and Nichols (2021, 2022) to distribute some small percentage of GDP to local news nonprofits ''via local elections''.  Philanthropies could fund such experiments for some of the smallest and poorest places in the world.  Organizations like the World Bank could fund such experiments as adjuncts to a random selection from other interventions they fund, justified for the same reason that they would not consider funding anything without appropriate accounting and auditing of expenditures, as discussed further below.&lt;ref&gt;The discussion of &quot;Control Frauds&quot; below cites Black (2013), who noted that many senior executives are able to find accountants and auditors willing to certify fraudulent accounting reports. It also suggests that financial markets in the US might work better with more diverse, independent and better funded media. That is supported by the report by Egan (2024) of an auditing firm that had filed more than 1,500 questionable SEC filings for over 500 public companies.&lt;/ref&gt;  

Before making suggestions regarding experiments, we review previous research documenting how information might be a public good.

== Previous research ==

Before considering optimal level of subsidies for news, it may be useful to consider the research for which [[w: Daniel Kahneman|Daniel Kahneman won the 2002 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics]].&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia &quot;[[w:Daniel Kahneman|Daniel Kahneman]]&quot;, accessed 2023-04-28.&lt;/ref&gt; Most important for present purposes may be that virtually everyone: 

* thinks they know more than they do ([[w:Overconfidence effect|Overconfidence]]),&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia &quot;[[w:Overconfidence effect|Overconfidence effect]]&quot;, accessed 2023-04-29. Kahneman and co-workers have documented that experts are also subject to overconfidence. In many cases, experts suffer ''more'' from overconfidence than lay people.  Kahneman and Klein (2009) found that ''expert intuition'', when it exists, ''is learned from frequent, rapid, high-quality feedback'' about the quality of their judgments.  Unfortunately, few fields have such feedback.  Kaheman et al. (2021) call practitioners with credentials but without such expert intuition &quot;respect-experts&quot;.  Kahneman (2011, p. 234) said his &quot;most satisfying and productive adversarial collaboration was with Gary Klein&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; and 
* prefers information and sources consistent with preconceptions. ([[w:Confirmation bias|Confirmation bias]]).&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia &quot;[[w:Confirmation bias|Confirmation bias]]&quot;, accessed 2023-04-29.&lt;/ref&gt;

To what extent do media organizations everywhere exploit the confirmation bias and overconfidence of their audience to please those who control most of the money for the media, and to what extent might this ''reduce'' broadly shared economic growth?  The proposed experiments should include efforts to quantify this, measuring, e.g., local incomes, inequality, political polarization and the impact of interventions attempting to improve such.  

Plous wrote, &quot;No problem in judgment and decision making is more prevalent and more potentially catastrophic than overconfidence.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Plous (1993, p. 217).  See also Wikipedia &quot;[[w:Overconfidence effect|Overconfidence effect]]&quot;, accessed 2023-04-29.&lt;/ref&gt; It contributes to inordinate losses by all parties in negotiations of all kinds&lt;ref&gt;Thompson (2020).&lt;/ref&gt; including lawsuits,&lt;ref&gt;Loftus and Wagenaar (1988).&lt;/ref&gt; strikes,&lt;ref&gt;Babcock and Olson (1992) and Thompson and Loevenstein (1992).&lt;/ref&gt; financial market bubbles and crashes,&lt;ref&gt;Daniel ''et al.'' (1998).&lt;/ref&gt; and politics and international relations,&lt;ref&gt;Johnson (2020).&lt;/ref&gt; including wars.&lt;ref&gt;Johnson (2004).&lt;/ref&gt;

Might the frequency and expense of lawsuits, strikes, financial market volatility, political corruption and wars be reduced by encouraging people to get more curious and search more often for information that might contradict their preconceptions?  Might such discussions be encouraged by interventions such as increasing the total funding for news through many small, independent, local news organizations?  If yes, to what extent might such experimental interventions threaten the hegemony of major media everywhere while benefiting everyone, with the possible exception of those who benefit from current systems of political corruption?  

[[File:Knowledge v. public media.png|thumb|Figure 2.  Knowledge v. public media: Percent correct answers in surveys of knowledge of domestic and international politics vs. per capita subsidies for public media in Denmark (DK), Finland (FI), the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States (US).&lt;ref&gt;&quot;politicalKnowledge&quot; dataset in Croissant and Graves (2022), originally from ch. 1, chart 8, p. 268 and ch. 4, chart 1, p. 274, McChesney and Nichols (2010).&lt;/ref&gt;]]

One attempt to quantify this appears in Figure 2, which summarizes a natural experiment on the impact of government subsidies for public media on public knowledge of domestic and international politics: Around 2008 the governments of the US, UK, Denmark and Finland provided subsidies of $1.35, $80, $101 and $101 per person per year, respectively, for public media.  A survey of public knowledge of domestic and international politics found that people with college degrees seemed to be comparably well informed in the different countries, but people with less education were better informed in the countries with higher public subsidies.  

Kaviani et al. (2022) studied the impact of &quot;the staggered expansion of [[w:Sinclair Broadcast Group|Sinclair Broadcast Group]]: the largest conservative network in the U.S.&quot; They documented a decline in [[w:Corporate social responsibility|Corporate Social Responsibility]] (CSR) ratings of firms headquartered in Sinclair expansion areas.  They also documented a &quot;right-ward ideological shift&quot; in coverage that was &quot;nearly one standard deviation of the ideology distribution&quot; as well as &quot;substantial decreases in coverage of local politics substituted by increases in national politics.&quot; Ellison (2024) said that &quot;Sinclair's recipe for TV news&quot; includes an annual survey asking viewers, &quot;What are you most afraid of?&quot; Sinclair reportedly focuses on that while implying in their coverage &quot;that America's cities, especially those run by Democratic politicians, are dangerous and dysfunctional.&quot; 

Sources in France are concerned that billionaire [[w:Vincent Bolloré|Vincent Bolloré]] has purchased a substantial portion of French media and used it effectively to promote the French far right.&lt;ref&gt;Francois (2022). Cagé (2022). Cagé and Stetler (2022).&lt;/ref&gt; Scheidler (2024a) reported that the concentration of ownership the German media &quot;has not yet reached the extreme forms observed in France, the United Kingdom or the United States, but the process of consolidation initiated several decades ago has transformed a landscape renowned for its decentralization.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Translated from, &quot;la concentration de la propriété dans la presse suprarégionale n’a pas encore atteint les formes extrêmes observées en France, au Royaume-Uni ou aux États-Unis, mais le processus de consolidation enclenché depuis plusieurs décennies a transformé un paysage réputé pour sa décentralisation.&quot; See also ''Die Tageszeitung'' (2023).&lt;/ref&gt; Scheidler (2024b) reported that there still exists a wide range of constructive media criticism in Germany, but it gets less coverage than before in the increasingly consolidated major media. This has driven many who are not happy with these changes to alternative media such as ''[[w:Die Tageszeitung|Die Tageszeitung]]'', founded in 1978. In Israel, a 2022 survey found that the leading newspaper was ''[[w:Israel Hayom|Israel Hayom]]'',&lt;ref&gt;Readership figures are from a Hebrew-language document cited in the Wikipedia article on &quot;[[w:Newspapers in Israel|Newspapers in Israel]]&quot;, accessed 2024-04-03.&lt;/ref&gt; founded in 2007 by billionaire [[w:Sheldon Adelson|Sheldon Adelson]] and distributed for free allegedly to skirt Israel's campaign finance laws.&lt;ref&gt;Grossman et al. (2022). See also Lalwani (2022).&lt;/ref&gt; [[How might the world be different if the PLO had followed Gandhi?|Various sources have suggested that it has encouraged Israeli policies that have driven many Palestinians to support Hamas, leading to the current Israel-Hamas war]], discussed further below.

Benton wrote that past research has shown that strong local newspapers &quot;increase voter turnout, reduce government corruption, make cities financially healthier, make citizens more knowledgeable about politics and more likely to engage with local government, force local TV to raise its game, encourage split-ticket (and thus less uniformly partisan) voting, make elected officials more responsive and efficient ... And ... you get to reap the benefits of all those positive outcomes ''even if you don’t read them yourself''.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Benton (2019); italics in the original.  See also Green et al. (2023, p. 7), Schulhofer-Wohl and Garrido (2009), Stearns and Schmidt (2022), and Pope (2023).  A not quite silly example of this is documented in the Wikipedia article on the &quot;[[w:City of Bell scandal|City of Bell scandal]]&quot; accessed 2023-05-05:  Around 1999 the local newspaper died.  In 2010 the ''[[w:Los Angeles Times|Los Angeles Times]]'' reported that the city was close to bankruptcy in spite of having atypically high property tax rates.  The compensation for the City Manager was almost four times that of the President of the US, even though Bell, California, had a population of only approximately 38,000.  The Chief of Police and most members of the City Council also had exceptionally high compensations.  It was as if the City Manager had said in 1999, &quot;Wow:  The watchdog is dead.  Let's have a party.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

We feel a need to repeat that last comment: Benton says that ''we all'' benefit from others consuming news that we do not, because they become less likely to be stampeded into voting contrary to their best interests{{mdash}}and ours{{mdash}}and more likely to lobby effectively against questionable favors to major political campaign contributors or other people with power, underreported by major media that have conflicts of interest in balanced coverage of anything that might offend people with substantive control of their funding.  That suggests that everyone might benefit from subsidizing ''a broad variety of independent'' local news outlets consumed by others.&lt;ref&gt;Some of those who benefit from the current system of political corruption may lose from the increased transparency produced by increases in the quality, quantity, diversity, and broader consumption of news.  However, Bezruchka (2023) documents how even the ultra-wealthy in countries with high inequality generally have shorter life expectancies than their counterparts in more egalitarian societies:  What they might lose in social status would likely be balanced by a reduction in stress and exposure to life-threatening incidents.&lt;/ref&gt; Kim et al. report that the benefits of better local news are not restricted to better government. &quot;[W]orkplace injuries increase following newspaper layoffs&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;Kim et al. (2023).&lt;/ref&gt; and newspaper closures make it harder for the public and investors to get information about fraud, future stock crash risks, etc.&lt;ref&gt;Kim et al. (2021).&lt;/ref&gt;

Part of the mechanism here was documented by Trexler and Mullen (2024). They found that, &quot;a few extra paragraphs of context increased support for spending and increased voters' willingness to hold local politicians accountable for infrastructure neglect by voting them out of office. ... With fewer reporters staffing newsrooms, the depth of reporting on invisible infrastructure declines.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Hewitt (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; Angelucci et al. (2024) documented this problem as television entered US households between 1944 and 1964: (1) Newspaper revenue declined. (2) &quot;Newspapers responded by reducing content, particularly local news.&quot; And (3) split-ticket voting declined. 

Experiments along the lines discussed below could attempt independent evaluations of these claims while estimating their magnitudes and strengthening claims of causality.

== How fair is the US tax system? ==

How fair is the US tax system?  It depends on who is asked and how fairness is defined.  

[[File:Share of taxes vs. AGI.svg|thumb|Figure 3.  Effective tax rate relative to the average vs. percentile of Adjusted Gross Income (AGI).&lt;ref&gt;York (2023) based on analyses published by the US Internal Revenue Service (IRS).&lt;/ref&gt;]]

The [[w:Tax Foundation|Tax Foundation]] computed the effective tax rate in different portions of the distribution of Adjusted Gross Income (AGI), plotted in Figure 3.  They noted that,&quot;half of taxpayers paid 99.7 percent of federal income taxes&quot;. The effective tax rate on the 1% highest adjusted gross incomes (AGIs) was 26%, almost double (1.91 times) the average, while the effective tax rate for the bottom half was 3.1%, only 23% of the average.&lt;ref&gt;York (2023).&lt;/ref&gt;

The Tax Foundation did ''not'' mention that we get a very different perspective from considering ''gross income'' rather than AGI. Leiserson and Yagan (2021)&lt;ref&gt;published by the Biden White House.&lt;/ref&gt; estimated that the average ''effective'' federal individual income tax rate paid by America’s 400 wealthiest families&lt;ref&gt;The &quot;400 wealthiest families&quot; are identified in &quot;[[w:The Forbes 400|The Forbes 400]]&quot;; see the Wikipedia article on &quot;The Forbes 400&quot;, accessed 2023-05-07.&lt;/ref&gt; was between 6 and 12% with the most likely number being 8.2%. The difference comes in the ''adjustments'', while the uncertainty comes primarily from appreciation in the value of unsold stock,&lt;ref&gt;To be precise, this uncertainty comes from assets subject to capital gains tax, which is not limited to unsold stock; in 2022, the tax on capital gains was capped at 20%;  see Wikipedia, &quot;[[w:Capital gains tax in the United States|Capital gains tax in the United States]]&quot;, accessed 2023-05-08.&lt;/ref&gt; which is taxed at a maximum of 20% when sold and never taxed if passed as inheritance.&lt;ref&gt;The Wikipedia article on &quot;[[w:Estate tax in the United States|Estate tax in the United States]]&quot; describes an &quot;Exclusion amount&quot;, which is not taxed in inheritance.  That exclusion amount was $675,000 in 2001 and has generally trended upwards since except for 2010, and was $12.06 million in 2022 (accessed 2023-05-08).&lt;/ref&gt;

Divergent claims about ''business'' taxes can similarly be found.  Watson (2022) claimed  that, &quot;Corporate taxes are one of the most economically damaging ways to raise revenue and are a promising area of reform for states to increase competitiveness and promote economic growth, benefiting both companies and workers.&quot;  This &quot;economically damaging&quot; claim seems contradicted by evidence documented with Figure 1 above: When the top tax rate was cut in half, the rate of economic growth in the US ''fell'' by half, according to Piketty (2021, p. 139).&lt;ref&gt;Fuhrmann and Uradu (2023) describe, &quot;How large corporations avoid paying taxes&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;   

[[File:UStaxWords.svg|thumb|Figure 4.  Millions of words in the US federal tax code and regulations, 1955-2015, according to the [[w:Tax Foundation|Tax Foundation]]. [1=income tax code; 2=other tax code; 3=income tax regulations; 4=other tax regulations; solid line= total]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;UStaxWords&quot; dataset in Croissant and Graves (2022) from the Tax Foundation.&lt;/ref&gt;]]

One reference on the difference between &quot;adjusted&quot; and &quot;gross&quot; income is US federal tax code and regulations, which grew from 1.4 million words in 1955 to over 10 million in 2015, averaging 145,000 additional words each year;  see Figure 4.  

How does this relate to media?

== How do media organizations make money? ==

Media organizations everywhere sell changes in audience behaviors to the people who give them money.  If they do not have an audience, they have nothing to sell.  If they sufficiently offend their funders, they will not get the revenue needed to produce content.&lt;ref&gt;A famous illustration of this conflict between content and funding was when CBS Chairman [[w:William S. Paley|William Paley]] reportedly told [[w:Edward R. Murrow|Edward R. Murrow]] in 1958 that he was discontinuing Murrow's award-winning show ''[[w:See It Now|See It Now]]'', because &quot;I don't want this constant stomach ache every time you do a controversial subject&quot;, documented in Friendly (1967, p. 92).&lt;/ref&gt;  

The major media in the US have conflicts of interest in honestly reporting on discussions in congress on copyright law or on anything that might impact a major advertiser or might make it easier for politicians to get elected by spending less money on advertising.  McChesney (2015) insisted that the major media are not interested in providing information that people want:  They are interested in making money and protecting the interests of the ultra-wealthy, who control the largest advertising budgets.  For example, media coverage of the roughly 40,000 people who came to [[w:1999 Seattle WTO protests|Seattle in 1999 to protest the WTO]] Ministerial Conference there&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia &quot;[[w:1999 Seattle WTO protests|1999 Seattle WTO protests]]&quot;, accessed 2023-05-08.&lt;/ref&gt; and the 10,000 - 15,000 who came to [[w:Washington A16, 2000|Washington, DC, the following year]] to protest the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank,&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia &quot;[[w:Washington A16, 2000|Washington A16, 2000]]&quot;, accessed 2023-05-08.&lt;/ref&gt; included &quot;some outstanding pieces produced by the corporate media, but those were exceptions to the rule. ... [T]he closer a story gets to corporate power and corporate domination of our society, the less reliable the corporate news media is.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;McChesney (2015, p. xx).&lt;/ref&gt; 

Aaron (2021) said, &quot;Bob McChesney ... taught me [to] look at ... the stories that are cheap to cover.&quot; Between around 1975 and 2000, the major commercial broadcasters in the US fired nearly all their investigative journalists&lt;ref&gt;McChesney (2004, p. 81):  &quot;A five-year study of investigative journalism on TV news completed in 2002 determined that investigative journalism has all but disappeared from the nation's commercial airwaves.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; and replaced them with the police blotter.  It's easy and cheap to repeat what the police say.&lt;ref&gt;Holmes (2022) quoted Ryan Sorrell, Founder and Publisher of the ''[[w:Kansas City Defender|Kansas City Defender]]'', as saying, &quot;the media often parrots or repeats what police and news releases say.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; A news outlet can do that without seriously risking loss of revenue.  In addition, poor defendants who may not have money for legal defense rarely have money to sue a media outlet for defamation.  By contrast, a news report on questionable activities by a major funder risks both direct loss of advertising revenue and being sued.&lt;ref&gt;The risks of being sued include the risks of [[w:Strategic lawsuit against public participation|strategic lawsuits against public participation]] (SLAPPs) by major organizations, which can intimidate journalists and publishers as well as potential whistleblowers, who might inform journalists of violations of law by their employers.  Some of these are documented in the &quot;[[w:Freedom of the press in the United States#U.S. Press Freedom Tracker|U.S. Press Freedom Tracker]]&quot;, maintained by the [[w:Freedom of the Press Foundation|Freedom of the Press Foundation]] and the [[w:Committee to Protect Journalists|Committee to Protect Journalists]].  These include arrests, assaults, threats, denial of access, equipment damage, prior restraint, and subpoenas which could intimidate journalists, publishers, and employees feeling a need to expose violations of law and threats to public safety.  See Wikipedia &quot;[[w:Freedom of the Press Foundation|Freedom of the Press Foundation]]&quot;, &quot;[[w:Committee to Protect Journalists|Committee to Protect Journalists]]&quot;, and &quot;[[w:Strategic lawsuit against public participation|Strategic lawsuit against public participation]]&quot;, accessed 2023-07-11.&lt;/ref&gt;  These risks impose a higher standard of journalism (and additional costs) when reporting on questionable activities by people with power than when reporting on poor people.  This is a much bigger problem in countries where libel is a criminal rather than a civil offense ''or where truth is not a defense for libel.''&lt;ref&gt;Islam et al. (2002), esp. pp. 12-13 (24-25/336 in pdf), p. 50 (62/336 in pdf), and ch. 11, pp. 207-224 (219-236/336 in pdf). [[w:United States defamation law|Truth was not a defense against libel in the US]] in 1804 when Harry Croswell lost in ''[[w:United States defamation law#People v. Croswell|People v. Croswell]]''.  That began to change the next year when the [[w:United States defamation law#People v. Croswell|New York State Legislature]] changed the law to allow truth as a defense against a libel charge. Seventy years earlier in 1735 [[w:John Peter Zenger#Libel case|John Peter Zenger]] was acquitted of a libel charge, but only by [[w:Jury nullification in the United States|jury nullification]].&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:U.S. incarceration rate since 1925.svg|thumb|Figure 5.  Percent of the US population in state and federal prisons  [male (dashed red), combined (solid black), female (dotted green)]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;USincarcerations&quot; dataset in Croissant and Graves (2022).&lt;/ref&gt;]]

After about 1975 television audiences in the US noticed increased coverage of crime in the broadcast news and concluded that crime was out of control, when there had been no substantive change in crime.  They voted in a generation of politicians, who promised to get tough on crime.  The incarceration rate in the US went from 0.1% to 0.5% in the span of roughly 25 years, after having been fairly stable for the previous 50 years;  see Figure 5.&lt;ref&gt;Potter and Kapeller (1998). Sacco (1998, 2005).&lt;/ref&gt;  

[[File:IncomeInequality9b.svg|thumb|Figure 6.  Average and quantiles of family income (Gross Domestic Product per family) in constant 2010 dollars.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;incomeInequality&quot; dataset in Croissant and Graves (2022).&lt;/ref&gt;]]

Around that same time, income inequality in the US began to rise;  see Figure 6.&lt;ref&gt;Bezruchka (2023) summarizes research documenting how &quot;inequality kills us all&quot;. He noted that the US was among the leaders in infant mortality and life expectancy in the 1950s.  Now the US is trailing most of the advanced industrial democracies. That drift from leading to trailing was gradual, as documented in the Wikiversity article on [[UN public health data]], accessed 2024-06-24. It looks more like the increase in the number of words in tax code and regulations (Figure 4) than the evolution of family incomes (Figure 6). Might Figure 4 be a surrogate for increasing dominance by major corporations of the major media and politics in the US? Bezruchka (2023) cites documentation claiming that even the wealthy in the US have lower life expectancy than their counterparts in other advanced industrial democracies. This happens in part because the ultra-wealthy in the US get exposed to more pathogens than their counterparts elsewhere. Graves and Samuelson (2022) noted that it is in everyone's best interest to help others with conditions that might be infectious to get competent medical assistance, because that reduces our risk of contracting their disease. See also Wilkinson and Pickett (2017).&lt;/ref&gt; To what extent might that increase in inequality be due to the structure of the major media?  

To what extent might you and I benefit from making it easier for millions of others to research different aspects of government policies including the &quot;adjustments&quot; in the US tax system embedded in the over 10 million words of US federal tax code and regulations documented with Figure 4 above, encouraging them to lobby the US Congress against the special favors granted to major political campaign contributors against the general welfare of everyone else? Everyone except possibly the beneficiaries of such political corruption would likely benefit from the news that helps concerned citizens lobby effectively against such corruption, even if we did not participate in such citizen lobbying efforts and were completely ignorant of them.

One possible measure of the impact of citizen-directed subsidies for local news nonprofits and noncommercial social media might be the evolution of the language used to describe poor people. Rose and Baumgartner (2013) reported an increase in the use of words like ''lazy'' and ''fraud'' to describe poor people in US media since 1960. Then in the 1980s, government spending on social services such as welfare were cut, presumably as a result. During the [[w:Great Depression|Great Depression]] with high [[w:unemployment#20th century|unemployment]], newspapers that described poor people negatively may have lost audience, creating the background level of usage against which the increase since 1960 was measured. That or similar [[w:text mining|text mining]] methodologies could be used in experimental and control groups to look for differences in how poor people are described in experimental vs. control jurisdictions and differences in public policies toward the poor.

== Media and war == 

:[[w:You've Got to Be Carefully Taught|''&quot;You've got to be taught to hate and fear. ... It's got to be drummed in your dear little ear.&quot;'']] 
::-- Lt. Cable in the [[w:South Pacific (musical)|1949 Rodgers and Hammerstein musical ''South Pacific'']].  

To what extent is it accurate to say 

* ''before anyone is killed in armed hostilities, the different parties to the conflict are polarized by the different media the different parties find credible?''&lt;ref&gt;The role of the media in war has long been recognized.  It is commonly said that the first casualty of war is truth. Knightley (2004, p. vii) credits Senator Hiram Johnson as saying in 1917, &quot;The first casualty when war comes is truth.&quot; However, the Wikiquote article on &quot;[[Wikiquote:Hiram Johnson|Hiram Johnson]]&quot; says this quote has been, &quot;Widely attributed to Johnson, but without any confirmed citations of original source. ... [T]he first recorded use seems to be by Philip Snowden.&quot; (accessed 2023-07-22.) Herman and Chomsky (1988, ch. 2) discuss &quot;worthy and unworthy victims&quot;: When &quot;our&quot; enemies kill someone, it's often an atrocity, proving how evil &quot;they&quot; are. When &quot;we&quot; do it, it's rarely reported, and when it is reported, it's portrayed as unfortunate but necessary. Herman and Chomsky contrasted, for example, the &quot;propaganda outburst by the mass media&quot; in the US of the murder of Father [[w:Jerzy Popiełuszko|Jerzy Popiełuszko]] by Polish authorities with the minimal coverage of comparable murders of priests in US client states in Latin America. Solomon (2023) provides many more and more recent examples. &quot;AFTER 9/11, U.S. MEDIA outlets kept amplifying rationales for an aggressive military response, with the traumatic events of September 11 assumed to be just cause&quot; (p. 4). And &quot;American outlets devoting the kind of news coverage of Russia's war in Ukraine that would have been unthinkable while reporting on U.S. warfare.&quot; (p. 33)&lt;/ref&gt; 

This might seem obvious, but how can we quantify political polarization in a way that allows us to (a) model its relationship with the severity of conflicts and (b) use it to evaluate the effectiveness of efforts to reduce polarization? 

The [[w:International Panel on the Information Environment|International Panel on the Information Environment]] (IPIE) is a consortium of over 250 global experts developing tools to combat political polarization driven by the structure of the Internet.&lt;ref&gt;e.g., National Acadamies (2023).&lt;/ref&gt; The US Institute of Peace (2016) discusses &quot;Tools for Improving Media Interventions in Conflict Zones&quot;. Previous research in this area was summarized by Arsenault et al. (2011). One such tool might be video games.&lt;ref&gt;Caelin (2016).&lt;/ref&gt;

We suggest experimenting with interventions designed to reduce political polarization with some of the smallest but most intense conflicts: Interventions that require money could be more effectively tested with smaller, high intensity conflicts. It might be easier to measure a reduction from a higher-intensity conflict. And a given budget applied to a smaller population would mean more money per capita, which might produce a larger effect. 

The [[w:Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project|Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project (ACLED)]] tracks politically relevant violent and nonviolent events by a range of state and non-state actors. Their data can help identify countries or geographic regions in conflict as entities to be [[w:Randomized controlled trial|assigned randomly to experimental and control groups]], whose comparison can provide high quality data to help evaluate the impact of any intervention. Might it be feasible to involve anti-war groups in the US in generating increased supply and demand for news regarding a random sample of places where the US is &quot;invisibly&quot; making war, according to Solomon (2023),&lt;ref&gt;Verschave (1998, 2000) similarly summarized French uses of force in Africa allegedly facilitated by media silence. ''[[w:Survie|Survie]]'' (Survival), an NGO he founded, might like to collaborate on similar experiments with media subsidies to raise the profile of a random sample of questionable foreign policy initiatives of the French government.&lt;/ref&gt; to see if that can change the dynamics enough to reduce the level and lethality in experimental vs. control conflicts? Initial experiments of this nature might be done with a modest budget by working with organizations advocating nonviolence and with religious groups to recruit diaspora communities to do things recommended by experts in IPIE while also lobbying governments for funding. (One non-financial obstacle to such experiments is the US Supreme Court decision in ''[[w:Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project|Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project]]'', which concluded that providing training to anyone designated as a &quot;terrorist&quot; by the US State Department is &quot;providing material support to terrorism&quot;, a crime under the US [[w:Patriot Act|Patriot Act]].)

Any success might be leveraged into changes in foreign and military policies to make the world safer for all, though it could also increase resistance from people who may believe they benefit from the turmoil and oppose conflict resolution, often clandestinely. 

Before discussing such experiments further, we consider a few case studies. 

=== Russo-Ukrainian War, the US Civil War, World War I === 

In the [[w:Russo-Ukrainian War|Russo-Ukrainian War]], Halimi and Rimbert (2023) describe &quot;Western media as cheerleaders for war&quot;. [[w:Joseph Stiglitz|Stiglitz]] (2002) noted this was a general phenomenon:  &quot;In periods of perceived conflict ... a combination of self-censorship and reader censorship may also undermine the ability of a supposedly free press to ensure democratic transparency and openness.&quot; Media organizations do not always do this solely to please their funders.  Reporters are killed&lt;ref&gt;Different lists of journalists killed for their work are maintained by the [[w:Committee to Protect Journalists|Committee to Protect Journalists]], (CPJ), [[w:Reporters Without Borders|Reporters without Borders]], and the [[w:International Federation of Journalists|International Federation of Journalists]].  CPJ has claimed that their numbers are typically lower, because their confirmation process may be more rigorous.  See Committee to Protect Journalists (undated) and the Wikipedia articles on &quot;[[w:Committee to Protect Journalists|Committee to Protect Journalists]]&quot;, &quot;[[w:Reporters Without Borders|Reporters without Borders]]&quot;, and the &quot;[[w:International Federation of Journalists|International Federation of Journalists]]&quot;, accessed 2023-07-11.&lt;/ref&gt; or jailed and news outlets closed to prevent them from disseminating information that people with power do not want distributed.  Early in the Civil War in the US (1861-1865), some newspapers in the North said the US should let the South secede, because that would be preferable to war.  Angry mobs destroyed some offices and printing presses.  One editor &quot;was forcibly taken from his house by an excited mob, ... covered with a coat of tar and feathers, and ridden on a rail through the town.&quot; Others changed their policies &quot;voluntarily&quot;, recognizing threats to their lives or property or to a loss of audience.&lt;ref&gt;Harris (1999, esp. p. 100).&lt;/ref&gt; 

Hochschild (2022) reported a substantial shift in the media ecology in the US following the approval of the [[w:Espionage Act of 1917|Espionage Act of 1917]]. That act gave the [[w:United States Postmaster General|Postmaster General]] the authority to declare as &quot;unmailable&quot; any publication that he decided might interfere with the armed forces of the US. He used this to effectively terminate many publications, because there was no other way to distribute publications nationally at that time (p. 61). The lack of broad discourse in the media allegedly amplified war hysteria, under which many people were persecuted, beaten, robbed, incarcerated, and even killed with impunity for peaceably assembling and petitioning for better wages and working conditions, or for speaking German. That media bias reportedly continued after the war to help major capitalists suppress labor organizers.

=== Stalin and Putin === 

[[File:Russian economic history 1860-2022.svg|thumb|Figure 7. Average annual income in Russia 1860-2022: Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita adjusted for inflation in thousands of 2011 dollars. The period of the Tsars includes Alexander II (1855-1881), Alexander III (1881-1894), and Nicholas II (1874-1917). The data came from the Maddison Project Database, version 2023, Bolt and van Zanden (2024), including Kuboniwa (2019), Gregory (1982), and Markevich and Harrison (2011).]]

A 2017 survey asked Russians to name 10 of the world’s most prominent personalities. The top two were [[w:Joseph Stalin|Joseph Stalin]] and [[w:Vladimir Putin|Vladimir Putin]] with 38% and 34%, respectively. When the study was redone in 2021, Putin had slipped from number 2 to number 5. Stalin still led with 39% followed by [[w:Vladimir Lenin|Vladimir Lenin]] with 30%, Poet [[w:Alexander Pushkin|Alexander Pushkin]] and tsar [[w:Peter the Great|Peter the Great]] with 23% and 19% each, then Putin with 15%.&lt;ref&gt;''Moscow Times'' (2021). ''Levada Center'' (2021).&lt;/ref&gt; 

It may be difficult for some people in the West to understand how Stalin and Putin could be so popular, given the way they have been typically described in the mainstream Western media.&lt;ref&gt;[[w:Joseph Stalin|Joseph Stalin]] got positive coverage in the Western media after Hitler invaded the USSR in [[w:Operation Barbarossa|Operation Barbarossa]], according to Service (2005, p. 452), who noted that Stalin was named [[w:Time Person of the Year|&quot;Man of the Year&quot;]] by ''Time'' magazine in 1942. Wesser (2021) reported that Stalin and Franklin Roosevelt got along very well, and Stalin hoped to continue peaceful coexistence and collaboration after the war; neither supported the continuation of British colonialism, for example. However, after Roosevelt died, anti-Communists led by Churchill and Truman reportedly ended that collaboration and initiated the Cold War.&lt;/ref&gt; However, this is relatively easy to understand just by looking at the accompanying plot (Figure 7) of average annual income in that part of the world between 1860 and 2022: Both Stalin and Putin inherited economies that had fallen dramatically in the previous years and had supervised dramatic improvements. Putin's decline between 2017 and 2021 may also be understood from this plot, because it shows how the dramatic growth that began around the time that Putin became acting President of Russia has slowed substantially since 2012.

=== Hitler ===

Fulda (2009) studied the co-evolution of newspapers and party politics in Germany, focusing primarily on Berlin, 1924-1933. During that period, the [[w:Nazi Party|Nazis (NSDAP, National Socialist German Workers' Party, Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei)]] grew from 2.6% of the votes for the [[w:Reichstag (Nazi Germany)|Reichstag (German parliament)]] in 1928 to 44% in 1933. Fulda described exaggerations in the tabloid press of an indecisive government incapable of managing either the economy or the increasing political violence, blamed excessively on Communists, and the potential for civil war. This turned the Nazis into an attractive choice for voters desperate for decisive action.&lt;ref&gt;Fulda (2009, Abstract plus ch. 6, &quot;War of Words: The Spectre of Civil War, 1931–2&quot;).&lt;/ref&gt; 

After the 1933 elections, the Reichstag passed the [[w:Enabling Act of 1933|Enabling Act of 1933]], which gave Hitler's cabinet the right to enact laws without the consent of parliament.&lt;ref&gt;An anonymous referee suggested this could happen in the US: What might happen if the Congress passed a similar Enabling Act declaring a state of emergency? On 2024-07-01 the US Supreme Court dismissed a lower court rejection of former President Trump's claim of immunity from federal criminal charges involving his efforts to undo his 2020 election loss to Joe Biden. The Supreme Court majority insisted that the President needs broad powers for official acts. The dissenting minority insisted that the court's majority has effectively said that a President could order Seal Team Six to assassinate a political rival. Might canceling future elections or turning them into complete shams be similarly ruled as &quot;official acts&quot;? Might the only restraint be impeachment, which might not happen if the President's party controlled over half of the House or a third of the Senate? See, e.g., Deliso (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; The Nazis then began full censorship of the newspapers, physically beating, imprisoning and in some cases killing journalists, as the leading publishers acquiesced. The primary sources of news during that period were newspapers; radio was relatively new in Germany and carried very little news. Many newspapers were [[w:Tabloid journalism|tabloids]], interested in either making money or promoting a party line with minimal regard for fact checking. A big loser in this was the right‐wing press magnate [[w:Alfred Hugenberg|Alfred Hugenberg]], whose political mismanagement led to the substantial demise of his [[w:German National People's Party|German National People's Party (Deutschnationale Volkspartei, DNVP)]], mostly benefitting Hitler.&lt;ref&gt;Fulda (2009).&lt;/ref&gt; 

This suggests the need for a [[w:Counterfactual history|counterfactual analysis of this period]], asking what kinds of changes in the structure of the media ecology might have prevented the rise of the Nazis? In particular, to what extent might a more diverse local news environment supported by citizen-directed subsidies as suggested herein have reduced the risk of a demise of democracy? And might some sort of [[w:Fairness Doctrine|fairness doctrine]] have helped?&lt;ref name=fairness&gt;Wikipedia &quot;[[w:Fairness doctrine|fairness doctrine]]&quot;, accessed 2023-07-21.&lt;/ref&gt; And how might different rules for distributing different levels of funding to local news outlets impact the level of democratization? (Threats to democracy include legislation like the German Enabling Act of 1933 and other situations that allow an executive to successfully ignore the will of an otherwise democratic legislature, a [[w:self-coup|self-coup]], as well as a military coup.)

=== Iraq and the Islamic State ===

[[w:Fall of Mosul|In 2014 in Mosul, two Iraqi army divisions totaling 30,000 and another 30,000 federal police]] were overwhelmed in six days by roughly 1,500 committed Jihadists, according to some accounts. Four months later, ''Reuters'' reported that, &quot;there were supposed to be close to 25,000 soldiers and police in the city; the reality ... was at best 10,000.&quot; Many of the missing 15,000 were &quot;ghost soldiers&quot; kicking back half their salaries to their officers. Also, &quot;[i]nfantry, armor and tanks had been shifted to Anbar, where more than 6,000 soldiers had been killed and another 12,000 had deserted.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Parker et al. (2014).&lt;/ref&gt; 

To what extent might the political corruption and low morale documented in that ''Reuters'' report have been allowed to grow to that magnitude if Iraq had had a vigorous adversarial press, as discussed in this article? Instead, Paul Bremer, who was appointed as the [[w:Paul Bremer#Provisional coalition administrator of Iraq|Provisional coalition administrator of Iraq]] just over a week after President George W. Bush's [[w:Mission Accomplished speech|Mission Accomplished speech]] of 2003-05-01, imposed strict press censorship.&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2010, p. 242).&lt;/ref&gt; McChesney and Nichols contrasted this with General Eisenhower, who &quot;called in German reporters [after the official surrender of Nazi Germany in WW II] and told them he wanted a free press. If he made decisions that they disagreed with, he wanted them to say so in print.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2010, Appendix II. Ike, MacArthur and the Forging of Free and Independent Press, pp. 241-254).&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Israel-Palestine ===

:''Those who make peaceful revolution impossible will make violent revolution inevitable.''
::-- John F. Kennedy (1962)

To what extent is the [[w:Israeli–Palestinian conflict|Israeli–Palestinian conflict]] driven by differences in the media consumed by the different parties to that conflict? 

* To what extent are the supporters of Israel aware of violent acts committed by Palestinians but are ''unaware'' of the actions by Israelis that may have motivated those violent acts? 
* Similarly, to what extent are the supporters of Palestinians unaware of how Palestinian violence, even throwing rocks, may have reinforced long-standing fears among supporters of Israel and contributed to the repression the Palestinians have experienced? 

To what extent are these differences in perceptions between supporters of Israel and supporters of Palestinians driven by differences in the media each find credible? 

What can be done to bridge these gaps?  

[[w:Gene Sharp|Gene Sharp]], [[w:Mubarak Awad|Mubarak Awad]], and other supporters of [[w:nonviolence|nonviolence]] have suggested that when nonviolent direct action works, it does so by exposing a gap between the rhetoric [supported by the major media] and the reality of their opposition. Over time, this gap erodes ''pillars of support'' of the opposition. One example was the nonviolence of the [[w:First Intifada|First Intifada]] (1987-1993), which were protests against &quot;beatings, shootings, killings, house demolitions, uprooting of trees, deportations, extended imprisonments, and detentions without trial.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ackerman and DuVall (2000, p. 407).&lt;/ref&gt; During that campaign, Israel got substantial negative international press for mistreating nonviolent protesters, killing some, breaking bones of others. Several thousand Israeli military refused to serve in the occupied territories. A hundred were court-martialed and imprisoned. [[w:Yitzhak Rabin|Yitzhak Rabin]], Israeli Defense Minister when the Intifada began, reportedly felt that the large number of military refusing to follow orders was threatening the ability of the Israeli Defense Forces to function. He resigned as Defense Minister and ran for Prime Minister on a platform of negotiating with Palestinians. His victory and subsequent negotiations led to the [[w:Oslo Accords|Oslo Accords]] and the joint recognition of each other by the states of Israel and [[w:State of Palestine|Palestine]]. The West Bank and Gaza have continued under Israeli occupation since then with some services provided by the official government of Palestine.&lt;ref&gt;More detail on the First Intifada including more references is available in the Wikiversity article on &quot;[[How might the world be different if the PLO had followed Gandhi?]]&quot;, accessed 2024-06-23.&lt;/ref&gt; 

During the Intifada, Israel tried to infiltrate the protesters with ''[[w:agent provocateur|agents provocateurs]]'' in Palestinian garb. They were exposed and neutralized until Israel deported 481 people and imprisoned tens of thousands of others suspected of organizing the nonviolence.&lt;ref&gt;Different sources say different things regarding the numbers incarcerated. López-Ibor et al. (2005, p. 231) said, &quot;Approximately 57,000 Palestinians were arrested, many of whom were subjected to systematic physical and psychological torture.&quot; Neff (1997) said, &quot;All told during the six-year uprising, 120,000 Palestinians were arrested and spent varying amounts of time in inhospitable Israeli jails.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Finally, they got the violence needed to justify a massively violent repression of the Intifada.&lt;ref&gt;King (2007).&lt;/ref&gt;

The general thrust of this current analysis suggests a two pronged intervention to reduce the risk of a continuation of the violence that has marked Israel-Palestine since at least 1948: 
# Offer nonviolence training to all Palestininans, Israelis and supporters of either interested in the topic. This is the opposite of the policies Israel pursued during the First Intifada, at least according to the references cited in this discussion of that campaign.&lt;ref&gt;It also is the opposite of the decision of the US Supreme Court in ''[[w:Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project|Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project]]'', which ruled that teaching nonviolence to someone designated as a terrorist was a crime under the [[w:Patriot Act|Patriot Act]], as it provided &quot;material support to&quot; a foreign terrorist organization.&lt;/ref&gt;
# Provide citizen-direct subsidies to local news nonprofits in the West Bank and Gaza at, e.g., 0.15% of GDP, as recommended by McChesney and Nichols, cited above and discussed further below. 

How can we evaluate the budget required for such an experiment? The nominal GDP of the [[w:State of Palestine|State of Palestine]] in 2021 was estimated at $18 billion; 0.15% of that is $27 million. Add 10% for research to get $30 million per year. That ''annual'' cost for the media component of this proposed intervention is 12% of the billion Israeli shekels ($246 million) that the Gaza war was costing Israel ''each day'' in the early days of the [[w:Israel-Hamas war|Israel-Hamas war]], according to the Israeli Finance Minister on 2023-10-25.&lt;ref&gt;Reuters (2023).&lt;/ref&gt; As this is being written, that war has continued for over 100 days. If the average daily cost of that war to Israel during that period has been $246 million, then that war will have already cost Israel over $24.6 billion. And that does not count the loss of lives and the destruction of property. 

How much would training in nonviolence cost? That question would require more research, but if it were effective, the budget would seem to be quite modest compared to the cost of war, even if it were several times the budget for citizen-directed subsidies for local news in Palestine as just suggested.

== The decline of newspapers == 

[[File:Newspapers as a percent of US GDP.svg|thumb|Figure 8.  US newspaper revenue 1955-2020 as a percent of GDP.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;USnewspapers&quot; dataset in Croissant and Graves (2022).&lt;/ref&gt;]]

McChesney and Nichols (2022) noted that US newspaper revenue as a percent of GDP fell from over 1% in 1956 to less than 0.1% in 2020;  see Figure 8.  Abernathy (2020) noted that the US lost more than half of all newspaper journalists between 2008 and 2018.&lt;ref&gt;Abernathy (2020, p. 22).&lt;/ref&gt; A quarter of US newspapers closed between 2004 and 2020,&lt;ref&gt;Abernathy (2020, p. 21). [[w:Facebook|Facebook]] was founded in 2004.&lt;/ref&gt; and many that still survive are publishing less, creating &quot;news deserts&quot; and &quot;ghost newspapers&quot;, some with no local journalists on staff.&lt;ref&gt;Abernathy (2020) documented the problem of increasing &quot;news deserts and ghost newspapers&quot; in the US. A local jurisdiction without a local news outlet has been called a &quot;news desert&quot;.  She uses the term &quot;ghost newspapers&quot; to describe outlets &quot;with depleted newsrooms that are only a shadow of their former selves.&quot;  Some “ghost newspapers” continue to publish with zero local journalists, produced by reporters and editors that don't live there. One example is the ''Salinas Californian'', a 125-year-old newspaper in Salinas, California, which lost its last paid journalist 2022-12, according to the ''Los Angeles Times'' (2023).  They continue to publish, though &quot;The only original content from Salinas comes in the form of paid obituaries, making death virtually the only sign of life at an institution once considered a must-read by many Salinans.&quot; A leading profiteer in this downward spiral is reportedly [[w:hedge fund|hedge fund]] [[w:Alden Global Capital|Alden Global Capital]].  Threisman (2021) reported that, &quot;When this hedge fund buys local newspapers, democracy suffers&quot;.  And Benton (2021) said, &quot;The vulture is hungry again: Alden Global Capital wants to buy a few hundred more newspapers&quot;. Hightower (2023) describes two organizations fighting this trend.  One is National Trust for Local News, a nonprofit that recently bought several local papers and &quot;is turning each publication over to local non-profit owners and helping them find ways to become sustainable.&quot; The other is [[w:CherryRoad Media|CherryRoad Media]], which &quot;bought 77 rural papers in 17 states, most from the predatory Gannett conglomerate that wanted to dump them&quot;, and is working to &quot;return editorial decision-making to local people and journalists ... and ... reinvest profits in real local journalism that advances democracy.&quot; News outlets acquired by something like the National Trust for Local News should be eligible for citizen-directed subsidies for local news, as discussed below, after their ownership was officially transferred to local humans.  Outlets acquired by organizations like CheeryRoad Media would not be eligible as long as they remained subsidiaries.&lt;/ref&gt; 

The concerning trend documented by Abernathy continues. The Fall 2023 issue of ''Columbia Journalism Review'' reported that 2023 &quot;has become media’s worst year on record for job losses&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Columbia Journalism Review'' (2023).&lt;/ref&gt; Substantial advertising revenue has shifted to the &quot;click economy&quot;, where advertisers pay for clicks, especially on social media.&lt;ref&gt;Carter (2021).&lt;/ref&gt;

Newspapers in other parts of the world have also experienced substantial declines in revenue. Some legislative bodies have attempted to tax Internet companies to replace some of the ad revenue lost by newspapers. In 2013 German law was changed to include &quot;[[w:Ancillary copyright for press publishers|Ancillary copyright for press publishers]]&quot;, also called a &quot;link tax&quot;. However, this law was declared invalid in 2019 by the European Court of Justice (ECJ), because it had ''not'' been submitted in advance to the [[w:European Commission|EU Commission]], as required.&lt;ref&gt;Kannenberg (2019).&lt;/ref&gt; Before that ECJ decision, Google had removed newspapers from Google News in Germany. German publishers then reached an agreement with Google after traffic to their websites plummeted.&lt;ref&gt;Rushe (2014).&lt;/ref&gt; Building on that and similar experience in Spain, in 2019 the European Union adopted a [[w:Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market|Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market]].&lt;ref&gt;An extensive discussion of this citing many sources appears in the Wikipedia article on &quot;[[w:Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market|Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market]]&quot;, accessed 2024-05-12.&lt;/ref&gt; A similar link tax proposal in Canada led [[w:Meta|Meta]], the parent company of Facebook, to withdraw news from Canada, and Google agreed to 'pay about $100 million a year into a new fund to support &quot;news&quot;' in Canada. As of 2023-11-30, California was still considering a link tax.&lt;ref&gt;Doctor (2023).&lt;/ref&gt;

In Germany, Flößer (2024) found that the right-wing populist, political party in Germany, [[w:Alternative for Germany|Alternative for Germany]] (Alternative für Deutschland, AfD), did ''better'' in places with no local newspaper.

== Threats from social media == 

The growth of social media has been wonderful and terrible.  It has been wonderful in making it easier for people to maintain friendships and family ties across distances.&lt;ref&gt;Friedland (2017) noted that the Internet works well at the global level, helping people get information from any place in the world, and at the micro level, e.g., with Facebook helping people with similar diseases find one another.  It does not work well at the '“meso level arenas of communication” in the middle.  They're not big enough to aggregate all the scale that goes into creating a worldwide web or even a Wikipedia.' See also Lloyd and Friedland (2016).&lt;/ref&gt; 

But it has also been terrible as  &quot;antisocial media&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Vaidhyanathan (2018).&lt;/ref&gt; have been implicated in the relatively recent rise in dysfunctional and counterproductive political polarization and violence. Ding et al. (2023) document, &quot;Same words, different meanings&quot; in their use by [[w:CNN|CNN]] and [[w:Fox News|Fox News]] and how that has interacted with word usage on Twitter between 2010 and 2020 to increase political polarization, &quot;impeding rather than supporting online democratic discourse.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;See also Ashburn (2023).&lt;/ref&gt; 

Extreme examples of this increase have included violent efforts to prevent peaceful transitions of power in the US&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia &quot;[[w:January 6 United States Capitol attack|January 6 United States Capitol attack]]&quot;, accessed 2023-05-09.&lt;/ref&gt; and Brazil.&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia &quot;[[w:2023 Brazilian Congress attack|2023 Brazilian Congress attack]]&quot;, accessed 2023-05-09.&lt;/ref&gt; These changes even threaten the national security of the US and its allies,&lt;ref&gt;McMaster (2020). Zuboff (2019) noted that data on many aspects of ordinary daily life are captured and used by people with power for various purposes.  For example, data on people's locations captured from their mobile phones are used to try to sell them goods and services.  Data on a child playing with a smart Barbie doll are used to inculcate shopping habits in child and caregiver.  If you are late on a car payment, your keys can be deactivated until a tow truck can arrive to haul it away.  To what extent do the major media today have conflicts of interest in honestly reporting on this?  How might the experiments proposed herein impact the commercial calculus of major media and the political economy more generally?&lt;/ref&gt; according to [[w:H. R. McMaster|H. R. McMaster]],&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia &quot;[[w:H. R. McMaster|H. R. McMaster]]&quot;, accessed 2023-05-09.&lt;/ref&gt; President Trump's second national security advisor. 

Various responses to these concerns have been suggested, beyond the recommendations of McChesney and Nichols.  These include the following:&lt;ref&gt;See also the section on &quot;[[International Conflict Observatory#Suggested responses to these concerns|Suggested responses to these concerns]]&quot; in the Wikiversity article on &quot;[[International Conflict Observatory]]&quot;, accessed 2024-06-23.&lt;/ref&gt;:

* Make internet companies liable for defamation in advertisements, similar to print media and broadcasting.&lt;ref&gt;See Baker (2020, 2023b) and the Wikiversity article on &quot;[[Dean Baker on unrigging the media and the economy]], accessed 2023-07-26.&lt;/ref&gt;  
* Tax advertising revenue received by large internet companies and use that to fund more local media.&lt;ref&gt;Karr and Aaron (2019).&lt;/ref&gt; 
* Replace advertising as the source of funding for social media with subscriptions.&lt;ref&gt;Frank (2021) wrote, &quot;[D]igital aggregators like Facebook ... make money not by charging for access to content but by displaying it with finely targeted ads based on the specific types of things people have already chosen to view. If the conscious intent were to undermine social and political stability, this business model could hardly be a more effective weapon. ... [P]olicymakers’ traditional hands-off posture is no longer defensible.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; 

To these suggestions, we add the following:  

* Allow some of but not all citizen-directed subsidies for news to go to social media outlets, as suggested below.  
* Require all organizations whose income depends on promoting or &quot;boosting&quot; content, whether in advertisements or &quot;underwriting spots&quot; or [[w:clickbait|clickbait]], to provide copies of the ads, underwriting spots and clickbait to a central repository like the [[w:Internet Archive|Internet Archive]].  
* Use advertising to discuss overconfidence and encourage people to talk politics with humility and respect, recognizing that the primary differences they have with others may be the media they consume.&lt;ref&gt;For studies of ad campaigns in other contexts, see Piwowarski et al. (2019) and Tom-Yov (2018), cited above in discussing &quot;Reducing political polarization&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== How to counter political polarization ==

:''&quot;Never attribute to malice or stupidity that which can be explained by moderately rational individuals following [[w:incentive|incentive]]s in a [[w:complex system|complex system]].&quot;''
::-- Hubbard's corollary to [[w:Hanlon's razor|Hanlon's razor]].&lt;ref&gt;Hubbard (2020, pp. 81-82).&lt;/ref&gt;

More research is needed on how to counter the relatively recent increases in political polarization. For example, might some form of [[w:Fairness doctrine|fairness doctrine]]&lt;ref name=fairness/&gt; help reduce political polarization? [[w:Fairness doctrine#Opposition|Conservative leaders in the US are vehemently opposed]], insisting it would be an attack on First Amendment rights. However, as noted above, the tabloid media of Germany reportedly contributed to Hitler's rise to power between 1924 and 1933. How is the increase in political polarization since 1987 and 2004 different from the disregard for fairness of the news media that helped bring Hitler to power?&lt;ref&gt;[[w:Facebook|Facebook]] was founded in 2004.&lt;/ref&gt; Shouldn't conservatives and liberals be able to negotiate a fairness doctrine that targets unfair liberal media as well as unfair conservative media?

One example: The lawsuit ''[[w:Dominion Voting Systems v. Fox News Network|Dominion Voting Systems v. Fox News Network]]'' was settled with Fox agreeing to pay Dominion $787.5 million while acknowledging that Fox had knowingly and intentionally made false and defamatory statements about Dominion to avoid losing audience to media outlets that continued to claim fraudulently that Donald Trump not Joe Biden had won the 2020 US presidential election. ''The settlement permitted Fox to avoid apologizing publicly'',&lt;ref&gt;Cohen and Darcy (2023).&lt;/ref&gt; which could have threatened their audience share. That settlement was less than 6% of Fox's 2022 revenue of $14 billion.&lt;ref&gt;Brown and Carey (2022).&lt;/ref&gt; Evidently, ''if that decision made a difference of 6% in their audience ratings, Fox made money from defaming Dominion even after paying them $787.5 million.'' If so, it was a good business decision, especially since they did not have to publicly apologize. Fraud can be good business. Media executives could be fired if they lost money trying to protect democracy. 

To what extent did Fox's lies about Dominion contribute to the [[w:January 6 United States Capitol attack|mob attacks on the US Capitol on January 6, 2021]], trying to prevent the US Congress from officially declaring that Joe Biden had won the 2020 elections? Experiments such as those proposed in this article would obviously not provide unequivocal answers to these specific questions, but they could help us understand the phenomena with quantified imprecision. Such results could help build a consensus for reforms that show a high probability of reducing the threats of political violence and increasing the prospects for broadly shared peace and prosperity for the long term.

== McChesney and Nichols' Local Journalism Initiative ==

As noted above, McChesney and Nichols (2021, 2022) propose a &quot;Local Journalism Initiative&quot;, distributing 0.15% of GDP to local news nonprofits via local elections.  They based this partly on their earlier work suggesting that subsidies for newspapers in the US in 1840 was around 0.2% of GDP.&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2010, 2016).&lt;/ref&gt;

=== McChesney and Nichols' eligibility criteria === 

To be eligible, McChesney and Nichols say the recipient of such funds should satisfy the following:&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2021, 2022).  They also suggest having the US Postal Service administer this with elections every three years.&lt;/ref&gt; 
* Be a local nonprofit with at least six months of history, so voters could know their work.  
* Be locally based with at least 75% of salaries going to local residents.  
* Be completely independent, not a subsidiary of a larger organization.
* Produce and publish original material at least five days per week on their website for free, explicitly in the public domain. 
* Each voter is asked to vote for at least three different local news outlets to support diversity. 
* No single news outlet should get more than 25% of that jurisdiction's annual budget for local news subsidies.  
* Each recipient of these subsidies should get at least 1% of the vote to qualify, or 0.5% of the vote in political jurisdictions with over 1 million people. Diversity and competition are crucial.  
* There will be no content monitoring:  Government bureaucrats will not be allowed to decide what is &quot;good journalism&quot;.  That's up to the voters.  
* Voting would be limited to those 18 years and older.  

=== Alternatives === 

Some aspects of this might be relaxed for at least some political jurisdictions included in an experiment.  For example, might it be appropriate to allow for-profit news outlets to compete for these subsidies as long as they meet the other criteria?&lt;ref&gt;Kaiser (2021) noted that nonprofits in the US cannot endorse political candidates and are limited in how they can get involved in debates on political issues.  Do restrictions like these contribute to the general welfare?  Or might the public interest be better served with citizen-directed subsidies for media that might be more partisan?  This is one more question that might be answered by appropriate experimentation.&lt;/ref&gt; However, we prefer to retain the rules requiring recipients to be local and completely independent, at least for many experimental jurisdictions.&lt;ref&gt;Various contributors to Islam et al., eds. (2002) raised questions about concentrations of power in large media organizations, especially Herman (2002).  Djankov et al. (2002) found that &quot;Government ownership of the media is detrimental to economic, political, and-most strikingly-social outcomes&quot;, including education and health.&lt;/ref&gt; If citizen-directed subsidies for local news go to for-profit organizations, to what extent should their finances be transparent, e.g., otherwise complying with rules like those for [[w:501(c)(3) organization|501(c)(3) nonprofits]] in the US? Might it also be appropriate to allow some portion of these funds to be distributed to noncommercial ''social media'' outlets that submitted, e.g., ads, underwriting, and click bait to a public, searchable database like the [[w:Internet Archive|Internet Archive]]?   

News written by people paid with these subsidies should be available under a free license like Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike (CC BY-SA) 4.0 international license but not necessarily in the public domain:  Other media outlets should be free to further disseminate the news while giving credit to the organization that produced it.   

Many countries have some form of [[w:community radio|community radio]].  Some of those radio stations include what they call news and / or public affairs, and some of those are made available as podcasts via the Internet.&lt;ref&gt;In the US, many of these stations collaborate via organizations such as the [[w:National Federation of Community Broadcasters|National Federation of Community Broadcasters]], the [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates#Radio Stations#Affiliates|Pacifica Network Affiliates]], and the [[w:Grassroots Radio Coalition|Grassroots Radio Coalition]]. One such station with regular local news produced by volunteers in [[w:KBOO|KBOO]] in [[w:Portland, Oregon|Portland, Oregon]]; see Loving (2019).&lt;/ref&gt; If their &quot;news &amp; public affairs&quot; programs are subsequently posted to a website as podcasts, preferably accompanied by some text if not complete transcripts, under a license no more restrictive than CC BY-SA, that should make them eligible for subsidies under the criteria mentioned above if they add at least one new podcast of that nature five days per week.  If the programming of this nature that they produce is ''not'' available on the web under an appropriate license, part of any experiments as discussed here might include offers to help such radio stations become eligible.  

Might it be wise to allow children to vote for news organizations they like?  Ryan Sorrell, founder and publisher of the ''[[w:Kansas City Defender|Kansas City Defender]]'', insists that, &quot;young people ... are very interested in news. It just has to be produced and packaged the right way for them to be interested in consuming it&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Holmes (2022).&lt;/ref&gt; The French-language [[:fr:w:Topo (revue)|''Topo'']] presents news and complex issues in comic strip format. Their co-editor in chief insists, &quot;there are plenty of ways to get young people interested in current affairs&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Biehlmann (2023).&lt;/ref&gt; Might allowing children to vote for news outlets increase their interest in learning and in civic engagement among both children and their caregivers? Might this translate into increased civic engagement ''after'' they become eligible to vote as adults, leading to reductions in political corruption and improvements in government long term? Should this be tested in some experimental jurisdictions?&lt;ref&gt;We may not want infants who cannot read a simple children's book to vote for &quot;news&quot;, but if they can read the names of eligible local news outlets on a ballot, why not encourage them to vote?  As Roumeen Islam wrote in 2002, &quot;erring on the side of more freedom rather than less would appear to cause less harm.&quot; (World Bank, 2002, pp. 21-22; 33-34/336 in pdf).&lt;/ref&gt;

Some of the money may go to media outlets that seem wacko to many voters.  However, how different might that be from the current situation? Most importantly, if these subsidies have the effect that Tocqueville reported from 1831, they should be good for democracy and for broadly shared peace and prosperity for the long term:  They could stimulate public debate, and wacko media might have ''less'' power than they currently do, with &quot;each separate journal exercis[ing] but little authority; but the power of the periodical press [being] second only to that of the people.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Tocqueville (1835; 2001, p. 94).&lt;/ref&gt; 

Tocqueville's comparison of newspapers in France and the US in 1831 is echoed in Cagé's (2022) concern about &quot;the Fox News effect&quot; in the US and that of Bolloré in France.  She cites research claiming that biases in Fox News made major contributions to electing Republicans in the US since 2000.&lt;ref&gt;Cagé (2022, pp. 21-22, 59-60).  She cited DellaVigna and Kaplan (2007), who reported that Fox News had introduced cable programming into 20% of towns in the US between 1996 and 2000.  They found that the presence of Fox increased the vote share for Republicans between 0.4 and 0.7 percentage points over neighboring non-Fox towns that seemed otherwise indistinguishable.  In 2000 Fox News was available in roughly 35% of households, which suggests that Fox News shifted the nationwide vote tally by between 0.15 and 0.2 percentage points.  They conclude that this shift was small but likely decisive in the close 2000 US presidential election.&lt;/ref&gt; These shifts, including changes by the conservative-leaning broadcasting company, Sinclair Broadcast Group, reportedly made a substantive contribution to the election of [[w:Donald Trump|Donald Trump]] as US President in 2016, while a comparable estimate of the impact of changes in MSNBC &quot;is an imprecise zero.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Cagé (2022, pp. 21-22).  Miho (2022) analyzes the timing of the introduction of biased programming by the conservative-leaning broadcasting company, Sinclair Broadcast Group, between 1992 and 2020, comparing counties in the US with and without a Sinclair station.  This work estimates a 2.5 percentage point increase in the Republican vote share during the 2012 US presidential election and double that during the 2016 and 2020 presidential elections with comparable increases in Republican representation in the US Congress.&lt;/ref&gt; In France, she provides documentation claiming that the media empire of French billionaire [[w:Vincent Bolloré|Vincent Bolloré]] has made a major contribution to the rise of far-right politician [[w:Éric Zemmour|Éric Zemmour]] and is buying media in Spain.&lt;ref&gt;Cagé (2022, pp. 24, 60).&lt;/ref&gt; The pattern is simple:  Fire journalists and replace them with talk shows, which are cheaper to produce and are popular, evidently exploiting [[w:confirmation bias|confirmation bias]] and the [[w:overconfidence effect|overconfidence effect]], as discussed above.  

To what extent is the increase in political polarization since 1987&lt;ref name=fairness/&gt; and 2004&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia &quot;[[w:Facebook|Facebook]]&quot;, accessed 2023-07-21.&lt;/ref&gt; due to increased concentration of ownership of both traditional and social media (and how those organizations make money selling changes in audience behaviors to the people who give them money)? To the extent that this increase in polarization has been driven by those changes in the media, citizen-directed subsidies for diverse news should reverse that trend. This hypothesis can be tested by experiments like those proposed herein.

== Roadmap for local news == 

Green et al. (2023) describe &quot;an emerging approach to meeting civic information needs&quot; in a &quot;Roadmap for local news&quot;. This report insists that society needs &quot;civic information&quot;, not merely &quot;news&quot;. It summarizes interviews with 51 leaders from nonprofit and commercial media across all forms of distribution (print, radio, broadcast, digital, SMS) in member organizations, news networks, news funders and researchers. They say that, &quot;Rampant disinformation is being weaponized by extremists&quot;, and &quot;Democratic participation and representation are under threat.&quot; They recommend four strategies to address &quot;this escalating information crisis&quot;: 

# Coordinate work around the goal of expanding “civic information,” not saving the news business;
# Directly invest in the production of civic information;
# Invest in shared services to sustain new and emerging civic information networks; and
# Cultivate and pass public policies that support the expansion of civic information while maintaining editorial independence. 

Part of the motivation for this article on &quot;Information is a public good&quot; is the belief that solid research on the value of such interventions should both (a) make it easier to get the funding needed, and (b) help direct the funding to interventions that seem to make the maximum contributions to improving broadly shared peace and prosperity for the long term at minimum cost.

== Budgets for experiments == 

What factors should be considered in evaluating budgets for experiments to estimate the impact of citizen-directed subsidies for news?   

[[File:Advertising as a percent of Gross Domestic Product in the United States.svg|thumb|Figure 9.  Advertising as a percent of Gross Domestic Product in the United States, 1919 to 2007.&lt;ref name=ads&gt;Galbi (2008).&lt;/ref&gt;]]  

Rolnik et al. (2019) suggested that $50 per adult, roughly 0.06% of US GDP, might be enough.  However, that's a pittance compared to the revenue lost by newspapers in the US since 1955, as documented in Figure 8 above.  It's also a pittance compared to the money spent on advertising (see Figure 9):  Can we really expect local media funded with only 0.06% or 0.15% of GDP to compete with media funded by 2% of GDP?  Maybe, but that's far from obvious.  

Might it be prudent to fund local journalism in some experimental jurisdictions at levels exceeding the money spent on advertising, i.e., at roughly 2% of GDP or more?  If information is a public good, as suggested by the research summarized here, then such high subsidies would be needed in some experimental jurisdictions, because the maximum of anything (including net benefits = benefits minus costs) cannot be confidently identified without conducting some experiments ''beyond the point of diminishing returns''.&lt;ref&gt;A parabola can be estimated from three distinct points.  However, in fitting a parabola or any other mathematical model to empirical data, one can never know if an empirical phenomenon has been adequately modeled and a maximum adequately located without data near the maximum and on both sides of it (unless the maximum is at a boundary, e.g., 0).  See, e.g., Box and Draper (2007).&lt;/ref&gt;  

[[File:AccountantsAuditorsUS.svg|thumb|Figure 10.  Accountants and auditors as a percent of the US workforce.&lt;ref name=actg&gt;Accountants and auditors as a percent of US households, 1850 - 2016, using the OCC1950 occupation codes in a sample of households available from from the [[w:IPUMS|Integrated Public Use Microdata Series at the University of Minnesota (IPUMS)]].  For more detail see the &quot;AccountantsAuditorsPct&quot; data set in the &quot;Ecdat&quot; package and the &quot;AccountantsAuditorsPct&quot; vignette in the &quot;Ecfun&quot; package available from within the [[w:R (programming language)|R (programming language)]] using 'install.packages(&quot;Ecdat&quot;)'.&lt;/ref&gt;]] 

Also, news might serve a roughly comparable function to accounting and auditing, as both help reduce losses due to incompetence, malfeasance and fraud.  Two points on this:  

# CONTROL FRAUDS:  Black (2013) noted that many heads of organizations can find accountants and auditors willing to certify accounting reports they know to be fraudulent.&lt;ref&gt;Kim et al. (2021) documented how newspaper closures make it harder for the public and investors to get information about fraud, future stock crash risks and the risks of other [[w:Agent (economics)|agency]] problems.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, on 2024-05-03 [[w:BF Borgers|BF Borgers]] and its owner, Benjamin Borgers, agreed to pay a $14 million fine and stop working as an accountant for having committed “massive” fraud in more than 1,500 SEC filings involving over 500 public companies, including Former President Trump's Truth Social.&lt;ref&gt;Egan (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; Black calls such executives &quot;control frauds.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Black (2013).&lt;/ref&gt; Primary protections against these kinds of problems are vigorous, independent journalists and more money spent on independent evaluations beyond the control of such executives.  In this regard, we note two major differences between the [[w:Savings and loan crisis|Savings &amp; Loan scandal]] of the late 1980s and early 1990s&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia &quot;[[w:Savings and loan crisis|Savings and loan crisis]]&quot;, accessed 2023-06-25.&lt;/ref&gt; and the [[w:2007–2008 financial crisis|international financial crisis of 2007-2008]]:&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia &quot;[[w:2007–2008 financial crisis|2007–2008 financial crisis]]&quot;, accessed 2023-06-25.&lt;/ref&gt; First the major banks by 2007 were much bigger and controlled much larger advertising budgets than the Saving &amp; Loan industry did 15-20 years earlier.  This gave major media a much bigger conflict of interest in honestly reporting on questionable activities of these major accounts. Second, major banks had made substantial political campaign contributions to much larger portions of both the US House and Senate. Might the larger campaign contributions have been as effective if the major media had not had such conflicts of interest? To what extent might this corrosive impact be estimated in experimental polities? 
# ADEQUATE RESEARCH OF OUTCOMES:  Many nonprofits and governmental agencies officially have outcome measures, but many of those measures tend to be relatively superficial like the number of people served.  It's much harder to evaluate the actual benefits to the people served and to society.  For example, the [[w:HighScope|Perry Preschool]]&lt;ref&gt;Schweinhart et al. (2005).  See also Wikipedia &quot;[[w:HighScope|HighScope]]&quot;, accessed 2023-06-15. &lt;/ref&gt; and [[w:Abecedarian Early Intervention Project|Abecedarian]]&lt;ref&gt;e.g., Sparling and Meunier (2019).  See also Wikipedia &quot;[[w:Abecedarian Early Intervention Project|Abecedarian Early Intervention Project]]&quot;, accessed 2023-06-25.&lt;/ref&gt; programs divided poor children and caregivers into experimental and control groups and followed them for decades to establish that their interventions were enormously effective.&lt;ref name=Heckman&gt;For more recent research on the economic value of high quality programs for early childhood development, see, e.g., &lt;!-- &quot;The Heckman Equation&quot; website (heckmanequation.org)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q121010808}}, accessed 2023-07-29.&lt;/ref&gt; Meanwhile, US President Lyndon Johnson's [[w:Great Society|Great Society]] programs,&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia &quot;[[w:Great Society|Great Society]]&quot;, accessed 2023-07-11.&lt;/ref&gt; and [[w:Head Start (program)|Head Start]] in particular, did not invest as heavily in research.  That lack of documentation of results made them relatively easy targets for political opponents claiming that government is the problem, not the solution. These counter arguments were popularized by US President Ronald Reagan and UK Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher to justify reducing or eliminating government funds for many such programs. Banerjee and Duflo (2019) summarized relevant research in this area by saying that the programs were not the disaster that Reagan, Thatcher, and others claimed, but they were also not as efficient and effective as they could have been, because many local implementations were underfunded, poorly managed and poorly evaluated.   Bedasso (2021) analyzed World Bank projects completed from 2009 to 2020, concluding that high quality monitoring and evaluation on average made a major contribution to the positive results from the successful projects studied.&lt;ref&gt;See also Raimondo (2016).&lt;/ref&gt; To what extent might citizen-directed subsidies for local media as suggested here improve the demand for (and the supply of) better evaluations, leading to better results?  To what extent might these effects be estimated using randomized controlled trials comparing different jurisdictions, analogous to the research for which Banerjee, Duflo, and Kramer won the 2019 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics?  

This discussion makes us wonder if better research and better news might deliver dramatically more benefits than costs in reducing money wasted on both funding wasteful programs and on failing to fund effective ones?  In particular, might society benefit from matching the 1% of the workforce occupied by accountants and auditors with better research and citizen-directed subsidies for news (see Figure 10)?  If, for example, 1% or 2% of GDP distributed to local news nonprofits via local elections, as described above, increased the average rate of economic growth in GDP per capita by 0.1 percentage point per year, that increase would accumulate over time, so that after 10 or 20 years, the news would in effect become free, paid by money that implementing political jurisdictions would not have without those subsidies. Moreover those accumulations might remain as long as they were not wiped out by events comparable to the economic disasters documented above in discussing &quot;Stalin and Putin&quot; -- and maybe not even then as suggested by the economic rebounds documented in Figure 7. 

=== Other recommendations and natural experiments === 

Table 1 compares the recommendations of McChesney and Nichols (2021, 2022) and Rolnik et al. (2019) with other possible points of reference. Karr (2019) and Karr and Aaron (2019) recommend &quot;a 2 percent ad tax on all online enterprises that in 2018 earned more than $200 million in annual digital-ad revenues&quot;. They claim that this &quot;would yield more than $1.8 billion a year&quot;,  which is very roughly 0.008% of GDP, $5 per person per year;&lt;ref name=Karr&gt;Karr (2019), Karr and Aaron (2019). US GDP for 2019 was $21,381 billion, per International Monetary Fund (2023). Thus, $1.8 billion is 0.0084% of US GDP and $5.44 for each of the 330,513,000 humans in the US in 2019; round to 0.008% and $5 per capita.&lt;/ref&gt; Google has negotiated agreements similar to this with the governments of Australia and Canada.&lt;ref&gt;Hermida (2023).&lt;/ref&gt; Other points of reference include the percent of GDP devoted to accounting and auditing and advertising. As displayed in Figure 10, accountants and auditors are roughly 1% of the workforce in the US. It's not clear how to translate that into a percent of GDP, but 2% seems like a reasonable approximation, if we assume that the average income of accountants and auditors is a little above the national norm and overhead is not quite double their salaries; this may be conservative, because many accountants and auditors have support staff, who are not accountants but support their work. 

Another point of reference is the average annual growth rate in GDP per capita in the US since World War II: A subsidy of 2% of GDP would be roughly one year's increase in average annual income since World War II, as noted with Figure 1 above. More precisely, the US economy (GDP per capita adjusted for inflation) grew at 2.3% per year between 1950 and 1990 but only 1.3% between 2008 and 2023. Inequality expert [[w:Thomas Piketty|Thomas Piketty]] attributed that slowing in the rate of economic growth to the increase in income inequality in the US since 1975, documented in Figure 6 above. Whether Piketty is correct or not, if 2% per year subsidies for journalism closes the gap between 1.3% and 2.2% per year, those media subsidies would effectively become free after a little more than two years, paid out of income the US would not have without them. This reinforces the main point of this essay regarding the need for randomized controlled trials on any intervention with a credible claim to improving the prospects for broadly shared economic growth for the long term.
  
This table includes other interventions for which humanity would benefit from better evaluations of their impacts. This includes [[w:Democracy voucher|Seattle's &quot;Democracy Voucher&quot; program]], which gives each registered voter four $25 vouchers, totaling $100, which they could give to eligible candidates running for municipal office. However, only the first 47,000 were honored;  this limited the city's commitment to $4.7 million every other year.&lt;ref name=Berman&gt;Berman (2015). The Wikipedia article on [[w:Seattle|Seattle]] says that the gross metropolitan product (GMP) for the Seattle-Tacoma metropolitan area was $231 billion in 2010 for a population of 3,979,845.  That makes the GMP per capita roughly $58,000.  However, the population of Seattle proper was only 608,660 in 2010, making the Gross City Product roughly $35 billion.  $4.7 million is 0.0133% of $35 billion.  However, that's every other year, so it's really only 0.007% of the Gross City Product.&lt;/ref&gt; If Seattle can afford $100 per registered voter, many other governmental entities can afford something very roughly comparable for each adult in their jurisdiction. Seattle's &quot;democracy vouchers&quot; are used to fund political campaigns, not local media; they are mentioned here as a point of comparison. 

Other interventions that deserve more research than we've seen are the [[w:New Jersey Civic Information Consortium|New Jersey Civic Information Consortium]] (NJCIC) and a program in California to improve local news in communities in dire need of strong local journalism. The NJCIC was initially funded at $500,000, which is only 0.00008% of New Jersey's 2020 economy (GDP) of $630 billion.&lt;ref name=njcicBudget&gt;Karr (2020). The Wikipedia article on [[w:New Jersey|New Jersey]] (accessed 2024-05-20) says that its population in 2020 was roughly 9.3 million. St. Louis Fed (2024) says that the GDP for the state in 2020 was $630 billion. Thus, the initial  $500,000 for the project is only $0.05 per person per year and only 0.00008% of its GDP.&lt;/ref&gt; 

In 2022, the state of California authorized $25 million for up to 40 Berkeley local news fellowships offering &quot;a $50,000 annual stipend [for 3 years] to supplement their salaries while they work in California newsrooms covering communities in dire need of strong local journalism.&quot; This Berkeley program is roughly $0.21 per person per year, roughly 0.0002% of the Gross State Product.&lt;ref name=Berkeley&gt;Natividad (2022) discusses the Berkeley local news fellowships. $25 million for 3 years = $8.33 million per year = 0.0002% of the Gross State Product of $3.6 trillion = $0.21 for each of the 39 million residents of California. California Gross State Product from US Bureau of Economic Analysis (2023). California population on 2022-07-01 from US Census Bureau (2023).&lt;/ref&gt; A similar project in Indiana funded by philanthropies began as the Indiana Local News Initiative&lt;ref&gt;Greenwell (2023).&lt;/ref&gt; and has morphed into Free Press Indiana.&lt;ref&gt;See &quot;[https://www.localnewsforindiana.org LocalNewsForIndiana.org]&quot;; accessed 2023-12-29.&lt;/ref&gt;

Some local [[w:League of Women Voters|Leagues of Women Voters]] have all-volunteer teams who observe official meetings of local governmental bodies and write reports.&lt;ref&gt;Wilson (2007).&lt;/ref&gt; The [[w:City Bureau|City Bureau]] nonprofit news organization in Chicago, Illinous, &quot;trains and pays community members to attend local government meetings and report back on them.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;See &quot;[https://www.citybureau.org/documenters-about citybureau.org/documenters-about]&quot;, accessed 2024-05-20.&lt;/ref&gt; The program has been so successful, it has expanded to other cities.&lt;ref&gt;Greenwell (2023).&lt;/ref&gt;

For an international comparison, we include [[w:amaBhungane|amaBhungane]],&lt;ref name=amaBhu&gt;The budget for [[w:AmaBhungane#Budget|amaBhungane]] in 2020 was estimated at 590,000 US dollars at the current exchange rate, per analysis in the [[w:AmaBhungane#Budget|budget]] section of the Wikipedia article on amaBhungane. That's 0.00017% of South Africa's nominal GDP for that year of 337.5 million US dollars, per the section on &quot;[[w:Economy of South Africa#Historical statistics 1980–2022|Historical statistics 1980–2022]]&quot; in the Wikipedia article on [[w:Economy of South Africa|Economy of South Africa]]; round that to 0.0002% for convenience. The population of South Africa that year was estimated at 59,309,000, according to the section on &quot;[[w:Demographics of South Africa#UN Age and population estimates: 1950 to 2030|UN Age and population estimates: 1950 to 2030]]&quot; in the Wikipedia article on [[w:Demographics of South Africa|Demographics of South Africa]]; this gives a budget of 1 penny US per capita. (All these Wikipedia articles were accessed 2023-12-28.)&lt;/ref&gt; whose investigative journalism exposed a corruption scandal that helped force South African President [[w:Jacob Zuma|Jacob Zuma]] to resign in 2018; amaBhungane's budget is very roughly one penny US per person per year in South Africa, 0.0002% of GDP. To the extent that this essay provides a fair and balanced account of the impact of journalism on political economy, South African and the rest of the world would likely benefit from more funding for amaBhungane and other comparable investigative journalism organizations. This could initially include randomized controlled trials involving citizen-directed subsidies for local news outlets in poor communities in South Africa and elsewhere, as we discuss further in the rest of this essay. Without such experiments, we are asking for funds based more on faith than science. 

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
!option / reference
!% of GDP 
!colspan=2|US$
!per …
!
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|US postal subsidies for newspapers 1840-44 
| 0.21%
| style=&quot;text-align:right; border-right:none; padding-right:0;&quot; | $140
| style=&quot;text-align:left;  border-left: none; padding-left: 0;&quot; | .00
|person &amp; year
| &lt;ref name=McC-N2010/&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|McChesney &amp; Nichols (2021, 2022)
| 0.15%
| style=&quot;text-align:right; border-right:none; padding-right:0;&quot; | $100
| style=&quot;text-align:left;  border-left: none; padding-left: 0;&quot; | .00
|person &amp; year
| &lt;ref name=McC-N2021/&gt;
|-
|[[Confirmation bias and conflict#Relevant research|Rolnik et al.]] 
| 0.06%
| style=&quot;text-align:right; border-right:none; padding-right:0;&quot; | $50
| style=&quot;text-align:left;  border-left: none; padding-left: 0;&quot; | .00
|adult &amp; year
| &lt;ref name=Rolnik/&gt; 
|-
|[[w:Free Press (organization)|Free Press]]
| 0.008%
| style=&quot;text-align:right; border-right:none; padding-right:0;&quot; | $5
| style=&quot;text-align:left;  border-left: none; padding-left: 0;&quot; | .00
|person &amp; year
|&lt;ref name=Karr/&gt;
|-
|[[w:New Jersey Civic Information Consortium|New Jersey Civic Information Consortium]]
| 0.00008%
| style=&quot;text-align:right; border-right:none; padding-right:0;&quot; | $0
| style=&quot;text-align:left;  border-left: none; padding-left: 0;&quot; | .05
|person &amp; year
|&lt;ref name=njcicBudget/&gt;
|-
| Berkeley local news fellowships  
| 0.0002%
| style=&quot;text-align:right; border-right:none; padding-right:0;&quot; | $0
| style=&quot;text-align:left;  border-left: none; padding-left: 0;&quot; | .21
|person &amp; year
|&lt;ref name=Berkeley/&gt;
|-
|[[w:amaBhungane|amaBhungane]]
| 0.0002%
| style=&quot;text-align:right; border-right:none; padding-right:0;&quot; | $0
| style=&quot;text-align:left;  border-left: none; padding-left: 0;&quot; | .01
|person &amp; year in South Africa
|&lt;ref name=amaBhu/&gt;
|-
|colspan=6 style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | ''other points of reference'' 
|-
|[[Confirmation bias and conflict#Advertising and accounting|advertising]]
| 2% 
| style=&quot;text-align:right; border-right:none; padding-right:0;&quot; | $1,300
| style=&quot;text-align:left;  border-left: none; padding-left: 0;&quot; | .00
|person &amp; year
|&lt;ref name=ads/&gt;
|-
|[[Confirmation bias and conflict#Advertising and accounting|accounting]]
| 2% 
| style=&quot;text-align:right; border-right:none; padding-right:0;&quot; | $1,300
| style=&quot;text-align:left;  border-left: none; padding-left: 0;&quot; | .00
|person &amp; year
|&lt;ref&gt;As noted with Figure 10 and the discussion above, accountants and auditors are roughly 1% of the US workforce, and it seems reasonable to guess that their pay combined with support staff and overhead would likely make them roughly double that, 2%, as a portion of GDP.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[US Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita|US productivity improvements]]
| 2% 
| style=&quot;text-align:right; border-right:none; padding-right:0;&quot; | $1,300
| style=&quot;text-align:left;  border-left: none; padding-left: 0;&quot; | .00
|person &amp; year (GDP per capita)
|&lt;ref&gt;For an analysis of the rate of growth in US GDP per capita, see the working paper on Wikiversity titled, &quot;[[US Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita]]&quot;, accessed 2024-05-20.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[w:Democracy vouchers|Democracy vouchers]]
| 0.007% 
| style=&quot;text-align:right; border-right:none; padding-right:0;&quot; | $100
| style=&quot;text-align:left;  border-left: none; padding-left: 0;&quot; | .00
|voter &amp; municipal election for the first 47,000
|&lt;ref name=Berman/&gt;
|}
Table 1. Media subsidies and other points of reference. At the low end, political corruption exposed in part by [[w:amaBhungane|amaBhungane]] forced the resignation in 2018 of South African President Zuma on a budget that's very roughly one penny US per person per year. If much higher subsidies of 1% of GDP restored an annual growth rate of 2.2% per year to the US 
from the more recent 1.3% discussed with Figure 1 above, those subsidies would pay for themselves from slightly more than one year's growth that the US would not otherwise have.

== Other factors == 

We feel a need here to suggest other issues to consider in designing experiments to improve the political economy:  education, empowering women, free speech, free press, peaceful assembly, and reducing political polarization.

EDUCATION:  Modern research suggests that society might have lower crime&lt;ref&gt;Wang et al. (2022).&lt;/ref&gt; and faster rates of economic growth with better funding for and better research&lt;ref&gt;Hanushek and Woessmann (2015).&lt;/ref&gt; on quality child care from pregnancy through age 17.&lt;ref name=Heckman/&gt; 

EMPOWERING WOMEN:  Might the best known way to limit and reverse population growth be to empower women and girls?  Without that, might the human population continue to grow until some major disaster reduces that population dramatically?&lt;ref&gt;Roser (2017).&lt;/ref&gt;

FREE SPEECH, FREE PRESS, PEACEFUL ASSEMBLY:  Verbitsky said, &quot;Journalism is disseminating information that someone does not want known; the rest is propaganda.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Verbitsky (2006, p. 16), author's translation from Spanish.&lt;/ref&gt; Discussion of threats, arrests, kidnappings, and murders of journalists&lt;ref&gt;Monitored especially by the [[w:Committee to Protect Journalists|Committee to Protect Journalists]], as discussed in the Wikipedia article on them, accessed 2023-07-04.&lt;/ref&gt; and violent suppression of peaceful assemblies&lt;ref&gt;Monitored by Freedom House and others.  See, e.g., the Wikipedia article on &quot;[[w:List of freedom indices|List of freedom indices]]&quot;, accessed 2023-07-04.&lt;/ref&gt; encourages us to consider the potential utility of efforts to improve local news, as noted by contributors to Islam et al., eds. (2002), cited above.  Data on such problems should be considered in selecting sites for experiments with citizen-directed subsidies for journalism and in analyzing the results from such experiments. Such data should include the incidence of legal proceedings against journalists and publishers&lt;ref&gt;Including the risks of [[w:trategic lawsuit against public participation|strategic lawsuits against public participation]] (SLAPPs) and other questionable uses of the courts including some documented in the &quot;[[w:Freedom of the Press Foundation#U.S. Press Freedom Tracker|U.S. Press Freedom Tracker]]&quot;, mentioned above.&lt;/ref&gt; as well as threats, murders, etc., in jurisdictions comparable to experimental jurisdictions. Before providing external funding to improve local journalism, it may be wise to review with government officials in candidate polities the history of attacks on journalists in their jurisdictions, continue collecting data on that during interventions, and use such data in analyzing the results. 

REDUCING POLITICAL POLARIZATION:  What interventions might be tested that would attempt to reduce political polarization while also experimenting with increasing funding for news through small, diverse news organizations? For example, might an ad campaign feature someone saying, &quot;We don't talk politics&quot;, with a  reply, &quot;We have to talk politics with humility and mutual respect, because the alternative is killing people over misunderstandings&quot;? Might another ad say, &quot;Don't get angry: Get curious&quot;?  What can be done to encourage people to get curious rather than angry when they hear something that contradicts their preconceptions?  How can people be encouraged to talk politics with humility and respect for others, understanding that everyone can be misinformed and others might have useful information?&lt;ref&gt;Wikiversity &quot;[[How can we know?]]&quot;, accessed 2023-07-22, reviews relevant research relating to political polarization.  Yom-Tov et al. (2018) described a randomized-controlled trial that compared the effectiveness of different advertisements &quot;to improve food choices and integrate exercise into daily activities of internet users.&quot; They found &quot;powerful ways to measure and improve the effectiveness of online public health interventions&quot; and showed &quot;that corporations that use these sophisticated tools to promote unhealthy products can potentially be outbid and outmaneuvered.&quot; Similar research might attempt to promote strategies for countering political polarization.  See also Piwowarski  et al. (2019).&lt;/ref&gt;  

FOCUS ON POLITICIANS: Mansuri et al. (2023) randomly assigned presidents of village governments in the state of [[w:Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]] in India to one of three groups with (1) a financial incentive or (2) a certificate with an information campaign (without a financial incentive) for better government or (3) a control group. They found that the public benefitted from both the financial and non-financial incentives, and the non-financial incentives were more cost effective. Might it make sense in some experimental jurisdictions to structure the subsidies for local news by asking voters to allocate, e.g., half their votes for local news to outlet(s) that they think provide the best information about politicians with the other half based on &quot;general news&quot;?&lt;ref&gt;Mansuri et al. (2023).&lt;/ref&gt;

PIGGYBACK ON COMMUNITY AND LOCAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS:  The World Bank (2023) notes that, &quot;Experience has shown that when given clear and transparent rules, access to information, and appropriate technical and financial support, communities can effectively organize to identify community priorities ... . The World Bank recognizes that CLD [Community and Local Development]  approaches and actions are important elements of an effective poverty-reduction and sustainable development strategy.&quot; This suggests that experiments in citizen-directed subsidies for news might best be implemented as adjuncts to other CLD projects to improve &quot;access to information&quot; needed for success. Experiments like those described herein should provide an independent assessment of the value of monitoring and evaluation, which was &quot;significantly and positively associated with project outcome as institutionally measured at the World Bank&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Raimondo (2016). See also Bedasso (2021).&lt;/ref&gt;

However, some potential recipients of CLD funding may be in news deserts or with &quot;ghost newspapers&quot;, as mentioned above.  Some may not have at least three local news outlets that have been publishing something they call news each workday for at least six months, as required for the local elections recommended by McChesney and Nichols (2021, 2022), outlined above.  In such jurisdictions, the local consultations that identify community priorities for CLD funding should also include discussions of how to grow competitive local news outlets to help the community maximize the benefits they get from the project.  

The need for &quot;at least three local news outlets&quot; is reinforced by the possibilities that two or three local news outlets may be an [[w:oligopoly|oligopoly]], acting like a monopoly.  This risk may be minimized by working to ''reduce'' barriers to entry and to encourage different news outlets to serve different segments of the market for news.  The risks of oligopolistic behavior may be further reduced by requiring all recipients of citizen-directed subsidies to release their content under a free license like the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike (CC BY-SA) 4.0 international license.  This could push each independent local news outlet to spend part of their time reading each other's work while pursuing their own journalistic investigations, hoping for scoops that could attract a wider audience after their work was cited by other outlet(s).&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia &quot;[[w:Oligopoly|Oligopoly]]&quot;, accessed 2023-07-06.&lt;/ref&gt;

This preference for at least three independent local news outlets in an experimental jurisdiction puts a lower bound on the size of jurisdictions to be included as experimental units, especially if we assume that the independent outlets should employ on average at least two journalists, giving a minimum of six journalists employed by local news outlets in an experimental jurisdiction.  The discussions above suggested subsidies ranging from 0.06% to 2% or more.  To get a lower bound for the size of experimental jurisdictions, we divide 6 by 0.06% and 2%:  Six journalists would be 0.06% of a population of 10,000 and 2% of a population of 300.

== Sampling units / experimental polities == 

Many local governments could fund local news nonprofits at 0.15% of GDP, because it would likely be comparable to what they currently spend on accounting, media and public relations.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;State and local governments [in the US] spent $3.7 trillion on direct general government expenditures in fiscal year 2021&quot;, with states spending $1.8 trillion and local governments $1.9 trillion, per Urban Institute (2024). The nominal GDP of the US for 2021 was $23.3 trillion, per International Monetary Fund (2023). 0.15% of the US GDP is therefore $35 billion, which is 1.8% of the $1.9 trillion spent by local governments. That is comparable to the money spent on accounting per Figure 10 and advertising per Figure 9.&lt;/ref&gt; If the results of such funding are even a modest percent of the benefits claimed in the documents cited above, any jurisdiction that does that would likely obtain a handsome return on that investment. 

Experimental jurisdictions might include some of the members of the United Nations with the smallest Gross Domestic Products (GDPs) or even some of the poorest census-designated places&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia &quot;[[w:Census-designated place|Census-designated place]]&quot;, accessed 2023-07-11.&lt;/ref&gt; in a country like the US. 

Alternatively, they might include areas with seemingly intractable cycles of violence like Israel and Palestine: The budget for interventions like those proposed herein are a fraction of what is being spent on defense and on violence challenging existing power structures. If interventions roughly comparable to those discussed herein seem to reduce the lethality of a conflict at a modest cost, it would have an incredible return on investment (ROI) with important lessons that might help reduce the lethality of other conflicts. 

For illustration purposes only, Table 2 lists the six countries in the United Nations with the smallest GDPs in 2021 in US dollars at current prices according to the United Nations Statistics Division plus Palestine and Israel, along with their populations and GDP per capita plus the money required to fund citizen-directed subsidies at 0.15% of GDP, as recommended by McChesney and Nichols (2021, 2022). The rough budgets suggested here would likely be for news subsidy companions to Community and Local Development (CLD) projects.  

Other factors should be considered in detailed planning.  For example, the budget for such a project in [[w:Montserrat|Montserrat]] may need to be increased to support greater diversity in the local news outlets subsidized, because 0.15% of GDP would fund only 3.3 journalists.  And a careful study of local culture in [[w:Kiribati|Kiribati]] may indicate that the suggested budget figure there may support substantially fewer than the 97 journalists suggested by the naive computations in this table.  The key point, however, is that subsidies of this magnitude would be modest as a proportion of (a) many other projects funded by agencies like the World Bank or (b) the money spent on defense or war. 

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=text-align:right
! Country !! Population !! GDP / capita
! GDP (million USD) 
! annual subsidy at 0.15% of GDP ($K) 
! number of journalists&lt;sup&gt;(*)&lt;/sup&gt;
|-
| [[w:Tuvalu|Tuvalu]] || 11,204 || $5,370 || $60 || $90 ||8.4
|-
| [[w:Montserrat|Montserrat]] || 4,417 || $16,199 || $72 || $107 || 3.3
|- 
| [[w:Nauru|Nauru]] || 12,511 || $12,390 || $155 || $233 || 9.4
|- 
| [[w:Palau|Palau]] || 18,024 || $12,084 || $218 || $327 || 13.5
|- 
| [[w:Kiribati|Kiribati]] || 128,874 || $1,765 || $227 || $341 ||96.7
|- 
| [[w:Marshall Islands|Marshall Islands]] || 42,040 || $6,111 || $257 || $385 || 31.5
|- 
| [[w:State of Palestine|State of Palestine]] || 5,483,450 || $3,302 || $18,037 || $27,055 || 4,113
|- 
| [[w:Israel| Israel]] || 9,877,280 || $48,757 || $481,591 || $722,387 || 7,408 
|}
Table 2.  Rough estimate of the budget for subsidies at 0.15% of GDP for the 6 smallest members of the UN plus Palestine and Israel. Population and GDP at current prices per United Nations Statistics Division (2023). (*) &quot;Number of journalists&quot; was computed assuming each journalist would cost twice the GDP / capita.  For example, the GDP / capita for Tuvalu in this table is $5,370. Double that to get $10,740.  Divide that into $90,000 to get 8.4.  

Other possibilities for experimental units might be historically impoverished subnational groups like [[w:Native Americans in the United States|Native American jurisdictions in the United States]].  As of 2023-01-12 there were &quot;574 Tribal entities recognized by and eligible for funding and services from the [[w:Bureau of Indian Affairs|Bureau of Indian Affairs]] (BIA)&quot;, some of which have multiple subunits, e.g., populations in different counties or census-designated places. For example, the largest is the [[w:Navajo Nation|Navajo Nation Reservation]] that is split between Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah.&lt;ref&gt;Newland (2023).&lt;/ref&gt; Some of these subdivisions are too small to be suitable for experiments in citizen-directed subsidies for news.  Others have subdivisions large enough so that some subdivisions might be in experimental group(s) with others as controls.&lt;ref&gt;Data analysis might consider spatial autocorrelation, as used by Mohammadi et al. (2022) and multi-level time series text analysis, used by Friedland et al. (2022).  The latter discuss &quot;Asymmetric communication ecologies and the erosion of civil society in Wisconsin&quot;:  That state had historically been moderate &quot;with a strong progressive legacy&quot;.  Then in 2010 they elected a governor who attacked the state's public sector unions with substantial success and voted for Donald Trump for President in 2016 but ''against'' him in 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Supplement not replace other funding == 

The subsidies proposed here should supplement (not replace) other funding, similar to the subsidies under the US Postal Service Act of 1792.  McChesney and Nichols recommended that an organization should be publishing something they call news five days per week for at least six months, so the voters would know what they are voting for.  Those criteria might be modified, at least in some experimental jurisdictions, especially in news deserts, as something else is done to create local news organizations eligible to receive a portion of the experimental citizen-directed subsidies.  

The [[w:Institute for Nonprofit News|Institute for Nonprofit News]] and Local Independent Online News (LION) Publishers&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!-- Local Independent Online News (LION) Publishers--&gt;{{cite Q|Q104172660}}&lt;/ref&gt; help local news organizations get started and maintain themselves.  Organizations like them might help new local news initiatives in experimental jurisdictions as discussed in this article.

== Sources for funding research ==

We know of three plausible source of funding for research to quantify the value of local news:  

* '''World Bank''': The [[w:World Bank|World Bank]] has already discussed the value of news. We would expect that organizations that fund community and local development projects would also want to fund experiments in anything that seemed likely to increase the return on their investments in such projects. 
* '''Major philanthropies''': Folkenflik (2023) wrote, &quot;Some of the biggest names in American philanthropy have joined forces to spend at least $500 million over five years to revitalize the coverage of local news in places where it has waned.&quot; This group of philanthropic organizations includes the American Journalism Project, which says they &quot;measure the impact of our philanthropic investments and venture support by evaluating our efficacy in catalyzing grantees’ organizational growth, sustainability and impact.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Website of the American Journalism Project accessed 2023-12-29 ([https://www.theajp.org/about/impact/# https://www.theajp.org/about/impact/#]).&lt;/ref&gt; 
* '''Governments of nation states''' for funding citizen-directed subsidies for local news nonprofits in conflict areas like Palestine and maybe Israel: If such interventions have the anticipated effect, the results would have profound implications for national security the world over.  

If the claims made above for the value of news have much validity, then appropriate experiments should be able to quantify the groups who benefit from improving the news ecology, how much they benefit, which structures seem to work the best, and even the optimal level of funding.

Beyond that, we would hope that many others, including nation states, members of the United Nations, would like to fund similar interventions, especially in high conflict areas, because changing the media environment (including social media) should be substantially cheaper and more effective than investing in lethal high tech weapon systems.&lt;ref&gt;People who believe they benefit from media biases, political polarization, and sustaining lethal conflict might ''resist'' funding such interventions, claiming such interventions would waste money or make a conflict worse when their real motivation might be personal losses from reductions in armed hostilities and overall improvements in the prospects for broadly shared peace and prosperity for the long term.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Summary == 

This article has summarized numerous claims regarding different ways in which information may be a public good.  Many such claims can be tested in experiments crudely similar to those for which Banerjee, Duflo, and Kremer won the [[w:2019 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|2019 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics]]. We suggest funding such projects for high conflict zones and for relatively small poor communities and countries. For the latter, we suggest funding such projects as companions to Community and Local Development (CLD) projects.  If the research cited above is replicable, the returns on such investments could be huge, increasing productivity and thereby delivering benefits to the end of human civilization. If this works as expected, it will benefit other economies in ways similar to how subsidies for newspapers published in the US in the early nineteenth century allegedly benefited the US. This period of US history included the development of technologies that benefit the vast majority of humanity the world over today.

== Acknowledgements == 

Thanks especially to Bruce Preville who pushed for evidence supporting wide ranging claims of media influence in limiting progress against many societal ills. He also helped with the literature search.  Thanks also to Dave Black for suggesting experimenting with Native American jurisdictions in the US and to Joy Ellsworth for describing the substantial cultural challenges that such interventions might face. Thanks also to Mark Hull for help improving the discussion of Hitler.

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* &lt;!-- Josh Stearns and Christine Schmidt (2022) How We Know Journalism is Good for Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q123522369}}
* &lt;!-- Joseph E. Stiglitz (1999) &quot;Knowledge as a global public good&quot;, chapter in Kaul et al. (1999), pp. 308-315 --&gt;{{cite Q|Q120732906}}
* &lt;!-- Joseph Stiglitz (2002) Transparency in Government--&gt;{{cite Q|Q120941389}}
* &lt;!-- Joseph Stiglitz (2024) The road to freedom: Economics and the good society--&gt;{{cite Q|Q126140884}}
* &lt;!-- Leigh Thompson (2020) Heart and mind of the negotiator, 7th ed. --&gt;{{cite Q|Q120870057}}
* &lt;!-- Leigh Thompson and George Loewenstein (1992) &quot;Egocentric interpretations of fairness and interpersonal conflict&quot;, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. 51 (2): 176–197--&gt;{{cite Q|Q29300051}}
* &lt;!-- Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001) Democracy in America (trans. by Richard Heffner, 2001; New America Library) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q112166602|publication-date=unset|author=Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001)}}
* &lt;!-- Rachel Treisman (2021)  When this hedge fund buys local newspapers, democracy suffers--&gt;{{cite Q|Q121438095}}
* &lt;!-- Andrew Trexler and Megan Mullin (2024-05-02) &quot;Local News Reporting and Mass Attitudes on Infrastructure Investment&quot;, Political Behavior--&gt;{{cite Q|Q125888413}}
* &lt;!-- United Nations (2022) World Population Prospects 2022, Online Edition (Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q113015862|author=United Nations|publisher=unset}}
* &lt;!-- United Nations Statistics Division (2021) &quot;Basic Data Selection&quot; --&gt;{{cite Q|Q120485981|author=United Nations Statistics Division|date=2023-07-06|publisher=unset}}
* &lt;!-- Urban Institute (2024) State and Local Backgrounders--&gt;{{cite Q|Q125491111|author = Urban Institute|date=2024-04-15}}
* &lt;!-- US Bureau of Economic Analysis (2023-03-31) Gross Domestic Product by State, 4th Quarter and Annual 2022--&gt;{{cite Q|Q124036982|author=US Bureau of Economic Analysis}}
* &lt;!-- US Census Bureau (2023) Quick facts--&gt;{{cite Q|Q124037268|author=US Census Bureau}}
* &lt;!--US Institute of Peace (2016) Tools for Improving Media Interventions in Conflict Zones--&gt;{{cite Q|Q124692870|author =US Institute of Peace}}
* &lt;!-- Siva Vaidhyanathan (2018) Antisocial Media: How Facebook Disconnects Us and Undermines Democracy (Oxford U. Pr.) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q56027099}}
* &lt;!--Horacio Verbitsky (2006) Un mundo sin periodistas--&gt;{{cite Q|Q61013892}} 
* &lt;!--François-Xavier Verschave (1998) La Françafrique : le plus long scandale de la République, Block--&gt;{{cite Q|Q126710995}}
* &lt;!--François-Xavier Verschave (2000) Noir silence : qui arrêtera la Françafrique (les arènes)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q126713787}}
* &lt;!-- Alexandra Wake, Abbas Valadkhani, Alan Nguyen, and Jeremy Nguyen (2021-04-15) &quot;The Economic Costs of Curbing Press Freedom&quot;, Global Investigative Journalism Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q120739929}}
* &lt;!-- Leah Wang, Wendy Sawyer, Tiana Herring and Emily Widra (2022) &quot;Beyond the count: A deep dive into state prison populations&quot;, Prison Policy Initiative --&gt;{{cite Q|Q120332620}}
* &lt;!-- Garrett Watson (2022) Combined Federal and State Corporate Income Tax Rates in 2022 --&gt;{{cite Q|Q120793929}}  
* &lt;!--Robert M. Wesser (2021-11-30)  Joseph Stalin and the Soviet-U.S. Partnership, 1917-1947--&gt;{{cite Q|Q126000424}}
* &lt;!-- Richard G. Wilkinson and Kate E. Pickett (2017) &quot;The Enemy between Us: The Psychological and Social Costs Of Inequality&quot;, European Journal of Social Psychology, 47(1)11-24 --&gt;{{cite Q|Q118385024}}
* &lt;!--Mary G. Wilson (2007) Observing Your Government in Action: Protecting your right to know (LWV)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q124048761|access-date=2023-05-15}}
* James D. Wolfensohn (2002) Foreword to Islam et al. (2002, pp. v-vi).
* &lt;!-- World Bank (2022) Annual Report --&gt;{{cite Q|Q118270948|author=World Bank|series=unset}}
* &lt;!-- World Bank (2023) &quot;Community and Local Development&quot; (web page:  &quot;https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/communitydrivendevelopment&quot;) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q120380457|author=World Bank|date=2023-03-27|publisher=unset}}
* &lt;!-- Elad Yom-Tov, Jinia Shembekar, Sarah Barclay, and Peter Muennig (2018) &quot;The effectiveness of public health advertisements to promote health: a randomized-controlled trial on 794,000 participants&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q91869157}}
* &lt;!-- Erica York (2023-01-26) &quot;Summary of the Latest Federal Income Tax Data, 2023 Update&quot;, Tax Foundation --&gt;{{cite Q|Q118189145}}
* &lt;!-- Shoshana Zuboff (2019) The Age of Surveillance Capitalism (PublicAffairs) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q75804726}}

== Notes ==
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:''This essay is on Wikiversity to encourage a wide discussion of the issues it raises moderated by the Wikimedia rules that invite contributors to [[w:Wikipedia:Be bold|“be bold but not reckless,”]] contributing revisions written from a [[Wikiversity:Disclosures|neutral point of view]], [[Wikiversity:Cite sources|citing credible sources]] -- and raising other questions and concerns on the associated [[Wikiversity:FAQ|''''“Discuss”'''' page]].''  

::''This article uses [[w:ISO 8601|ISO 8601]] dates except for References, which are controlled by standard Wikidata formatting, and direct quotes. In the initial author's experience, [[ISO 8601 and computing differences between dates|ISO 8601 dates seem to make it easier to remember dates and to compute differences between them.]]'' 

== Abstract == 

This article reviews literature relevant to the claim that &quot;information is a public good&quot; and recommends experiments to quantify the impact of news on society. We propose randomized controlled trials to evaluate the relative effectiveness of alternative interventions on the lethality of conflict and broadly shared economic growth. Experimental units would be polities in conflict or with incomes (nominal Gross Domestic Products, GDPs or gross local products) small enough so competitive local news outlets could be funded by philanthropies or organizations like the World Bank but large enough that their political economies have been tracked with sufficient accuracy to allow them to be considered in such experiments. One factor in such experiments would be subsidies for local journalism, perhaps distributed to local news outlets on the basis of local elections, similar to the proposal of McChesney and Nichols (2021, 2022).

== Introduction ==

:''Information is a public good.''&lt;ref&gt;This is the title of Cagé and Huet (2021, in French).  However, the thrust of their book is very different.  It is subtitled, &quot;Refounding media ownership&quot;.  Their focus is on creating legal structure(s) to support journalistic independence as outlined in Cagé (2016).&lt;/ref&gt; 
:''Misinformation is a public nuisance.''&lt;ref&gt;The Wikipedia article on [[w:misinformation|misinformation]] says, &quot;Misinformation is incorrect or misleading information. Misinformation can exist without specific malicious intent; disinformation is distinct in that it is ''deliberately'' deceptive and propagated. ... ''Midinformation'' is information that was originally thought to be true but was later discovered not to be true&quot;. (emphasis in the original; accessed 2024-05-19.) This article will not distinguish between misinformation and midinformation. The Wikipedia article on &quot;[[w:Public nuisance|Public nuisance]]&quot; says, &quot;In English criminal law, public nuisance was a common law offence in which the injury, loss, or damage is suffered by the public, in general, rather than an individual, in particular.&quot; (accessed 2023-04-24.) Misinformation seems to fit this definition.&lt;/ref&gt;
:''Disinformation is a public evil.''&lt;ref&gt;The Wikipedia article on [[w:misinformation|misinformation]] says that &quot;disinformation is ... ''deliberately'' deceptive and propagated. ... ''Malinformation'' is accurate information that is disseminated with malicious intent. This includes sensitive material that is disseminated in order to hurt someone or their reputation. Examples include doxing, revenge porn, and editing videos to remove important context or content.&quot; This article will not attempt to distinguish between disinformation and malinformation. (emphasis in the original; accessed 2024-05-19.) The initial author of this essay is unaware of any previous use of the term, &quot;public evil&quot;, but it seems appropriate in this context to describe content disseminated by mass media, including social media, curated with the explicit intent to convince people to support public policies contrary to the best interests of the audience and the general public.&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Public goods ===

In economics, a [[w:public good (economics)|public good]] is a good (or service) that is both [[w:Rivalry (economics)|non-rivalrous]] and [[w:Excludability|non-excludable]].&lt;ref&gt;e.g., Cornes and Sandler (1996). See also the Wikipedia article on &quot;[[w:public good (economics)|public good (economics)]]&quot;, accessed 2024-05-19.&lt;/ref&gt; Non-rivalrous means that we can all consume it at the same time. An apple is rivalrous, because if I eat an apple, you cannot eat the same apple. 

A printed newspaper may be rivalrous, because it may not be easy for you and me to hold the same sheet of paper and read it at the same time. However, the ''news'' itself is non-rivalrous, because both of us and anyone else can consume the same news at the same time, once it is produced, especially if it's published openly on the Internet or broadcasted on radio or television. 

Non-excludable means that once the good is produced, anyone can use it without paying for it. Information is non-excludable, because everyone can consume it at the same time once it becomes available. [[w:Copyright|Copyright]] law does ''not'' apply to information: It applies to ''expression''.&lt;ref&gt;The US Copyright Act of 1976, Section 102, says, &quot;Copyright protection subsists ... in original works of authorship fixed in any tangible medium of expression ... . In no case does copyright protection ... extend to any idea, procedure, process, system, method of operation, concept, principle, or discovery.&quot; 17 U.S. Code § 102. &lt;!--US Copyright Law of 1976--&gt;{{cite Q|Q3196755}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[w:Joseph Stiglitz|Stiglitz]] (1999) said that [[w:Thomas Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] anticipated the modern concept of information as a public good by saying, &quot;He who receives an idea from me, receives instruction himself without lessening mine; as he who lights his taper at mine, receives light without darkening me.&quot; Stiglitz distinguished between &quot;push and pull mechanisms&quot; to promote innovation and creative work: &quot;Push&quot; mechanisms pay for work upfront, hoping that it will achieve a desired outcome, like citizen-directed subsidies for newspapers. &quot;Pull&quot; mechanisms set a target and then reward those who reach the target, like copyrights and patents.&lt;ref&gt;Baker (2023a).&lt;/ref&gt;

Lindahl (1919, 1958) recommended taxing people for public goods in proportion to the benefits they receive. For subsidies for news, especially citizen-directed, this would mean taxing primarily the poor and middle class to fund this.&lt;ref&gt;For more on this, see the Wikipedia articles on [[w:Lindahl tax|Lindahl tax]] and [[w:Theories of taxation|Theories of taxation]], accessed 2024-05-19.&lt;/ref&gt; If better news translates into productivity improvements whose benefits are broadly shared, as claimed in the literature cited in this article, the benefits that poor people receive would soon exceed the taxes they pay for it. Then the news subsidies would effectively be free in perpetuity, paid by benefits the poor would not have without those subsidies. If Piketty (2021, cited below with Figure 1) is correct, the ultra-wealthy would likely also benefit in absolute terms, though the relative distinction between them and the poor might be reduced.

This article recommends [[w:randomized controlled trials|randomized controlled trials]] to quantify the extent to which experimental interventions benefit the public by modifying socio-political environment(s), including information environment(s), in ways that (a) reduce political polarization and any accompanying violence and (b) improve broadly shared peace and prosperity for the long term.

=== Sharing increases the value === 

The logic behind claiming that &quot;information is a public good&quot; can be easily understood as follows:  

:''If I know the best solution to any major societal problem, it will not help anyone unless a critical mass of some body politic shares that perception.  Conversely, if a critical mass of a body politic believes in the need to implement a certain reform, it will happen, even if I am ignorant of it or completely opposed to it.''  

We can extend this analysis to our worst enemies:  

:It is in ''our best interest'' to help people supporting our worst enemies get information they want, ''independent'' of controls that people with power exercise over nearly all major media today:  If our actions reduce the ability of their leaders to censor their media (and of our political and economic leaders to censor ours), the information everyone gets should make it harder for leaders to convince others to support measures contrary to nearly everyone's best interests.  

What kinds of data can we collect and analyze to evaluate who benefits and who loses from alternative interventions attempting to improve the media? See below.&lt;ref&gt;The power relationship between media and politicians can go both ways.  In addition to asking the extent to which politicians control the media, we can also consider the extent to which political leaders might feel constrained by the major media: To what extent do the major media create the stage upon which politicians read their lines, as claimed in the Wikiversity article on &quot;[[Confirmation bias and conflict]]&quot;, accessed 2024-05-19?  Might a more diverse media environment make it easier for political leaders to pursue policies informed more by available research and less by propaganda?  Might experiments as described herein help politicians develop more effective governmental policies, because of a reduction in the power of media whose ownership and funding are more diverse? This is discussed further in this article in a section on [[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government#Media and war|Media and war]].&lt;/ref&gt;

=== World Bank on the value of information === 

In 2002 the President of the [[w:World Bank|World Bank]],&lt;ref&gt;The 2022 World Bank Group portfolio was 104 billion USD (World Bank 2022, Table 1, p. 13; 17/116 in PDF).  An improvement of 0.1 percentage points in the performance of that portfolio would be 104 million.  A lot could be accomplished with budgets much smaller than this.&lt;/ref&gt; [[w:James Wolfensohn|James Wolfensohn]], wrote, &quot;[A] free press is not a luxury. It is at the core of equitable development. The media can expose corruption. ... They can facilitate trade [and bring] health and education information to remote villages ... . But ... the independence of the media can be fragile and easily compromised. All too often governments shackle the media. Sometimes control by powerful private interests restricts reporting. ... [T]o support development, media need the right environment{{mdash}}in terms of freedoms, capacities, and checks and balances.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Wolfensohn (2002). More on this is available in other contributions to Islam et al. (2002) including [[w:Joseph Stiglitz|Stiglitz]] (2002), who noted the following: &quot;There is a natural asymmetry of information between those who govern and those whom they are supposed to serve. ... Free speech and a free press not only make abuses of governmental powers less likely, they also enhance the likelihood that people's basic social needs will be met. ... [S]ecrecy distorts the arena of politics. ... Neither theory nor evidence provides much support for the hypothesis that fuller and timelier disclosure and discussion would have adverse effects. ... The most important check against abuses is a competitive press that reflects a variety of interests. ... [F]or government officials to appropriate the information that they have access to for private gain ... is as much theft as stealing any other public property.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

This article includes proposals for evaluating alternative ways of improving the media and circumstances under which they may or may not be effective.

=== Information and epidemics ===

Epidemics are best depicted as a race between two contagions: the infectious agent and the information about how best to combat it. Blackburn et al. (2018, 2020), in a review of vulnerability and response to epidemics, declared that uncoordinated, shifting or unclear communication by governments would be a major factor in accelerating and increasing spread of the disease. Barry (2005) pointed out that governments withholding data about the 1918 flu epidemic, to avoid disclosing weaknesses to adversaries, contributed greatly to accelerating the spread and delaying effective response. Information about public health is clearly a public good. Misinformation about an epidemic is an obstacle to dealing with the threat. Disinformation about an epidemic may have been used as a weapon by some nations against others.

=== US Postal Service Act of 1792: a natural experiment === 

[[w:Robert W. McChesney|McChesney]] and [[w:John Nichols (journalist)|Nichols]] (2010, 2016) suggested that the US [[w:Postal Service Act|Postal Service Act]]&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia &quot;[[w:Postal Service Act|Postal Service Act]]&quot;, accessed 2023-07-11.&lt;/ref&gt; of 1792 made a major contribution to making the US what it is today.  Under that act, newspapers were delivered up to 100 miles for a penny, when first class postage was between 6 and 25 cents depending on distance.  McChesney and Nichols estimated that between 1840 and 1844, the US postal subsidy was 0.211% of GDP with federal printing subsidies adding another 0.005%, totaling 0.216% of GDP.&lt;ref name=McC-N2010&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88).&lt;/ref&gt; That percent of GDP would be roughly $140 per person per year in 2019.&lt;ref name=McN_IMF&gt;International Monetary Fund (2023):  US Gross domestic product per capita at current prices was estimated at $65,077 for 2019 on 2023-04-28. 0.211% of $65,077 = $137; 0.216% = $141. Round to $140 for convenience.&lt;/ref&gt; We use 2019 dollars here to make it easy to compare with Rolnik et al. (2019), who recommended $50 per adult per year, which is roughly 0.06% of US GDP.  Rolnik et al. added that the level of subsidies would require &quot;extensive deliberation and experimentation&quot;.&lt;ref name=Rolnik&gt;Rolnik et al. (2019, p. 44). The Wikipedia article on &quot;[[w:Demographics of the United States|Demographics of the United States]]&quot; says that 22.2% of the US population was under 18 in 2021 when accessed 2024-06-22. Thus, adults are 77.8% of the population, which means that $50 per adult was approximate $38.90 per capita in 2019. US GDP per capita was $65,077 in 2019 in current dollars per International Monetary Fund (2023). Thus, $64.27 per capita would be roughly 0.06% of GDP.&lt;/ref&gt; More recently McChesney and Nichols have recommended 0.15% of GDP ($98 per person per year in 2019), considering the fact that the advent of the Internet has nearly eliminated the costs of printing and distribution.&lt;ref name=McC-N2021&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2021; 2022, p. 19).&lt;/ref&gt;

[[w:Alexis de Tocqueville|Tocqueville]], who visited the US in 1831, observed the following:  
* [T]he liberty of the press does not affect political opinion alone, but extends to all the opinions of men, and modifies customs as well as laws. ... I approve of it from a consideration more of the evils it prevents, than of the advantages it insures.&lt;ref&gt;Tocqueville (1835; 2001, p. 91).  In 2002 Roumeen Islam stated this more forcefully:  &quot;Arbitrary actions by government are always to be feared. If there is to be a bias in the quantity of information that is released, then erring on the side of more freedom rather than less would appear to cause less harm.&quot; (World Bank, 2002, pp. 21-22; 33-34/336 in pdf).&lt;/ref&gt;
* The liberty of writing ... is most formidable when it is a novelty; for a people who have never been accustomed to hear state affairs discussed before them, place implicit confidence in the first tribune who presents himself.  The Anglo-Americans have enjoyed this liberty ever since the foundation of the Colonies ... .  A glance at a French and an American newspaper is sufficient to show the difference ... .  In France, the space allotted to commercial advertisements is very limited, and the news-intelligence is not considerable; but the essential part of the journal is the discussion of the politics of the day.  In America, three-quarters of the enormous sheet are filled with advertisements, and the remainder is frequently occupied by political intelligence or trivial anecdotes:  it is only from time to time that one finds a corner devoted to passionate discussions, like those which the journalists of France every day give to their readers.&lt;ref&gt;Tocqueville (1835; 2001, p. 92).&lt;/ref&gt; 
* It has been demonstrated by observation, and discovered by the sure instinct even of the pettiest despots, that the influence of a power is increased in proportion as its direction is centralized.&lt;ref&gt;Tocqueville (1835; 2001, pp. 92-93).&lt;/ref&gt;
* [T]he number of periodical and semi-periodical publications in the United States is almost incredibly large. In America there is scarcely a hamlet which does not have its newspaper.&lt;ref&gt;Tocqueville (1835; 2001, p. 93).&lt;/ref&gt;
* In the United States, each separate journal exercises but little authority; but the power of the periodical press is second only to that of the people ... .&lt;ref&gt;Tocqueville (1835; 2001, p. 94). &lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Real US GDP per capita in 5 epocs.svg|thumb|Figure 1.  Average annual income (Gross Domestic Product per capita adjusted for inflation in thousands of 2017 $) in the US 1790-2023 showing five epochs identified in a &quot;breakpoint&quot; analysis (to 1929, 1933, 1945, 1947, 2023) documented in the Wikiversity article on &quot;[[US Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Wikiversity &quot;[[US Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita]]&quot;, accessed 2023-07-18.&lt;/ref&gt; Piketty (2021, p. 139) noted, &quot;In the United States, the national income per inhabitant rose at a rate ... of 2.2% between 1950 to 1990 when the top tax rate reached on average 72%.  The top rate was then cut in half, with the announced objective of boosting growth.  But in fact, growth fell by half, to 1.1% per annum between 1990 and 2020&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;A more recent review of the literature of the impact of inequality on growth is provided by Jahangir (2023, sec. 3), who notes that some studies have claimed that inequality ''increases'' the rate of economic growth, while other reach the opposite conclusion. However, 'the preponderant academic position is shifting from the argument that “we don’t have enough evidence” and towards seriously addressing and combating economic inequality.' Stiglitz (2024, p. 119) insists &quot;that we pay a high price for inequality even in terms of GDP ... . Countries with more inequality perform more poorly.&quot; He cites other sources to support that claim.&lt;/ref&gt; Our analysis of US GDP per capita from Measuring Worth do not match Piketty's report exactly, but they are close. We got 2.3% annual growth from 1950 to 1990 then 1.8% to 2008 and 1.3% to 2023. However, we have so far been unable to find a model that suggests that this decline is statistically significant.]]  

To what extent was [[w:Alexis de Tocqueville|Tocqueville's]] &quot;incredibly large&quot; &quot;number of periodical and semi-periodical publications in the United States&quot; due to the US Postal Service Act of 1792? To what extent did that &quot;incredibly large&quot; number of publications encourage literacy, limit political corruption, and help the US of that day remain together and grow both in land area and economically while contemporary New Spain, then Mexico, fractured, shrank, and stagnated economically? To what extent does the enormous power of the US today rest on the economic growth of that period and its impact on the political culture of that day continuing to the present?&lt;ref&gt;Wikiversity &quot;[[The Great American Paradox]]&quot;, accessed 2023-06-12.&lt;/ref&gt; That growth transformed the US into the world leader that it is today;  see Figure 1.  In the process, it generated new technologies that benefit the vast majority of the world's population alive today. If the newspapers Tocqueville read made any substantive contribution to the growth summarized in Figure 1, the information in those newspapers were public goods potentially ''benefiting the vast majority of humanity'' (people who never read those newspapers and were unaware even of their existence) ''to the end of human civilization.''&lt;ref&gt;Acemoglu (2023) documents how the power of monopolies and other politically favored groups often distorts the direction of technology development into suboptimal technologies.  Might increasing the funding for more independent news outlets reduce the power of such favored groups and thereby help correct these distortions and deliver &quot;sizable welfare benefits&quot;, e.g., &quot;in the context of industrial automation, health care, and energy&quot;?&lt;/ref&gt; 

Experiments of the type discussed below can help quantify the magnitude of these suggested benefits in contemporary settings.

=== Other economists === 

We cannot prove that the diversity of newspapers in the early US contributed to the economic growth it experienced. Banerjee and Duflo (2019) concluded that no one knows how to create economic growth. They won the 2019 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics with Michael Kremer for their leadership in using [[w:randomized controlled trials|randomized controlled trials]]&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia &quot;[[w:Randomized controlled trials|Randomized controlled trials]]&quot;, accessed 2023-07-11.&lt;/ref&gt; to learn how to reduce global poverty.&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia &quot;[[w:2019 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|2019 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences]]&quot;, accessed 2023-06-13.  Nobel Prize (2019).  Amazon.com indicates that distribution of the book started 2019-11-12, twenty-nine days after the Nobel prize announcement 2019-10-14. It seems likely that the book was completed before the announcement.&lt;/ref&gt; More recently, Wake et al. (2021) found evidence that ''the economic costs of curbing press freedom persist long after such freedoms have been restored.''&lt;ref&gt;See also Nguyen et al. (2021).&lt;/ref&gt; And Mohammadi et al. (2022) found that economic growth rates were impacted by civil liberties, economic and press freedom and the economic growth rates of neighbors (spacial autocorrelation) but not democracy. These findings of Mohammidi et al. (2022) and Wake et al. (2021) reinforce Thomas Jefferson's 1787 comment that, &quot;were it left to me to decide whether we should have a government without newspapers, or newspapers without a government, I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;From a letter to Colonel Edward Carrington (16 January 1787), cited in Wikiquote, &quot;[[Wikiquote:Thomas Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]]&quot;, accessed 2023-07-29.&lt;/ref&gt; 

To what extent might experiments like those recommended in this article either reinforce or refute this claim of Jefferson from 1787?

=== Randomized controlled trials to quantify the value of information === 

This article suggests randomized controlled trials to quantify the impact of citizen-directed subsidies for journalism, roughly following the recommendations of McChesney and Nichols (2021, 2022) to distribute some small percentage of GDP to local news nonprofits ''via local elections''.  Philanthropies could fund such experiments for some of the smallest and poorest places in the world.  Organizations like the World Bank could fund such experiments as adjuncts to a random selection from other interventions they fund, justified for the same reason that they would not consider funding anything without appropriate accounting and auditing of expenditures, as discussed further below.&lt;ref&gt;The discussion of &quot;Control Frauds&quot; below cites Black (2013), who noted that many senior executives are able to find accountants and auditors willing to certify fraudulent accounting reports. It also suggests that financial markets in the US might work better with more diverse, independent and better funded media. That is supported by the report by Egan (2024) of an auditing firm that had filed more than 1,500 questionable SEC filings for over 500 public companies.&lt;/ref&gt;  

Before making suggestions regarding experiments, we review previous research documenting how information might be a public good.

== Previous research ==

Before considering optimal level of subsidies for news, it may be useful to consider the research for which [[w: Daniel Kahneman|Daniel Kahneman won the 2002 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics]].&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia &quot;[[w:Daniel Kahneman|Daniel Kahneman]]&quot;, accessed 2023-04-28.&lt;/ref&gt; Most important for present purposes may be that virtually everyone: 

* thinks they know more than they do ([[w:Overconfidence effect|Overconfidence]]),&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia &quot;[[w:Overconfidence effect|Overconfidence effect]]&quot;, accessed 2023-04-29. Kahneman and co-workers have documented that experts are also subject to overconfidence. In many cases, experts suffer ''more'' from overconfidence than lay people.  Kahneman and Klein (2009) found that ''expert intuition'', when it exists, ''is learned from frequent, rapid, high-quality feedback'' about the quality of their judgments.  Unfortunately, few fields have such feedback.  Kaheman et al. (2021) call practitioners with credentials but without such expert intuition &quot;respect-experts&quot;.  Kahneman (2011, p. 234) said his &quot;most satisfying and productive adversarial collaboration was with Gary Klein&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; and 
* prefers information and sources consistent with preconceptions. ([[w:Confirmation bias|Confirmation bias]]).&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia &quot;[[w:Confirmation bias|Confirmation bias]]&quot;, accessed 2023-04-29.&lt;/ref&gt;

To what extent do media organizations everywhere exploit the confirmation bias and overconfidence of their audience to please those who control most of the money for the media, and to what extent might this ''reduce'' broadly shared economic growth?  The proposed experiments should include efforts to quantify this, measuring, e.g., local incomes, inequality, political polarization and the impact of interventions attempting to improve such.  

Plous wrote, &quot;No problem in judgment and decision making is more prevalent and more potentially catastrophic than overconfidence.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Plous (1993, p. 217).  See also Wikipedia &quot;[[w:Overconfidence effect|Overconfidence effect]]&quot;, accessed 2023-04-29.&lt;/ref&gt; It contributes to inordinate losses by all parties in negotiations of all kinds&lt;ref&gt;Thompson (2020).&lt;/ref&gt; including lawsuits,&lt;ref&gt;Loftus and Wagenaar (1988).&lt;/ref&gt; strikes,&lt;ref&gt;Babcock and Olson (1992) and Thompson and Loevenstein (1992).&lt;/ref&gt; financial market bubbles and crashes,&lt;ref&gt;Daniel ''et al.'' (1998).&lt;/ref&gt; and politics and international relations,&lt;ref&gt;Johnson (2020).&lt;/ref&gt; including wars.&lt;ref&gt;Johnson (2004).&lt;/ref&gt;

Might the frequency and expense of lawsuits, strikes, financial market volatility, political corruption and wars be reduced by encouraging people to get more curious and search more often for information that might contradict their preconceptions?  Might such discussions be encouraged by interventions such as increasing the total funding for news through many small, independent, local news organizations?  If yes, to what extent might such experimental interventions threaten the hegemony of major media everywhere while benefiting everyone, with the possible exception of those who benefit from current systems of political corruption?  

[[File:Knowledge v. public media.png|thumb|Figure 2.  Knowledge v. public media: Percent correct answers in surveys of knowledge of domestic and international politics vs. per capita subsidies for public media in Denmark (DK), Finland (FI), the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States (US).&lt;ref&gt;&quot;politicalKnowledge&quot; dataset in Croissant and Graves (2022), originally from ch. 1, chart 8, p. 268 and ch. 4, chart 1, p. 274, McChesney and Nichols (2010).&lt;/ref&gt;]]

One attempt to quantify this appears in Figure 2, which summarizes a natural experiment on the impact of government subsidies for public media on public knowledge of domestic and international politics: Around 2008 the governments of the US, UK, Denmark and Finland provided subsidies of $1.35, $80, $101 and $101 per person per year, respectively, for public media.  A survey of public knowledge of domestic and international politics found that people with college degrees seemed to be comparably well informed in the different countries, but people with less education were better informed in the countries with higher public subsidies.  

Kaviani et al. (2022) studied the impact of &quot;the staggered expansion of [[w:Sinclair Broadcast Group|Sinclair Broadcast Group]]: the largest conservative network in the U.S.&quot; They documented a decline in [[w:Corporate social responsibility|Corporate Social Responsibility]] (CSR) ratings of firms headquartered in Sinclair expansion areas.  They also documented a &quot;right-ward ideological shift&quot; in coverage that was &quot;nearly one standard deviation of the ideology distribution&quot; as well as &quot;substantial decreases in coverage of local politics substituted by increases in national politics.&quot; Ellison (2024) said that &quot;Sinclair's recipe for TV news&quot; includes an annual survey asking viewers, &quot;What are you most afraid of?&quot; Sinclair reportedly focuses on that while implying in their coverage &quot;that America's cities, especially those run by Democratic politicians, are dangerous and dysfunctional.&quot; 

Sources in France are concerned that billionaire [[w:Vincent Bolloré|Vincent Bolloré]] has purchased a substantial portion of French media and used it effectively to promote the French far right.&lt;ref&gt;Francois (2022). Cagé (2022). Cagé and Stetler (2022).&lt;/ref&gt; Scheidler (2024a) reported that the concentration of ownership the German media &quot;has not yet reached the extreme forms observed in France, the United Kingdom or the United States, but the process of consolidation initiated several decades ago has transformed a landscape renowned for its decentralization.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Translated from, &quot;la concentration de la propriété dans la presse suprarégionale n’a pas encore atteint les formes extrêmes observées en France, au Royaume-Uni ou aux États-Unis, mais le processus de consolidation enclenché depuis plusieurs décennies a transformé un paysage réputé pour sa décentralisation.&quot; See also ''Die Tageszeitung'' (2023).&lt;/ref&gt; Scheidler (2024b) reported that there still exists a wide range of constructive media criticism in Germany, but it gets less coverage than before in the increasingly consolidated major media. This has driven many who are not happy with these changes to alternative media such as ''[[w:Die Tageszeitung|Die Tageszeitung]]'', founded in 1978. In Israel, a 2022 survey found that the leading newspaper was ''[[w:Israel Hayom|Israel Hayom]]'',&lt;ref&gt;Readership figures are from a Hebrew-language document cited in the Wikipedia article on &quot;[[w:Newspapers in Israel|Newspapers in Israel]]&quot;, accessed 2024-04-03.&lt;/ref&gt; founded in 2007 by billionaire [[w:Sheldon Adelson|Sheldon Adelson]] and distributed for free allegedly to skirt Israel's campaign finance laws.&lt;ref&gt;Grossman et al. (2022). See also Lalwani (2022).&lt;/ref&gt; [[How might the world be different if the PLO had followed Gandhi?|Various sources have suggested that it has encouraged Israeli policies that have driven many Palestinians to support Hamas, leading to the current Israel-Hamas war]], discussed further below.

Benton wrote that past research has shown that strong local newspapers &quot;increase voter turnout, reduce government corruption, make cities financially healthier, make citizens more knowledgeable about politics and more likely to engage with local government, force local TV to raise its game, encourage split-ticket (and thus less uniformly partisan) voting, make elected officials more responsive and efficient ... And ... you get to reap the benefits of all those positive outcomes ''even if you don’t read them yourself''.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Benton (2019); italics in the original.  See also Green et al. (2023, p. 7), Schulhofer-Wohl and Garrido (2009), Stearns and Schmidt (2022), and Pope (2023).  A not quite silly example of this is documented in the Wikipedia article on the &quot;[[w:City of Bell scandal|City of Bell scandal]]&quot; accessed 2023-05-05:  Around 1999 the local newspaper died.  In 2010 the ''[[w:Los Angeles Times|Los Angeles Times]]'' reported that the city was close to bankruptcy in spite of having atypically high property tax rates.  The compensation for the City Manager was almost four times that of the President of the US, even though Bell, California, had a population of only approximately 38,000.  The Chief of Police and most members of the City Council also had exceptionally high compensations.  It was as if the City Manager had said in 1999, &quot;Wow:  The watchdog is dead.  Let's have a party.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

We feel a need to repeat that last comment: Benton says that ''we all'' benefit from others consuming news that we do not, because they become less likely to be stampeded into voting contrary to their best interests{{mdash}}and ours{{mdash}}and more likely to lobby effectively against questionable favors to major political campaign contributors or other people with power, underreported by major media that have conflicts of interest in balanced coverage of anything that might offend people with substantive control of their funding.  That suggests that everyone might benefit from subsidizing ''a broad variety of independent'' local news outlets consumed by others.&lt;ref&gt;Some of those who benefit from the current system of political corruption may lose from the increased transparency produced by increases in the quality, quantity, diversity, and broader consumption of news.  However, Bezruchka (2023) documents how even the ultra-wealthy in countries with high inequality generally have shorter life expectancies than their counterparts in more egalitarian societies:  What they might lose in social status would likely be balanced by a reduction in stress and exposure to life-threatening incidents.&lt;/ref&gt; Kim et al. report that the benefits of better local news are not restricted to better government. &quot;[W]orkplace injuries increase following newspaper layoffs&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;Kim et al. (2023).&lt;/ref&gt; and newspaper closures make it harder for the public and investors to get information about fraud, future stock crash risks, etc.&lt;ref&gt;Kim et al. (2021).&lt;/ref&gt;

Part of the mechanism here was documented by Trexler and Mullen (2024). They found that, &quot;a few extra paragraphs of context increased support for spending and increased voters' willingness to hold local politicians accountable for infrastructure neglect by voting them out of office. ... With fewer reporters staffing newsrooms, the depth of reporting on invisible infrastructure declines.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Hewitt (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; Angelucci et al. (2024) documented this problem as television entered US households between 1944 and 1964: (1) Newspaper revenue declined. (2) &quot;Newspapers responded by reducing content, particularly local news.&quot; And (3) split-ticket voting declined. 

Experiments along the lines discussed below could attempt independent evaluations of these claims while estimating their magnitudes and strengthening claims of causality.

== How fair is the US tax system? ==

How fair is the US tax system?  It depends on who is asked and how fairness is defined.  

[[File:Share of taxes vs. AGI.svg|thumb|Figure 3.  Effective tax rate relative to the average vs. percentile of Adjusted Gross Income (AGI).&lt;ref&gt;York (2023) based on analyses published by the US Internal Revenue Service (IRS).&lt;/ref&gt;]]

The [[w:Tax Foundation|Tax Foundation]] computed the effective tax rate in different portions of the distribution of Adjusted Gross Income (AGI), plotted in Figure 3.  They noted that,&quot;half of taxpayers paid 99.7 percent of federal income taxes&quot;. The effective tax rate on the 1% highest adjusted gross incomes (AGIs) was 26%, almost double (1.91 times) the average, while the effective tax rate for the bottom half was 3.1%, only 23% of the average.&lt;ref&gt;York (2023).&lt;/ref&gt;

The Tax Foundation did ''not'' mention that we get a very different perspective from considering ''gross income'' rather than AGI. Leiserson and Yagan (2021)&lt;ref&gt;published by the Biden White House.&lt;/ref&gt; estimated that the average ''effective'' federal individual income tax rate paid by America’s 400 wealthiest families&lt;ref&gt;The &quot;400 wealthiest families&quot; are identified in &quot;[[w:The Forbes 400|The Forbes 400]]&quot;; see the Wikipedia article on &quot;The Forbes 400&quot;, accessed 2023-05-07.&lt;/ref&gt; was between 6 and 12% with the most likely number being 8.2%. The difference comes in the ''adjustments'', while the uncertainty comes primarily from appreciation in the value of unsold stock,&lt;ref&gt;To be precise, this uncertainty comes from assets subject to capital gains tax, which is not limited to unsold stock; in 2022, the tax on capital gains was capped at 20%;  see Wikipedia, &quot;[[w:Capital gains tax in the United States|Capital gains tax in the United States]]&quot;, accessed 2023-05-08.&lt;/ref&gt; which is taxed at a maximum of 20% when sold and never taxed if passed as inheritance.&lt;ref&gt;The Wikipedia article on &quot;[[w:Estate tax in the United States|Estate tax in the United States]]&quot; describes an &quot;Exclusion amount&quot;, which is not taxed in inheritance.  That exclusion amount was $675,000 in 2001 and has generally trended upwards since except for 2010, and was $12.06 million in 2022 (accessed 2023-05-08).&lt;/ref&gt;

Divergent claims about ''business'' taxes can similarly be found.  Watson (2022) claimed  that, &quot;Corporate taxes are one of the most economically damaging ways to raise revenue and are a promising area of reform for states to increase competitiveness and promote economic growth, benefiting both companies and workers.&quot;  This &quot;economically damaging&quot; claim seems contradicted by evidence documented with Figure 1 above: When the top tax rate was cut in half, the rate of economic growth in the US ''fell'' by half, according to Piketty (2021, p. 139).&lt;ref&gt;Fuhrmann and Uradu (2023) describe, &quot;How large corporations avoid paying taxes&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;   

[[File:UStaxWords.svg|thumb|Figure 4.  Millions of words in the US federal tax code and regulations, 1955-2015, according to the [[w:Tax Foundation|Tax Foundation]]. [1=income tax code; 2=other tax code; 3=income tax regulations; 4=other tax regulations; solid line= total]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;UStaxWords&quot; dataset in Croissant and Graves (2022) from the Tax Foundation.&lt;/ref&gt;]]

One reference on the difference between &quot;adjusted&quot; and &quot;gross&quot; income is US federal tax code and regulations, which grew from 1.4 million words in 1955 to over 10 million in 2015, averaging 145,000 additional words each year;  see Figure 4.  

How does this relate to media?

== How do media organizations make money? ==

Media organizations everywhere sell changes in audience behaviors to the people who give them money.  If they do not have an audience, they have nothing to sell.  If they sufficiently offend their funders, they will not get the revenue needed to produce content.&lt;ref&gt;A famous illustration of this conflict between content and funding was when CBS Chairman [[w:William S. Paley|William Paley]] reportedly told [[w:Edward R. Murrow|Edward R. Murrow]] in 1958 that he was discontinuing Murrow's award-winning show ''[[w:See It Now|See It Now]]'', because &quot;I don't want this constant stomach ache every time you do a controversial subject&quot;, documented in Friendly (1967, p. 92).&lt;/ref&gt;  

The major media in the US have conflicts of interest in honestly reporting on discussions in congress on copyright law or on anything that might impact a major advertiser or might make it easier for politicians to get elected by spending less money on advertising.  McChesney (2015) insisted that the major media are not interested in providing information that people want:  They are interested in making money and protecting the interests of the ultra-wealthy, who control the largest advertising budgets.  For example, media coverage of the roughly 40,000 people who came to [[w:1999 Seattle WTO protests|Seattle in 1999 to protest the WTO]] Ministerial Conference there&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia &quot;[[w:1999 Seattle WTO protests|1999 Seattle WTO protests]]&quot;, accessed 2023-05-08.&lt;/ref&gt; and the 10,000 - 15,000 who came to [[w:Washington A16, 2000|Washington, DC, the following year]] to protest the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank,&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia &quot;[[w:Washington A16, 2000|Washington A16, 2000]]&quot;, accessed 2023-05-08.&lt;/ref&gt; included &quot;some outstanding pieces produced by the corporate media, but those were exceptions to the rule. ... [T]he closer a story gets to corporate power and corporate domination of our society, the less reliable the corporate news media is.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;McChesney (2015, p. xx).&lt;/ref&gt; 

Aaron (2021) said, &quot;Bob McChesney ... taught me [to] look at ... the stories that are cheap to cover.&quot; Between around 1975 and 2000, the major commercial broadcasters in the US fired nearly all their investigative journalists&lt;ref&gt;McChesney (2004, p. 81):  &quot;A five-year study of investigative journalism on TV news completed in 2002 determined that investigative journalism has all but disappeared from the nation's commercial airwaves.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; and replaced them with the police blotter.  It's easy and cheap to repeat what the police say.&lt;ref&gt;Holmes (2022) quoted Ryan Sorrell, Founder and Publisher of the ''[[w:Kansas City Defender|Kansas City Defender]]'', as saying, &quot;the media often parrots or repeats what police and news releases say.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; A news outlet can do that without seriously risking loss of revenue.  In addition, poor defendants who may not have money for legal defense rarely have money to sue a media outlet for defamation.  By contrast, a news report on questionable activities by a major funder risks both direct loss of advertising revenue and being sued.&lt;ref&gt;The risks of being sued include the risks of [[w:Strategic lawsuit against public participation|strategic lawsuits against public participation]] (SLAPPs) by major organizations, which can intimidate journalists and publishers as well as potential whistleblowers, who might inform journalists of violations of law by their employers.  Some of these are documented in the &quot;[[w:Freedom of the press in the United States#U.S. Press Freedom Tracker|U.S. Press Freedom Tracker]]&quot;, maintained by the [[w:Freedom of the Press Foundation|Freedom of the Press Foundation]] and the [[w:Committee to Protect Journalists|Committee to Protect Journalists]].  These include arrests, assaults, threats, denial of access, equipment damage, prior restraint, and subpoenas which could intimidate journalists, publishers, and employees feeling a need to expose violations of law and threats to public safety.  See Wikipedia &quot;[[w:Freedom of the Press Foundation|Freedom of the Press Foundation]]&quot;, &quot;[[w:Committee to Protect Journalists|Committee to Protect Journalists]]&quot;, and &quot;[[w:Strategic lawsuit against public participation|Strategic lawsuit against public participation]]&quot;, accessed 2023-07-11.&lt;/ref&gt;  These risks impose a higher standard of journalism (and additional costs) when reporting on questionable activities by people with power than when reporting on poor people.  This is a much bigger problem in countries where libel is a criminal rather than a civil offense ''or where truth is not a defense for libel.''&lt;ref&gt;Islam et al. (2002), esp. pp. 12-13 (24-25/336 in pdf), p. 50 (62/336 in pdf), and ch. 11, pp. 207-224 (219-236/336 in pdf). [[w:United States defamation law|Truth was not a defense against libel in the US]] in 1804 when Harry Croswell lost in ''[[w:United States defamation law#People v. Croswell|People v. Croswell]]''.  That began to change the next year when the [[w:United States defamation law#People v. Croswell|New York State Legislature]] changed the law to allow truth as a defense against a libel charge. Seventy years earlier in 1735 [[w:John Peter Zenger#Libel case|John Peter Zenger]] was acquitted of a libel charge, but only by [[w:Jury nullification in the United States|jury nullification]].&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:U.S. incarceration rate since 1925.svg|thumb|Figure 5.  Percent of the US population in state and federal prisons  [male (dashed red), combined (solid black), female (dotted green)]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;USincarcerations&quot; dataset in Croissant and Graves (2022).&lt;/ref&gt;]]

After about 1975 television audiences in the US noticed increased coverage of crime in the broadcast news and concluded that crime was out of control, when there had been no substantive change in crime.  They voted in a generation of politicians, who promised to get tough on crime.  The incarceration rate in the US went from 0.1% to 0.5% in the span of roughly 25 years, after having been fairly stable for the previous 50 years;  see Figure 5.&lt;ref&gt;Potter and Kapeller (1998). Sacco (1998, 2005).&lt;/ref&gt;  

[[File:IncomeInequality9b.svg|thumb|Figure 6.  Average and quantiles of family income (Gross Domestic Product per family) in constant 2010 dollars.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;incomeInequality&quot; dataset in Croissant and Graves (2022).&lt;/ref&gt;]]

Around that same time, income inequality in the US began to rise;  see Figure 6.&lt;ref&gt;Bezruchka (2023) summarizes research documenting how &quot;inequality kills us all&quot;. He noted that the US was among the leaders in infant mortality and life expectancy in the 1950s.  Now the US is trailing most of the advanced industrial democracies. That drift from leading to trailing was gradual, as documented in the Wikiversity article on [[UN public health data]], accessed 2024-06-24. It looks more like the increase in the number of words in tax code and regulations (Figure 4) than the evolution of family incomes (Figure 6). Might Figure 4 be a surrogate for increasing dominance by major corporations of the major media and politics in the US? Bezruchka (2023) cites documentation claiming that even the wealthy in the US have lower life expectancy than their counterparts in other advanced industrial democracies. This happens in part because the ultra-wealthy in the US get exposed to more pathogens than their counterparts elsewhere. Graves and Samuelson (2022) noted that it is in everyone's best interest to help others with conditions that might be infectious to get competent medical assistance, because that reduces our risk of contracting their disease. See also Wilkinson and Pickett (2017).&lt;/ref&gt; To what extent might that increase in inequality be due to the structure of the major media?  

To what extent might you and I benefit from making it easier for millions of others to research different aspects of government policies including the &quot;adjustments&quot; in the US tax system embedded in the over 10 million words of US federal tax code and regulations documented with Figure 4 above, encouraging them to lobby the US Congress against the special favors granted to major political campaign contributors against the general welfare of everyone else? Everyone except possibly the beneficiaries of such political corruption would likely benefit from the news that helps concerned citizens lobby effectively against such corruption, even if we did not participate in such citizen lobbying efforts and were completely ignorant of them.

One possible measure of the impact of citizen-directed subsidies for local news nonprofits and noncommercial social media might be the evolution of the language used to describe poor people. Rose and Baumgartner (2013) reported an increase in the use of words like ''lazy'' and ''fraud'' to describe poor people in US media since 1960. Then in the 1980s, government spending on social services such as welfare were cut, presumably as a result. During the [[w:Great Depression|Great Depression]] with high [[w:unemployment#20th century|unemployment]], newspapers that described poor people negatively may have lost audience, creating the background level of usage against which the increase since 1960 was measured. That or similar [[w:text mining|text mining]] methodologies could be used in experimental and control groups to look for differences in how poor people are described in experimental vs. control jurisdictions and differences in public policies toward the poor.

== Media and war == 

:[[w:You've Got to Be Carefully Taught|''&quot;You've got to be taught to hate and fear. ... It's got to be drummed in your dear little ear.&quot;'']] 
::-- Lt. Cable in the [[w:South Pacific (musical)|1949 Rodgers and Hammerstein musical ''South Pacific'']].  

To what extent is it accurate to say 

* ''before anyone is killed in armed hostilities, the different parties to the conflict are polarized by the different media the different parties find credible?''&lt;ref&gt;The role of the media in war has long been recognized.  It is commonly said that the first casualty of war is truth. Knightley (2004, p. vii) credits Senator Hiram Johnson as saying in 1917, &quot;The first casualty when war comes is truth.&quot; However, the Wikiquote article on &quot;[[Wikiquote:Hiram Johnson|Hiram Johnson]]&quot; says this quote has been, &quot;Widely attributed to Johnson, but without any confirmed citations of original source. ... [T]he first recorded use seems to be by Philip Snowden.&quot; (accessed 2023-07-22.) Herman and Chomsky (1988, ch. 2) discuss &quot;worthy and unworthy victims&quot;: When &quot;our&quot; enemies kill someone, it's often an atrocity, proving how evil &quot;they&quot; are. When &quot;we&quot; do it, it's rarely reported, and when it is reported, it's portrayed as unfortunate but necessary. Herman and Chomsky contrasted, for example, the &quot;propaganda outburst by the mass media&quot; in the US of the murder of Father [[w:Jerzy Popiełuszko|Jerzy Popiełuszko]] by Polish authorities with the minimal coverage of comparable murders of priests in US client states in Latin America. Solomon (2023) provides many more and more recent examples. &quot;AFTER 9/11, U.S. MEDIA outlets kept amplifying rationales for an aggressive military response, with the traumatic events of September 11 assumed to be just cause&quot; (p. 4). And &quot;American outlets devoting the kind of news coverage of Russia's war in Ukraine that would have been unthinkable while reporting on U.S. warfare.&quot; (p. 33)&lt;/ref&gt; 

This might seem obvious, but how can we quantify political polarization in a way that allows us to (a) model its relationship with the severity of conflicts and (b) use it to evaluate the effectiveness of efforts to reduce polarization? 

The [[w:International Panel on the Information Environment|International Panel on the Information Environment]] (IPIE) is a consortium of over 250 global experts developing tools to combat political polarization driven by the structure of the Internet.&lt;ref&gt;e.g., National Acadamies (2023).&lt;/ref&gt; The US Institute of Peace (2016) discusses &quot;Tools for Improving Media Interventions in Conflict Zones&quot;. Previous research in this area was summarized by Arsenault et al. (2011). One such tool might be video games.&lt;ref&gt;Caelin (2016).&lt;/ref&gt;

We suggest experimenting with interventions designed to reduce political polarization with some of the smallest but most intense conflicts: Interventions that require money could be more effectively tested with smaller, high intensity conflicts. It might be easier to measure a reduction from a higher-intensity conflict. And a given budget applied to a smaller population would mean more money per capita, which might produce a larger effect. 

The [[w:Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project|Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project (ACLED)]] tracks politically relevant violent and nonviolent events by a range of state and non-state actors. Their data can help identify countries or geographic regions in conflict as entities to be [[w:Randomized controlled trial|assigned randomly to experimental and control groups]], whose comparison can provide high quality data to help evaluate the impact of any intervention. Might it be feasible to involve anti-war groups in the US in generating increased supply and demand for news regarding a random sample of places where the US is &quot;invisibly&quot; making war, according to Solomon (2023),&lt;ref&gt;Verschave (1998, 2000) similarly summarized French uses of force in Africa allegedly facilitated by media silence. ''[[w:Survie|Survie]]'' (Survival), an NGO he founded, might like to collaborate on similar experiments with media subsidies to raise the profile of a random sample of questionable foreign policy initiatives of the French government.&lt;/ref&gt; to see if that can change the dynamics enough to reduce the level and lethality in experimental vs. control conflicts? Initial experiments of this nature might be done with a modest budget by working with organizations advocating nonviolence and with religious groups to recruit diaspora communities to do things recommended by experts in IPIE while also lobbying governments for funding. (One non-financial obstacle to such experiments is the US Supreme Court decision in ''[[w:Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project|Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project]]'', which concluded that providing training to anyone designated as a &quot;terrorist&quot; by the US State Department is &quot;providing material support to terrorism&quot;, a crime under the US [[w:Patriot Act|Patriot Act]].)

Any success might be leveraged into changes in foreign and military policies to make the world safer for all, though it could also increase resistance from people who may believe they benefit from the turmoil and oppose conflict resolution, often clandestinely. 

Before discussing such experiments further, we consider a few case studies. 

=== Russo-Ukrainian War, the US Civil War, World War I === 

In the [[w:Russo-Ukrainian War|Russo-Ukrainian War]], Halimi and Rimbert (2023) describe &quot;Western media as cheerleaders for war&quot;. [[w:Joseph Stiglitz|Stiglitz]] (2002) noted this was a general phenomenon:  &quot;In periods of perceived conflict ... a combination of self-censorship and reader censorship may also undermine the ability of a supposedly free press to ensure democratic transparency and openness.&quot; Media organizations do not always do this solely to please their funders.  Reporters are killed&lt;ref&gt;Different lists of journalists killed for their work are maintained by the [[w:Committee to Protect Journalists|Committee to Protect Journalists]], (CPJ), [[w:Reporters Without Borders|Reporters without Borders]], and the [[w:International Federation of Journalists|International Federation of Journalists]].  CPJ has claimed that their numbers are typically lower, because their confirmation process may be more rigorous.  See Committee to Protect Journalists (undated) and the Wikipedia articles on &quot;[[w:Committee to Protect Journalists|Committee to Protect Journalists]]&quot;, &quot;[[w:Reporters Without Borders|Reporters without Borders]]&quot;, and the &quot;[[w:International Federation of Journalists|International Federation of Journalists]]&quot;, accessed 2023-07-11.&lt;/ref&gt; or jailed and news outlets closed to prevent them from disseminating information that people with power do not want distributed.  Early in the Civil War in the US (1861-1865), some newspapers in the North said the US should let the South secede, because that would be preferable to war.  Angry mobs destroyed some offices and printing presses.  One editor &quot;was forcibly taken from his house by an excited mob, ... covered with a coat of tar and feathers, and ridden on a rail through the town.&quot; Others changed their policies &quot;voluntarily&quot;, recognizing threats to their lives or property or to a loss of audience.&lt;ref&gt;Harris (1999, esp. p. 100).&lt;/ref&gt; 

Hochschild (2022) reported a substantial shift in the media ecology in the US following the approval of the [[w:Espionage Act of 1917|Espionage Act of 1917]]. That act gave the [[w:United States Postmaster General|Postmaster General]] the authority to declare as &quot;unmailable&quot; any publication that he decided might interfere with the armed forces of the US. He used this to effectively terminate many publications, because there was no other way to distribute publications nationally at that time (p. 61). The lack of broad discourse in the media allegedly amplified war hysteria, under which many people were persecuted, beaten, robbed, incarcerated, and even killed with impunity for peaceably assembling and petitioning for better wages and working conditions, or for speaking German. That media bias reportedly continued after the war to help major capitalists suppress labor organizers.

=== Stalin and Putin === 

[[File:Russian economic history 1860-2022.svg|thumb|Figure 7. Average annual income in Russia 1860-2022: Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita adjusted for inflation in thousands of 2011 dollars. The period of the Tsars includes Alexander II (1855-1881), Alexander III (1881-1894), and Nicholas II (1874-1917). The data came from the Maddison Project Database, version 2023, Bolt and van Zanden (2024), including Kuboniwa (2019), Gregory (1982), and Markevich and Harrison (2011).]]

A 2017 survey asked Russians to name 10 of the world’s most prominent personalities. The top two were [[w:Joseph Stalin|Joseph Stalin]] and [[w:Vladimir Putin|Vladimir Putin]] with 38% and 34%, respectively. When the study was redone in 2021, Putin had slipped from number 2 to number 5. Stalin still led with 39% followed by [[w:Vladimir Lenin|Vladimir Lenin]] with 30%, Poet [[w:Alexander Pushkin|Alexander Pushkin]] and tsar [[w:Peter the Great|Peter the Great]] with 23% and 19% each, then Putin with 15%.&lt;ref&gt;''Moscow Times'' (2021). ''Levada Center'' (2021).&lt;/ref&gt; 

It may be difficult for some people in the West to understand how Stalin and Putin could be so popular, given the way they have been typically described in the mainstream Western media.&lt;ref&gt;[[w:Joseph Stalin|Joseph Stalin]] got positive coverage in the Western media after Hitler invaded the USSR in [[w:Operation Barbarossa|Operation Barbarossa]], according to Service (2005, p. 452), who noted that Stalin was named [[w:Time Person of the Year|&quot;Man of the Year&quot;]] by ''Time'' magazine in 1942. Wesser (2021) reported that Stalin and Franklin Roosevelt got along very well, and Stalin hoped to continue peaceful coexistence and collaboration after the war; neither supported the continuation of British colonialism, for example. However, after Roosevelt died, anti-Communists led by Churchill and Truman reportedly ended that collaboration and initiated the Cold War.&lt;/ref&gt; However, this is relatively easy to understand just by looking at the accompanying plot (Figure 7) of average annual income in that part of the world between 1860 and 2022: Both Stalin and Putin inherited economies that had fallen dramatically in the previous years and had supervised dramatic improvements. Putin's decline between 2017 and 2021 may also be understood from this plot, because it shows how the dramatic growth that began around the time that Putin became acting President of Russia has slowed substantially since 2012.

=== Hitler ===

Fulda (2009) studied the co-evolution of newspapers and party politics in Germany, focusing primarily on Berlin, 1924-1933. During that period, the [[w:Nazi Party|Nazis (NSDAP, National Socialist German Workers' Party, Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei)]] grew from 2.6% of the votes for the [[w:Reichstag (Nazi Germany)|Reichstag (German parliament)]] in 1928 to 44% in 1933. Fulda described exaggerations in the tabloid press of an indecisive government incapable of managing either the economy or the increasing political violence, blamed excessively on Communists, and the potential for civil war. This turned the Nazis into an attractive choice for voters desperate for decisive action.&lt;ref&gt;Fulda (2009, Abstract plus ch. 6, &quot;War of Words: The Spectre of Civil War, 1931–2&quot;).&lt;/ref&gt; 

After the 1933 elections, the Reichstag passed the [[w:Enabling Act of 1933|Enabling Act of 1933]], which gave Hitler's cabinet the right to enact laws without the consent of parliament.&lt;ref&gt;An anonymous referee suggested this could happen in the US: What might happen if the Congress passed a similar Enabling Act declaring a state of emergency? On 2024-07-01 the US Supreme Court dismissed a lower court rejection of former President Trump's claim of immunity from federal criminal charges involving his efforts to undo his 2020 election loss to Joe Biden. The Supreme Court majority insisted that the President needs broad powers for official acts. The dissenting minority insisted that the court's majority has effectively said that a President could order Seal Team Six to assassinate a political rival. Might canceling future elections or turning them into complete shams be similarly ruled as &quot;official acts&quot;? Might the only restraint be impeachment, which might not happen if the President's party controlled over half of the House or a third of the Senate? See, e.g., Deliso (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; The Nazis then began full censorship of the newspapers, physically beating, imprisoning and in some cases killing journalists, as the leading publishers acquiesced. The primary sources of news during that period were newspapers; radio was relatively new in Germany and carried very little news. Many newspapers were [[w:Tabloid journalism|tabloids]], interested in either making money or promoting a party line with minimal regard for fact checking. A big loser in this was the right‐wing press magnate [[w:Alfred Hugenberg|Alfred Hugenberg]], whose political mismanagement led to the substantial demise of his [[w:German National People's Party|German National People's Party (Deutschnationale Volkspartei, DNVP)]], mostly benefitting Hitler.&lt;ref&gt;Fulda (2009).&lt;/ref&gt; 

This suggests the need for a [[w:Counterfactual history|counterfactual analysis of this period]], asking what kinds of changes in the structure of the media ecology might have prevented the rise of the Nazis? In particular, to what extent might a more diverse local news environment supported by citizen-directed subsidies as suggested herein have reduced the risk of a demise of democracy? And might some sort of [[w:Fairness Doctrine|fairness doctrine]] have helped?&lt;ref name=fairness&gt;Wikipedia &quot;[[w:Fairness doctrine|fairness doctrine]]&quot;, accessed 2023-07-21.&lt;/ref&gt; And how might different rules for distributing different levels of funding to local news outlets impact the level of democratization? (Threats to democracy include legislation like the German Enabling Act of 1933 and other situations that allow an executive to successfully ignore the will of an otherwise democratic legislature, a [[w:self-coup|self-coup]], as well as a military coup.)

=== Iraq and the Islamic State ===

[[w:Fall of Mosul|In 2014 in Mosul, two Iraqi army divisions totaling 30,000 and another 30,000 federal police]] were overwhelmed in six days by roughly 1,500 committed Jihadists, according to some accounts. Four months later, ''Reuters'' reported that, &quot;there were supposed to be close to 25,000 soldiers and police in the city; the reality ... was at best 10,000.&quot; Many of the missing 15,000 were &quot;ghost soldiers&quot; kicking back half their salaries to their officers. Also, &quot;[i]nfantry, armor and tanks had been shifted to Anbar, where more than 6,000 soldiers had been killed and another 12,000 had deserted.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Parker et al. (2014).&lt;/ref&gt; 

To what extent might the political corruption and low morale documented in that ''Reuters'' report have been allowed to grow to that magnitude if Iraq had had a vigorous adversarial press, as discussed in this article? Instead, Paul Bremer, who was appointed as the [[w:Paul Bremer#Provisional coalition administrator of Iraq|Provisional coalition administrator of Iraq]] just over a week after President George W. Bush's [[w:Mission Accomplished speech|Mission Accomplished speech]] of 2003-05-01, imposed strict press censorship.&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2010, p. 242).&lt;/ref&gt; McChesney and Nichols contrasted this with General Eisenhower, who &quot;called in German reporters [after the official surrender of Nazi Germany in WW II] and told them he wanted a free press. If he made decisions that they disagreed with, he wanted them to say so in print.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2010, Appendix II. Ike, MacArthur and the Forging of Free and Independent Press, pp. 241-254).&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Israel-Palestine ===

:''Those who make peaceful revolution impossible will make violent revolution inevitable.''
::-- John F. Kennedy (1962)

To what extent is the [[w:Israeli–Palestinian conflict|Israeli–Palestinian conflict]] driven by differences in the media consumed by the different parties to that conflict? 

* To what extent are the supporters of Israel aware of violent acts committed by Palestinians but are ''unaware'' of the actions by Israelis that may have motivated those violent acts? 
* Similarly, to what extent are the supporters of Palestinians unaware of how Palestinian violence, even throwing rocks, may have reinforced long-standing fears among supporters of Israel and contributed to the repression the Palestinians have experienced? 

To what extent are these differences in perceptions between supporters of Israel and supporters of Palestinians driven by differences in the media each find credible? 

What can be done to bridge these gaps?  

[[w:Gene Sharp|Gene Sharp]], [[w:Mubarak Awad|Mubarak Awad]], and other supporters of [[w:nonviolence|nonviolence]] have suggested that when nonviolent direct action works, it does so by exposing a gap between the rhetoric [supported by the major media] and the reality of their opposition. Over time, this gap erodes ''pillars of support'' of the opposition. One example was the nonviolence of the [[w:First Intifada|First Intifada]] (1987-1993), which were protests against &quot;beatings, shootings, killings, house demolitions, uprooting of trees, deportations, extended imprisonments, and detentions without trial.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ackerman and DuVall (2000, p. 407).&lt;/ref&gt; During that campaign, Israel got substantial negative international press for mistreating nonviolent protesters, killing some, breaking bones of others. Several thousand Israeli military refused to serve in the occupied territories. A hundred were court-martialed and imprisoned. [[w:Yitzhak Rabin|Yitzhak Rabin]], Israeli Defense Minister when the Intifada began, reportedly felt that the large number of military refusing to follow orders was threatening the ability of the Israeli Defense Forces to function. He resigned as Defense Minister and ran for Prime Minister on a platform of negotiating with Palestinians. His victory and subsequent negotiations led to the [[w:Oslo Accords|Oslo Accords]] and the joint recognition of each other by the states of Israel and [[w:State of Palestine|Palestine]]. The West Bank and Gaza have continued under Israeli occupation since then with some services provided by the official government of Palestine.&lt;ref&gt;More detail on the First Intifada including more references is available in the Wikiversity article on &quot;[[How might the world be different if the PLO had followed Gandhi?]]&quot;, accessed 2024-06-23.&lt;/ref&gt; 

During the Intifada, Israel tried to infiltrate the protesters with ''[[w:agent provocateur|agents provocateurs]]'' in Palestinian garb. They were exposed and neutralized until Israel deported 481 people and imprisoned tens of thousands of others suspected of organizing the nonviolence.&lt;ref&gt;Different sources say different things regarding the numbers incarcerated. López-Ibor et al. (2005, p. 231) said, &quot;Approximately 57,000 Palestinians were arrested, many of whom were subjected to systematic physical and psychological torture.&quot; Neff (1997) said, &quot;All told during the six-year uprising, 120,000 Palestinians were arrested and spent varying amounts of time in inhospitable Israeli jails.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Finally, they got the violence needed to justify a massively violent repression of the Intifada.&lt;ref&gt;King (2007).&lt;/ref&gt;

The general thrust of this current analysis suggests a two pronged intervention to reduce the risk of a continuation of the violence that has marked Israel-Palestine since at least 1948: 
# Offer nonviolence training to all Palestininans, Israelis and supporters of either interested in the topic. This is the opposite of the policies Israel pursued during the First Intifada, at least according to the references cited in this discussion of that campaign.&lt;ref&gt;It also is the opposite of the decision of the US Supreme Court in ''[[w:Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project|Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project]]'', which ruled that teaching nonviolence to someone designated as a terrorist was a crime under the [[w:Patriot Act|Patriot Act]], as it provided &quot;material support to&quot; a foreign terrorist organization.&lt;/ref&gt;
# Provide citizen-direct subsidies to local news nonprofits in the West Bank and Gaza at, e.g., 0.15% of GDP, as recommended by McChesney and Nichols, cited above and discussed further below. 

How can we evaluate the budget required for such an experiment? The nominal GDP of the [[w:State of Palestine|State of Palestine]] in 2021 was estimated at $18 billion; 0.15% of that is $27 million. Add 10% for research to get $30 million per year. That ''annual'' cost for the media component of this proposed intervention is 12% of the billion Israeli shekels ($246 million) that the Gaza war was costing Israel ''each day'' in the early days of the [[w:Israel-Hamas war|Israel-Hamas war]], according to the Israeli Finance Minister on 2023-10-25.&lt;ref&gt;Reuters (2023).&lt;/ref&gt; As this is being written, that war has continued for over 100 days. If the average daily cost of that war to Israel during that period has been $246 million, then that war will have already cost Israel over $24.6 billion. And that does not count the loss of lives and the destruction of property. 

How much would training in nonviolence cost? That question would require more research, but if it were effective, the budget would seem to be quite modest compared to the cost of war, even if it were several times the budget for citizen-directed subsidies for local news in Palestine as just suggested.

== The decline of newspapers == 

[[File:Newspapers as a percent of US GDP.svg|thumb|Figure 8.  US newspaper revenue 1955-2020 as a percent of GDP.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;USnewspapers&quot; dataset in Croissant and Graves (2022).&lt;/ref&gt;]]

McChesney and Nichols (2022) noted that US newspaper revenue as a percent of GDP fell from over 1% in 1956 to less than 0.1% in 2020;  see Figure 8.  Abernathy (2020) noted that the US lost more than half of all newspaper journalists between 2008 and 2018.&lt;ref&gt;Abernathy (2020, p. 22).&lt;/ref&gt; A quarter of US newspapers closed between 2004 and 2020,&lt;ref&gt;Abernathy (2020, p. 21). [[w:Facebook|Facebook]] was founded in 2004.&lt;/ref&gt; and many that still survive are publishing less, creating &quot;news deserts&quot; and &quot;ghost newspapers&quot;, some with no local journalists on staff.&lt;ref&gt;Abernathy (2020) documented the problem of increasing &quot;news deserts and ghost newspapers&quot; in the US. A local jurisdiction without a local news outlet has been called a &quot;news desert&quot;.  She uses the term &quot;ghost newspapers&quot; to describe outlets &quot;with depleted newsrooms that are only a shadow of their former selves.&quot;  Some “ghost newspapers” continue to publish with zero local journalists, produced by reporters and editors that don't live there. One example is the ''Salinas Californian'', a 125-year-old newspaper in Salinas, California, which lost its last paid journalist 2022-12, according to the ''Los Angeles Times'' (2023).  They continue to publish, though &quot;The only original content from Salinas comes in the form of paid obituaries, making death virtually the only sign of life at an institution once considered a must-read by many Salinans.&quot; A leading profiteer in this downward spiral is reportedly [[w:hedge fund|hedge fund]] [[w:Alden Global Capital|Alden Global Capital]].  Threisman (2021) reported that, &quot;When this hedge fund buys local newspapers, democracy suffers&quot;.  And Benton (2021) said, &quot;The vulture is hungry again: Alden Global Capital wants to buy a few hundred more newspapers&quot;. Hightower (2023) describes two organizations fighting this trend.  One is National Trust for Local News, a nonprofit that recently bought several local papers and &quot;is turning each publication over to local non-profit owners and helping them find ways to become sustainable.&quot; The other is [[w:CherryRoad Media|CherryRoad Media]], which &quot;bought 77 rural papers in 17 states, most from the predatory Gannett conglomerate that wanted to dump them&quot;, and is working to &quot;return editorial decision-making to local people and journalists ... and ... reinvest profits in real local journalism that advances democracy.&quot; News outlets acquired by something like the National Trust for Local News should be eligible for citizen-directed subsidies for local news, as discussed below, after their ownership was officially transferred to local humans.  Outlets acquired by organizations like CheeryRoad Media would not be eligible as long as they remained subsidiaries.&lt;/ref&gt; 

The concerning trend documented by Abernathy continues. The Fall 2023 issue of ''Columbia Journalism Review'' reported that 2023 &quot;has become media’s worst year on record for job losses&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Columbia Journalism Review'' (2023).&lt;/ref&gt; Substantial advertising revenue has shifted to the &quot;click economy&quot;, where advertisers pay for clicks, especially on social media.&lt;ref&gt;Carter (2021).&lt;/ref&gt;

Newspapers in other parts of the world have also experienced substantial declines in revenue. Some legislative bodies have attempted to tax Internet companies to replace some of the ad revenue lost by newspapers. In 2013 German law was changed to include &quot;[[w:Ancillary copyright for press publishers|Ancillary copyright for press publishers]]&quot;, also called a &quot;link tax&quot;. However, this law was declared invalid in 2019 by the European Court of Justice (ECJ), because it had ''not'' been submitted in advance to the [[w:European Commission|EU Commission]], as required.&lt;ref&gt;Kannenberg (2019).&lt;/ref&gt; Before that ECJ decision, Google had removed newspapers from Google News in Germany. German publishers then reached an agreement with Google after traffic to their websites plummeted.&lt;ref&gt;Rushe (2014).&lt;/ref&gt; Building on that and similar experience in Spain, in 2019 the European Union adopted a [[w:Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market|Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market]].&lt;ref&gt;An extensive discussion of this citing many sources appears in the Wikipedia article on &quot;[[w:Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market|Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market]]&quot;, accessed 2024-05-12.&lt;/ref&gt; A similar link tax proposal in Canada led [[w:Meta|Meta]], the parent company of Facebook, to withdraw news from Canada, and Google agreed to 'pay about $100 million a year into a new fund to support &quot;news&quot;' in Canada. As of 2023-11-30, California was still considering a link tax.&lt;ref&gt;Doctor (2023).&lt;/ref&gt;

In Germany, Flößer (2024) found that the right-wing populist, political party in Germany, [[w:Alternative for Germany|Alternative for Germany]] (Alternative für Deutschland, AfD), did ''better'' in places with no local newspaper.

== Threats from social media == 

The growth of social media has been wonderful and terrible.  It has been wonderful in making it easier for people to maintain friendships and family ties across distances.&lt;ref&gt;Friedland (2017) noted that the Internet works well at the global level, helping people get information from any place in the world, and at the micro level, e.g., with Facebook helping people with similar diseases find one another.  It does not work well at the '“meso level arenas of communication” in the middle.  They're not big enough to aggregate all the scale that goes into creating a worldwide web or even a Wikipedia.' See also Lloyd and Friedland (2016).&lt;/ref&gt; 

But it has also been terrible as  &quot;antisocial media&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Vaidhyanathan (2018).&lt;/ref&gt; have been implicated in the relatively recent rise in dysfunctional and counterproductive political polarization and violence. Ding et al. (2023) document, &quot;Same words, different meanings&quot; in their use by [[w:CNN|CNN]] and [[w:Fox News|Fox News]] and how that has interacted with word usage on Twitter between 2010 and 2020 to increase political polarization, &quot;impeding rather than supporting online democratic discourse.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;See also Ashburn (2023).&lt;/ref&gt; 

Extreme examples of this increase have included violent efforts to prevent peaceful transitions of power in the US&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia &quot;[[w:January 6 United States Capitol attack|January 6 United States Capitol attack]]&quot;, accessed 2023-05-09.&lt;/ref&gt; and Brazil.&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia &quot;[[w:2023 Brazilian Congress attack|2023 Brazilian Congress attack]]&quot;, accessed 2023-05-09.&lt;/ref&gt; These changes even threaten the national security of the US and its allies,&lt;ref&gt;McMaster (2020). Zuboff (2019) noted that data on many aspects of ordinary daily life are captured and used by people with power for various purposes.  For example, data on people's locations captured from their mobile phones are used to try to sell them goods and services.  Data on a child playing with a smart Barbie doll are used to inculcate shopping habits in child and caregiver.  If you are late on a car payment, your keys can be deactivated until a tow truck can arrive to haul it away.  To what extent do the major media today have conflicts of interest in honestly reporting on this?  How might the experiments proposed herein impact the commercial calculus of major media and the political economy more generally?&lt;/ref&gt; according to [[w:H. R. McMaster|H. R. McMaster]],&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia &quot;[[w:H. R. McMaster|H. R. McMaster]]&quot;, accessed 2023-05-09.&lt;/ref&gt; President Trump's second national security advisor. 

Various responses to these concerns have been suggested, beyond the recommendations of McChesney and Nichols.  These include the following:&lt;ref&gt;See also the section on &quot;[[International Conflict Observatory#Suggested responses to these concerns|Suggested responses to these concerns]]&quot; in the Wikiversity article on &quot;[[International Conflict Observatory]]&quot;, accessed 2024-06-23.&lt;/ref&gt;:

* Make internet companies liable for defamation in advertisements, similar to print media and broadcasting.&lt;ref&gt;See Baker (2020, 2023b) and the Wikiversity article on &quot;[[Dean Baker on unrigging the media and the economy]], accessed 2023-07-26.&lt;/ref&gt;  
* Tax advertising revenue received by large internet companies and use that to fund more local media.&lt;ref&gt;Karr and Aaron (2019).&lt;/ref&gt; 
* Replace advertising as the source of funding for social media with subscriptions.&lt;ref&gt;Frank (2021) wrote, &quot;[D]igital aggregators like Facebook ... make money not by charging for access to content but by displaying it with finely targeted ads based on the specific types of things people have already chosen to view. If the conscious intent were to undermine social and political stability, this business model could hardly be a more effective weapon. ... [P]olicymakers’ traditional hands-off posture is no longer defensible.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; 

To these suggestions, we add the following:  

* Allow some of but not all citizen-directed subsidies for news to go to social media outlets, especially ones that replace the &quot;Like&quot; button with something that encourages users to, e.g., &quot;Think before you share&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;DiResta (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; This is discussed further below. 
* Require all organizations whose income depends on promoting or &quot;boosting&quot; content, whether in advertisements or &quot;underwriting spots&quot; or [[w:clickbait|clickbait]], to provide copies of the ads, underwriting spots and clickbait to a central repository like the [[w:Internet Archive|Internet Archive]].  
* Use advertising to discuss overconfidence and encourage people to talk politics with humility and respect, recognizing that the primary differences they have with others may be the media they consume.&lt;ref&gt;For studies of ad campaigns in other contexts, see Piwowarski et al. (2019) and Tom-Yov (2018), cited above in discussing &quot;Reducing political polarization&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== How to counter political polarization ==

:''&quot;Never attribute to malice or stupidity that which can be explained by moderately rational individuals following [[w:incentive|incentive]]s in a [[w:complex system|complex system]].&quot;''
::-- Hubbard's corollary to [[w:Hanlon's razor|Hanlon's razor]].&lt;ref&gt;Hubbard (2020, pp. 81-82).&lt;/ref&gt;

More research is needed on how to counter the relatively recent increases in political polarization. For example, might some form of [[w:Fairness doctrine|fairness doctrine]]&lt;ref name=fairness/&gt; help reduce political polarization? [[w:Fairness doctrine#Opposition|Conservative leaders in the US are vehemently opposed]], insisting it would be an attack on First Amendment rights. However, as noted above, the tabloid media of Germany reportedly contributed to Hitler's rise to power between 1924 and 1933. How is the increase in political polarization since 1987 and 2004 different from the disregard for fairness of the news media that helped bring Hitler to power?&lt;ref&gt;[[w:Facebook|Facebook]] was founded in 2004.&lt;/ref&gt; Shouldn't conservatives and liberals be able to negotiate a fairness doctrine that targets unfair liberal media as well as unfair conservative media?

One example: The lawsuit ''[[w:Dominion Voting Systems v. Fox News Network|Dominion Voting Systems v. Fox News Network]]'' was settled with Fox agreeing to pay Dominion $787.5 million while acknowledging that Fox had knowingly and intentionally made false and defamatory statements about Dominion to avoid losing audience to media outlets that continued to claim fraudulently that Donald Trump not Joe Biden had won the 2020 US presidential election. ''The settlement permitted Fox to avoid apologizing publicly'',&lt;ref&gt;Cohen and Darcy (2023).&lt;/ref&gt; which could have threatened their audience share. That settlement was less than 6% of Fox's 2022 revenue of $14 billion.&lt;ref&gt;Brown and Carey (2022).&lt;/ref&gt; Evidently, ''if that decision made a difference of 6% in their audience ratings, Fox made money from defaming Dominion even after paying them $787.5 million.'' If so, it was a good business decision, especially since they did not have to publicly apologize. Fraud can be good business. Media executives could be fired if they lost money trying to protect democracy. 

To what extent did Fox's lies about Dominion contribute to the [[w:January 6 United States Capitol attack|mob attacks on the US Capitol on January 6, 2021]], trying to prevent the US Congress from officially declaring that Joe Biden had won the 2020 elections? Experiments such as those proposed in this article would obviously not provide unequivocal answers to these specific questions, but they could help us understand the phenomena with quantified imprecision. Such results could help build a consensus for reforms that show a high probability of reducing the threats of political violence and increasing the prospects for broadly shared peace and prosperity for the long term.

== McChesney and Nichols' Local Journalism Initiative ==

As noted above, McChesney and Nichols (2021, 2022) propose a &quot;Local Journalism Initiative&quot;, distributing 0.15% of GDP to local news nonprofits via local elections.  They based this partly on their earlier work suggesting that subsidies for newspapers in the US in 1840 was around 0.2% of GDP.&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2010, 2016).&lt;/ref&gt;

=== McChesney and Nichols' eligibility criteria === 

To be eligible, McChesney and Nichols say the recipient of such funds should satisfy the following:&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2021, 2022).  They also suggest having the US Postal Service administer this with elections every three years.&lt;/ref&gt; 
* Be a local nonprofit with at least six months of history, so voters could know their work.  
* Be locally based with at least 75% of salaries going to local residents.  
* Be completely independent, not a subsidiary of a larger organization.
* Produce and publish original material at least five days per week on their website for free, explicitly in the public domain. 
* Each voter is asked to vote for at least three different local news outlets to support diversity. 
* No single news outlet should get more than 25% of that jurisdiction's annual budget for local news subsidies.  
* Each recipient of these subsidies should get at least 1% of the vote to qualify, or 0.5% of the vote in political jurisdictions with over 1 million people. Diversity and competition are crucial.  
* There will be no content monitoring:  Government bureaucrats will not be allowed to decide what is &quot;good journalism&quot;.  That's up to the voters.  
* Voting would be limited to those 18 years and older.  

=== Alternatives === 

Some aspects of this might be relaxed for at least some political jurisdictions included in an experiment.  For example, might it be appropriate to allow for-profit news outlets to compete for these subsidies as long as they meet the other criteria?&lt;ref&gt;Kaiser (2021) noted that nonprofits in the US cannot endorse political candidates and are limited in how they can get involved in debates on political issues.  Do restrictions like these contribute to the general welfare?  Or might the public interest be better served with citizen-directed subsidies for media that might be more partisan?  This is one more question that might be answered by appropriate experimentation.&lt;/ref&gt; However, we prefer to retain the rules requiring recipients to be local and completely independent, at least for many experimental jurisdictions.&lt;ref&gt;Various contributors to Islam et al., eds. (2002) raised questions about concentrations of power in large media organizations, especially Herman (2002).  Djankov et al. (2002) found that &quot;Government ownership of the media is detrimental to economic, political, and-most strikingly-social outcomes&quot;, including education and health.&lt;/ref&gt; If citizen-directed subsidies for local news go to for-profit organizations, to what extent should their finances be transparent, e.g., otherwise complying with rules like those for [[w:501(c)(3) organization|501(c)(3) nonprofits]] in the US? Might it also be appropriate to allow some portion of these funds to be distributed to noncommercial ''social media'' outlets that submitted, e.g., ads, underwriting, and click bait to a public, searchable database like the [[w:Internet Archive|Internet Archive]]?   

News written by people paid with these subsidies should be available under a free license like Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike (CC BY-SA) 4.0 international license but not necessarily in the public domain:  Other media outlets should be free to further disseminate the news while giving credit to the organization that produced it.   

Many countries have some form of [[w:community radio|community radio]].  Some of those radio stations include what they call news and / or public affairs, and some of those are made available as podcasts via the Internet.&lt;ref&gt;In the US, many of these stations collaborate via organizations such as the [[w:National Federation of Community Broadcasters|National Federation of Community Broadcasters]], the [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates#Radio Stations#Affiliates|Pacifica Network Affiliates]], and the [[w:Grassroots Radio Coalition|Grassroots Radio Coalition]]. One such station with regular local news produced by volunteers in [[w:KBOO|KBOO]] in [[w:Portland, Oregon|Portland, Oregon]]; see Loving (2019).&lt;/ref&gt; If their &quot;news &amp; public affairs&quot; programs are subsequently posted to a website as podcasts, preferably accompanied by some text if not complete transcripts, under a license no more restrictive than CC BY-SA, that should make them eligible for subsidies under the criteria mentioned above if they add at least one new podcast of that nature five days per week.  If the programming of this nature that they produce is ''not'' available on the web under an appropriate license, part of any experiments as discussed here might include offers to help such radio stations become eligible.  

Might it be wise to allow children to vote for news organizations they like?  Ryan Sorrell, founder and publisher of the ''[[w:Kansas City Defender|Kansas City Defender]]'', insists that, &quot;young people ... are very interested in news. It just has to be produced and packaged the right way for them to be interested in consuming it&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Holmes (2022).&lt;/ref&gt; The French-language [[:fr:w:Topo (revue)|''Topo'']] presents news and complex issues in comic strip format. Their co-editor in chief insists, &quot;there are plenty of ways to get young people interested in current affairs&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Biehlmann (2023).&lt;/ref&gt; Might allowing children to vote for news outlets increase their interest in learning and in civic engagement among both children and their caregivers? Might this translate into increased civic engagement ''after'' they become eligible to vote as adults, leading to reductions in political corruption and improvements in government long term? Should this be tested in some experimental jurisdictions?&lt;ref&gt;We may not want infants who cannot read a simple children's book to vote for &quot;news&quot;, but if they can read the names of eligible local news outlets on a ballot, why not encourage them to vote?  As Roumeen Islam wrote in 2002, &quot;erring on the side of more freedom rather than less would appear to cause less harm.&quot; (World Bank, 2002, pp. 21-22; 33-34/336 in pdf).&lt;/ref&gt;

Some of the money may go to media outlets that seem wacko to many voters.  However, how different might that be from the current situation? Most importantly, if these subsidies have the effect that Tocqueville reported from 1831, they should be good for democracy and for broadly shared peace and prosperity for the long term:  They could stimulate public debate, and wacko media might have ''less'' power than they currently do, with &quot;each separate journal exercis[ing] but little authority; but the power of the periodical press [being] second only to that of the people.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Tocqueville (1835; 2001, p. 94).&lt;/ref&gt; 

Tocqueville's comparison of newspapers in France and the US in 1831 is echoed in Cagé's (2022) concern about &quot;the Fox News effect&quot; in the US and that of Bolloré in France.  She cites research claiming that biases in Fox News made major contributions to electing Republicans in the US since 2000.&lt;ref&gt;Cagé (2022, pp. 21-22, 59-60).  She cited DellaVigna and Kaplan (2007), who reported that Fox News had introduced cable programming into 20% of towns in the US between 1996 and 2000.  They found that the presence of Fox increased the vote share for Republicans between 0.4 and 0.7 percentage points over neighboring non-Fox towns that seemed otherwise indistinguishable.  In 2000 Fox News was available in roughly 35% of households, which suggests that Fox News shifted the nationwide vote tally by between 0.15 and 0.2 percentage points.  They conclude that this shift was small but likely decisive in the close 2000 US presidential election.&lt;/ref&gt; These shifts, including changes by the conservative-leaning broadcasting company, Sinclair Broadcast Group, reportedly made a substantive contribution to the election of [[w:Donald Trump|Donald Trump]] as US President in 2016, while a comparable estimate of the impact of changes in MSNBC &quot;is an imprecise zero.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Cagé (2022, pp. 21-22).  Miho (2022) analyzes the timing of the introduction of biased programming by the conservative-leaning broadcasting company, Sinclair Broadcast Group, between 1992 and 2020, comparing counties in the US with and without a Sinclair station.  This work estimates a 2.5 percentage point increase in the Republican vote share during the 2012 US presidential election and double that during the 2016 and 2020 presidential elections with comparable increases in Republican representation in the US Congress.&lt;/ref&gt; In France, she provides documentation claiming that the media empire of French billionaire [[w:Vincent Bolloré|Vincent Bolloré]] has made a major contribution to the rise of far-right politician [[w:Éric Zemmour|Éric Zemmour]] and is buying media in Spain.&lt;ref&gt;Cagé (2022, pp. 24, 60).&lt;/ref&gt; The pattern is simple:  Fire journalists and replace them with talk shows, which are cheaper to produce and are popular, evidently exploiting [[w:confirmation bias|confirmation bias]] and the [[w:overconfidence effect|overconfidence effect]], as discussed above.  

To what extent is the increase in political polarization since 1987&lt;ref name=fairness/&gt; and 2004&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia &quot;[[w:Facebook|Facebook]]&quot;, accessed 2023-07-21.&lt;/ref&gt; due to increased concentration of ownership of both traditional and social media (and how those organizations make money selling changes in audience behaviors to the people who give them money)? To the extent that this increase in polarization has been driven by those changes in the media, citizen-directed subsidies for diverse news should reverse that trend. This hypothesis can be tested by experiments like those proposed herein.

== Roadmap for local news == 

Green et al. (2023) describe &quot;an emerging approach to meeting civic information needs&quot; in a &quot;Roadmap for local news&quot;. This report insists that society needs &quot;civic information&quot;, not merely &quot;news&quot;. It summarizes interviews with 51 leaders from nonprofit and commercial media across all forms of distribution (print, radio, broadcast, digital, SMS) in member organizations, news networks, news funders and researchers. They say that, &quot;Rampant disinformation is being weaponized by extremists&quot;, and &quot;Democratic participation and representation are under threat.&quot; They recommend four strategies to address &quot;this escalating information crisis&quot;: 

# Coordinate work around the goal of expanding “civic information,” not saving the news business;
# Directly invest in the production of civic information;
# Invest in shared services to sustain new and emerging civic information networks; and
# Cultivate and pass public policies that support the expansion of civic information while maintaining editorial independence. 

Part of the motivation for this article on &quot;Information is a public good&quot; is the belief that solid research on the value of such interventions should both (a) make it easier to get the funding needed, and (b) help direct the funding to interventions that seem to make the maximum contributions to improving broadly shared peace and prosperity for the long term at minimum cost.

== Budgets for experiments == 

What factors should be considered in evaluating budgets for experiments to estimate the impact of citizen-directed subsidies for news?   

[[File:Advertising as a percent of Gross Domestic Product in the United States.svg|thumb|Figure 9.  Advertising as a percent of Gross Domestic Product in the United States, 1919 to 2007.&lt;ref name=ads&gt;Galbi (2008).&lt;/ref&gt;]]  

Rolnik et al. (2019) suggested that $50 per adult, roughly 0.06% of US GDP, might be enough.  However, that's a pittance compared to the revenue lost by newspapers in the US since 1955, as documented in Figure 8 above.  It's also a pittance compared to the money spent on advertising (see Figure 9):  Can we really expect local media funded with only 0.06% or 0.15% of GDP to compete with media funded by 2% of GDP?  Maybe, but that's far from obvious.  

Might it be prudent to fund local journalism in some experimental jurisdictions at levels exceeding the money spent on advertising, i.e., at roughly 2% of GDP or more?  If information is a public good, as suggested by the research summarized here, then such high subsidies would be needed in some experimental jurisdictions, because the maximum of anything (including net benefits = benefits minus costs) cannot be confidently identified without conducting some experiments ''beyond the point of diminishing returns''.&lt;ref&gt;A parabola can be estimated from three distinct points.  However, in fitting a parabola or any other mathematical model to empirical data, one can never know if an empirical phenomenon has been adequately modeled and a maximum adequately located without data near the maximum and on both sides of it (unless the maximum is at a boundary, e.g., 0).  See, e.g., Box and Draper (2007).&lt;/ref&gt;  

[[File:AccountantsAuditorsUS.svg|thumb|Figure 10.  Accountants and auditors as a percent of the US workforce.&lt;ref name=actg&gt;Accountants and auditors as a percent of US households, 1850 - 2016, using the OCC1950 occupation codes in a sample of households available from from the [[w:IPUMS|Integrated Public Use Microdata Series at the University of Minnesota (IPUMS)]].  For more detail see the &quot;AccountantsAuditorsPct&quot; data set in the &quot;Ecdat&quot; package and the &quot;AccountantsAuditorsPct&quot; vignette in the &quot;Ecfun&quot; package available from within the [[w:R (programming language)|R (programming language)]] using 'install.packages(&quot;Ecdat&quot;)'.&lt;/ref&gt;]] 

Also, news might serve a roughly comparable function to accounting and auditing, as both help reduce losses due to incompetence, malfeasance and fraud.  Two points on this:  

# CONTROL FRAUDS:  Black (2013) noted that many heads of organizations can find accountants and auditors willing to certify accounting reports they know to be fraudulent.&lt;ref&gt;Kim et al. (2021) documented how newspaper closures make it harder for the public and investors to get information about fraud, future stock crash risks and the risks of other [[w:Agent (economics)|agency]] problems.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, on 2024-05-03 [[w:BF Borgers|BF Borgers]] and its owner, Benjamin Borgers, agreed to pay a $14 million fine and stop working as an accountant for having committed “massive” fraud in more than 1,500 SEC filings involving over 500 public companies, including Former President Trump's Truth Social.&lt;ref&gt;Egan (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; Black calls such executives &quot;control frauds.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Black (2013).&lt;/ref&gt; Primary protections against these kinds of problems are vigorous, independent journalists and more money spent on independent evaluations beyond the control of such executives.  In this regard, we note two major differences between the [[w:Savings and loan crisis|Savings &amp; Loan scandal]] of the late 1980s and early 1990s&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia &quot;[[w:Savings and loan crisis|Savings and loan crisis]]&quot;, accessed 2023-06-25.&lt;/ref&gt; and the [[w:2007–2008 financial crisis|international financial crisis of 2007-2008]]:&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia &quot;[[w:2007–2008 financial crisis|2007–2008 financial crisis]]&quot;, accessed 2023-06-25.&lt;/ref&gt; First the major banks by 2007 were much bigger and controlled much larger advertising budgets than the Saving &amp; Loan industry did 15-20 years earlier.  This gave major media a much bigger conflict of interest in honestly reporting on questionable activities of these major accounts. Second, major banks had made substantial political campaign contributions to much larger portions of both the US House and Senate. Might the larger campaign contributions have been as effective if the major media had not had such conflicts of interest? To what extent might this corrosive impact be estimated in experimental polities? 
# ADEQUATE RESEARCH OF OUTCOMES:  Many nonprofits and governmental agencies officially have outcome measures, but many of those measures tend to be relatively superficial like the number of people served.  It's much harder to evaluate the actual benefits to the people served and to society.  For example, the [[w:HighScope|Perry Preschool]]&lt;ref&gt;Schweinhart et al. (2005).  See also Wikipedia &quot;[[w:HighScope|HighScope]]&quot;, accessed 2023-06-15. &lt;/ref&gt; and [[w:Abecedarian Early Intervention Project|Abecedarian]]&lt;ref&gt;e.g., Sparling and Meunier (2019).  See also Wikipedia &quot;[[w:Abecedarian Early Intervention Project|Abecedarian Early Intervention Project]]&quot;, accessed 2023-06-25.&lt;/ref&gt; programs divided poor children and caregivers into experimental and control groups and followed them for decades to establish that their interventions were enormously effective.&lt;ref name=Heckman&gt;For more recent research on the economic value of high quality programs for early childhood development, see, e.g., &lt;!-- &quot;The Heckman Equation&quot; website (heckmanequation.org)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q121010808}}, accessed 2023-07-29.&lt;/ref&gt; Meanwhile, US President Lyndon Johnson's [[w:Great Society|Great Society]] programs,&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia &quot;[[w:Great Society|Great Society]]&quot;, accessed 2023-07-11.&lt;/ref&gt; and [[w:Head Start (program)|Head Start]] in particular, did not invest as heavily in research.  That lack of documentation of results made them relatively easy targets for political opponents claiming that government is the problem, not the solution. These counter arguments were popularized by US President Ronald Reagan and UK Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher to justify reducing or eliminating government funds for many such programs. Banerjee and Duflo (2019) summarized relevant research in this area by saying that the programs were not the disaster that Reagan, Thatcher, and others claimed, but they were also not as efficient and effective as they could have been, because many local implementations were underfunded, poorly managed and poorly evaluated.   Bedasso (2021) analyzed World Bank projects completed from 2009 to 2020, concluding that high quality monitoring and evaluation on average made a major contribution to the positive results from the successful projects studied.&lt;ref&gt;See also Raimondo (2016).&lt;/ref&gt; To what extent might citizen-directed subsidies for local media as suggested here improve the demand for (and the supply of) better evaluations, leading to better results?  To what extent might these effects be estimated using randomized controlled trials comparing different jurisdictions, analogous to the research for which Banerjee, Duflo, and Kramer won the 2019 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics?  

This discussion makes us wonder if better research and better news might deliver dramatically more benefits than costs in reducing money wasted on both funding wasteful programs and on failing to fund effective ones?  In particular, might society benefit from matching the 1% of the workforce occupied by accountants and auditors with better research and citizen-directed subsidies for news (see Figure 10)?  If, for example, 1% or 2% of GDP distributed to local news nonprofits via local elections, as described above, increased the average rate of economic growth in GDP per capita by 0.1 percentage point per year, that increase would accumulate over time, so that after 10 or 20 years, the news would in effect become free, paid by money that implementing political jurisdictions would not have without those subsidies. Moreover those accumulations might remain as long as they were not wiped out by events comparable to the economic disasters documented above in discussing &quot;Stalin and Putin&quot; -- and maybe not even then as suggested by the economic rebounds documented in Figure 7. 

=== Other recommendations and natural experiments === 

Table 1 compares the recommendations of McChesney and Nichols (2021, 2022) and Rolnik et al. (2019) with other possible points of reference. Karr (2019) and Karr and Aaron (2019) recommend &quot;a 2 percent ad tax on all online enterprises that in 2018 earned more than $200 million in annual digital-ad revenues&quot;. They claim that this &quot;would yield more than $1.8 billion a year&quot;,  which is very roughly 0.008% of GDP, $5 per person per year;&lt;ref name=Karr&gt;Karr (2019), Karr and Aaron (2019). US GDP for 2019 was $21,381 billion, per International Monetary Fund (2023). Thus, $1.8 billion is 0.0084% of US GDP and $5.44 for each of the 330,513,000 humans in the US in 2019; round to 0.008% and $5 per capita.&lt;/ref&gt; Google has negotiated agreements similar to this with the governments of Australia and Canada.&lt;ref&gt;Hermida (2023).&lt;/ref&gt; Other points of reference include the percent of GDP devoted to accounting and auditing and advertising. As displayed in Figure 10, accountants and auditors are roughly 1% of the workforce in the US. It's not clear how to translate that into a percent of GDP, but 2% seems like a reasonable approximation, if we assume that the average income of accountants and auditors is a little above the national norm and overhead is not quite double their salaries; this may be conservative, because many accountants and auditors have support staff, who are not accountants but support their work. 

Another point of reference is the average annual growth rate in GDP per capita in the US since World War II: A subsidy of 2% of GDP would be roughly one year's increase in average annual income since World War II, as noted with Figure 1 above. More precisely, the US economy (GDP per capita adjusted for inflation) grew at 2.3% per year between 1950 and 1990 but only 1.3% between 2008 and 2023. Inequality expert [[w:Thomas Piketty|Thomas Piketty]] attributed that slowing in the rate of economic growth to the increase in income inequality in the US since 1975, documented in Figure 6 above. Whether Piketty is correct or not, if 2% per year subsidies for journalism closes the gap between 1.3% and 2.2% per year, those media subsidies would effectively become free after a little more than two years, paid out of income the US would not have without them. This reinforces the main point of this essay regarding the need for randomized controlled trials on any intervention with a credible claim to improving the prospects for broadly shared economic growth for the long term.
  
This table includes other interventions for which humanity would benefit from better evaluations of their impacts. This includes [[w:Democracy voucher|Seattle's &quot;Democracy Voucher&quot; program]], which gives each registered voter four $25 vouchers, totaling $100, which they could give to eligible candidates running for municipal office. However, only the first 47,000 were honored;  this limited the city's commitment to $4.7 million every other year.&lt;ref name=Berman&gt;Berman (2015). The Wikipedia article on [[w:Seattle|Seattle]] says that the gross metropolitan product (GMP) for the Seattle-Tacoma metropolitan area was $231 billion in 2010 for a population of 3,979,845.  That makes the GMP per capita roughly $58,000.  However, the population of Seattle proper was only 608,660 in 2010, making the Gross City Product roughly $35 billion.  $4.7 million is 0.0133% of $35 billion.  However, that's every other year, so it's really only 0.007% of the Gross City Product.&lt;/ref&gt; If Seattle can afford $100 per registered voter, many other governmental entities can afford something very roughly comparable for each adult in their jurisdiction. Seattle's &quot;democracy vouchers&quot; are used to fund political campaigns, not local media; they are mentioned here as a point of comparison. 

Other interventions that deserve more research than we've seen are the [[w:New Jersey Civic Information Consortium|New Jersey Civic Information Consortium]] (NJCIC) and a program in California to improve local news in communities in dire need of strong local journalism. The NJCIC was initially funded at $500,000, which is only 0.00008% of New Jersey's 2020 economy (GDP) of $630 billion.&lt;ref name=njcicBudget&gt;Karr (2020). The Wikipedia article on [[w:New Jersey|New Jersey]] (accessed 2024-05-20) says that its population in 2020 was roughly 9.3 million. St. Louis Fed (2024) says that the GDP for the state in 2020 was $630 billion. Thus, the initial  $500,000 for the project is only $0.05 per person per year and only 0.00008% of its GDP.&lt;/ref&gt; 

In 2022, the state of California authorized $25 million for up to 40 Berkeley local news fellowships offering &quot;a $50,000 annual stipend [for 3 years] to supplement their salaries while they work in California newsrooms covering communities in dire need of strong local journalism.&quot; This Berkeley program is roughly $0.21 per person per year, roughly 0.0002% of the Gross State Product.&lt;ref name=Berkeley&gt;Natividad (2022) discusses the Berkeley local news fellowships. $25 million for 3 years = $8.33 million per year = 0.0002% of the Gross State Product of $3.6 trillion = $0.21 for each of the 39 million residents of California. California Gross State Product from US Bureau of Economic Analysis (2023). California population on 2022-07-01 from US Census Bureau (2023).&lt;/ref&gt; A similar project in Indiana funded by philanthropies began as the Indiana Local News Initiative&lt;ref&gt;Greenwell (2023).&lt;/ref&gt; and has morphed into Free Press Indiana.&lt;ref&gt;See &quot;[https://www.localnewsforindiana.org LocalNewsForIndiana.org]&quot;; accessed 2023-12-29.&lt;/ref&gt;

Some local [[w:League of Women Voters|Leagues of Women Voters]] have all-volunteer teams who observe official meetings of local governmental bodies and write reports.&lt;ref&gt;Wilson (2007).&lt;/ref&gt; The [[w:City Bureau|City Bureau]] nonprofit news organization in Chicago, Illinous, &quot;trains and pays community members to attend local government meetings and report back on them.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;See &quot;[https://www.citybureau.org/documenters-about citybureau.org/documenters-about]&quot;, accessed 2024-05-20.&lt;/ref&gt; The program has been so successful, it has expanded to other cities.&lt;ref&gt;Greenwell (2023).&lt;/ref&gt;

For an international comparison, we include [[w:amaBhungane|amaBhungane]],&lt;ref name=amaBhu&gt;The budget for [[w:AmaBhungane#Budget|amaBhungane]] in 2020 was estimated at 590,000 US dollars at the current exchange rate, per analysis in the [[w:AmaBhungane#Budget|budget]] section of the Wikipedia article on amaBhungane. That's 0.00017% of South Africa's nominal GDP for that year of 337.5 million US dollars, per the section on &quot;[[w:Economy of South Africa#Historical statistics 1980–2022|Historical statistics 1980–2022]]&quot; in the Wikipedia article on [[w:Economy of South Africa|Economy of South Africa]]; round that to 0.0002% for convenience. The population of South Africa that year was estimated at 59,309,000, according to the section on &quot;[[w:Demographics of South Africa#UN Age and population estimates: 1950 to 2030|UN Age and population estimates: 1950 to 2030]]&quot; in the Wikipedia article on [[w:Demographics of South Africa|Demographics of South Africa]]; this gives a budget of 1 penny US per capita. (All these Wikipedia articles were accessed 2023-12-28.)&lt;/ref&gt; whose investigative journalism exposed a corruption scandal that helped force South African President [[w:Jacob Zuma|Jacob Zuma]] to resign in 2018; amaBhungane's budget is very roughly one penny US per person per year in South Africa, 0.0002% of GDP. To the extent that this essay provides a fair and balanced account of the impact of journalism on political economy, South African and the rest of the world would likely benefit from more funding for amaBhungane and other comparable investigative journalism organizations. This could initially include randomized controlled trials involving citizen-directed subsidies for local news outlets in poor communities in South Africa and elsewhere, as we discuss further in the rest of this essay. Without such experiments, we are asking for funds based more on faith than science. 

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
!option / reference
!% of GDP 
!colspan=2|US$
!per …
!
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|US postal subsidies for newspapers 1840-44 
| 0.21%
| style=&quot;text-align:right; border-right:none; padding-right:0;&quot; | $140
| style=&quot;text-align:left;  border-left: none; padding-left: 0;&quot; | .00
|person &amp; year
| &lt;ref name=McC-N2010/&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|McChesney &amp; Nichols (2021, 2022)
| 0.15%
| style=&quot;text-align:right; border-right:none; padding-right:0;&quot; | $100
| style=&quot;text-align:left;  border-left: none; padding-left: 0;&quot; | .00
|person &amp; year
| &lt;ref name=McC-N2021/&gt;
|-
|[[Confirmation bias and conflict#Relevant research|Rolnik et al.]] 
| 0.06%
| style=&quot;text-align:right; border-right:none; padding-right:0;&quot; | $50
| style=&quot;text-align:left;  border-left: none; padding-left: 0;&quot; | .00
|adult &amp; year
| &lt;ref name=Rolnik/&gt; 
|-
|[[w:Free Press (organization)|Free Press]]
| 0.008%
| style=&quot;text-align:right; border-right:none; padding-right:0;&quot; | $5
| style=&quot;text-align:left;  border-left: none; padding-left: 0;&quot; | .00
|person &amp; year
|&lt;ref name=Karr/&gt;
|-
|[[w:New Jersey Civic Information Consortium|New Jersey Civic Information Consortium]]
| 0.00008%
| style=&quot;text-align:right; border-right:none; padding-right:0;&quot; | $0
| style=&quot;text-align:left;  border-left: none; padding-left: 0;&quot; | .05
|person &amp; year
|&lt;ref name=njcicBudget/&gt;
|-
| Berkeley local news fellowships  
| 0.0002%
| style=&quot;text-align:right; border-right:none; padding-right:0;&quot; | $0
| style=&quot;text-align:left;  border-left: none; padding-left: 0;&quot; | .21
|person &amp; year
|&lt;ref name=Berkeley/&gt;
|-
|[[w:amaBhungane|amaBhungane]]
| 0.0002%
| style=&quot;text-align:right; border-right:none; padding-right:0;&quot; | $0
| style=&quot;text-align:left;  border-left: none; padding-left: 0;&quot; | .01
|person &amp; year in South Africa
|&lt;ref name=amaBhu/&gt;
|-
|colspan=6 style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | ''other points of reference'' 
|-
|[[Confirmation bias and conflict#Advertising and accounting|advertising]]
| 2% 
| style=&quot;text-align:right; border-right:none; padding-right:0;&quot; | $1,300
| style=&quot;text-align:left;  border-left: none; padding-left: 0;&quot; | .00
|person &amp; year
|&lt;ref name=ads/&gt;
|-
|[[Confirmation bias and conflict#Advertising and accounting|accounting]]
| 2% 
| style=&quot;text-align:right; border-right:none; padding-right:0;&quot; | $1,300
| style=&quot;text-align:left;  border-left: none; padding-left: 0;&quot; | .00
|person &amp; year
|&lt;ref&gt;As noted with Figure 10 and the discussion above, accountants and auditors are roughly 1% of the US workforce, and it seems reasonable to guess that their pay combined with support staff and overhead would likely make them roughly double that, 2%, as a portion of GDP.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[US Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita|US productivity improvements]]
| 2% 
| style=&quot;text-align:right; border-right:none; padding-right:0;&quot; | $1,300
| style=&quot;text-align:left;  border-left: none; padding-left: 0;&quot; | .00
|person &amp; year (GDP per capita)
|&lt;ref&gt;For an analysis of the rate of growth in US GDP per capita, see the working paper on Wikiversity titled, &quot;[[US Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita]]&quot;, accessed 2024-05-20.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[w:Democracy vouchers|Democracy vouchers]]
| 0.007% 
| style=&quot;text-align:right; border-right:none; padding-right:0;&quot; | $100
| style=&quot;text-align:left;  border-left: none; padding-left: 0;&quot; | .00
|voter &amp; municipal election for the first 47,000
|&lt;ref name=Berman/&gt;
|}
Table 1. Media subsidies and other points of reference. At the low end, political corruption exposed in part by [[w:amaBhungane|amaBhungane]] forced the resignation in 2018 of South African President Zuma on a budget that's very roughly one penny US per person per year. If much higher subsidies of 1% of GDP restored an annual growth rate of 2.2% per year to the US 
from the more recent 1.3% discussed with Figure 1 above, those subsidies would pay for themselves from slightly more than one year's growth that the US would not otherwise have.

== Other factors == 

We feel a need here to suggest other issues to consider in designing experiments to improve the political economy:  education, empowering women, free speech, free press, peaceful assembly, and reducing political polarization.

EDUCATION:  Modern research suggests that society might have lower crime&lt;ref&gt;Wang et al. (2022).&lt;/ref&gt; and faster rates of economic growth with better funding for and better research&lt;ref&gt;Hanushek and Woessmann (2015).&lt;/ref&gt; on quality child care from pregnancy through age 17.&lt;ref name=Heckman/&gt; 

EMPOWERING WOMEN:  Might the best known way to limit and reverse population growth be to empower women and girls?  Without that, might the human population continue to grow until some major disaster reduces that population dramatically?&lt;ref&gt;Roser (2017).&lt;/ref&gt;

FREE SPEECH, FREE PRESS, PEACEFUL ASSEMBLY:  Verbitsky said, &quot;Journalism is disseminating information that someone does not want known; the rest is propaganda.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Verbitsky (2006, p. 16), author's translation from Spanish.&lt;/ref&gt; Discussion of threats, arrests, kidnappings, and murders of journalists&lt;ref&gt;Monitored especially by the [[w:Committee to Protect Journalists|Committee to Protect Journalists]], as discussed in the Wikipedia article on them, accessed 2023-07-04.&lt;/ref&gt; and violent suppression of peaceful assemblies&lt;ref&gt;Monitored by Freedom House and others.  See, e.g., the Wikipedia article on &quot;[[w:List of freedom indices|List of freedom indices]]&quot;, accessed 2023-07-04.&lt;/ref&gt; encourages us to consider the potential utility of efforts to improve local news, as noted by contributors to Islam et al., eds. (2002), cited above.  Data on such problems should be considered in selecting sites for experiments with citizen-directed subsidies for journalism and in analyzing the results from such experiments. Such data should include the incidence of legal proceedings against journalists and publishers&lt;ref&gt;Including the risks of [[w:trategic lawsuit against public participation|strategic lawsuits against public participation]] (SLAPPs) and other questionable uses of the courts including some documented in the &quot;[[w:Freedom of the Press Foundation#U.S. Press Freedom Tracker|U.S. Press Freedom Tracker]]&quot;, mentioned above.&lt;/ref&gt; as well as threats, murders, etc., in jurisdictions comparable to experimental jurisdictions. Before providing external funding to improve local journalism, it may be wise to review with government officials in candidate polities the history of attacks on journalists in their jurisdictions, continue collecting data on that during interventions, and use such data in analyzing the results. 

REDUCING POLITICAL POLARIZATION:  What interventions might be tested that would attempt to reduce political polarization while also experimenting with increasing funding for news through small, diverse news organizations? For example, might an ad campaign feature someone saying, &quot;We don't talk politics&quot;, with a  reply, &quot;We have to talk politics with humility and mutual respect, because the alternative is killing people over misunderstandings&quot;? Might another ad say, &quot;Don't get angry: Get curious&quot;?  What can be done to encourage people to get curious rather than angry when they hear something that contradicts their preconceptions?  How can people be encouraged to talk politics with humility and respect for others, understanding that everyone can be misinformed and others might have useful information?&lt;ref&gt;Wikiversity &quot;[[How can we know?]]&quot;, accessed 2023-07-22, reviews relevant research relating to political polarization.  Yom-Tov et al. (2018) described a randomized-controlled trial that compared the effectiveness of different advertisements &quot;to improve food choices and integrate exercise into daily activities of internet users.&quot; They found &quot;powerful ways to measure and improve the effectiveness of online public health interventions&quot; and showed &quot;that corporations that use these sophisticated tools to promote unhealthy products can potentially be outbid and outmaneuvered.&quot; Similar research might attempt to promote strategies for countering political polarization.  See also Piwowarski  et al. (2019).&lt;/ref&gt;  

FOCUS ON POLITICIANS: Mansuri et al. (2023) randomly assigned presidents of village governments in the state of [[w:Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]] in India to one of three groups with (1) a financial incentive or (2) a certificate with an information campaign (without a financial incentive) for better government or (3) a control group. They found that the public benefitted from both the financial and non-financial incentives, and the non-financial incentives were more cost effective. Might it make sense in some experimental jurisdictions to structure the subsidies for local news by asking voters to allocate, e.g., half their votes for local news to outlet(s) that they think provide the best information about politicians with the other half based on &quot;general news&quot;?&lt;ref&gt;Mansuri et al. (2023).&lt;/ref&gt;

PIGGYBACK ON COMMUNITY AND LOCAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS:  The World Bank (2023) notes that, &quot;Experience has shown that when given clear and transparent rules, access to information, and appropriate technical and financial support, communities can effectively organize to identify community priorities ... . The World Bank recognizes that CLD [Community and Local Development]  approaches and actions are important elements of an effective poverty-reduction and sustainable development strategy.&quot; This suggests that experiments in citizen-directed subsidies for news might best be implemented as adjuncts to other CLD projects to improve &quot;access to information&quot; needed for success. Experiments like those described herein should provide an independent assessment of the value of monitoring and evaluation, which was &quot;significantly and positively associated with project outcome as institutionally measured at the World Bank&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Raimondo (2016). See also Bedasso (2021).&lt;/ref&gt;

However, some potential recipients of CLD funding may be in news deserts or with &quot;ghost newspapers&quot;, as mentioned above.  Some may not have at least three local news outlets that have been publishing something they call news each workday for at least six months, as required for the local elections recommended by McChesney and Nichols (2021, 2022), outlined above.  In such jurisdictions, the local consultations that identify community priorities for CLD funding should also include discussions of how to grow competitive local news outlets to help the community maximize the benefits they get from the project.  

The need for &quot;at least three local news outlets&quot; is reinforced by the possibilities that two or three local news outlets may be an [[w:oligopoly|oligopoly]], acting like a monopoly.  This risk may be minimized by working to ''reduce'' barriers to entry and to encourage different news outlets to serve different segments of the market for news.  The risks of oligopolistic behavior may be further reduced by requiring all recipients of citizen-directed subsidies to release their content under a free license like the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike (CC BY-SA) 4.0 international license.  This could push each independent local news outlet to spend part of their time reading each other's work while pursuing their own journalistic investigations, hoping for scoops that could attract a wider audience after their work was cited by other outlet(s).&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia &quot;[[w:Oligopoly|Oligopoly]]&quot;, accessed 2023-07-06.&lt;/ref&gt;

This preference for at least three independent local news outlets in an experimental jurisdiction puts a lower bound on the size of jurisdictions to be included as experimental units, especially if we assume that the independent outlets should employ on average at least two journalists, giving a minimum of six journalists employed by local news outlets in an experimental jurisdiction.  The discussions above suggested subsidies ranging from 0.06% to 2% or more.  To get a lower bound for the size of experimental jurisdictions, we divide 6 by 0.06% and 2%:  Six journalists would be 0.06% of a population of 10,000 and 2% of a population of 300.

== Sampling units / experimental polities == 

Many local governments could fund local news nonprofits at 0.15% of GDP, because it would likely be comparable to what they currently spend on accounting, media and public relations.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;State and local governments [in the US] spent $3.7 trillion on direct general government expenditures in fiscal year 2021&quot;, with states spending $1.8 trillion and local governments $1.9 trillion, per Urban Institute (2024). The nominal GDP of the US for 2021 was $23.3 trillion, per International Monetary Fund (2023). 0.15% of the US GDP is therefore $35 billion, which is 1.8% of the $1.9 trillion spent by local governments. That is comparable to the money spent on accounting per Figure 10 and advertising per Figure 9.&lt;/ref&gt; If the results of such funding are even a modest percent of the benefits claimed in the documents cited above, any jurisdiction that does that would likely obtain a handsome return on that investment. 

Experimental jurisdictions might include some of the members of the United Nations with the smallest Gross Domestic Products (GDPs) or even some of the poorest census-designated places&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia &quot;[[w:Census-designated place|Census-designated place]]&quot;, accessed 2023-07-11.&lt;/ref&gt; in a country like the US. 

Alternatively, they might include areas with seemingly intractable cycles of violence like Israel and Palestine: The budget for interventions like those proposed herein are a fraction of what is being spent on defense and on violence challenging existing power structures. If interventions roughly comparable to those discussed herein seem to reduce the lethality of a conflict at a modest cost, it would have an incredible return on investment (ROI) with important lessons that might help reduce the lethality of other conflicts. 

For illustration purposes only, Table 2 lists the six countries in the United Nations with the smallest GDPs in 2021 in US dollars at current prices according to the United Nations Statistics Division plus Palestine and Israel, along with their populations and GDP per capita plus the money required to fund citizen-directed subsidies at 0.15% of GDP, as recommended by McChesney and Nichols (2021, 2022). The rough budgets suggested here would likely be for news subsidy companions to Community and Local Development (CLD) projects.  

Other factors should be considered in detailed planning.  For example, the budget for such a project in [[w:Montserrat|Montserrat]] may need to be increased to support greater diversity in the local news outlets subsidized, because 0.15% of GDP would fund only 3.3 journalists.  And a careful study of local culture in [[w:Kiribati|Kiribati]] may indicate that the suggested budget figure there may support substantially fewer than the 97 journalists suggested by the naive computations in this table.  The key point, however, is that subsidies of this magnitude would be modest as a proportion of (a) many other projects funded by agencies like the World Bank or (b) the money spent on defense or war. 

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=text-align:right
! Country !! Population !! GDP / capita
! GDP (million USD) 
! annual subsidy at 0.15% of GDP ($K) 
! number of journalists&lt;sup&gt;(*)&lt;/sup&gt;
|-
| [[w:Tuvalu|Tuvalu]] || 11,204 || $5,370 || $60 || $90 ||8.4
|-
| [[w:Montserrat|Montserrat]] || 4,417 || $16,199 || $72 || $107 || 3.3
|- 
| [[w:Nauru|Nauru]] || 12,511 || $12,390 || $155 || $233 || 9.4
|- 
| [[w:Palau|Palau]] || 18,024 || $12,084 || $218 || $327 || 13.5
|- 
| [[w:Kiribati|Kiribati]] || 128,874 || $1,765 || $227 || $341 ||96.7
|- 
| [[w:Marshall Islands|Marshall Islands]] || 42,040 || $6,111 || $257 || $385 || 31.5
|- 
| [[w:State of Palestine|State of Palestine]] || 5,483,450 || $3,302 || $18,037 || $27,055 || 4,113
|- 
| [[w:Israel| Israel]] || 9,877,280 || $48,757 || $481,591 || $722,387 || 7,408 
|}
Table 2.  Rough estimate of the budget for subsidies at 0.15% of GDP for the 6 smallest members of the UN plus Palestine and Israel. Population and GDP at current prices per United Nations Statistics Division (2023). (*) &quot;Number of journalists&quot; was computed assuming each journalist would cost twice the GDP / capita.  For example, the GDP / capita for Tuvalu in this table is $5,370. Double that to get $10,740.  Divide that into $90,000 to get 8.4.  

Other possibilities for experimental units might be historically impoverished subnational groups like [[w:Native Americans in the United States|Native American jurisdictions in the United States]].  As of 2023-01-12 there were &quot;574 Tribal entities recognized by and eligible for funding and services from the [[w:Bureau of Indian Affairs|Bureau of Indian Affairs]] (BIA)&quot;, some of which have multiple subunits, e.g., populations in different counties or census-designated places. For example, the largest is the [[w:Navajo Nation|Navajo Nation Reservation]] that is split between Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah.&lt;ref&gt;Newland (2023).&lt;/ref&gt; Some of these subdivisions are too small to be suitable for experiments in citizen-directed subsidies for news.  Others have subdivisions large enough so that some subdivisions might be in experimental group(s) with others as controls.&lt;ref&gt;Data analysis might consider spatial autocorrelation, as used by Mohammadi et al. (2022) and multi-level time series text analysis, used by Friedland et al. (2022).  The latter discuss &quot;Asymmetric communication ecologies and the erosion of civil society in Wisconsin&quot;:  That state had historically been moderate &quot;with a strong progressive legacy&quot;.  Then in 2010 they elected a governor who attacked the state's public sector unions with substantial success and voted for Donald Trump for President in 2016 but ''against'' him in 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Supplement not replace other funding == 

The subsidies proposed here should supplement (not replace) other funding, similar to the subsidies under the US Postal Service Act of 1792.  McChesney and Nichols recommended that an organization should be publishing something they call news five days per week for at least six months, so the voters would know what they are voting for.  Those criteria might be modified, at least in some experimental jurisdictions, especially in news deserts, as something else is done to create local news organizations eligible to receive a portion of the experimental citizen-directed subsidies.  

The [[w:Institute for Nonprofit News|Institute for Nonprofit News]] and Local Independent Online News (LION) Publishers&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!-- Local Independent Online News (LION) Publishers--&gt;{{cite Q|Q104172660}}&lt;/ref&gt; help local news organizations get started and maintain themselves.  Organizations like them might help new local news initiatives in experimental jurisdictions as discussed in this article.

== Sources for funding research ==

We know of three plausible source of funding for research to quantify the value of local news:  

* '''World Bank''': The [[w:World Bank|World Bank]] has already discussed the value of news. We would expect that organizations that fund community and local development projects would also want to fund experiments in anything that seemed likely to increase the return on their investments in such projects. 
* '''Major philanthropies''': Folkenflik (2023) wrote, &quot;Some of the biggest names in American philanthropy have joined forces to spend at least $500 million over five years to revitalize the coverage of local news in places where it has waned.&quot; This group of philanthropic organizations includes the American Journalism Project, which says they &quot;measure the impact of our philanthropic investments and venture support by evaluating our efficacy in catalyzing grantees’ organizational growth, sustainability and impact.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Website of the American Journalism Project accessed 2023-12-29 ([https://www.theajp.org/about/impact/# https://www.theajp.org/about/impact/#]).&lt;/ref&gt; 
* '''Governments of nation states''' for funding citizen-directed subsidies for local news nonprofits in conflict areas like Palestine and maybe Israel: If such interventions have the anticipated effect, the results would have profound implications for national security the world over.  

If the claims made above for the value of news have much validity, then appropriate experiments should be able to quantify the groups who benefit from improving the news ecology, how much they benefit, which structures seem to work the best, and even the optimal level of funding.

Beyond that, we would hope that many others, including nation states, members of the United Nations, would like to fund similar interventions, especially in high conflict areas, because changing the media environment (including social media) should be substantially cheaper and more effective than investing in lethal high tech weapon systems.&lt;ref&gt;People who believe they benefit from media biases, political polarization, and sustaining lethal conflict might ''resist'' funding such interventions, claiming such interventions would waste money or make a conflict worse when their real motivation might be personal losses from reductions in armed hostilities and overall improvements in the prospects for broadly shared peace and prosperity for the long term.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Summary == 

This article has summarized numerous claims regarding different ways in which information may be a public good.  Many such claims can be tested in experiments crudely similar to those for which Banerjee, Duflo, and Kremer won the [[w:2019 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|2019 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics]]. We suggest funding such projects for high conflict zones and for relatively small poor communities and countries. For the latter, we suggest funding such projects as companions to Community and Local Development (CLD) projects.  If the research cited above is replicable, the returns on such investments could be huge, increasing productivity and thereby delivering benefits to the end of human civilization. If this works as expected, it will benefit other economies in ways similar to how subsidies for newspapers published in the US in the early nineteenth century allegedly benefited the US. This period of US history included the development of technologies that benefit the vast majority of humanity the world over today.

== Acknowledgements == 

Thanks especially to Bruce Preville who pushed for evidence supporting wide ranging claims of media influence in limiting progress against many societal ills. He also helped with the literature search.  Thanks also to Dave Black for suggesting experimenting with Native American jurisdictions in the US and to Joy Ellsworth for describing the substantial cultural challenges that such interventions might face. Thanks also to Mark Hull for help improving the discussion of Hitler.

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* &lt;!--Axel Kannenberg (2019) ECJ: German ancillary copyright law invalid for publishers, heise online--&gt;{{cite Q|Q124051681|title= ECJ: German ancillary copyright law invalid for publishers}}
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*  &lt;!-- Karr (2020)New Jersey Funds the Civic Info Consortium, Recognizes the Vital Role Local News Plays During Crises --&gt;{{cite Q|Q106146745|access-date=2021-03-23}}
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--&gt;{{cite Q|Q132461549}}
* &lt;!-- Min Kim, Derrald Stice, Han Stice, and Roger M. White (2021) &quot;Stop the presses! Or wait, we might need them: Firm responses to local newspaper closures and layoffs&quot;, Journal of Corporate Finance 69.--&gt;{{cite Q|Q132459373}}
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* &lt;!--Nikita Lalwani (2022-12-06) &quot;Rich people who own newspapers can shift elections. Israel shows how.&quot;, Washington Post--&gt;{{cite Q|Q125303071}}
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* &lt;!-- Erik Lindahl (1958) Just Taxation: A Positive Solution--&gt;{{cite Q|Q124720029}}
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* &lt;!-- Elizabeth Loftus and Willem Albert Wagenaar (1988) &quot;Lawyer's predictions of success&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q120793060}}
* &lt;!--  Juan José López-Ibor Aliño, George Christodoulou, Mario Maj, Norman Sartorius, and Ahmed Okasha (eds., 2005)  Disasters and Mental Health (Wiley)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q125680999|author=Juan José López-Ibor Aliño, George Christodoulou, Mario Maj, Norman Sartorius, and Ahmed Okasha (eds.)}}
* &lt;!-- Los Angeles Times (2023-03-27) &quot;The California newspaper that has no reporters left&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q120766479|author=''Los Angeles Times''|journal=unset}}
* &lt;!-- Lisa Loving (2019) Street Journalist--&gt;{{cite Q|Q65115459}}
* &lt;!--Ghazala Mansuri, Nethra Palaniswamy, Vijayendra Rao, Slesh A. Shrestha (2023-08) &quot;Money versus Kudos: The impact of incentivizing local politicians in India&quot;, Journal of Public Economics, Volume 224, August 2023, 104922--&gt;{{cite Q|Q124058948}}
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* &lt;!-- Bryan Newland (2023) &quot;Indian Entities Recognized by and Eligible To Receive Services From the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs&quot;, Bureau of Indian Affairs, US Department of the Interior --&gt;{{cite Q|Q120512083}}
* &lt;!-- Jeremy Nguyen, Abbas Valadkhani, Alan Nguyen, Alexandra Wake (2021) Press Freedom and the Global Economy: The Cost of Slipping Backwards--&gt;{{cite Q|Q121011930}}
* &lt;!-- The Nobel Prize (2019) &quot;Prize in economic sciences 2019&quot; --&gt;{{cite Q|Q119948228|author=Nobel Prize}}
* &lt;!--  Ned Parker, Isabel Coles, Raheem Salma (2014) &quot;Special Report: How Mosul fell - An Iraqi general disputes Baghdad's&quot;, Reuters--&gt;{{cite Q|Q124326278}}
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* &lt;!-- Scott Plous (1993) The psychology of judgment and decision making (McGraw-Hill) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q118105219}}
* &lt;!--Kyle Pope (2023-04-17) &quot;Free Press, Functioning Democracy: You can’t have one without the other&quot;, Columbia Journalism Review--&gt;{{cite Q|Q124047437}}
* &lt;!-- Gary W. Potter and Victor E. Kappeler (1998) Constructing Crime: Perspectives on Making News and Social Problems (Waveland Pr.) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q96343487|author=Gary W. Potter and Victor E. Kapeller, eds.}}
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* &lt;!-- Reuters (2023-10-25) Israel to amend budget, Gaza war direct cost at $246 mln daily--&gt;{{cite Q|Q124336510|author=Reuters}}
* &lt;!-- Guy Rolnik; Julia Cagé; Joshua Gans; Ellen P. Goodman; Brian G. Knight; Andrea Prat; Anya Schiffrin (1 July 2019), &quot;Protecting Journalism in the Age of Digital Platforms&quot; (PDF), Booth School of Business --&gt;{{cite Q|Q106465358}}
* &lt;!-- Max Rose and Frank Baumgartner (2013) Framing the Poor: Media Coverage and U.S. Poverty Policy, 1960–2008, Policy Studies J.--&gt;{{cite Q|Q130563615}}
* &lt;!-- Max Roser (2017) &quot;Fertility Rate&quot;, Our World in Data --&gt;{{cite Q|Q120333634}}
* &lt;!--Dominic Rushe (2014) Google News Spain to close in response to story links 'tax', Guardian--&gt;{{cite Q|Q124051847}}
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* &lt;!-- Fabian Scheidler (2024-03a) Espoirs et misère de la critique des médias en Allemagne, Le Monde diplomatique--&gt;{{cite Q|Q125430621|date=2024a}}
* &lt;!-- Fabian Scheidler (2024-03b) &quot;La disparition d'une école contestataire&quot;, Le Monde diplomatique--&gt;{{cite Q|Q125455715|date=2024b}}
* &lt;!-- Sam Schulhofer-Wohl and Miguel Garrido (2009) &quot;Do newspapers matter?  Short-run and long-run evidence from the closure of the Cincinnati Post&quot;, NBER Working Paper Series 14817 (http://www.nber.org/papers/w14817, 2023-05-05) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q105879512}}
* &lt;!-- Lawrence J. Schweinhart, Jeanne Montie, Zongping Xiang, W. Steven Barnett, Clive R. Belfield, and Milagros Nores (2005) &quot;Lifetime effects: The High/Scope Perry Preschool Study through age 40: Summary, Conclusions, and Frequently Asked Questions&quot;, HighScope --&gt;{{cite Q|Q119527802}}
* &lt;!-- Robert Service (2004) Stalin: A Biography--&gt;{{cite Q|Q7597246}}
* &lt;!--Avi Shlaim (2014) The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World, 2nd ed. (Penguin)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q124213243}}
* &lt;!--Norman Solomon (2023) War Made Invisible: How America Hides the Human Toll of Its Military Machine (The New Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q126690116}}
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* &lt;!-- St. Louis Fed, &quot;Gross Domestic Product: All Industry Total in New Jersey&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q126003227|date=2024-05-20|author=St. Louis Fed}} 
* &lt;!-- Josh Stearns and Christine Schmidt (2022) How We Know Journalism is Good for Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q123522369}}
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* &lt;!-- Joseph Stiglitz (2002) Transparency in Government--&gt;{{cite Q|Q120941389}}
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* &lt;!-- Leigh Thompson (2020) Heart and mind of the negotiator, 7th ed. --&gt;{{cite Q|Q120870057}}
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* &lt;!-- Rachel Treisman (2021)  When this hedge fund buys local newspapers, democracy suffers--&gt;{{cite Q|Q121438095}}
* &lt;!-- Andrew Trexler and Megan Mullin (2024-05-02) &quot;Local News Reporting and Mass Attitudes on Infrastructure Investment&quot;, Political Behavior--&gt;{{cite Q|Q125888413}}
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* &lt;!-- US Bureau of Economic Analysis (2023-03-31) Gross Domestic Product by State, 4th Quarter and Annual 2022--&gt;{{cite Q|Q124036982|author=US Bureau of Economic Analysis}}
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* &lt;!--Horacio Verbitsky (2006) Un mundo sin periodistas--&gt;{{cite Q|Q61013892}} 
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* James D. Wolfensohn (2002) Foreword to Islam et al. (2002, pp. v-vi).
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== Notes ==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Government]]
[[Category:News]] 
[[Category:Original research]]
[[Category:Research]]
[[Category:Political science]]
[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:Freedom and abundance]]
[[Category:Economics]]
[[Category:Political economy]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Corruption]]
[[Category:Democracy]]</text>
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    <title>Permutations of Boolean functions</title>
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Analogous to hard and soft [[properties of Boolean functions]], there are also hard and soft permutations.

A permutation is '''hard''', when the domain is the infinite set of all Boolean functions.&lt;br&gt;
An example is the map from a BF to its complement.

A permutation is '''soft''', when the domain is the finite set of BF with a given arity.&lt;br&gt;
An example is the map from a BF to its [[Zhegalkin twins|Zhegalkin twin]].

Interesting permutations of BF are often [[Walsh permutation]]s, which correspond to an invertible binary matrix of size &lt;math&gt;2^{arity}&lt;/math&gt;.

[[c:Category:8-ary Walsh functions in octeract matrix]]

==[[Zhegalkin matrix|Zhegalkin permutation]]==

This might be the most important permutation of Boolean functions. It is soft.&lt;br&gt;
A Boolean function can be represented by its truth table or its Zhegalkin index.&lt;br&gt;
As a consequence, every other permutation of Boolean functions can be represented by four different permutation of integers:&lt;br&gt;
Between truth tables, between Zhegalkin indices, and from one to the other.&lt;br&gt;
Mathematically the one between Zhegalkin indices is probably most important. In the hard case, it is an infinite permutation.

==[[Mentors of Boolean functions]]==

The mentor permutation might be called '''semi-hard''', because it is an infinite permutation between pairs of complements.

==[[Serration of Boolean functions]]==

The serrator permutation is hard.


[[Category:Studies of Boolean functions]]</text>
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Analogous to hard and soft [[properties of Boolean functions]], there are also hard and soft permutations.

A permutation is '''hard''', when the domain is the infinite set of all Boolean functions.&lt;br&gt;
An example is the map from a BF to its complement.

A permutation is '''soft''', when the domain is the finite set of BF with a given arity.&lt;br&gt;
An example is the map from a BF to its [[Zhegalkin twins|Zhegalkin twin]].

Interesting permutations of BF are often [[Walsh permutation]]s, which correspond to an invertible binary matrix of size &lt;math&gt;2^{arity}&lt;/math&gt;.

[[c:Category:8-ary Walsh functions in octeract matrix]]

==[[Zhegalkin matrix|Zhegalkin permutation]]==

This might be the most important permutation of Boolean functions. It is soft.&lt;br&gt;
A Boolean function can be represented by its truth table or its Zhegalkin index.&lt;br&gt;
As a consequence, every other permutation of Boolean functions can be represented by four different permutation of integers:&lt;br&gt;
Between truth tables, between Zhegalkin indices, and from one to the other.&lt;br&gt;
Mathematically the one between Zhegalkin indices is probably most important. In the hard case, it is an infinite permutation.

==[[Tutor and mentor of Boolean functions]]==

The mentor permutation might be called '''semi-hard''', because it is an infinite permutation between pairs of complements.

==[[Serration of Boolean functions]]==

The serrator permutation is hard.


[[Category:Studies of Boolean functions]]</text>
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      <text bytes="3685" sha1="fpi7w8qqvp1x2dx3ontn4dw73b0ycuw" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Logo_FlashDevelop.jpg|Logo FlashDevelop]]&lt;!-- TO CONTEST THIS PROPOSED DELETION, remove the following template, including this comment, up to the CLOSING COMMENT --&gt;
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“Create and deliver rich, engaging experiences across devices with FlashDevelop which is powerful software for creating multimedia content.”

FlashDevelop [[IDE]] Tutorial:

'''To see Flash content on Windows 11, you need :'''

1. [[Adobe Flash Player|Adobe Flash player]] 32 standalone:

&lt;nowiki&gt;https://ia601807.us.archive.org/10/items/offline-flash-player-installers/flashplayer32.exe&lt;/nowiki&gt;

More on: &lt;nowiki&gt;https://archive.org/details/offline-flash-player-installers&lt;/nowiki&gt;

2. A swf (in the bin directory of the project your working on). 

'''To do Flash development, you need an IDE :'''

1. Download the last version of FlashDevelop (version 5.3.3 on exe): &lt;nowiki&gt;https://github.com/fdorg/flashdevelop/tree/development/Releases&lt;/nowiki&gt;

2. Install it. (If error messages, install also the missing softwares)

a. Message 1 (Not resolvable): “You should install Flash Player (ActiveX for IE) before installing FlashDevelop.”

Only supported if you need a flash on a browser on windows 10.

2. Message 2 (mandatory): “You should install 32-bit [[Java Programming|Java]] Runtime (1.6 or later) before installing FlashDevelop.”

i. Install jre-8u441-windows-x64 if on Win11.

II. Catch latest version at : &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.java.com/en/download/manual.jsp&lt;/nowiki&gt;

3. Others softwares requierements:

a. Message 3 (mandatory): Download the latest '''Microsoft .NET Framework 3.5.'''

4. Open &amp; Build a project with FlashDevelop :

a. Message 4 (mandatory): “This project doesn’t have a valid SDK defined. Please check the SDK tab in the project properties.”

i. I need “Apache Flex – SDK installer for Applications Developer” to find and install. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://flex.apache.org/installer.html&lt;/nowiki&gt;

II. Message 5: “Unable to validate the downloaded version of adobe AIR. Please install the latest version of adobe AIR from &lt;nowiki&gt;http://www.adobe.com/go/getair&lt;/nowiki&gt;, then retry installing this application.” I need Adobe Air Runtimes for windows. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://airsdk.harman.com&lt;/nowiki&gt;

iii. In FlashDevelop, go to Settings &gt; SDK &gt; Add &gt; Location &gt; C:/flex

iv. If build successful, you win !

v. Check: Go to “Flash Player 32 standalone”, open “3DgameEngine.swf”(or whatever the project name is).

5. Play !
[[Category:Software]]
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  <page>
    <title>AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories/Chapter 3: Cosmic Expansion and Universe Models</title>
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      <text bytes="3356" sha1="33nwu7pltin78v2qqd20tdpwy6ccuxd" xml:space="preserve">= '''Chapter 3: Cosmic Expansion and Universe Models''' =

== '''3.1 Overview''' ==

This chapter investigates how different cosmological theories interpret the expansion, geometry, and structure of the universe. Expansion is a foundational concept in many cosmological models, but it is not interpreted uniformly. Some see it as a literal stretching of spacetime; others interpret it as apparent or emergent.

We also examine whether the universe had a singular origin (e.g., Big Bang), has always existed, or is part of a cyclic or regenerative process.

== '''3.2 Comparison Categories''' ==

For clarity, we group models into two broad categories:

'''Mainstream Theories''': Widely supported by observational data and accepted within current scientific paradigms.

'''Non-Mainstream Theories''': Proposed alternatives that challenge standard assumptions or offer radically different mechanisms.

We recognize that these boundaries are not always sharp. A theory may shift categories over time as evidence accumulates or perspectives change.

== '''3.3 Overview of Models Under Evaluation''' ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Model Name
! Type
! Summary
! Mechanism of Expansion
! Relation to Gravity
! Key Observations Explained
|-
| ΛCDM Model (Standard Cosmology)
| Mainstream
| Universe began with a Big Bang, expanding ever since
| Dark energy (cosmological constant) drives acceleration
| Based on General Relativity
| Cosmic microwave background, galaxy redshift
|-
| Steady State Theory
| Non-mainstream
| Universe has no beginning or end; continuous matter creation
| Space expands, but new matter compensates
| Modified GR, no singularity
| Redshift, but inconsistent with CMB data
|-
| Plasma Cosmology
| Non-mainstream
| Universe shaped by electromagnetic forces; matter and plasma dominate
| No singular expansion; ongoing large-scale interactions
| Gravity secondary to EM forces
| Some filamentary structures; lacks CMB match
|-
| Cosmic Influx Theory (CIT)
| Non-mainstream
| Universe expands as influx increases local mass-energy
| Space is not expanding; matter grows
| Gravity is emergent from energy influx
| Galaxy redshift, predicted orbital structure
|}

== '''3.4 Criteria for Model Evaluation''' ==

These models will be evaluated on criteria including (but not limited to):

Agreement with cosmic background radiation data

Ability to account for galactic redshift

Compatibility with observed structure formation

Mathematical internal consistency

Predictive power and testability

Models are not dismissed a priori. Even non-mainstream theories can offer explanatory value, especially in unresolved domains.

== '''3.5 Participation and Suggestions''' ==

Researchers and readers are encouraged to suggest additional cosmological models for inclusion. These can be submitted via email to: [mailto:aitheroymapping@gmail.com aitheroymapping@gmail.com].

All serious proposals will be evaluated and added to the overview table, followed by AI-based comparative assessment.

----
'''Navigation:''' 
----
----
'''◀ [[AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories/Chapter 2: Gravity Theories – Comparison and Mapping|Previous]] | [[AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories|Main Page]] | [[AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories/Chapter 4: Planetary Formation, Disk Structures, and System Evolution|Next ▶]]'''
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    <title>AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories/Chapter 8: Critical Evaluation and Future Research Paths</title>
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      <comment>add subsection title 8.4 Detailed Evaluations of Theories add Newtonian Gravity in the table, add numbers for the theories listed in the table 8.2 AI Evaluation Table Format Also listed the theories that &quot;planned&quot; and the ones that are already &quot;evaluated&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="15637" sha1="hjt9b755fdr0labprjriohfrgsjcu6c" xml:space="preserve">== '''Chapter 8: Methods, Tools, and AI-Assisted Evaluation''' =

== '''Purpose''' ==

This chapter describes the methodological foundations of the project, including the role of AI in evaluating theories, how contributors interact with the system, and how assessments are recorded, displayed, and updated.

== '''Toolchain and Workflow''' ==

AI tools like ChatGPT are used to analyze, compare, and refine theories

Tables and frameworks are generated collaboratively using open formats

Contributors submit input via email or editing suggestions

Ratings and evaluations are dynamically updated based on ongoing analysis

== '''AI-Based Rating System: Motivation and Procedure''' ==

To support comparative evaluation without personal or institutional bias, this project uses an AI-based rating system. ChatGPT acts as a neutral evaluator, analyzing each theory across clearly defined criteria such as:

Observational Agreement

Internal Logical Consistency

Predictive Value

Compatibility with Other Domains (e.g., geology, biology)

Conceptual Coherence and Simplicity

Each dimension is rated using a 1–5 star system, based on the information provided and the supporting sources that AI can access.

This system is designed to be:

Transparent – Each rating is justified through AI’s large-scale reference analysis.

Dynamic – Contributors may submit additional materials to request re-evaluation.

Consistent – All evaluations are performed by the same AI logic, eliminating personal bias.

Contributors may ask ChatGPT to re-read specific articles, datasets, or theoretical arguments. If new insights are found, ratings will be updated and transparently noted.

This approach represents a shift toward evidence-driven, large-scale comparative review, using AI not as a gatekeeper but as a tool to synthesize and validate.

== '''Open Participation''' ==

This chapter is also where future documentation of the workflow and collaborative mechanisms will be expanded. Users who submit theories are encouraged to:

Describe their framework in terms of assumptions, predictions, and compatibility

Suggest how their model could be tested or falsified

Provide references or original materials for AI evaluation

All analysis is open, and contributors may propose improvements at any time.

== '''8.1 Understanding the Star Ratings''' ==

The AI Evaluation Table below rates theories across seven scientific criteria defined in '''Chapter 1.3'''. Here we provide a full explanation of what each criterion means and how it is applied.

'''1. Empirical Adequacy'''  
Does the theory fit known observations and experimental data? High scores require support from astronomy, cosmology, geology, or lab-based physics. Theories that contradict established measurements or lack empirical grounding score lower.

'''2. Internal Consistency'''  
Are the theory’s assumptions, mathematics, and logic self-coherent? A consistent theory does not contain contradictions, undefined steps, or ad hoc assumptions.

'''3. Predictive Power'''  
Does the theory make clear, testable predictions that distinguish it from others? Theories that anticipate new phenomena or retrodict known data gain higher ratings.

'''4. Cross-Disciplinary Compatibility'''  
Is the theory consistent with findings from other scientific fields, such as geology, chemistry, biology, or planetary science? The more compatible it is, the higher the score.

'''5. Conceptual Clarity and Simplicity'''  
Is the theory logically simple and intuitively understandable, without unnecessary complexity? This criterion rewards elegance, not oversimplification.

'''6. Heuristic Value'''  
Does the theory stimulate new questions, research directions, or rethinking of existing problems? A high score reflects creative scientific potential.

'''7. Historical and Philosophical Insight'''  
Does the theory connect meaningfully to the historical development of science or reflect philosophical depth? Theories grounded in tradition or conceptual evolution are valued here.

Each theory receives a rating from ★☆☆☆☆ to ★★★★★ per criterion. The total score (max 35) gives a general measure of its scientific coherence and reach. The reasoning behind the scores is available under each theory or can be requested in more detail.


== '''8.2 AI Evaluation Table Format''' ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''AI Evaluation Table of Cosmological Theories'''
! Theory Name
! Empirical Adequacy
! Internal Consistency
! Predictive Power
! Cross-Disciplinary Compatibility
! Conceptual Clarity and Simplicity
! Heuristic Value
! Historical &amp; Philosophical Insight
! Total (★)
|-
| 8.4.1 '''General Relativity'''
| ★★★★★ || ★★★★★ || ★★★★★ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★★★ || ★★★★★ || '''34'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; | ''Widely confirmed by experiment; mathematical elegance; historical development from Newtonian mechanics''
|-
|-
| 8.4.2 '''Newtonian Gravity'''
| ★★★★☆ || ★★★★★ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★★★ || '''30'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; | ''Highly successful in classical mechanics and celestial predictions; lacks compatibility with relativity and quantum theory; historically foundational.''
|-
| 8.4.3 '''MOND (Modified Newtonian Dynamics)'''
| ★★★☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★☆☆☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★☆☆ || '''24'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; | ''Strong in galactic rotation curves; limited compatibility with general relativistic frameworks''
|-
| 8.4.4 '''Emergent Gravity (Verlinde)'''
| ★★☆☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★☆☆☆ || ★★☆☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★★★ || ★★★★☆ || '''25'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; | ''Innovative reformulation; still awaiting broad empirical confirmation''
|-
| 8.4.5 '''Big Bang Model'''
| ★★★★★ || ★★★★★ || ★★★★★ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★★★ || '''31'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; | ''Core cosmological model; supported by CMB, redshift, nucleosynthesis''
|-
| 8.4.6 '''Steady State Theory'''
| ★☆☆☆☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★☆☆☆ || ★★☆☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★★★ || '''23'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; | ''Historically important; largely superseded due to lack of CMB explanation''
|-
| 8.4.7 '''Big Crunch Theory'''
| ★★★☆☆ || ★★★★★ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★☆☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★★★ || '''28'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; | ''Predicts final collapse of universe; consistent with GR in high-density scenarios; revived interest due to dark energy variability''
|-
| 8.4.8 '''Big Bounce Theory'''
| ★★☆☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★★☆ || '''26'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; | ''Cyclical alternative to singularity; compatible with some quantum gravity models''
|-
| 8.4.9 '''Cosmic Influx Theory (CIT)'''
| ★★☆☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★★★ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★★★ || ★★★★☆ || '''26'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; | ''Offers cross-disciplinary compatibility; predicts mass growth and preferred orbital distances; alternative influx model under development''
|-
| 8.4.10 '''SPIRAL Cosmology'''
| ★★★★☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★☆☆☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★☆☆ || '''22'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; | ''Proposes a hyper-dense proto-galactic phase preceding expansion; no need for ongoing dark energy or cosmic expansion; partially scriptural framing may limit falsifiability but testable claims (e.g. fixed-radius light departure) justify scientific review.''
|-
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; | ''Well-formulated alternative integrating orbital quantization; some empirical fit to planetary data; lacks full mainstream acceptance''
|}

&lt;!-- Add a blank line here --&gt;

== '''8.3 Requesting Detailed Justification''' ==

“Somebody” interested in the full motivation for a theory’s score—criterion by criterion—can obtain this by:

1. Visiting the '''discussion page''' of this Wikiversity chapter.
  
2. Mentioning the theory by name and explicitly asking for the detailed breakdown.
  
3. Receiving an AI-generated or authored comment elaborating why each star rating was assigned. 

These ratings are transparent and intended to support critical evaluation and ongoing refinement of both established and alternative cosmological theories. Constructive feedback, new data, or arguments may lead to adjustments in the scores, provided clear reasoning is presented.

If a contributor or author does not agree with the evaluation or prefers not to have their theory represented under this framework, they may request that all related content and ratings for that theory be removed. This ensures that participation remains voluntary and respectful of intellectual ownership.

'''Mainstream theories are subject to the same critical standard.'''  
If someone presents a reasoned objection to the current star ratings of a widely accepted theory (e.g. General Relativity, Big Bang), their explanation will be reviewed. If the argument is well-founded, ChatGPT may generate a revised evaluation. Both the original and alternative viewpoints can be documented transparently if needed.

If you want to submit a '''Rating Rebuttal''', please use the template provided on the '''[[Talk:AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories|Discussion page]]'''.

== '''8.4 Detailed Evaluations of Theories''' ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! '''Section''' !! '''Theory''' !! '''Evaluation Status'''
|-
| '''8.4.1''' || General Relativity || ✅ Evaluated
|-
| '''8.4.2''' || Newtonian Gravity || ✅ Evaluated
|-
| '''8.4.3''' || MOND (Modified Newtonian Dynamics) || ⏳ Planned
|-
| '''8.4.4''' || Emergent Gravity (Verlinde) || ⏳ Planned
|-
| '''8.4.5''' || Big Bang Model || ⏳ Planned
|-
| '''8.4.6''' || Steady State Theory || ⏳ Planned
|-
| '''8.4.7''' || Big Crunch Scenario || ⏳ Planned
|-
| '''8.4.8''' || Big Bounce Model || ⏳ Planned
|-
| '''8.4.9''' || Cosmic Influx Theory (CIT) || ✅ Evaluated
|-
| '''8.4.10''' || Spiral Cosmology || ✅ Evaluated
|}

=== '''8.4.9 Cosmic Influx Theory (CIT)''' ===

Cosmic Influx Theory (CIT), proposed by Ruud Loeffen, reinterprets gravity as a directional energy influx driven by Primordial Elementary Whirlings (PEWs), replacing the concept of attractive force or space-time curvature. It introduces a constant influx of mass-energy into all bodies, contributing to planetary expansion, star formation, and cosmological evolution.

1. '''Internal Consistency'''  
CIT presents a coherent internal logic based on a unidirectional influx mechanism, a redefined gravitational constant (G = (γ − 1)/4π), and the introduction of κ&lt;sub&gt;CIT&lt;/sub&gt; as a universal scaling constant. While the framework remains internally consistent, some equations are still under refinement and lack full derivations from first principles.

2. '''Predictive Power'''  
CIT predicts the Preferred Distance for giant planets based on κ&lt;sub&gt;CIT&lt;/sub&gt;, orbital periods of exoplanets, and a revised Hubble constant (Ho ≈ 67.8 km/s/Mpc). It also anticipates planetary expansion through mass influx. These predictions are testable, though many remain pending observational confirmation.

3. '''Falsifiability'''  
Several predictions—such as giant planets at D&lt;sub&gt;pref&lt;/sub&gt; in the Trappist system or mass accumulation rates inferred from planetary geology—can be tested. However, the influx mechanism itself is not yet described in terms of directly measurable particles or interactions, which may limit falsifiability at the quantum level.

4. '''Observational Alignment'''  
CIT aligns with various observations: early formation of giant planets in protoplanetary disks, planetary expansion signatures, surface geology of moons and Mars, and recent JWST disk structures. It also claims to naturally derive the observed Hubble constant without tension.

5. '''Philosophical Transparency'''  
The theory clearly departs from Newtonian and relativistic interpretations, positioning itself as an ontological alternative grounded in energy flow. The author's motivations, limitations, and intended scope are transparently communicated in both academic and public forums.

6. '''Empirical Adequacy'''  
CIT offers empirical parallels in planetary spacing (κ&lt;sub&gt;CIT&lt;/sub&gt;), daylength extension over geological time, and disk fragmentation patterns. However, it currently lacks publication in high-impact peer-reviewed journals and formal statistical validation across broad datasets.

7. '''Institutional Support and Development'''  
CIT is developed independently, primarily through Wikiversity and open-access platforms. While it incorporates extensive cross-referencing and engages with mainstream and alternative sources, it lacks institutional affiliation and academic endorsement at this stage.

'''Related link:''' [[Cosmic Influx Theory]]


=== '''8.4.10 Summary of Spiral Cosmology''' ===

The Pearlman Cosmology (SPIRAL Cosmology) offers a deterministic model of the universe with a defined hyper-dense initial state, fixed radius growth, and a reinterpretation of redshift. It integrates biblical chronology into its cosmological assumptions, making it a unique hybrid of scientific and scriptural reasoning.

1. '''Internal Consistency'''  
The model presents a logically consistent internal framework, with clearly defined initial conditions such as the SPIRAL radius, gravitational equilibrium, and fixed cosmic time scaling. Its components align well within its own assumptions.

2. '''Predictive Power'''  
Pearlman Cosmology proposes several potentially testable hypotheses, such as a fixed annual rate of universal expansion and an alternative explanation of redshift. However, these are not yet accompanied by detailed numeric predictions or simulations.

3. '''Falsifiability'''  
Testable elements exist in the form of reinterpretations of the cosmic microwave background origin, early galaxy formation, and redshift asymmetries. Yet aspects based on Mosaic chronology may fall outside strict scientific falsifiability.

4. '''Observational Alignment'''  
The model qualitatively aligns with some recent JWST observations, including early structure formation and CMB uniformity. Nevertheless, it lacks robust quantitative matching with large datasets or predictive modeling.

5. '''Philosophical Transparency'''  
The theory is open about its use of religious chronology and framing. This transparency makes its worldview explicit, though it may hinder its acceptance within mainstream secular science.

6. '''Empirical Adequacy'''  
While some empirical parallels exist, the theory has not yet been tested against a wide body of observational data in a systematic or peer-reviewed way.

7. '''Institutional Support and Development'''  
Pearlman Cosmology remains outside institutional research frameworks. Its development and publication history are limited, and it has not yet entered mainstream cosmological discourse.

'''Related link:''' [https://www.pearlman.org Pearlman Cosmology]


'''◀ [[AI-Assisted_Evaluation_of_Cosmological_Theories/Chapter_7:_Cosmological_Parameters_and_Universal_Constants|Previous]] | [[AI-Assisted_Evaluation_of_Cosmological_Theories|Main Page]] | [[AI-Assisted_Evaluation_of_Cosmological_Theories/Chapter_9:_Documentation_and_Transparency|Next ▶]]'''</text>
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    <title>Using ChatGPT in French – Complete Guide</title>
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= Using ChatGPT in French – Complete Guide =
Discover how to use ChatGPT in French for free and without registration. This comprehensive guide walks you through every step of using advanced AI for writing, translation, learning, and productivity.

== Why use ChatGPT in French? ==
ChatGPT’s French version allows users to interact fluently in their native language, improving accessibility and efficiency across multiple domains.

== What this guide covers ==

* Introduction to ChatGPT and AI language models
* Practical use cases in writing, study, and translation
* Comparison of platforms offering ChatGPT in French
* Example prompts to get started

== Who is this guide for? ==
This guide is ideal for:

* French speakers who want to leverage AI tools
* Students, educators, and professionals
* Anyone exploring AI productivity tools in French


''This page is part of an open educational resource. Contributions are welcome.''

[[Category:ChatGPT]]
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= Using ChatGPT in French – Complete Guide =
Discover how to use [https://gptopenai.fr/ chatgpt français] for free and without registration. This comprehensive guide walks you through every step of using advanced AI for writing, translation, learning, and productivity.

== Why use ChatGPT in French? ==
ChatGPT’s French version allows users to interact fluently in their native language, improving accessibility and efficiency across multiple domains.

== What this guide covers ==

* Introduction to ChatGPT and AI language models
* Practical use cases in writing, study, and translation
* Comparison of platforms offering ChatGPT in French
* Example prompts to get started

== Who is this guide for? ==
This guide is ideal for:

* French speakers who want to leverage AI tools
* Students, educators, and professionals
* Anyone exploring AI productivity tools in French


''This page is part of an open educational resource. Contributions are welcome.''

[[Category:ChatGPT]]
[[Category:French]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Serration of Boolean functions</title>
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      <text bytes="2932" sha1="qs5aotdm8rxulpqh4tjn1iad0d1ifso" xml:space="preserve">{{Boolf header}}

The '''serrations''' of a Boolean function refine the concept of {{boolf-prop|sharp|sharpness}}, i.e. the parity of the weight of a truth table.&lt;br&gt;
Serration &lt;math&gt;S_n&lt;/math&gt; separates the truth table into smaller parts of length &lt;math&gt;2^n&lt;/math&gt;.
&lt;math&gt;S_n(i)&lt;/math&gt; is the sharpness of part &lt;math&gt;i&lt;/math&gt;.

For an &lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt;-ary &lt;abbr title=&quot;Boolean function&quot;&gt;BF&lt;/abbr&gt; &lt;math&gt;S_a&lt;/math&gt; is essentially the sharpness, &lt;math&gt;S_{a-1}&lt;/math&gt; may be called half sharpness, &lt;math&gt;S_{a-2}&lt;/math&gt; quarter sharpness, etc.&lt;br&gt;
Illustrations for 3-ary BF: &lt;math&gt;S_3&lt;/math&gt; [[Boolf prop/3-ary/binary#is_sharp|sharpness]], &lt;math&gt;S_2&lt;/math&gt; [[Boolf prop/3-ary/serration 2 (half sharpness)|half sharpness]], &lt;math&gt;S_1&lt;/math&gt; [[Boolf prop/3-ary/serration 1 (quarter sharpness)|quarter sharpness]]

A BF with {{boolf-prop|adicity}} &lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; has a truth table with period length &lt;math&gt;2^a&lt;/math&gt;.
It has meaningful serrations &lt;math&gt;S_n&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math&gt;n = 0..a&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;S_0&lt;/math&gt; is the BF itself. &lt;small&gt;(Part length is 1.)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;S_a&lt;/math&gt; is the tautology&lt;span style=&quot;opacity: .5;&quot;&gt;/contradiction&lt;/span&gt;, iff the BF is sharp&lt;span style=&quot;opacity: .5;&quot;&gt;/blunt&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;small&gt;(Part length is the period length of the truth table.)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;S_n&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math&gt;n &gt; a&lt;/math&gt; is the contradiction. &lt;small&gt;(Part length is at least twice the period length, so each part has even weight.)&lt;/small&gt;

The XOR of all serrations of a BF shall be called its '''serrator'''. Each BF has a unique serrator, i.e. they form a permutation.

The following images show the initial BF in red, its serrations in yellow, and its serrator in green.&lt;br&gt;
Yellow truth tables in the same row show the same pattern, but on the left the entries have length &lt;math&gt;2^n&lt;/math&gt;.

{{Collapsible START|0101 0110 1100 0100 &amp;nbsp; (sharp)|open wide followed}}
[[File:Serration of 0101 0110 1100 0100.svg|left|600px]]
{{Collapsible END}}
{{Collapsible START|0101 1110 1100 0100 &amp;nbsp; (blunt)|collapsed wide followed}}
[[File:Serration of 0101 1110 1100 0100.svg|left|600px]]
{{Collapsible END}}
{{Collapsible START|1000 0000 &amp;nbsp; (sharp)|collapsed wide followed}}
[[File:Serration of 1000 0000 1000 0000.svg|left|600px]]
{{Collapsible END}}
{{Collapsible START|0001 0111 &amp;nbsp; (blunt)|collapsed wide followed}}
[[File:Serration of 0001 0111 0001 0111.svg|left|600px]]
{{Collapsible END}}
{{Collapsible START|1100 0000 &amp;nbsp; (blunt)|collapsed wide light followed}}
The serrator is equal to the initial BF, iff all pairs in the truth table are equal.
[[File:Serration of 1100 0000 1100 0000.svg|left|600px]]
{{Collapsible END}}
{{Collapsible START|0110 1001 &amp;nbsp; (blunt)|collapsed wide light}}
The serrator is the complement of the initial BF, iff all pairs in the truth table are unequal.
[[File:Serration of 0110 1001 0110 1001.svg|left|600px]]
{{Collapsible END}}


[[Category:Studies of Boolean functions]]</text>
      <sha1>qs5aotdm8rxulpqh4tjn1iad0d1ifso</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719865</id>
      <parentid>2719853</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-27T19:58:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Watchduck</username>
        <id>137431</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2719865</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3938" sha1="to7v9pl3vy99k3tbb3wfwogx7taebqy" xml:space="preserve">{{Boolf header}}

The '''serrations''' of a Boolean function refine the concept of {{boolf-prop|sharp|sharpness}}, i.e. the parity of the weight of a truth table.&lt;br&gt;
Serration &lt;math&gt;S_n&lt;/math&gt; separates the truth table into smaller parts of length &lt;math&gt;2^n&lt;/math&gt;.
&lt;math&gt;S_n(i)&lt;/math&gt; is the sharpness of part &lt;math&gt;i&lt;/math&gt;.

For an &lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt;-ary &lt;abbr title=&quot;Boolean function&quot;&gt;BF&lt;/abbr&gt; &lt;math&gt;S_a&lt;/math&gt; is essentially the sharpness, &lt;math&gt;S_{a-1}&lt;/math&gt; may be called half sharpness, &lt;math&gt;S_{a-2}&lt;/math&gt; quarter sharpness, etc.&lt;br&gt;
Illustrations for 3-ary BF: &lt;math&gt;S_3&lt;/math&gt; [[Boolf prop/3-ary/binary#is_sharp|sharpness]], &lt;math&gt;S_2&lt;/math&gt; [[Boolf prop/3-ary/serration 2 (half sharpness)|half sharpness]], &lt;math&gt;S_1&lt;/math&gt; [[Boolf prop/3-ary/serration 1 (quarter sharpness)|quarter sharpness]]

A BF with {{boolf-prop|adicity}} &lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; has a truth table with period length &lt;math&gt;2^a&lt;/math&gt;.
It has meaningful serrations &lt;math&gt;S_n&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math&gt;n = 0..a&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;S_0&lt;/math&gt; is the BF itself. &lt;small&gt;(Part length is 1.)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;S_a&lt;/math&gt; is the tautology&lt;span style=&quot;opacity: .5;&quot;&gt;/contradiction&lt;/span&gt;, iff the BF is sharp&lt;span style=&quot;opacity: .5;&quot;&gt;/blunt&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;small&gt;(Part length is the period length of the truth table.)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;S_n&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math&gt;n &gt; a&lt;/math&gt; is the contradiction. &lt;small&gt;(Part length is at least twice the period length, so each part has even weight.)&lt;/small&gt;

The XOR of all serrations of a BF shall be called its '''serrator'''. Each BF has a unique serrator, i.e. they form a permutation.

The following images show the initial BF in red, its serrations in yellow, and its serrator in green.
{{Small START}}
Yellow truth tables in the same row show the same pattern, but on the left the entries have length &lt;math&gt;2^n&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
On the left dark yellow rectangles contain an odd number of red circles. On the right dark green squares have an odd number of dark yellow squares above them.
{{Small END}}

{{Serration of Boolean functions/example images}}

==Serrator permutation==

&lt;small&gt;The serrator is a hard property of a BF, i.e. it does not depend on the {{boolf-prop|arity}}.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
The permutation between the [[Zhegalkin matrix|Zhegalkin indices]] of serrators is an infinite self-inverse [[Walsh permutation]].&lt;br&gt;
Its vector is the sequence 1, 3, 4, 11, 16, 36, 64, 139, 256, 528, 1024, 2084, 4096, 8256, 16384, 32907, 65536... = {{oeis|A127804}}.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;The corresponding matrix is upper triangular, with entries on diagonals with different angles. See [[:File:Sequence A127804 from binary triangle.svg|this illustration]].&lt;/small&gt;

The following tables show the invertible matrices corresponding to these Walsh permutations.

{{Collapsible START|relationships between the square matrices|collapsed wide light gap-below}}
Adjacent rows are swaps in the Sierpinski permutation, i.e. one is the reverse of the [[Zhegalkin twins|twin]] of the reverse of the other.&lt;br&gt;
Adjacent columns are swaps in the Zhegalkin permutation, i.e. one is the twin of the other.
{|
| [[File:Walsh permutations of Boolean functions; matrix.svg|thumb|center|300px|four related matrices]]
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;padding-left: 100px;&quot;| [[File:Walsh permutations of Boolean functions; relationships.svg|center|500px|thumb|relationships between adjacent rows and columns]]
|-
| [[File:Walsh permutations of Boolean functions; Sierpinski triangles.svg|thumb|center|200px|matrices corresponding to Sierpinski and Zhegalkin permutation]]
|}
{{Collapsible END}}

{{Serration of Boolean functions/permutations}}

The full permutations are only shown for arity 3. Those between truth tables and between Zhegalkin indices are important. &lt;small&gt;(The other two are shown for the sake of completeness.)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;The light blue places are the fixed points.
&lt;/small&gt;
{{Serration of Boolean functions/permutations long}}

[[Category:Serration of Boolean functions]]</text>
      <sha1>to7v9pl3vy99k3tbb3wfwogx7taebqy</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719866</id>
      <parentid>2719865</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-27T20:06:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Watchduck</username>
        <id>137431</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2719866</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3984" sha1="8mnxf8ff19mg9tts1sasgnwbtwc0t0u" xml:space="preserve">{{Boolf header}}

The '''serrations''' of a Boolean function refine the concept of {{boolf-prop|sharp|sharpness}}&lt;small&gt;, i.e. the parity of the weight of a truth table&lt;/small&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
Serration &lt;math&gt;S_n&lt;/math&gt; separates the truth table into smaller parts of length &lt;math&gt;2^n&lt;/math&gt;.
&lt;math&gt;S_n(i)&lt;/math&gt; is the sharpness of part &lt;math&gt;i&lt;/math&gt;.

For an &lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt;-ary &lt;abbr title=&quot;Boolean function&quot;&gt;BF&lt;/abbr&gt; &lt;math&gt;S_a&lt;/math&gt; is essentially the sharpness, &lt;math&gt;S_{a-1}&lt;/math&gt; may be called half sharpness, &lt;math&gt;S_{a-2}&lt;/math&gt; quarter sharpness, etc.&lt;br&gt;
Illustrations for 3-ary BF: &amp;nbsp; &lt;math&gt;S_3&lt;/math&gt; [[Boolf prop/3-ary/binary#is_sharp|sharpness]], &amp;nbsp; &lt;math&gt;S_2&lt;/math&gt; [[Boolf prop/3-ary/serration 2 (half sharpness)|half sharpness]], &amp;nbsp; &lt;math&gt;S_1&lt;/math&gt; [[Boolf prop/3-ary/serration 1 (quarter sharpness)|quarter sharpness]]

A BF with {{boolf-prop|adicity}} &lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; has a truth table with period length &lt;math&gt;2^a&lt;/math&gt;.
It has meaningful serrations &lt;math&gt;S_n&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math&gt;n = 0..a&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;S_0&lt;/math&gt; is the BF itself. &lt;small&gt;(Part length is 1.)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;S_a&lt;/math&gt; is the tautology&lt;span style=&quot;opacity: .5;&quot;&gt;/contradiction&lt;/span&gt;, iff the BF is sharp&lt;span style=&quot;opacity: .5;&quot;&gt;/blunt&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;small&gt;(Part length is the period length of the truth table.)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;S_n&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math&gt;n &gt; a&lt;/math&gt; is the contradiction. &lt;small&gt;(Part length is at least twice the period length, so each part has even weight.)&lt;/small&gt;

The XOR of all serrations of a BF shall be called its '''serrator'''. Each BF has a unique serrator&lt;small&gt;, i.e. they form a permutation&lt;/small&gt;.

The following images show the initial BF in red, its serrations in yellow, and its serrator in green.
{{Small START}}
Yellow truth tables in the same row show the same pattern, but on the left the entries have length &lt;math&gt;2^n&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
Left: Dark yellow rectangles contain an odd number of red circles. &amp;nbsp; Right: Dark green squares have an odd number of dark yellow squares above them.
{{Small END}}

{{Serration of Boolean functions/example images}}

==Serrator permutation==

&lt;small&gt;The serrator is a hard property of a BF, i.e. it does not depend on the {{boolf-prop|arity}}.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
The permutation between the [[Zhegalkin matrix|Zhegalkin indices]] of serrators is an infinite self-inverse [[Walsh permutation]].&lt;br&gt;
Its vector is the sequence 1, 3, 4, 11, 16, 36, 64, 139, 256, 528, 1024, 2084, 4096, 8256, 16384, 32907, 65536... = {{oeis|A127804}}.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;The corresponding matrix is upper triangular, with entries on diagonals with different angles. See [[:File:Sequence A127804 from binary triangle.svg|this illustration]].&lt;/small&gt;

The following tables show the invertible matrices corresponding to these Walsh permutations.

{{Collapsible START|relationships between the square matrices|collapsed wide light gap-below}}
Adjacent rows are swaps in the Sierpinski permutation, i.e. one is the reverse of the [[Zhegalkin twins|twin]] of the reverse of the other.&lt;br&gt;
Adjacent columns are swaps in the Zhegalkin permutation, i.e. one is the twin of the other.
{|
| [[File:Walsh permutations of Boolean functions; matrix.svg|thumb|center|300px|four related matrices]]
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;padding-left: 100px;&quot;| [[File:Walsh permutations of Boolean functions; relationships.svg|center|500px|thumb|relationships between adjacent rows and columns]]
|-
| [[File:Walsh permutations of Boolean functions; Sierpinski triangles.svg|thumb|center|200px|matrices corresponding to Sierpinski and Zhegalkin permutation]]
|}
{{Collapsible END}}

{{Serration of Boolean functions/permutations}}

The full permutations are only shown for arity 3. Those between truth tables and between Zhegalkin indices are important. &lt;small&gt;(The other two are shown for the sake of completeness.)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;The light blue places are the fixed points.
&lt;/small&gt;
{{Serration of Boolean functions/permutations long}}

[[Category:Serration of Boolean functions]]</text>
      <sha1>8mnxf8ff19mg9tts1sasgnwbtwc0t0u</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719867</id>
      <parentid>2719866</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-27T20:13:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Watchduck</username>
        <id>137431</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2719867</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3836" sha1="1jshmh22r0kjlyr8vflvuieiebnsuua" xml:space="preserve">{{Boolf header}}

The '''serrations''' of a Boolean function refine the concept of {{boolf-prop|sharp|sharpness}}&lt;small&gt;, i.e. the parity of the weight of a truth table&lt;/small&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
Serration &lt;math&gt;S_n&lt;/math&gt; separates the truth table into smaller parts of length &lt;math&gt;2^n&lt;/math&gt;.
&lt;math&gt;S_n(i)&lt;/math&gt; is the sharpness of part &lt;math&gt;i&lt;/math&gt;.

For an &lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt;-ary &lt;abbr title=&quot;Boolean function&quot;&gt;BF&lt;/abbr&gt; &lt;math&gt;S_a&lt;/math&gt; is essentially the sharpness, &lt;math&gt;S_{a-1}&lt;/math&gt; may be called half sharpness, &lt;math&gt;S_{a-2}&lt;/math&gt; quarter sharpness, etc.&lt;br&gt;
Illustrations for 3-ary BF: &amp;nbsp; &lt;math&gt;S_3&lt;/math&gt; [[Boolf prop/3-ary/binary#is_sharp|sharpness]], &amp;nbsp; &lt;math&gt;S_2&lt;/math&gt; [[Boolf prop/3-ary/serration 2 (half sharpness)|half sharpness]], &amp;nbsp; &lt;math&gt;S_1&lt;/math&gt; [[Boolf prop/3-ary/serration 1 (quarter sharpness)|quarter sharpness]]

A BF with {{boolf-prop|adicity}} &lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; has a truth table with period length &lt;math&gt;2^a&lt;/math&gt;.
It has meaningful serrations &lt;math&gt;S_n&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math&gt;n = 0..a&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;S_0&lt;/math&gt; is the BF itself. &lt;small&gt;(Part length is 1.)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;S_a&lt;/math&gt; is the tautology&lt;span style=&quot;opacity: .5;&quot;&gt;/contradiction&lt;/span&gt;, iff the BF is sharp&lt;span style=&quot;opacity: .5;&quot;&gt;/blunt&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;small&gt;(Part length is the period length of the truth table.)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;S_n&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math&gt;n &gt; a&lt;/math&gt; is the contradiction. &lt;small&gt;(Part length is at least twice the period length, so each part has even weight.)&lt;/small&gt;

The XOR of all serrations of a BF shall be called its '''serrator'''. Each BF has a unique serrator&lt;small&gt;, i.e. they form a permutation&lt;/small&gt;.

The following images show the initial BF in red, its serrations in yellow, and its serrator in green.
{{Small START}}
Yellow truth tables in the same row show the same pattern, but on the left the entries have length &lt;math&gt;2^n&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
Left: Dark yellow rectangles contain an odd number of red circles. &amp;nbsp; Right: Dark green squares have an odd number of dark yellow squares above them.
{{Small END}}

{{Serration of Boolean functions/example images}}

==Serrator permutation==

&lt;small&gt;The serrator is a hard property of a BF, i.e. it does not depend on the {{boolf-prop|arity}}.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
The permutation between the [[Zhegalkin matrix|Zhegalkin indices]] of serrators is an infinite self-inverse [[Walsh permutation]].&lt;br&gt;
Its vector is the sequence 1, 3, 4, 11, 16, 36, 64, 139, 256, 528, 1024, 2084, 4096, 8256, 16384, 32907, 65536... = {{oeis|A127804}}.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;The corresponding matrix is upper triangular, with entries on diagonals with different angles. See [[:File:Sequence A127804 from binary triangle.svg|this illustration]].&lt;/small&gt;

The following tables show the invertible matrices corresponding to these Walsh permutations.

{{Collapsible START|relationships between the square matrices|collapsed wide light gap-below}}
Adjacent rows are swaps in the Sierpinski permutation, i.e. one is the reverse of the [[Zhegalkin twins|twin]] of the reverse of the other.&lt;br&gt;
Adjacent columns are swaps in the Zhegalkin permutation, i.e. one is the twin of the other.
{|
| [[File:Walsh permutations of Boolean functions; matrix.svg|thumb|center|300px|four related matrices]]
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;padding-left: 100px;&quot;| [[File:Walsh permutations of Boolean functions; relationships.svg|center|500px|thumb|relationships between adjacent rows and columns]]
|-
| [[File:Walsh permutations of Boolean functions; Sierpinski triangles.svg|thumb|center|200px|matrices corresponding to Sierpinski and Zhegalkin permutation]]
|}
{{Collapsible END}}

{{Serration of Boolean functions/permutations}}

The full permutations are only shown for arity 3. &lt;small&gt;The light blue places are the fixed points.&lt;/small&gt;
{{Serration of Boolean functions/permutations long}}

[[Category:Serration of Boolean functions]]</text>
      <sha1>1jshmh22r0kjlyr8vflvuieiebnsuua</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719883</id>
      <parentid>2719867</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-28T06:27:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Watchduck</username>
        <id>137431</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2719883</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4064" sha1="2ky8inmyiw5ru96kpjblr3wh4rmmkq2" xml:space="preserve">{{Boolf header}}

The '''serrations''' of a Boolean function refine the concept of {{boolf-prop|sharp|sharpness}}&lt;small&gt;, i.e. the parity of the weight of a truth table&lt;/small&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
Serration &lt;math&gt;S_n&lt;/math&gt; separates the truth table into smaller parts of length &lt;math&gt;2^n&lt;/math&gt;.
&lt;math&gt;S_n(i)&lt;/math&gt; is the sharpness of part &lt;math&gt;i&lt;/math&gt;.

For an &lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt;-ary &lt;abbr title=&quot;Boolean function&quot;&gt;BF&lt;/abbr&gt; &lt;math&gt;S_a&lt;/math&gt; is essentially the sharpness, &lt;math&gt;S_{a-1}&lt;/math&gt; may be called half sharpness, &lt;math&gt;S_{a-2}&lt;/math&gt; quarter sharpness, etc.&lt;br&gt;
Illustrations for 3-ary BF: &amp;nbsp; &lt;math&gt;S_3&lt;/math&gt; [[Boolf prop/3-ary/binary#is_sharp|sharpness]], &amp;nbsp; &lt;math&gt;S_2&lt;/math&gt; [[Boolf prop/3-ary/serration 2 (half sharpness)|half sharpness]], &amp;nbsp; &lt;math&gt;S_1&lt;/math&gt; [[Boolf prop/3-ary/serration 1 (quarter sharpness)|quarter sharpness]]

A BF with {{boolf-prop|adicity}} &lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; has a truth table with period length &lt;math&gt;2^a&lt;/math&gt;.
It has meaningful serrations &lt;math&gt;S_n&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math&gt;n = 0..a&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;S_0&lt;/math&gt; is the BF itself. &lt;small&gt;(Part length is 1.)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;S_a&lt;/math&gt; is the tautology&lt;span style=&quot;opacity: .5;&quot;&gt;/contradiction&lt;/span&gt;, iff the BF is sharp&lt;span style=&quot;opacity: .5;&quot;&gt;/blunt&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;small&gt;(Part length is the period length of the truth table.)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;S_n&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math&gt;n &gt; a&lt;/math&gt; is the contradiction. &lt;small&gt;(Part length is at least twice the period length, so each part has even weight.)&lt;/small&gt;

The XOR of all serrations of a BF shall be called its '''serrator'''. Each BF has a unique serrator&lt;small&gt;, i.e. they form a permutation&lt;/small&gt;.

The following images show the initial BF in red, its serrations in yellow, and its serrator in green.
{{Small START}}
Yellow truth tables in the same row show the same pattern, but on the left the entries have length &lt;math&gt;2^n&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
Left: Dark yellow rectangles contain an odd number of red circles. &amp;nbsp; Right: Dark green squares have an odd number of dark yellow squares above them.
{{Small END}}

{{Serration of Boolean functions/example images}}

==Serrator permutation==

&lt;small&gt;The serrator is a hard property of a BF, i.e. it does not depend on the {{boolf-prop|arity}}.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
The permutation between the [[Zhegalkin matrix|Zhegalkin indices]] of serrators is an infinite self-inverse [[Walsh permutation]].&lt;br&gt;
Its vector is the sequence 1, 3&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold; font-size: 150%;&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; 4, 11&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold; font-size: 150%;&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; 16, 36, 64, 139&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold; font-size: 150%;&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; 256, 528, 1024, 2084, 4096, 8256, 16384, 32907&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold; font-size: 150%;&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; 65536... = {{oeis|A127804}}.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;The corresponding matrix is upper triangular, with entries on diagonals with different angles. See [[:File:Sequence A127804 from binary triangle.svg|this illustration]].&lt;/small&gt;

The following tables show the invertible matrices corresponding to these Walsh permutations.

{{Collapsible START|relationships between the square matrices|collapsed wide light gap-below}}
Adjacent rows are swaps in the Sierpinski permutation, i.e. one is the reverse of the [[Zhegalkin twins|twin]] of the reverse of the other.&lt;br&gt;
Adjacent columns are swaps in the Zhegalkin permutation, i.e. one is the twin of the other.
{|
| [[File:Walsh permutations of Boolean functions; matrix.svg|thumb|center|300px|four related matrices]]
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;padding-left: 100px;&quot;| [[File:Walsh permutations of Boolean functions; relationships.svg|center|500px|thumb|relationships between adjacent rows and columns]]
|-
| [[File:Walsh permutations of Boolean functions; Sierpinski triangles.svg|thumb|center|200px|matrices corresponding to Sierpinski and Zhegalkin permutation]]
|}
{{Collapsible END}}

{{Serration of Boolean functions/permutations}}

The full permutations are only shown for arity 3. &lt;small&gt;The light blue places are the fixed points.&lt;/small&gt;
{{Serration of Boolean functions/permutations long}}

[[Category:Serration of Boolean functions]]</text>
      <sha1>2ky8inmyiw5ru96kpjblr3wh4rmmkq2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719885</id>
      <parentid>2719883</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-28T07:32:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Watchduck</username>
        <id>137431</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2719885</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4125" sha1="b0csrjw2fuk7673cv7yz1xybpdpwql5" xml:space="preserve">{{Boolf header}}

The '''serrations''' of a Boolean function refine the concept of {{boolf-prop|sharp|sharpness}}&lt;small&gt;, i.e. the parity of the weight of a truth table&lt;/small&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
Serration &lt;math&gt;S_n&lt;/math&gt; separates the truth table into smaller parts of length &lt;math&gt;2^n&lt;/math&gt;.
&lt;math&gt;S_n(i)&lt;/math&gt; is the sharpness of part &lt;math&gt;i&lt;/math&gt;.

For an &lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt;-ary &lt;abbr title=&quot;Boolean function&quot;&gt;BF&lt;/abbr&gt; &lt;math&gt;S_a&lt;/math&gt; is essentially the sharpness, &lt;math&gt;S_{a-1}&lt;/math&gt; may be called half sharpness, &lt;math&gt;S_{a-2}&lt;/math&gt; quarter sharpness, etc.&lt;br&gt;
Illustrations for 3-ary BF: &amp;nbsp; &lt;math&gt;S_3&lt;/math&gt; [[Boolf prop/3-ary/binary#is_sharp|sharpness]], &amp;nbsp; &lt;math&gt;S_2&lt;/math&gt; [[Boolf prop/3-ary/serration 2 (half sharpness)|half sharpness]], &amp;nbsp; &lt;math&gt;S_1&lt;/math&gt; [[Boolf prop/3-ary/serration 1 (quarter sharpness)|quarter sharpness]]

A BF with {{boolf-prop|adicity}} &lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; has a truth table with period length &lt;math&gt;2^a&lt;/math&gt;.
It has meaningful serrations &lt;math&gt;S_n&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math&gt;n = 0..a&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;S_0&lt;/math&gt; is the BF itself. &lt;small&gt;(Part length is 1.)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;S_a&lt;/math&gt; is the tautology&lt;span style=&quot;opacity: .5;&quot;&gt;/contradiction&lt;/span&gt;, iff the BF is sharp&lt;span style=&quot;opacity: .5;&quot;&gt;/blunt&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;small&gt;(Part length is the period length of the truth table.)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;S_n&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math&gt;n &gt; a&lt;/math&gt; is the contradiction. &lt;small&gt;(Part length is at least twice the period length, so each part has even weight.)&lt;/small&gt;

The XOR of all serrations of a BF shall be called its '''serrator'''. Each BF has a unique serrator&lt;small&gt;, i.e. they form a permutation&lt;/small&gt;.

The following images show the initial BF in red, its serrations in yellow, and its serrator in green.
{{Small START}}
Yellow truth tables in the same row show the same pattern, but on the left the entries have length &lt;math&gt;2^n&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
Left: Dark yellow rectangles contain an odd number of red circles. &amp;nbsp; Right: Dark green squares have an odd number of dark yellow squares above them.
{{Small END}}

{{Serration of Boolean functions/example images}}

==Serrator permutation==

&lt;small&gt;The serrator is a hard property of a BF, i.e. it does not depend on the {{boolf-prop|arity}}.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
The permutation between the [[Zhegalkin matrix|Zhegalkin indices]] of serrators is an infinite self-inverse [[Walsh permutation]].&lt;br&gt;
Its vector is the sequence 1, 3&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold; font-size: 150%;&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; 4, 11&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold; font-size: 150%;&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; 16, 36, 64, 139&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold; font-size: 150%;&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; 256, 528, 1024, 2084, 4096, 8256, 16384, 32907&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold; font-size: 150%;&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; 65536... = {{oeis|A127804}}.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;The corresponding matrix is upper triangular, with entries on diagonals with different angles. &lt;span style=&quot;opacity: .7;&quot;&gt;(See [[:File:Sequence A127804 from binary triangle.svg|this illustration]] of the transposed matrix.)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/small&gt;

The following tables show the invertible matrices corresponding to these Walsh permutations.

{{Collapsible START|relationships between the square matrices|collapsed wide light gap-below}}
Adjacent rows are swaps in the Sierpinski permutation, i.e. one is the reverse of the [[Zhegalkin twins|twin]] of the reverse of the other.&lt;br&gt;
Adjacent columns are swaps in the Zhegalkin permutation, i.e. one is the twin of the other.
{|
| [[File:Walsh permutations of Boolean functions; matrix.svg|thumb|center|300px|four related matrices]]
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;padding-left: 100px;&quot;| [[File:Walsh permutations of Boolean functions; relationships.svg|center|500px|thumb|relationships between adjacent rows and columns]]
|-
| [[File:Walsh permutations of Boolean functions; Sierpinski triangles.svg|thumb|center|200px|matrices corresponding to Sierpinski and Zhegalkin permutation]]
|}
{{Collapsible END}}

{{Serration of Boolean functions/permutations}}

The full permutations are only shown for arity 3. &lt;small&gt;The light blue places are the fixed points.&lt;/small&gt;
{{Serration of Boolean functions/permutations long}}

[[Category:Serration of Boolean functions]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Dangan-Neville Wedding</title>
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      <text bytes="17609" sha1="s65snlf2hpxmcgscxec71hw9omghhrx" xml:space="preserve">=Event=
==Overview==
The wedding of Lord Dangan and Lady Violet Nevill

==Logistics==
* 17 December 1889, Tuesday
===Staff and Vendors===
*

==Related Events==
* Reception
* Honeymoon


==Who Was Present==
===Bride and Bridesmaids===
====Bride====
====Bridesmaids====
====Pages====
===Groom and Best Man===
===People Who Attended===

# Could the Mrs. Frank Harris be the writer's wife?
==What People Wore==
# 
==Gifts==
The bride got an unusually large amount of diamond jewelry, and the couple got an unusual number of &quot;old&quot; or antique items, especially silver. Unusually small number of books. They also got a surprisingly large number of whips or driving whips, including one from the groom to the bride.

===From Tenants and Employees===

==== Lady Violet Nevill ====
Two of these groups also presented addresses to the bride, the Bridge Castle servants and the tenants on the Eridge and Southdown estates, whose address was &quot;illuminated.&quot;

* The &quot;tradesmen of Tunbridge Wells presented the bride with a large silver gilt looking glass&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* &quot;Bridge Castle servants, set of brushes and hand mirrors, with gold monogram and address&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* &quot;Gardeners, mechanics, and keepers on the Bridge estate, china tea service painted in violets&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* &quot;Tenants on the Eridge and Southdown estates, silver hunting horn and illumlnated address&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* &quot;Bridge teachers and scholars of the Sunday and day schools, brass salver&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* &quot;Committee of the Tunbridge Wells Junior Conservative Association, salver cushion in Conservative colours of Kent and Sussex&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* &quot;Tenants on the Draycot estate, sliver cream jug and sugar basin&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* &quot;Servants at Stratton-Audley, grey leather and silver blotting book and envelope case.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; (Col. 3b)

==== Lord Dangan ====

* &quot;Southdacon farm labourers, cigarette case&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; (Col. 3c)
* &quot;The tenants the Draycot estate presented Lord Dangan with a large silver urn: [sic] andthe [sic] employês [sic] the estate gave a lamp.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

===Unusual or Interesting Gifts===

* Whips: sixteen-bore gun and hunting whip, Hunting whip (x3), Gold mounted hunting whip, Driving whip (x2)
* Eridge pony cart
* Apostle spoons, Silver apostle spoons, Twelve apostle teaspoons
* George III. silver bowl (x2, one given to the bride and one to the groom)
* Four Spode dessert dishes
* Wedgwood china
* Very large white ostrich feather fan, Large white ostrich feather fan, with tortoiseshell sticks, Turkish fan
* Case of silver glove stretchers, &amp;c.
* Driving rug, Driving rug
* String box
* Liquer case (given to the groom)
* Silver razor strop
* Silver stand for hunting appointments (to the groom)
* Case of boot hooks
* Clock and weather glass (several other clocks)
* Racing bag

=== Books ===

* Bible

=== Furniture ===

* Marqueterie tray, Chippendale tea tray, Indian tray (plus a number of trays)
* French armchair
* Chippendale cabinet and lamp stand
* Marqueterie table, Table, French table, Chippendale table, writing table (x2)
* Chippendale paper case
* High brass lamp
* Piece of marqueterie furniture
* High screen

==Anthology==
The ''Devizes and Wiltshire Gazette'' published at least 2 stories about this wedding, one that addressed the wedding itself, and the one that follows here, which is about the gifts.

The list of gifts is set here as an unordered list, which obscures the fact that the newspaper set the list using colons as well as semicolons, suggesting that their font had run out of semicolons — and periods as well, since they didn't punctuate the most common honorifics (Mr and Mrs).&lt;blockquote&gt;The marriage of Lord Dangan only son of Earl Cowley with the Lady Violet Nevill, youngest daughter of the Marquess and Marchioness of Abergavenny, took place, as announced in our last issue, on Tuesday, the 17th inst. The wedding presents presented to the bride and bridegroom were exceedingly beautiful. Those to the bride included the following gifts: —

* From the bridegroom, a pearl and diamond necklace, ruby and diamond ring, turquoise and diamond pin, diamond fox pin, moonstone and diamond brooch, gold hunting watch, handsome gold mounted dressing case, with &quot;Violet&quot; engraved on the fittings, sixteen-bore gun, and hunting whip
* The Marquess of Abergavenny gave his daughter three diamond roses, and an Eridge pony cart
* The Marchioness of Abergavenny's presents included a pearl and diamond ring, enamelled and jewelled chatelaine, set of lace, and apostle spoons
* Earl Cowley, a diamond bracelet
* Countess Cowley, emerald and diamond ring
* Marquesa de Santurce, diamond ring
* Hon. T. A. and Lady Idina Brassey and Mr. and Lady Rose Leigh, diamond cluster necklace
* Lord Brasaey, diamond half hoop ring
* Lord and William Nevill, handsome diamond pendant
* Lord Richard Nevill, pair of diamond rose bangles
* Hon. Ralph and Mrs. Nevill, diamond and moonstone bangle
* Lord and Lady Henry Nevill, turquoise and diamond bangle
* Col Hon. F. Wellesley, ruby and diamond heart pendant
* Lady Eva Wellesley, pearl and diamond ring
* Mr. F. B. Mildmay, M.P., turquoise and diamond bangle
* Mr. Andrew Montagu, diamond comb
* Mrs. Hwfa Williams, gold bracelet with diamond and sapphire centre
* Earl of Feversham, gold chain bangle
* Miss Edith Lane Fox, diamond brooch
* Hon. Edith Johnstone, pearl pins
* Mr. J. W. Larnach, diamond brooch
* Baron and Baroness Von Roemer, diamond fox bangle
* Hon. Thomas Dundas, torquoise and diamond brooch
* Miss Gell, coral pin
* Colonel Honeywood, pearl brooch
* Miss Leake, pearl and diamond pin
* Mr. James Noel, solitaires
* Mr. and Mrs. Temple Soanes, turquoise and diamond ring
* Lady Trevor, old silver watch
* Mr. and Mrs. Adrian Hope, ruby and diamond bangle
* Mr. Gervase Beckett, large pearl pin
* Lady George Nevill, fitted tea basket
* Countess of Cottenham, pair of old silver vases
* Earl of Cottenham, painted looking glass
* Lord and Lady Churchill, brass lamp
* Viscount and Viscountess Raincliffe, dessert service
* Earl of Stradbroke, silver lamp
* Viscountess Cranbrook, marqueterie tray
* Lady Forbes, silver hand glass
* Sir William Harcourt, bag
* Lord and Lady Chesham, pair of silver lamps
* Hon. Evelyn Gathorne Hardy, silver frame
* Lady Sybil Knox, silver cream jug
* Sir Francis Monteftore, pink mother-o'-pearl fan
* Lady Sandhurst, French armchair
* Lady de Trafford, pair of silver candlesticks
* Hon. Assheton Harbord, dressing bag with solid gold mountings, and fitted with ivory backed brushes, with the initials &quot;D. V.&quot; and coronet in gold
* Baroness Henry de Worms, white ostrich feather fan with tortoiseshell sticks, and initials and coronet in diamonds
* Sir Myles and Lady Fenton, case, containing silver shoe horn, button hook. &amp;c,. [sic]
* Lady Aline Beaumont, silver lamp
* Mr. and Miss J. J. Barrow, very handsome clock, Shetland gloves. &amp;c.
* Mr. and Mrs. Beckett, silver tea service
* Mr. and Mrs. H. Brassey, mother-o'-pearl fan
* Mr. and Lady Isabel Bligh, clock
* [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon and Mrs Bourke]], salt and pepper pots
* Mr Cullum, George III. silver bowl
* Lord Cheylesmore and Hon. Miss Eaton, silver bowl
* Lady Blanche Conyngham, carriage clock and card case
* Lady Conyers, silver candlesticks
* Lady Alice Dundas, silver sugar castor
* Hon. Mrs Duberley, four Spode dessert dishes
* Lady Derwent, marqueterie table
* Hon. Lady Filmer and Miss Fllmer, pair of silver and crystal lamps
* Mr and Mrs Moreton Frewen, large gold pencil case
* Captain and Mrs Philip Green, silver apostle spoons
* Lady Wilson, plush writing set
* Mr and Hon. Mrs Glyn, very large white ostrich feather fan
* Sir Edmund and Lady Hardinge, six silver gilt coffee spoons
* Captain Hon. Henry Hardinge, silver sugar castor
* Colonel Hon. C and Lady Cecily Gathorne Hardy, Chippendale cabinet and lamp stand
* Mr E Hatch, black lace and tortoiseshell fan with diamond monogram
* Lady Selina Hervey, table
* Viscount Hardinge, paper knife
* Hons. L E and M Hardinge, silver mounted inkstand
* Hon. Gilbert Johnstone, old silver box
* Hon. Francis and Mrs Johnstone, pair of old silver salt cellars
* Mrs Leigh, Dresden tea set
* Miss Leigh, twelve apostle teaspoons
* Mr and Hon. Mrs Charles Egerton, large white ostrich feather fan, with tortoiseshell sticks
* Hon. Mrs Lowther, silver bowl; Lady Constance Lyon, gauze fan
* Hon. Mrs de Lisle, silver-mounted blotting book
* Mr and Mrs Gerard Leigh, Chippendale tea tray
* Mr and Mrs Morland, Indian tray
* Major Henry Morland, large tortoiseshell and silver box
* Hon. James Mansfield, tortoiseshell and silver table knife
* Mr and Mrs Charles Martin, antique brass clock
* Lady Alice Morland, silver and grey leather frame
* Miss Morland, a similar gift
* Mr M H Milner, gold topped salts bottle
* Sir F and Lady Milner, French table
* Lady Augusta Mostyn, large silver box
* Miss Meresia Nevill, willow pattern coffee set
* Lady Dorothy Nevill, silver mounted paper cutter
* Lady Perry, Miss Perry, and Mrs, [sic] Grant, set of old paste buttons
* Lady Hilda Rous, painted screen
* Marquis Camden and Lady Clementine Pratt, silver muffineers
* Lord  and Lady George Pratt, silver clothes brush
* Lord Sandhurst, pair of tortoiseshell and silver candlesticks
* Hon. Cecil Sandys, silver box
* Countess of Stradbroke, travelling clock
* Lady Caroline Sterllng, leather writing table set
* Mr and Mrs Arthur Streatfeild [sic], picture
* Captain Wingfield Stratford, silver frame
* Mrs and Miss Streatfeild, double frame
* Mr and Mrs Gerard Streatfeild, two old silver boxes
* Hon. Michael Sandys, pair of sugar castors
* Lord Herbert Vane-Tempest, tortoiseshell and feather fan
* Lord Henry Thynne, silver sugar castor
* Miss Wombwell, silver gilt tray
* Mr and Miss Williams, Turkish fan
* Mrs Alnut, white china ornaments
* Mrs Burton, glove sachet
* Rev. J J Burton, Bible
* Mr and Mrs Ludovick Bligh, paper knife
* Miss Bidwell, silver seal
* Miss Chetwynd, case of silver glove stretchers, &amp;c.
* Miss Cripps, china ornament
* Mr Thomas Coppard, driving rug
* Hon. Lilah and Hon. Charles Cavendish, ivory tray
* Messrs. R and S Caldwell, china vases
* M and Mrs W Cripps, hunting whip
* Miss H Davis, double inkstand
* Mrs Duce, china vase
* Mrs Dobede, silver fish pencil case
* Mr and Mrs Drake, pair of silver topped bottles
* Mr Davis, driving rug
* Mr Dickinson, fan
* Misses Eastwood, white china waiter
* Mrs Eastwood, Dresden tea service
* Mr and Mrs Evenden, bracket
* Mrs Frewen, silver magnifying glass
* Mr and Mrs Stephen Frewen, old Sèvres china
* Mrs Fletcher, small gold box
* Mr and Mrs Earnest Beckett, silver gilt tray
* Colonel and Hon. Mrs. Leeke, gold mounted hunting whip
* Mr Westley Richards, clock
* Mr and Mrs Glanville, photograph of the Marquis and Marchioness of Abergavenny
* Thomas Cutton, small Ivory case with scissors
* Lady Frances Pratt, silver sugar sifter
* Mr and Lady Georgina Field, crown Derbycups
* Mr and Mrs Fort, pair of Dresden figures
* Mrs Inigo Gell, silver smelling bottle
* Gilbert and Co.. high iron lamp
* Mr G Gladwin, ivory handled button hook
* Mrs Hamilton Grace, button hook
* Mrs Frank Harris, silver tray
* Mr and Mrs W H Hodgkin, Chippendale table
* Miss Emily Harcourt, pair of opera glasses
* Miss Hoskins, picture
* Mr and Mrs R Hulse, silver paper holder
* Mr Charles Johnstone, silver frame
* Mr F and Miss Laura Johnstone, antique spoon
* Misses Maude and Kate Kemp, silver box
* Mr Percy Lankester, large framed photograph of Eridge Castle 
* Mr Charles Luck, Wedgwood china
* Misses Miles, newspaper rack
* Mr and Mrs Manser, paper knife
* Mrs Montefiore, Dresden cups and saucers
* Miss Marsack, photograph screen
* Mr Noyes, string box
* Mrs and Miss Neale, lace handkerchlef and table cloth
* Mr R Nevill, sliver frame
* Mr J Petts, hunting whip
* Mrs Rust, basket
* Miss Rutherford, table cloth
* Mrs Cramer Roberts, Dutch silver toys
* Mrs Shiffner, old Danish brooch
* Miss Stapleton, piece of old silver
* Mr Sheriffe, tortoiseshell and silver paper-knife
* Master Jimmy and Miss Myra Smith, photo screen
* Mr H Johnstone Scott, silver box
* Mr Markham Spofforth [?], Chippendale paper case
* Messrs. Poile Smith, large silver shell tray
* Mr F. Tidd, Iarge silver mounted tortoiseshell leaf cutter
* Miss Caroline Thompson, calendar
* Mr and Mrs Vigors, pair of silver frames
* Miss Vigors, long silver button hook
* Mrs Wilkinson, glass vase
* The tradesmen of Tunbridge Wells presented the bride with a large silver gilt looking glass
* Bridge Castle servants, set of brushes and hand mirrors, with gold monogram and address
* Gardeners, mechanics, and keepers on the Bridge estate, china tea service painted in violets
* Tenants on the Eridge and Southdown estates, silver hunting horn and illumlnated address
* Bridge teachers and scholars of the Sunday and day schools, brass salver
* Committee of the Tunbridge Wells Junior Conservative Association, salver cushion in Conservative colours of Kent and Sussex
* Tenants on the Draycot estate, sliver cream jug and sugar basin
* Servants at Stratton-Audley, grey leather and silver blotting book and envelope case

The bridegroom's presents comprised: —

* From the bride, diamond pin, gold watch, and travelling bag
* Earl and Countess Cowley, handsome silver centre piece
* Marchioness of Abergavenny, silver spoons
* Duke of Wellington, George III. silver bowl
* Messrs. F. and C. de Murrieta, set of five very handsome open work dessert dishes
* Marquis of Worcester, smoking-room tray
* Duchess of Manchester, tortoiseshell paper knife with silver handle
* Lady Eva Wellesly, pearl pin
* Lord Richard Nevill, liquer case
* Lord and Lady George Nevill, decanters
* Lord and Lady William Nevill, pair of old silver sauce boats
* Lord and Lady Henry Nevill, silver hot water jug
* Lord and Lady Aline Beaumont, carriage watch
* Count Esterhazy, cigar case
* Vlscount and Viscountess Trafalgar, sliver mounted magnifying glass
* Lord Edward Somerset, decanters
* Lady Decies, silver lighter box
* Lady Norreys, silver razor strop
* Mr and Lady Doreen Long, silver magnifying glass
* Hon. Claud Hay, old silver mustard pot
* Hon. Mrs Gerald Wellesley, high brass lamp
* Sir W Gordon Cumming, silver cirgarette case
* Mr and Lady Idina Brassey, driving whip
* Lord Apsley, umbrella
* Hon. Dawson, pair of silver candlesticks
* Lord Henry Bruce, silver pepper and mustard pots and salt cellars
* The Earl of Dudley, four small liqueur bottles
* Hon. Francis and Lady Feodorowna Bertie, pearl and diamond pin
* Sir John Dickson Poynder, silver stand for hunting appointments
* Lady Bulkeley, writing table
* Mr and Lady Rose Leigh, old silver teapot
* Colonel Hon. F Wellesley, silver urn
* Lord Herbert Vane-Tempest, silver cigarette box
* General and Mrs Owen Williams, silver teapot
* Hon. H and Lady Feodore Sturt and Sir and Lady Magdalen Bulkeley, luncheon case
* Sir Thomas Dancer, inkstand
* Mr and Mrs Hwfa Williams, silver kettle
* Sir Oscar Clayton, silver mustard pot
* Sir Gerald Codrington, silver match box
* Sir Charles Hartopp, cigarette holder in gold case
* Dowager Countess of Lonsdale, old ink bottle
* Marquis and Marchioness of Cholmondeley, silver cigarette case
* Countess of Aylesford, tortoiseshell and silver box
* Earl and Countess of Hardwicke, old silver Inkstand
* Mr Meredith Brown, old silver inkstand
* Colonel Henn, case of boot hooks
* Mr Majoribanks, writing table
* Mr Fuller, silver candlesticks
* Mr Audley Lovell, hunting whip
* Mr Dawson, silver clock
* Mr Hugh Owen, two silver mounted match boxes
* Major Cotes, silver box
* Mr and Mrs Sandford, piece of marqueterie furniture
* Mr and Mrs Bristowe, old dessert spoons
* Mr R Sheriffe, old silver flask
* Colonel Townsend, cigarette box
* Baron M de Tuyll, pair of silver candlesticks
* Mr Caryl Craven, looking glass
* Mr Berkeley Levett, old silver match box
* Mr I Williams, silver cigarette case
* Mr B Peel, pair of old silver candlesticks
* Mr Edward Beaumont, old silver spoons
* Mr Coleman, silver horn cigarette lighter
* Mr Frank Gore, clock and weather glass
* Mr Hugh Clutterbuck, old silver toothpick box
* Mr [H?] Clutterbuck, sliver mounted decanter
* Mr Graham Smith, racing bag
* Mr R Charteris, silver cream jug
* Mr Geoffrey Glyn, walking stick
* Mr Austin Mackenzie, liqueur bottles
* Hon. F Sturt, luncheon basket [listed twice?]
* Mr Albert Stopford, pepper pots
* Southdacon farm labourers, cigarette case
* Mr Oswald Magniac, high screen
* Mr J Hargreaves, grandfather's clock
* Mr T Laycock, tea and coffee pots and sugar basin
* Sir Roger Palmer, silver sugar basin and spoon
* Captain Julian Spicer, dog cigarette lighter
* Mr W Harford, silver cow cream jug
* Mr Archie Miles, silver headed walking stick
* Mr and Mrs Arthur Wilson, breakfast cruet and silver match box
* Mr and Mrs Caldwell, cigarette lighter
* Captain and Mrs Napier Miles, silver cream jug
* Mr Mattingley, driving whip
* Mr Seymore Gore, liqueur glasses
* Mr Geoffrey Glyn, walking stick
* Captain Longfietd, silver cigarette lighter
* The tenants the Draycot estate presented Lord Dangan with a large silver urn: [sic] andthe [sic] employês [sic] the estate gave a lamp.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;The Marriage of Lord Dangan and Lady Violet Nevill.&quot; ''Devizes and Wiltshire Gazette'' 24 December 1889, Tuesday: 8 [of 8], Col. 3a–c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000360/18891224/068/0008. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Notes and Questions ==
# 

==References==
{{reflist}}</text>
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      <text bytes="17617" sha1="agjz46x6poueuty4orh73yn3cb447ii" xml:space="preserve">=Event=
==Overview==
The wedding of Lord Dangan and Lady Violet Nevill

==Logistics==
* 17 December 1889, Tuesday
===Staff and Vendors===
*

==Related Events==
* Reception
* Honeymoon


==Who Was Present==
===Bride and Bridesmaids===
====Bride====
====Bridesmaids====
====Pages====
===Groom and Best Man===
===People Who Attended===

# Could the Mrs. Frank Harris be the writer's wife?
==What People Wore==
# 
==Gifts==
The bride got an unusually large amount of diamond jewelry, and the couple got an unusual number of &quot;old&quot; or antique items, especially silver. Unusually small number of books. They also got a surprisingly large number of whips or driving whips, including one from the groom to the bride.

===From Tenants and Employees===

==== Lady Violet Nevill ====
Two of these groups also presented addresses to the bride, the Bridge Castle servants and the tenants on the Eridge and Southdown estates, whose address was &quot;illuminated.&quot;

* The &quot;tradesmen of Tunbridge Wells presented the bride with a large silver gilt looking glass&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* &quot;Bridge Castle servants, set of brushes and hand mirrors, with gold monogram and address&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* &quot;Gardeners, mechanics, and keepers on the Bridge estate, china tea service painted in violets&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* &quot;Tenants on the Eridge and Southdown estates, silver hunting horn and illumlnated address&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* &quot;Bridge teachers and scholars of the Sunday and day schools, brass salver&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* &quot;Committee of the Tunbridge Wells Junior Conservative Association, salver cushion in Conservative colours of Kent and Sussex&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* &quot;Tenants on the Draycot estate, sliver cream jug and sugar basin&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* &quot;Servants at Stratton-Audley, grey leather and silver blotting book and envelope case.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 3b}}

==== Lord Dangan ====

* &quot;Southdacon farm labourers, cigarette case&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 3c}}
* &quot;The tenants the Draycot estate presented Lord Dangan with a large silver urn: [sic] andthe [sic] employês [sic] the estate gave a lamp.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

===Unusual or Interesting Gifts===

* Whips: sixteen-bore gun and hunting whip, Hunting whip (x3), Gold mounted hunting whip, Driving whip (x2)
* Eridge pony cart
* Apostle spoons, Silver apostle spoons, Twelve apostle teaspoons
* George III. silver bowl (x2, one given to the bride and one to the groom)
* Four Spode dessert dishes
* Wedgwood china
* Very large white ostrich feather fan, Large white ostrich feather fan, with tortoiseshell sticks, Turkish fan
* Case of silver glove stretchers, &amp;c.
* Driving rug, Driving rug
* String box
* Liquer case (given to the groom)
* Silver razor strop
* Silver stand for hunting appointments (to the groom)
* Case of boot hooks
* Clock and weather glass (several other clocks)
* Racing bag

=== Books ===

* Bible

=== Furniture ===

* Marqueterie tray, Chippendale tea tray, Indian tray (plus a number of trays)
* French armchair
* Chippendale cabinet and lamp stand
* Marqueterie table, Table, French table, Chippendale table, writing table (x2)
* Chippendale paper case
* High brass lamp
* Piece of marqueterie furniture
* High screen

==Anthology==
The ''Devizes and Wiltshire Gazette'' published at least 2 stories about this wedding, one that addressed the wedding itself, and the one that follows here, which is about the gifts.

The list of gifts is set here as an unordered list, which obscures the fact that the newspaper set the list using colons as well as semicolons, suggesting that their font had run out of semicolons — and periods as well, since they didn't punctuate the most common honorifics (Mr and Mrs).&lt;blockquote&gt;The marriage of Lord Dangan only son of Earl Cowley with the Lady Violet Nevill, youngest daughter of the Marquess and Marchioness of Abergavenny, took place, as announced in our last issue, on Tuesday, the 17th inst. The wedding presents presented to the bride and bridegroom were exceedingly beautiful. Those to the bride included the following gifts: —

* From the bridegroom, a pearl and diamond necklace, ruby and diamond ring, turquoise and diamond pin, diamond fox pin, moonstone and diamond brooch, gold hunting watch, handsome gold mounted dressing case, with &quot;Violet&quot; engraved on the fittings, sixteen-bore gun, and hunting whip
* The Marquess of Abergavenny gave his daughter three diamond roses, and an Eridge pony cart
* The Marchioness of Abergavenny's presents included a pearl and diamond ring, enamelled and jewelled chatelaine, set of lace, and apostle spoons
* Earl Cowley, a diamond bracelet
* Countess Cowley, emerald and diamond ring
* Marquesa de Santurce, diamond ring
* Hon. T. A. and Lady Idina Brassey and Mr. and Lady Rose Leigh, diamond cluster necklace
* Lord Brasaey, diamond half hoop ring
* Lord and William Nevill, handsome diamond pendant
* Lord Richard Nevill, pair of diamond rose bangles
* Hon. Ralph and Mrs. Nevill, diamond and moonstone bangle
* Lord and Lady Henry Nevill, turquoise and diamond bangle
* Col Hon. F. Wellesley, ruby and diamond heart pendant
* Lady Eva Wellesley, pearl and diamond ring
* Mr. F. B. Mildmay, M.P., turquoise and diamond bangle
* Mr. Andrew Montagu, diamond comb
* Mrs. Hwfa Williams, gold bracelet with diamond and sapphire centre
* Earl of Feversham, gold chain bangle
* Miss Edith Lane Fox, diamond brooch
* Hon. Edith Johnstone, pearl pins
* Mr. J. W. Larnach, diamond brooch
* Baron and Baroness Von Roemer, diamond fox bangle
* Hon. Thomas Dundas, torquoise and diamond brooch
* Miss Gell, coral pin
* Colonel Honeywood, pearl brooch
* Miss Leake, pearl and diamond pin
* Mr. James Noel, solitaires
* Mr. and Mrs. Temple Soanes, turquoise and diamond ring
* Lady Trevor, old silver watch
* Mr. and Mrs. Adrian Hope, ruby and diamond bangle
* Mr. Gervase Beckett, large pearl pin
* Lady George Nevill, fitted tea basket
* Countess of Cottenham, pair of old silver vases
* Earl of Cottenham, painted looking glass
* Lord and Lady Churchill, brass lamp
* Viscount and Viscountess Raincliffe, dessert service
* Earl of Stradbroke, silver lamp
* Viscountess Cranbrook, marqueterie tray
* Lady Forbes, silver hand glass
* Sir William Harcourt, bag
* Lord and Lady Chesham, pair of silver lamps
* Hon. Evelyn Gathorne Hardy, silver frame
* Lady Sybil Knox, silver cream jug
* Sir Francis Monteftore, pink mother-o'-pearl fan
* Lady Sandhurst, French armchair
* Lady de Trafford, pair of silver candlesticks
* Hon. Assheton Harbord, dressing bag with solid gold mountings, and fitted with ivory backed brushes, with the initials &quot;D. V.&quot; and coronet in gold
* Baroness Henry de Worms, white ostrich feather fan with tortoiseshell sticks, and initials and coronet in diamonds
* Sir Myles and Lady Fenton, case, containing silver shoe horn, button hook. &amp;c,. [sic]
* Lady Aline Beaumont, silver lamp
* Mr. and Miss J. J. Barrow, very handsome clock, Shetland gloves. &amp;c.
* Mr. and Mrs. Beckett, silver tea service
* Mr. and Mrs. H. Brassey, mother-o'-pearl fan
* Mr. and Lady Isabel Bligh, clock
* [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon and Mrs Bourke]], salt and pepper pots
* Mr Cullum, George III. silver bowl
* Lord Cheylesmore and Hon. Miss Eaton, silver bowl
* Lady Blanche Conyngham, carriage clock and card case
* Lady Conyers, silver candlesticks
* Lady Alice Dundas, silver sugar castor
* Hon. Mrs Duberley, four Spode dessert dishes
* Lady Derwent, marqueterie table
* Hon. Lady Filmer and Miss Fllmer, pair of silver and crystal lamps
* Mr and Mrs Moreton Frewen, large gold pencil case
* Captain and Mrs Philip Green, silver apostle spoons
* Lady Wilson, plush writing set
* Mr and Hon. Mrs Glyn, very large white ostrich feather fan
* Sir Edmund and Lady Hardinge, six silver gilt coffee spoons
* Captain Hon. Henry Hardinge, silver sugar castor
* Colonel Hon. C and Lady Cecily Gathorne Hardy, Chippendale cabinet and lamp stand
* Mr E Hatch, black lace and tortoiseshell fan with diamond monogram
* Lady Selina Hervey, table
* Viscount Hardinge, paper knife
* Hons. L E and M Hardinge, silver mounted inkstand
* Hon. Gilbert Johnstone, old silver box
* Hon. Francis and Mrs Johnstone, pair of old silver salt cellars
* Mrs Leigh, Dresden tea set
* Miss Leigh, twelve apostle teaspoons
* Mr and Hon. Mrs Charles Egerton, large white ostrich feather fan, with tortoiseshell sticks
* Hon. Mrs Lowther, silver bowl; Lady Constance Lyon, gauze fan
* Hon. Mrs de Lisle, silver-mounted blotting book
* Mr and Mrs Gerard Leigh, Chippendale tea tray
* Mr and Mrs Morland, Indian tray
* Major Henry Morland, large tortoiseshell and silver box
* Hon. James Mansfield, tortoiseshell and silver table knife
* Mr and Mrs Charles Martin, antique brass clock
* Lady Alice Morland, silver and grey leather frame
* Miss Morland, a similar gift
* Mr M H Milner, gold topped salts bottle
* Sir F and Lady Milner, French table
* Lady Augusta Mostyn, large silver box
* Miss Meresia Nevill, willow pattern coffee set
* Lady Dorothy Nevill, silver mounted paper cutter
* Lady Perry, Miss Perry, and Mrs, [sic] Grant, set of old paste buttons
* Lady Hilda Rous, painted screen
* Marquis Camden and Lady Clementine Pratt, silver muffineers
* Lord  and Lady George Pratt, silver clothes brush
* Lord Sandhurst, pair of tortoiseshell and silver candlesticks
* Hon. Cecil Sandys, silver box
* Countess of Stradbroke, travelling clock
* Lady Caroline Sterllng, leather writing table set
* Mr and Mrs Arthur Streatfeild [sic], picture
* Captain Wingfield Stratford, silver frame
* Mrs and Miss Streatfeild, double frame
* Mr and Mrs Gerard Streatfeild, two old silver boxes
* Hon. Michael Sandys, pair of sugar castors
* Lord Herbert Vane-Tempest, tortoiseshell and feather fan
* Lord Henry Thynne, silver sugar castor
* Miss Wombwell, silver gilt tray
* Mr and Miss Williams, Turkish fan
* Mrs Alnut, white china ornaments
* Mrs Burton, glove sachet
* Rev. J J Burton, Bible
* Mr and Mrs Ludovick Bligh, paper knife
* Miss Bidwell, silver seal
* Miss Chetwynd, case of silver glove stretchers, &amp;c.
* Miss Cripps, china ornament
* Mr Thomas Coppard, driving rug
* Hon. Lilah and Hon. Charles Cavendish, ivory tray
* Messrs. R and S Caldwell, china vases
* M and Mrs W Cripps, hunting whip
* Miss H Davis, double inkstand
* Mrs Duce, china vase
* Mrs Dobede, silver fish pencil case
* Mr and Mrs Drake, pair of silver topped bottles
* Mr Davis, driving rug
* Mr Dickinson, fan
* Misses Eastwood, white china waiter
* Mrs Eastwood, Dresden tea service
* Mr and Mrs Evenden, bracket
* Mrs Frewen, silver magnifying glass
* Mr and Mrs Stephen Frewen, old Sèvres china
* Mrs Fletcher, small gold box
* Mr and Mrs Earnest Beckett, silver gilt tray
* Colonel and Hon. Mrs. Leeke, gold mounted hunting whip
* Mr Westley Richards, clock
* Mr and Mrs Glanville, photograph of the Marquis and Marchioness of Abergavenny
* Thomas Cutton, small Ivory case with scissors
* Lady Frances Pratt, silver sugar sifter
* Mr and Lady Georgina Field, crown Derbycups
* Mr and Mrs Fort, pair of Dresden figures
* Mrs Inigo Gell, silver smelling bottle
* Gilbert and Co.. high iron lamp
* Mr G Gladwin, ivory handled button hook
* Mrs Hamilton Grace, button hook
* Mrs Frank Harris, silver tray
* Mr and Mrs W H Hodgkin, Chippendale table
* Miss Emily Harcourt, pair of opera glasses
* Miss Hoskins, picture
* Mr and Mrs R Hulse, silver paper holder
* Mr Charles Johnstone, silver frame
* Mr F and Miss Laura Johnstone, antique spoon
* Misses Maude and Kate Kemp, silver box
* Mr Percy Lankester, large framed photograph of Eridge Castle 
* Mr Charles Luck, Wedgwood china
* Misses Miles, newspaper rack
* Mr and Mrs Manser, paper knife
* Mrs Montefiore, Dresden cups and saucers
* Miss Marsack, photograph screen
* Mr Noyes, string box
* Mrs and Miss Neale, lace handkerchlef and table cloth
* Mr R Nevill, sliver frame
* Mr J Petts, hunting whip
* Mrs Rust, basket
* Miss Rutherford, table cloth
* Mrs Cramer Roberts, Dutch silver toys
* Mrs Shiffner, old Danish brooch
* Miss Stapleton, piece of old silver
* Mr Sheriffe, tortoiseshell and silver paper-knife
* Master Jimmy and Miss Myra Smith, photo screen
* Mr H Johnstone Scott, silver box
* Mr Markham Spofforth [?], Chippendale paper case
* Messrs. Poile Smith, large silver shell tray
* Mr F. Tidd, Iarge silver mounted tortoiseshell leaf cutter
* Miss Caroline Thompson, calendar
* Mr and Mrs Vigors, pair of silver frames
* Miss Vigors, long silver button hook
* Mrs Wilkinson, glass vase
* The tradesmen of Tunbridge Wells presented the bride with a large silver gilt looking glass
* Bridge Castle servants, set of brushes and hand mirrors, with gold monogram and address
* Gardeners, mechanics, and keepers on the Bridge estate, china tea service painted in violets
* Tenants on the Eridge and Southdown estates, silver hunting horn and illumlnated address
* Bridge teachers and scholars of the Sunday and day schools, brass salver
* Committee of the Tunbridge Wells Junior Conservative Association, salver cushion in Conservative colours of Kent and Sussex
* Tenants on the Draycot estate, sliver cream jug and sugar basin
* Servants at Stratton-Audley, grey leather and silver blotting book and envelope case

The bridegroom's presents comprised: —

* From the bride, diamond pin, gold watch, and travelling bag
* Earl and Countess Cowley, handsome silver centre piece
* Marchioness of Abergavenny, silver spoons
* Duke of Wellington, George III. silver bowl
* Messrs. F. and C. de Murrieta, set of five very handsome open work dessert dishes
* Marquis of Worcester, smoking-room tray
* Duchess of Manchester, tortoiseshell paper knife with silver handle
* Lady Eva Wellesly, pearl pin
* Lord Richard Nevill, liquer case
* Lord and Lady George Nevill, decanters
* Lord and Lady William Nevill, pair of old silver sauce boats
* Lord and Lady Henry Nevill, silver hot water jug
* Lord and Lady Aline Beaumont, carriage watch
* Count Esterhazy, cigar case
* Vlscount and Viscountess Trafalgar, sliver mounted magnifying glass
* Lord Edward Somerset, decanters
* Lady Decies, silver lighter box
* Lady Norreys, silver razor strop
* Mr and Lady Doreen Long, silver magnifying glass
* Hon. Claud Hay, old silver mustard pot
* Hon. Mrs Gerald Wellesley, high brass lamp
* Sir W Gordon Cumming, silver cirgarette case
* Mr and Lady Idina Brassey, driving whip
* Lord Apsley, umbrella
* Hon. Dawson, pair of silver candlesticks
* Lord Henry Bruce, silver pepper and mustard pots and salt cellars
* The Earl of Dudley, four small liqueur bottles
* Hon. Francis and Lady Feodorowna Bertie, pearl and diamond pin
* Sir John Dickson Poynder, silver stand for hunting appointments
* Lady Bulkeley, writing table
* Mr and Lady Rose Leigh, old silver teapot
* Colonel Hon. F Wellesley, silver urn
* Lord Herbert Vane-Tempest, silver cigarette box
* General and Mrs Owen Williams, silver teapot
* Hon. H and Lady Feodore Sturt and Sir and Lady Magdalen Bulkeley, luncheon case
* Sir Thomas Dancer, inkstand
* Mr and Mrs Hwfa Williams, silver kettle
* Sir Oscar Clayton, silver mustard pot
* Sir Gerald Codrington, silver match box
* Sir Charles Hartopp, cigarette holder in gold case
* Dowager Countess of Lonsdale, old ink bottle
* Marquis and Marchioness of Cholmondeley, silver cigarette case
* Countess of Aylesford, tortoiseshell and silver box
* Earl and Countess of Hardwicke, old silver Inkstand
* Mr Meredith Brown, old silver inkstand
* Colonel Henn, case of boot hooks
* Mr Majoribanks, writing table
* Mr Fuller, silver candlesticks
* Mr Audley Lovell, hunting whip
* Mr Dawson, silver clock
* Mr Hugh Owen, two silver mounted match boxes
* Major Cotes, silver box
* Mr and Mrs Sandford, piece of marqueterie furniture
* Mr and Mrs Bristowe, old dessert spoons
* Mr R Sheriffe, old silver flask
* Colonel Townsend, cigarette box
* Baron M de Tuyll, pair of silver candlesticks
* Mr Caryl Craven, looking glass
* Mr Berkeley Levett, old silver match box
* Mr I Williams, silver cigarette case
* Mr B Peel, pair of old silver candlesticks
* Mr Edward Beaumont, old silver spoons
* Mr Coleman, silver horn cigarette lighter
* Mr Frank Gore, clock and weather glass
* Mr Hugh Clutterbuck, old silver toothpick box
* Mr [H?] Clutterbuck, sliver mounted decanter
* Mr Graham Smith, racing bag
* Mr R Charteris, silver cream jug
* Mr Geoffrey Glyn, walking stick
* Mr Austin Mackenzie, liqueur bottles
* Hon. F Sturt, luncheon basket [listed twice?]
* Mr Albert Stopford, pepper pots
* Southdacon farm labourers, cigarette case
* Mr Oswald Magniac, high screen
* Mr J Hargreaves, grandfather's clock
* Mr T Laycock, tea and coffee pots and sugar basin
* Sir Roger Palmer, silver sugar basin and spoon
* Captain Julian Spicer, dog cigarette lighter
* Mr W Harford, silver cow cream jug
* Mr Archie Miles, silver headed walking stick
* Mr and Mrs Arthur Wilson, breakfast cruet and silver match box
* Mr and Mrs Caldwell, cigarette lighter
* Captain and Mrs Napier Miles, silver cream jug
* Mr Mattingley, driving whip
* Mr Seymore Gore, liqueur glasses
* Mr Geoffrey Glyn, walking stick
* Captain Longfietd, silver cigarette lighter
* The tenants the Draycot estate presented Lord Dangan with a large silver urn: [sic] andthe [sic] employês [sic] the estate gave a lamp.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;The Marriage of Lord Dangan and Lady Violet Nevill.&quot; ''Devizes and Wiltshire Gazette'' 24 December 1889, Tuesday: 8 [of 8], Col. 3a–c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000360/18891224/068/0008. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Notes and Questions ==
# 

==References==
{{reflist}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Alandmanson/sandbox- Pompilidae</title>
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    <id>322214</id>
    <revision>
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      <parentid>2719804</parentid>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="20325" sha1="gpwivazz82dfr8ds9af91dxj4dvdyf2" xml:space="preserve">'''''Subfamily'' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/index.htm &lt;u&gt;Pompilinae&lt;/u&gt;]'''

List of genera and species from [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm '''&lt;u&gt;https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm&lt;/u&gt;''']

'''Genus''' ''Aeluropetrus'' Arnold, 1936

''Aeluropetrus braunsi'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Aeluropetrus lugubris'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/Aetheopompilus_obliquetruncatus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus obliquetruncatus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 (Mozambique)

'''Genus''' ''Agenioideus'' Ashmead, 1902

''Agenioideus brevis'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937) (Ghana, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus decipiens'' (Bischoff, 1913) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) (Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus lascivus'' (Cameron, 1891) (?)

''Agenioideus nudatus'' (Smith, 1855) (?)

''Agenioideus rotundilabris'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus rutilus'' (Klug, 1834) (Yemen)

''Agenioideus rufipes'' (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Agenioideus varians'' (Arnold, 1937) (?)

'''Genus''' ''Amblyellus'' Day, 1981

''Amblyellus willowmorensis'' (Arnold, 1937) (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

'''Genus''' ''Anoplius'' Dufour, 1834

''Anoplius aethiopicus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Anoplius alecto'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Anoplius bifasciatus'' Tullgren, 1904 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda)

''Anoplius concinnus'' (Dahlbom, 1845) (Yemen)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''fuscus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, South Africa, Tanzania)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''excelsior'' Arnold, 1950 (Tanzania)

''Anoplius montanus'' Haupt, 1950 (Benin, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Principe Island, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

''Anoplius morosus'' Smith, 1855 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Anoplius octomaculatus'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Anoplius panmelas'' (Saussure, 1891) (Madagascar)

''Anoplius saegeri'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Anoplius subfasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius successor'' (Cameron, 1910) (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius viridicatus'' Smith, 1879 (West Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Apareia'' Haupt, 1929

''Apareia multipicta rufifemur'' Haupt, 1929 (Zimbabwe)

''Apareia oedipus'' Kohl, 1886 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Aporinellus'' Banks, 1911

''Aporinellus bidens'' (Saussure, 1892) (Madagascar)

'''Genus''' ''Aporoideus'' Ashmead, 1902

''Aporoideus clarus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

'''Genus''' ''Arachnospila'' Kincaid, 1900

'''Subgenus''' ''Ammosphex''

''Arachnospila (Ammosphex) consobrina heringi'' (Haupt, 1928) (California, Canary Islands, Spain, Tanzania, Yemen)

'''Genus''' ''Argyroclitus'' Arnold, 1937

''Argyroclitus fasciatipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus ruwenzoriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Atelostegus'' Haupt, 1929

''Atelostegus thrinax'' (Kohl, 1909) (Madagascar)

'''Genus''' ''Atopopompilus'' Arnold, 1937

''Atopompilus jacens'' (Bingham, 1912) (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Yemen)

''Atopompilus marshalli'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Atopopompilus venans mlanjiensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Ghana)

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/Bambesa_grisea.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa grisea&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1937

''Batozonellus capensis'' (Dahlbom, 1843) (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/Batozonellus_fuliginosus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus fuliginosus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Klug, 1834) (Central Africa, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Batozonellus gowdeyi'' (Turner, 1916) (Uganda)

''Batozonellus madecassus'' (Saussure, 1887) (Madagascar)

''Batozonellus separabilis'' (Turner, 1916) (Congo, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Batozonus'' Ashmead, 1902

''Batozonus bipunctatus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Batozonus capensis'' Dahlbom, 1940 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda)

'''Genus''' ''Cliochares'' Banks, 1940

''Cliochares convexus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

'''Genus''' ''Cordyloscelis'' Arnold, 1935

''Cordyloscelis bequaerti'' Arnold, 1935 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Cordyloscelis flavipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis latipes'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis namaqua'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis nigerrimus'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis parallelus'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe)

''Cordyloscelis ugandensis'' Arnold, 1935 (Congo, Uganda)

'''Genus''' ''Ctenagenia'' Saussure, 1892

''Ctenagenia vespiformis'' (Klug, 1834) (Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Madagascar, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, Yemen)

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930

''Dromochares clavipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (Zimbabwe)

''Dromochares fumipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Dromochares premnopterus'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

''Dromochares rufipes'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/Dromochares_transvaalensis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares transvaalensis&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Dicyrtomellus'' Gussakovskij, 1935

''Dicyrtomellus anomalipes'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Dicyrtomellus argenteodecoratus'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus griseus'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus impressus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus leptacanthius'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus meruensis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus neavei'' Kohl, 1913 (Congo)

''Dicyrtomellus rufofemoratus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Elaphrosyron'' Haupt, 1930

''Elaphrosyron insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Mali, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Elaphrosyron multipictus'' Arnold, 1937 (Uganda)

''Elaphrosyron pauperculus'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Epiclinotus'' Haupt, 1929

''Epiclinotus capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus erythrurus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus turneri'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron&lt;/u&gt;''] Schiødte, 1837

''Episyron argillaceus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zambia)

''Episyron bequaerti'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron bicinctus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron braunsii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron crassicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Episyron gryps'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/Episyron_histrio.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron histrio&lt;/u&gt;''] Lepeletier, 1845 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mali, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron pedunculatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron solitaneum'' Kohl, 1906 (Yemen)

''Episyron tropicalis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Episyron turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron viduus'' Arnold, 1936 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron vindex'' Smith, 1879 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/index.htm &lt;u&gt;Euclavelia&lt;/u&gt;]'' Arnold, 1932

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/Euclavelia_fasciata.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Euclavelia fasciata&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1932 (South Africa)

''Euclavelia longicollis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Euryzonotulus'' Arnold, 1937

''Euryzonotulus nigeriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Ferreola'' Lepeletier, 1845

''Ferreola auranticornis'' Wahis, 2000 (Eritrea, Yemen)

'''Genus''' ''Ferreoloides'' Haupt, 1919

''Ferreoloides basutorum'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

''Ferreoloides versutus'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

'''Genus''' ''Galactopterus'' Arnold, 1937

''Galactopterus otaviensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Galactopterus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Namibia, South Africa)

''Galactopterus simillimus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Guichardia'' Arnold, 1951

''Guichardia macilenta'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana, South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Hadropompilus'' Arnold, 1934

''Hadropompilus braunsi'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Hadropompilus montanus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Hauptiella'' Arnold, 1936

''Hauptiella multipicta'' Arnold, 1936

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/Herpetosphex_staphylinoides.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex staphylinoides&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Homonotus'' Dahlbom, 1844

''Homonotus aegyptiacus'' Turner, 1917 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus coxalis'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus disparilis'' Turner, 1917 (South Africa)

''Homonotus dispersus'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus dissectus'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus fuscipes'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus imitans'' Dahlbom, 1843 (Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus leptogaster'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus ruficornis'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

''Homonotus rukwaensis'' Arnold, 1946 (Tanzania)

''Homonotus sansibaricus'' Dahlbom, 1843 (Zanzibar)

'''Genus''' ''Idopompilus'' Haupt, 1930

''Idopompilus algoensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus algoensis major'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus braunsi'' Kohl, 1899 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus brunnescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschi handlirschi'' Arnold, 1936 (?)

''Idopompilus handlirschi basutorum'' Arnold, 1959 (Lesotho, South Africa)

''Idopompilus fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1946 (Lesotho)

''Idopompilus gracilicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus krugeri'' Haupt, 1930 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Idopompilus quadrifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Kolposphex'' Arnold, 1959

''Kolposphex atronitens'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Kyphopompilus'' Arnold, 1960

''Kyphopompilus flavipes'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Microdrapetes'' Arnold, 1937

''Microdrapetes bellus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Microphadnus'' Cameron, 1904

''Microphadnus bicolor'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Paracyphononyx'' Gribodo, 1884

''Paracyphononyx affinis'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon, Ghana, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx africanus'' Rad., 1881 (Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx carinatus'' Rad., 1881 Angola, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx coloratus'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon)

''Paracyphononyx difficilis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Malai, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversipes'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversus'' Dahlbom, 1845 (Central and East Africa to South Africa, Yemen)

''Paracyphononyx elliotti'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx frustratus'' Smith, 1879 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx funebris'' Magretti, 1884 (Ethiopia)

''Paracyphononyx gemellus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx laboriosus'' Arnold, 1936 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx languidus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx lukombensis'' Cameron, 1912 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia)

''Paracyphononyx metemmensis'' Magretti, 1884 (Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx mombassicus'' R. Luc., 1898 (Kenya)

''Paracyphononyx montanus'' Arnold, 1960 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx parallelus'' Haupt, 1929 (Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx petiolaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx plutonis'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx rotundinervis'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx ruficrus'' Klug, 1834 (Asia Minor, Egypt, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' Illiger,1802 (Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Paraferreola'' Sustera, 1913

''Paraferreola melanostoma'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paraferreola spilopus'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

''Paraferreola soleana'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Platyderes'' Guérin-Méneville, 1844

''Platyderes bicolor'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa)

''Platyderes chalybeus'' Saussure, 1892 (East Africa, South Africa)

''Platyderes drègii'' Brauns, 1899 (South Africa)

''Platyderes erythrocephalus'' Guerin, **** (Madagascar)

''Platyderes flavoscutellatus'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes oraniensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Platyderes rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Ethiopia, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes saussurei'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Platyderes spoliatus'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes vicinus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Platyderes wasmanni'' Brauns, 1904 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Pompilus'' Fabricius

''Pompilus alpinus'' Arnold, 1960 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus anomalopterus'' Cameron, 1908 (Malawi, South Africa)

''Pompilus cinereus'' Fabricius, 1775 (Yemen)

''Pompilus contrarius'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Pompilus curvifrons'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus erythrostomus'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus exploratrix'' Cameron, 1908 ''(''

''Pompilus ignobilis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pompilus levis'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana)

''Pompilus masaiensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus meruensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus plumbeus'' Fabricius, 1787 (Widespread through Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Senegal, South Africa) also in China, Europe, India)

''Pompilus sacchii'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus shirae'' Arnold, 1950 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus successor'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus vanutelli'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Pompilus yngvei'' Cameron, 1908 (

'''Genus''' ''Pompilioides'' Radley, 1887

''Pompilioides braunsi'' Kohl, 1894 (Cameroon)

''Pompilioides decipiens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides latifrons'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides pruinosus'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides trifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides validus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Psammochares'' Latreille, 1796

''Psammochares bilineatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares brunniventris'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares irpex'' Gerstaecker, 1859 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares jocaste'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Psammochares latilabris'' Arnold, 1937 (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares quadriguttatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Tanzania)

''Psammochares rufigaster'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares rutilus'' Klug, 1834 (Ethiopia, Nigeria, Sudan, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares varians'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Psammoderes'' Haupt, 1929

''Psammoderes capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes collaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Psammoderes fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1935 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes major'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes lightfooti'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Psammoderes mimicus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes semirufus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes reputatus'' Kohl, 1913 (Congo, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Pseudoclavelia&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930

''Pseudoclavelia argenteosignata'' Arnold, 1936 (Botswana, Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia bituberculata'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_damarensis.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia damarensis''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia jouberti'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_nitidula.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia nitidula'' ''nitidula''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia nitidula bechuanae'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia rhodesiana'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudoclavelia rufescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Pseudopompilus'' Costa, 1887

''Pseudopompilus funereus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudopompilus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Pseudopompilus lacteipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Pygmachus'' Haupt, 1930

''Pygmachus compressus'' Saussure, 1892 (Madagascar)

''Pygmachus umbratus'' Haupt, 1930 (Guinea, South Africa, Zanzibar, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Rhynchopompilus'' Arnold, 1934

''Rhynchopompilus cursor'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Schistonyx'' Saussure, 1887

''Schistonyx aterrimus'' Arnold, 1946 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx prismaticus'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

''Schistonyx sinuatus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx sheppardi'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, Syria, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Schizanoplius'' Cameron, 1904

''Schizanoplius lutarius'' (Saussure, 1834)(Ghana, Mali, Madagascar)

''Schizanoplius violaceipennis'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Spuridiophorus'' Arnold, 1934

''Spuridiophorus capensis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Spuridiophorus inermis'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus maculipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Syntomoclitus'' Arnold, 1937

''Syntomoclitus bicolor'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Ashmead, 1902

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ignitus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ignitus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Smith, 1855) (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ovambo.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ovambo&lt;/u&gt;''] (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Tachypompilus praepotens'' (Kohl, 1894) (South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zanzibar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_vitripennis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] ''&lt;u&gt;vitripennis&lt;/u&gt;'' (Arnold, 1937) (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Telostegus'' Costa, 1887

''Telostegus capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Telostegus fuscipennis'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

''Telostegus insidiosus'' (Smith, 1879) (Yemen)

''Telostegus sabulicola'' Priesner, 1955 (Algeria, Egypt, Marocco, Senegal, Yemen)</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>2719806</id>
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      <text bytes="23727" sha1="b4m593tylhq25cl7369zdol8y1rxipy" xml:space="preserve">==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934, pp. 290-364.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA. (Arnold, 1934, pp. 380-385.)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; ''Pseudagenia'' in iNat).&lt;br&gt;
*''D. pulchricoma'' = ''Pseudagenia pulchricoma'' Arnold, 1934, p. 337-340&lt;br&gt;
*''D. neavei'' = ''Pseudagenia mygnimioides'' Arnold, 1934, pp.336-337 and ''Pseudagenia neavei'' Kohl 1913&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA. - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377.&lt;br&gt;
*also ''Poecilagenia spinosipes'' = ''Trachyglyptus spinosipes'' Arnold, 1934, p. 377-379&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = ''Deuteragenia turneri'', ''D. dregei'', ''D. chirindensis'', ''D. bicolor'' (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (''Hormopogonius willowmorensis'' = ''Calicurgus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1932 p.395); also ''H. tenuicornis'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 379-380&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
*Also ''Priocnernis aterrimus'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 385-386.
*''Priocnemis meridionalis'' Arnold, 1934, p. 386.
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;
- Claveliinae corrected to Ctenocerinae in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.386-388&lt;br&gt;
- Several new genera and species in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.388-399&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pompilinae==

List of genera and species from [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm '''&lt;u&gt;https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm&lt;/u&gt;''']

'''Genus''' ''Aeluropetrus'' Arnold, 1936

''Aeluropetrus braunsi'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Aeluropetrus lugubris'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/Aetheopompilus_obliquetruncatus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus obliquetruncatus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 (Mozambique)

'''Genus''' ''Agenioideus'' Ashmead, 1902

''Agenioideus brevis'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937) (Ghana, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus decipiens'' (Bischoff, 1913) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) (Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus lascivus'' (Cameron, 1891) (?)

''Agenioideus nudatus'' (Smith, 1855) (?)

''Agenioideus rotundilabris'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus rutilus'' (Klug, 1834) (Yemen)

''Agenioideus rufipes'' (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Agenioideus varians'' (Arnold, 1937) (?)

'''Genus''' ''Amblyellus'' Day, 1981

''Amblyellus willowmorensis'' (Arnold, 1937) (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

'''Genus''' ''Anoplius'' Dufour, 1834

''Anoplius aethiopicus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Anoplius alecto'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Anoplius bifasciatus'' Tullgren, 1904 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda)

''Anoplius concinnus'' (Dahlbom, 1845) (Yemen)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''fuscus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, South Africa, Tanzania)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''excelsior'' Arnold, 1950 (Tanzania)

''Anoplius montanus'' Haupt, 1950 (Benin, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Principe Island, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

''Anoplius morosus'' Smith, 1855 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Anoplius octomaculatus'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Anoplius panmelas'' (Saussure, 1891) (Madagascar)

''Anoplius saegeri'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Anoplius subfasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius successor'' (Cameron, 1910) (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius viridicatus'' Smith, 1879 (West Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Apareia'' Haupt, 1929

''Apareia multipicta rufifemur'' Haupt, 1929 (Zimbabwe)

''Apareia oedipus'' Kohl, 1886 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Aporinellus'' Banks, 1911

''Aporinellus bidens'' (Saussure, 1892) (Madagascar)

'''Genus''' ''Aporoideus'' Ashmead, 1902

''Aporoideus clarus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

'''Genus''' ''Arachnospila'' Kincaid, 1900

'''Subgenus''' ''Ammosphex''

''Arachnospila (Ammosphex) consobrina heringi'' (Haupt, 1928) (California, Canary Islands, Spain, Tanzania, Yemen)

'''Genus''' ''Argyroclitus'' Arnold, 1937

''Argyroclitus fasciatipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus ruwenzoriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Atelostegus'' Haupt, 1929

''Atelostegus thrinax'' (Kohl, 1909) (Madagascar)

'''Genus''' ''Atopopompilus'' Arnold, 1937

''Atopompilus jacens'' (Bingham, 1912) (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Yemen)

''Atopompilus marshalli'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Atopopompilus venans mlanjiensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Ghana)

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/Bambesa_grisea.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa grisea&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1937

''Batozonellus capensis'' (Dahlbom, 1843) (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/Batozonellus_fuliginosus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus fuliginosus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Klug, 1834) (Central Africa, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Batozonellus gowdeyi'' (Turner, 1916) (Uganda)

''Batozonellus madecassus'' (Saussure, 1887) (Madagascar)

''Batozonellus separabilis'' (Turner, 1916) (Congo, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Batozonus'' Ashmead, 1902

''Batozonus bipunctatus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Batozonus capensis'' Dahlbom, 1940 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda)

'''Genus''' ''Cliochares'' Banks, 1940

''Cliochares convexus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

'''Genus''' ''Cordyloscelis'' Arnold, 1935

''Cordyloscelis bequaerti'' Arnold, 1935 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Cordyloscelis flavipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis latipes'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis namaqua'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis nigerrimus'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis parallelus'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe)

''Cordyloscelis ugandensis'' Arnold, 1935 (Congo, Uganda)

'''Genus''' ''Ctenagenia'' Saussure, 1892

''Ctenagenia vespiformis'' (Klug, 1834) (Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Madagascar, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, Yemen)

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930

''Dromochares clavipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (Zimbabwe)

''Dromochares fumipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Dromochares premnopterus'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

''Dromochares rufipes'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/Dromochares_transvaalensis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares transvaalensis&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Dicyrtomellus'' Gussakovskij, 1935

''Dicyrtomellus anomalipes'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Dicyrtomellus argenteodecoratus'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus griseus'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus impressus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus leptacanthius'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus meruensis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus neavei'' Kohl, 1913 (Congo)

''Dicyrtomellus rufofemoratus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Elaphrosyron'' Haupt, 1930

''Elaphrosyron insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Mali, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Elaphrosyron multipictus'' Arnold, 1937 (Uganda)

''Elaphrosyron pauperculus'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Epiclinotus'' Haupt, 1929

''Epiclinotus capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus erythrurus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus turneri'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron&lt;/u&gt;''] Schiødte, 1837

''Episyron argillaceus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zambia)

''Episyron bequaerti'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron bicinctus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron braunsii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron crassicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Episyron gryps'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/Episyron_histrio.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron histrio&lt;/u&gt;''] Lepeletier, 1845 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mali, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron pedunculatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron solitaneum'' Kohl, 1906 (Yemen)

''Episyron tropicalis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Episyron turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron viduus'' Arnold, 1936 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron vindex'' Smith, 1879 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/index.htm &lt;u&gt;Euclavelia&lt;/u&gt;]'' Arnold, 1932

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/Euclavelia_fasciata.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Euclavelia fasciata&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1932 (South Africa)

''Euclavelia longicollis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Euryzonotulus'' Arnold, 1937

''Euryzonotulus nigeriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Ferreola'' Lepeletier, 1845

''Ferreola auranticornis'' Wahis, 2000 (Eritrea, Yemen)

'''Genus''' ''Ferreoloides'' Haupt, 1919

''Ferreoloides basutorum'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

''Ferreoloides versutus'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

'''Genus''' ''Galactopterus'' Arnold, 1937

''Galactopterus otaviensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Galactopterus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Namibia, South Africa)

''Galactopterus simillimus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Guichardia'' Arnold, 1951

''Guichardia macilenta'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana, South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Hadropompilus'' Arnold, 1934

''Hadropompilus braunsi'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Hadropompilus montanus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Hauptiella'' Arnold, 1936

''Hauptiella multipicta'' Arnold, 1936

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/Herpetosphex_staphylinoides.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex staphylinoides&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Homonotus'' Dahlbom, 1844

''Homonotus aegyptiacus'' Turner, 1917 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus coxalis'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus disparilis'' Turner, 1917 (South Africa)

''Homonotus dispersus'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus dissectus'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus fuscipes'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus imitans'' Dahlbom, 1843 (Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus leptogaster'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus ruficornis'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

''Homonotus rukwaensis'' Arnold, 1946 (Tanzania)

''Homonotus sansibaricus'' Dahlbom, 1843 (Zanzibar)

'''Genus''' ''Idopompilus'' Haupt, 1930

''Idopompilus algoensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus algoensis major'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus braunsi'' Kohl, 1899 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus brunnescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschi handlirschi'' Arnold, 1936 (?)

''Idopompilus handlirschi basutorum'' Arnold, 1959 (Lesotho, South Africa)

''Idopompilus fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1946 (Lesotho)

''Idopompilus gracilicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus krugeri'' Haupt, 1930 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Idopompilus quadrifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Kolposphex'' Arnold, 1959

''Kolposphex atronitens'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Kyphopompilus'' Arnold, 1960

''Kyphopompilus flavipes'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Microdrapetes'' Arnold, 1937

''Microdrapetes bellus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Microphadnus'' Cameron, 1904

''Microphadnus bicolor'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Paracyphononyx'' Gribodo, 1884

''Paracyphononyx affinis'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon, Ghana, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx africanus'' Rad., 1881 (Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx carinatus'' Rad., 1881 Angola, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx coloratus'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon)

''Paracyphononyx difficilis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Malai, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversipes'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversus'' Dahlbom, 1845 (Central and East Africa to South Africa, Yemen)

''Paracyphononyx elliotti'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx frustratus'' Smith, 1879 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx funebris'' Magretti, 1884 (Ethiopia)

''Paracyphononyx gemellus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx laboriosus'' Arnold, 1936 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx languidus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx lukombensis'' Cameron, 1912 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia)

''Paracyphononyx metemmensis'' Magretti, 1884 (Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx mombassicus'' R. Luc., 1898 (Kenya)

''Paracyphononyx montanus'' Arnold, 1960 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx parallelus'' Haupt, 1929 (Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx petiolaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx plutonis'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx rotundinervis'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx ruficrus'' Klug, 1834 (Asia Minor, Egypt, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' Illiger,1802 (Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Paraferreola'' Sustera, 1913

''Paraferreola melanostoma'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paraferreola spilopus'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

''Paraferreola soleana'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Platyderes'' Guérin-Méneville, 1844

''Platyderes bicolor'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa)

''Platyderes chalybeus'' Saussure, 1892 (East Africa, South Africa)

''Platyderes drègii'' Brauns, 1899 (South Africa)

''Platyderes erythrocephalus'' Guerin, **** (Madagascar)

''Platyderes flavoscutellatus'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes oraniensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Platyderes rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Ethiopia, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes saussurei'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Platyderes spoliatus'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes vicinus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Platyderes wasmanni'' Brauns, 1904 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Pompilus'' Fabricius

''Pompilus alpinus'' Arnold, 1960 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus anomalopterus'' Cameron, 1908 (Malawi, South Africa)

''Pompilus cinereus'' Fabricius, 1775 (Yemen)

''Pompilus contrarius'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Pompilus curvifrons'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus erythrostomus'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus exploratrix'' Cameron, 1908 ''(''

''Pompilus ignobilis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pompilus levis'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana)

''Pompilus masaiensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus meruensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus plumbeus'' Fabricius, 1787 (Widespread through Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Senegal, South Africa) also in China, Europe, India)

''Pompilus sacchii'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus shirae'' Arnold, 1950 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus successor'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus vanutelli'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Pompilus yngvei'' Cameron, 1908 (

'''Genus''' ''Pompilioides'' Radley, 1887

''Pompilioides braunsi'' Kohl, 1894 (Cameroon)

''Pompilioides decipiens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides latifrons'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides pruinosus'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides trifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides validus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Psammochares'' Latreille, 1796

''Psammochares bilineatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares brunniventris'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares irpex'' Gerstaecker, 1859 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares jocaste'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Psammochares latilabris'' Arnold, 1937 (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares quadriguttatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Tanzania)

''Psammochares rufigaster'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares rutilus'' Klug, 1834 (Ethiopia, Nigeria, Sudan, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares varians'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Psammoderes'' Haupt, 1929

''Psammoderes capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes collaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Psammoderes fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1935 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes major'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes lightfooti'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Psammoderes mimicus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes semirufus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes reputatus'' Kohl, 1913 (Congo, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Pseudoclavelia&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930

''Pseudoclavelia argenteosignata'' Arnold, 1936 (Botswana, Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia bituberculata'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_damarensis.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia damarensis''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia jouberti'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_nitidula.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia nitidula'' ''nitidula''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia nitidula bechuanae'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia rhodesiana'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudoclavelia rufescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Pseudopompilus'' Costa, 1887

''Pseudopompilus funereus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudopompilus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Pseudopompilus lacteipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Pygmachus'' Haupt, 1930

''Pygmachus compressus'' Saussure, 1892 (Madagascar)

''Pygmachus umbratus'' Haupt, 1930 (Guinea, South Africa, Zanzibar, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Rhynchopompilus'' Arnold, 1934

''Rhynchopompilus cursor'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Schistonyx'' Saussure, 1887

''Schistonyx aterrimus'' Arnold, 1946 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx prismaticus'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

''Schistonyx sinuatus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx sheppardi'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, Syria, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Schizanoplius'' Cameron, 1904

''Schizanoplius lutarius'' (Saussure, 1834)(Ghana, Mali, Madagascar)

''Schizanoplius violaceipennis'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Spuridiophorus'' Arnold, 1934

''Spuridiophorus capensis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Spuridiophorus inermis'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus maculipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Syntomoclitus'' Arnold, 1937

''Syntomoclitus bicolor'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Ashmead, 1902

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ignitus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ignitus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Smith, 1855) (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ovambo.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ovambo&lt;/u&gt;''] (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Tachypompilus praepotens'' (Kohl, 1894) (South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zanzibar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_vitripennis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] ''&lt;u&gt;vitripennis&lt;/u&gt;'' (Arnold, 1937) (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Telostegus'' Costa, 1887

''Telostegus capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Telostegus fuscipennis'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

''Telostegus insidiosus'' (Smith, 1879) (Yemen)

''Telostegus sabulicola'' Priesner, 1955 (Algeria, Egypt, Marocco, Senegal, Yemen)</text>
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      <text bytes="23737" sha1="ancqg0e1dfw7o1g90jwcekyx0cj8gw0" xml:space="preserve">==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;
- Claveliinae corrected to Ctenocerinae in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.386-388&lt;br&gt;
- Several new genera and species in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.388-399&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934, pp. 290-364.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA. (Arnold, 1934, pp. 380-385.)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; ''Pseudagenia'' in iNat).&lt;br&gt;
*''D. pulchricoma'' = ''Pseudagenia pulchricoma'' Arnold, 1934, p. 337-340&lt;br&gt;
*''D. neavei'' = ''Pseudagenia mygnimioides'' Arnold, 1934, pp.336-337 and ''Pseudagenia neavei'' Kohl 1913&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA. - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377.&lt;br&gt;
*also ''Poecilagenia spinosipes'' = ''Trachyglyptus spinosipes'' Arnold, 1934, p. 377-379&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = ''Deuteragenia turneri'', ''D. dregei'', ''D. chirindensis'', ''D. bicolor'' (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (''Hormopogonius willowmorensis'' = ''Calicurgus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1932 p.395); also ''H. tenuicornis'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 379-380&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
*Also ''Priocnernis aterrimus'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 385-386.
*''Priocnemis meridionalis'' Arnold, 1934, p. 386.
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pompilinae==

List of genera and species from [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm '''&lt;u&gt;https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm&lt;/u&gt;''']

'''Genus''' ''Aeluropetrus'' Arnold, 1936

''Aeluropetrus braunsi'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Aeluropetrus lugubris'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/Aetheopompilus_obliquetruncatus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus obliquetruncatus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 (Mozambique)

'''Genus''' ''Agenioideus'' Ashmead, 1902

''Agenioideus brevis'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937) (Ghana, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus decipiens'' (Bischoff, 1913) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) (Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus lascivus'' (Cameron, 1891) (?)

''Agenioideus nudatus'' (Smith, 1855) (?)

''Agenioideus rotundilabris'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus rutilus'' (Klug, 1834) (Yemen)

''Agenioideus rufipes'' (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Agenioideus varians'' (Arnold, 1937) (?)

'''Genus''' ''Amblyellus'' Day, 1981

''Amblyellus willowmorensis'' (Arnold, 1937) (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

'''Genus''' ''Anoplius'' Dufour, 1834

''Anoplius aethiopicus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Anoplius alecto'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Anoplius bifasciatus'' Tullgren, 1904 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda)

''Anoplius concinnus'' (Dahlbom, 1845) (Yemen)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''fuscus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, South Africa, Tanzania)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''excelsior'' Arnold, 1950 (Tanzania)

''Anoplius montanus'' Haupt, 1950 (Benin, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Principe Island, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

''Anoplius morosus'' Smith, 1855 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Anoplius octomaculatus'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Anoplius panmelas'' (Saussure, 1891) (Madagascar)

''Anoplius saegeri'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Anoplius subfasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius successor'' (Cameron, 1910) (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius viridicatus'' Smith, 1879 (West Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Apareia'' Haupt, 1929

''Apareia multipicta rufifemur'' Haupt, 1929 (Zimbabwe)

''Apareia oedipus'' Kohl, 1886 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Aporinellus'' Banks, 1911

''Aporinellus bidens'' (Saussure, 1892) (Madagascar)

'''Genus''' ''Aporoideus'' Ashmead, 1902

''Aporoideus clarus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

'''Genus''' ''Arachnospila'' Kincaid, 1900

'''Subgenus''' ''Ammosphex''

''Arachnospila (Ammosphex) consobrina heringi'' (Haupt, 1928) (California, Canary Islands, Spain, Tanzania, Yemen)

'''Genus''' ''Argyroclitus'' Arnold, 1937

''Argyroclitus fasciatipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus ruwenzoriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Atelostegus'' Haupt, 1929

''Atelostegus thrinax'' (Kohl, 1909) (Madagascar)

'''Genus''' ''Atopopompilus'' Arnold, 1937

''Atopompilus jacens'' (Bingham, 1912) (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Yemen)

''Atopompilus marshalli'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Atopopompilus venans mlanjiensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Ghana)

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/Bambesa_grisea.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa grisea&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1937

''Batozonellus capensis'' (Dahlbom, 1843) (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/Batozonellus_fuliginosus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus fuliginosus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Klug, 1834) (Central Africa, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Batozonellus gowdeyi'' (Turner, 1916) (Uganda)

''Batozonellus madecassus'' (Saussure, 1887) (Madagascar)

''Batozonellus separabilis'' (Turner, 1916) (Congo, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Batozonus'' Ashmead, 1902

''Batozonus bipunctatus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Batozonus capensis'' Dahlbom, 1940 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda)

'''Genus''' ''Cliochares'' Banks, 1940

''Cliochares convexus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

'''Genus''' ''Cordyloscelis'' Arnold, 1935

''Cordyloscelis bequaerti'' Arnold, 1935 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Cordyloscelis flavipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis latipes'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis namaqua'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis nigerrimus'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis parallelus'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe)

''Cordyloscelis ugandensis'' Arnold, 1935 (Congo, Uganda)

'''Genus''' ''Ctenagenia'' Saussure, 1892

''Ctenagenia vespiformis'' (Klug, 1834) (Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Madagascar, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, Yemen)

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930

''Dromochares clavipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (Zimbabwe)

''Dromochares fumipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Dromochares premnopterus'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

''Dromochares rufipes'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/Dromochares_transvaalensis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares transvaalensis&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Dicyrtomellus'' Gussakovskij, 1935

''Dicyrtomellus anomalipes'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Dicyrtomellus argenteodecoratus'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus griseus'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus impressus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus leptacanthius'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus meruensis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus neavei'' Kohl, 1913 (Congo)

''Dicyrtomellus rufofemoratus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Elaphrosyron'' Haupt, 1930

''Elaphrosyron insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Mali, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Elaphrosyron multipictus'' Arnold, 1937 (Uganda)

''Elaphrosyron pauperculus'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Epiclinotus'' Haupt, 1929

''Epiclinotus capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus erythrurus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus turneri'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron&lt;/u&gt;''] Schiødte, 1837

''Episyron argillaceus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zambia)

''Episyron bequaerti'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron bicinctus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron braunsii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron crassicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Episyron gryps'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/Episyron_histrio.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron histrio&lt;/u&gt;''] Lepeletier, 1845 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mali, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron pedunculatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron solitaneum'' Kohl, 1906 (Yemen)

''Episyron tropicalis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Episyron turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron viduus'' Arnold, 1936 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron vindex'' Smith, 1879 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/index.htm &lt;u&gt;Euclavelia&lt;/u&gt;]'' Arnold, 1932

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/Euclavelia_fasciata.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Euclavelia fasciata&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1932 (South Africa)

''Euclavelia longicollis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Euryzonotulus'' Arnold, 1937

''Euryzonotulus nigeriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Ferreola'' Lepeletier, 1845

''Ferreola auranticornis'' Wahis, 2000 (Eritrea, Yemen)

'''Genus''' ''Ferreoloides'' Haupt, 1919

''Ferreoloides basutorum'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

''Ferreoloides versutus'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

'''Genus''' ''Galactopterus'' Arnold, 1937

''Galactopterus otaviensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Galactopterus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Namibia, South Africa)

''Galactopterus simillimus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Guichardia'' Arnold, 1951

''Guichardia macilenta'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana, South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Hadropompilus'' Arnold, 1934

''Hadropompilus braunsi'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Hadropompilus montanus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Hauptiella'' Arnold, 1936

''Hauptiella multipicta'' Arnold, 1936

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/Herpetosphex_staphylinoides.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex staphylinoides&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Homonotus'' Dahlbom, 1844

''Homonotus aegyptiacus'' Turner, 1917 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus coxalis'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus disparilis'' Turner, 1917 (South Africa)

''Homonotus dispersus'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus dissectus'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus fuscipes'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus imitans'' Dahlbom, 1843 (Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus leptogaster'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus ruficornis'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

''Homonotus rukwaensis'' Arnold, 1946 (Tanzania)

''Homonotus sansibaricus'' Dahlbom, 1843 (Zanzibar)

'''Genus''' ''Idopompilus'' Haupt, 1930

''Idopompilus algoensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus algoensis major'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus braunsi'' Kohl, 1899 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus brunnescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschi handlirschi'' Arnold, 1936 (?)

''Idopompilus handlirschi basutorum'' Arnold, 1959 (Lesotho, South Africa)

''Idopompilus fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1946 (Lesotho)

''Idopompilus gracilicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus krugeri'' Haupt, 1930 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Idopompilus quadrifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Kolposphex'' Arnold, 1959

''Kolposphex atronitens'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Kyphopompilus'' Arnold, 1960

''Kyphopompilus flavipes'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Microdrapetes'' Arnold, 1937

''Microdrapetes bellus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Microphadnus'' Cameron, 1904

''Microphadnus bicolor'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Paracyphononyx'' Gribodo, 1884

''Paracyphononyx affinis'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon, Ghana, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx africanus'' Rad., 1881 (Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx carinatus'' Rad., 1881 Angola, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx coloratus'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon)

''Paracyphononyx difficilis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Malai, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversipes'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversus'' Dahlbom, 1845 (Central and East Africa to South Africa, Yemen)

''Paracyphononyx elliotti'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx frustratus'' Smith, 1879 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx funebris'' Magretti, 1884 (Ethiopia)

''Paracyphononyx gemellus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx laboriosus'' Arnold, 1936 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx languidus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx lukombensis'' Cameron, 1912 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia)

''Paracyphononyx metemmensis'' Magretti, 1884 (Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx mombassicus'' R. Luc., 1898 (Kenya)

''Paracyphononyx montanus'' Arnold, 1960 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx parallelus'' Haupt, 1929 (Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx petiolaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx plutonis'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx rotundinervis'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx ruficrus'' Klug, 1834 (Asia Minor, Egypt, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' Illiger,1802 (Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Paraferreola'' Sustera, 1913

''Paraferreola melanostoma'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paraferreola spilopus'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

''Paraferreola soleana'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Platyderes'' Guérin-Méneville, 1844

''Platyderes bicolor'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa)

''Platyderes chalybeus'' Saussure, 1892 (East Africa, South Africa)

''Platyderes drègii'' Brauns, 1899 (South Africa)

''Platyderes erythrocephalus'' Guerin, **** (Madagascar)

''Platyderes flavoscutellatus'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes oraniensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Platyderes rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Ethiopia, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes saussurei'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Platyderes spoliatus'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes vicinus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Platyderes wasmanni'' Brauns, 1904 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Pompilus'' Fabricius

''Pompilus alpinus'' Arnold, 1960 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus anomalopterus'' Cameron, 1908 (Malawi, South Africa)

''Pompilus cinereus'' Fabricius, 1775 (Yemen)

''Pompilus contrarius'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Pompilus curvifrons'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus erythrostomus'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus exploratrix'' Cameron, 1908 ''(''

''Pompilus ignobilis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pompilus levis'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana)

''Pompilus masaiensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus meruensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus plumbeus'' Fabricius, 1787 (Widespread through Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Senegal, South Africa) also in China, Europe, India)

''Pompilus sacchii'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus shirae'' Arnold, 1950 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus successor'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus vanutelli'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Pompilus yngvei'' Cameron, 1908 (

'''Genus''' ''Pompilioides'' Radley, 1887

''Pompilioides braunsi'' Kohl, 1894 (Cameroon)

''Pompilioides decipiens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides latifrons'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides pruinosus'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides trifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides validus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Psammochares'' Latreille, 1796

''Psammochares bilineatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares brunniventris'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares irpex'' Gerstaecker, 1859 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares jocaste'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Psammochares latilabris'' Arnold, 1937 (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares quadriguttatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Tanzania)

''Psammochares rufigaster'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares rutilus'' Klug, 1834 (Ethiopia, Nigeria, Sudan, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares varians'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Psammoderes'' Haupt, 1929

''Psammoderes capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes collaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Psammoderes fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1935 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes major'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes lightfooti'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Psammoderes mimicus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes semirufus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes reputatus'' Kohl, 1913 (Congo, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Pseudoclavelia&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930

''Pseudoclavelia argenteosignata'' Arnold, 1936 (Botswana, Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia bituberculata'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_damarensis.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia damarensis''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia jouberti'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_nitidula.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia nitidula'' ''nitidula''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia nitidula bechuanae'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia rhodesiana'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudoclavelia rufescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Pseudopompilus'' Costa, 1887

''Pseudopompilus funereus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudopompilus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Pseudopompilus lacteipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Pygmachus'' Haupt, 1930

''Pygmachus compressus'' Saussure, 1892 (Madagascar)

''Pygmachus umbratus'' Haupt, 1930 (Guinea, South Africa, Zanzibar, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Rhynchopompilus'' Arnold, 1934

''Rhynchopompilus cursor'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Schistonyx'' Saussure, 1887

''Schistonyx aterrimus'' Arnold, 1946 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx prismaticus'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

''Schistonyx sinuatus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx sheppardi'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, Syria, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Schizanoplius'' Cameron, 1904

''Schizanoplius lutarius'' (Saussure, 1834)(Ghana, Mali, Madagascar)

''Schizanoplius violaceipennis'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Spuridiophorus'' Arnold, 1934

''Spuridiophorus capensis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Spuridiophorus inermis'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus maculipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Syntomoclitus'' Arnold, 1937

''Syntomoclitus bicolor'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Ashmead, 1902

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ignitus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ignitus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Smith, 1855) (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ovambo.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ovambo&lt;/u&gt;''] (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Tachypompilus praepotens'' (Kohl, 1894) (South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zanzibar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_vitripennis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] ''&lt;u&gt;vitripennis&lt;/u&gt;'' (Arnold, 1937) (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Telostegus'' Costa, 1887

''Telostegus capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Telostegus fuscipennis'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

''Telostegus insidiosus'' (Smith, 1879) (Yemen)

''Telostegus sabulicola'' Priesner, 1955 (Algeria, Egypt, Marocco, Senegal, Yemen)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>User:Alandmanson/Hymenoptera of Africa - Pompilidae</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>2719808</id>
      <timestamp>2025-06-27T12:13:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New resource with &quot;==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae== - Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt; - Claveliinae corrected to Ctenocerinae in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.386-388&lt;br&gt; - Several new genera and species in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.388-399&lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt;  ==Afrotropical Pepsinae== Pepsinae can be defined by:  *sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove; *mesofemur and metaf...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="23737" sha1="ancqg0e1dfw7o1g90jwcekyx0cj8gw0" xml:space="preserve">==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;
- Claveliinae corrected to Ctenocerinae in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.386-388&lt;br&gt;
- Several new genera and species in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.388-399&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934, pp. 290-364.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA. (Arnold, 1934, pp. 380-385.)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; ''Pseudagenia'' in iNat).&lt;br&gt;
*''D. pulchricoma'' = ''Pseudagenia pulchricoma'' Arnold, 1934, p. 337-340&lt;br&gt;
*''D. neavei'' = ''Pseudagenia mygnimioides'' Arnold, 1934, pp.336-337 and ''Pseudagenia neavei'' Kohl 1913&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA. - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377.&lt;br&gt;
*also ''Poecilagenia spinosipes'' = ''Trachyglyptus spinosipes'' Arnold, 1934, p. 377-379&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = ''Deuteragenia turneri'', ''D. dregei'', ''D. chirindensis'', ''D. bicolor'' (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (''Hormopogonius willowmorensis'' = ''Calicurgus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1932 p.395); also ''H. tenuicornis'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 379-380&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
*Also ''Priocnernis aterrimus'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 385-386.
*''Priocnemis meridionalis'' Arnold, 1934, p. 386.
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pompilinae==

List of genera and species from [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm '''&lt;u&gt;https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm&lt;/u&gt;''']

'''Genus''' ''Aeluropetrus'' Arnold, 1936

''Aeluropetrus braunsi'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Aeluropetrus lugubris'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/Aetheopompilus_obliquetruncatus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus obliquetruncatus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 (Mozambique)

'''Genus''' ''Agenioideus'' Ashmead, 1902

''Agenioideus brevis'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937) (Ghana, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus decipiens'' (Bischoff, 1913) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) (Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus lascivus'' (Cameron, 1891) (?)

''Agenioideus nudatus'' (Smith, 1855) (?)

''Agenioideus rotundilabris'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus rutilus'' (Klug, 1834) (Yemen)

''Agenioideus rufipes'' (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Agenioideus varians'' (Arnold, 1937) (?)

'''Genus''' ''Amblyellus'' Day, 1981

''Amblyellus willowmorensis'' (Arnold, 1937) (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

'''Genus''' ''Anoplius'' Dufour, 1834

''Anoplius aethiopicus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Anoplius alecto'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Anoplius bifasciatus'' Tullgren, 1904 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda)

''Anoplius concinnus'' (Dahlbom, 1845) (Yemen)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''fuscus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, South Africa, Tanzania)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''excelsior'' Arnold, 1950 (Tanzania)

''Anoplius montanus'' Haupt, 1950 (Benin, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Principe Island, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

''Anoplius morosus'' Smith, 1855 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Anoplius octomaculatus'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Anoplius panmelas'' (Saussure, 1891) (Madagascar)

''Anoplius saegeri'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Anoplius subfasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius successor'' (Cameron, 1910) (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius viridicatus'' Smith, 1879 (West Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Apareia'' Haupt, 1929

''Apareia multipicta rufifemur'' Haupt, 1929 (Zimbabwe)

''Apareia oedipus'' Kohl, 1886 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Aporinellus'' Banks, 1911

''Aporinellus bidens'' (Saussure, 1892) (Madagascar)

'''Genus''' ''Aporoideus'' Ashmead, 1902

''Aporoideus clarus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

'''Genus''' ''Arachnospila'' Kincaid, 1900

'''Subgenus''' ''Ammosphex''

''Arachnospila (Ammosphex) consobrina heringi'' (Haupt, 1928) (California, Canary Islands, Spain, Tanzania, Yemen)

'''Genus''' ''Argyroclitus'' Arnold, 1937

''Argyroclitus fasciatipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus ruwenzoriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Atelostegus'' Haupt, 1929

''Atelostegus thrinax'' (Kohl, 1909) (Madagascar)

'''Genus''' ''Atopopompilus'' Arnold, 1937

''Atopompilus jacens'' (Bingham, 1912) (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Yemen)

''Atopompilus marshalli'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Atopopompilus venans mlanjiensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Ghana)

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/Bambesa_grisea.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa grisea&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1937

''Batozonellus capensis'' (Dahlbom, 1843) (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/Batozonellus_fuliginosus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus fuliginosus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Klug, 1834) (Central Africa, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Batozonellus gowdeyi'' (Turner, 1916) (Uganda)

''Batozonellus madecassus'' (Saussure, 1887) (Madagascar)

''Batozonellus separabilis'' (Turner, 1916) (Congo, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Batozonus'' Ashmead, 1902

''Batozonus bipunctatus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Batozonus capensis'' Dahlbom, 1940 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda)

'''Genus''' ''Cliochares'' Banks, 1940

''Cliochares convexus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

'''Genus''' ''Cordyloscelis'' Arnold, 1935

''Cordyloscelis bequaerti'' Arnold, 1935 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Cordyloscelis flavipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis latipes'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis namaqua'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis nigerrimus'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis parallelus'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe)

''Cordyloscelis ugandensis'' Arnold, 1935 (Congo, Uganda)

'''Genus''' ''Ctenagenia'' Saussure, 1892

''Ctenagenia vespiformis'' (Klug, 1834) (Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Madagascar, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, Yemen)

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930

''Dromochares clavipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (Zimbabwe)

''Dromochares fumipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Dromochares premnopterus'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

''Dromochares rufipes'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/Dromochares_transvaalensis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares transvaalensis&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Dicyrtomellus'' Gussakovskij, 1935

''Dicyrtomellus anomalipes'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Dicyrtomellus argenteodecoratus'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus griseus'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus impressus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus leptacanthius'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus meruensis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus neavei'' Kohl, 1913 (Congo)

''Dicyrtomellus rufofemoratus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Elaphrosyron'' Haupt, 1930

''Elaphrosyron insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Mali, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Elaphrosyron multipictus'' Arnold, 1937 (Uganda)

''Elaphrosyron pauperculus'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Epiclinotus'' Haupt, 1929

''Epiclinotus capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus erythrurus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus turneri'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron&lt;/u&gt;''] Schiødte, 1837

''Episyron argillaceus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zambia)

''Episyron bequaerti'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron bicinctus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron braunsii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron crassicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Episyron gryps'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/Episyron_histrio.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron histrio&lt;/u&gt;''] Lepeletier, 1845 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mali, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron pedunculatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron solitaneum'' Kohl, 1906 (Yemen)

''Episyron tropicalis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Episyron turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron viduus'' Arnold, 1936 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron vindex'' Smith, 1879 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/index.htm &lt;u&gt;Euclavelia&lt;/u&gt;]'' Arnold, 1932

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/Euclavelia_fasciata.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Euclavelia fasciata&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1932 (South Africa)

''Euclavelia longicollis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Euryzonotulus'' Arnold, 1937

''Euryzonotulus nigeriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Ferreola'' Lepeletier, 1845

''Ferreola auranticornis'' Wahis, 2000 (Eritrea, Yemen)

'''Genus''' ''Ferreoloides'' Haupt, 1919

''Ferreoloides basutorum'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

''Ferreoloides versutus'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

'''Genus''' ''Galactopterus'' Arnold, 1937

''Galactopterus otaviensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Galactopterus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Namibia, South Africa)

''Galactopterus simillimus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Guichardia'' Arnold, 1951

''Guichardia macilenta'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana, South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Hadropompilus'' Arnold, 1934

''Hadropompilus braunsi'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Hadropompilus montanus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Hauptiella'' Arnold, 1936

''Hauptiella multipicta'' Arnold, 1936

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/Herpetosphex_staphylinoides.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex staphylinoides&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Homonotus'' Dahlbom, 1844

''Homonotus aegyptiacus'' Turner, 1917 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus coxalis'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus disparilis'' Turner, 1917 (South Africa)

''Homonotus dispersus'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus dissectus'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus fuscipes'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus imitans'' Dahlbom, 1843 (Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus leptogaster'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus ruficornis'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

''Homonotus rukwaensis'' Arnold, 1946 (Tanzania)

''Homonotus sansibaricus'' Dahlbom, 1843 (Zanzibar)

'''Genus''' ''Idopompilus'' Haupt, 1930

''Idopompilus algoensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus algoensis major'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus braunsi'' Kohl, 1899 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus brunnescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschi handlirschi'' Arnold, 1936 (?)

''Idopompilus handlirschi basutorum'' Arnold, 1959 (Lesotho, South Africa)

''Idopompilus fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1946 (Lesotho)

''Idopompilus gracilicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus krugeri'' Haupt, 1930 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Idopompilus quadrifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Kolposphex'' Arnold, 1959

''Kolposphex atronitens'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Kyphopompilus'' Arnold, 1960

''Kyphopompilus flavipes'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Microdrapetes'' Arnold, 1937

''Microdrapetes bellus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Microphadnus'' Cameron, 1904

''Microphadnus bicolor'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Paracyphononyx'' Gribodo, 1884

''Paracyphononyx affinis'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon, Ghana, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx africanus'' Rad., 1881 (Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx carinatus'' Rad., 1881 Angola, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx coloratus'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon)

''Paracyphononyx difficilis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Malai, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversipes'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversus'' Dahlbom, 1845 (Central and East Africa to South Africa, Yemen)

''Paracyphononyx elliotti'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx frustratus'' Smith, 1879 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx funebris'' Magretti, 1884 (Ethiopia)

''Paracyphononyx gemellus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx laboriosus'' Arnold, 1936 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx languidus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx lukombensis'' Cameron, 1912 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia)

''Paracyphononyx metemmensis'' Magretti, 1884 (Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx mombassicus'' R. Luc., 1898 (Kenya)

''Paracyphononyx montanus'' Arnold, 1960 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx parallelus'' Haupt, 1929 (Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx petiolaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx plutonis'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx rotundinervis'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx ruficrus'' Klug, 1834 (Asia Minor, Egypt, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' Illiger,1802 (Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Paraferreola'' Sustera, 1913

''Paraferreola melanostoma'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paraferreola spilopus'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

''Paraferreola soleana'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Platyderes'' Guérin-Méneville, 1844

''Platyderes bicolor'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa)

''Platyderes chalybeus'' Saussure, 1892 (East Africa, South Africa)

''Platyderes drègii'' Brauns, 1899 (South Africa)

''Platyderes erythrocephalus'' Guerin, **** (Madagascar)

''Platyderes flavoscutellatus'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes oraniensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Platyderes rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Ethiopia, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes saussurei'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Platyderes spoliatus'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes vicinus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Platyderes wasmanni'' Brauns, 1904 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Pompilus'' Fabricius

''Pompilus alpinus'' Arnold, 1960 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus anomalopterus'' Cameron, 1908 (Malawi, South Africa)

''Pompilus cinereus'' Fabricius, 1775 (Yemen)

''Pompilus contrarius'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Pompilus curvifrons'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus erythrostomus'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus exploratrix'' Cameron, 1908 ''(''

''Pompilus ignobilis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pompilus levis'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana)

''Pompilus masaiensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus meruensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus plumbeus'' Fabricius, 1787 (Widespread through Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Senegal, South Africa) also in China, Europe, India)

''Pompilus sacchii'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus shirae'' Arnold, 1950 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus successor'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus vanutelli'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Pompilus yngvei'' Cameron, 1908 (

'''Genus''' ''Pompilioides'' Radley, 1887

''Pompilioides braunsi'' Kohl, 1894 (Cameroon)

''Pompilioides decipiens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides latifrons'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides pruinosus'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides trifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides validus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Psammochares'' Latreille, 1796

''Psammochares bilineatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares brunniventris'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares irpex'' Gerstaecker, 1859 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares jocaste'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Psammochares latilabris'' Arnold, 1937 (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares quadriguttatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Tanzania)

''Psammochares rufigaster'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares rutilus'' Klug, 1834 (Ethiopia, Nigeria, Sudan, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares varians'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Psammoderes'' Haupt, 1929

''Psammoderes capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes collaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Psammoderes fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1935 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes major'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes lightfooti'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Psammoderes mimicus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes semirufus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes reputatus'' Kohl, 1913 (Congo, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Pseudoclavelia&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930

''Pseudoclavelia argenteosignata'' Arnold, 1936 (Botswana, Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia bituberculata'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_damarensis.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia damarensis''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia jouberti'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_nitidula.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia nitidula'' ''nitidula''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia nitidula bechuanae'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia rhodesiana'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudoclavelia rufescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Pseudopompilus'' Costa, 1887

''Pseudopompilus funereus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudopompilus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Pseudopompilus lacteipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Pygmachus'' Haupt, 1930

''Pygmachus compressus'' Saussure, 1892 (Madagascar)

''Pygmachus umbratus'' Haupt, 1930 (Guinea, South Africa, Zanzibar, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Rhynchopompilus'' Arnold, 1934

''Rhynchopompilus cursor'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Schistonyx'' Saussure, 1887

''Schistonyx aterrimus'' Arnold, 1946 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx prismaticus'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

''Schistonyx sinuatus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx sheppardi'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, Syria, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Schizanoplius'' Cameron, 1904

''Schizanoplius lutarius'' (Saussure, 1834)(Ghana, Mali, Madagascar)

''Schizanoplius violaceipennis'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Spuridiophorus'' Arnold, 1934

''Spuridiophorus capensis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Spuridiophorus inermis'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus maculipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Syntomoclitus'' Arnold, 1937

''Syntomoclitus bicolor'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Ashmead, 1902

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ignitus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ignitus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Smith, 1855) (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ovambo.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ovambo&lt;/u&gt;''] (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Tachypompilus praepotens'' (Kohl, 1894) (South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zanzibar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_vitripennis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] ''&lt;u&gt;vitripennis&lt;/u&gt;'' (Arnold, 1937) (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Telostegus'' Costa, 1887

''Telostegus capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Telostegus fuscipennis'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

''Telostegus insidiosus'' (Smith, 1879) (Yemen)

''Telostegus sabulicola'' Priesner, 1955 (Algeria, Egypt, Marocco, Senegal, Yemen)</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719810</id>
      <parentid>2719808</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-27T12:21:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Afrotropical Pompilinae */</comment>
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      <text bytes="23807" sha1="ax272lnhriximuus3br58nd4u9hfw7l" xml:space="preserve">==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;
- Claveliinae corrected to Ctenocerinae in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.386-388&lt;br&gt;
- Several new genera and species in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.388-399&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934, pp. 290-364.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA. (Arnold, 1934, pp. 380-385.)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; ''Pseudagenia'' in iNat).&lt;br&gt;
*''D. pulchricoma'' = ''Pseudagenia pulchricoma'' Arnold, 1934, p. 337-340&lt;br&gt;
*''D. neavei'' = ''Pseudagenia mygnimioides'' Arnold, 1934, pp.336-337 and ''Pseudagenia neavei'' Kohl 1913&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA. - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377.&lt;br&gt;
*also ''Poecilagenia spinosipes'' = ''Trachyglyptus spinosipes'' Arnold, 1934, p. 377-379&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = ''Deuteragenia turneri'', ''D. dregei'', ''D. chirindensis'', ''D. bicolor'' (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (''Hormopogonius willowmorensis'' = ''Calicurgus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1932 p.395); also ''H. tenuicornis'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 379-380&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
*Also ''Priocnernis aterrimus'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 385-386.
*''Priocnemis meridionalis'' Arnold, 1934, p. 386.
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pompilinae==

List of genera and species from [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm '''&lt;u&gt;https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm&lt;/u&gt;''']

=== '''Genus''' ''Aeluropetrus'' Arnold, 1936 ===

''Aeluropetrus braunsi'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Aeluropetrus lugubris'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 ===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/Aetheopompilus_obliquetruncatus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus obliquetruncatus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 (Mozambique)

==='''Genus''' ''Agenioideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Agenioideus brevis'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937) (Ghana, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus decipiens'' (Bischoff, 1913) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) (Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus lascivus'' (Cameron, 1891) (?)

''Agenioideus nudatus'' (Smith, 1855) (?)

''Agenioideus rotundilabris'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus rutilus'' (Klug, 1834) (Yemen)

''Agenioideus rufipes'' (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Agenioideus varians'' (Arnold, 1937) (?)

==='''Genus''' ''Amblyellus'' Day, 1981===

''Amblyellus willowmorensis'' (Arnold, 1937) (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

==='''Genus''' ''Anoplius'' Dufour, 1834===

''Anoplius aethiopicus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Anoplius alecto'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Anoplius bifasciatus'' Tullgren, 1904 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda)

''Anoplius concinnus'' (Dahlbom, 1845) (Yemen)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''fuscus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, South Africa, Tanzania)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''excelsior'' Arnold, 1950 (Tanzania)

''Anoplius montanus'' Haupt, 1950 (Benin, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Principe Island, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

''Anoplius morosus'' Smith, 1855 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Anoplius octomaculatus'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Anoplius panmelas'' (Saussure, 1891) (Madagascar)

''Anoplius saegeri'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Anoplius subfasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius successor'' (Cameron, 1910) (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius viridicatus'' Smith, 1879 (West Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Apareia'' Haupt, 1929===

''Apareia multipicta rufifemur'' Haupt, 1929 (Zimbabwe)

''Apareia oedipus'' Kohl, 1886 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporinellus'' Banks, 1911===

''Aporinellus bidens'' (Saussure, 1892) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporoideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Aporoideus clarus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

'''Genus''' ''Arachnospila'' Kincaid, 1900

''Arachnospila (Ammosphex) consobrina heringi'' (Haupt, 1928) (California, Canary Islands, Spain, Tanzania, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Argyroclitus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Argyroclitus fasciatipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus ruwenzoriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Atelostegus'' Haupt, 1929

''Atelostegus thrinax'' (Kohl, 1909) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Atopopompilus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Atopompilus jacens'' (Bingham, 1912) (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Yemen)

''Atopompilus marshalli'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Atopopompilus venans mlanjiensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Ghana)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/Bambesa_grisea.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa grisea&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1937===

''Batozonellus capensis'' (Dahlbom, 1843) (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/Batozonellus_fuliginosus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus fuliginosus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Klug, 1834) (Central Africa, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Batozonellus gowdeyi'' (Turner, 1916) (Uganda)

''Batozonellus madecassus'' (Saussure, 1887) (Madagascar)

''Batozonellus separabilis'' (Turner, 1916) (Congo, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Batozonus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Batozonus bipunctatus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Batozonus capensis'' Dahlbom, 1940 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Cliochares'' Banks, 1940===

''Cliochares convexus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Cordyloscelis'' Arnold, 1935===

''Cordyloscelis bequaerti'' Arnold, 1935 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Cordyloscelis flavipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis latipes'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis namaqua'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis nigerrimus'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis parallelus'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe)

''Cordyloscelis ugandensis'' Arnold, 1935 (Congo, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Ctenagenia'' Saussure, 1892===

''Ctenagenia vespiformis'' (Klug, 1834) (Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Madagascar, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, Yemen)

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930

''Dromochares clavipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (Zimbabwe)

''Dromochares fumipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Dromochares premnopterus'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

''Dromochares rufipes'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/Dromochares_transvaalensis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares transvaalensis&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Dicyrtomellus'' Gussakovskij, 1935

''Dicyrtomellus anomalipes'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Dicyrtomellus argenteodecoratus'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus griseus'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus impressus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus leptacanthius'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus meruensis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus neavei'' Kohl, 1913 (Congo)

''Dicyrtomellus rufofemoratus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Elaphrosyron'' Haupt, 1930

''Elaphrosyron insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Mali, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Elaphrosyron multipictus'' Arnold, 1937 (Uganda)

''Elaphrosyron pauperculus'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Epiclinotus'' Haupt, 1929

''Epiclinotus capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus erythrurus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus turneri'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron&lt;/u&gt;''] Schiødte, 1837

''Episyron argillaceus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zambia)

''Episyron bequaerti'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron bicinctus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron braunsii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron crassicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Episyron gryps'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/Episyron_histrio.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron histrio&lt;/u&gt;''] Lepeletier, 1845 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mali, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron pedunculatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron solitaneum'' Kohl, 1906 (Yemen)

''Episyron tropicalis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Episyron turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron viduus'' Arnold, 1936 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron vindex'' Smith, 1879 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/index.htm &lt;u&gt;Euclavelia&lt;/u&gt;]'' Arnold, 1932

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/Euclavelia_fasciata.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Euclavelia fasciata&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1932 (South Africa)

''Euclavelia longicollis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Euryzonotulus'' Arnold, 1937

''Euryzonotulus nigeriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Ferreola'' Lepeletier, 1845

''Ferreola auranticornis'' Wahis, 2000 (Eritrea, Yemen)

'''Genus''' ''Ferreoloides'' Haupt, 1919

''Ferreoloides basutorum'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

''Ferreoloides versutus'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

'''Genus''' ''Galactopterus'' Arnold, 1937

''Galactopterus otaviensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Galactopterus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Namibia, South Africa)

''Galactopterus simillimus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Guichardia'' Arnold, 1951

''Guichardia macilenta'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana, South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Hadropompilus'' Arnold, 1934

''Hadropompilus braunsi'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Hadropompilus montanus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Hauptiella'' Arnold, 1936

''Hauptiella multipicta'' Arnold, 1936

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/Herpetosphex_staphylinoides.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex staphylinoides&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Homonotus'' Dahlbom, 1844

''Homonotus aegyptiacus'' Turner, 1917 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus coxalis'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus disparilis'' Turner, 1917 (South Africa)

''Homonotus dispersus'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus dissectus'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus fuscipes'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus imitans'' Dahlbom, 1843 (Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus leptogaster'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus ruficornis'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

''Homonotus rukwaensis'' Arnold, 1946 (Tanzania)

''Homonotus sansibaricus'' Dahlbom, 1843 (Zanzibar)

'''Genus''' ''Idopompilus'' Haupt, 1930

''Idopompilus algoensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus algoensis major'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus braunsi'' Kohl, 1899 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus brunnescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschi handlirschi'' Arnold, 1936 (?)

''Idopompilus handlirschi basutorum'' Arnold, 1959 (Lesotho, South Africa)

''Idopompilus fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1946 (Lesotho)

''Idopompilus gracilicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus krugeri'' Haupt, 1930 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Idopompilus quadrifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Kolposphex'' Arnold, 1959

''Kolposphex atronitens'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Kyphopompilus'' Arnold, 1960

''Kyphopompilus flavipes'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Microdrapetes'' Arnold, 1937

''Microdrapetes bellus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Microphadnus'' Cameron, 1904

''Microphadnus bicolor'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Paracyphononyx'' Gribodo, 1884

''Paracyphononyx affinis'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon, Ghana, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx africanus'' Rad., 1881 (Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx carinatus'' Rad., 1881 Angola, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx coloratus'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon)

''Paracyphononyx difficilis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Malai, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversipes'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversus'' Dahlbom, 1845 (Central and East Africa to South Africa, Yemen)

''Paracyphononyx elliotti'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx frustratus'' Smith, 1879 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx funebris'' Magretti, 1884 (Ethiopia)

''Paracyphononyx gemellus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx laboriosus'' Arnold, 1936 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx languidus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx lukombensis'' Cameron, 1912 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia)

''Paracyphononyx metemmensis'' Magretti, 1884 (Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx mombassicus'' R. Luc., 1898 (Kenya)

''Paracyphononyx montanus'' Arnold, 1960 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx parallelus'' Haupt, 1929 (Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx petiolaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx plutonis'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx rotundinervis'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx ruficrus'' Klug, 1834 (Asia Minor, Egypt, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' Illiger,1802 (Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Paraferreola'' Sustera, 1913

''Paraferreola melanostoma'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paraferreola spilopus'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

''Paraferreola soleana'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Platyderes'' Guérin-Méneville, 1844

''Platyderes bicolor'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa)

''Platyderes chalybeus'' Saussure, 1892 (East Africa, South Africa)

''Platyderes drègii'' Brauns, 1899 (South Africa)

''Platyderes erythrocephalus'' Guerin, **** (Madagascar)

''Platyderes flavoscutellatus'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes oraniensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Platyderes rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Ethiopia, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes saussurei'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Platyderes spoliatus'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes vicinus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Platyderes wasmanni'' Brauns, 1904 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Pompilus'' Fabricius

''Pompilus alpinus'' Arnold, 1960 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus anomalopterus'' Cameron, 1908 (Malawi, South Africa)

''Pompilus cinereus'' Fabricius, 1775 (Yemen)

''Pompilus contrarius'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Pompilus curvifrons'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus erythrostomus'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus exploratrix'' Cameron, 1908 ''(''

''Pompilus ignobilis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pompilus levis'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana)

''Pompilus masaiensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus meruensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus plumbeus'' Fabricius, 1787 (Widespread through Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Senegal, South Africa) also in China, Europe, India)

''Pompilus sacchii'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus shirae'' Arnold, 1950 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus successor'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus vanutelli'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Pompilus yngvei'' Cameron, 1908 (

'''Genus''' ''Pompilioides'' Radley, 1887

''Pompilioides braunsi'' Kohl, 1894 (Cameroon)

''Pompilioides decipiens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides latifrons'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides pruinosus'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides trifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides validus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Psammochares'' Latreille, 1796

''Psammochares bilineatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares brunniventris'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares irpex'' Gerstaecker, 1859 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares jocaste'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Psammochares latilabris'' Arnold, 1937 (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares quadriguttatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Tanzania)

''Psammochares rufigaster'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares rutilus'' Klug, 1834 (Ethiopia, Nigeria, Sudan, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares varians'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Psammoderes'' Haupt, 1929

''Psammoderes capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes collaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Psammoderes fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1935 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes major'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes lightfooti'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Psammoderes mimicus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes semirufus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes reputatus'' Kohl, 1913 (Congo, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Pseudoclavelia&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930

''Pseudoclavelia argenteosignata'' Arnold, 1936 (Botswana, Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia bituberculata'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_damarensis.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia damarensis''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia jouberti'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_nitidula.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia nitidula'' ''nitidula''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia nitidula bechuanae'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia rhodesiana'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudoclavelia rufescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Pseudopompilus'' Costa, 1887

''Pseudopompilus funereus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudopompilus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Pseudopompilus lacteipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Pygmachus'' Haupt, 1930

''Pygmachus compressus'' Saussure, 1892 (Madagascar)

''Pygmachus umbratus'' Haupt, 1930 (Guinea, South Africa, Zanzibar, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Rhynchopompilus'' Arnold, 1934

''Rhynchopompilus cursor'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Schistonyx'' Saussure, 1887

''Schistonyx aterrimus'' Arnold, 1946 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx prismaticus'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

''Schistonyx sinuatus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx sheppardi'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, Syria, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Schizanoplius'' Cameron, 1904

''Schizanoplius lutarius'' (Saussure, 1834)(Ghana, Mali, Madagascar)

''Schizanoplius violaceipennis'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Spuridiophorus'' Arnold, 1934

''Spuridiophorus capensis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Spuridiophorus inermis'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus maculipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Syntomoclitus'' Arnold, 1937

''Syntomoclitus bicolor'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Ashmead, 1902

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ignitus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ignitus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Smith, 1855) (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ovambo.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ovambo&lt;/u&gt;''] (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Tachypompilus praepotens'' (Kohl, 1894) (South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zanzibar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_vitripennis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] ''&lt;u&gt;vitripennis&lt;/u&gt;'' (Arnold, 1937) (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Telostegus'' Costa, 1887

''Telostegus capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Telostegus fuscipennis'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

''Telostegus insidiosus'' (Smith, 1879) (Yemen)

''Telostegus sabulicola'' Priesner, 1955 (Algeria, Egypt, Marocco, Senegal, Yemen)</text>
      <sha1>ax272lnhriximuus3br58nd4u9hfw7l</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719811</id>
      <parentid>2719810</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-27T12:25:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Genus Cordyloscelis Arnold, 1935 */</comment>
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      <text bytes="23849" sha1="51q67dct78x4yrw40imyv2kt8hw7ipm" xml:space="preserve">==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;
- Claveliinae corrected to Ctenocerinae in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.386-388&lt;br&gt;
- Several new genera and species in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.388-399&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934, pp. 290-364.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA. (Arnold, 1934, pp. 380-385.)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; ''Pseudagenia'' in iNat).&lt;br&gt;
*''D. pulchricoma'' = ''Pseudagenia pulchricoma'' Arnold, 1934, p. 337-340&lt;br&gt;
*''D. neavei'' = ''Pseudagenia mygnimioides'' Arnold, 1934, pp.336-337 and ''Pseudagenia neavei'' Kohl 1913&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA. - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377.&lt;br&gt;
*also ''Poecilagenia spinosipes'' = ''Trachyglyptus spinosipes'' Arnold, 1934, p. 377-379&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = ''Deuteragenia turneri'', ''D. dregei'', ''D. chirindensis'', ''D. bicolor'' (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (''Hormopogonius willowmorensis'' = ''Calicurgus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1932 p.395); also ''H. tenuicornis'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 379-380&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
*Also ''Priocnernis aterrimus'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 385-386.
*''Priocnemis meridionalis'' Arnold, 1934, p. 386.
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pompilinae==

List of genera and species from [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm '''&lt;u&gt;https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm&lt;/u&gt;''']

=== '''Genus''' ''Aeluropetrus'' Arnold, 1936 ===

''Aeluropetrus braunsi'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Aeluropetrus lugubris'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 ===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/Aetheopompilus_obliquetruncatus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus obliquetruncatus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 (Mozambique)

==='''Genus''' ''Agenioideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Agenioideus brevis'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937) (Ghana, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus decipiens'' (Bischoff, 1913) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) (Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus lascivus'' (Cameron, 1891) (?)

''Agenioideus nudatus'' (Smith, 1855) (?)

''Agenioideus rotundilabris'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus rutilus'' (Klug, 1834) (Yemen)

''Agenioideus rufipes'' (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Agenioideus varians'' (Arnold, 1937) (?)

==='''Genus''' ''Amblyellus'' Day, 1981===

''Amblyellus willowmorensis'' (Arnold, 1937) (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

==='''Genus''' ''Anoplius'' Dufour, 1834===

''Anoplius aethiopicus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Anoplius alecto'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Anoplius bifasciatus'' Tullgren, 1904 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda)

''Anoplius concinnus'' (Dahlbom, 1845) (Yemen)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''fuscus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, South Africa, Tanzania)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''excelsior'' Arnold, 1950 (Tanzania)

''Anoplius montanus'' Haupt, 1950 (Benin, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Principe Island, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

''Anoplius morosus'' Smith, 1855 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Anoplius octomaculatus'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Anoplius panmelas'' (Saussure, 1891) (Madagascar)

''Anoplius saegeri'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Anoplius subfasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius successor'' (Cameron, 1910) (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius viridicatus'' Smith, 1879 (West Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Apareia'' Haupt, 1929===

''Apareia multipicta rufifemur'' Haupt, 1929 (Zimbabwe)

''Apareia oedipus'' Kohl, 1886 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporinellus'' Banks, 1911===

''Aporinellus bidens'' (Saussure, 1892) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporoideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Aporoideus clarus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

'''Genus''' ''Arachnospila'' Kincaid, 1900

''Arachnospila (Ammosphex) consobrina heringi'' (Haupt, 1928) (California, Canary Islands, Spain, Tanzania, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Argyroclitus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Argyroclitus fasciatipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus ruwenzoriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Atelostegus'' Haupt, 1929

''Atelostegus thrinax'' (Kohl, 1909) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Atopopompilus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Atopompilus jacens'' (Bingham, 1912) (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Yemen)

''Atopompilus marshalli'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Atopopompilus venans mlanjiensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Ghana)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/Bambesa_grisea.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa grisea&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1937===

''Batozonellus capensis'' (Dahlbom, 1843) (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/Batozonellus_fuliginosus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus fuliginosus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Klug, 1834) (Central Africa, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Batozonellus gowdeyi'' (Turner, 1916) (Uganda)

''Batozonellus madecassus'' (Saussure, 1887) (Madagascar)

''Batozonellus separabilis'' (Turner, 1916) (Congo, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Batozonus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Batozonus bipunctatus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Batozonus capensis'' Dahlbom, 1940 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Cliochares'' Banks, 1940===

''Cliochares convexus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Cordyloscelis'' Arnold, 1935===

''Cordyloscelis bequaerti'' Arnold, 1935, p.420 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Cordyloscelis flavipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.424 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis latipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.417 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis namaqua'' Arnold, 1935, p.423 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis nigerrimus'' Arnold, 1935, p.421 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis parallelus'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe)

''Cordyloscelis ugandensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.425 (Congo, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Ctenagenia'' Saussure, 1892===

''Ctenagenia vespiformis'' (Klug, 1834) (Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Madagascar, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, Yemen)

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930

''Dromochares clavipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (Zimbabwe)

''Dromochares fumipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Dromochares premnopterus'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

''Dromochares rufipes'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/Dromochares_transvaalensis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares transvaalensis&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Dicyrtomellus'' Gussakovskij, 1935

''Dicyrtomellus anomalipes'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Dicyrtomellus argenteodecoratus'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus griseus'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus impressus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus leptacanthius'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus meruensis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus neavei'' Kohl, 1913 (Congo)

''Dicyrtomellus rufofemoratus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Elaphrosyron'' Haupt, 1930

''Elaphrosyron insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Mali, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Elaphrosyron multipictus'' Arnold, 1937 (Uganda)

''Elaphrosyron pauperculus'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Epiclinotus'' Haupt, 1929

''Epiclinotus capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus erythrurus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus turneri'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron&lt;/u&gt;''] Schiødte, 1837

''Episyron argillaceus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zambia)

''Episyron bequaerti'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron bicinctus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron braunsii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron crassicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Episyron gryps'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/Episyron_histrio.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron histrio&lt;/u&gt;''] Lepeletier, 1845 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mali, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron pedunculatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron solitaneum'' Kohl, 1906 (Yemen)

''Episyron tropicalis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Episyron turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron viduus'' Arnold, 1936 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron vindex'' Smith, 1879 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/index.htm &lt;u&gt;Euclavelia&lt;/u&gt;]'' Arnold, 1932

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/Euclavelia_fasciata.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Euclavelia fasciata&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1932 (South Africa)

''Euclavelia longicollis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Euryzonotulus'' Arnold, 1937

''Euryzonotulus nigeriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Ferreola'' Lepeletier, 1845

''Ferreola auranticornis'' Wahis, 2000 (Eritrea, Yemen)

'''Genus''' ''Ferreoloides'' Haupt, 1919

''Ferreoloides basutorum'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

''Ferreoloides versutus'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

'''Genus''' ''Galactopterus'' Arnold, 1937

''Galactopterus otaviensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Galactopterus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Namibia, South Africa)

''Galactopterus simillimus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Guichardia'' Arnold, 1951

''Guichardia macilenta'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana, South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Hadropompilus'' Arnold, 1934

''Hadropompilus braunsi'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Hadropompilus montanus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Hauptiella'' Arnold, 1936

''Hauptiella multipicta'' Arnold, 1936

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/Herpetosphex_staphylinoides.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex staphylinoides&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Homonotus'' Dahlbom, 1844

''Homonotus aegyptiacus'' Turner, 1917 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus coxalis'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus disparilis'' Turner, 1917 (South Africa)

''Homonotus dispersus'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus dissectus'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus fuscipes'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus imitans'' Dahlbom, 1843 (Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus leptogaster'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus ruficornis'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

''Homonotus rukwaensis'' Arnold, 1946 (Tanzania)

''Homonotus sansibaricus'' Dahlbom, 1843 (Zanzibar)

'''Genus''' ''Idopompilus'' Haupt, 1930

''Idopompilus algoensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus algoensis major'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus braunsi'' Kohl, 1899 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus brunnescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschi handlirschi'' Arnold, 1936 (?)

''Idopompilus handlirschi basutorum'' Arnold, 1959 (Lesotho, South Africa)

''Idopompilus fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1946 (Lesotho)

''Idopompilus gracilicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus krugeri'' Haupt, 1930 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Idopompilus quadrifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Kolposphex'' Arnold, 1959

''Kolposphex atronitens'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Kyphopompilus'' Arnold, 1960

''Kyphopompilus flavipes'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Microdrapetes'' Arnold, 1937

''Microdrapetes bellus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Microphadnus'' Cameron, 1904

''Microphadnus bicolor'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Paracyphononyx'' Gribodo, 1884

''Paracyphononyx affinis'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon, Ghana, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx africanus'' Rad., 1881 (Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx carinatus'' Rad., 1881 Angola, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx coloratus'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon)

''Paracyphononyx difficilis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Malai, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversipes'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversus'' Dahlbom, 1845 (Central and East Africa to South Africa, Yemen)

''Paracyphononyx elliotti'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx frustratus'' Smith, 1879 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx funebris'' Magretti, 1884 (Ethiopia)

''Paracyphononyx gemellus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx laboriosus'' Arnold, 1936 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx languidus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx lukombensis'' Cameron, 1912 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia)

''Paracyphononyx metemmensis'' Magretti, 1884 (Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx mombassicus'' R. Luc., 1898 (Kenya)

''Paracyphononyx montanus'' Arnold, 1960 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx parallelus'' Haupt, 1929 (Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx petiolaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx plutonis'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx rotundinervis'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx ruficrus'' Klug, 1834 (Asia Minor, Egypt, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' Illiger,1802 (Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Paraferreola'' Sustera, 1913

''Paraferreola melanostoma'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paraferreola spilopus'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

''Paraferreola soleana'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Platyderes'' Guérin-Méneville, 1844

''Platyderes bicolor'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa)

''Platyderes chalybeus'' Saussure, 1892 (East Africa, South Africa)

''Platyderes drègii'' Brauns, 1899 (South Africa)

''Platyderes erythrocephalus'' Guerin, **** (Madagascar)

''Platyderes flavoscutellatus'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes oraniensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Platyderes rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Ethiopia, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes saussurei'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Platyderes spoliatus'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes vicinus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Platyderes wasmanni'' Brauns, 1904 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Pompilus'' Fabricius

''Pompilus alpinus'' Arnold, 1960 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus anomalopterus'' Cameron, 1908 (Malawi, South Africa)

''Pompilus cinereus'' Fabricius, 1775 (Yemen)

''Pompilus contrarius'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Pompilus curvifrons'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus erythrostomus'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus exploratrix'' Cameron, 1908 ''(''

''Pompilus ignobilis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pompilus levis'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana)

''Pompilus masaiensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus meruensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus plumbeus'' Fabricius, 1787 (Widespread through Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Senegal, South Africa) also in China, Europe, India)

''Pompilus sacchii'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus shirae'' Arnold, 1950 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus successor'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus vanutelli'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Pompilus yngvei'' Cameron, 1908 (

'''Genus''' ''Pompilioides'' Radley, 1887

''Pompilioides braunsi'' Kohl, 1894 (Cameroon)

''Pompilioides decipiens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides latifrons'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides pruinosus'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides trifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides validus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Psammochares'' Latreille, 1796

''Psammochares bilineatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares brunniventris'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares irpex'' Gerstaecker, 1859 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares jocaste'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Psammochares latilabris'' Arnold, 1937 (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares quadriguttatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Tanzania)

''Psammochares rufigaster'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares rutilus'' Klug, 1834 (Ethiopia, Nigeria, Sudan, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares varians'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Psammoderes'' Haupt, 1929

''Psammoderes capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes collaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Psammoderes fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1935 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes major'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes lightfooti'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Psammoderes mimicus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes semirufus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes reputatus'' Kohl, 1913 (Congo, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Pseudoclavelia&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930

''Pseudoclavelia argenteosignata'' Arnold, 1936 (Botswana, Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia bituberculata'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_damarensis.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia damarensis''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia jouberti'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_nitidula.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia nitidula'' ''nitidula''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia nitidula bechuanae'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia rhodesiana'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudoclavelia rufescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Pseudopompilus'' Costa, 1887

''Pseudopompilus funereus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudopompilus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Pseudopompilus lacteipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Pygmachus'' Haupt, 1930

''Pygmachus compressus'' Saussure, 1892 (Madagascar)

''Pygmachus umbratus'' Haupt, 1930 (Guinea, South Africa, Zanzibar, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Rhynchopompilus'' Arnold, 1934

''Rhynchopompilus cursor'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Schistonyx'' Saussure, 1887

''Schistonyx aterrimus'' Arnold, 1946 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx prismaticus'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

''Schistonyx sinuatus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx sheppardi'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, Syria, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Schizanoplius'' Cameron, 1904

''Schizanoplius lutarius'' (Saussure, 1834)(Ghana, Mali, Madagascar)

''Schizanoplius violaceipennis'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Spuridiophorus'' Arnold, 1934

''Spuridiophorus capensis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Spuridiophorus inermis'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus maculipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Syntomoclitus'' Arnold, 1937

''Syntomoclitus bicolor'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Ashmead, 1902

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ignitus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ignitus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Smith, 1855) (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ovambo.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ovambo&lt;/u&gt;''] (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Tachypompilus praepotens'' (Kohl, 1894) (South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zanzibar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_vitripennis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] ''&lt;u&gt;vitripennis&lt;/u&gt;'' (Arnold, 1937) (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Telostegus'' Costa, 1887

''Telostegus capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Telostegus fuscipennis'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

''Telostegus insidiosus'' (Smith, 1879) (Yemen)

''Telostegus sabulicola'' Priesner, 1955 (Algeria, Egypt, Marocco, Senegal, Yemen)</text>
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      <text bytes="23919" sha1="lsv18hbbhinhzto80l5ysbd73qb5u2r" xml:space="preserve">==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;
- Claveliinae corrected to Ctenocerinae in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.386-388&lt;br&gt;
- Several new genera and species in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.388-399&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934, pp. 290-364.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA. (Arnold, 1934, pp. 380-385.)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; ''Pseudagenia'' in iNat).&lt;br&gt;
*''D. pulchricoma'' = ''Pseudagenia pulchricoma'' Arnold, 1934, p. 337-340&lt;br&gt;
*''D. neavei'' = ''Pseudagenia mygnimioides'' Arnold, 1934, pp.336-337 and ''Pseudagenia neavei'' Kohl 1913&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA. - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377.&lt;br&gt;
*also ''Poecilagenia spinosipes'' = ''Trachyglyptus spinosipes'' Arnold, 1934, p. 377-379&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = ''Deuteragenia turneri'', ''D. dregei'', ''D. chirindensis'', ''D. bicolor'' (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (''Hormopogonius willowmorensis'' = ''Calicurgus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1932 p.395); also ''H. tenuicornis'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 379-380&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
*Also ''Priocnernis aterrimus'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 385-386.
*''Priocnemis meridionalis'' Arnold, 1934, p. 386.
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pompilinae==

List of genera and species from [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm '''&lt;u&gt;https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm&lt;/u&gt;''']

=== '''Genus''' ''Aeluropetrus'' Arnold, 1936 ===

''Aeluropetrus braunsi'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Aeluropetrus lugubris'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 ===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/Aetheopompilus_obliquetruncatus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus obliquetruncatus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 (Mozambique)

==='''Genus''' ''Agenioideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Agenioideus brevis'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937) (Ghana, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus decipiens'' (Bischoff, 1913) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) (Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus lascivus'' (Cameron, 1891) (?)

''Agenioideus nudatus'' (Smith, 1855) (?)

''Agenioideus rotundilabris'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus rutilus'' (Klug, 1834) (Yemen)

''Agenioideus rufipes'' (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Agenioideus varians'' (Arnold, 1937) (?)

==='''Genus''' ''Amblyellus'' Day, 1981===

''Amblyellus willowmorensis'' (Arnold, 1937) (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

==='''Genus''' ''Anoplius'' Dufour, 1834===

''Anoplius aethiopicus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Anoplius alecto'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Anoplius bifasciatus'' Tullgren, 1904 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda)

''Anoplius concinnus'' (Dahlbom, 1845) (Yemen)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''fuscus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, South Africa, Tanzania)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''excelsior'' Arnold, 1950 (Tanzania)

''Anoplius montanus'' Haupt, 1950 (Benin, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Principe Island, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

''Anoplius morosus'' Smith, 1855 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Anoplius octomaculatus'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Anoplius panmelas'' (Saussure, 1891) (Madagascar)

''Anoplius saegeri'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Anoplius subfasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius successor'' (Cameron, 1910) (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius viridicatus'' Smith, 1879 (West Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Apareia'' Haupt, 1929===

''Apareia multipicta rufifemur'' Haupt, 1929 (Zimbabwe)

''Apareia oedipus'' Kohl, 1886 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporinellus'' Banks, 1911===

''Aporinellus bidens'' (Saussure, 1892) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporoideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Aporoideus clarus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

'''Genus''' ''Arachnospila'' Kincaid, 1900

''Arachnospila (Ammosphex) consobrina heringi'' (Haupt, 1928) (California, Canary Islands, Spain, Tanzania, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Argyroclitus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Argyroclitus fasciatipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus ruwenzoriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Atelostegus'' Haupt, 1929

''Atelostegus thrinax'' (Kohl, 1909) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Atopopompilus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Atopompilus jacens'' (Bingham, 1912) (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Yemen)

''Atopompilus marshalli'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Atopopompilus venans mlanjiensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Ghana)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/Bambesa_grisea.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa grisea&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1937===

''Batozonellus capensis'' (Dahlbom, 1843) (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/Batozonellus_fuliginosus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus fuliginosus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Klug, 1834) (Central Africa, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Batozonellus gowdeyi'' (Turner, 1916) (Uganda)

''Batozonellus madecassus'' (Saussure, 1887) (Madagascar)

''Batozonellus separabilis'' (Turner, 1916) (Congo, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Batozonus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Batozonus bipunctatus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Batozonus capensis'' Dahlbom, 1940 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Cliochares'' Banks, 1940===

''Cliochares convexus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Cordyloscelis'' Arnold, 1935===

''Cordyloscelis bequaerti'' Arnold, 1935, p.420 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Cordyloscelis flavipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.424 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis latipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.417 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis namaqua'' Arnold, 1935, p.423 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis nigerrimus'' Arnold, 1935, p.421 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis parallelus'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe)

''Cordyloscelis ugandensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.425 (Congo, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Ctenagenia'' Saussure, 1892===

''Ctenagenia vespiformis'' (Klug, 1834) (Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Madagascar, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, Yemen)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930 ===

''Dromochares clavipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (Zimbabwe)

''Dromochares fumipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Dromochares premnopterus'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

''Dromochares rufipes'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

=== [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/Dromochares_transvaalensis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares transvaalensis&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)
 ===
'''Genus''' ''Dicyrtomellus'' Gussakovskij, 1935

''Dicyrtomellus anomalipes'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Dicyrtomellus argenteodecoratus'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus griseus'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus impressus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus leptacanthius'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus meruensis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus neavei'' Kohl, 1913 (Congo)

''Dicyrtomellus rufofemoratus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Elaphrosyron'' Haupt, 1930

''Elaphrosyron insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Mali, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Elaphrosyron multipictus'' Arnold, 1937 (Uganda)

''Elaphrosyron pauperculus'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Epiclinotus'' Haupt, 1929

''Epiclinotus capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus erythrurus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus turneri'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron&lt;/u&gt;''] Schiødte, 1837

''Episyron argillaceus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zambia)

''Episyron bequaerti'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron bicinctus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron braunsii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron crassicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Episyron gryps'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/Episyron_histrio.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron histrio&lt;/u&gt;''] Lepeletier, 1845 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mali, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron pedunculatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron solitaneum'' Kohl, 1906 (Yemen)

''Episyron tropicalis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Episyron turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron viduus'' Arnold, 1936 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron vindex'' Smith, 1879 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/index.htm &lt;u&gt;Euclavelia&lt;/u&gt;]'' Arnold, 1932

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/Euclavelia_fasciata.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Euclavelia fasciata&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1932 (South Africa)

''Euclavelia longicollis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Euryzonotulus'' Arnold, 1937

''Euryzonotulus nigeriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Ferreola'' Lepeletier, 1845

''Ferreola auranticornis'' Wahis, 2000 (Eritrea, Yemen)

'''Genus''' ''Ferreoloides'' Haupt, 1919

''Ferreoloides basutorum'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

''Ferreoloides versutus'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

'''Genus''' ''Galactopterus'' Arnold, 1937

''Galactopterus otaviensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Galactopterus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Namibia, South Africa)

''Galactopterus simillimus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Guichardia'' Arnold, 1951

''Guichardia macilenta'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hadropompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Hadropompilus braunsi'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Hadropompilus montanus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Hauptiella'' Arnold, 1936

''Hauptiella multipicta'' Arnold, 1936

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/Herpetosphex_staphylinoides.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex staphylinoides&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Homonotus'' Dahlbom, 1844

''Homonotus aegyptiacus'' Turner, 1917 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus coxalis'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus disparilis'' Turner, 1917 (South Africa)

''Homonotus dispersus'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus dissectus'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus fuscipes'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus imitans'' Dahlbom, 1843 (Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus leptogaster'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus ruficornis'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

''Homonotus rukwaensis'' Arnold, 1946 (Tanzania)

''Homonotus sansibaricus'' Dahlbom, 1843 (Zanzibar)

==='''Genus''' ''Idopompilus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Idopompilus algoensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus algoensis major'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus braunsi'' Kohl, 1899 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus brunnescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschi handlirschi'' Arnold, 1936 (?)

''Idopompilus handlirschi basutorum'' Arnold, 1959 (Lesotho, South Africa)

''Idopompilus fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1946 (Lesotho)

''Idopompilus gracilicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus krugeri'' Haupt, 1930 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Idopompilus quadrifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Kolposphex'' Arnold, 1959===

''Kolposphex atronitens'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Kyphopompilus'' Arnold, 1960

''Kyphopompilus flavipes'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microdrapetes'' Arnold, 193===7

''Microdrapetes bellus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Microphadnus'' Cameron, 1904

''Microphadnus bicolor'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Paracyphononyx'' Gribodo, 1884===

''Paracyphononyx affinis'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon, Ghana, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx africanus'' Rad., 1881 (Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx carinatus'' Rad., 1881 Angola, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx coloratus'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon)

''Paracyphononyx difficilis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Malai, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversipes'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversus'' Dahlbom, 1845 (Central and East Africa to South Africa, Yemen)

''Paracyphononyx elliotti'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx frustratus'' Smith, 1879 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx funebris'' Magretti, 1884 (Ethiopia)

''Paracyphononyx gemellus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx laboriosus'' Arnold, 1936 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx languidus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx lukombensis'' Cameron, 1912 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia)

''Paracyphononyx metemmensis'' Magretti, 1884 (Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx mombassicus'' R. Luc., 1898 (Kenya)

''Paracyphononyx montanus'' Arnold, 1960 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx parallelus'' Haupt, 1929 (Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx petiolaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx plutonis'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx rotundinervis'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx ruficrus'' Klug, 1834 (Asia Minor, Egypt, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' Illiger,1802 (Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Paraferreola'' Sustera, 1913

''Paraferreola melanostoma'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paraferreola spilopus'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

''Paraferreola soleana'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Platyderes'' Guérin-Méneville, 1844

''Platyderes bicolor'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa)

''Platyderes chalybeus'' Saussure, 1892 (East Africa, South Africa)

''Platyderes drègii'' Brauns, 1899 (South Africa)

''Platyderes erythrocephalus'' Guerin, **** (Madagascar)

''Platyderes flavoscutellatus'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes oraniensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Platyderes rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Ethiopia, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes saussurei'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Platyderes spoliatus'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes vicinus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Platyderes wasmanni'' Brauns, 1904 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Pompilus'' Fabricius

''Pompilus alpinus'' Arnold, 1960 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus anomalopterus'' Cameron, 1908 (Malawi, South Africa)

''Pompilus cinereus'' Fabricius, 1775 (Yemen)

''Pompilus contrarius'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Pompilus curvifrons'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus erythrostomus'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus exploratrix'' Cameron, 1908 ''(''

''Pompilus ignobilis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pompilus levis'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana)

''Pompilus masaiensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus meruensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus plumbeus'' Fabricius, 1787 (Widespread through Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Senegal, South Africa) also in China, Europe, India)

''Pompilus sacchii'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus shirae'' Arnold, 1950 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus successor'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus vanutelli'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Pompilus yngvei'' Cameron, 1908 (

'''Genus''' ''Pompilioides'' Radley, 1887

''Pompilioides braunsi'' Kohl, 1894 (Cameroon)

''Pompilioides decipiens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides latifrons'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides pruinosus'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides trifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides validus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Psammochares'' Latreille, 1796

''Psammochares bilineatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares brunniventris'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares irpex'' Gerstaecker, 1859 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares jocaste'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Psammochares latilabris'' Arnold, 1937 (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares quadriguttatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Tanzania)

''Psammochares rufigaster'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares rutilus'' Klug, 1834 (Ethiopia, Nigeria, Sudan, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares varians'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammoderes'' Haupt, 1929===

''Psammoderes capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes collaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Psammoderes fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1935 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes major'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes lightfooti'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Psammoderes mimicus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes semirufus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes reputatus'' Kohl, 1913 (Congo, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Pseudoclavelia&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930

''Pseudoclavelia argenteosignata'' Arnold, 1936 (Botswana, Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia bituberculata'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_damarensis.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia damarensis''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia jouberti'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_nitidula.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia nitidula'' ''nitidula''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia nitidula bechuanae'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia rhodesiana'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudoclavelia rufescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Pseudopompilus'' Costa, 1887

''Pseudopompilus funereus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudopompilus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Pseudopompilus lacteipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Pygmachus'' Haupt, 1930

''Pygmachus compressus'' Saussure, 1892 (Madagascar)

''Pygmachus umbratus'' Haupt, 1930 (Guinea, South Africa, Zanzibar, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Rhynchopompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Rhynchopompilus cursor'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Schistonyx'' Saussure, 1887===

''Schistonyx aterrimus'' Arnold, 1946 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx prismaticus'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

''Schistonyx sinuatus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx sheppardi'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, Syria, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Schizanoplius'' Cameron, 1904

''Schizanoplius lutarius'' (Saussure, 1834)(Ghana, Mali, Madagascar)

''Schizanoplius violaceipennis'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Spuridiophorus'' Arnold, 1934

''Spuridiophorus capensis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Spuridiophorus inermis'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus maculipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Syntomoclitus'' Arnold, 1937

''Syntomoclitus bicolor'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Ashmead, 1902

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ignitus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ignitus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Smith, 1855) (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ovambo.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ovambo&lt;/u&gt;''] (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Tachypompilus praepotens'' (Kohl, 1894) (South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zanzibar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_vitripennis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] ''&lt;u&gt;vitripennis&lt;/u&gt;'' (Arnold, 1937) (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Telostegus'' Costa, 1887===

''Telostegus capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Telostegus fuscipennis'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

''Telostegus insidiosus'' (Smith, 1879) (Yemen)

''Telostegus sabulicola'' Priesner, 1955 (Algeria, Egypt, Marocco, Senegal, Yemen)</text>
      <sha1>lsv18hbbhinhzto80l5ysbd73qb5u2r</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719814</id>
      <parentid>2719812</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-27T14:34:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Genus Psammoderes Haupt, 1929 */</comment>
      <origin>2719814</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="24038" sha1="qqe50taj7w9gn2qfsdt3kppwsf1r2cq" xml:space="preserve">==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;
- Claveliinae corrected to Ctenocerinae in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.386-388&lt;br&gt;
- Several new genera and species in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.388-399&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934, pp. 290-364.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA. (Arnold, 1934, pp. 380-385.)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; ''Pseudagenia'' in iNat).&lt;br&gt;
*''D. pulchricoma'' = ''Pseudagenia pulchricoma'' Arnold, 1934, p. 337-340&lt;br&gt;
*''D. neavei'' = ''Pseudagenia mygnimioides'' Arnold, 1934, pp.336-337 and ''Pseudagenia neavei'' Kohl 1913&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA. - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377.&lt;br&gt;
*also ''Poecilagenia spinosipes'' = ''Trachyglyptus spinosipes'' Arnold, 1934, p. 377-379&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = ''Deuteragenia turneri'', ''D. dregei'', ''D. chirindensis'', ''D. bicolor'' (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (''Hormopogonius willowmorensis'' = ''Calicurgus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1932 p.395); also ''H. tenuicornis'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 379-380&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
*Also ''Priocnernis aterrimus'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 385-386.
*''Priocnemis meridionalis'' Arnold, 1934, p. 386.
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pompilinae==

List of genera and species from [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm '''&lt;u&gt;https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm&lt;/u&gt;''']

=== '''Genus''' ''Aeluropetrus'' Arnold, 1936 ===

''Aeluropetrus braunsi'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Aeluropetrus lugubris'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 ===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/Aetheopompilus_obliquetruncatus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus obliquetruncatus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 (Mozambique)

==='''Genus''' ''Agenioideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Agenioideus brevis'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937) (Ghana, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus decipiens'' (Bischoff, 1913) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) (Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus lascivus'' (Cameron, 1891) (?)

''Agenioideus nudatus'' (Smith, 1855) (?)

''Agenioideus rotundilabris'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus rutilus'' (Klug, 1834) (Yemen)

''Agenioideus rufipes'' (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Agenioideus varians'' (Arnold, 1937) (?)

==='''Genus''' ''Amblyellus'' Day, 1981===

''Amblyellus willowmorensis'' (Arnold, 1937) (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

==='''Genus''' ''Anoplius'' Dufour, 1834===

''Anoplius aethiopicus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Anoplius alecto'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Anoplius bifasciatus'' Tullgren, 1904 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda)

''Anoplius concinnus'' (Dahlbom, 1845) (Yemen)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''fuscus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, South Africa, Tanzania)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''excelsior'' Arnold, 1950 (Tanzania)

''Anoplius montanus'' Haupt, 1950 (Benin, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Principe Island, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

''Anoplius morosus'' Smith, 1855 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Anoplius octomaculatus'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Anoplius panmelas'' (Saussure, 1891) (Madagascar)

''Anoplius saegeri'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Anoplius subfasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius successor'' (Cameron, 1910) (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius viridicatus'' Smith, 1879 (West Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Apareia'' Haupt, 1929===

''Apareia multipicta rufifemur'' Haupt, 1929 (Zimbabwe)

''Apareia oedipus'' Kohl, 1886 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporinellus'' Banks, 1911===

''Aporinellus bidens'' (Saussure, 1892) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporoideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Aporoideus clarus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

'''Genus''' ''Arachnospila'' Kincaid, 1900

''Arachnospila (Ammosphex) consobrina heringi'' (Haupt, 1928) (California, Canary Islands, Spain, Tanzania, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Argyroclitus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Argyroclitus fasciatipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus ruwenzoriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Atelostegus'' Haupt, 1929

''Atelostegus thrinax'' (Kohl, 1909) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Atopopompilus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Atopompilus jacens'' (Bingham, 1912) (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Yemen)

''Atopompilus marshalli'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Atopopompilus venans mlanjiensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Ghana)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/Bambesa_grisea.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa grisea&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1937===

''Batozonellus capensis'' (Dahlbom, 1843) (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/Batozonellus_fuliginosus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus fuliginosus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Klug, 1834) (Central Africa, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Batozonellus gowdeyi'' (Turner, 1916) (Uganda)

''Batozonellus madecassus'' (Saussure, 1887) (Madagascar)

''Batozonellus separabilis'' (Turner, 1916) (Congo, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Batozonus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Batozonus bipunctatus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Batozonus capensis'' Dahlbom, 1940 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Cliochares'' Banks, 1940===

''Cliochares convexus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Cordyloscelis'' Arnold, 1935===

''Cordyloscelis bequaerti'' Arnold, 1935, p.420 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Cordyloscelis flavipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.424 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis latipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.417 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis namaqua'' Arnold, 1935, p.423 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis nigerrimus'' Arnold, 1935, p.421 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis parallelus'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe)

''Cordyloscelis ugandensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.425 (Congo, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Ctenagenia'' Saussure, 1892===

''Ctenagenia vespiformis'' (Klug, 1834) (Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Madagascar, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, Yemen)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930 ===

''Dromochares clavipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (Zimbabwe)

''Dromochares fumipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Dromochares premnopterus'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

''Dromochares rufipes'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

=== [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/Dromochares_transvaalensis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares transvaalensis&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)
 ===
'''Genus''' ''Dicyrtomellus'' Gussakovskij, 1935

''Dicyrtomellus anomalipes'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Dicyrtomellus argenteodecoratus'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus griseus'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus impressus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus leptacanthius'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus meruensis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus neavei'' Kohl, 1913 (Congo)

''Dicyrtomellus rufofemoratus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Elaphrosyron'' Haupt, 1930

''Elaphrosyron insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Mali, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Elaphrosyron multipictus'' Arnold, 1937 (Uganda)

''Elaphrosyron pauperculus'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Epiclinotus'' Haupt, 1929

''Epiclinotus capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus erythrurus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus turneri'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron&lt;/u&gt;''] Schiødte, 1837

''Episyron argillaceus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zambia)

''Episyron bequaerti'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron bicinctus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron braunsii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron crassicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Episyron gryps'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/Episyron_histrio.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron histrio&lt;/u&gt;''] Lepeletier, 1845 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mali, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron pedunculatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron solitaneum'' Kohl, 1906 (Yemen)

''Episyron tropicalis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Episyron turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron viduus'' Arnold, 1936 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron vindex'' Smith, 1879 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/index.htm &lt;u&gt;Euclavelia&lt;/u&gt;]'' Arnold, 1932

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/Euclavelia_fasciata.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Euclavelia fasciata&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1932 (South Africa)

''Euclavelia longicollis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Euryzonotulus'' Arnold, 1937

''Euryzonotulus nigeriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Ferreola'' Lepeletier, 1845

''Ferreola auranticornis'' Wahis, 2000 (Eritrea, Yemen)

'''Genus''' ''Ferreoloides'' Haupt, 1919

''Ferreoloides basutorum'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

''Ferreoloides versutus'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

'''Genus''' ''Galactopterus'' Arnold, 1937

''Galactopterus otaviensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Galactopterus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Namibia, South Africa)

''Galactopterus simillimus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Guichardia'' Arnold, 1951

''Guichardia macilenta'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hadropompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Hadropompilus braunsi'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Hadropompilus montanus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Hauptiella'' Arnold, 1936

''Hauptiella multipicta'' Arnold, 1936

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/Herpetosphex_staphylinoides.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex staphylinoides&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Homonotus'' Dahlbom, 1844

''Homonotus aegyptiacus'' Turner, 1917 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus coxalis'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus disparilis'' Turner, 1917 (South Africa)

''Homonotus dispersus'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus dissectus'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus fuscipes'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus imitans'' Dahlbom, 1843 (Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus leptogaster'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus ruficornis'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

''Homonotus rukwaensis'' Arnold, 1946 (Tanzania)

''Homonotus sansibaricus'' Dahlbom, 1843 (Zanzibar)

==='''Genus''' ''Idopompilus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Idopompilus algoensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus algoensis major'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus braunsi'' Kohl, 1899 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus brunnescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschi handlirschi'' Arnold, 1936 (?)

''Idopompilus handlirschi basutorum'' Arnold, 1959 (Lesotho, South Africa)

''Idopompilus fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1946 (Lesotho)

''Idopompilus gracilicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus krugeri'' Haupt, 1930 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Idopompilus quadrifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Kolposphex'' Arnold, 1959===

''Kolposphex atronitens'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Kyphopompilus'' Arnold, 1960

''Kyphopompilus flavipes'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microdrapetes'' Arnold, 193===7

''Microdrapetes bellus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Microphadnus'' Cameron, 1904

''Microphadnus bicolor'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Paracyphononyx'' Gribodo, 1884===

''Paracyphononyx affinis'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon, Ghana, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx africanus'' Rad., 1881 (Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx carinatus'' Rad., 1881 Angola, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx coloratus'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon)

''Paracyphononyx difficilis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Malai, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversipes'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversus'' Dahlbom, 1845 (Central and East Africa to South Africa, Yemen)

''Paracyphononyx elliotti'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx frustratus'' Smith, 1879 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx funebris'' Magretti, 1884 (Ethiopia)

''Paracyphononyx gemellus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx laboriosus'' Arnold, 1936 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx languidus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx lukombensis'' Cameron, 1912 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia)

''Paracyphononyx metemmensis'' Magretti, 1884 (Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx mombassicus'' R. Luc., 1898 (Kenya)

''Paracyphononyx montanus'' Arnold, 1960 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx parallelus'' Haupt, 1929 (Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx petiolaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx plutonis'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx rotundinervis'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx ruficrus'' Klug, 1834 (Asia Minor, Egypt, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' Illiger,1802 (Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Paraferreola'' Sustera, 1913

''Paraferreola melanostoma'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paraferreola spilopus'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

''Paraferreola soleana'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Platyderes'' Guérin-Méneville, 1844

''Platyderes bicolor'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa)

''Platyderes chalybeus'' Saussure, 1892 (East Africa, South Africa)

''Platyderes drègii'' Brauns, 1899 (South Africa)

''Platyderes erythrocephalus'' Guerin, **** (Madagascar)

''Platyderes flavoscutellatus'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes oraniensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Platyderes rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Ethiopia, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes saussurei'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Platyderes spoliatus'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes vicinus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Platyderes wasmanni'' Brauns, 1904 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Pompilus'' Fabricius

''Pompilus alpinus'' Arnold, 1960 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus anomalopterus'' Cameron, 1908 (Malawi, South Africa)

''Pompilus cinereus'' Fabricius, 1775 (Yemen)

''Pompilus contrarius'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Pompilus curvifrons'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus erythrostomus'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus exploratrix'' Cameron, 1908 ''(''

''Pompilus ignobilis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pompilus levis'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana)

''Pompilus masaiensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus meruensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus plumbeus'' Fabricius, 1787 (Widespread through Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Senegal, South Africa) also in China, Europe, India)

''Pompilus sacchii'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus shirae'' Arnold, 1950 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus successor'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus vanutelli'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Pompilus yngvei'' Cameron, 1908 (

'''Genus''' ''Pompilioides'' Radley, 1887

''Pompilioides braunsi'' Kohl, 1894 (Cameroon)

''Pompilioides decipiens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides latifrons'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides pruinosus'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides trifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides validus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Psammochares'' Latreille, 1796

''Psammochares bilineatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares brunniventris'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares irpex'' Gerstaecker, 1859 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares jocaste'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Psammochares latilabris'' Arnold, 1937 (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares quadriguttatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Tanzania)

''Psammochares rufigaster'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares rutilus'' Klug, 1834 (Ethiopia, Nigeria, Sudan, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares varians'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammoderes'' Haupt, 1929===

''Psammoderes capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes collaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Psammoderes fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1935, p.438 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes lightfooti'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Psammoderes major'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.433 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes mimicus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.434 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes semirufus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.436 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes reputatus'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.437 (Congo, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Pseudoclavelia&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930

''Pseudoclavelia argenteosignata'' Arnold, 1936 (Botswana, Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia bituberculata'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_damarensis.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia damarensis''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia jouberti'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_nitidula.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia nitidula'' ''nitidula''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia nitidula bechuanae'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia rhodesiana'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudoclavelia rufescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Pseudopompilus'' Costa, 1887

''Pseudopompilus funereus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudopompilus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Pseudopompilus lacteipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Pygmachus'' Haupt, 1930

''Pygmachus compressus'' Saussure, 1892 (Madagascar)

''Pygmachus umbratus'' Haupt, 1930 (Guinea, South Africa, Zanzibar, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Rhynchopompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Rhynchopompilus cursor'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Schistonyx'' Saussure, 1887===

''Schistonyx aterrimus'' Arnold, 1946 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx prismaticus'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

''Schistonyx sinuatus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx sheppardi'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, Syria, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Schizanoplius'' Cameron, 1904

''Schizanoplius lutarius'' (Saussure, 1834)(Ghana, Mali, Madagascar)

''Schizanoplius violaceipennis'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Spuridiophorus'' Arnold, 1934

''Spuridiophorus capensis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Spuridiophorus inermis'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus maculipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Syntomoclitus'' Arnold, 1937

''Syntomoclitus bicolor'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Ashmead, 1902

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ignitus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ignitus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Smith, 1855) (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ovambo.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ovambo&lt;/u&gt;''] (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Tachypompilus praepotens'' (Kohl, 1894) (South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zanzibar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_vitripennis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] ''&lt;u&gt;vitripennis&lt;/u&gt;'' (Arnold, 1937) (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Telostegus'' Costa, 1887===

''Telostegus capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Telostegus fuscipennis'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

''Telostegus insidiosus'' (Smith, 1879) (Yemen)

''Telostegus sabulicola'' Priesner, 1955 (Algeria, Egypt, Marocco, Senegal, Yemen)</text>
      <sha1>qqe50taj7w9gn2qfsdt3kppwsf1r2cq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719815</id>
      <parentid>2719814</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-27T14:35:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Genus Paracyphononyx Gribodo, 1884 */</comment>
      <origin>2719815</origin>
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      <text bytes="24068" sha1="lvkkg9yjccudq48kuojw5uvryxi1psg" xml:space="preserve">==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;
- Claveliinae corrected to Ctenocerinae in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.386-388&lt;br&gt;
- Several new genera and species in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.388-399&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934, pp. 290-364.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA. (Arnold, 1934, pp. 380-385.)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; ''Pseudagenia'' in iNat).&lt;br&gt;
*''D. pulchricoma'' = ''Pseudagenia pulchricoma'' Arnold, 1934, p. 337-340&lt;br&gt;
*''D. neavei'' = ''Pseudagenia mygnimioides'' Arnold, 1934, pp.336-337 and ''Pseudagenia neavei'' Kohl 1913&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA. - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377.&lt;br&gt;
*also ''Poecilagenia spinosipes'' = ''Trachyglyptus spinosipes'' Arnold, 1934, p. 377-379&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = ''Deuteragenia turneri'', ''D. dregei'', ''D. chirindensis'', ''D. bicolor'' (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (''Hormopogonius willowmorensis'' = ''Calicurgus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1932 p.395); also ''H. tenuicornis'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 379-380&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
*Also ''Priocnernis aterrimus'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 385-386.
*''Priocnemis meridionalis'' Arnold, 1934, p. 386.
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pompilinae==

List of genera and species from [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm '''&lt;u&gt;https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm&lt;/u&gt;''']

=== '''Genus''' ''Aeluropetrus'' Arnold, 1936 ===

''Aeluropetrus braunsi'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Aeluropetrus lugubris'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 ===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/Aetheopompilus_obliquetruncatus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus obliquetruncatus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 (Mozambique)

==='''Genus''' ''Agenioideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Agenioideus brevis'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937) (Ghana, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus decipiens'' (Bischoff, 1913) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) (Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus lascivus'' (Cameron, 1891) (?)

''Agenioideus nudatus'' (Smith, 1855) (?)

''Agenioideus rotundilabris'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus rutilus'' (Klug, 1834) (Yemen)

''Agenioideus rufipes'' (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Agenioideus varians'' (Arnold, 1937) (?)

==='''Genus''' ''Amblyellus'' Day, 1981===

''Amblyellus willowmorensis'' (Arnold, 1937) (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

==='''Genus''' ''Anoplius'' Dufour, 1834===

''Anoplius aethiopicus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Anoplius alecto'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Anoplius bifasciatus'' Tullgren, 1904 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda)

''Anoplius concinnus'' (Dahlbom, 1845) (Yemen)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''fuscus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, South Africa, Tanzania)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''excelsior'' Arnold, 1950 (Tanzania)

''Anoplius montanus'' Haupt, 1950 (Benin, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Principe Island, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

''Anoplius morosus'' Smith, 1855 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Anoplius octomaculatus'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Anoplius panmelas'' (Saussure, 1891) (Madagascar)

''Anoplius saegeri'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Anoplius subfasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius successor'' (Cameron, 1910) (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius viridicatus'' Smith, 1879 (West Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Apareia'' Haupt, 1929===

''Apareia multipicta rufifemur'' Haupt, 1929 (Zimbabwe)

''Apareia oedipus'' Kohl, 1886 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporinellus'' Banks, 1911===

''Aporinellus bidens'' (Saussure, 1892) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporoideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Aporoideus clarus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

'''Genus''' ''Arachnospila'' Kincaid, 1900

''Arachnospila (Ammosphex) consobrina heringi'' (Haupt, 1928) (California, Canary Islands, Spain, Tanzania, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Argyroclitus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Argyroclitus fasciatipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus ruwenzoriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Atelostegus'' Haupt, 1929

''Atelostegus thrinax'' (Kohl, 1909) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Atopopompilus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Atopompilus jacens'' (Bingham, 1912) (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Yemen)

''Atopompilus marshalli'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Atopopompilus venans mlanjiensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Ghana)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/Bambesa_grisea.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa grisea&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1937===

''Batozonellus capensis'' (Dahlbom, 1843) (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/Batozonellus_fuliginosus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus fuliginosus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Klug, 1834) (Central Africa, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Batozonellus gowdeyi'' (Turner, 1916) (Uganda)

''Batozonellus madecassus'' (Saussure, 1887) (Madagascar)

''Batozonellus separabilis'' (Turner, 1916) (Congo, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Batozonus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Batozonus bipunctatus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Batozonus capensis'' Dahlbom, 1940 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Cliochares'' Banks, 1940===

''Cliochares convexus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Cordyloscelis'' Arnold, 1935===

''Cordyloscelis bequaerti'' Arnold, 1935, p.420 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Cordyloscelis flavipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.424 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis latipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.417 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis namaqua'' Arnold, 1935, p.423 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis nigerrimus'' Arnold, 1935, p.421 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis parallelus'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe)

''Cordyloscelis ugandensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.425 (Congo, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Ctenagenia'' Saussure, 1892===

''Ctenagenia vespiformis'' (Klug, 1834) (Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Madagascar, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, Yemen)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930 ===

''Dromochares clavipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (Zimbabwe)

''Dromochares fumipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Dromochares premnopterus'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

''Dromochares rufipes'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

=== [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/Dromochares_transvaalensis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares transvaalensis&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)
 ===
'''Genus''' ''Dicyrtomellus'' Gussakovskij, 1935

''Dicyrtomellus anomalipes'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Dicyrtomellus argenteodecoratus'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus griseus'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus impressus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus leptacanthius'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus meruensis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus neavei'' Kohl, 1913 (Congo)

''Dicyrtomellus rufofemoratus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Elaphrosyron'' Haupt, 1930

''Elaphrosyron insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Mali, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Elaphrosyron multipictus'' Arnold, 1937 (Uganda)

''Elaphrosyron pauperculus'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Epiclinotus'' Haupt, 1929

''Epiclinotus capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus erythrurus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus turneri'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron&lt;/u&gt;''] Schiødte, 1837

''Episyron argillaceus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zambia)

''Episyron bequaerti'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron bicinctus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron braunsii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron crassicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Episyron gryps'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/Episyron_histrio.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron histrio&lt;/u&gt;''] Lepeletier, 1845 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mali, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron pedunculatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron solitaneum'' Kohl, 1906 (Yemen)

''Episyron tropicalis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Episyron turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron viduus'' Arnold, 1936 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron vindex'' Smith, 1879 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/index.htm &lt;u&gt;Euclavelia&lt;/u&gt;]'' Arnold, 1932

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/Euclavelia_fasciata.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Euclavelia fasciata&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1932 (South Africa)

''Euclavelia longicollis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Euryzonotulus'' Arnold, 1937

''Euryzonotulus nigeriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Ferreola'' Lepeletier, 1845

''Ferreola auranticornis'' Wahis, 2000 (Eritrea, Yemen)

'''Genus''' ''Ferreoloides'' Haupt, 1919

''Ferreoloides basutorum'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

''Ferreoloides versutus'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

'''Genus''' ''Galactopterus'' Arnold, 1937

''Galactopterus otaviensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Galactopterus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Namibia, South Africa)

''Galactopterus simillimus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Guichardia'' Arnold, 1951

''Guichardia macilenta'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hadropompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Hadropompilus braunsi'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Hadropompilus montanus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Hauptiella'' Arnold, 1936

''Hauptiella multipicta'' Arnold, 1936

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/Herpetosphex_staphylinoides.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex staphylinoides&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Homonotus'' Dahlbom, 1844

''Homonotus aegyptiacus'' Turner, 1917 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus coxalis'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus disparilis'' Turner, 1917 (South Africa)

''Homonotus dispersus'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus dissectus'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus fuscipes'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus imitans'' Dahlbom, 1843 (Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus leptogaster'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus ruficornis'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

''Homonotus rukwaensis'' Arnold, 1946 (Tanzania)

''Homonotus sansibaricus'' Dahlbom, 1843 (Zanzibar)

==='''Genus''' ''Idopompilus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Idopompilus algoensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus algoensis major'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus braunsi'' Kohl, 1899 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus brunnescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschi handlirschi'' Arnold, 1936 (?)

''Idopompilus handlirschi basutorum'' Arnold, 1959 (Lesotho, South Africa)

''Idopompilus fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1946 (Lesotho)

''Idopompilus gracilicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus krugeri'' Haupt, 1930 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Idopompilus quadrifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Kolposphex'' Arnold, 1959===

''Kolposphex atronitens'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Kyphopompilus'' Arnold, 1960

''Kyphopompilus flavipes'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microdrapetes'' Arnold, 193===7

''Microdrapetes bellus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Microphadnus'' Cameron, 1904

''Microphadnus bicolor'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Paracyphononyx'' Gribodo, 1884===

''Paracyphononyx affinis'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon, Ghana, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx africanus'' Rad., 1881 (Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx carinatus'' Rad., 1881 Angola, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx coloratus'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon)

''Paracyphononyx difficilis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Malai, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversipes'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversus'' Dahlbom, 1845 (Central and East Africa to South Africa, Yemen)

''Paracyphononyx elliotti'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx frustratus'' Smith, 1879 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx funebris'' Magretti, 1884 (Ethiopia)

''Paracyphononyx gemellus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx laboriosus'' Arnold, 1936 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx languidus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx lukombensis'' Cameron, 1912 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia)

''Paracyphononyx metemmensis'' Magretti, 1884 (Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx mombassicus'' R. Luc., 1898 (Kenya)

''Paracyphononyx montanus'' Arnold, 1960 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx parallelus'' Haupt, 1929 (Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx petiolaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx plutonis'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx rotundinervis'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx ruficrus'' Klug, 1834 (Asia Minor, Egypt, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' Illiger,1802 (Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Paraferreola'' Sustera, 1913===

''Paraferreola melanostoma'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paraferreola spilopus'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

''Paraferreola soleana'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Platyderes'' Guérin-Méneville, 1844===

''Platyderes bicolor'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa)

''Platyderes chalybeus'' Saussure, 1892 (East Africa, South Africa)

''Platyderes drègii'' Brauns, 1899 (South Africa)

''Platyderes erythrocephalus'' Guerin, **** (Madagascar)

''Platyderes flavoscutellatus'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes oraniensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Platyderes rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Ethiopia, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes saussurei'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Platyderes spoliatus'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes vicinus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Platyderes wasmanni'' Brauns, 1904 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilus'' Fabricius===

''Pompilus alpinus'' Arnold, 1960 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus anomalopterus'' Cameron, 1908 (Malawi, South Africa)

''Pompilus cinereus'' Fabricius, 1775 (Yemen)

''Pompilus contrarius'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Pompilus curvifrons'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus erythrostomus'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus exploratrix'' Cameron, 1908 ''(''

''Pompilus ignobilis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pompilus levis'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana)

''Pompilus masaiensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus meruensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus plumbeus'' Fabricius, 1787 (Widespread through Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Senegal, South Africa) also in China, Europe, India)

''Pompilus sacchii'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus shirae'' Arnold, 1950 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus successor'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus vanutelli'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Pompilus yngvei'' Cameron, 1908 (

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilioides'' Radley, 1887===

''Pompilioides braunsi'' Kohl, 1894 (Cameroon)

''Pompilioides decipiens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides latifrons'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides pruinosus'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides trifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides validus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammochares'' Latreille, 1796===

''Psammochares bilineatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares brunniventris'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares irpex'' Gerstaecker, 1859 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares jocaste'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Psammochares latilabris'' Arnold, 1937 (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares quadriguttatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Tanzania)

''Psammochares rufigaster'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares rutilus'' Klug, 1834 (Ethiopia, Nigeria, Sudan, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares varians'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammoderes'' Haupt, 1929===

''Psammoderes capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes collaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Psammoderes fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1935, p.438 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes lightfooti'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Psammoderes major'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.433 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes mimicus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.434 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes semirufus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.436 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes reputatus'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.437 (Congo, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Pseudoclavelia&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930

''Pseudoclavelia argenteosignata'' Arnold, 1936 (Botswana, Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia bituberculata'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_damarensis.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia damarensis''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia jouberti'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_nitidula.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia nitidula'' ''nitidula''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia nitidula bechuanae'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia rhodesiana'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudoclavelia rufescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Pseudopompilus'' Costa, 1887

''Pseudopompilus funereus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudopompilus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Pseudopompilus lacteipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Pygmachus'' Haupt, 1930

''Pygmachus compressus'' Saussure, 1892 (Madagascar)

''Pygmachus umbratus'' Haupt, 1930 (Guinea, South Africa, Zanzibar, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Rhynchopompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Rhynchopompilus cursor'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Schistonyx'' Saussure, 1887===

''Schistonyx aterrimus'' Arnold, 1946 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx prismaticus'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

''Schistonyx sinuatus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx sheppardi'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, Syria, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Schizanoplius'' Cameron, 1904

''Schizanoplius lutarius'' (Saussure, 1834)(Ghana, Mali, Madagascar)

''Schizanoplius violaceipennis'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Spuridiophorus'' Arnold, 1934

''Spuridiophorus capensis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Spuridiophorus inermis'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus maculipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Syntomoclitus'' Arnold, 1937

''Syntomoclitus bicolor'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Ashmead, 1902

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ignitus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ignitus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Smith, 1855) (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ovambo.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ovambo&lt;/u&gt;''] (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Tachypompilus praepotens'' (Kohl, 1894) (South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zanzibar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_vitripennis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] ''&lt;u&gt;vitripennis&lt;/u&gt;'' (Arnold, 1937) (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Telostegus'' Costa, 1887===

''Telostegus capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Telostegus fuscipennis'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

''Telostegus insidiosus'' (Smith, 1879) (Yemen)

''Telostegus sabulicola'' Priesner, 1955 (Algeria, Egypt, Marocco, Senegal, Yemen)</text>
      <sha1>lvkkg9yjccudq48kuojw5uvryxi1psg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719816</id>
      <parentid>2719815</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-27T14:36:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Genus Kolposphex Arnold, 1959 */</comment>
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      <text bytes="24068" sha1="fo05isx6c53nqbwcl5p656dc4mywnwp" xml:space="preserve">==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;
- Claveliinae corrected to Ctenocerinae in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.386-388&lt;br&gt;
- Several new genera and species in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.388-399&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934, pp. 290-364.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA. (Arnold, 1934, pp. 380-385.)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; ''Pseudagenia'' in iNat).&lt;br&gt;
*''D. pulchricoma'' = ''Pseudagenia pulchricoma'' Arnold, 1934, p. 337-340&lt;br&gt;
*''D. neavei'' = ''Pseudagenia mygnimioides'' Arnold, 1934, pp.336-337 and ''Pseudagenia neavei'' Kohl 1913&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA. - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377.&lt;br&gt;
*also ''Poecilagenia spinosipes'' = ''Trachyglyptus spinosipes'' Arnold, 1934, p. 377-379&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = ''Deuteragenia turneri'', ''D. dregei'', ''D. chirindensis'', ''D. bicolor'' (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (''Hormopogonius willowmorensis'' = ''Calicurgus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1932 p.395); also ''H. tenuicornis'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 379-380&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
*Also ''Priocnernis aterrimus'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 385-386.
*''Priocnemis meridionalis'' Arnold, 1934, p. 386.
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pompilinae==

List of genera and species from [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm '''&lt;u&gt;https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm&lt;/u&gt;''']

=== '''Genus''' ''Aeluropetrus'' Arnold, 1936 ===

''Aeluropetrus braunsi'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Aeluropetrus lugubris'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 ===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/Aetheopompilus_obliquetruncatus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus obliquetruncatus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 (Mozambique)

==='''Genus''' ''Agenioideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Agenioideus brevis'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937) (Ghana, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus decipiens'' (Bischoff, 1913) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) (Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus lascivus'' (Cameron, 1891) (?)

''Agenioideus nudatus'' (Smith, 1855) (?)

''Agenioideus rotundilabris'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus rutilus'' (Klug, 1834) (Yemen)

''Agenioideus rufipes'' (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Agenioideus varians'' (Arnold, 1937) (?)

==='''Genus''' ''Amblyellus'' Day, 1981===

''Amblyellus willowmorensis'' (Arnold, 1937) (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

==='''Genus''' ''Anoplius'' Dufour, 1834===

''Anoplius aethiopicus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Anoplius alecto'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Anoplius bifasciatus'' Tullgren, 1904 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda)

''Anoplius concinnus'' (Dahlbom, 1845) (Yemen)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''fuscus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, South Africa, Tanzania)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''excelsior'' Arnold, 1950 (Tanzania)

''Anoplius montanus'' Haupt, 1950 (Benin, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Principe Island, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

''Anoplius morosus'' Smith, 1855 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Anoplius octomaculatus'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Anoplius panmelas'' (Saussure, 1891) (Madagascar)

''Anoplius saegeri'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Anoplius subfasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius successor'' (Cameron, 1910) (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius viridicatus'' Smith, 1879 (West Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Apareia'' Haupt, 1929===

''Apareia multipicta rufifemur'' Haupt, 1929 (Zimbabwe)

''Apareia oedipus'' Kohl, 1886 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporinellus'' Banks, 1911===

''Aporinellus bidens'' (Saussure, 1892) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporoideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Aporoideus clarus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

'''Genus''' ''Arachnospila'' Kincaid, 1900

''Arachnospila (Ammosphex) consobrina heringi'' (Haupt, 1928) (California, Canary Islands, Spain, Tanzania, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Argyroclitus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Argyroclitus fasciatipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus ruwenzoriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Atelostegus'' Haupt, 1929

''Atelostegus thrinax'' (Kohl, 1909) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Atopopompilus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Atopompilus jacens'' (Bingham, 1912) (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Yemen)

''Atopompilus marshalli'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Atopopompilus venans mlanjiensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Ghana)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/Bambesa_grisea.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa grisea&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1937===

''Batozonellus capensis'' (Dahlbom, 1843) (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/Batozonellus_fuliginosus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus fuliginosus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Klug, 1834) (Central Africa, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Batozonellus gowdeyi'' (Turner, 1916) (Uganda)

''Batozonellus madecassus'' (Saussure, 1887) (Madagascar)

''Batozonellus separabilis'' (Turner, 1916) (Congo, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Batozonus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Batozonus bipunctatus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Batozonus capensis'' Dahlbom, 1940 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Cliochares'' Banks, 1940===

''Cliochares convexus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Cordyloscelis'' Arnold, 1935===

''Cordyloscelis bequaerti'' Arnold, 1935, p.420 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Cordyloscelis flavipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.424 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis latipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.417 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis namaqua'' Arnold, 1935, p.423 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis nigerrimus'' Arnold, 1935, p.421 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis parallelus'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe)

''Cordyloscelis ugandensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.425 (Congo, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Ctenagenia'' Saussure, 1892===

''Ctenagenia vespiformis'' (Klug, 1834) (Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Madagascar, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, Yemen)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930 ===

''Dromochares clavipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (Zimbabwe)

''Dromochares fumipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Dromochares premnopterus'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

''Dromochares rufipes'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

=== [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/Dromochares_transvaalensis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares transvaalensis&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)
 ===
'''Genus''' ''Dicyrtomellus'' Gussakovskij, 1935

''Dicyrtomellus anomalipes'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Dicyrtomellus argenteodecoratus'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus griseus'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus impressus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus leptacanthius'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus meruensis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus neavei'' Kohl, 1913 (Congo)

''Dicyrtomellus rufofemoratus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Elaphrosyron'' Haupt, 1930

''Elaphrosyron insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Mali, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Elaphrosyron multipictus'' Arnold, 1937 (Uganda)

''Elaphrosyron pauperculus'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Epiclinotus'' Haupt, 1929

''Epiclinotus capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus erythrurus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus turneri'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron&lt;/u&gt;''] Schiødte, 1837

''Episyron argillaceus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zambia)

''Episyron bequaerti'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron bicinctus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron braunsii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron crassicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Episyron gryps'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/Episyron_histrio.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron histrio&lt;/u&gt;''] Lepeletier, 1845 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mali, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron pedunculatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron solitaneum'' Kohl, 1906 (Yemen)

''Episyron tropicalis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Episyron turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron viduus'' Arnold, 1936 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron vindex'' Smith, 1879 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/index.htm &lt;u&gt;Euclavelia&lt;/u&gt;]'' Arnold, 1932

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/Euclavelia_fasciata.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Euclavelia fasciata&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1932 (South Africa)

''Euclavelia longicollis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Euryzonotulus'' Arnold, 1937

''Euryzonotulus nigeriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Ferreola'' Lepeletier, 1845

''Ferreola auranticornis'' Wahis, 2000 (Eritrea, Yemen)

'''Genus''' ''Ferreoloides'' Haupt, 1919

''Ferreoloides basutorum'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

''Ferreoloides versutus'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

'''Genus''' ''Galactopterus'' Arnold, 1937

''Galactopterus otaviensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Galactopterus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Namibia, South Africa)

''Galactopterus simillimus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Guichardia'' Arnold, 1951

''Guichardia macilenta'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hadropompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Hadropompilus braunsi'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Hadropompilus montanus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Hauptiella'' Arnold, 1936

''Hauptiella multipicta'' Arnold, 1936

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/Herpetosphex_staphylinoides.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex staphylinoides&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Homonotus'' Dahlbom, 1844

''Homonotus aegyptiacus'' Turner, 1917 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus coxalis'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus disparilis'' Turner, 1917 (South Africa)

''Homonotus dispersus'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus dissectus'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus fuscipes'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus imitans'' Dahlbom, 1843 (Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus leptogaster'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus ruficornis'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

''Homonotus rukwaensis'' Arnold, 1946 (Tanzania)

''Homonotus sansibaricus'' Dahlbom, 1843 (Zanzibar)

==='''Genus''' ''Idopompilus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Idopompilus algoensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus algoensis major'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus braunsi'' Kohl, 1899 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus brunnescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschi handlirschi'' Arnold, 1936 (?)

''Idopompilus handlirschi basutorum'' Arnold, 1959 (Lesotho, South Africa)

''Idopompilus fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1946 (Lesotho)

''Idopompilus gracilicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus krugeri'' Haupt, 1930 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Idopompilus quadrifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Kolposphex'' Arnold, 1959===

''Kolposphex atronitens'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Kyphopompilus'' Arnold, 1960

''Kyphopompilus flavipes'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microdrapetes'' Arnold, 1937===

''Microdrapetes bellus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Microphadnus'' Cameron, 1904

''Microphadnus bicolor'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Paracyphononyx'' Gribodo, 1884===

''Paracyphononyx affinis'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon, Ghana, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx africanus'' Rad., 1881 (Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx carinatus'' Rad., 1881 Angola, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx coloratus'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon)

''Paracyphononyx difficilis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Malai, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversipes'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversus'' Dahlbom, 1845 (Central and East Africa to South Africa, Yemen)

''Paracyphononyx elliotti'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx frustratus'' Smith, 1879 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx funebris'' Magretti, 1884 (Ethiopia)

''Paracyphononyx gemellus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx laboriosus'' Arnold, 1936 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx languidus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx lukombensis'' Cameron, 1912 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia)

''Paracyphononyx metemmensis'' Magretti, 1884 (Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx mombassicus'' R. Luc., 1898 (Kenya)

''Paracyphononyx montanus'' Arnold, 1960 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx parallelus'' Haupt, 1929 (Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx petiolaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx plutonis'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx rotundinervis'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx ruficrus'' Klug, 1834 (Asia Minor, Egypt, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' Illiger,1802 (Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Paraferreola'' Sustera, 1913===

''Paraferreola melanostoma'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paraferreola spilopus'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

''Paraferreola soleana'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Platyderes'' Guérin-Méneville, 1844===

''Platyderes bicolor'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa)

''Platyderes chalybeus'' Saussure, 1892 (East Africa, South Africa)

''Platyderes drègii'' Brauns, 1899 (South Africa)

''Platyderes erythrocephalus'' Guerin, **** (Madagascar)

''Platyderes flavoscutellatus'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes oraniensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Platyderes rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Ethiopia, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes saussurei'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Platyderes spoliatus'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes vicinus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Platyderes wasmanni'' Brauns, 1904 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilus'' Fabricius===

''Pompilus alpinus'' Arnold, 1960 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus anomalopterus'' Cameron, 1908 (Malawi, South Africa)

''Pompilus cinereus'' Fabricius, 1775 (Yemen)

''Pompilus contrarius'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Pompilus curvifrons'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus erythrostomus'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus exploratrix'' Cameron, 1908 ''(''

''Pompilus ignobilis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pompilus levis'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana)

''Pompilus masaiensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus meruensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus plumbeus'' Fabricius, 1787 (Widespread through Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Senegal, South Africa) also in China, Europe, India)

''Pompilus sacchii'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus shirae'' Arnold, 1950 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus successor'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus vanutelli'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Pompilus yngvei'' Cameron, 1908 (

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilioides'' Radley, 1887===

''Pompilioides braunsi'' Kohl, 1894 (Cameroon)

''Pompilioides decipiens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides latifrons'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides pruinosus'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides trifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides validus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammochares'' Latreille, 1796===

''Psammochares bilineatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares brunniventris'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares irpex'' Gerstaecker, 1859 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares jocaste'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Psammochares latilabris'' Arnold, 1937 (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares quadriguttatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Tanzania)

''Psammochares rufigaster'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares rutilus'' Klug, 1834 (Ethiopia, Nigeria, Sudan, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares varians'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammoderes'' Haupt, 1929===

''Psammoderes capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes collaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Psammoderes fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1935, p.438 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes lightfooti'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Psammoderes major'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.433 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes mimicus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.434 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes semirufus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.436 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes reputatus'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.437 (Congo, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Pseudoclavelia&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930

''Pseudoclavelia argenteosignata'' Arnold, 1936 (Botswana, Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia bituberculata'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_damarensis.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia damarensis''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia jouberti'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_nitidula.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia nitidula'' ''nitidula''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia nitidula bechuanae'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia rhodesiana'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudoclavelia rufescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Pseudopompilus'' Costa, 1887

''Pseudopompilus funereus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudopompilus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Pseudopompilus lacteipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Pygmachus'' Haupt, 1930

''Pygmachus compressus'' Saussure, 1892 (Madagascar)

''Pygmachus umbratus'' Haupt, 1930 (Guinea, South Africa, Zanzibar, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Rhynchopompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Rhynchopompilus cursor'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Schistonyx'' Saussure, 1887===

''Schistonyx aterrimus'' Arnold, 1946 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx prismaticus'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

''Schistonyx sinuatus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx sheppardi'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, Syria, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Schizanoplius'' Cameron, 1904

''Schizanoplius lutarius'' (Saussure, 1834)(Ghana, Mali, Madagascar)

''Schizanoplius violaceipennis'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Spuridiophorus'' Arnold, 1934

''Spuridiophorus capensis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Spuridiophorus inermis'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus maculipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Syntomoclitus'' Arnold, 1937

''Syntomoclitus bicolor'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Ashmead, 1902

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ignitus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ignitus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Smith, 1855) (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ovambo.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ovambo&lt;/u&gt;''] (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Tachypompilus praepotens'' (Kohl, 1894) (South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zanzibar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_vitripennis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] ''&lt;u&gt;vitripennis&lt;/u&gt;'' (Arnold, 1937) (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Telostegus'' Costa, 1887===

''Telostegus capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Telostegus fuscipennis'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

''Telostegus insidiosus'' (Smith, 1879) (Yemen)

''Telostegus sabulicola'' Priesner, 1955 (Algeria, Egypt, Marocco, Senegal, Yemen)</text>
      <sha1>fo05isx6c53nqbwcl5p656dc4mywnwp</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719817</id>
      <parentid>2719816</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-27T14:38:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Genus Paraferreola Sustera, 1913 */</comment>
      <origin>2719817</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="24152" sha1="2tq2nywl1a1wgwefzq9bc4pkb0xzyqj" xml:space="preserve">==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;
- Claveliinae corrected to Ctenocerinae in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.386-388&lt;br&gt;
- Several new genera and species in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.388-399&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934, pp. 290-364.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA. (Arnold, 1934, pp. 380-385.)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; ''Pseudagenia'' in iNat).&lt;br&gt;
*''D. pulchricoma'' = ''Pseudagenia pulchricoma'' Arnold, 1934, p. 337-340&lt;br&gt;
*''D. neavei'' = ''Pseudagenia mygnimioides'' Arnold, 1934, pp.336-337 and ''Pseudagenia neavei'' Kohl 1913&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA. - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377.&lt;br&gt;
*also ''Poecilagenia spinosipes'' = ''Trachyglyptus spinosipes'' Arnold, 1934, p. 377-379&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = ''Deuteragenia turneri'', ''D. dregei'', ''D. chirindensis'', ''D. bicolor'' (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (''Hormopogonius willowmorensis'' = ''Calicurgus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1932 p.395); also ''H. tenuicornis'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 379-380&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
*Also ''Priocnernis aterrimus'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 385-386.
*''Priocnemis meridionalis'' Arnold, 1934, p. 386.
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pompilinae==

List of genera and species from [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm '''&lt;u&gt;https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm&lt;/u&gt;''']

=== '''Genus''' ''Aeluropetrus'' Arnold, 1936 ===

''Aeluropetrus braunsi'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Aeluropetrus lugubris'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 ===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/Aetheopompilus_obliquetruncatus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus obliquetruncatus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 (Mozambique)

==='''Genus''' ''Agenioideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Agenioideus brevis'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937) (Ghana, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus decipiens'' (Bischoff, 1913) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) (Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus lascivus'' (Cameron, 1891) (?)

''Agenioideus nudatus'' (Smith, 1855) (?)

''Agenioideus rotundilabris'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus rutilus'' (Klug, 1834) (Yemen)

''Agenioideus rufipes'' (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Agenioideus varians'' (Arnold, 1937) (?)

==='''Genus''' ''Amblyellus'' Day, 1981===

''Amblyellus willowmorensis'' (Arnold, 1937) (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

==='''Genus''' ''Anoplius'' Dufour, 1834===

''Anoplius aethiopicus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Anoplius alecto'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Anoplius bifasciatus'' Tullgren, 1904 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda)

''Anoplius concinnus'' (Dahlbom, 1845) (Yemen)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''fuscus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, South Africa, Tanzania)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''excelsior'' Arnold, 1950 (Tanzania)

''Anoplius montanus'' Haupt, 1950 (Benin, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Principe Island, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

''Anoplius morosus'' Smith, 1855 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Anoplius octomaculatus'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Anoplius panmelas'' (Saussure, 1891) (Madagascar)

''Anoplius saegeri'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Anoplius subfasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius successor'' (Cameron, 1910) (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius viridicatus'' Smith, 1879 (West Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Apareia'' Haupt, 1929===

''Apareia multipicta rufifemur'' Haupt, 1929 (Zimbabwe)

''Apareia oedipus'' Kohl, 1886 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporinellus'' Banks, 1911===

''Aporinellus bidens'' (Saussure, 1892) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporoideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Aporoideus clarus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

'''Genus''' ''Arachnospila'' Kincaid, 1900

''Arachnospila (Ammosphex) consobrina heringi'' (Haupt, 1928) (California, Canary Islands, Spain, Tanzania, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Argyroclitus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Argyroclitus fasciatipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus ruwenzoriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Atelostegus'' Haupt, 1929

''Atelostegus thrinax'' (Kohl, 1909) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Atopopompilus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Atopompilus jacens'' (Bingham, 1912) (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Yemen)

''Atopompilus marshalli'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Atopopompilus venans mlanjiensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Ghana)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/Bambesa_grisea.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa grisea&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1937===

''Batozonellus capensis'' (Dahlbom, 1843) (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/Batozonellus_fuliginosus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus fuliginosus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Klug, 1834) (Central Africa, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Batozonellus gowdeyi'' (Turner, 1916) (Uganda)

''Batozonellus madecassus'' (Saussure, 1887) (Madagascar)

''Batozonellus separabilis'' (Turner, 1916) (Congo, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Batozonus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Batozonus bipunctatus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Batozonus capensis'' Dahlbom, 1940 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Cliochares'' Banks, 1940===

''Cliochares convexus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Cordyloscelis'' Arnold, 1935===

''Cordyloscelis bequaerti'' Arnold, 1935, p.420 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Cordyloscelis flavipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.424 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis latipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.417 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis namaqua'' Arnold, 1935, p.423 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis nigerrimus'' Arnold, 1935, p.421 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis parallelus'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe)

''Cordyloscelis ugandensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.425 (Congo, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Ctenagenia'' Saussure, 1892===

''Ctenagenia vespiformis'' (Klug, 1834) (Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Madagascar, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, Yemen)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930 ===

''Dromochares clavipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (Zimbabwe)

''Dromochares fumipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Dromochares premnopterus'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

''Dromochares rufipes'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

=== [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/Dromochares_transvaalensis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares transvaalensis&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)
 ===
'''Genus''' ''Dicyrtomellus'' Gussakovskij, 1935

''Dicyrtomellus anomalipes'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Dicyrtomellus argenteodecoratus'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus griseus'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus impressus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus leptacanthius'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus meruensis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus neavei'' Kohl, 1913 (Congo)

''Dicyrtomellus rufofemoratus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Elaphrosyron'' Haupt, 1930

''Elaphrosyron insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Mali, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Elaphrosyron multipictus'' Arnold, 1937 (Uganda)

''Elaphrosyron pauperculus'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Epiclinotus'' Haupt, 1929

''Epiclinotus capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus erythrurus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus turneri'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron&lt;/u&gt;''] Schiødte, 1837

''Episyron argillaceus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zambia)

''Episyron bequaerti'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron bicinctus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron braunsii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron crassicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Episyron gryps'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/Episyron_histrio.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron histrio&lt;/u&gt;''] Lepeletier, 1845 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mali, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron pedunculatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron solitaneum'' Kohl, 1906 (Yemen)

''Episyron tropicalis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Episyron turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron viduus'' Arnold, 1936 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron vindex'' Smith, 1879 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/index.htm &lt;u&gt;Euclavelia&lt;/u&gt;]'' Arnold, 1932

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/Euclavelia_fasciata.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Euclavelia fasciata&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1932 (South Africa)

''Euclavelia longicollis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Euryzonotulus'' Arnold, 1937

''Euryzonotulus nigeriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Ferreola'' Lepeletier, 1845

''Ferreola auranticornis'' Wahis, 2000 (Eritrea, Yemen)

'''Genus''' ''Ferreoloides'' Haupt, 1919

''Ferreoloides basutorum'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

''Ferreoloides versutus'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

'''Genus''' ''Galactopterus'' Arnold, 1937

''Galactopterus otaviensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Galactopterus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Namibia, South Africa)

''Galactopterus simillimus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Guichardia'' Arnold, 1951

''Guichardia macilenta'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hadropompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Hadropompilus braunsi'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Hadropompilus montanus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Hauptiella'' Arnold, 1936

''Hauptiella multipicta'' Arnold, 1936

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/Herpetosphex_staphylinoides.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex staphylinoides&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Homonotus'' Dahlbom, 1844

''Homonotus aegyptiacus'' Turner, 1917 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus coxalis'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus disparilis'' Turner, 1917 (South Africa)

''Homonotus dispersus'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus dissectus'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus fuscipes'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus imitans'' Dahlbom, 1843 (Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus leptogaster'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus ruficornis'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

''Homonotus rukwaensis'' Arnold, 1946 (Tanzania)

''Homonotus sansibaricus'' Dahlbom, 1843 (Zanzibar)

==='''Genus''' ''Idopompilus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Idopompilus algoensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus algoensis major'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus braunsi'' Kohl, 1899 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus brunnescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschi handlirschi'' Arnold, 1936 (?)

''Idopompilus handlirschi basutorum'' Arnold, 1959 (Lesotho, South Africa)

''Idopompilus fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1946 (Lesotho)

''Idopompilus gracilicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus krugeri'' Haupt, 1930 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Idopompilus quadrifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Kolposphex'' Arnold, 1959===

''Kolposphex atronitens'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Kyphopompilus'' Arnold, 1960

''Kyphopompilus flavipes'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microdrapetes'' Arnold, 1937===

''Microdrapetes bellus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Microphadnus'' Cameron, 1904

''Microphadnus bicolor'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Paracyphononyx'' Gribodo, 1884===

''Paracyphononyx affinis'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon, Ghana, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx africanus'' Rad., 1881 (Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx carinatus'' Rad., 1881 Angola, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx coloratus'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon)

''Paracyphononyx difficilis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Malai, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversipes'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversus'' Dahlbom, 1845 (Central and East Africa to South Africa, Yemen)

''Paracyphononyx elliotti'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx frustratus'' Smith, 1879 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx funebris'' Magretti, 1884 (Ethiopia)

''Paracyphononyx gemellus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx laboriosus'' Arnold, 1936 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx languidus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx lukombensis'' Cameron, 1912 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia)

''Paracyphononyx metemmensis'' Magretti, 1884 (Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx mombassicus'' R. Luc., 1898 (Kenya)

''Paracyphononyx montanus'' Arnold, 1960 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx parallelus'' Haupt, 1929 (Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx petiolaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx plutonis'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx rotundinervis'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx ruficrus'' Klug, 1834 (Asia Minor, Egypt, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' Illiger,1802 (Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Paraferreola'' Sustera, 1913===

''Paraferreola melanostoma'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.439 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paraferreola spilopus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.441 (South Africa)

''Paraferreola soleana'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.443 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Platyderes'' Guérin-Méneville, 1844===

''Platyderes bicolor'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa)

''Platyderes chalybeus'' Saussure, 1892 (East Africa, South Africa)

''Platyderes drègii'' Brauns, 1899 (South Africa)

''Platyderes erythrocephalus'' Guerin, **** (Madagascar)

''Platyderes flavoscutellatus'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes oraniensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Platyderes rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Ethiopia, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes saussurei'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Platyderes spoliatus'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes vicinus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Platyderes wasmanni'' Brauns, 1904 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilus'' Fabricius===

''Pompilus alpinus'' Arnold, 1960 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus anomalopterus'' Cameron, 1908 (Malawi, South Africa)

''Pompilus cinereus'' Fabricius, 1775 (Yemen)

''Pompilus contrarius'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Pompilus curvifrons'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus erythrostomus'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus exploratrix'' Cameron, 1908 ''(''

''Pompilus ignobilis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pompilus levis'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana)

''Pompilus masaiensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus meruensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus plumbeus'' Fabricius, 1787 (Widespread through Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Senegal, South Africa) also in China, Europe, India)

''Pompilus sacchii'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus shirae'' Arnold, 1950 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus successor'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus vanutelli'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Pompilus yngvei'' Cameron, 1908 (

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilioides'' Radley, 1887===

''Pompilioides braunsi'' Kohl, 1894 (Cameroon)

''Pompilioides decipiens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides latifrons'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides pruinosus'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides trifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides validus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammochares'' Latreille, 1796===

''Psammochares bilineatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares brunniventris'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares irpex'' Gerstaecker, 1859 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares jocaste'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Psammochares latilabris'' Arnold, 1937 (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares quadriguttatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Tanzania)

''Psammochares rufigaster'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares rutilus'' Klug, 1834 (Ethiopia, Nigeria, Sudan, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares varians'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammoderes'' Haupt, 1929===

''Psammoderes capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes collaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Psammoderes fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1935, p.438 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes lightfooti'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Psammoderes major'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.433 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes mimicus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.434 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes semirufus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.436 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes reputatus'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.437 (Congo, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Pseudoclavelia&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930

''Pseudoclavelia argenteosignata'' Arnold, 1936 (Botswana, Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia bituberculata'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_damarensis.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia damarensis''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia jouberti'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_nitidula.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia nitidula'' ''nitidula''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia nitidula bechuanae'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia rhodesiana'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudoclavelia rufescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Pseudopompilus'' Costa, 1887

''Pseudopompilus funereus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudopompilus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Pseudopompilus lacteipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Pygmachus'' Haupt, 1930

''Pygmachus compressus'' Saussure, 1892 (Madagascar)

''Pygmachus umbratus'' Haupt, 1930 (Guinea, South Africa, Zanzibar, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Rhynchopompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Rhynchopompilus cursor'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Schistonyx'' Saussure, 1887===

''Schistonyx aterrimus'' Arnold, 1946 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx prismaticus'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

''Schistonyx sinuatus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx sheppardi'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, Syria, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Schizanoplius'' Cameron, 1904

''Schizanoplius lutarius'' (Saussure, 1834)(Ghana, Mali, Madagascar)

''Schizanoplius violaceipennis'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Spuridiophorus'' Arnold, 1934

''Spuridiophorus capensis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Spuridiophorus inermis'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus maculipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Syntomoclitus'' Arnold, 1937

''Syntomoclitus bicolor'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Ashmead, 1902

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ignitus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ignitus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Smith, 1855) (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ovambo.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ovambo&lt;/u&gt;''] (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Tachypompilus praepotens'' (Kohl, 1894) (South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zanzibar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_vitripennis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] ''&lt;u&gt;vitripennis&lt;/u&gt;'' (Arnold, 1937) (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Telostegus'' Costa, 1887===

''Telostegus capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Telostegus fuscipennis'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

''Telostegus insidiosus'' (Smith, 1879) (Yemen)

''Telostegus sabulicola'' Priesner, 1955 (Algeria, Egypt, Marocco, Senegal, Yemen)</text>
      <sha1>2tq2nywl1a1wgwefzq9bc4pkb0xzyqj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719818</id>
      <parentid>2719817</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-27T14:39:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Genus Psammoderes Haupt, 1929 */</comment>
      <origin>2719818</origin>
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      <text bytes="24170" sha1="ddfexulswmauyhll109dhemphqvl44u" xml:space="preserve">==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;
- Claveliinae corrected to Ctenocerinae in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.386-388&lt;br&gt;
- Several new genera and species in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.388-399&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934, pp. 290-364.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA. (Arnold, 1934, pp. 380-385.)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; ''Pseudagenia'' in iNat).&lt;br&gt;
*''D. pulchricoma'' = ''Pseudagenia pulchricoma'' Arnold, 1934, p. 337-340&lt;br&gt;
*''D. neavei'' = ''Pseudagenia mygnimioides'' Arnold, 1934, pp.336-337 and ''Pseudagenia neavei'' Kohl 1913&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA. - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377.&lt;br&gt;
*also ''Poecilagenia spinosipes'' = ''Trachyglyptus spinosipes'' Arnold, 1934, p. 377-379&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = ''Deuteragenia turneri'', ''D. dregei'', ''D. chirindensis'', ''D. bicolor'' (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (''Hormopogonius willowmorensis'' = ''Calicurgus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1932 p.395); also ''H. tenuicornis'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 379-380&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
*Also ''Priocnernis aterrimus'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 385-386.
*''Priocnemis meridionalis'' Arnold, 1934, p. 386.
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pompilinae==

List of genera and species from [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm '''&lt;u&gt;https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm&lt;/u&gt;''']

=== '''Genus''' ''Aeluropetrus'' Arnold, 1936 ===

''Aeluropetrus braunsi'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Aeluropetrus lugubris'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 ===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/Aetheopompilus_obliquetruncatus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus obliquetruncatus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 (Mozambique)

==='''Genus''' ''Agenioideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Agenioideus brevis'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937) (Ghana, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus decipiens'' (Bischoff, 1913) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) (Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus lascivus'' (Cameron, 1891) (?)

''Agenioideus nudatus'' (Smith, 1855) (?)

''Agenioideus rotundilabris'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus rutilus'' (Klug, 1834) (Yemen)

''Agenioideus rufipes'' (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Agenioideus varians'' (Arnold, 1937) (?)

==='''Genus''' ''Amblyellus'' Day, 1981===

''Amblyellus willowmorensis'' (Arnold, 1937) (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

==='''Genus''' ''Anoplius'' Dufour, 1834===

''Anoplius aethiopicus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Anoplius alecto'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Anoplius bifasciatus'' Tullgren, 1904 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda)

''Anoplius concinnus'' (Dahlbom, 1845) (Yemen)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''fuscus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, South Africa, Tanzania)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''excelsior'' Arnold, 1950 (Tanzania)

''Anoplius montanus'' Haupt, 1950 (Benin, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Principe Island, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

''Anoplius morosus'' Smith, 1855 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Anoplius octomaculatus'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Anoplius panmelas'' (Saussure, 1891) (Madagascar)

''Anoplius saegeri'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Anoplius subfasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius successor'' (Cameron, 1910) (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius viridicatus'' Smith, 1879 (West Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Apareia'' Haupt, 1929===

''Apareia multipicta rufifemur'' Haupt, 1929 (Zimbabwe)

''Apareia oedipus'' Kohl, 1886 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporinellus'' Banks, 1911===

''Aporinellus bidens'' (Saussure, 1892) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporoideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Aporoideus clarus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

'''Genus''' ''Arachnospila'' Kincaid, 1900

''Arachnospila (Ammosphex) consobrina heringi'' (Haupt, 1928) (California, Canary Islands, Spain, Tanzania, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Argyroclitus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Argyroclitus fasciatipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus ruwenzoriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Atelostegus'' Haupt, 1929

''Atelostegus thrinax'' (Kohl, 1909) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Atopopompilus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Atopompilus jacens'' (Bingham, 1912) (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Yemen)

''Atopompilus marshalli'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Atopopompilus venans mlanjiensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Ghana)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/Bambesa_grisea.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa grisea&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1937===

''Batozonellus capensis'' (Dahlbom, 1843) (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/Batozonellus_fuliginosus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus fuliginosus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Klug, 1834) (Central Africa, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Batozonellus gowdeyi'' (Turner, 1916) (Uganda)

''Batozonellus madecassus'' (Saussure, 1887) (Madagascar)

''Batozonellus separabilis'' (Turner, 1916) (Congo, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Batozonus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Batozonus bipunctatus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Batozonus capensis'' Dahlbom, 1940 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Cliochares'' Banks, 1940===

''Cliochares convexus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Cordyloscelis'' Arnold, 1935===

''Cordyloscelis bequaerti'' Arnold, 1935, p.420 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Cordyloscelis flavipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.424 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis latipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.417 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis namaqua'' Arnold, 1935, p.423 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis nigerrimus'' Arnold, 1935, p.421 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis parallelus'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe)

''Cordyloscelis ugandensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.425 (Congo, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Ctenagenia'' Saussure, 1892===

''Ctenagenia vespiformis'' (Klug, 1834) (Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Madagascar, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, Yemen)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930 ===

''Dromochares clavipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (Zimbabwe)

''Dromochares fumipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Dromochares premnopterus'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

''Dromochares rufipes'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

=== [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/Dromochares_transvaalensis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares transvaalensis&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)
 ===
'''Genus''' ''Dicyrtomellus'' Gussakovskij, 1935

''Dicyrtomellus anomalipes'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Dicyrtomellus argenteodecoratus'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus griseus'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus impressus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus leptacanthius'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus meruensis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus neavei'' Kohl, 1913 (Congo)

''Dicyrtomellus rufofemoratus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Elaphrosyron'' Haupt, 1930

''Elaphrosyron insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Mali, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Elaphrosyron multipictus'' Arnold, 1937 (Uganda)

''Elaphrosyron pauperculus'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Epiclinotus'' Haupt, 1929

''Epiclinotus capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus erythrurus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus turneri'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron&lt;/u&gt;''] Schiødte, 1837

''Episyron argillaceus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zambia)

''Episyron bequaerti'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron bicinctus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron braunsii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron crassicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Episyron gryps'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/Episyron_histrio.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron histrio&lt;/u&gt;''] Lepeletier, 1845 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mali, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron pedunculatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron solitaneum'' Kohl, 1906 (Yemen)

''Episyron tropicalis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Episyron turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron viduus'' Arnold, 1936 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron vindex'' Smith, 1879 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/index.htm &lt;u&gt;Euclavelia&lt;/u&gt;]'' Arnold, 1932

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/Euclavelia_fasciata.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Euclavelia fasciata&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1932 (South Africa)

''Euclavelia longicollis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Euryzonotulus'' Arnold, 1937

''Euryzonotulus nigeriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Ferreola'' Lepeletier, 1845

''Ferreola auranticornis'' Wahis, 2000 (Eritrea, Yemen)

'''Genus''' ''Ferreoloides'' Haupt, 1919

''Ferreoloides basutorum'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

''Ferreoloides versutus'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

'''Genus''' ''Galactopterus'' Arnold, 1937

''Galactopterus otaviensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Galactopterus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Namibia, South Africa)

''Galactopterus simillimus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Guichardia'' Arnold, 1951

''Guichardia macilenta'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hadropompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Hadropompilus braunsi'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Hadropompilus montanus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Hauptiella'' Arnold, 1936

''Hauptiella multipicta'' Arnold, 1936

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/Herpetosphex_staphylinoides.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex staphylinoides&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Homonotus'' Dahlbom, 1844

''Homonotus aegyptiacus'' Turner, 1917 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus coxalis'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus disparilis'' Turner, 1917 (South Africa)

''Homonotus dispersus'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus dissectus'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus fuscipes'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus imitans'' Dahlbom, 1843 (Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus leptogaster'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus ruficornis'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

''Homonotus rukwaensis'' Arnold, 1946 (Tanzania)

''Homonotus sansibaricus'' Dahlbom, 1843 (Zanzibar)

==='''Genus''' ''Idopompilus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Idopompilus algoensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus algoensis major'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus braunsi'' Kohl, 1899 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus brunnescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschi handlirschi'' Arnold, 1936 (?)

''Idopompilus handlirschi basutorum'' Arnold, 1959 (Lesotho, South Africa)

''Idopompilus fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1946 (Lesotho)

''Idopompilus gracilicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus krugeri'' Haupt, 1930 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Idopompilus quadrifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Kolposphex'' Arnold, 1959===

''Kolposphex atronitens'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Kyphopompilus'' Arnold, 1960

''Kyphopompilus flavipes'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microdrapetes'' Arnold, 1937===

''Microdrapetes bellus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Microphadnus'' Cameron, 1904

''Microphadnus bicolor'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Paracyphononyx'' Gribodo, 1884===

''Paracyphononyx affinis'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon, Ghana, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx africanus'' Rad., 1881 (Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx carinatus'' Rad., 1881 Angola, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx coloratus'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon)

''Paracyphononyx difficilis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Malai, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversipes'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversus'' Dahlbom, 1845 (Central and East Africa to South Africa, Yemen)

''Paracyphononyx elliotti'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx frustratus'' Smith, 1879 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx funebris'' Magretti, 1884 (Ethiopia)

''Paracyphononyx gemellus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx laboriosus'' Arnold, 1936 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx languidus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx lukombensis'' Cameron, 1912 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia)

''Paracyphononyx metemmensis'' Magretti, 1884 (Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx mombassicus'' R. Luc., 1898 (Kenya)

''Paracyphononyx montanus'' Arnold, 1960 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx parallelus'' Haupt, 1929 (Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx petiolaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx plutonis'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx rotundinervis'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx ruficrus'' Klug, 1834 (Asia Minor, Egypt, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' Illiger,1802 (Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Paraferreola'' Sustera, 1913===

''Paraferreola melanostoma'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.439 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paraferreola spilopus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.441 (South Africa)

''Paraferreola soleana'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.443 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Platyderes'' Guérin-Méneville, 1844===

''Platyderes bicolor'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa)

''Platyderes chalybeus'' Saussure, 1892 (East Africa, South Africa)

''Platyderes drègii'' Brauns, 1899 (South Africa)

''Platyderes erythrocephalus'' Guerin, **** (Madagascar)

''Platyderes flavoscutellatus'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes oraniensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Platyderes rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Ethiopia, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes saussurei'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Platyderes spoliatus'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes vicinus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Platyderes wasmanni'' Brauns, 1904 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilus'' Fabricius===

''Pompilus alpinus'' Arnold, 1960 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus anomalopterus'' Cameron, 1908 (Malawi, South Africa)

''Pompilus cinereus'' Fabricius, 1775 (Yemen)

''Pompilus contrarius'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Pompilus curvifrons'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus erythrostomus'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus exploratrix'' Cameron, 1908 ''(''

''Pompilus ignobilis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pompilus levis'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana)

''Pompilus masaiensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus meruensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus plumbeus'' Fabricius, 1787 (Widespread through Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Senegal, South Africa) also in China, Europe, India)

''Pompilus sacchii'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus shirae'' Arnold, 1950 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus successor'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus vanutelli'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Pompilus yngvei'' Cameron, 1908 (

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilioides'' Radley, 1887===

''Pompilioides braunsi'' Kohl, 1894 (Cameroon)

''Pompilioides decipiens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides latifrons'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides pruinosus'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides trifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides validus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammochares'' Latreille, 1796===

''Psammochares bilineatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares brunniventris'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares irpex'' Gerstaecker, 1859 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares jocaste'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Psammochares latilabris'' Arnold, 1937 (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares quadriguttatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Tanzania)

''Psammochares rufigaster'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares rutilus'' Klug, 1834 (Ethiopia, Nigeria, Sudan, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares varians'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammoderes'' Haupt, 1929===

''Psammoderes capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes collaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Psammoderes fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1935, p.438 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes lightfooti'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Psammoderes major'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.433 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes mimicus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.434 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes semirufus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.436 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes reputatus'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.437 (Congo, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Pseudoclavelia&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930===

''Pseudoclavelia argenteosignata'' Arnold, 1936 (Botswana, Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia bituberculata'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_damarensis.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia damarensis''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia jouberti'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_nitidula.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia nitidula'' ''nitidula''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia nitidula bechuanae'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia rhodesiana'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudoclavelia rufescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pseudopompilus'' Costa, 1887===

''Pseudopompilus funereus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudopompilus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Pseudopompilus lacteipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pygmachus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Pygmachus compressus'' Saussure, 1892 (Madagascar)

''Pygmachus umbratus'' Haupt, 1930 (Guinea, South Africa, Zanzibar, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Rhynchopompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Rhynchopompilus cursor'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Schistonyx'' Saussure, 1887===

''Schistonyx aterrimus'' Arnold, 1946 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx prismaticus'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

''Schistonyx sinuatus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx sheppardi'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, Syria, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Schizanoplius'' Cameron, 1904

''Schizanoplius lutarius'' (Saussure, 1834)(Ghana, Mali, Madagascar)

''Schizanoplius violaceipennis'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Spuridiophorus'' Arnold, 1934

''Spuridiophorus capensis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Spuridiophorus inermis'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus maculipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Syntomoclitus'' Arnold, 1937

''Syntomoclitus bicolor'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Ashmead, 1902

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ignitus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ignitus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Smith, 1855) (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ovambo.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ovambo&lt;/u&gt;''] (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Tachypompilus praepotens'' (Kohl, 1894) (South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zanzibar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_vitripennis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] ''&lt;u&gt;vitripennis&lt;/u&gt;'' (Arnold, 1937) (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Telostegus'' Costa, 1887===

''Telostegus capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Telostegus fuscipennis'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

''Telostegus insidiosus'' (Smith, 1879) (Yemen)

''Telostegus sabulicola'' Priesner, 1955 (Algeria, Egypt, Marocco, Senegal, Yemen)</text>
      <sha1>ddfexulswmauyhll109dhemphqvl44u</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719819</id>
      <parentid>2719818</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-27T14:42:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Genus Pseudopompilus Costa, 1887 */</comment>
      <origin>2719819</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="24200" sha1="oldj8djlxsatimtqrgiyig89g7cymz9" xml:space="preserve">==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;
- Claveliinae corrected to Ctenocerinae in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.386-388&lt;br&gt;
- Several new genera and species in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.388-399&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934, pp. 290-364.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA. (Arnold, 1934, pp. 380-385.)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; ''Pseudagenia'' in iNat).&lt;br&gt;
*''D. pulchricoma'' = ''Pseudagenia pulchricoma'' Arnold, 1934, p. 337-340&lt;br&gt;
*''D. neavei'' = ''Pseudagenia mygnimioides'' Arnold, 1934, pp.336-337 and ''Pseudagenia neavei'' Kohl 1913&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA. - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377.&lt;br&gt;
*also ''Poecilagenia spinosipes'' = ''Trachyglyptus spinosipes'' Arnold, 1934, p. 377-379&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = ''Deuteragenia turneri'', ''D. dregei'', ''D. chirindensis'', ''D. bicolor'' (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (''Hormopogonius willowmorensis'' = ''Calicurgus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1932 p.395); also ''H. tenuicornis'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 379-380&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
*Also ''Priocnernis aterrimus'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 385-386.
*''Priocnemis meridionalis'' Arnold, 1934, p. 386.
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pompilinae==

List of genera and species from [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm '''&lt;u&gt;https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm&lt;/u&gt;''']

=== '''Genus''' ''Aeluropetrus'' Arnold, 1936 ===

''Aeluropetrus braunsi'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Aeluropetrus lugubris'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 ===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/Aetheopompilus_obliquetruncatus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus obliquetruncatus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 (Mozambique)

==='''Genus''' ''Agenioideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Agenioideus brevis'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937) (Ghana, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus decipiens'' (Bischoff, 1913) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) (Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus lascivus'' (Cameron, 1891) (?)

''Agenioideus nudatus'' (Smith, 1855) (?)

''Agenioideus rotundilabris'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus rutilus'' (Klug, 1834) (Yemen)

''Agenioideus rufipes'' (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Agenioideus varians'' (Arnold, 1937) (?)

==='''Genus''' ''Amblyellus'' Day, 1981===

''Amblyellus willowmorensis'' (Arnold, 1937) (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

==='''Genus''' ''Anoplius'' Dufour, 1834===

''Anoplius aethiopicus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Anoplius alecto'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Anoplius bifasciatus'' Tullgren, 1904 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda)

''Anoplius concinnus'' (Dahlbom, 1845) (Yemen)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''fuscus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, South Africa, Tanzania)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''excelsior'' Arnold, 1950 (Tanzania)

''Anoplius montanus'' Haupt, 1950 (Benin, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Principe Island, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

''Anoplius morosus'' Smith, 1855 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Anoplius octomaculatus'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Anoplius panmelas'' (Saussure, 1891) (Madagascar)

''Anoplius saegeri'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Anoplius subfasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius successor'' (Cameron, 1910) (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius viridicatus'' Smith, 1879 (West Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Apareia'' Haupt, 1929===

''Apareia multipicta rufifemur'' Haupt, 1929 (Zimbabwe)

''Apareia oedipus'' Kohl, 1886 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporinellus'' Banks, 1911===

''Aporinellus bidens'' (Saussure, 1892) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporoideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Aporoideus clarus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

'''Genus''' ''Arachnospila'' Kincaid, 1900

''Arachnospila (Ammosphex) consobrina heringi'' (Haupt, 1928) (California, Canary Islands, Spain, Tanzania, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Argyroclitus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Argyroclitus fasciatipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus ruwenzoriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Atelostegus'' Haupt, 1929

''Atelostegus thrinax'' (Kohl, 1909) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Atopopompilus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Atopompilus jacens'' (Bingham, 1912) (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Yemen)

''Atopompilus marshalli'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Atopopompilus venans mlanjiensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Ghana)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/Bambesa_grisea.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa grisea&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1937===

''Batozonellus capensis'' (Dahlbom, 1843) (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/Batozonellus_fuliginosus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus fuliginosus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Klug, 1834) (Central Africa, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Batozonellus gowdeyi'' (Turner, 1916) (Uganda)

''Batozonellus madecassus'' (Saussure, 1887) (Madagascar)

''Batozonellus separabilis'' (Turner, 1916) (Congo, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Batozonus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Batozonus bipunctatus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Batozonus capensis'' Dahlbom, 1940 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Cliochares'' Banks, 1940===

''Cliochares convexus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Cordyloscelis'' Arnold, 1935===

''Cordyloscelis bequaerti'' Arnold, 1935, p.420 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Cordyloscelis flavipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.424 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis latipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.417 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis namaqua'' Arnold, 1935, p.423 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis nigerrimus'' Arnold, 1935, p.421 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis parallelus'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe)

''Cordyloscelis ugandensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.425 (Congo, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Ctenagenia'' Saussure, 1892===

''Ctenagenia vespiformis'' (Klug, 1834) (Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Madagascar, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, Yemen)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930 ===

''Dromochares clavipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (Zimbabwe)

''Dromochares fumipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Dromochares premnopterus'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

''Dromochares rufipes'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

=== [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/Dromochares_transvaalensis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares transvaalensis&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)
 ===
'''Genus''' ''Dicyrtomellus'' Gussakovskij, 1935

''Dicyrtomellus anomalipes'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Dicyrtomellus argenteodecoratus'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus griseus'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus impressus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus leptacanthius'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus meruensis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus neavei'' Kohl, 1913 (Congo)

''Dicyrtomellus rufofemoratus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Elaphrosyron'' Haupt, 1930

''Elaphrosyron insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Mali, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Elaphrosyron multipictus'' Arnold, 1937 (Uganda)

''Elaphrosyron pauperculus'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Epiclinotus'' Haupt, 1929

''Epiclinotus capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus erythrurus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus turneri'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron&lt;/u&gt;''] Schiødte, 1837

''Episyron argillaceus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zambia)

''Episyron bequaerti'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron bicinctus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron braunsii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron crassicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Episyron gryps'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/Episyron_histrio.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron histrio&lt;/u&gt;''] Lepeletier, 1845 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mali, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron pedunculatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron solitaneum'' Kohl, 1906 (Yemen)

''Episyron tropicalis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Episyron turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron viduus'' Arnold, 1936 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron vindex'' Smith, 1879 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/index.htm &lt;u&gt;Euclavelia&lt;/u&gt;]'' Arnold, 1932

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/Euclavelia_fasciata.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Euclavelia fasciata&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1932 (South Africa)

''Euclavelia longicollis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Euryzonotulus'' Arnold, 1937

''Euryzonotulus nigeriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Ferreola'' Lepeletier, 1845

''Ferreola auranticornis'' Wahis, 2000 (Eritrea, Yemen)

'''Genus''' ''Ferreoloides'' Haupt, 1919

''Ferreoloides basutorum'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

''Ferreoloides versutus'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

'''Genus''' ''Galactopterus'' Arnold, 1937

''Galactopterus otaviensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Galactopterus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Namibia, South Africa)

''Galactopterus simillimus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Guichardia'' Arnold, 1951

''Guichardia macilenta'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hadropompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Hadropompilus braunsi'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Hadropompilus montanus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Hauptiella'' Arnold, 1936

''Hauptiella multipicta'' Arnold, 1936

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/Herpetosphex_staphylinoides.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex staphylinoides&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Homonotus'' Dahlbom, 1844

''Homonotus aegyptiacus'' Turner, 1917 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus coxalis'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus disparilis'' Turner, 1917 (South Africa)

''Homonotus dispersus'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus dissectus'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus fuscipes'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus imitans'' Dahlbom, 1843 (Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus leptogaster'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus ruficornis'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

''Homonotus rukwaensis'' Arnold, 1946 (Tanzania)

''Homonotus sansibaricus'' Dahlbom, 1843 (Zanzibar)

==='''Genus''' ''Idopompilus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Idopompilus algoensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus algoensis major'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus braunsi'' Kohl, 1899 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus brunnescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschi handlirschi'' Arnold, 1936 (?)

''Idopompilus handlirschi basutorum'' Arnold, 1959 (Lesotho, South Africa)

''Idopompilus fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1946 (Lesotho)

''Idopompilus gracilicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus krugeri'' Haupt, 1930 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Idopompilus quadrifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Kolposphex'' Arnold, 1959===

''Kolposphex atronitens'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Kyphopompilus'' Arnold, 1960

''Kyphopompilus flavipes'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microdrapetes'' Arnold, 1937===

''Microdrapetes bellus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Microphadnus'' Cameron, 1904

''Microphadnus bicolor'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Paracyphononyx'' Gribodo, 1884===

''Paracyphononyx affinis'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon, Ghana, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx africanus'' Rad., 1881 (Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx carinatus'' Rad., 1881 Angola, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx coloratus'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon)

''Paracyphononyx difficilis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Malai, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversipes'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversus'' Dahlbom, 1845 (Central and East Africa to South Africa, Yemen)

''Paracyphononyx elliotti'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx frustratus'' Smith, 1879 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx funebris'' Magretti, 1884 (Ethiopia)

''Paracyphononyx gemellus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx laboriosus'' Arnold, 1936 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx languidus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx lukombensis'' Cameron, 1912 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia)

''Paracyphononyx metemmensis'' Magretti, 1884 (Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx mombassicus'' R. Luc., 1898 (Kenya)

''Paracyphononyx montanus'' Arnold, 1960 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx parallelus'' Haupt, 1929 (Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx petiolaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx plutonis'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx rotundinervis'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx ruficrus'' Klug, 1834 (Asia Minor, Egypt, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' Illiger,1802 (Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Paraferreola'' Sustera, 1913===

''Paraferreola melanostoma'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.439 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paraferreola spilopus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.441 (South Africa)

''Paraferreola soleana'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.443 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Platyderes'' Guérin-Méneville, 1844===

''Platyderes bicolor'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa)

''Platyderes chalybeus'' Saussure, 1892 (East Africa, South Africa)

''Platyderes drègii'' Brauns, 1899 (South Africa)

''Platyderes erythrocephalus'' Guerin, **** (Madagascar)

''Platyderes flavoscutellatus'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes oraniensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Platyderes rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Ethiopia, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes saussurei'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Platyderes spoliatus'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes vicinus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Platyderes wasmanni'' Brauns, 1904 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilus'' Fabricius===

''Pompilus alpinus'' Arnold, 1960 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus anomalopterus'' Cameron, 1908 (Malawi, South Africa)

''Pompilus cinereus'' Fabricius, 1775 (Yemen)

''Pompilus contrarius'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Pompilus curvifrons'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus erythrostomus'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus exploratrix'' Cameron, 1908 ''(''

''Pompilus ignobilis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pompilus levis'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana)

''Pompilus masaiensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus meruensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus plumbeus'' Fabricius, 1787 (Widespread through Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Senegal, South Africa) also in China, Europe, India)

''Pompilus sacchii'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus shirae'' Arnold, 1950 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus successor'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus vanutelli'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Pompilus yngvei'' Cameron, 1908 (

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilioides'' Radley, 1887===

''Pompilioides braunsi'' Kohl, 1894 (Cameroon)

''Pompilioides decipiens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides latifrons'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides pruinosus'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides trifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides validus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammochares'' Latreille, 1796===

''Psammochares bilineatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares brunniventris'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares irpex'' Gerstaecker, 1859 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares jocaste'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Psammochares latilabris'' Arnold, 1937 (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares quadriguttatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Tanzania)

''Psammochares rufigaster'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares rutilus'' Klug, 1834 (Ethiopia, Nigeria, Sudan, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares varians'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammoderes'' Haupt, 1929===

''Psammoderes capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes collaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Psammoderes fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1935, p.438 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes lightfooti'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Psammoderes major'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.433 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes mimicus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.434 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes semirufus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.436 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes reputatus'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.437 (Congo, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Pseudoclavelia&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930===

''Pseudoclavelia argenteosignata'' Arnold, 1936 (Botswana, Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia bituberculata'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_damarensis.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia damarensis''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia jouberti'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_nitidula.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia nitidula'' ''nitidula''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia nitidula bechuanae'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia rhodesiana'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudoclavelia rufescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pseudopompilus'' Costa, 1887===

''Pseudopompilus funereus'' Arnold, 1935, p.444 (Zimbabwe, Namibia)

''Pseudopompilus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

''Pseudopompilus lacteipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pygmachus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Pygmachus compressus'' Saussure, 1892 (Madagascar)

''Pygmachus umbratus'' Haupt, 1930 (Guinea, South Africa, Zanzibar, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Rhynchopompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Rhynchopompilus cursor'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Schistonyx'' Saussure, 1887===

''Schistonyx aterrimus'' Arnold, 1946 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx prismaticus'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

''Schistonyx sinuatus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx sheppardi'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, Syria, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Schizanoplius'' Cameron, 1904

''Schizanoplius lutarius'' (Saussure, 1834)(Ghana, Mali, Madagascar)

''Schizanoplius violaceipennis'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Spuridiophorus'' Arnold, 1934

''Spuridiophorus capensis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Spuridiophorus inermis'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus maculipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Syntomoclitus'' Arnold, 1937

''Syntomoclitus bicolor'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Ashmead, 1902

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ignitus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ignitus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Smith, 1855) (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ovambo.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ovambo&lt;/u&gt;''] (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Tachypompilus praepotens'' (Kohl, 1894) (South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zanzibar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_vitripennis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] ''&lt;u&gt;vitripennis&lt;/u&gt;'' (Arnold, 1937) (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Telostegus'' Costa, 1887===

''Telostegus capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Telostegus fuscipennis'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

''Telostegus insidiosus'' (Smith, 1879) (Yemen)

''Telostegus sabulicola'' Priesner, 1955 (Algeria, Egypt, Marocco, Senegal, Yemen)</text>
      <sha1>oldj8djlxsatimtqrgiyig89g7cymz9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719821</id>
      <parentid>2719819</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-27T14:50:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Genus Apareia Haupt, 1929 */</comment>
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      <text bytes="24295" sha1="ixnfbb9jn1umzsfaar8pt2moo2icmp6" xml:space="preserve">==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;
- Claveliinae corrected to Ctenocerinae in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.386-388&lt;br&gt;
- Several new genera and species in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.388-399&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934, pp. 290-364.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA. (Arnold, 1934, pp. 380-385.)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; ''Pseudagenia'' in iNat).&lt;br&gt;
*''D. pulchricoma'' = ''Pseudagenia pulchricoma'' Arnold, 1934, p. 337-340&lt;br&gt;
*''D. neavei'' = ''Pseudagenia mygnimioides'' Arnold, 1934, pp.336-337 and ''Pseudagenia neavei'' Kohl 1913&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA. - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377.&lt;br&gt;
*also ''Poecilagenia spinosipes'' = ''Trachyglyptus spinosipes'' Arnold, 1934, p. 377-379&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = ''Deuteragenia turneri'', ''D. dregei'', ''D. chirindensis'', ''D. bicolor'' (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (''Hormopogonius willowmorensis'' = ''Calicurgus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1932 p.395); also ''H. tenuicornis'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 379-380&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
*Also ''Priocnernis aterrimus'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 385-386.
*''Priocnemis meridionalis'' Arnold, 1934, p. 386.
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pompilinae==

List of genera and species from [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm '''&lt;u&gt;https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm&lt;/u&gt;''']

=== '''Genus''' ''Aeluropetrus'' Arnold, 1936 ===

''Aeluropetrus braunsi'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Aeluropetrus lugubris'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 ===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/Aetheopompilus_obliquetruncatus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus obliquetruncatus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 (Mozambique)

==='''Genus''' ''Agenioideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Agenioideus brevis'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937) (Ghana, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus decipiens'' (Bischoff, 1913) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) (Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus lascivus'' (Cameron, 1891) (?)

''Agenioideus nudatus'' (Smith, 1855) (?)

''Agenioideus rotundilabris'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus rutilus'' (Klug, 1834) (Yemen)

''Agenioideus rufipes'' (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Agenioideus varians'' (Arnold, 1937) (?)

==='''Genus''' ''Amblyellus'' Day, 1981===

''Amblyellus willowmorensis'' (Arnold, 1937) (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

==='''Genus''' ''Anoplius'' Dufour, 1834===

''Anoplius aethiopicus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Anoplius alecto'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Anoplius bifasciatus'' Tullgren, 1904 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda)

''Anoplius concinnus'' (Dahlbom, 1845) (Yemen)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''fuscus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, South Africa, Tanzania)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''excelsior'' Arnold, 1950 (Tanzania)

''Anoplius montanus'' Haupt, 1950 (Benin, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Principe Island, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

''Anoplius morosus'' Smith, 1855 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Anoplius octomaculatus'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Anoplius panmelas'' (Saussure, 1891) (Madagascar)

''Anoplius saegeri'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Anoplius subfasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius successor'' (Cameron, 1910) (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius viridicatus'' Smith, 1879 (West Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Apareia'' Haupt, 1929===

''Apareia multipicta rufifemur'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.449 (Zimbabwe)

''Apareia oedipus'' Kohl, 1886; descr. (synonymized?) as ''A. multipicta'' by Arnold, 1935, p.449 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporinellus'' Banks, 1911===

''Aporinellus bidens'' (Saussure, 1892) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporoideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Aporoideus clarus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

'''Genus''' ''Arachnospila'' Kincaid, 1900

''Arachnospila (Ammosphex) consobrina heringi'' (Haupt, 1928) (California, Canary Islands, Spain, Tanzania, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Argyroclitus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Argyroclitus fasciatipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus ruwenzoriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Atelostegus'' Haupt, 1929

''Atelostegus thrinax'' (Kohl, 1909) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Atopopompilus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Atopompilus jacens'' (Bingham, 1912) (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Yemen)

''Atopompilus marshalli'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Atopopompilus venans mlanjiensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Ghana)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/Bambesa_grisea.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa grisea&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1937===

''Batozonellus capensis'' (Dahlbom, 1843) (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/Batozonellus_fuliginosus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus fuliginosus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Klug, 1834) (Central Africa, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Batozonellus gowdeyi'' (Turner, 1916) (Uganda)

''Batozonellus madecassus'' (Saussure, 1887) (Madagascar)

''Batozonellus separabilis'' (Turner, 1916) (Congo, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Batozonus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Batozonus bipunctatus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Batozonus capensis'' Dahlbom, 1940 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Cliochares'' Banks, 1940===

''Cliochares convexus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Cordyloscelis'' Arnold, 1935===

''Cordyloscelis bequaerti'' Arnold, 1935, p.420 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Cordyloscelis flavipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.424 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis latipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.417 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis namaqua'' Arnold, 1935, p.423 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis nigerrimus'' Arnold, 1935, p.421 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis parallelus'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe)

''Cordyloscelis ugandensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.425 (Congo, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Ctenagenia'' Saussure, 1892===

''Ctenagenia vespiformis'' (Klug, 1834) (Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Madagascar, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, Yemen)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930 ===

''Dromochares clavipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (Zimbabwe)

''Dromochares fumipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Dromochares premnopterus'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

''Dromochares rufipes'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

=== [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/Dromochares_transvaalensis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares transvaalensis&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)
 ===
'''Genus''' ''Dicyrtomellus'' Gussakovskij, 1935

''Dicyrtomellus anomalipes'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Dicyrtomellus argenteodecoratus'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus griseus'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus impressus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus leptacanthius'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus meruensis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus neavei'' Kohl, 1913 (Congo)

''Dicyrtomellus rufofemoratus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Elaphrosyron'' Haupt, 1930

''Elaphrosyron insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Mali, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Elaphrosyron multipictus'' Arnold, 1937 (Uganda)

''Elaphrosyron pauperculus'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Epiclinotus'' Haupt, 1929

''Epiclinotus capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus erythrurus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus turneri'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron&lt;/u&gt;''] Schiødte, 1837

''Episyron argillaceus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zambia)

''Episyron bequaerti'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron bicinctus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron braunsii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron crassicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Episyron gryps'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/Episyron_histrio.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron histrio&lt;/u&gt;''] Lepeletier, 1845 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mali, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron pedunculatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron solitaneum'' Kohl, 1906 (Yemen)

''Episyron tropicalis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Episyron turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron viduus'' Arnold, 1936 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron vindex'' Smith, 1879 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/index.htm &lt;u&gt;Euclavelia&lt;/u&gt;]'' Arnold, 1932

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/Euclavelia_fasciata.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Euclavelia fasciata&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1932 (South Africa)

''Euclavelia longicollis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Euryzonotulus'' Arnold, 1937

''Euryzonotulus nigeriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Ferreola'' Lepeletier, 1845

''Ferreola auranticornis'' Wahis, 2000 (Eritrea, Yemen)

'''Genus''' ''Ferreoloides'' Haupt, 1919

''Ferreoloides basutorum'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

''Ferreoloides versutus'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

'''Genus''' ''Galactopterus'' Arnold, 1937

''Galactopterus otaviensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Galactopterus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Namibia, South Africa)

''Galactopterus simillimus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Guichardia'' Arnold, 1951

''Guichardia macilenta'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hadropompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Hadropompilus braunsi'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Hadropompilus montanus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Hauptiella'' Arnold, 1936

''Hauptiella multipicta'' Arnold, 1936

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/Herpetosphex_staphylinoides.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex staphylinoides&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Homonotus'' Dahlbom, 1844

''Homonotus aegyptiacus'' Turner, 1917 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus coxalis'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus disparilis'' Turner, 1917 (South Africa)

''Homonotus dispersus'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus dissectus'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus fuscipes'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus imitans'' Dahlbom, 1843 (Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus leptogaster'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus ruficornis'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

''Homonotus rukwaensis'' Arnold, 1946 (Tanzania)

''Homonotus sansibaricus'' Dahlbom, 1843 (Zanzibar)

==='''Genus''' ''Idopompilus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Idopompilus algoensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus algoensis major'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus braunsi'' Kohl, 1899 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus brunnescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschi handlirschi'' Arnold, 1936 (?)

''Idopompilus handlirschi basutorum'' Arnold, 1959 (Lesotho, South Africa)

''Idopompilus fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1946 (Lesotho)

''Idopompilus gracilicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus krugeri'' Haupt, 1930 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Idopompilus quadrifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Kolposphex'' Arnold, 1959===

''Kolposphex atronitens'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Kyphopompilus'' Arnold, 1960

''Kyphopompilus flavipes'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microdrapetes'' Arnold, 1937===

''Microdrapetes bellus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Microphadnus'' Cameron, 1904

''Microphadnus bicolor'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Paracyphononyx'' Gribodo, 1884===

''Paracyphononyx affinis'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon, Ghana, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx africanus'' Rad., 1881 (Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx carinatus'' Rad., 1881 Angola, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx coloratus'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon)

''Paracyphononyx difficilis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Malai, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversipes'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversus'' Dahlbom, 1845 (Central and East Africa to South Africa, Yemen)

''Paracyphononyx elliotti'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx frustratus'' Smith, 1879 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx funebris'' Magretti, 1884 (Ethiopia)

''Paracyphononyx gemellus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx laboriosus'' Arnold, 1936 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx languidus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx lukombensis'' Cameron, 1912 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia)

''Paracyphononyx metemmensis'' Magretti, 1884 (Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx mombassicus'' R. Luc., 1898 (Kenya)

''Paracyphononyx montanus'' Arnold, 1960 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx parallelus'' Haupt, 1929 (Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx petiolaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx plutonis'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx rotundinervis'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx ruficrus'' Klug, 1834 (Asia Minor, Egypt, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' Illiger,1802 (Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Paraferreola'' Sustera, 1913===

''Paraferreola melanostoma'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.439 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paraferreola spilopus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.441 (South Africa)

''Paraferreola soleana'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.443 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Platyderes'' Guérin-Méneville, 1844===

''Platyderes bicolor'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa)

''Platyderes chalybeus'' Saussure, 1892 (East Africa, South Africa)

''Platyderes drègii'' Brauns, 1899 (South Africa)

''Platyderes erythrocephalus'' Guerin, **** (Madagascar)

''Platyderes flavoscutellatus'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes oraniensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Platyderes rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Ethiopia, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes saussurei'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Platyderes spoliatus'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes vicinus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Platyderes wasmanni'' Brauns, 1904 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilus'' Fabricius===

''Pompilus alpinus'' Arnold, 1960 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus anomalopterus'' Cameron, 1908 (Malawi, South Africa)

''Pompilus cinereus'' Fabricius, 1775 (Yemen)

''Pompilus contrarius'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Pompilus curvifrons'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus erythrostomus'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus exploratrix'' Cameron, 1908 ''(''

''Pompilus ignobilis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pompilus levis'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana)

''Pompilus masaiensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus meruensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus plumbeus'' Fabricius, 1787 (Widespread through Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Senegal, South Africa) also in China, Europe, India)

''Pompilus sacchii'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus shirae'' Arnold, 1950 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus successor'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus vanutelli'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Pompilus yngvei'' Cameron, 1908 (

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilioides'' Radley, 1887===

''Pompilioides braunsi'' Kohl, 1894 (Cameroon)

''Pompilioides decipiens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides latifrons'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides pruinosus'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides trifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides validus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammochares'' Latreille, 1796===

''Psammochares bilineatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares brunniventris'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares irpex'' Gerstaecker, 1859 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares jocaste'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Psammochares latilabris'' Arnold, 1937 (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares quadriguttatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Tanzania)

''Psammochares rufigaster'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares rutilus'' Klug, 1834 (Ethiopia, Nigeria, Sudan, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares varians'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammoderes'' Haupt, 1929===

''Psammoderes capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes collaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Psammoderes fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1935, p.438 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes lightfooti'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Psammoderes major'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.433 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes mimicus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.434 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes semirufus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.436 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes reputatus'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.437 (Congo, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Pseudoclavelia&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930===

''Pseudoclavelia argenteosignata'' Arnold, 1936 (Botswana, Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia bituberculata'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_damarensis.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia damarensis''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia jouberti'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_nitidula.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia nitidula'' ''nitidula''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia nitidula bechuanae'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia rhodesiana'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudoclavelia rufescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pseudopompilus'' Costa, 1887===

''Pseudopompilus funereus'' Arnold, 1935, p.444 (Zimbabwe, Namibia)

''Pseudopompilus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

''Pseudopompilus lacteipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pygmachus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Pygmachus compressus'' Saussure, 1892 (Madagascar)

''Pygmachus umbratus'' Haupt, 1930 (Guinea, South Africa, Zanzibar, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Rhynchopompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Rhynchopompilus cursor'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Schistonyx'' Saussure, 1887===

''Schistonyx aterrimus'' Arnold, 1946 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx prismaticus'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

''Schistonyx sinuatus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx sheppardi'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, Syria, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Schizanoplius'' Cameron, 1904

''Schizanoplius lutarius'' (Saussure, 1834)(Ghana, Mali, Madagascar)

''Schizanoplius violaceipennis'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Spuridiophorus'' Arnold, 1934

''Spuridiophorus capensis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Spuridiophorus inermis'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus maculipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Syntomoclitus'' Arnold, 1937

''Syntomoclitus bicolor'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Ashmead, 1902

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ignitus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ignitus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Smith, 1855) (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ovambo.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ovambo&lt;/u&gt;''] (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Tachypompilus praepotens'' (Kohl, 1894) (South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zanzibar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_vitripennis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] ''&lt;u&gt;vitripennis&lt;/u&gt;'' (Arnold, 1937) (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Telostegus'' Costa, 1887===

''Telostegus capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Telostegus fuscipennis'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

''Telostegus insidiosus'' (Smith, 1879) (Yemen)

''Telostegus sabulicola'' Priesner, 1955 (Algeria, Egypt, Marocco, Senegal, Yemen)</text>
      <sha1>ixnfbb9jn1umzsfaar8pt2moo2icmp6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719823</id>
      <parentid>2719821</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-27T14:57:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Genus Platyderes Guérin-Méneville, 1844 */</comment>
      <origin>2719823</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="24432" sha1="aipbkd3vgk1bfmmqf1t82zsmqrstq0s" xml:space="preserve">==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;
- Claveliinae corrected to Ctenocerinae in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.386-388&lt;br&gt;
- Several new genera and species in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.388-399&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934, pp. 290-364.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA. (Arnold, 1934, pp. 380-385.)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; ''Pseudagenia'' in iNat).&lt;br&gt;
*''D. pulchricoma'' = ''Pseudagenia pulchricoma'' Arnold, 1934, p. 337-340&lt;br&gt;
*''D. neavei'' = ''Pseudagenia mygnimioides'' Arnold, 1934, pp.336-337 and ''Pseudagenia neavei'' Kohl 1913&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA. - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377.&lt;br&gt;
*also ''Poecilagenia spinosipes'' = ''Trachyglyptus spinosipes'' Arnold, 1934, p. 377-379&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = ''Deuteragenia turneri'', ''D. dregei'', ''D. chirindensis'', ''D. bicolor'' (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (''Hormopogonius willowmorensis'' = ''Calicurgus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1932 p.395); also ''H. tenuicornis'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 379-380&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
*Also ''Priocnernis aterrimus'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 385-386.
*''Priocnemis meridionalis'' Arnold, 1934, p. 386.
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pompilinae==

List of genera and species from [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm '''&lt;u&gt;https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm&lt;/u&gt;''']

=== '''Genus''' ''Aeluropetrus'' Arnold, 1936 ===

''Aeluropetrus braunsi'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Aeluropetrus lugubris'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 ===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/Aetheopompilus_obliquetruncatus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus obliquetruncatus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 (Mozambique)

==='''Genus''' ''Agenioideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Agenioideus brevis'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937) (Ghana, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus decipiens'' (Bischoff, 1913) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) (Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus lascivus'' (Cameron, 1891) (?)

''Agenioideus nudatus'' (Smith, 1855) (?)

''Agenioideus rotundilabris'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus rutilus'' (Klug, 1834) (Yemen)

''Agenioideus rufipes'' (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Agenioideus varians'' (Arnold, 1937) (?)

==='''Genus''' ''Amblyellus'' Day, 1981===

''Amblyellus willowmorensis'' (Arnold, 1937) (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

==='''Genus''' ''Anoplius'' Dufour, 1834===

''Anoplius aethiopicus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Anoplius alecto'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Anoplius bifasciatus'' Tullgren, 1904 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda)

''Anoplius concinnus'' (Dahlbom, 1845) (Yemen)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''fuscus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, South Africa, Tanzania)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''excelsior'' Arnold, 1950 (Tanzania)

''Anoplius montanus'' Haupt, 1950 (Benin, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Principe Island, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

''Anoplius morosus'' Smith, 1855 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Anoplius octomaculatus'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Anoplius panmelas'' (Saussure, 1891) (Madagascar)

''Anoplius saegeri'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Anoplius subfasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius successor'' (Cameron, 1910) (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius viridicatus'' Smith, 1879 (West Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Apareia'' Haupt, 1929===

''Apareia multipicta rufifemur'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.449 (Zimbabwe)

''Apareia oedipus'' Kohl, 1886; descr. (synonymized?) as ''A. multipicta'' by Arnold, 1935, p.449 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporinellus'' Banks, 1911===

''Aporinellus bidens'' (Saussure, 1892) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporoideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Aporoideus clarus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

'''Genus''' ''Arachnospila'' Kincaid, 1900

''Arachnospila (Ammosphex) consobrina heringi'' (Haupt, 1928) (California, Canary Islands, Spain, Tanzania, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Argyroclitus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Argyroclitus fasciatipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus ruwenzoriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Atelostegus'' Haupt, 1929

''Atelostegus thrinax'' (Kohl, 1909) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Atopopompilus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Atopompilus jacens'' (Bingham, 1912) (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Yemen)

''Atopompilus marshalli'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Atopopompilus venans mlanjiensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Ghana)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/Bambesa_grisea.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa grisea&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1937===

''Batozonellus capensis'' (Dahlbom, 1843) (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/Batozonellus_fuliginosus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus fuliginosus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Klug, 1834) (Central Africa, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Batozonellus gowdeyi'' (Turner, 1916) (Uganda)

''Batozonellus madecassus'' (Saussure, 1887) (Madagascar)

''Batozonellus separabilis'' (Turner, 1916) (Congo, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Batozonus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Batozonus bipunctatus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Batozonus capensis'' Dahlbom, 1940 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Cliochares'' Banks, 1940===

''Cliochares convexus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Cordyloscelis'' Arnold, 1935===

''Cordyloscelis bequaerti'' Arnold, 1935, p.420 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Cordyloscelis flavipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.424 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis latipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.417 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis namaqua'' Arnold, 1935, p.423 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis nigerrimus'' Arnold, 1935, p.421 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis parallelus'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe)

''Cordyloscelis ugandensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.425 (Congo, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Ctenagenia'' Saussure, 1892===

''Ctenagenia vespiformis'' (Klug, 1834) (Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Madagascar, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, Yemen)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930 ===

''Dromochares clavipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (Zimbabwe)

''Dromochares fumipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Dromochares premnopterus'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

''Dromochares rufipes'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

=== [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/Dromochares_transvaalensis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares transvaalensis&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)
 ===
'''Genus''' ''Dicyrtomellus'' Gussakovskij, 1935

''Dicyrtomellus anomalipes'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Dicyrtomellus argenteodecoratus'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus griseus'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus impressus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus leptacanthius'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus meruensis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus neavei'' Kohl, 1913 (Congo)

''Dicyrtomellus rufofemoratus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Elaphrosyron'' Haupt, 1930

''Elaphrosyron insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Mali, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Elaphrosyron multipictus'' Arnold, 1937 (Uganda)

''Elaphrosyron pauperculus'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Epiclinotus'' Haupt, 1929

''Epiclinotus capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus erythrurus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus turneri'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron&lt;/u&gt;''] Schiødte, 1837

''Episyron argillaceus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zambia)

''Episyron bequaerti'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron bicinctus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron braunsii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron crassicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Episyron gryps'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/Episyron_histrio.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron histrio&lt;/u&gt;''] Lepeletier, 1845 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mali, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron pedunculatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron solitaneum'' Kohl, 1906 (Yemen)

''Episyron tropicalis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Episyron turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron viduus'' Arnold, 1936 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron vindex'' Smith, 1879 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/index.htm &lt;u&gt;Euclavelia&lt;/u&gt;]'' Arnold, 1932

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/Euclavelia_fasciata.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Euclavelia fasciata&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1932 (South Africa)

''Euclavelia longicollis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Euryzonotulus'' Arnold, 1937

''Euryzonotulus nigeriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Ferreola'' Lepeletier, 1845

''Ferreola auranticornis'' Wahis, 2000 (Eritrea, Yemen)

'''Genus''' ''Ferreoloides'' Haupt, 1919

''Ferreoloides basutorum'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

''Ferreoloides versutus'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

'''Genus''' ''Galactopterus'' Arnold, 1937

''Galactopterus otaviensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Galactopterus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Namibia, South Africa)

''Galactopterus simillimus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Guichardia'' Arnold, 1951

''Guichardia macilenta'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hadropompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Hadropompilus braunsi'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Hadropompilus montanus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Hauptiella'' Arnold, 1936

''Hauptiella multipicta'' Arnold, 1936

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/Herpetosphex_staphylinoides.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex staphylinoides&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Homonotus'' Dahlbom, 1844

''Homonotus aegyptiacus'' Turner, 1917 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus coxalis'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus disparilis'' Turner, 1917 (South Africa)

''Homonotus dispersus'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus dissectus'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus fuscipes'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus imitans'' Dahlbom, 1843 (Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus leptogaster'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus ruficornis'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

''Homonotus rukwaensis'' Arnold, 1946 (Tanzania)

''Homonotus sansibaricus'' Dahlbom, 1843 (Zanzibar)

==='''Genus''' ''Idopompilus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Idopompilus algoensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus algoensis major'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus braunsi'' Kohl, 1899 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus brunnescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschi handlirschi'' Arnold, 1936 (?)

''Idopompilus handlirschi basutorum'' Arnold, 1959 (Lesotho, South Africa)

''Idopompilus fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1946 (Lesotho)

''Idopompilus gracilicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus krugeri'' Haupt, 1930 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Idopompilus quadrifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Kolposphex'' Arnold, 1959===

''Kolposphex atronitens'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Kyphopompilus'' Arnold, 1960

''Kyphopompilus flavipes'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microdrapetes'' Arnold, 1937===

''Microdrapetes bellus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Microphadnus'' Cameron, 1904

''Microphadnus bicolor'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Paracyphononyx'' Gribodo, 1884===

''Paracyphononyx affinis'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon, Ghana, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx africanus'' Rad., 1881 (Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx carinatus'' Rad., 1881 Angola, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx coloratus'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon)

''Paracyphononyx difficilis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Malai, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversipes'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversus'' Dahlbom, 1845 (Central and East Africa to South Africa, Yemen)

''Paracyphononyx elliotti'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx frustratus'' Smith, 1879 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx funebris'' Magretti, 1884 (Ethiopia)

''Paracyphononyx gemellus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx laboriosus'' Arnold, 1936 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx languidus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx lukombensis'' Cameron, 1912 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia)

''Paracyphononyx metemmensis'' Magretti, 1884 (Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx mombassicus'' R. Luc., 1898 (Kenya)

''Paracyphononyx montanus'' Arnold, 1960 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx parallelus'' Haupt, 1929 (Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx petiolaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx plutonis'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx rotundinervis'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx ruficrus'' Klug, 1834 (Asia Minor, Egypt, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' Illiger,1802 (Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Paraferreola'' Sustera, 1913===

''Paraferreola melanostoma'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.439 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paraferreola spilopus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.441 (South Africa)

''Paraferreola soleana'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.443 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Platyderes'' Guérin-Méneville, 1844===

''Platyderes bicolor'' Smith, 1855; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.454 (South Africa)

''Platyderes chalybeus'' Saussure, 1892 (or Tasch. 1880?); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.456 (East Africa, South Africa)

''Platyderes drègii'' Brauns, 1899; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.457 (South Africa)

''Platyderes erythrocephalus'' Guerin, **** (Madagascar)

''Platyderes flavoscutellatus'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes oraniensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.456 (South Africa)

''Platyderes rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Ethiopia, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes saussurei'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Platyderes spoliatus'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes vicinus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Platyderes wasmanni'' Brauns, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.459 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilus'' Fabricius===

''Pompilus alpinus'' Arnold, 1960 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus anomalopterus'' Cameron, 1908 (Malawi, South Africa)

''Pompilus cinereus'' Fabricius, 1775 (Yemen)

''Pompilus contrarius'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Pompilus curvifrons'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus erythrostomus'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus exploratrix'' Cameron, 1908 ''(''

''Pompilus ignobilis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pompilus levis'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana)

''Pompilus masaiensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus meruensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus plumbeus'' Fabricius, 1787 (Widespread through Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Senegal, South Africa) also in China, Europe, India)

''Pompilus sacchii'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus shirae'' Arnold, 1950 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus successor'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus vanutelli'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Pompilus yngvei'' Cameron, 1908 (

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilioides'' Radley, 1887===

''Pompilioides braunsi'' Kohl, 1894 (Cameroon)

''Pompilioides decipiens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides latifrons'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides pruinosus'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides trifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides validus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammochares'' Latreille, 1796===

''Psammochares bilineatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares brunniventris'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares irpex'' Gerstaecker, 1859 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares jocaste'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Psammochares latilabris'' Arnold, 1937 (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares quadriguttatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Tanzania)

''Psammochares rufigaster'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares rutilus'' Klug, 1834 (Ethiopia, Nigeria, Sudan, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares varians'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammoderes'' Haupt, 1929===

''Psammoderes capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes collaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Psammoderes fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1935, p.438 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes lightfooti'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Psammoderes major'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.433 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes mimicus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.434 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes semirufus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.436 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes reputatus'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.437 (Congo, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Pseudoclavelia&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930===

''Pseudoclavelia argenteosignata'' Arnold, 1936 (Botswana, Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia bituberculata'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_damarensis.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia damarensis''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia jouberti'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_nitidula.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia nitidula'' ''nitidula''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia nitidula bechuanae'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia rhodesiana'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudoclavelia rufescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pseudopompilus'' Costa, 1887===

''Pseudopompilus funereus'' Arnold, 1935, p.444 (Zimbabwe, Namibia)

''Pseudopompilus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

''Pseudopompilus lacteipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pygmachus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Pygmachus compressus'' Saussure, 1892 (Madagascar)

''Pygmachus umbratus'' Haupt, 1930 (Guinea, South Africa, Zanzibar, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Rhynchopompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Rhynchopompilus cursor'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Schistonyx'' Saussure, 1887===

''Schistonyx aterrimus'' Arnold, 1946 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx prismaticus'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

''Schistonyx sinuatus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx sheppardi'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, Syria, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Schizanoplius'' Cameron, 1904

''Schizanoplius lutarius'' (Saussure, 1834)(Ghana, Mali, Madagascar)

''Schizanoplius violaceipennis'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Spuridiophorus'' Arnold, 1934

''Spuridiophorus capensis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Spuridiophorus inermis'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus maculipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Syntomoclitus'' Arnold, 1937

''Syntomoclitus bicolor'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Ashmead, 1902

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ignitus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ignitus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Smith, 1855) (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ovambo.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ovambo&lt;/u&gt;''] (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Tachypompilus praepotens'' (Kohl, 1894) (South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zanzibar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_vitripennis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] ''&lt;u&gt;vitripennis&lt;/u&gt;'' (Arnold, 1937) (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Telostegus'' Costa, 1887===

''Telostegus capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Telostegus fuscipennis'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

''Telostegus insidiosus'' (Smith, 1879) (Yemen)

''Telostegus sabulicola'' Priesner, 1955 (Algeria, Egypt, Marocco, Senegal, Yemen)</text>
      <sha1>aipbkd3vgk1bfmmqf1t82zsmqrstq0s</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719825</id>
      <parentid>2719823</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-27T15:01:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Genus Platyderes Guérin-Méneville, 1844 */</comment>
      <origin>2719825</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="24495" sha1="81xbgfppsv1f1shl20om0k9s994u5a8" xml:space="preserve">==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;
- Claveliinae corrected to Ctenocerinae in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.386-388&lt;br&gt;
- Several new genera and species in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.388-399&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934, pp. 290-364.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA. (Arnold, 1934, pp. 380-385.)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; ''Pseudagenia'' in iNat).&lt;br&gt;
*''D. pulchricoma'' = ''Pseudagenia pulchricoma'' Arnold, 1934, p. 337-340&lt;br&gt;
*''D. neavei'' = ''Pseudagenia mygnimioides'' Arnold, 1934, pp.336-337 and ''Pseudagenia neavei'' Kohl 1913&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA. - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377.&lt;br&gt;
*also ''Poecilagenia spinosipes'' = ''Trachyglyptus spinosipes'' Arnold, 1934, p. 377-379&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = ''Deuteragenia turneri'', ''D. dregei'', ''D. chirindensis'', ''D. bicolor'' (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (''Hormopogonius willowmorensis'' = ''Calicurgus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1932 p.395); also ''H. tenuicornis'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 379-380&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
*Also ''Priocnernis aterrimus'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 385-386.
*''Priocnemis meridionalis'' Arnold, 1934, p. 386.
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pompilinae==

List of genera and species from [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm '''&lt;u&gt;https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm&lt;/u&gt;''']

=== '''Genus''' ''Aeluropetrus'' Arnold, 1936 ===

''Aeluropetrus braunsi'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Aeluropetrus lugubris'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 ===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/Aetheopompilus_obliquetruncatus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus obliquetruncatus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 (Mozambique)

==='''Genus''' ''Agenioideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Agenioideus brevis'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937) (Ghana, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus decipiens'' (Bischoff, 1913) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) (Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus lascivus'' (Cameron, 1891) (?)

''Agenioideus nudatus'' (Smith, 1855) (?)

''Agenioideus rotundilabris'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus rutilus'' (Klug, 1834) (Yemen)

''Agenioideus rufipes'' (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Agenioideus varians'' (Arnold, 1937) (?)

==='''Genus''' ''Amblyellus'' Day, 1981===

''Amblyellus willowmorensis'' (Arnold, 1937) (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

==='''Genus''' ''Anoplius'' Dufour, 1834===

''Anoplius aethiopicus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Anoplius alecto'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Anoplius bifasciatus'' Tullgren, 1904 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda)

''Anoplius concinnus'' (Dahlbom, 1845) (Yemen)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''fuscus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, South Africa, Tanzania)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''excelsior'' Arnold, 1950 (Tanzania)

''Anoplius montanus'' Haupt, 1950 (Benin, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Principe Island, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

''Anoplius morosus'' Smith, 1855 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Anoplius octomaculatus'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Anoplius panmelas'' (Saussure, 1891) (Madagascar)

''Anoplius saegeri'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Anoplius subfasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius successor'' (Cameron, 1910) (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius viridicatus'' Smith, 1879 (West Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Apareia'' Haupt, 1929===

''Apareia multipicta rufifemur'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.449 (Zimbabwe)

''Apareia oedipus'' Kohl, 1886; descr. (synonymized?) as ''A. multipicta'' by Arnold, 1935, p.449 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporinellus'' Banks, 1911===

''Aporinellus bidens'' (Saussure, 1892) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporoideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Aporoideus clarus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

'''Genus''' ''Arachnospila'' Kincaid, 1900

''Arachnospila (Ammosphex) consobrina heringi'' (Haupt, 1928) (California, Canary Islands, Spain, Tanzania, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Argyroclitus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Argyroclitus fasciatipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus ruwenzoriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Atelostegus'' Haupt, 1929

''Atelostegus thrinax'' (Kohl, 1909) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Atopopompilus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Atopompilus jacens'' (Bingham, 1912) (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Yemen)

''Atopompilus marshalli'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Atopopompilus venans mlanjiensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Ghana)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/Bambesa_grisea.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa grisea&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1937===

''Batozonellus capensis'' (Dahlbom, 1843) (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/Batozonellus_fuliginosus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus fuliginosus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Klug, 1834) (Central Africa, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Batozonellus gowdeyi'' (Turner, 1916) (Uganda)

''Batozonellus madecassus'' (Saussure, 1887) (Madagascar)

''Batozonellus separabilis'' (Turner, 1916) (Congo, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Batozonus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Batozonus bipunctatus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Batozonus capensis'' Dahlbom, 1940 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Cliochares'' Banks, 1940===

''Cliochares convexus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Cordyloscelis'' Arnold, 1935===

''Cordyloscelis bequaerti'' Arnold, 1935, p.420 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Cordyloscelis flavipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.424 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis latipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.417 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis namaqua'' Arnold, 1935, p.423 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis nigerrimus'' Arnold, 1935, p.421 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis parallelus'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe)

''Cordyloscelis ugandensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.425 (Congo, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Ctenagenia'' Saussure, 1892===

''Ctenagenia vespiformis'' (Klug, 1834) (Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Madagascar, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, Yemen)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930 ===

''Dromochares clavipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (Zimbabwe)

''Dromochares fumipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Dromochares premnopterus'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

''Dromochares rufipes'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

=== [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/Dromochares_transvaalensis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares transvaalensis&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)
 ===
'''Genus''' ''Dicyrtomellus'' Gussakovskij, 1935

''Dicyrtomellus anomalipes'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Dicyrtomellus argenteodecoratus'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus griseus'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus impressus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus leptacanthius'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus meruensis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus neavei'' Kohl, 1913 (Congo)

''Dicyrtomellus rufofemoratus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Elaphrosyron'' Haupt, 1930

''Elaphrosyron insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Mali, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Elaphrosyron multipictus'' Arnold, 1937 (Uganda)

''Elaphrosyron pauperculus'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Epiclinotus'' Haupt, 1929

''Epiclinotus capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus erythrurus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus turneri'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron&lt;/u&gt;''] Schiødte, 1837

''Episyron argillaceus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zambia)

''Episyron bequaerti'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron bicinctus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron braunsii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron crassicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Episyron gryps'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/Episyron_histrio.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron histrio&lt;/u&gt;''] Lepeletier, 1845 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mali, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron pedunculatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron solitaneum'' Kohl, 1906 (Yemen)

''Episyron tropicalis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Episyron turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron viduus'' Arnold, 1936 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron vindex'' Smith, 1879 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/index.htm &lt;u&gt;Euclavelia&lt;/u&gt;]'' Arnold, 1932

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/Euclavelia_fasciata.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Euclavelia fasciata&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1932 (South Africa)

''Euclavelia longicollis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Euryzonotulus'' Arnold, 1937

''Euryzonotulus nigeriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Ferreola'' Lepeletier, 1845

''Ferreola auranticornis'' Wahis, 2000 (Eritrea, Yemen)

'''Genus''' ''Ferreoloides'' Haupt, 1919

''Ferreoloides basutorum'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

''Ferreoloides versutus'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

'''Genus''' ''Galactopterus'' Arnold, 1937

''Galactopterus otaviensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Galactopterus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Namibia, South Africa)

''Galactopterus simillimus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Guichardia'' Arnold, 1951

''Guichardia macilenta'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hadropompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Hadropompilus braunsi'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Hadropompilus montanus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Hauptiella'' Arnold, 1936

''Hauptiella multipicta'' Arnold, 1936

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/Herpetosphex_staphylinoides.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex staphylinoides&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Homonotus'' Dahlbom, 1844

''Homonotus aegyptiacus'' Turner, 1917 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus coxalis'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus disparilis'' Turner, 1917 (South Africa)

''Homonotus dispersus'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus dissectus'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus fuscipes'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus imitans'' Dahlbom, 1843 (Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus leptogaster'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus ruficornis'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

''Homonotus rukwaensis'' Arnold, 1946 (Tanzania)

''Homonotus sansibaricus'' Dahlbom, 1843 (Zanzibar)

==='''Genus''' ''Idopompilus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Idopompilus algoensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus algoensis major'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus braunsi'' Kohl, 1899 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus brunnescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschi handlirschi'' Arnold, 1936 (?)

''Idopompilus handlirschi basutorum'' Arnold, 1959 (Lesotho, South Africa)

''Idopompilus fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1946 (Lesotho)

''Idopompilus gracilicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus krugeri'' Haupt, 1930 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Idopompilus quadrifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Kolposphex'' Arnold, 1959===

''Kolposphex atronitens'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Kyphopompilus'' Arnold, 1960

''Kyphopompilus flavipes'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microdrapetes'' Arnold, 1937===

''Microdrapetes bellus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Microphadnus'' Cameron, 1904

''Microphadnus bicolor'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Paracyphononyx'' Gribodo, 1884===

''Paracyphononyx affinis'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon, Ghana, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx africanus'' Rad., 1881 (Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx carinatus'' Rad., 1881 Angola, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx coloratus'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon)

''Paracyphononyx difficilis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Malai, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversipes'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversus'' Dahlbom, 1845 (Central and East Africa to South Africa, Yemen)

''Paracyphononyx elliotti'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx frustratus'' Smith, 1879 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx funebris'' Magretti, 1884 (Ethiopia)

''Paracyphononyx gemellus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx laboriosus'' Arnold, 1936 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx languidus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx lukombensis'' Cameron, 1912 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia)

''Paracyphononyx metemmensis'' Magretti, 1884 (Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx mombassicus'' R. Luc., 1898 (Kenya)

''Paracyphononyx montanus'' Arnold, 1960 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx parallelus'' Haupt, 1929 (Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx petiolaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx plutonis'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx rotundinervis'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx ruficrus'' Klug, 1834 (Asia Minor, Egypt, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' Illiger,1802 (Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Paraferreola'' Sustera, 1913===

''Paraferreola melanostoma'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.439 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paraferreola spilopus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.441 (South Africa)

''Paraferreola soleana'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.443 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Platyderes'' Guérin-Méneville, 1844===

''Platyderes bicolor'' Smith, 1855; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.454 (South Africa)

''Platyderes chalybeus'' Saussure, 1892 (or Tasch. 1880?); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.456 (East Africa, South Africa)

''Platyderes drègii'' Brauns, 1899; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.457 (South Africa)

''Platyderes erythrocephalus'' Guerin, **** (Madagascar)

''Platyderes flavoscutellatus'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes oraniensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.456 (South Africa)

''Platyderes rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.461 (Ethiopia, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes saussurei'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Platyderes spoliatus'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.462 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes vicinus'' Arnold, 1935, p.460 (South Africa)

''Platyderes wasmanni'' Brauns, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.459 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilus'' Fabricius===

''Pompilus alpinus'' Arnold, 1960 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus anomalopterus'' Cameron, 1908 (Malawi, South Africa)

''Pompilus cinereus'' Fabricius, 1775 (Yemen)

''Pompilus contrarius'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Pompilus curvifrons'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus erythrostomus'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus exploratrix'' Cameron, 1908 ''(''

''Pompilus ignobilis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pompilus levis'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana)

''Pompilus masaiensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus meruensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus plumbeus'' Fabricius, 1787 (Widespread through Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Senegal, South Africa) also in China, Europe, India)

''Pompilus sacchii'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus shirae'' Arnold, 1950 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus successor'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus vanutelli'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Pompilus yngvei'' Cameron, 1908 (

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilioides'' Radley, 1887===

''Pompilioides braunsi'' Kohl, 1894 (Cameroon)

''Pompilioides decipiens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides latifrons'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides pruinosus'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides trifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides validus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammochares'' Latreille, 1796===

''Psammochares bilineatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares brunniventris'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares irpex'' Gerstaecker, 1859 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares jocaste'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Psammochares latilabris'' Arnold, 1937 (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares quadriguttatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Tanzania)

''Psammochares rufigaster'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares rutilus'' Klug, 1834 (Ethiopia, Nigeria, Sudan, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares varians'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammoderes'' Haupt, 1929===

''Psammoderes capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes collaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Psammoderes fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1935, p.438 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes lightfooti'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Psammoderes major'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.433 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes mimicus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.434 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes semirufus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.436 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes reputatus'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.437 (Congo, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Pseudoclavelia&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930===

''Pseudoclavelia argenteosignata'' Arnold, 1936 (Botswana, Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia bituberculata'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_damarensis.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia damarensis''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia jouberti'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_nitidula.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia nitidula'' ''nitidula''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia nitidula bechuanae'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia rhodesiana'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudoclavelia rufescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pseudopompilus'' Costa, 1887===

''Pseudopompilus funereus'' Arnold, 1935, p.444 (Zimbabwe, Namibia)

''Pseudopompilus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

''Pseudopompilus lacteipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pygmachus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Pygmachus compressus'' Saussure, 1892 (Madagascar)

''Pygmachus umbratus'' Haupt, 1930 (Guinea, South Africa, Zanzibar, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Rhynchopompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Rhynchopompilus cursor'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Schistonyx'' Saussure, 1887===

''Schistonyx aterrimus'' Arnold, 1946 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx prismaticus'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

''Schistonyx sinuatus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx sheppardi'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, Syria, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Schizanoplius'' Cameron, 1904

''Schizanoplius lutarius'' (Saussure, 1834)(Ghana, Mali, Madagascar)

''Schizanoplius violaceipennis'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Spuridiophorus'' Arnold, 1934

''Spuridiophorus capensis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Spuridiophorus inermis'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus maculipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Syntomoclitus'' Arnold, 1937

''Syntomoclitus bicolor'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Ashmead, 1902

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ignitus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ignitus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Smith, 1855) (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ovambo.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ovambo&lt;/u&gt;''] (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Tachypompilus praepotens'' (Kohl, 1894) (South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zanzibar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_vitripennis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] ''&lt;u&gt;vitripennis&lt;/u&gt;'' (Arnold, 1937) (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Telostegus'' Costa, 1887===

''Telostegus capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Telostegus fuscipennis'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

''Telostegus insidiosus'' (Smith, 1879) (Yemen)

''Telostegus sabulicola'' Priesner, 1955 (Algeria, Egypt, Marocco, Senegal, Yemen)</text>
      <sha1>81xbgfppsv1f1shl20om0k9s994u5a8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719827</id>
      <parentid>2719825</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-27T15:09:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Genus Dromochares Haupt, 1930 */</comment>
      <origin>2719827</origin>
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      <text bytes="24493" sha1="btjflbhwm13is2dcbvumax2cqjel1q9" xml:space="preserve">==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;
- Claveliinae corrected to Ctenocerinae in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.386-388&lt;br&gt;
- Several new genera and species in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.388-399&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934, pp. 290-364.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA. (Arnold, 1934, pp. 380-385.)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; ''Pseudagenia'' in iNat).&lt;br&gt;
*''D. pulchricoma'' = ''Pseudagenia pulchricoma'' Arnold, 1934, p. 337-340&lt;br&gt;
*''D. neavei'' = ''Pseudagenia mygnimioides'' Arnold, 1934, pp.336-337 and ''Pseudagenia neavei'' Kohl 1913&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA. - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377.&lt;br&gt;
*also ''Poecilagenia spinosipes'' = ''Trachyglyptus spinosipes'' Arnold, 1934, p. 377-379&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = ''Deuteragenia turneri'', ''D. dregei'', ''D. chirindensis'', ''D. bicolor'' (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (''Hormopogonius willowmorensis'' = ''Calicurgus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1932 p.395); also ''H. tenuicornis'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 379-380&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
*Also ''Priocnernis aterrimus'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 385-386.
*''Priocnemis meridionalis'' Arnold, 1934, p. 386.
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pompilinae==

List of genera and species from [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm '''&lt;u&gt;https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm&lt;/u&gt;''']

=== '''Genus''' ''Aeluropetrus'' Arnold, 1936 ===

''Aeluropetrus braunsi'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Aeluropetrus lugubris'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 ===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/Aetheopompilus_obliquetruncatus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus obliquetruncatus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 (Mozambique)

==='''Genus''' ''Agenioideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Agenioideus brevis'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937) (Ghana, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus decipiens'' (Bischoff, 1913) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) (Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus lascivus'' (Cameron, 1891) (?)

''Agenioideus nudatus'' (Smith, 1855) (?)

''Agenioideus rotundilabris'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus rutilus'' (Klug, 1834) (Yemen)

''Agenioideus rufipes'' (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Agenioideus varians'' (Arnold, 1937) (?)

==='''Genus''' ''Amblyellus'' Day, 1981===

''Amblyellus willowmorensis'' (Arnold, 1937) (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

==='''Genus''' ''Anoplius'' Dufour, 1834===

''Anoplius aethiopicus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Anoplius alecto'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Anoplius bifasciatus'' Tullgren, 1904 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda)

''Anoplius concinnus'' (Dahlbom, 1845) (Yemen)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''fuscus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, South Africa, Tanzania)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''excelsior'' Arnold, 1950 (Tanzania)

''Anoplius montanus'' Haupt, 1950 (Benin, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Principe Island, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

''Anoplius morosus'' Smith, 1855 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Anoplius octomaculatus'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Anoplius panmelas'' (Saussure, 1891) (Madagascar)

''Anoplius saegeri'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Anoplius subfasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius successor'' (Cameron, 1910) (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius viridicatus'' Smith, 1879 (West Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Apareia'' Haupt, 1929===

''Apareia multipicta rufifemur'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.449 (Zimbabwe)

''Apareia oedipus'' Kohl, 1886; descr. (synonymized?) as ''A. multipicta'' by Arnold, 1935, p.449 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporinellus'' Banks, 1911===

''Aporinellus bidens'' (Saussure, 1892) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporoideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Aporoideus clarus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

'''Genus''' ''Arachnospila'' Kincaid, 1900

''Arachnospila (Ammosphex) consobrina heringi'' (Haupt, 1928) (California, Canary Islands, Spain, Tanzania, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Argyroclitus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Argyroclitus fasciatipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus ruwenzoriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Atelostegus'' Haupt, 1929

''Atelostegus thrinax'' (Kohl, 1909) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Atopopompilus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Atopompilus jacens'' (Bingham, 1912) (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Yemen)

''Atopompilus marshalli'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Atopopompilus venans mlanjiensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Ghana)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/Bambesa_grisea.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa grisea&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1937===

''Batozonellus capensis'' (Dahlbom, 1843) (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/Batozonellus_fuliginosus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus fuliginosus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Klug, 1834) (Central Africa, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Batozonellus gowdeyi'' (Turner, 1916) (Uganda)

''Batozonellus madecassus'' (Saussure, 1887) (Madagascar)

''Batozonellus separabilis'' (Turner, 1916) (Congo, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Batozonus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Batozonus bipunctatus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Batozonus capensis'' Dahlbom, 1940 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Cliochares'' Banks, 1940===

''Cliochares convexus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Cordyloscelis'' Arnold, 1935===

''Cordyloscelis bequaerti'' Arnold, 1935, p.420 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Cordyloscelis flavipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.424 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis latipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.417 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis namaqua'' Arnold, 1935, p.423 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis nigerrimus'' Arnold, 1935, p.421 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis parallelus'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe)

''Cordyloscelis ugandensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.425 (Congo, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Ctenagenia'' Saussure, 1892===

''Ctenagenia vespiformis'' (Klug, 1834) (Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Madagascar, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, Yemen)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930 ===

''Dromochares clavipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (Zimbabwe)

''Dromochares fumipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Dromochares premnopterus'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

''Dromochares rufipes'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/Dromochares_transvaalensis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares transvaalensis&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Dicyrtomellus'' Gussakovskij, 1935===

''Dicyrtomellus anomalipes'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Dicyrtomellus argenteodecoratus'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus griseus'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus impressus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus leptacanthius'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus meruensis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus neavei'' Kohl, 1913 (Congo)

''Dicyrtomellus rufofemoratus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Elaphrosyron'' Haupt, 1930

''Elaphrosyron insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Mali, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Elaphrosyron multipictus'' Arnold, 1937 (Uganda)

''Elaphrosyron pauperculus'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Epiclinotus'' Haupt, 1929

''Epiclinotus capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus erythrurus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus turneri'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron&lt;/u&gt;''] Schiødte, 1837

''Episyron argillaceus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zambia)

''Episyron bequaerti'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron bicinctus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron braunsii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron crassicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Episyron gryps'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/Episyron_histrio.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron histrio&lt;/u&gt;''] Lepeletier, 1845 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mali, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron pedunculatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron solitaneum'' Kohl, 1906 (Yemen)

''Episyron tropicalis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Episyron turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron viduus'' Arnold, 1936 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron vindex'' Smith, 1879 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/index.htm &lt;u&gt;Euclavelia&lt;/u&gt;]'' Arnold, 1932

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/Euclavelia_fasciata.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Euclavelia fasciata&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1932 (South Africa)

''Euclavelia longicollis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Euryzonotulus'' Arnold, 1937

''Euryzonotulus nigeriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Ferreola'' Lepeletier, 1845

''Ferreola auranticornis'' Wahis, 2000 (Eritrea, Yemen)

'''Genus''' ''Ferreoloides'' Haupt, 1919

''Ferreoloides basutorum'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

''Ferreoloides versutus'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

'''Genus''' ''Galactopterus'' Arnold, 1937

''Galactopterus otaviensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Galactopterus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Namibia, South Africa)

''Galactopterus simillimus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Guichardia'' Arnold, 1951

''Guichardia macilenta'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hadropompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Hadropompilus braunsi'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Hadropompilus montanus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Hauptiella'' Arnold, 1936

''Hauptiella multipicta'' Arnold, 1936

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/Herpetosphex_staphylinoides.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex staphylinoides&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Homonotus'' Dahlbom, 1844

''Homonotus aegyptiacus'' Turner, 1917 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus coxalis'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus disparilis'' Turner, 1917 (South Africa)

''Homonotus dispersus'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus dissectus'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus fuscipes'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus imitans'' Dahlbom, 1843 (Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus leptogaster'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus ruficornis'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

''Homonotus rukwaensis'' Arnold, 1946 (Tanzania)

''Homonotus sansibaricus'' Dahlbom, 1843 (Zanzibar)

==='''Genus''' ''Idopompilus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Idopompilus algoensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus algoensis major'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus braunsi'' Kohl, 1899 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus brunnescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschi handlirschi'' Arnold, 1936 (?)

''Idopompilus handlirschi basutorum'' Arnold, 1959 (Lesotho, South Africa)

''Idopompilus fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1946 (Lesotho)

''Idopompilus gracilicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus krugeri'' Haupt, 1930 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Idopompilus quadrifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Kolposphex'' Arnold, 1959===

''Kolposphex atronitens'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Kyphopompilus'' Arnold, 1960

''Kyphopompilus flavipes'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microdrapetes'' Arnold, 1937===

''Microdrapetes bellus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Microphadnus'' Cameron, 1904

''Microphadnus bicolor'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Paracyphononyx'' Gribodo, 1884===

''Paracyphononyx affinis'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon, Ghana, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx africanus'' Rad., 1881 (Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx carinatus'' Rad., 1881 Angola, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx coloratus'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon)

''Paracyphononyx difficilis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Malai, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversipes'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversus'' Dahlbom, 1845 (Central and East Africa to South Africa, Yemen)

''Paracyphononyx elliotti'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx frustratus'' Smith, 1879 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx funebris'' Magretti, 1884 (Ethiopia)

''Paracyphononyx gemellus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx laboriosus'' Arnold, 1936 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx languidus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx lukombensis'' Cameron, 1912 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia)

''Paracyphononyx metemmensis'' Magretti, 1884 (Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx mombassicus'' R. Luc., 1898 (Kenya)

''Paracyphononyx montanus'' Arnold, 1960 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx parallelus'' Haupt, 1929 (Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx petiolaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx plutonis'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx rotundinervis'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx ruficrus'' Klug, 1834 (Asia Minor, Egypt, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' Illiger,1802 (Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Paraferreola'' Sustera, 1913===

''Paraferreola melanostoma'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.439 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paraferreola spilopus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.441 (South Africa)

''Paraferreola soleana'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.443 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Platyderes'' Guérin-Méneville, 1844===

''Platyderes bicolor'' Smith, 1855; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.454 (South Africa)

''Platyderes chalybeus'' Saussure, 1892 (or Tasch. 1880?); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.456 (East Africa, South Africa)

''Platyderes drègii'' Brauns, 1899; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.457 (South Africa)

''Platyderes erythrocephalus'' Guerin, **** (Madagascar)

''Platyderes flavoscutellatus'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes oraniensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.456 (South Africa)

''Platyderes rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.461 (Ethiopia, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes saussurei'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Platyderes spoliatus'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.462 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes vicinus'' Arnold, 1935, p.460 (South Africa)

''Platyderes wasmanni'' Brauns, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.459 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilus'' Fabricius===

''Pompilus alpinus'' Arnold, 1960 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus anomalopterus'' Cameron, 1908 (Malawi, South Africa)

''Pompilus cinereus'' Fabricius, 1775 (Yemen)

''Pompilus contrarius'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Pompilus curvifrons'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus erythrostomus'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus exploratrix'' Cameron, 1908 ''(''

''Pompilus ignobilis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pompilus levis'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana)

''Pompilus masaiensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus meruensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus plumbeus'' Fabricius, 1787 (Widespread through Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Senegal, South Africa) also in China, Europe, India)

''Pompilus sacchii'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus shirae'' Arnold, 1950 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus successor'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus vanutelli'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Pompilus yngvei'' Cameron, 1908 (

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilioides'' Radley, 1887===

''Pompilioides braunsi'' Kohl, 1894 (Cameroon)

''Pompilioides decipiens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides latifrons'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides pruinosus'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides trifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides validus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammochares'' Latreille, 1796===

''Psammochares bilineatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares brunniventris'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares irpex'' Gerstaecker, 1859 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares jocaste'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Psammochares latilabris'' Arnold, 1937 (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares quadriguttatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Tanzania)

''Psammochares rufigaster'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares rutilus'' Klug, 1834 (Ethiopia, Nigeria, Sudan, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares varians'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammoderes'' Haupt, 1929===

''Psammoderes capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes collaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Psammoderes fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1935, p.438 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes lightfooti'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Psammoderes major'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.433 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes mimicus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.434 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes semirufus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.436 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes reputatus'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.437 (Congo, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Pseudoclavelia&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930===

''Pseudoclavelia argenteosignata'' Arnold, 1936 (Botswana, Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia bituberculata'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_damarensis.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia damarensis''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia jouberti'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_nitidula.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia nitidula'' ''nitidula''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia nitidula bechuanae'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia rhodesiana'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudoclavelia rufescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pseudopompilus'' Costa, 1887===

''Pseudopompilus funereus'' Arnold, 1935, p.444 (Zimbabwe, Namibia)

''Pseudopompilus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

''Pseudopompilus lacteipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pygmachus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Pygmachus compressus'' Saussure, 1892 (Madagascar)

''Pygmachus umbratus'' Haupt, 1930 (Guinea, South Africa, Zanzibar, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Rhynchopompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Rhynchopompilus cursor'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Schistonyx'' Saussure, 1887===

''Schistonyx aterrimus'' Arnold, 1946 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx prismaticus'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

''Schistonyx sinuatus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx sheppardi'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, Syria, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Schizanoplius'' Cameron, 1904

''Schizanoplius lutarius'' (Saussure, 1834)(Ghana, Mali, Madagascar)

''Schizanoplius violaceipennis'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Spuridiophorus'' Arnold, 1934

''Spuridiophorus capensis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Spuridiophorus inermis'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus maculipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Syntomoclitus'' Arnold, 1937

''Syntomoclitus bicolor'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Ashmead, 1902

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ignitus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ignitus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Smith, 1855) (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ovambo.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ovambo&lt;/u&gt;''] (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Tachypompilus praepotens'' (Kohl, 1894) (South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zanzibar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_vitripennis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] ''&lt;u&gt;vitripennis&lt;/u&gt;'' (Arnold, 1937) (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Telostegus'' Costa, 1887===

''Telostegus capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Telostegus fuscipennis'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

''Telostegus insidiosus'' (Smith, 1879) (Yemen)

''Telostegus sabulicola'' Priesner, 1955 (Algeria, Egypt, Marocco, Senegal, Yemen)</text>
      <sha1>btjflbhwm13is2dcbvumax2cqjel1q9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719828</id>
      <parentid>2719827</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-27T15:11:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Genus Dicyrtomellus Gussakovskij, 1935 */</comment>
      <origin>2719828</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="24547" sha1="qii8rr95stq8bd3nyjcykmlitrjxxkk" xml:space="preserve">==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;
- Claveliinae corrected to Ctenocerinae in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.386-388&lt;br&gt;
- Several new genera and species in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.388-399&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934, pp. 290-364.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA. (Arnold, 1934, pp. 380-385.)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; ''Pseudagenia'' in iNat).&lt;br&gt;
*''D. pulchricoma'' = ''Pseudagenia pulchricoma'' Arnold, 1934, p. 337-340&lt;br&gt;
*''D. neavei'' = ''Pseudagenia mygnimioides'' Arnold, 1934, pp.336-337 and ''Pseudagenia neavei'' Kohl 1913&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA. - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377.&lt;br&gt;
*also ''Poecilagenia spinosipes'' = ''Trachyglyptus spinosipes'' Arnold, 1934, p. 377-379&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = ''Deuteragenia turneri'', ''D. dregei'', ''D. chirindensis'', ''D. bicolor'' (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (''Hormopogonius willowmorensis'' = ''Calicurgus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1932 p.395); also ''H. tenuicornis'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 379-380&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
*Also ''Priocnernis aterrimus'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 385-386.
*''Priocnemis meridionalis'' Arnold, 1934, p. 386.
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pompilinae==

List of genera and species from [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm '''&lt;u&gt;https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm&lt;/u&gt;''']

=== '''Genus''' ''Aeluropetrus'' Arnold, 1936 ===

''Aeluropetrus braunsi'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Aeluropetrus lugubris'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 ===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/Aetheopompilus_obliquetruncatus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus obliquetruncatus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 (Mozambique)

==='''Genus''' ''Agenioideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Agenioideus brevis'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937) (Ghana, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus decipiens'' (Bischoff, 1913) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) (Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus lascivus'' (Cameron, 1891) (?)

''Agenioideus nudatus'' (Smith, 1855) (?)

''Agenioideus rotundilabris'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus rutilus'' (Klug, 1834) (Yemen)

''Agenioideus rufipes'' (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Agenioideus varians'' (Arnold, 1937) (?)

==='''Genus''' ''Amblyellus'' Day, 1981===

''Amblyellus willowmorensis'' (Arnold, 1937) (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

==='''Genus''' ''Anoplius'' Dufour, 1834===

''Anoplius aethiopicus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Anoplius alecto'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Anoplius bifasciatus'' Tullgren, 1904 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda)

''Anoplius concinnus'' (Dahlbom, 1845) (Yemen)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''fuscus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, South Africa, Tanzania)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''excelsior'' Arnold, 1950 (Tanzania)

''Anoplius montanus'' Haupt, 1950 (Benin, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Principe Island, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

''Anoplius morosus'' Smith, 1855 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Anoplius octomaculatus'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Anoplius panmelas'' (Saussure, 1891) (Madagascar)

''Anoplius saegeri'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Anoplius subfasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius successor'' (Cameron, 1910) (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius viridicatus'' Smith, 1879 (West Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Apareia'' Haupt, 1929===

''Apareia multipicta rufifemur'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.449 (Zimbabwe)

''Apareia oedipus'' Kohl, 1886; descr. (synonymized?) as ''A. multipicta'' by Arnold, 1935, p.449 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporinellus'' Banks, 1911===

''Aporinellus bidens'' (Saussure, 1892) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporoideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Aporoideus clarus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

'''Genus''' ''Arachnospila'' Kincaid, 1900

''Arachnospila (Ammosphex) consobrina heringi'' (Haupt, 1928) (California, Canary Islands, Spain, Tanzania, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Argyroclitus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Argyroclitus fasciatipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus ruwenzoriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Atelostegus'' Haupt, 1929

''Atelostegus thrinax'' (Kohl, 1909) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Atopopompilus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Atopompilus jacens'' (Bingham, 1912) (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Yemen)

''Atopompilus marshalli'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Atopopompilus venans mlanjiensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Ghana)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/Bambesa_grisea.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa grisea&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1937===

''Batozonellus capensis'' (Dahlbom, 1843) (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/Batozonellus_fuliginosus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus fuliginosus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Klug, 1834) (Central Africa, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Batozonellus gowdeyi'' (Turner, 1916) (Uganda)

''Batozonellus madecassus'' (Saussure, 1887) (Madagascar)

''Batozonellus separabilis'' (Turner, 1916) (Congo, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Batozonus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Batozonus bipunctatus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Batozonus capensis'' Dahlbom, 1940 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Cliochares'' Banks, 1940===

''Cliochares convexus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Cordyloscelis'' Arnold, 1935===

''Cordyloscelis bequaerti'' Arnold, 1935, p.420 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Cordyloscelis flavipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.424 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis latipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.417 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis namaqua'' Arnold, 1935, p.423 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis nigerrimus'' Arnold, 1935, p.421 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis parallelus'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe)

''Cordyloscelis ugandensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.425 (Congo, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Ctenagenia'' Saussure, 1892===

''Ctenagenia vespiformis'' (Klug, 1834) (Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Madagascar, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, Yemen)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930 ===

''Dromochares clavipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (Zimbabwe)

''Dromochares fumipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Dromochares premnopterus'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

''Dromochares rufipes'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/Dromochares_transvaalensis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares transvaalensis&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Dicyrtomellus'' Gussakovskij, 1935===

''Dicyrtomellus anomalipes'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Dicyrtomellus argenteodecoratus'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus griseus'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus impressus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus leptacanthius'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus meruensis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus neavei'' Kohl, 1913 (Congo)

''Dicyrtomellus rufofemoratus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Elaphrosyron'' Haupt, 1930===

''Elaphrosyron insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Mali, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Elaphrosyron multipictus'' Arnold, 1937 (Uganda)

''Elaphrosyron pauperculus'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Epiclinotus'' Haupt, 1929===

''Epiclinotus capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus erythrurus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus turneri'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron&lt;/u&gt;''] Schiødte, 1837===

''Episyron argillaceus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zambia)

''Episyron bequaerti'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron bicinctus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron braunsii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron crassicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Episyron gryps'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/Episyron_histrio.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron histrio&lt;/u&gt;''] Lepeletier, 1845 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mali, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron pedunculatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron solitaneum'' Kohl, 1906 (Yemen)

''Episyron tropicalis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Episyron turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron viduus'' Arnold, 1936 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron vindex'' Smith, 1879 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/index.htm &lt;u&gt;Euclavelia&lt;/u&gt;]'' Arnold, 1932===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/Euclavelia_fasciata.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Euclavelia fasciata&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1932 (South Africa)

''Euclavelia longicollis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Euryzonotulus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Euryzonotulus nigeriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreola'' Lepeletier, 1845===

''Ferreola auranticornis'' Wahis, 2000 (Eritrea, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreoloides'' Haupt, 1919===

''Ferreoloides basutorum'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

''Ferreoloides versutus'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

==='''Genus''' ''Galactopterus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Galactopterus otaviensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Galactopterus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Namibia, South Africa)

''Galactopterus simillimus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Guichardia'' Arnold, 1951===

''Guichardia macilenta'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hadropompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Hadropompilus braunsi'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Hadropompilus montanus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Hauptiella'' Arnold, 1936

''Hauptiella multipicta'' Arnold, 1936

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/Herpetosphex_staphylinoides.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex staphylinoides&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Homonotus'' Dahlbom, 1844

''Homonotus aegyptiacus'' Turner, 1917 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus coxalis'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus disparilis'' Turner, 1917 (South Africa)

''Homonotus dispersus'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus dissectus'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus fuscipes'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus imitans'' Dahlbom, 1843 (Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus leptogaster'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus ruficornis'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

''Homonotus rukwaensis'' Arnold, 1946 (Tanzania)

''Homonotus sansibaricus'' Dahlbom, 1843 (Zanzibar)

==='''Genus''' ''Idopompilus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Idopompilus algoensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus algoensis major'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus braunsi'' Kohl, 1899 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus brunnescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschi handlirschi'' Arnold, 1936 (?)

''Idopompilus handlirschi basutorum'' Arnold, 1959 (Lesotho, South Africa)

''Idopompilus fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1946 (Lesotho)

''Idopompilus gracilicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus krugeri'' Haupt, 1930 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Idopompilus quadrifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Kolposphex'' Arnold, 1959===

''Kolposphex atronitens'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Kyphopompilus'' Arnold, 1960

''Kyphopompilus flavipes'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microdrapetes'' Arnold, 1937===

''Microdrapetes bellus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Microphadnus'' Cameron, 1904

''Microphadnus bicolor'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Paracyphononyx'' Gribodo, 1884===

''Paracyphononyx affinis'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon, Ghana, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx africanus'' Rad., 1881 (Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx carinatus'' Rad., 1881 Angola, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx coloratus'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon)

''Paracyphononyx difficilis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Malai, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversipes'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversus'' Dahlbom, 1845 (Central and East Africa to South Africa, Yemen)

''Paracyphononyx elliotti'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx frustratus'' Smith, 1879 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx funebris'' Magretti, 1884 (Ethiopia)

''Paracyphononyx gemellus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx laboriosus'' Arnold, 1936 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx languidus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx lukombensis'' Cameron, 1912 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia)

''Paracyphononyx metemmensis'' Magretti, 1884 (Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx mombassicus'' R. Luc., 1898 (Kenya)

''Paracyphononyx montanus'' Arnold, 1960 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx parallelus'' Haupt, 1929 (Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx petiolaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx plutonis'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx rotundinervis'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx ruficrus'' Klug, 1834 (Asia Minor, Egypt, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' Illiger,1802 (Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Paraferreola'' Sustera, 1913===

''Paraferreola melanostoma'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.439 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paraferreola spilopus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.441 (South Africa)

''Paraferreola soleana'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.443 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Platyderes'' Guérin-Méneville, 1844===

''Platyderes bicolor'' Smith, 1855; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.454 (South Africa)

''Platyderes chalybeus'' Saussure, 1892 (or Tasch. 1880?); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.456 (East Africa, South Africa)

''Platyderes drègii'' Brauns, 1899; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.457 (South Africa)

''Platyderes erythrocephalus'' Guerin, **** (Madagascar)

''Platyderes flavoscutellatus'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes oraniensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.456 (South Africa)

''Platyderes rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.461 (Ethiopia, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes saussurei'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Platyderes spoliatus'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.462 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes vicinus'' Arnold, 1935, p.460 (South Africa)

''Platyderes wasmanni'' Brauns, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.459 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilus'' Fabricius===

''Pompilus alpinus'' Arnold, 1960 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus anomalopterus'' Cameron, 1908 (Malawi, South Africa)

''Pompilus cinereus'' Fabricius, 1775 (Yemen)

''Pompilus contrarius'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Pompilus curvifrons'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus erythrostomus'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus exploratrix'' Cameron, 1908 ''(''

''Pompilus ignobilis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pompilus levis'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana)

''Pompilus masaiensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus meruensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus plumbeus'' Fabricius, 1787 (Widespread through Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Senegal, South Africa) also in China, Europe, India)

''Pompilus sacchii'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus shirae'' Arnold, 1950 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus successor'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus vanutelli'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Pompilus yngvei'' Cameron, 1908 (

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilioides'' Radley, 1887===

''Pompilioides braunsi'' Kohl, 1894 (Cameroon)

''Pompilioides decipiens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides latifrons'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides pruinosus'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides trifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides validus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammochares'' Latreille, 1796===

''Psammochares bilineatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares brunniventris'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares irpex'' Gerstaecker, 1859 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares jocaste'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Psammochares latilabris'' Arnold, 1937 (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares quadriguttatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Tanzania)

''Psammochares rufigaster'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares rutilus'' Klug, 1834 (Ethiopia, Nigeria, Sudan, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares varians'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammoderes'' Haupt, 1929===

''Psammoderes capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes collaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Psammoderes fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1935, p.438 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes lightfooti'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Psammoderes major'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.433 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes mimicus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.434 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes semirufus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.436 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes reputatus'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.437 (Congo, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Pseudoclavelia&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930===

''Pseudoclavelia argenteosignata'' Arnold, 1936 (Botswana, Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia bituberculata'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_damarensis.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia damarensis''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia jouberti'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_nitidula.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia nitidula'' ''nitidula''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia nitidula bechuanae'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia rhodesiana'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudoclavelia rufescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pseudopompilus'' Costa, 1887===

''Pseudopompilus funereus'' Arnold, 1935, p.444 (Zimbabwe, Namibia)

''Pseudopompilus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

''Pseudopompilus lacteipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pygmachus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Pygmachus compressus'' Saussure, 1892 (Madagascar)

''Pygmachus umbratus'' Haupt, 1930 (Guinea, South Africa, Zanzibar, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Rhynchopompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Rhynchopompilus cursor'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Schistonyx'' Saussure, 1887===

''Schistonyx aterrimus'' Arnold, 1946 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx prismaticus'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

''Schistonyx sinuatus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx sheppardi'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, Syria, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Schizanoplius'' Cameron, 1904

''Schizanoplius lutarius'' (Saussure, 1834)(Ghana, Mali, Madagascar)

''Schizanoplius violaceipennis'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Spuridiophorus'' Arnold, 1934

''Spuridiophorus capensis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Spuridiophorus inermis'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus maculipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Syntomoclitus'' Arnold, 1937

''Syntomoclitus bicolor'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Ashmead, 1902

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ignitus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ignitus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Smith, 1855) (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ovambo.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ovambo&lt;/u&gt;''] (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Tachypompilus praepotens'' (Kohl, 1894) (South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zanzibar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_vitripennis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] ''&lt;u&gt;vitripennis&lt;/u&gt;'' (Arnold, 1937) (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Telostegus'' Costa, 1887===

''Telostegus capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Telostegus fuscipennis'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

''Telostegus insidiosus'' (Smith, 1879) (Yemen)

''Telostegus sabulicola'' Priesner, 1955 (Algeria, Egypt, Marocco, Senegal, Yemen)</text>
      <sha1>qii8rr95stq8bd3nyjcykmlitrjxxkk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719829</id>
      <parentid>2719828</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-27T15:13:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Genus Epiclinotus Haupt, 1929 */</comment>
      <origin>2719829</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="24603" sha1="7kgh2pelrn9lmq1kaxkltr12a8wbr6q" xml:space="preserve">==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;
- Claveliinae corrected to Ctenocerinae in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.386-388&lt;br&gt;
- Several new genera and species in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.388-399&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934, pp. 290-364.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA. (Arnold, 1934, pp. 380-385.)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; ''Pseudagenia'' in iNat).&lt;br&gt;
*''D. pulchricoma'' = ''Pseudagenia pulchricoma'' Arnold, 1934, p. 337-340&lt;br&gt;
*''D. neavei'' = ''Pseudagenia mygnimioides'' Arnold, 1934, pp.336-337 and ''Pseudagenia neavei'' Kohl 1913&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA. - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377.&lt;br&gt;
*also ''Poecilagenia spinosipes'' = ''Trachyglyptus spinosipes'' Arnold, 1934, p. 377-379&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = ''Deuteragenia turneri'', ''D. dregei'', ''D. chirindensis'', ''D. bicolor'' (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (''Hormopogonius willowmorensis'' = ''Calicurgus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1932 p.395); also ''H. tenuicornis'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 379-380&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
*Also ''Priocnernis aterrimus'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 385-386.
*''Priocnemis meridionalis'' Arnold, 1934, p. 386.
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pompilinae==

List of genera and species from [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm '''&lt;u&gt;https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm&lt;/u&gt;''']

=== '''Genus''' ''Aeluropetrus'' Arnold, 1936 ===

''Aeluropetrus braunsi'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Aeluropetrus lugubris'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 ===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/Aetheopompilus_obliquetruncatus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus obliquetruncatus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 (Mozambique)

==='''Genus''' ''Agenioideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Agenioideus brevis'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937) (Ghana, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus decipiens'' (Bischoff, 1913) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) (Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus lascivus'' (Cameron, 1891) (?)

''Agenioideus nudatus'' (Smith, 1855) (?)

''Agenioideus rotundilabris'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus rutilus'' (Klug, 1834) (Yemen)

''Agenioideus rufipes'' (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Agenioideus varians'' (Arnold, 1937) (?)

==='''Genus''' ''Amblyellus'' Day, 1981===

''Amblyellus willowmorensis'' (Arnold, 1937) (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

==='''Genus''' ''Anoplius'' Dufour, 1834===

''Anoplius aethiopicus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Anoplius alecto'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Anoplius bifasciatus'' Tullgren, 1904 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda)

''Anoplius concinnus'' (Dahlbom, 1845) (Yemen)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''fuscus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, South Africa, Tanzania)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''excelsior'' Arnold, 1950 (Tanzania)

''Anoplius montanus'' Haupt, 1950 (Benin, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Principe Island, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

''Anoplius morosus'' Smith, 1855 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Anoplius octomaculatus'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Anoplius panmelas'' (Saussure, 1891) (Madagascar)

''Anoplius saegeri'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Anoplius subfasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius successor'' (Cameron, 1910) (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius viridicatus'' Smith, 1879 (West Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Apareia'' Haupt, 1929===

''Apareia multipicta rufifemur'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.449 (Zimbabwe)

''Apareia oedipus'' Kohl, 1886; descr. (synonymized?) as ''A. multipicta'' by Arnold, 1935, p.449 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporinellus'' Banks, 1911===

''Aporinellus bidens'' (Saussure, 1892) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporoideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Aporoideus clarus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

'''Genus''' ''Arachnospila'' Kincaid, 1900

''Arachnospila (Ammosphex) consobrina heringi'' (Haupt, 1928) (California, Canary Islands, Spain, Tanzania, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Argyroclitus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Argyroclitus fasciatipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus ruwenzoriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Atelostegus'' Haupt, 1929

''Atelostegus thrinax'' (Kohl, 1909) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Atopopompilus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Atopompilus jacens'' (Bingham, 1912) (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Yemen)

''Atopompilus marshalli'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Atopopompilus venans mlanjiensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Ghana)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/Bambesa_grisea.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa grisea&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1937===

''Batozonellus capensis'' (Dahlbom, 1843) (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/Batozonellus_fuliginosus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus fuliginosus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Klug, 1834) (Central Africa, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Batozonellus gowdeyi'' (Turner, 1916) (Uganda)

''Batozonellus madecassus'' (Saussure, 1887) (Madagascar)

''Batozonellus separabilis'' (Turner, 1916) (Congo, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Batozonus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Batozonus bipunctatus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Batozonus capensis'' Dahlbom, 1940 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Cliochares'' Banks, 1940===

''Cliochares convexus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Cordyloscelis'' Arnold, 1935===

''Cordyloscelis bequaerti'' Arnold, 1935, p.420 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Cordyloscelis flavipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.424 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis latipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.417 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis namaqua'' Arnold, 1935, p.423 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis nigerrimus'' Arnold, 1935, p.421 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis parallelus'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe)

''Cordyloscelis ugandensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.425 (Congo, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Ctenagenia'' Saussure, 1892===

''Ctenagenia vespiformis'' (Klug, 1834) (Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Madagascar, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, Yemen)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930 ===

''Dromochares clavipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (Zimbabwe)

''Dromochares fumipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Dromochares premnopterus'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

''Dromochares rufipes'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/Dromochares_transvaalensis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares transvaalensis&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Dicyrtomellus'' Gussakovskij, 1935===

''Dicyrtomellus anomalipes'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Dicyrtomellus argenteodecoratus'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus griseus'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus impressus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus leptacanthius'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus meruensis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus neavei'' Kohl, 1913 (Congo)

''Dicyrtomellus rufofemoratus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Elaphrosyron'' Haupt, 1930===

''Elaphrosyron insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Mali, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Elaphrosyron multipictus'' Arnold, 1937 (Uganda)

''Elaphrosyron pauperculus'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Epiclinotus'' Haupt, 1929===

''Epiclinotus capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus erythrurus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.465 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus turneri'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.466 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron&lt;/u&gt;''] Schiødte, 1837===

''Episyron argillaceus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zambia)

''Episyron bequaerti'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron bicinctus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron braunsii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron crassicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Episyron gryps'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/Episyron_histrio.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron histrio&lt;/u&gt;''] Lepeletier, 1845 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mali, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron pedunculatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron solitaneum'' Kohl, 1906 (Yemen)

''Episyron tropicalis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Episyron turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron viduus'' Arnold, 1936 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron vindex'' Smith, 1879 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/index.htm &lt;u&gt;Euclavelia&lt;/u&gt;]'' Arnold, 1932===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/Euclavelia_fasciata.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Euclavelia fasciata&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1932 (South Africa)

''Euclavelia longicollis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Euryzonotulus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Euryzonotulus nigeriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreola'' Lepeletier, 1845===

''Ferreola auranticornis'' Wahis, 2000 (Eritrea, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreoloides'' Haupt, 1919===

''Ferreoloides basutorum'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

''Ferreoloides versutus'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

==='''Genus''' ''Galactopterus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Galactopterus otaviensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Galactopterus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Namibia, South Africa)

''Galactopterus simillimus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Guichardia'' Arnold, 1951===

''Guichardia macilenta'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hadropompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Hadropompilus braunsi'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Hadropompilus montanus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Hauptiella'' Arnold, 1936

''Hauptiella multipicta'' Arnold, 1936

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/Herpetosphex_staphylinoides.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex staphylinoides&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Homonotus'' Dahlbom, 1844

''Homonotus aegyptiacus'' Turner, 1917 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus coxalis'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus disparilis'' Turner, 1917 (South Africa)

''Homonotus dispersus'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus dissectus'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus fuscipes'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus imitans'' Dahlbom, 1843 (Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus leptogaster'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus ruficornis'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

''Homonotus rukwaensis'' Arnold, 1946 (Tanzania)

''Homonotus sansibaricus'' Dahlbom, 1843 (Zanzibar)

==='''Genus''' ''Idopompilus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Idopompilus algoensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus algoensis major'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus braunsi'' Kohl, 1899 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus brunnescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschi handlirschi'' Arnold, 1936 (?)

''Idopompilus handlirschi basutorum'' Arnold, 1959 (Lesotho, South Africa)

''Idopompilus fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1946 (Lesotho)

''Idopompilus gracilicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus krugeri'' Haupt, 1930 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Idopompilus quadrifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Kolposphex'' Arnold, 1959===

''Kolposphex atronitens'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Kyphopompilus'' Arnold, 1960

''Kyphopompilus flavipes'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microdrapetes'' Arnold, 1937===

''Microdrapetes bellus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Microphadnus'' Cameron, 1904

''Microphadnus bicolor'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Paracyphononyx'' Gribodo, 1884===

''Paracyphononyx affinis'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon, Ghana, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx africanus'' Rad., 1881 (Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx carinatus'' Rad., 1881 Angola, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx coloratus'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon)

''Paracyphononyx difficilis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Malai, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversipes'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversus'' Dahlbom, 1845 (Central and East Africa to South Africa, Yemen)

''Paracyphononyx elliotti'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx frustratus'' Smith, 1879 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx funebris'' Magretti, 1884 (Ethiopia)

''Paracyphononyx gemellus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx laboriosus'' Arnold, 1936 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx languidus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx lukombensis'' Cameron, 1912 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia)

''Paracyphononyx metemmensis'' Magretti, 1884 (Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx mombassicus'' R. Luc., 1898 (Kenya)

''Paracyphononyx montanus'' Arnold, 1960 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx parallelus'' Haupt, 1929 (Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx petiolaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx plutonis'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx rotundinervis'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx ruficrus'' Klug, 1834 (Asia Minor, Egypt, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' Illiger,1802 (Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Paraferreola'' Sustera, 1913===

''Paraferreola melanostoma'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.439 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paraferreola spilopus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.441 (South Africa)

''Paraferreola soleana'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.443 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Platyderes'' Guérin-Méneville, 1844===

''Platyderes bicolor'' Smith, 1855; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.454 (South Africa)

''Platyderes chalybeus'' Saussure, 1892 (or Tasch. 1880?); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.456 (East Africa, South Africa)

''Platyderes drègii'' Brauns, 1899; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.457 (South Africa)

''Platyderes erythrocephalus'' Guerin, **** (Madagascar)

''Platyderes flavoscutellatus'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes oraniensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.456 (South Africa)

''Platyderes rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.461 (Ethiopia, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes saussurei'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Platyderes spoliatus'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.462 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes vicinus'' Arnold, 1935, p.460 (South Africa)

''Platyderes wasmanni'' Brauns, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.459 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilus'' Fabricius===

''Pompilus alpinus'' Arnold, 1960 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus anomalopterus'' Cameron, 1908 (Malawi, South Africa)

''Pompilus cinereus'' Fabricius, 1775 (Yemen)

''Pompilus contrarius'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Pompilus curvifrons'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus erythrostomus'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus exploratrix'' Cameron, 1908 ''(''

''Pompilus ignobilis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pompilus levis'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana)

''Pompilus masaiensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus meruensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus plumbeus'' Fabricius, 1787 (Widespread through Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Senegal, South Africa) also in China, Europe, India)

''Pompilus sacchii'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus shirae'' Arnold, 1950 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus successor'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus vanutelli'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Pompilus yngvei'' Cameron, 1908 (

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilioides'' Radley, 1887===

''Pompilioides braunsi'' Kohl, 1894 (Cameroon)

''Pompilioides decipiens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides latifrons'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides pruinosus'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides trifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides validus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammochares'' Latreille, 1796===

''Psammochares bilineatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares brunniventris'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares irpex'' Gerstaecker, 1859 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares jocaste'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Psammochares latilabris'' Arnold, 1937 (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares quadriguttatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Tanzania)

''Psammochares rufigaster'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares rutilus'' Klug, 1834 (Ethiopia, Nigeria, Sudan, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares varians'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammoderes'' Haupt, 1929===

''Psammoderes capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes collaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Psammoderes fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1935, p.438 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes lightfooti'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Psammoderes major'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.433 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes mimicus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.434 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes semirufus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.436 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes reputatus'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.437 (Congo, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Pseudoclavelia&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930===

''Pseudoclavelia argenteosignata'' Arnold, 1936 (Botswana, Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia bituberculata'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_damarensis.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia damarensis''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia jouberti'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_nitidula.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia nitidula'' ''nitidula''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia nitidula bechuanae'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia rhodesiana'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudoclavelia rufescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pseudopompilus'' Costa, 1887===

''Pseudopompilus funereus'' Arnold, 1935, p.444 (Zimbabwe, Namibia)

''Pseudopompilus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

''Pseudopompilus lacteipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pygmachus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Pygmachus compressus'' Saussure, 1892 (Madagascar)

''Pygmachus umbratus'' Haupt, 1930 (Guinea, South Africa, Zanzibar, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Rhynchopompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Rhynchopompilus cursor'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Schistonyx'' Saussure, 1887===

''Schistonyx aterrimus'' Arnold, 1946 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx prismaticus'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

''Schistonyx sinuatus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx sheppardi'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, Syria, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Schizanoplius'' Cameron, 1904

''Schizanoplius lutarius'' (Saussure, 1834)(Ghana, Mali, Madagascar)

''Schizanoplius violaceipennis'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Spuridiophorus'' Arnold, 1934

''Spuridiophorus capensis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Spuridiophorus inermis'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus maculipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Syntomoclitus'' Arnold, 1937

''Syntomoclitus bicolor'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Ashmead, 1902

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ignitus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ignitus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Smith, 1855) (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ovambo.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ovambo&lt;/u&gt;''] (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Tachypompilus praepotens'' (Kohl, 1894) (South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zanzibar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_vitripennis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] ''&lt;u&gt;vitripennis&lt;/u&gt;'' (Arnold, 1937) (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Telostegus'' Costa, 1887===

''Telostegus capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Telostegus fuscipennis'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

''Telostegus insidiosus'' (Smith, 1879) (Yemen)

''Telostegus sabulicola'' Priesner, 1955 (Algeria, Egypt, Marocco, Senegal, Yemen)</text>
      <sha1>7kgh2pelrn9lmq1kaxkltr12a8wbr6q</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719830</id>
      <parentid>2719829</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-27T15:18:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Genus Hadropompilus Arnold, 1934 */</comment>
      <origin>2719830</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="24701" sha1="am2v116bc2ttdk66xisf6je6ayezap6" xml:space="preserve">==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;
- Claveliinae corrected to Ctenocerinae in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.386-388&lt;br&gt;
- Several new genera and species in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.388-399&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934, pp. 290-364.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA. (Arnold, 1934, pp. 380-385.)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; ''Pseudagenia'' in iNat).&lt;br&gt;
*''D. pulchricoma'' = ''Pseudagenia pulchricoma'' Arnold, 1934, p. 337-340&lt;br&gt;
*''D. neavei'' = ''Pseudagenia mygnimioides'' Arnold, 1934, pp.336-337 and ''Pseudagenia neavei'' Kohl 1913&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA. - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377.&lt;br&gt;
*also ''Poecilagenia spinosipes'' = ''Trachyglyptus spinosipes'' Arnold, 1934, p. 377-379&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = ''Deuteragenia turneri'', ''D. dregei'', ''D. chirindensis'', ''D. bicolor'' (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (''Hormopogonius willowmorensis'' = ''Calicurgus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1932 p.395); also ''H. tenuicornis'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 379-380&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
*Also ''Priocnernis aterrimus'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 385-386.
*''Priocnemis meridionalis'' Arnold, 1934, p. 386.
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pompilinae==

List of genera and species from [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm '''&lt;u&gt;https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm&lt;/u&gt;''']

=== '''Genus''' ''Aeluropetrus'' Arnold, 1936 ===

''Aeluropetrus braunsi'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Aeluropetrus lugubris'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 ===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/Aetheopompilus_obliquetruncatus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus obliquetruncatus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 (Mozambique)

==='''Genus''' ''Agenioideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Agenioideus brevis'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937) (Ghana, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus decipiens'' (Bischoff, 1913) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) (Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus lascivus'' (Cameron, 1891) (?)

''Agenioideus nudatus'' (Smith, 1855) (?)

''Agenioideus rotundilabris'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus rutilus'' (Klug, 1834) (Yemen)

''Agenioideus rufipes'' (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Agenioideus varians'' (Arnold, 1937) (?)

==='''Genus''' ''Amblyellus'' Day, 1981===

''Amblyellus willowmorensis'' (Arnold, 1937) (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

==='''Genus''' ''Anoplius'' Dufour, 1834===

''Anoplius aethiopicus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Anoplius alecto'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Anoplius bifasciatus'' Tullgren, 1904 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda)

''Anoplius concinnus'' (Dahlbom, 1845) (Yemen)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''fuscus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, South Africa, Tanzania)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''excelsior'' Arnold, 1950 (Tanzania)

''Anoplius montanus'' Haupt, 1950 (Benin, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Principe Island, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

''Anoplius morosus'' Smith, 1855 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Anoplius octomaculatus'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Anoplius panmelas'' (Saussure, 1891) (Madagascar)

''Anoplius saegeri'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Anoplius subfasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius successor'' (Cameron, 1910) (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius viridicatus'' Smith, 1879 (West Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Apareia'' Haupt, 1929===

''Apareia multipicta rufifemur'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.449 (Zimbabwe)

''Apareia oedipus'' Kohl, 1886; descr. (synonymized?) as ''A. multipicta'' by Arnold, 1935, p.449 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporinellus'' Banks, 1911===

''Aporinellus bidens'' (Saussure, 1892) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporoideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Aporoideus clarus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

'''Genus''' ''Arachnospila'' Kincaid, 1900

''Arachnospila (Ammosphex) consobrina heringi'' (Haupt, 1928) (California, Canary Islands, Spain, Tanzania, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Argyroclitus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Argyroclitus fasciatipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus ruwenzoriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Atelostegus'' Haupt, 1929

''Atelostegus thrinax'' (Kohl, 1909) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Atopopompilus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Atopompilus jacens'' (Bingham, 1912) (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Yemen)

''Atopompilus marshalli'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Atopopompilus venans mlanjiensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Ghana)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/Bambesa_grisea.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa grisea&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1937===

''Batozonellus capensis'' (Dahlbom, 1843) (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/Batozonellus_fuliginosus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus fuliginosus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Klug, 1834) (Central Africa, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Batozonellus gowdeyi'' (Turner, 1916) (Uganda)

''Batozonellus madecassus'' (Saussure, 1887) (Madagascar)

''Batozonellus separabilis'' (Turner, 1916) (Congo, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Batozonus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Batozonus bipunctatus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Batozonus capensis'' Dahlbom, 1940 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Cliochares'' Banks, 1940===

''Cliochares convexus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Cordyloscelis'' Arnold, 1935===

''Cordyloscelis bequaerti'' Arnold, 1935, p.420 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Cordyloscelis flavipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.424 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis latipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.417 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis namaqua'' Arnold, 1935, p.423 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis nigerrimus'' Arnold, 1935, p.421 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis parallelus'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe)

''Cordyloscelis ugandensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.425 (Congo, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Ctenagenia'' Saussure, 1892===

''Ctenagenia vespiformis'' (Klug, 1834) (Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Madagascar, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, Yemen)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930 ===

''Dromochares clavipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (Zimbabwe)

''Dromochares fumipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Dromochares premnopterus'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

''Dromochares rufipes'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/Dromochares_transvaalensis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares transvaalensis&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Dicyrtomellus'' Gussakovskij, 1935===

''Dicyrtomellus anomalipes'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Dicyrtomellus argenteodecoratus'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus griseus'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus impressus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus leptacanthius'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus meruensis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus neavei'' Kohl, 1913 (Congo)

''Dicyrtomellus rufofemoratus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Elaphrosyron'' Haupt, 1930===

''Elaphrosyron insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Mali, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Elaphrosyron multipictus'' Arnold, 1937 (Uganda)

''Elaphrosyron pauperculus'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Epiclinotus'' Haupt, 1929===

''Epiclinotus capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus erythrurus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.465 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus turneri'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.466 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron&lt;/u&gt;''] Schiødte, 1837===

''Episyron argillaceus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zambia)

''Episyron bequaerti'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron bicinctus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron braunsii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron crassicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Episyron gryps'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/Episyron_histrio.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron histrio&lt;/u&gt;''] Lepeletier, 1845 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mali, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron pedunculatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron solitaneum'' Kohl, 1906 (Yemen)

''Episyron tropicalis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Episyron turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron viduus'' Arnold, 1936 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron vindex'' Smith, 1879 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/index.htm &lt;u&gt;Euclavelia&lt;/u&gt;]'' Arnold, 1932===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/Euclavelia_fasciata.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Euclavelia fasciata&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1932 (South Africa)

''Euclavelia longicollis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Euryzonotulus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Euryzonotulus nigeriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreola'' Lepeletier, 1845===

''Ferreola auranticornis'' Wahis, 2000 (Eritrea, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreoloides'' Haupt, 1919===

''Ferreoloides basutorum'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

''Ferreoloides versutus'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

==='''Genus''' ''Galactopterus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Galactopterus otaviensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Galactopterus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Namibia, South Africa)

''Galactopterus simillimus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Guichardia'' Arnold, 1951===

''Guichardia macilenta'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hadropompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Hadropompilus braunsi'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Hadropompilus montanus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hauptiella'' Arnold, 1936===

''Hauptiella multipicta'' Arnold, 1936

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/Herpetosphex_staphylinoides.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex staphylinoides&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Homonotus'' Dahlbom, 1844===

''Homonotus aegyptiacus'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.469 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus coxalis'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus disparilis'' Turner, 1917 (South Africa)

''Homonotus dispersus'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus dissectus'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus fuscipes'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus imitans'' Dahlbom, 1843 (Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus leptogaster'' Dahlbom, 1843 (South Africa)

''Homonotus ruficornis'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus rukwaensis'' Arnold, 1946 (Tanzania)

''Homonotus sansibaricus'' (Dahlbom, 1843?)  Arnold, 1935, p.471 (Zanzibar)

==='''Genus''' ''Idopompilus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Idopompilus algoensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus algoensis major'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus braunsi'' Kohl, 1899 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus brunnescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschi handlirschi'' Arnold, 1936 (?)

''Idopompilus handlirschi basutorum'' Arnold, 1959 (Lesotho, South Africa)

''Idopompilus fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1946 (Lesotho)

''Idopompilus gracilicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus krugeri'' Haupt, 1930 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Idopompilus quadrifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Kolposphex'' Arnold, 1959===

''Kolposphex atronitens'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Kyphopompilus'' Arnold, 1960

''Kyphopompilus flavipes'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microdrapetes'' Arnold, 1937===

''Microdrapetes bellus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Microphadnus'' Cameron, 1904

''Microphadnus bicolor'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Paracyphononyx'' Gribodo, 1884===

''Paracyphononyx affinis'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon, Ghana, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx africanus'' Rad., 1881 (Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx carinatus'' Rad., 1881 Angola, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx coloratus'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon)

''Paracyphononyx difficilis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Malai, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversipes'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversus'' Dahlbom, 1845 (Central and East Africa to South Africa, Yemen)

''Paracyphononyx elliotti'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx frustratus'' Smith, 1879 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx funebris'' Magretti, 1884 (Ethiopia)

''Paracyphononyx gemellus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx laboriosus'' Arnold, 1936 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx languidus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx lukombensis'' Cameron, 1912 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia)

''Paracyphononyx metemmensis'' Magretti, 1884 (Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx mombassicus'' R. Luc., 1898 (Kenya)

''Paracyphononyx montanus'' Arnold, 1960 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx parallelus'' Haupt, 1929 (Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx petiolaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx plutonis'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx rotundinervis'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx ruficrus'' Klug, 1834 (Asia Minor, Egypt, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' Illiger,1802 (Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Paraferreola'' Sustera, 1913===

''Paraferreola melanostoma'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.439 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paraferreola spilopus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.441 (South Africa)

''Paraferreola soleana'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.443 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Platyderes'' Guérin-Méneville, 1844===

''Platyderes bicolor'' Smith, 1855; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.454 (South Africa)

''Platyderes chalybeus'' Saussure, 1892 (or Tasch. 1880?); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.456 (East Africa, South Africa)

''Platyderes drègii'' Brauns, 1899; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.457 (South Africa)

''Platyderes erythrocephalus'' Guerin, **** (Madagascar)

''Platyderes flavoscutellatus'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes oraniensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.456 (South Africa)

''Platyderes rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.461 (Ethiopia, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes saussurei'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Platyderes spoliatus'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.462 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes vicinus'' Arnold, 1935, p.460 (South Africa)

''Platyderes wasmanni'' Brauns, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.459 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilus'' Fabricius===

''Pompilus alpinus'' Arnold, 1960 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus anomalopterus'' Cameron, 1908 (Malawi, South Africa)

''Pompilus cinereus'' Fabricius, 1775 (Yemen)

''Pompilus contrarius'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Pompilus curvifrons'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus erythrostomus'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus exploratrix'' Cameron, 1908 ''(''

''Pompilus ignobilis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pompilus levis'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana)

''Pompilus masaiensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus meruensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus plumbeus'' Fabricius, 1787 (Widespread through Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Senegal, South Africa) also in China, Europe, India)

''Pompilus sacchii'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus shirae'' Arnold, 1950 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus successor'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus vanutelli'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Pompilus yngvei'' Cameron, 1908 (

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilioides'' Radley, 1887===

''Pompilioides braunsi'' Kohl, 1894 (Cameroon)

''Pompilioides decipiens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides latifrons'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides pruinosus'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides trifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides validus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammochares'' Latreille, 1796===

''Psammochares bilineatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares brunniventris'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares irpex'' Gerstaecker, 1859 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares jocaste'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Psammochares latilabris'' Arnold, 1937 (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares quadriguttatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Tanzania)

''Psammochares rufigaster'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares rutilus'' Klug, 1834 (Ethiopia, Nigeria, Sudan, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares varians'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammoderes'' Haupt, 1929===

''Psammoderes capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes collaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Psammoderes fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1935, p.438 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes lightfooti'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Psammoderes major'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.433 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes mimicus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.434 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes semirufus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.436 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes reputatus'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.437 (Congo, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Pseudoclavelia&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930===

''Pseudoclavelia argenteosignata'' Arnold, 1936 (Botswana, Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia bituberculata'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_damarensis.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia damarensis''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia jouberti'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_nitidula.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia nitidula'' ''nitidula''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia nitidula bechuanae'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia rhodesiana'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudoclavelia rufescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pseudopompilus'' Costa, 1887===

''Pseudopompilus funereus'' Arnold, 1935, p.444 (Zimbabwe, Namibia)

''Pseudopompilus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

''Pseudopompilus lacteipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pygmachus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Pygmachus compressus'' Saussure, 1892 (Madagascar)

''Pygmachus umbratus'' Haupt, 1930 (Guinea, South Africa, Zanzibar, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Rhynchopompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Rhynchopompilus cursor'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Schistonyx'' Saussure, 1887===

''Schistonyx aterrimus'' Arnold, 1946 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx prismaticus'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

''Schistonyx sinuatus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx sheppardi'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, Syria, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Schizanoplius'' Cameron, 1904

''Schizanoplius lutarius'' (Saussure, 1834)(Ghana, Mali, Madagascar)

''Schizanoplius violaceipennis'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Spuridiophorus'' Arnold, 1934

''Spuridiophorus capensis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Spuridiophorus inermis'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus maculipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Syntomoclitus'' Arnold, 1937

''Syntomoclitus bicolor'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Ashmead, 1902

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ignitus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ignitus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Smith, 1855) (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ovambo.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ovambo&lt;/u&gt;''] (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Tachypompilus praepotens'' (Kohl, 1894) (South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zanzibar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_vitripennis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] ''&lt;u&gt;vitripennis&lt;/u&gt;'' (Arnold, 1937) (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Telostegus'' Costa, 1887===

''Telostegus capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Telostegus fuscipennis'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

''Telostegus insidiosus'' (Smith, 1879) (Yemen)

''Telostegus sabulicola'' Priesner, 1955 (Algeria, Egypt, Marocco, Senegal, Yemen)</text>
      <sha1>am2v116bc2ttdk66xisf6je6ayezap6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719832</id>
      <parentid>2719830</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-27T15:29:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Genus Homonotus Dahlbom, 1844 */</comment>
      <origin>2719832</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="24838" sha1="14gvvxgknhar19s7tjguknx5zsx7vyg" xml:space="preserve">==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;
- Claveliinae corrected to Ctenocerinae in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.386-388&lt;br&gt;
- Several new genera and species in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.388-399&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934, pp. 290-364.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA. (Arnold, 1934, pp. 380-385.)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; ''Pseudagenia'' in iNat).&lt;br&gt;
*''D. pulchricoma'' = ''Pseudagenia pulchricoma'' Arnold, 1934, p. 337-340&lt;br&gt;
*''D. neavei'' = ''Pseudagenia mygnimioides'' Arnold, 1934, pp.336-337 and ''Pseudagenia neavei'' Kohl 1913&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA. - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377.&lt;br&gt;
*also ''Poecilagenia spinosipes'' = ''Trachyglyptus spinosipes'' Arnold, 1934, p. 377-379&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = ''Deuteragenia turneri'', ''D. dregei'', ''D. chirindensis'', ''D. bicolor'' (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (''Hormopogonius willowmorensis'' = ''Calicurgus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1932 p.395); also ''H. tenuicornis'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 379-380&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
*Also ''Priocnernis aterrimus'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 385-386.
*''Priocnemis meridionalis'' Arnold, 1934, p. 386.
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pompilinae==

List of genera and species from [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm '''&lt;u&gt;https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm&lt;/u&gt;''']

=== '''Genus''' ''Aeluropetrus'' Arnold, 1936 ===

''Aeluropetrus braunsi'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Aeluropetrus lugubris'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 ===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/Aetheopompilus_obliquetruncatus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus obliquetruncatus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 (Mozambique)

==='''Genus''' ''Agenioideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Agenioideus brevis'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937) (Ghana, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus decipiens'' (Bischoff, 1913) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) (Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus lascivus'' (Cameron, 1891) (?)

''Agenioideus nudatus'' (Smith, 1855) (?)

''Agenioideus rotundilabris'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus rutilus'' (Klug, 1834) (Yemen)

''Agenioideus rufipes'' (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Agenioideus varians'' (Arnold, 1937) (?)

==='''Genus''' ''Amblyellus'' Day, 1981===

''Amblyellus willowmorensis'' (Arnold, 1937) (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

==='''Genus''' ''Anoplius'' Dufour, 1834===

''Anoplius aethiopicus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Anoplius alecto'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Anoplius bifasciatus'' Tullgren, 1904 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda)

''Anoplius concinnus'' (Dahlbom, 1845) (Yemen)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''fuscus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, South Africa, Tanzania)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''excelsior'' Arnold, 1950 (Tanzania)

''Anoplius montanus'' Haupt, 1950 (Benin, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Principe Island, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

''Anoplius morosus'' Smith, 1855 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Anoplius octomaculatus'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Anoplius panmelas'' (Saussure, 1891) (Madagascar)

''Anoplius saegeri'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Anoplius subfasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius successor'' (Cameron, 1910) (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius viridicatus'' Smith, 1879 (West Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Apareia'' Haupt, 1929===

''Apareia multipicta rufifemur'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.449 (Zimbabwe)

''Apareia oedipus'' Kohl, 1886; descr. (synonymized?) as ''A. multipicta'' by Arnold, 1935, p.449 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporinellus'' Banks, 1911===

''Aporinellus bidens'' (Saussure, 1892) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporoideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Aporoideus clarus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

'''Genus''' ''Arachnospila'' Kincaid, 1900

''Arachnospila (Ammosphex) consobrina heringi'' (Haupt, 1928) (California, Canary Islands, Spain, Tanzania, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Argyroclitus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Argyroclitus fasciatipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus ruwenzoriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Atelostegus'' Haupt, 1929

''Atelostegus thrinax'' (Kohl, 1909) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Atopopompilus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Atopompilus jacens'' (Bingham, 1912) (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Yemen)

''Atopompilus marshalli'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Atopopompilus venans mlanjiensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Ghana)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/Bambesa_grisea.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa grisea&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1937===

''Batozonellus capensis'' (Dahlbom, 1843) (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/Batozonellus_fuliginosus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus fuliginosus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Klug, 1834) (Central Africa, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Batozonellus gowdeyi'' (Turner, 1916) (Uganda)

''Batozonellus madecassus'' (Saussure, 1887) (Madagascar)

''Batozonellus separabilis'' (Turner, 1916) (Congo, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Batozonus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Batozonus bipunctatus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Batozonus capensis'' Dahlbom, 1940 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Cliochares'' Banks, 1940===

''Cliochares convexus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Cordyloscelis'' Arnold, 1935===

''Cordyloscelis bequaerti'' Arnold, 1935, p.420 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Cordyloscelis flavipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.424 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis latipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.417 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis namaqua'' Arnold, 1935, p.423 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis nigerrimus'' Arnold, 1935, p.421 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis parallelus'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe)

''Cordyloscelis ugandensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.425 (Congo, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Ctenagenia'' Saussure, 1892===

''Ctenagenia vespiformis'' (Klug, 1834) (Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Madagascar, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, Yemen)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930 ===

''Dromochares clavipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (Zimbabwe)

''Dromochares fumipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Dromochares premnopterus'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

''Dromochares rufipes'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/Dromochares_transvaalensis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares transvaalensis&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Dicyrtomellus'' Gussakovskij, 1935===

''Dicyrtomellus anomalipes'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Dicyrtomellus argenteodecoratus'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus griseus'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus impressus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus leptacanthius'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus meruensis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus neavei'' Kohl, 1913 (Congo)

''Dicyrtomellus rufofemoratus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Elaphrosyron'' Haupt, 1930===

''Elaphrosyron insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Mali, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Elaphrosyron multipictus'' Arnold, 1937 (Uganda)

''Elaphrosyron pauperculus'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Epiclinotus'' Haupt, 1929===

''Epiclinotus capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus erythrurus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.465 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus turneri'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.466 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron&lt;/u&gt;''] Schiødte, 1837===

''Episyron argillaceus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zambia)

''Episyron bequaerti'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron bicinctus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron braunsii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron crassicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Episyron gryps'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/Episyron_histrio.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron histrio&lt;/u&gt;''] Lepeletier, 1845 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mali, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron pedunculatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron solitaneum'' Kohl, 1906 (Yemen)

''Episyron tropicalis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Episyron turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron viduus'' Arnold, 1936 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron vindex'' Smith, 1879 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/index.htm &lt;u&gt;Euclavelia&lt;/u&gt;]'' Arnold, 1932===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/Euclavelia_fasciata.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Euclavelia fasciata&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1932 (South Africa)

''Euclavelia longicollis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Euryzonotulus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Euryzonotulus nigeriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreola'' Lepeletier, 1845===

''Ferreola auranticornis'' Wahis, 2000 (Eritrea, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreoloides'' Haupt, 1919===

''Ferreoloides basutorum'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

''Ferreoloides versutus'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

==='''Genus''' ''Galactopterus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Galactopterus otaviensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Galactopterus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Namibia, South Africa)

''Galactopterus simillimus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Guichardia'' Arnold, 1951===

''Guichardia macilenta'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hadropompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Hadropompilus braunsi'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Hadropompilus montanus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hauptiella'' Arnold, 1936===

''Hauptiella multipicta'' Arnold, 1936

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/Herpetosphex_staphylinoides.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex staphylinoides&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Homonotus'' Dahlbom, 1844===

''Homonotus aegyptiacus'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.469 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus coxalis'' Arnold, 1935, p.478 (South Africa)

''Homonotus disparilis'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.473 (South Africa)

''Homonotus dispersus'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus dissectus'' Dahlbom, 1843; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.474 (South Africa)

''Homonotus excavatus'' Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus fuscipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.475 (South Africa)

''Homonotus imitans'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus leptogaster'' Arnold, 1935, p.476 (South Africa)

''Homonotus ruficornis'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus rukwaensis'' Arnold, 1946 (Tanzania)

''Homonotus sansibaricus'' Arnold, 1935, p.471 (Zanzibar)

==='''Genus''' ''Idopompilus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Idopompilus algoensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus algoensis major'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus braunsi'' Kohl, 1899 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus brunnescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschi handlirschi'' Arnold, 1936 (?)

''Idopompilus handlirschi basutorum'' Arnold, 1959 (Lesotho, South Africa)

''Idopompilus fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1946 (Lesotho)

''Idopompilus gracilicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus krugeri'' Haupt, 1930 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Idopompilus quadrifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Kolposphex'' Arnold, 1959===

''Kolposphex atronitens'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Kyphopompilus'' Arnold, 1960

''Kyphopompilus flavipes'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microdrapetes'' Arnold, 1937===

''Microdrapetes bellus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Microphadnus'' Cameron, 1904

''Microphadnus bicolor'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Paracyphononyx'' Gribodo, 1884===

''Paracyphononyx affinis'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon, Ghana, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx africanus'' Rad., 1881 (Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx carinatus'' Rad., 1881 Angola, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx coloratus'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon)

''Paracyphononyx difficilis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Malai, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversipes'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversus'' Dahlbom, 1845 (Central and East Africa to South Africa, Yemen)

''Paracyphononyx elliotti'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx frustratus'' Smith, 1879 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx funebris'' Magretti, 1884 (Ethiopia)

''Paracyphononyx gemellus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx laboriosus'' Arnold, 1936 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx languidus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx lukombensis'' Cameron, 1912 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia)

''Paracyphononyx metemmensis'' Magretti, 1884 (Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx mombassicus'' R. Luc., 1898 (Kenya)

''Paracyphononyx montanus'' Arnold, 1960 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx parallelus'' Haupt, 1929 (Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx petiolaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx plutonis'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx rotundinervis'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx ruficrus'' Klug, 1834 (Asia Minor, Egypt, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' Illiger,1802 (Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Paraferreola'' Sustera, 1913===

''Paraferreola melanostoma'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.439 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paraferreola spilopus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.441 (South Africa)

''Paraferreola soleana'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.443 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Platyderes'' Guérin-Méneville, 1844===

''Platyderes bicolor'' Smith, 1855; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.454 (South Africa)

''Platyderes chalybeus'' Saussure, 1892 (or Tasch. 1880?); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.456 (East Africa, South Africa)

''Platyderes drègii'' Brauns, 1899; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.457 (South Africa)

''Platyderes erythrocephalus'' Guerin, **** (Madagascar)

''Platyderes flavoscutellatus'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes oraniensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.456 (South Africa)

''Platyderes rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.461 (Ethiopia, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes saussurei'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Platyderes spoliatus'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.462 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes vicinus'' Arnold, 1935, p.460 (South Africa)

''Platyderes wasmanni'' Brauns, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.459 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilus'' Fabricius===

''Pompilus alpinus'' Arnold, 1960 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus anomalopterus'' Cameron, 1908 (Malawi, South Africa)

''Pompilus cinereus'' Fabricius, 1775 (Yemen)

''Pompilus contrarius'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Pompilus curvifrons'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus erythrostomus'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus exploratrix'' Cameron, 1908 ''(''

''Pompilus ignobilis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pompilus levis'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana)

''Pompilus masaiensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus meruensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus plumbeus'' Fabricius, 1787 (Widespread through Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Senegal, South Africa) also in China, Europe, India)

''Pompilus sacchii'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus shirae'' Arnold, 1950 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus successor'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus vanutelli'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Pompilus yngvei'' Cameron, 1908 (

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilioides'' Radley, 1887===

''Pompilioides braunsi'' Kohl, 1894 (Cameroon)

''Pompilioides decipiens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides latifrons'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides pruinosus'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides trifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides validus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammochares'' Latreille, 1796===

''Psammochares bilineatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares brunniventris'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares irpex'' Gerstaecker, 1859 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares jocaste'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Psammochares latilabris'' Arnold, 1937 (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares quadriguttatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Tanzania)

''Psammochares rufigaster'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares rutilus'' Klug, 1834 (Ethiopia, Nigeria, Sudan, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares varians'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammoderes'' Haupt, 1929===

''Psammoderes capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes collaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Psammoderes fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1935, p.438 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes lightfooti'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Psammoderes major'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.433 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes mimicus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.434 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes semirufus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.436 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes reputatus'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.437 (Congo, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Pseudoclavelia&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930===

''Pseudoclavelia argenteosignata'' Arnold, 1936 (Botswana, Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia bituberculata'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_damarensis.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia damarensis''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia jouberti'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_nitidula.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia nitidula'' ''nitidula''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia nitidula bechuanae'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia rhodesiana'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudoclavelia rufescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pseudopompilus'' Costa, 1887===

''Pseudopompilus funereus'' Arnold, 1935, p.444 (Zimbabwe, Namibia)

''Pseudopompilus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

''Pseudopompilus lacteipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pygmachus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Pygmachus compressus'' Saussure, 1892 (Madagascar)

''Pygmachus umbratus'' Haupt, 1930 (Guinea, South Africa, Zanzibar, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Rhynchopompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Rhynchopompilus cursor'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Schistonyx'' Saussure, 1887===

''Schistonyx aterrimus'' Arnold, 1946 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx prismaticus'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

''Schistonyx sinuatus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx sheppardi'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, Syria, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Schizanoplius'' Cameron, 1904

''Schizanoplius lutarius'' (Saussure, 1834)(Ghana, Mali, Madagascar)

''Schizanoplius violaceipennis'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Spuridiophorus'' Arnold, 1934

''Spuridiophorus capensis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Spuridiophorus inermis'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus maculipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Syntomoclitus'' Arnold, 1937

''Syntomoclitus bicolor'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Ashmead, 1902

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ignitus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ignitus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Smith, 1855) (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ovambo.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ovambo&lt;/u&gt;''] (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Tachypompilus praepotens'' (Kohl, 1894) (South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zanzibar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_vitripennis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] ''&lt;u&gt;vitripennis&lt;/u&gt;'' (Arnold, 1937) (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Telostegus'' Costa, 1887===

''Telostegus capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Telostegus fuscipennis'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

''Telostegus insidiosus'' (Smith, 1879) (Yemen)

''Telostegus sabulicola'' Priesner, 1955 (Algeria, Egypt, Marocco, Senegal, Yemen)</text>
      <sha1>14gvvxgknhar19s7tjguknx5zsx7vyg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719835</id>
      <parentid>2719832</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-27T15:41:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Genus Homonotus Dahlbom, 1844 */</comment>
      <origin>2719835</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="24888" sha1="lci9a3qul9qc4lj9b09r44yu2mr1iut" xml:space="preserve">==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;
- Claveliinae corrected to Ctenocerinae in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.386-388&lt;br&gt;
- Several new genera and species in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.388-399&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934, pp. 290-364.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA. (Arnold, 1934, pp. 380-385.)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; ''Pseudagenia'' in iNat).&lt;br&gt;
*''D. pulchricoma'' = ''Pseudagenia pulchricoma'' Arnold, 1934, p. 337-340&lt;br&gt;
*''D. neavei'' = ''Pseudagenia mygnimioides'' Arnold, 1934, pp.336-337 and ''Pseudagenia neavei'' Kohl 1913&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA. - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377.&lt;br&gt;
*also ''Poecilagenia spinosipes'' = ''Trachyglyptus spinosipes'' Arnold, 1934, p. 377-379&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = ''Deuteragenia turneri'', ''D. dregei'', ''D. chirindensis'', ''D. bicolor'' (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (''Hormopogonius willowmorensis'' = ''Calicurgus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1932 p.395); also ''H. tenuicornis'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 379-380&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
*Also ''Priocnernis aterrimus'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 385-386.
*''Priocnemis meridionalis'' Arnold, 1934, p. 386.
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pompilinae==

List of genera and species from [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm '''&lt;u&gt;https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm&lt;/u&gt;''']

=== '''Genus''' ''Aeluropetrus'' Arnold, 1936 ===

''Aeluropetrus braunsi'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Aeluropetrus lugubris'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 ===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/Aetheopompilus_obliquetruncatus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus obliquetruncatus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 (Mozambique)

==='''Genus''' ''Agenioideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Agenioideus brevis'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937) (Ghana, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus decipiens'' (Bischoff, 1913) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) (Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus lascivus'' (Cameron, 1891) (?)

''Agenioideus nudatus'' (Smith, 1855) (?)

''Agenioideus rotundilabris'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus rutilus'' (Klug, 1834) (Yemen)

''Agenioideus rufipes'' (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Agenioideus varians'' (Arnold, 1937) (?)

==='''Genus''' ''Amblyellus'' Day, 1981===

''Amblyellus willowmorensis'' (Arnold, 1937) (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

==='''Genus''' ''Anoplius'' Dufour, 1834===

''Anoplius aethiopicus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Anoplius alecto'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Anoplius bifasciatus'' Tullgren, 1904 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda)

''Anoplius concinnus'' (Dahlbom, 1845) (Yemen)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''fuscus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, South Africa, Tanzania)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''excelsior'' Arnold, 1950 (Tanzania)

''Anoplius montanus'' Haupt, 1950 (Benin, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Principe Island, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

''Anoplius morosus'' Smith, 1855 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Anoplius octomaculatus'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Anoplius panmelas'' (Saussure, 1891) (Madagascar)

''Anoplius saegeri'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Anoplius subfasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius successor'' (Cameron, 1910) (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius viridicatus'' Smith, 1879 (West Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Apareia'' Haupt, 1929===

''Apareia multipicta rufifemur'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.449 (Zimbabwe)

''Apareia oedipus'' Kohl, 1886; descr. (synonymized?) as ''A. multipicta'' by Arnold, 1935, p.449 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporinellus'' Banks, 1911===

''Aporinellus bidens'' (Saussure, 1892) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporoideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Aporoideus clarus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

'''Genus''' ''Arachnospila'' Kincaid, 1900

''Arachnospila (Ammosphex) consobrina heringi'' (Haupt, 1928) (California, Canary Islands, Spain, Tanzania, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Argyroclitus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Argyroclitus fasciatipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus ruwenzoriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Atelostegus'' Haupt, 1929

''Atelostegus thrinax'' (Kohl, 1909) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Atopopompilus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Atopompilus jacens'' (Bingham, 1912) (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Yemen)

''Atopompilus marshalli'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Atopopompilus venans mlanjiensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Ghana)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/Bambesa_grisea.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa grisea&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1937===

''Batozonellus capensis'' (Dahlbom, 1843) (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/Batozonellus_fuliginosus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus fuliginosus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Klug, 1834) (Central Africa, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Batozonellus gowdeyi'' (Turner, 1916) (Uganda)

''Batozonellus madecassus'' (Saussure, 1887) (Madagascar)

''Batozonellus separabilis'' (Turner, 1916) (Congo, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Batozonus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Batozonus bipunctatus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Batozonus capensis'' Dahlbom, 1940 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Cliochares'' Banks, 1940===

''Cliochares convexus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Cordyloscelis'' Arnold, 1935===

''Cordyloscelis bequaerti'' Arnold, 1935, p.420 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Cordyloscelis flavipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.424 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis latipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.417 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis namaqua'' Arnold, 1935, p.423 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis nigerrimus'' Arnold, 1935, p.421 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis parallelus'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe)

''Cordyloscelis ugandensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.425 (Congo, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Ctenagenia'' Saussure, 1892===

''Ctenagenia vespiformis'' (Klug, 1834) (Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Madagascar, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, Yemen)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930 ===

''Dromochares clavipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (Zimbabwe)

''Dromochares fumipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Dromochares premnopterus'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

''Dromochares rufipes'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/Dromochares_transvaalensis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares transvaalensis&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Dicyrtomellus'' Gussakovskij, 1935===

''Dicyrtomellus anomalipes'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Dicyrtomellus argenteodecoratus'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus griseus'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus impressus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus leptacanthius'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus meruensis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus neavei'' Kohl, 1913 (Congo)

''Dicyrtomellus rufofemoratus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Elaphrosyron'' Haupt, 1930===

''Elaphrosyron insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Mali, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Elaphrosyron multipictus'' Arnold, 1937 (Uganda)

''Elaphrosyron pauperculus'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Epiclinotus'' Haupt, 1929===

''Epiclinotus capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus erythrurus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.465 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus turneri'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.466 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron&lt;/u&gt;''] Schiødte, 1837===

''Episyron argillaceus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zambia)

''Episyron bequaerti'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron bicinctus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron braunsii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron crassicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Episyron gryps'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/Episyron_histrio.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron histrio&lt;/u&gt;''] Lepeletier, 1845 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mali, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron pedunculatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron solitaneum'' Kohl, 1906 (Yemen)

''Episyron tropicalis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Episyron turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron viduus'' Arnold, 1936 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron vindex'' Smith, 1879 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/index.htm &lt;u&gt;Euclavelia&lt;/u&gt;]'' Arnold, 1932===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/Euclavelia_fasciata.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Euclavelia fasciata&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1932 (South Africa)

''Euclavelia longicollis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Euryzonotulus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Euryzonotulus nigeriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreola'' Lepeletier, 1845===

''Ferreola auranticornis'' Wahis, 2000 (Eritrea, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreoloides'' Haupt, 1919===

''Ferreoloides basutorum'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

''Ferreoloides versutus'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

==='''Genus''' ''Galactopterus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Galactopterus otaviensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Galactopterus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Namibia, South Africa)

''Galactopterus simillimus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Guichardia'' Arnold, 1951===

''Guichardia macilenta'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hadropompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Hadropompilus braunsi'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Hadropompilus montanus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hauptiella'' Arnold, 1936===

''Hauptiella multipicta'' Arnold, 1936

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/Herpetosphex_staphylinoides.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex staphylinoides&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Homonotus'' Dahlbom, 1844===
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796653

''Homonotus aegyptiacus'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.469 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus coxalis'' Arnold, 1935, p.478 (South Africa)

''Homonotus disparilis'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.473 (South Africa)

''Homonotus dispersus'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus dissectus'' Dahlbom, 1843; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.474 (South Africa)

''Homonotus excavatus'' Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus fuscipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.475 (South Africa)

''Homonotus imitans'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus leptogaster'' Arnold, 1935, p.476 (South Africa)

''Homonotus ruficornis'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus rukwaensis'' Arnold, 1946 (Tanzania)

''Homonotus sansibaricus'' Arnold, 1935, p.471 (Zanzibar)

==='''Genus''' ''Idopompilus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Idopompilus algoensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus algoensis major'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus braunsi'' Kohl, 1899 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus brunnescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschi handlirschi'' Arnold, 1936 (?)

''Idopompilus handlirschi basutorum'' Arnold, 1959 (Lesotho, South Africa)

''Idopompilus fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1946 (Lesotho)

''Idopompilus gracilicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus krugeri'' Haupt, 1930 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Idopompilus quadrifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Kolposphex'' Arnold, 1959===

''Kolposphex atronitens'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Kyphopompilus'' Arnold, 1960

''Kyphopompilus flavipes'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microdrapetes'' Arnold, 1937===

''Microdrapetes bellus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Microphadnus'' Cameron, 1904

''Microphadnus bicolor'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Paracyphononyx'' Gribodo, 1884===

''Paracyphononyx affinis'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon, Ghana, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx africanus'' Rad., 1881 (Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx carinatus'' Rad., 1881 Angola, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx coloratus'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon)

''Paracyphononyx difficilis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Malai, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversipes'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversus'' Dahlbom, 1845 (Central and East Africa to South Africa, Yemen)

''Paracyphononyx elliotti'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx frustratus'' Smith, 1879 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx funebris'' Magretti, 1884 (Ethiopia)

''Paracyphononyx gemellus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx laboriosus'' Arnold, 1936 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx languidus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx lukombensis'' Cameron, 1912 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia)

''Paracyphononyx metemmensis'' Magretti, 1884 (Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx mombassicus'' R. Luc., 1898 (Kenya)

''Paracyphononyx montanus'' Arnold, 1960 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx parallelus'' Haupt, 1929 (Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx petiolaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx plutonis'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx rotundinervis'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx ruficrus'' Klug, 1834 (Asia Minor, Egypt, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' Illiger,1802 (Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Paraferreola'' Sustera, 1913===

''Paraferreola melanostoma'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.439 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paraferreola spilopus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.441 (South Africa)

''Paraferreola soleana'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.443 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Platyderes'' Guérin-Méneville, 1844===

''Platyderes bicolor'' Smith, 1855; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.454 (South Africa)

''Platyderes chalybeus'' Saussure, 1892 (or Tasch. 1880?); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.456 (East Africa, South Africa)

''Platyderes drègii'' Brauns, 1899; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.457 (South Africa)

''Platyderes erythrocephalus'' Guerin, **** (Madagascar)

''Platyderes flavoscutellatus'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes oraniensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.456 (South Africa)

''Platyderes rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.461 (Ethiopia, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes saussurei'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Platyderes spoliatus'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.462 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes vicinus'' Arnold, 1935, p.460 (South Africa)

''Platyderes wasmanni'' Brauns, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.459 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilus'' Fabricius===

''Pompilus alpinus'' Arnold, 1960 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus anomalopterus'' Cameron, 1908 (Malawi, South Africa)

''Pompilus cinereus'' Fabricius, 1775 (Yemen)

''Pompilus contrarius'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Pompilus curvifrons'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus erythrostomus'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus exploratrix'' Cameron, 1908 ''(''

''Pompilus ignobilis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pompilus levis'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana)

''Pompilus masaiensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus meruensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus plumbeus'' Fabricius, 1787 (Widespread through Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Senegal, South Africa) also in China, Europe, India)

''Pompilus sacchii'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus shirae'' Arnold, 1950 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus successor'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus vanutelli'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Pompilus yngvei'' Cameron, 1908 (

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilioides'' Radley, 1887===

''Pompilioides braunsi'' Kohl, 1894 (Cameroon)

''Pompilioides decipiens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides latifrons'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides pruinosus'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides trifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides validus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammochares'' Latreille, 1796===

''Psammochares bilineatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares brunniventris'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares irpex'' Gerstaecker, 1859 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares jocaste'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Psammochares latilabris'' Arnold, 1937 (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares quadriguttatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Tanzania)

''Psammochares rufigaster'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares rutilus'' Klug, 1834 (Ethiopia, Nigeria, Sudan, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares varians'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammoderes'' Haupt, 1929===

''Psammoderes capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes collaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Psammoderes fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1935, p.438 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes lightfooti'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Psammoderes major'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.433 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes mimicus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.434 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes semirufus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.436 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes reputatus'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.437 (Congo, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Pseudoclavelia&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930===

''Pseudoclavelia argenteosignata'' Arnold, 1936 (Botswana, Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia bituberculata'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_damarensis.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia damarensis''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia jouberti'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_nitidula.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia nitidula'' ''nitidula''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia nitidula bechuanae'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia rhodesiana'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudoclavelia rufescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pseudopompilus'' Costa, 1887===

''Pseudopompilus funereus'' Arnold, 1935, p.444 (Zimbabwe, Namibia)

''Pseudopompilus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

''Pseudopompilus lacteipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pygmachus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Pygmachus compressus'' Saussure, 1892 (Madagascar)

''Pygmachus umbratus'' Haupt, 1930 (Guinea, South Africa, Zanzibar, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Rhynchopompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Rhynchopompilus cursor'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Schistonyx'' Saussure, 1887===

''Schistonyx aterrimus'' Arnold, 1946 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx prismaticus'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

''Schistonyx sinuatus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx sheppardi'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, Syria, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Schizanoplius'' Cameron, 1904

''Schizanoplius lutarius'' (Saussure, 1834)(Ghana, Mali, Madagascar)

''Schizanoplius violaceipennis'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Spuridiophorus'' Arnold, 1934

''Spuridiophorus capensis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Spuridiophorus inermis'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus maculipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Syntomoclitus'' Arnold, 1937

''Syntomoclitus bicolor'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Ashmead, 1902

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ignitus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ignitus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Smith, 1855) (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ovambo.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ovambo&lt;/u&gt;''] (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Tachypompilus praepotens'' (Kohl, 1894) (South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zanzibar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_vitripennis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] ''&lt;u&gt;vitripennis&lt;/u&gt;'' (Arnold, 1937) (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Telostegus'' Costa, 1887===

''Telostegus capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Telostegus fuscipennis'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

''Telostegus insidiosus'' (Smith, 1879) (Yemen)

''Telostegus sabulicola'' Priesner, 1955 (Algeria, Egypt, Marocco, Senegal, Yemen)</text>
      <sha1>lci9a3qul9qc4lj9b09r44yu2mr1iut</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719837</id>
      <parentid>2719835</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-27T16:06:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Genus Homonotus Dahlbom, 1844 */</comment>
      <origin>2719837</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="24951" sha1="46uxiluki0hldbqsvey2me8byyeq2d9" xml:space="preserve">==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;
- Claveliinae corrected to Ctenocerinae in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.386-388&lt;br&gt;
- Several new genera and species in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.388-399&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934, pp. 290-364.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA. (Arnold, 1934, pp. 380-385.)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; ''Pseudagenia'' in iNat).&lt;br&gt;
*''D. pulchricoma'' = ''Pseudagenia pulchricoma'' Arnold, 1934, p. 337-340&lt;br&gt;
*''D. neavei'' = ''Pseudagenia mygnimioides'' Arnold, 1934, pp.336-337 and ''Pseudagenia neavei'' Kohl 1913&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA. - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377.&lt;br&gt;
*also ''Poecilagenia spinosipes'' = ''Trachyglyptus spinosipes'' Arnold, 1934, p. 377-379&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = ''Deuteragenia turneri'', ''D. dregei'', ''D. chirindensis'', ''D. bicolor'' (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (''Hormopogonius willowmorensis'' = ''Calicurgus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1932 p.395); also ''H. tenuicornis'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 379-380&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
*Also ''Priocnernis aterrimus'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 385-386.
*''Priocnemis meridionalis'' Arnold, 1934, p. 386.
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pompilinae==

List of genera and species from [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm '''&lt;u&gt;https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm&lt;/u&gt;''']

=== '''Genus''' ''Aeluropetrus'' Arnold, 1936 ===

''Aeluropetrus braunsi'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Aeluropetrus lugubris'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 ===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/Aetheopompilus_obliquetruncatus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus obliquetruncatus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 (Mozambique)

==='''Genus''' ''Agenioideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Agenioideus brevis'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937) (Ghana, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus decipiens'' (Bischoff, 1913) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) (Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus lascivus'' (Cameron, 1891) (?)

''Agenioideus nudatus'' (Smith, 1855) (?)

''Agenioideus rotundilabris'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus rutilus'' (Klug, 1834) (Yemen)

''Agenioideus rufipes'' (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Agenioideus varians'' (Arnold, 1937) (?)

==='''Genus''' ''Amblyellus'' Day, 1981===

''Amblyellus willowmorensis'' (Arnold, 1937) (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

==='''Genus''' ''Anoplius'' Dufour, 1834===

''Anoplius aethiopicus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Anoplius alecto'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Anoplius bifasciatus'' Tullgren, 1904 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda)

''Anoplius concinnus'' (Dahlbom, 1845) (Yemen)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''fuscus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, South Africa, Tanzania)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''excelsior'' Arnold, 1950 (Tanzania)

''Anoplius montanus'' Haupt, 1950 (Benin, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Principe Island, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

''Anoplius morosus'' Smith, 1855 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Anoplius octomaculatus'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Anoplius panmelas'' (Saussure, 1891) (Madagascar)

''Anoplius saegeri'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Anoplius subfasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius successor'' (Cameron, 1910) (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius viridicatus'' Smith, 1879 (West Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Apareia'' Haupt, 1929===

''Apareia multipicta rufifemur'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.449 (Zimbabwe)

''Apareia oedipus'' Kohl, 1886; descr. (synonymized?) as ''A. multipicta'' by Arnold, 1935, p.449 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporinellus'' Banks, 1911===

''Aporinellus bidens'' (Saussure, 1892) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporoideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Aporoideus clarus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

'''Genus''' ''Arachnospila'' Kincaid, 1900

''Arachnospila (Ammosphex) consobrina heringi'' (Haupt, 1928) (California, Canary Islands, Spain, Tanzania, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Argyroclitus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Argyroclitus fasciatipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus ruwenzoriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Atelostegus'' Haupt, 1929

''Atelostegus thrinax'' (Kohl, 1909) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Atopopompilus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Atopompilus jacens'' (Bingham, 1912) (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Yemen)

''Atopompilus marshalli'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Atopopompilus venans mlanjiensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Ghana)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/Bambesa_grisea.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa grisea&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1937===

''Batozonellus capensis'' (Dahlbom, 1843) (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/Batozonellus_fuliginosus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus fuliginosus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Klug, 1834) (Central Africa, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Batozonellus gowdeyi'' (Turner, 1916) (Uganda)

''Batozonellus madecassus'' (Saussure, 1887) (Madagascar)

''Batozonellus separabilis'' (Turner, 1916) (Congo, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Batozonus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Batozonus bipunctatus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Batozonus capensis'' Dahlbom, 1940 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Cliochares'' Banks, 1940===

''Cliochares convexus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Cordyloscelis'' Arnold, 1935===

''Cordyloscelis bequaerti'' Arnold, 1935, p.420 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Cordyloscelis flavipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.424 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis latipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.417 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis namaqua'' Arnold, 1935, p.423 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis nigerrimus'' Arnold, 1935, p.421 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis parallelus'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe)

''Cordyloscelis ugandensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.425 (Congo, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Ctenagenia'' Saussure, 1892===

''Ctenagenia vespiformis'' (Klug, 1834) (Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Madagascar, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, Yemen)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930 ===

''Dromochares clavipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (Zimbabwe)

''Dromochares fumipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Dromochares premnopterus'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

''Dromochares rufipes'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/Dromochares_transvaalensis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares transvaalensis&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Dicyrtomellus'' Gussakovskij, 1935===

''Dicyrtomellus anomalipes'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Dicyrtomellus argenteodecoratus'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus griseus'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus impressus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus leptacanthius'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus meruensis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus neavei'' Kohl, 1913 (Congo)

''Dicyrtomellus rufofemoratus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Elaphrosyron'' Haupt, 1930===

''Elaphrosyron insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Mali, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Elaphrosyron multipictus'' Arnold, 1937 (Uganda)

''Elaphrosyron pauperculus'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Epiclinotus'' Haupt, 1929===

''Epiclinotus capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus erythrurus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.465 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus turneri'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.466 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron&lt;/u&gt;''] Schiødte, 1837===

''Episyron argillaceus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zambia)

''Episyron bequaerti'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron bicinctus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron braunsii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron crassicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Episyron gryps'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/Episyron_histrio.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron histrio&lt;/u&gt;''] Lepeletier, 1845 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mali, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron pedunculatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron solitaneum'' Kohl, 1906 (Yemen)

''Episyron tropicalis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Episyron turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron viduus'' Arnold, 1936 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron vindex'' Smith, 1879 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/index.htm &lt;u&gt;Euclavelia&lt;/u&gt;]'' Arnold, 1932===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/Euclavelia_fasciata.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Euclavelia fasciata&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1932 (South Africa)

''Euclavelia longicollis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Euryzonotulus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Euryzonotulus nigeriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreola'' Lepeletier, 1845===

''Ferreola auranticornis'' Wahis, 2000 (Eritrea, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreoloides'' Haupt, 1919===

''Ferreoloides basutorum'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

''Ferreoloides versutus'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

==='''Genus''' ''Galactopterus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Galactopterus otaviensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Galactopterus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Namibia, South Africa)

''Galactopterus simillimus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Guichardia'' Arnold, 1951===

''Guichardia macilenta'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hadropompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Hadropompilus braunsi'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Hadropompilus montanus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hauptiella'' Arnold, 1936===

''Hauptiella multipicta'' Arnold, 1936

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/Herpetosphex_staphylinoides.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex staphylinoides&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Homonotus'' Dahlbom, 1844===
Dahlbom 1843 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796238) or Dahlbom, 1844 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796653)?

''Homonotus aegyptiacus'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.469 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus coxalis'' Arnold, 1935, p.478 (South Africa)

''Homonotus disparilis'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.473 (South Africa)

''Homonotus dispersus'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus dissectus'' Arnold, 1935, p.474 (South Africa)

''Homonotus excavatus'' Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus fuscipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.475 (South Africa)

''Homonotus imitans'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus leptogaster'' Arnold, 1935, p.476 (South Africa)

''Homonotus ruficornis'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus rukwaensis'' Arnold, 1946 (Tanzania)

''Homonotus sansibaricus'' Arnold, 1935, p.471 (Zanzibar)

==='''Genus''' ''Idopompilus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Idopompilus algoensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus algoensis major'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus braunsi'' Kohl, 1899 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus brunnescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschi handlirschi'' Arnold, 1936 (?)

''Idopompilus handlirschi basutorum'' Arnold, 1959 (Lesotho, South Africa)

''Idopompilus fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1946 (Lesotho)

''Idopompilus gracilicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus krugeri'' Haupt, 1930 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Idopompilus quadrifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Kolposphex'' Arnold, 1959===

''Kolposphex atronitens'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Kyphopompilus'' Arnold, 1960

''Kyphopompilus flavipes'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microdrapetes'' Arnold, 1937===

''Microdrapetes bellus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Microphadnus'' Cameron, 1904

''Microphadnus bicolor'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Paracyphononyx'' Gribodo, 1884===

''Paracyphononyx affinis'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon, Ghana, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx africanus'' Rad., 1881 (Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx carinatus'' Rad., 1881 Angola, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx coloratus'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon)

''Paracyphononyx difficilis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Malai, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversipes'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversus'' Dahlbom, 1845 (Central and East Africa to South Africa, Yemen)

''Paracyphononyx elliotti'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx frustratus'' Smith, 1879 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx funebris'' Magretti, 1884 (Ethiopia)

''Paracyphononyx gemellus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx laboriosus'' Arnold, 1936 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx languidus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx lukombensis'' Cameron, 1912 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia)

''Paracyphononyx metemmensis'' Magretti, 1884 (Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx mombassicus'' R. Luc., 1898 (Kenya)

''Paracyphononyx montanus'' Arnold, 1960 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx parallelus'' Haupt, 1929 (Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx petiolaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx plutonis'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx rotundinervis'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx ruficrus'' Klug, 1834 (Asia Minor, Egypt, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' Illiger,1802 (Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Paraferreola'' Sustera, 1913===

''Paraferreola melanostoma'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.439 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paraferreola spilopus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.441 (South Africa)

''Paraferreola soleana'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.443 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Platyderes'' Guérin-Méneville, 1844===

''Platyderes bicolor'' Smith, 1855; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.454 (South Africa)

''Platyderes chalybeus'' Saussure, 1892 (or Tasch. 1880?); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.456 (East Africa, South Africa)

''Platyderes drègii'' Brauns, 1899; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.457 (South Africa)

''Platyderes erythrocephalus'' Guerin, **** (Madagascar)

''Platyderes flavoscutellatus'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes oraniensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.456 (South Africa)

''Platyderes rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.461 (Ethiopia, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes saussurei'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Platyderes spoliatus'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.462 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes vicinus'' Arnold, 1935, p.460 (South Africa)

''Platyderes wasmanni'' Brauns, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.459 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilus'' Fabricius===

''Pompilus alpinus'' Arnold, 1960 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus anomalopterus'' Cameron, 1908 (Malawi, South Africa)

''Pompilus cinereus'' Fabricius, 1775 (Yemen)

''Pompilus contrarius'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Pompilus curvifrons'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus erythrostomus'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus exploratrix'' Cameron, 1908 ''(''

''Pompilus ignobilis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pompilus levis'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana)

''Pompilus masaiensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus meruensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus plumbeus'' Fabricius, 1787 (Widespread through Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Senegal, South Africa) also in China, Europe, India)

''Pompilus sacchii'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus shirae'' Arnold, 1950 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus successor'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus vanutelli'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Pompilus yngvei'' Cameron, 1908 (

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilioides'' Radley, 1887===

''Pompilioides braunsi'' Kohl, 1894 (Cameroon)

''Pompilioides decipiens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides latifrons'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides pruinosus'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides trifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides validus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammochares'' Latreille, 1796===

''Psammochares bilineatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares brunniventris'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares irpex'' Gerstaecker, 1859 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares jocaste'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Psammochares latilabris'' Arnold, 1937 (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares quadriguttatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Tanzania)

''Psammochares rufigaster'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares rutilus'' Klug, 1834 (Ethiopia, Nigeria, Sudan, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares varians'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammoderes'' Haupt, 1929===

''Psammoderes capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes collaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Psammoderes fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1935, p.438 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes lightfooti'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Psammoderes major'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.433 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes mimicus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.434 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes semirufus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.436 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes reputatus'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.437 (Congo, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Pseudoclavelia&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930===

''Pseudoclavelia argenteosignata'' Arnold, 1936 (Botswana, Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia bituberculata'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_damarensis.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia damarensis''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia jouberti'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_nitidula.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia nitidula'' ''nitidula''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia nitidula bechuanae'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia rhodesiana'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudoclavelia rufescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pseudopompilus'' Costa, 1887===

''Pseudopompilus funereus'' Arnold, 1935, p.444 (Zimbabwe, Namibia)

''Pseudopompilus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

''Pseudopompilus lacteipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pygmachus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Pygmachus compressus'' Saussure, 1892 (Madagascar)

''Pygmachus umbratus'' Haupt, 1930 (Guinea, South Africa, Zanzibar, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Rhynchopompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Rhynchopompilus cursor'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Schistonyx'' Saussure, 1887===

''Schistonyx aterrimus'' Arnold, 1946 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx prismaticus'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

''Schistonyx sinuatus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx sheppardi'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, Syria, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Schizanoplius'' Cameron, 1904

''Schizanoplius lutarius'' (Saussure, 1834)(Ghana, Mali, Madagascar)

''Schizanoplius violaceipennis'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Spuridiophorus'' Arnold, 1934

''Spuridiophorus capensis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Spuridiophorus inermis'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus maculipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Syntomoclitus'' Arnold, 1937

''Syntomoclitus bicolor'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Ashmead, 1902

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ignitus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ignitus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Smith, 1855) (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ovambo.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ovambo&lt;/u&gt;''] (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Tachypompilus praepotens'' (Kohl, 1894) (South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zanzibar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_vitripennis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] ''&lt;u&gt;vitripennis&lt;/u&gt;'' (Arnold, 1937) (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Telostegus'' Costa, 1887===

''Telostegus capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Telostegus fuscipennis'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

''Telostegus insidiosus'' (Smith, 1879) (Yemen)

''Telostegus sabulicola'' Priesner, 1955 (Algeria, Egypt, Marocco, Senegal, Yemen)</text>
      <sha1>46uxiluki0hldbqsvey2me8byyeq2d9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719838</id>
      <parentid>2719837</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-27T16:23:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Genus Pseudopompilus Costa, 1887 */</comment>
      <origin>2719838</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="25208" sha1="n6g46vjz20kp0vdal8hrgxway5tnijg" xml:space="preserve">==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;
- Claveliinae corrected to Ctenocerinae in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.386-388&lt;br&gt;
- Several new genera and species in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.388-399&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934, pp. 290-364.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA. (Arnold, 1934, pp. 380-385.)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; ''Pseudagenia'' in iNat).&lt;br&gt;
*''D. pulchricoma'' = ''Pseudagenia pulchricoma'' Arnold, 1934, p. 337-340&lt;br&gt;
*''D. neavei'' = ''Pseudagenia mygnimioides'' Arnold, 1934, pp.336-337 and ''Pseudagenia neavei'' Kohl 1913&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA. - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377.&lt;br&gt;
*also ''Poecilagenia spinosipes'' = ''Trachyglyptus spinosipes'' Arnold, 1934, p. 377-379&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = ''Deuteragenia turneri'', ''D. dregei'', ''D. chirindensis'', ''D. bicolor'' (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (''Hormopogonius willowmorensis'' = ''Calicurgus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1932 p.395); also ''H. tenuicornis'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 379-380&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
*Also ''Priocnernis aterrimus'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 385-386.
*''Priocnemis meridionalis'' Arnold, 1934, p. 386.
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pompilinae==

List of genera and species from [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm '''&lt;u&gt;https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm&lt;/u&gt;''']

=== '''Genus''' ''Aeluropetrus'' Arnold, 1936 ===

''Aeluropetrus braunsi'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Aeluropetrus lugubris'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 ===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/Aetheopompilus_obliquetruncatus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus obliquetruncatus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 (Mozambique)

==='''Genus''' ''Agenioideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Agenioideus brevis'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937) (Ghana, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus decipiens'' (Bischoff, 1913) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) (Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus lascivus'' (Cameron, 1891) (?)

''Agenioideus nudatus'' (Smith, 1855) (?)

''Agenioideus rotundilabris'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus rutilus'' (Klug, 1834) (Yemen)

''Agenioideus rufipes'' (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Agenioideus varians'' (Arnold, 1937) (?)

==='''Genus''' ''Amblyellus'' Day, 1981===

''Amblyellus willowmorensis'' (Arnold, 1937) (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

==='''Genus''' ''Anoplius'' Dufour, 1834===

''Anoplius aethiopicus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Anoplius alecto'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Anoplius bifasciatus'' Tullgren, 1904 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda)

''Anoplius concinnus'' (Dahlbom, 1845) (Yemen)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''fuscus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, South Africa, Tanzania)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''excelsior'' Arnold, 1950 (Tanzania)

''Anoplius montanus'' Haupt, 1950 (Benin, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Principe Island, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

''Anoplius morosus'' Smith, 1855 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Anoplius octomaculatus'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Anoplius panmelas'' (Saussure, 1891) (Madagascar)

''Anoplius saegeri'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Anoplius subfasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius successor'' (Cameron, 1910) (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius viridicatus'' Smith, 1879 (West Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Apareia'' Haupt, 1929===

''Apareia multipicta rufifemur'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.449 (Zimbabwe)

''Apareia oedipus'' Kohl, 1886; descr. (synonymized?) as ''A. multipicta'' by Arnold, 1935, p.449 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporinellus'' Banks, 1911===

''Aporinellus bidens'' (Saussure, 1892) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporoideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Aporoideus clarus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

'''Genus''' ''Arachnospila'' Kincaid, 1900

''Arachnospila (Ammosphex) consobrina heringi'' (Haupt, 1928) (California, Canary Islands, Spain, Tanzania, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Argyroclitus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Argyroclitus fasciatipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus ruwenzoriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Atelostegus'' Haupt, 1929

''Atelostegus thrinax'' (Kohl, 1909) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Atopopompilus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Atopompilus jacens'' (Bingham, 1912) (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Yemen)

''Atopompilus marshalli'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Atopopompilus venans mlanjiensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Ghana)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/Bambesa_grisea.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa grisea&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1937===

''Batozonellus capensis'' (Dahlbom, 1843) (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/Batozonellus_fuliginosus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus fuliginosus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Klug, 1834) (Central Africa, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Batozonellus gowdeyi'' (Turner, 1916) (Uganda)

''Batozonellus madecassus'' (Saussure, 1887) (Madagascar)

''Batozonellus separabilis'' (Turner, 1916) (Congo, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Batozonus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Batozonus bipunctatus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Batozonus capensis'' Dahlbom, 1940 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Cliochares'' Banks, 1940===

''Cliochares convexus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Cordyloscelis'' Arnold, 1935===

''Cordyloscelis bequaerti'' Arnold, 1935, p.420 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Cordyloscelis flavipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.424 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis latipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.417 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis namaqua'' Arnold, 1935, p.423 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis nigerrimus'' Arnold, 1935, p.421 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis parallelus'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe)

''Cordyloscelis ugandensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.425 (Congo, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Ctenagenia'' Saussure, 1892===

''Ctenagenia vespiformis'' (Klug, 1834) (Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Madagascar, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, Yemen)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930 ===

''Dromochares clavipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (Zimbabwe)

''Dromochares fumipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Dromochares premnopterus'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

''Dromochares rufipes'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/Dromochares_transvaalensis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares transvaalensis&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Dicyrtomellus'' Gussakovskij, 1935===

''Dicyrtomellus anomalipes'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Dicyrtomellus argenteodecoratus'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus griseus'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus impressus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus leptacanthius'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus meruensis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus neavei'' Kohl, 1913 (Congo)

''Dicyrtomellus rufofemoratus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Elaphrosyron'' Haupt, 1930===

''Elaphrosyron insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Mali, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Elaphrosyron multipictus'' Arnold, 1937 (Uganda)

''Elaphrosyron pauperculus'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Epiclinotus'' Haupt, 1929===

''Epiclinotus capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus erythrurus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.465 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus turneri'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.466 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron&lt;/u&gt;''] Schiødte, 1837===

''Episyron argillaceus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zambia)

''Episyron bequaerti'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron bicinctus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron braunsii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron crassicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Episyron gryps'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/Episyron_histrio.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron histrio&lt;/u&gt;''] Lepeletier, 1845 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mali, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron pedunculatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron solitaneum'' Kohl, 1906 (Yemen)

''Episyron tropicalis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Episyron turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron viduus'' Arnold, 1936 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron vindex'' Smith, 1879 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/index.htm &lt;u&gt;Euclavelia&lt;/u&gt;]'' Arnold, 1932===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/Euclavelia_fasciata.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Euclavelia fasciata&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1932 (South Africa)

''Euclavelia longicollis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Euryzonotulus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Euryzonotulus nigeriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreola'' Lepeletier, 1845===

''Ferreola auranticornis'' Wahis, 2000 (Eritrea, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreoloides'' Haupt, 1919===

''Ferreoloides basutorum'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

''Ferreoloides versutus'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

==='''Genus''' ''Galactopterus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Galactopterus otaviensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Galactopterus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Namibia, South Africa)

''Galactopterus simillimus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Guichardia'' Arnold, 1951===

''Guichardia macilenta'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hadropompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Hadropompilus braunsi'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Hadropompilus montanus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hauptiella'' Arnold, 1936===

''Hauptiella multipicta'' Arnold, 1936

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/Herpetosphex_staphylinoides.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex staphylinoides&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Homonotus'' Dahlbom, 1844===
Dahlbom 1843 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796238) or Dahlbom, 1844 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796653)?

''Homonotus aegyptiacus'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.469 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus coxalis'' Arnold, 1935, p.478 (South Africa)

''Homonotus disparilis'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.473 (South Africa)

''Homonotus dispersus'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus dissectus'' Arnold, 1935, p.474 (South Africa)

''Homonotus excavatus'' Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus fuscipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.475 (South Africa)

''Homonotus imitans'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus leptogaster'' Arnold, 1935, p.476 (South Africa)

''Homonotus ruficornis'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus rukwaensis'' Arnold, 1946 (Tanzania)

''Homonotus sansibaricus'' Arnold, 1935, p.471 (Zanzibar)

==='''Genus''' ''Idopompilus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Idopompilus algoensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus algoensis major'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus braunsi'' Kohl, 1899 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus brunnescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschi handlirschi'' Arnold, 1936 (?)

''Idopompilus handlirschi basutorum'' Arnold, 1959 (Lesotho, South Africa)

''Idopompilus fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1946 (Lesotho)

''Idopompilus gracilicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus krugeri'' Haupt, 1930 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Idopompilus quadrifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Kolposphex'' Arnold, 1959===

''Kolposphex atronitens'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Kyphopompilus'' Arnold, 1960

''Kyphopompilus flavipes'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microdrapetes'' Arnold, 1937===

''Microdrapetes bellus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Microphadnus'' Cameron, 1904

''Microphadnus bicolor'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Paracyphononyx'' Gribodo, 1884===

''Paracyphononyx affinis'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon, Ghana, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx africanus'' Rad., 1881 (Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx carinatus'' Rad., 1881 Angola, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx coloratus'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon)

''Paracyphononyx difficilis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Malai, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversipes'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversus'' Dahlbom, 1845 (Central and East Africa to South Africa, Yemen)

''Paracyphononyx elliotti'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx frustratus'' Smith, 1879 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx funebris'' Magretti, 1884 (Ethiopia)

''Paracyphononyx gemellus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx laboriosus'' Arnold, 1936 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx languidus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx lukombensis'' Cameron, 1912 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia)

''Paracyphononyx metemmensis'' Magretti, 1884 (Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx mombassicus'' R. Luc., 1898 (Kenya)

''Paracyphononyx montanus'' Arnold, 1960 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx parallelus'' Haupt, 1929 (Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx petiolaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx plutonis'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx rotundinervis'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx ruficrus'' Klug, 1834 (Asia Minor, Egypt, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' Illiger,1802 (Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Paraferreola'' Sustera, 1913===

''Paraferreola melanostoma'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.439 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paraferreola spilopus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.441 (South Africa)

''Paraferreola soleana'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.443 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Platyderes'' Guérin-Méneville, 1844===

''Platyderes bicolor'' Smith, 1855; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.454 (South Africa)

''Platyderes chalybeus'' Saussure, 1892 (or Tasch. 1880?); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.456 (East Africa, South Africa)

''Platyderes drègii'' Brauns, 1899; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.457 (South Africa)

''Platyderes erythrocephalus'' Guerin, **** (Madagascar)

''Platyderes flavoscutellatus'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes oraniensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.456 (South Africa)

''Platyderes rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.461 (Ethiopia, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes saussurei'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Platyderes spoliatus'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.462 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes vicinus'' Arnold, 1935, p.460 (South Africa)

''Platyderes wasmanni'' Brauns, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.459 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilus'' Fabricius===

''Pompilus alpinus'' Arnold, 1960 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus anomalopterus'' Cameron, 1908 (Malawi, South Africa)

''Pompilus cinereus'' Fabricius, 1775 (Yemen)

''Pompilus contrarius'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Pompilus curvifrons'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus erythrostomus'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus exploratrix'' Cameron, 1908 ''(''

''Pompilus ignobilis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pompilus levis'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana)

''Pompilus masaiensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus meruensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus plumbeus'' Fabricius, 1787 (Widespread through Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Senegal, South Africa) also in China, Europe, India)

''Pompilus sacchii'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus shirae'' Arnold, 1950 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus successor'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus vanutelli'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Pompilus yngvei'' Cameron, 1908 (

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilioides'' Radley, 1887===

''Pompilioides braunsi'' Kohl, 1894 (Cameroon)

''Pompilioides decipiens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides latifrons'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides pruinosus'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides trifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides validus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammochares'' Latreille, 1796===

''Psammochares bilineatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares brunniventris'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares irpex'' Gerstaecker, 1859 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares jocaste'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Psammochares latilabris'' Arnold, 1937 (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares quadriguttatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Tanzania)

''Psammochares rufigaster'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares rutilus'' Klug, 1834 (Ethiopia, Nigeria, Sudan, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares varians'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammoderes'' Haupt, 1929===

''Psammoderes capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes collaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Psammoderes fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1935, p.438 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes lightfooti'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Psammoderes major'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.433 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes mimicus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.434 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes semirufus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.436 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes reputatus'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.437 (Congo, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Pseudoclavelia&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930===

''Pseudoclavelia argenteosignata'' Arnold, 1936 (Botswana, Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia bituberculata'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_damarensis.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia damarensis''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia jouberti'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_nitidula.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia nitidula'' ''nitidula''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia nitidula bechuanae'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia rhodesiana'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudoclavelia rufescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pseudopompilus'' Costa, 1887===

''Pseudopompilus funereus'' Arnold, 1935, p.444 (Zimbabwe, Namibia)

''Pseudopompilus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

''Pseudopompilus lacteipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psyllosphex'' Arnold, 1935===

''Psyllosphex dentatus'' (Cameron, 1904); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.482 (South Africa)

''Psyllosphex myrmosaeformis'' Arnold, 1935, p.482 (Zimbabwe)

''Psyllosphex saltator'' Arnold, 1935, p.480 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pygmachus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Pygmachus compressus'' Saussure, 1892 (Madagascar)

''Pygmachus umbratus'' Haupt, 1930 (Guinea, South Africa, Zanzibar, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Rhynchopompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Rhynchopompilus cursor'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Schistonyx'' Saussure, 1887===

''Schistonyx aterrimus'' Arnold, 1946 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx prismaticus'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

''Schistonyx sinuatus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx sheppardi'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, Syria, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Schizanoplius'' Cameron, 1904

''Schizanoplius lutarius'' (Saussure, 1834)(Ghana, Mali, Madagascar)

''Schizanoplius violaceipennis'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Spuridiophorus'' Arnold, 1934

''Spuridiophorus capensis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Spuridiophorus inermis'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus maculipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Syntomoclitus'' Arnold, 1937

''Syntomoclitus bicolor'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Ashmead, 1902

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ignitus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ignitus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Smith, 1855) (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ovambo.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ovambo&lt;/u&gt;''] (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Tachypompilus praepotens'' (Kohl, 1894) (South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zanzibar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_vitripennis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] ''&lt;u&gt;vitripennis&lt;/u&gt;'' (Arnold, 1937) (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Telostegus'' Costa, 1887===

''Telostegus capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Telostegus fuscipennis'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

''Telostegus insidiosus'' (Smith, 1879) (Yemen)

''Telostegus sabulicola'' Priesner, 1955 (Algeria, Egypt, Marocco, Senegal, Yemen)</text>
      <sha1>n6g46vjz20kp0vdal8hrgxway5tnijg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719839</id>
      <parentid>2719838</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-27T16:29:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Genus Batozonellus Arnold, 1937 */</comment>
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      <text bytes="25234" sha1="gtguw9ojbh0h1vjd3lno8v9donm5h61" xml:space="preserve">==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;
- Claveliinae corrected to Ctenocerinae in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.386-388&lt;br&gt;
- Several new genera and species in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.388-399&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934, pp. 290-364.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA. (Arnold, 1934, pp. 380-385.)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; ''Pseudagenia'' in iNat).&lt;br&gt;
*''D. pulchricoma'' = ''Pseudagenia pulchricoma'' Arnold, 1934, p. 337-340&lt;br&gt;
*''D. neavei'' = ''Pseudagenia mygnimioides'' Arnold, 1934, pp.336-337 and ''Pseudagenia neavei'' Kohl 1913&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA. - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377.&lt;br&gt;
*also ''Poecilagenia spinosipes'' = ''Trachyglyptus spinosipes'' Arnold, 1934, p. 377-379&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = ''Deuteragenia turneri'', ''D. dregei'', ''D. chirindensis'', ''D. bicolor'' (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (''Hormopogonius willowmorensis'' = ''Calicurgus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1932 p.395); also ''H. tenuicornis'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 379-380&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
*Also ''Priocnernis aterrimus'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 385-386.
*''Priocnemis meridionalis'' Arnold, 1934, p. 386.
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pompilinae==

List of genera and species from [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm '''&lt;u&gt;https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm&lt;/u&gt;''']

=== '''Genus''' ''Aeluropetrus'' Arnold, 1936 ===

''Aeluropetrus braunsi'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Aeluropetrus lugubris'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 ===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/Aetheopompilus_obliquetruncatus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus obliquetruncatus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 (Mozambique)

==='''Genus''' ''Agenioideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Agenioideus brevis'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937) (Ghana, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus decipiens'' (Bischoff, 1913) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) (Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus lascivus'' (Cameron, 1891) (?)

''Agenioideus nudatus'' (Smith, 1855) (?)

''Agenioideus rotundilabris'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus rutilus'' (Klug, 1834) (Yemen)

''Agenioideus rufipes'' (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Agenioideus varians'' (Arnold, 1937) (?)

==='''Genus''' ''Amblyellus'' Day, 1981===

''Amblyellus willowmorensis'' (Arnold, 1937) (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

==='''Genus''' ''Anoplius'' Dufour, 1834===

''Anoplius aethiopicus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Anoplius alecto'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Anoplius bifasciatus'' Tullgren, 1904 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda)

''Anoplius concinnus'' (Dahlbom, 1845) (Yemen)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''fuscus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, South Africa, Tanzania)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''excelsior'' Arnold, 1950 (Tanzania)

''Anoplius montanus'' Haupt, 1950 (Benin, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Principe Island, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

''Anoplius morosus'' Smith, 1855 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Anoplius octomaculatus'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Anoplius panmelas'' (Saussure, 1891) (Madagascar)

''Anoplius saegeri'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Anoplius subfasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius successor'' (Cameron, 1910) (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius viridicatus'' Smith, 1879 (West Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Apareia'' Haupt, 1929===

''Apareia multipicta rufifemur'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.449 (Zimbabwe)

''Apareia oedipus'' Kohl, 1886; descr. (synonymized?) as ''A. multipicta'' by Arnold, 1935, p.449 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporinellus'' Banks, 1911===

''Aporinellus bidens'' (Saussure, 1892) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporoideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Aporoideus clarus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

'''Genus''' ''Arachnospila'' Kincaid, 1900

''Arachnospila (Ammosphex) consobrina heringi'' (Haupt, 1928) (California, Canary Islands, Spain, Tanzania, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Argyroclitus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Argyroclitus fasciatipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus ruwenzoriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Atelostegus'' Haupt, 1929

''Atelostegus thrinax'' (Kohl, 1909) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Atopopompilus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Atopompilus jacens'' (Bingham, 1912) (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Yemen)

''Atopompilus marshalli'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Atopopompilus venans mlanjiensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Ghana)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/Bambesa_grisea.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa grisea&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1937===

''Batozonellus capensis'' (Dahlbom, 1843) (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/Batozonellus_fuliginosus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus fuliginosus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Klug, 1834); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.3 (Central Africa, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Batozonellus gowdeyi'' (Turner, 1916) (Uganda)

''Batozonellus madecassus'' (Saussure, 1887) (Madagascar)

''Batozonellus separabilis'' (Turner, 1916) (Congo, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Batozonus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Batozonus bipunctatus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Batozonus capensis'' Dahlbom, 1940 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Cliochares'' Banks, 1940===

''Cliochares convexus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Cordyloscelis'' Arnold, 1935===

''Cordyloscelis bequaerti'' Arnold, 1935, p.420 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Cordyloscelis flavipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.424 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis latipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.417 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis namaqua'' Arnold, 1935, p.423 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis nigerrimus'' Arnold, 1935, p.421 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis parallelus'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe)

''Cordyloscelis ugandensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.425 (Congo, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Ctenagenia'' Saussure, 1892===

''Ctenagenia vespiformis'' (Klug, 1834) (Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Madagascar, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, Yemen)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930 ===

''Dromochares clavipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (Zimbabwe)

''Dromochares fumipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Dromochares premnopterus'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

''Dromochares rufipes'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/Dromochares_transvaalensis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares transvaalensis&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Dicyrtomellus'' Gussakovskij, 1935===

''Dicyrtomellus anomalipes'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Dicyrtomellus argenteodecoratus'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus griseus'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus impressus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus leptacanthius'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus meruensis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus neavei'' Kohl, 1913 (Congo)

''Dicyrtomellus rufofemoratus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Elaphrosyron'' Haupt, 1930===

''Elaphrosyron insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Mali, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Elaphrosyron multipictus'' Arnold, 1937 (Uganda)

''Elaphrosyron pauperculus'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Epiclinotus'' Haupt, 1929===

''Epiclinotus capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus erythrurus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.465 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus turneri'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.466 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron&lt;/u&gt;''] Schiødte, 1837===

''Episyron argillaceus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zambia)

''Episyron bequaerti'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron bicinctus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron braunsii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron crassicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Episyron gryps'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/Episyron_histrio.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron histrio&lt;/u&gt;''] Lepeletier, 1845 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mali, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron pedunculatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron solitaneum'' Kohl, 1906 (Yemen)

''Episyron tropicalis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Episyron turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron viduus'' Arnold, 1936 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron vindex'' Smith, 1879 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/index.htm &lt;u&gt;Euclavelia&lt;/u&gt;]'' Arnold, 1932===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/Euclavelia_fasciata.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Euclavelia fasciata&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1932 (South Africa)

''Euclavelia longicollis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Euryzonotulus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Euryzonotulus nigeriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreola'' Lepeletier, 1845===

''Ferreola auranticornis'' Wahis, 2000 (Eritrea, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreoloides'' Haupt, 1919===

''Ferreoloides basutorum'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

''Ferreoloides versutus'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

==='''Genus''' ''Galactopterus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Galactopterus otaviensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Galactopterus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Namibia, South Africa)

''Galactopterus simillimus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Guichardia'' Arnold, 1951===

''Guichardia macilenta'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hadropompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Hadropompilus braunsi'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Hadropompilus montanus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hauptiella'' Arnold, 1936===

''Hauptiella multipicta'' Arnold, 1936

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/Herpetosphex_staphylinoides.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex staphylinoides&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Homonotus'' Dahlbom, 1844===
Dahlbom 1843 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796238) or Dahlbom, 1844 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796653)?

''Homonotus aegyptiacus'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.469 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus coxalis'' Arnold, 1935, p.478 (South Africa)

''Homonotus disparilis'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.473 (South Africa)

''Homonotus dispersus'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus dissectus'' Arnold, 1935, p.474 (South Africa)

''Homonotus excavatus'' Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus fuscipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.475 (South Africa)

''Homonotus imitans'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus leptogaster'' Arnold, 1935, p.476 (South Africa)

''Homonotus ruficornis'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus rukwaensis'' Arnold, 1946 (Tanzania)

''Homonotus sansibaricus'' Arnold, 1935, p.471 (Zanzibar)

==='''Genus''' ''Idopompilus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Idopompilus algoensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus algoensis major'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus braunsi'' Kohl, 1899 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus brunnescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschi handlirschi'' Arnold, 1936 (?)

''Idopompilus handlirschi basutorum'' Arnold, 1959 (Lesotho, South Africa)

''Idopompilus fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1946 (Lesotho)

''Idopompilus gracilicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus krugeri'' Haupt, 1930 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Idopompilus quadrifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Kolposphex'' Arnold, 1959===

''Kolposphex atronitens'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Kyphopompilus'' Arnold, 1960

''Kyphopompilus flavipes'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microdrapetes'' Arnold, 1937===

''Microdrapetes bellus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Microphadnus'' Cameron, 1904

''Microphadnus bicolor'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Paracyphononyx'' Gribodo, 1884===

''Paracyphononyx affinis'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon, Ghana, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx africanus'' Rad., 1881 (Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx carinatus'' Rad., 1881 Angola, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx coloratus'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon)

''Paracyphononyx difficilis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Malai, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversipes'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversus'' Dahlbom, 1845 (Central and East Africa to South Africa, Yemen)

''Paracyphononyx elliotti'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx frustratus'' Smith, 1879 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx funebris'' Magretti, 1884 (Ethiopia)

''Paracyphononyx gemellus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx laboriosus'' Arnold, 1936 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx languidus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx lukombensis'' Cameron, 1912 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia)

''Paracyphononyx metemmensis'' Magretti, 1884 (Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx mombassicus'' R. Luc., 1898 (Kenya)

''Paracyphononyx montanus'' Arnold, 1960 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx parallelus'' Haupt, 1929 (Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx petiolaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx plutonis'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx rotundinervis'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx ruficrus'' Klug, 1834 (Asia Minor, Egypt, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' Illiger,1802 (Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Paraferreola'' Sustera, 1913===

''Paraferreola melanostoma'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.439 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paraferreola spilopus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.441 (South Africa)

''Paraferreola soleana'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.443 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Platyderes'' Guérin-Méneville, 1844===

''Platyderes bicolor'' Smith, 1855; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.454 (South Africa)

''Platyderes chalybeus'' Saussure, 1892 (or Tasch. 1880?); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.456 (East Africa, South Africa)

''Platyderes drègii'' Brauns, 1899; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.457 (South Africa)

''Platyderes erythrocephalus'' Guerin, **** (Madagascar)

''Platyderes flavoscutellatus'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes oraniensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.456 (South Africa)

''Platyderes rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.461 (Ethiopia, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes saussurei'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Platyderes spoliatus'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.462 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes vicinus'' Arnold, 1935, p.460 (South Africa)

''Platyderes wasmanni'' Brauns, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.459 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilus'' Fabricius===

''Pompilus alpinus'' Arnold, 1960 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus anomalopterus'' Cameron, 1908 (Malawi, South Africa)

''Pompilus cinereus'' Fabricius, 1775 (Yemen)

''Pompilus contrarius'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Pompilus curvifrons'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus erythrostomus'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus exploratrix'' Cameron, 1908 ''(''

''Pompilus ignobilis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pompilus levis'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana)

''Pompilus masaiensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus meruensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus plumbeus'' Fabricius, 1787 (Widespread through Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Senegal, South Africa) also in China, Europe, India)

''Pompilus sacchii'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus shirae'' Arnold, 1950 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus successor'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus vanutelli'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Pompilus yngvei'' Cameron, 1908 (

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilioides'' Radley, 1887===

''Pompilioides braunsi'' Kohl, 1894 (Cameroon)

''Pompilioides decipiens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides latifrons'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides pruinosus'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides trifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides validus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammochares'' Latreille, 1796===

''Psammochares bilineatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares brunniventris'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares irpex'' Gerstaecker, 1859 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares jocaste'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Psammochares latilabris'' Arnold, 1937 (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares quadriguttatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Tanzania)

''Psammochares rufigaster'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares rutilus'' Klug, 1834 (Ethiopia, Nigeria, Sudan, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares varians'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammoderes'' Haupt, 1929===

''Psammoderes capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes collaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Psammoderes fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1935, p.438 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes lightfooti'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Psammoderes major'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.433 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes mimicus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.434 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes semirufus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.436 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes reputatus'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.437 (Congo, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Pseudoclavelia&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930===

''Pseudoclavelia argenteosignata'' Arnold, 1936 (Botswana, Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia bituberculata'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_damarensis.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia damarensis''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia jouberti'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_nitidula.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia nitidula'' ''nitidula''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia nitidula bechuanae'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia rhodesiana'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudoclavelia rufescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pseudopompilus'' Costa, 1887===

''Pseudopompilus funereus'' Arnold, 1935, p.444 (Zimbabwe, Namibia)

''Pseudopompilus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

''Pseudopompilus lacteipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psyllosphex'' Arnold, 1935===

''Psyllosphex dentatus'' (Cameron, 1904); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.482 (South Africa)

''Psyllosphex myrmosaeformis'' Arnold, 1935, p.482 (Zimbabwe)

''Psyllosphex saltator'' Arnold, 1935, p.480 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pygmachus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Pygmachus compressus'' Saussure, 1892 (Madagascar)

''Pygmachus umbratus'' Haupt, 1930 (Guinea, South Africa, Zanzibar, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Rhynchopompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Rhynchopompilus cursor'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Schistonyx'' Saussure, 1887===

''Schistonyx aterrimus'' Arnold, 1946 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx prismaticus'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

''Schistonyx sinuatus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx sheppardi'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, Syria, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Schizanoplius'' Cameron, 1904

''Schizanoplius lutarius'' (Saussure, 1834)(Ghana, Mali, Madagascar)

''Schizanoplius violaceipennis'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Spuridiophorus'' Arnold, 1934

''Spuridiophorus capensis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Spuridiophorus inermis'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus maculipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Syntomoclitus'' Arnold, 1937

''Syntomoclitus bicolor'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Ashmead, 1902

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ignitus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ignitus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Smith, 1855) (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ovambo.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ovambo&lt;/u&gt;''] (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Tachypompilus praepotens'' (Kohl, 1894) (South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zanzibar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_vitripennis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] ''&lt;u&gt;vitripennis&lt;/u&gt;'' (Arnold, 1937) (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Telostegus'' Costa, 1887===

''Telostegus capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Telostegus fuscipennis'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

''Telostegus insidiosus'' (Smith, 1879) (Yemen)

''Telostegus sabulicola'' Priesner, 1955 (Algeria, Egypt, Marocco, Senegal, Yemen)</text>
      <sha1>gtguw9ojbh0h1vjd3lno8v9donm5h61</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719840</id>
      <parentid>2719839</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-27T16:36:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Genus Batozonellus Arnold, 1937 */</comment>
      <origin>2719840</origin>
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      <text bytes="25327" sha1="1obsxbvlrzoj4sp6z4ypa9e5hjoo0f6" xml:space="preserve">==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;
- Claveliinae corrected to Ctenocerinae in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.386-388&lt;br&gt;
- Several new genera and species in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.388-399&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934, pp. 290-364.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA. (Arnold, 1934, pp. 380-385.)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; ''Pseudagenia'' in iNat).&lt;br&gt;
*''D. pulchricoma'' = ''Pseudagenia pulchricoma'' Arnold, 1934, p. 337-340&lt;br&gt;
*''D. neavei'' = ''Pseudagenia mygnimioides'' Arnold, 1934, pp.336-337 and ''Pseudagenia neavei'' Kohl 1913&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA. - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377.&lt;br&gt;
*also ''Poecilagenia spinosipes'' = ''Trachyglyptus spinosipes'' Arnold, 1934, p. 377-379&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = ''Deuteragenia turneri'', ''D. dregei'', ''D. chirindensis'', ''D. bicolor'' (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (''Hormopogonius willowmorensis'' = ''Calicurgus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1932 p.395); also ''H. tenuicornis'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 379-380&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
*Also ''Priocnernis aterrimus'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 385-386.
*''Priocnemis meridionalis'' Arnold, 1934, p. 386.
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pompilinae==

List of genera and species from [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm '''&lt;u&gt;https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm&lt;/u&gt;''']

=== '''Genus''' ''Aeluropetrus'' Arnold, 1936 ===

''Aeluropetrus braunsi'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Aeluropetrus lugubris'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 ===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/Aetheopompilus_obliquetruncatus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus obliquetruncatus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 (Mozambique)

==='''Genus''' ''Agenioideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Agenioideus brevis'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937) (Ghana, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus decipiens'' (Bischoff, 1913) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) (Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus lascivus'' (Cameron, 1891) (?)

''Agenioideus nudatus'' (Smith, 1855) (?)

''Agenioideus rotundilabris'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus rutilus'' (Klug, 1834) (Yemen)

''Agenioideus rufipes'' (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Agenioideus varians'' (Arnold, 1937) (?)

==='''Genus''' ''Amblyellus'' Day, 1981===

''Amblyellus willowmorensis'' (Arnold, 1937) (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

==='''Genus''' ''Anoplius'' Dufour, 1834===

''Anoplius aethiopicus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Anoplius alecto'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Anoplius bifasciatus'' Tullgren, 1904 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda)

''Anoplius concinnus'' (Dahlbom, 1845) (Yemen)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''fuscus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, South Africa, Tanzania)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''excelsior'' Arnold, 1950 (Tanzania)

''Anoplius montanus'' Haupt, 1950 (Benin, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Principe Island, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

''Anoplius morosus'' Smith, 1855 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Anoplius octomaculatus'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Anoplius panmelas'' (Saussure, 1891) (Madagascar)

''Anoplius saegeri'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Anoplius subfasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius successor'' (Cameron, 1910) (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius viridicatus'' Smith, 1879 (West Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Apareia'' Haupt, 1929===

''Apareia multipicta rufifemur'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.449 (Zimbabwe)

''Apareia oedipus'' Kohl, 1886; descr. (synonymized?) as ''A. multipicta'' by Arnold, 1935, p.449 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporinellus'' Banks, 1911===

''Aporinellus bidens'' (Saussure, 1892) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporoideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Aporoideus clarus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

'''Genus''' ''Arachnospila'' Kincaid, 1900

''Arachnospila (Ammosphex) consobrina heringi'' (Haupt, 1928) (California, Canary Islands, Spain, Tanzania, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Argyroclitus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Argyroclitus fasciatipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus ruwenzoriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Atelostegus'' Haupt, 1929

''Atelostegus thrinax'' (Kohl, 1909) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Atopopompilus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Atopompilus jacens'' (Bingham, 1912) (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Yemen)

''Atopompilus marshalli'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Atopopompilus venans mlanjiensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Ghana)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/Bambesa_grisea.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa grisea&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1937===

''Batozonellus capensis'' (Dahlbom, 1843); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.6 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/Batozonellus_fuliginosus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus fuliginosus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Klug, 1834); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.3 (Central Africa, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Batozonellus gowdeyi'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.7 (Sierra Leone, Uganda)

''Batozonellus madecassus'' (Saussure, 1887) (Madagascar)

''Batozonellus separabilis'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.9 (Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Batozonus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Batozonus bipunctatus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Batozonus capensis'' Dahlbom, 1940 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Cliochares'' Banks, 1940===

''Cliochares convexus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Cordyloscelis'' Arnold, 1935===

''Cordyloscelis bequaerti'' Arnold, 1935, p.420 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Cordyloscelis flavipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.424 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis latipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.417 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis namaqua'' Arnold, 1935, p.423 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis nigerrimus'' Arnold, 1935, p.421 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis parallelus'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe)

''Cordyloscelis ugandensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.425 (Congo, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Ctenagenia'' Saussure, 1892===

''Ctenagenia vespiformis'' (Klug, 1834) (Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Madagascar, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, Yemen)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930 ===

''Dromochares clavipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (Zimbabwe)

''Dromochares fumipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Dromochares premnopterus'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

''Dromochares rufipes'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/Dromochares_transvaalensis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares transvaalensis&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Dicyrtomellus'' Gussakovskij, 1935===

''Dicyrtomellus anomalipes'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Dicyrtomellus argenteodecoratus'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus griseus'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus impressus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus leptacanthius'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus meruensis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus neavei'' Kohl, 1913 (Congo)

''Dicyrtomellus rufofemoratus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Elaphrosyron'' Haupt, 1930===

''Elaphrosyron insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Mali, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Elaphrosyron multipictus'' Arnold, 1937 (Uganda)

''Elaphrosyron pauperculus'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Epiclinotus'' Haupt, 1929===

''Epiclinotus capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus erythrurus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.465 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus turneri'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.466 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron&lt;/u&gt;''] Schiødte, 1837===

''Episyron argillaceus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zambia)

''Episyron bequaerti'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron bicinctus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron braunsii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron crassicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Episyron gryps'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/Episyron_histrio.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron histrio&lt;/u&gt;''] Lepeletier, 1845 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mali, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron pedunculatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron solitaneum'' Kohl, 1906 (Yemen)

''Episyron tropicalis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Episyron turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron viduus'' Arnold, 1936 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron vindex'' Smith, 1879 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/index.htm &lt;u&gt;Euclavelia&lt;/u&gt;]'' Arnold, 1932===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/Euclavelia_fasciata.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Euclavelia fasciata&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1932 (South Africa)

''Euclavelia longicollis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Euryzonotulus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Euryzonotulus nigeriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreola'' Lepeletier, 1845===

''Ferreola auranticornis'' Wahis, 2000 (Eritrea, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreoloides'' Haupt, 1919===

''Ferreoloides basutorum'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

''Ferreoloides versutus'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

==='''Genus''' ''Galactopterus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Galactopterus otaviensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Galactopterus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Namibia, South Africa)

''Galactopterus simillimus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Guichardia'' Arnold, 1951===

''Guichardia macilenta'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hadropompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Hadropompilus braunsi'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Hadropompilus montanus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hauptiella'' Arnold, 1936===

''Hauptiella multipicta'' Arnold, 1936

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/Herpetosphex_staphylinoides.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex staphylinoides&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Homonotus'' Dahlbom, 1844===
Dahlbom 1843 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796238) or Dahlbom, 1844 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796653)?

''Homonotus aegyptiacus'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.469 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus coxalis'' Arnold, 1935, p.478 (South Africa)

''Homonotus disparilis'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.473 (South Africa)

''Homonotus dispersus'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus dissectus'' Arnold, 1935, p.474 (South Africa)

''Homonotus excavatus'' Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus fuscipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.475 (South Africa)

''Homonotus imitans'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus leptogaster'' Arnold, 1935, p.476 (South Africa)

''Homonotus ruficornis'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus rukwaensis'' Arnold, 1946 (Tanzania)

''Homonotus sansibaricus'' Arnold, 1935, p.471 (Zanzibar)

==='''Genus''' ''Idopompilus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Idopompilus algoensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus algoensis major'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus braunsi'' Kohl, 1899 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus brunnescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschi handlirschi'' Arnold, 1936 (?)

''Idopompilus handlirschi basutorum'' Arnold, 1959 (Lesotho, South Africa)

''Idopompilus fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1946 (Lesotho)

''Idopompilus gracilicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus krugeri'' Haupt, 1930 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Idopompilus quadrifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Kolposphex'' Arnold, 1959===

''Kolposphex atronitens'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Kyphopompilus'' Arnold, 1960

''Kyphopompilus flavipes'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microdrapetes'' Arnold, 1937===

''Microdrapetes bellus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Microphadnus'' Cameron, 1904

''Microphadnus bicolor'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Paracyphononyx'' Gribodo, 1884===

''Paracyphononyx affinis'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon, Ghana, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx africanus'' Rad., 1881 (Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx carinatus'' Rad., 1881 Angola, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx coloratus'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon)

''Paracyphononyx difficilis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Malai, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversipes'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversus'' Dahlbom, 1845 (Central and East Africa to South Africa, Yemen)

''Paracyphononyx elliotti'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx frustratus'' Smith, 1879 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx funebris'' Magretti, 1884 (Ethiopia)

''Paracyphononyx gemellus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx laboriosus'' Arnold, 1936 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx languidus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx lukombensis'' Cameron, 1912 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia)

''Paracyphononyx metemmensis'' Magretti, 1884 (Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx mombassicus'' R. Luc., 1898 (Kenya)

''Paracyphononyx montanus'' Arnold, 1960 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx parallelus'' Haupt, 1929 (Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx petiolaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx plutonis'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx rotundinervis'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx ruficrus'' Klug, 1834 (Asia Minor, Egypt, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' Illiger,1802 (Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Paraferreola'' Sustera, 1913===

''Paraferreola melanostoma'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.439 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paraferreola spilopus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.441 (South Africa)

''Paraferreola soleana'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.443 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Platyderes'' Guérin-Méneville, 1844===

''Platyderes bicolor'' Smith, 1855; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.454 (South Africa)

''Platyderes chalybeus'' Saussure, 1892 (or Tasch. 1880?); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.456 (East Africa, South Africa)

''Platyderes drègii'' Brauns, 1899; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.457 (South Africa)

''Platyderes erythrocephalus'' Guerin, **** (Madagascar)

''Platyderes flavoscutellatus'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes oraniensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.456 (South Africa)

''Platyderes rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.461 (Ethiopia, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes saussurei'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Platyderes spoliatus'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.462 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes vicinus'' Arnold, 1935, p.460 (South Africa)

''Platyderes wasmanni'' Brauns, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.459 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilus'' Fabricius===

''Pompilus alpinus'' Arnold, 1960 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus anomalopterus'' Cameron, 1908 (Malawi, South Africa)

''Pompilus cinereus'' Fabricius, 1775 (Yemen)

''Pompilus contrarius'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Pompilus curvifrons'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus erythrostomus'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus exploratrix'' Cameron, 1908 ''(''

''Pompilus ignobilis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pompilus levis'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana)

''Pompilus masaiensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus meruensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus plumbeus'' Fabricius, 1787 (Widespread through Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Senegal, South Africa) also in China, Europe, India)

''Pompilus sacchii'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus shirae'' Arnold, 1950 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus successor'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus vanutelli'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Pompilus yngvei'' Cameron, 1908 (

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilioides'' Radley, 1887===

''Pompilioides braunsi'' Kohl, 1894 (Cameroon)

''Pompilioides decipiens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides latifrons'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides pruinosus'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides trifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides validus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammochares'' Latreille, 1796===

''Psammochares bilineatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares brunniventris'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares irpex'' Gerstaecker, 1859 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares jocaste'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Psammochares latilabris'' Arnold, 1937 (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares quadriguttatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Tanzania)

''Psammochares rufigaster'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares rutilus'' Klug, 1834 (Ethiopia, Nigeria, Sudan, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares varians'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammoderes'' Haupt, 1929===

''Psammoderes capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes collaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Psammoderes fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1935, p.438 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes lightfooti'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Psammoderes major'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.433 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes mimicus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.434 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes semirufus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.436 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes reputatus'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.437 (Congo, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Pseudoclavelia&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930===

''Pseudoclavelia argenteosignata'' Arnold, 1936 (Botswana, Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia bituberculata'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_damarensis.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia damarensis''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia jouberti'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_nitidula.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia nitidula'' ''nitidula''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia nitidula bechuanae'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia rhodesiana'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudoclavelia rufescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pseudopompilus'' Costa, 1887===

''Pseudopompilus funereus'' Arnold, 1935, p.444 (Zimbabwe, Namibia)

''Pseudopompilus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

''Pseudopompilus lacteipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psyllosphex'' Arnold, 1935===

''Psyllosphex dentatus'' (Cameron, 1904); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.482 (South Africa)

''Psyllosphex myrmosaeformis'' Arnold, 1935, p.482 (Zimbabwe)

''Psyllosphex saltator'' Arnold, 1935, p.480 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pygmachus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Pygmachus compressus'' Saussure, 1892 (Madagascar)

''Pygmachus umbratus'' Haupt, 1930 (Guinea, South Africa, Zanzibar, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Rhynchopompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Rhynchopompilus cursor'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Schistonyx'' Saussure, 1887===

''Schistonyx aterrimus'' Arnold, 1946 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx prismaticus'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

''Schistonyx sinuatus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx sheppardi'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, Syria, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Schizanoplius'' Cameron, 1904

''Schizanoplius lutarius'' (Saussure, 1834)(Ghana, Mali, Madagascar)

''Schizanoplius violaceipennis'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Spuridiophorus'' Arnold, 1934

''Spuridiophorus capensis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Spuridiophorus inermis'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus maculipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Syntomoclitus'' Arnold, 1937

''Syntomoclitus bicolor'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Ashmead, 1902

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ignitus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ignitus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Smith, 1855) (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ovambo.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ovambo&lt;/u&gt;''] (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Tachypompilus praepotens'' (Kohl, 1894) (South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zanzibar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_vitripennis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] ''&lt;u&gt;vitripennis&lt;/u&gt;'' (Arnold, 1937) (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Telostegus'' Costa, 1887===

''Telostegus capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Telostegus fuscipennis'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

''Telostegus insidiosus'' (Smith, 1879) (Yemen)

''Telostegus sabulicola'' Priesner, 1955 (Algeria, Egypt, Marocco, Senegal, Yemen)</text>
      <sha1>1obsxbvlrzoj4sp6z4ypa9e5hjoo0f6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719841</id>
      <parentid>2719840</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-27T16:39:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Genus Schistonyx Saussure, 1887 */</comment>
      <origin>2719841</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="25351" sha1="o5e48hb8lai7qrdgyi4nuga19l496ba" xml:space="preserve">==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;
- Claveliinae corrected to Ctenocerinae in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.386-388&lt;br&gt;
- Several new genera and species in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.388-399&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934, pp. 290-364.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA. (Arnold, 1934, pp. 380-385.)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; ''Pseudagenia'' in iNat).&lt;br&gt;
*''D. pulchricoma'' = ''Pseudagenia pulchricoma'' Arnold, 1934, p. 337-340&lt;br&gt;
*''D. neavei'' = ''Pseudagenia mygnimioides'' Arnold, 1934, pp.336-337 and ''Pseudagenia neavei'' Kohl 1913&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA. - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377.&lt;br&gt;
*also ''Poecilagenia spinosipes'' = ''Trachyglyptus spinosipes'' Arnold, 1934, p. 377-379&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = ''Deuteragenia turneri'', ''D. dregei'', ''D. chirindensis'', ''D. bicolor'' (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (''Hormopogonius willowmorensis'' = ''Calicurgus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1932 p.395); also ''H. tenuicornis'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 379-380&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
*Also ''Priocnernis aterrimus'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 385-386.
*''Priocnemis meridionalis'' Arnold, 1934, p. 386.
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pompilinae==

List of genera and species from [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm '''&lt;u&gt;https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm&lt;/u&gt;''']

=== '''Genus''' ''Aeluropetrus'' Arnold, 1936 ===

''Aeluropetrus braunsi'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Aeluropetrus lugubris'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 ===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/Aetheopompilus_obliquetruncatus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus obliquetruncatus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 (Mozambique)

==='''Genus''' ''Agenioideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Agenioideus brevis'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937) (Ghana, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus decipiens'' (Bischoff, 1913) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) (Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus lascivus'' (Cameron, 1891) (?)

''Agenioideus nudatus'' (Smith, 1855) (?)

''Agenioideus rotundilabris'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus rutilus'' (Klug, 1834) (Yemen)

''Agenioideus rufipes'' (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Agenioideus varians'' (Arnold, 1937) (?)

==='''Genus''' ''Amblyellus'' Day, 1981===

''Amblyellus willowmorensis'' (Arnold, 1937) (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

==='''Genus''' ''Anoplius'' Dufour, 1834===

''Anoplius aethiopicus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Anoplius alecto'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Anoplius bifasciatus'' Tullgren, 1904 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda)

''Anoplius concinnus'' (Dahlbom, 1845) (Yemen)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''fuscus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, South Africa, Tanzania)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''excelsior'' Arnold, 1950 (Tanzania)

''Anoplius montanus'' Haupt, 1950 (Benin, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Principe Island, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

''Anoplius morosus'' Smith, 1855 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Anoplius octomaculatus'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Anoplius panmelas'' (Saussure, 1891) (Madagascar)

''Anoplius saegeri'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Anoplius subfasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius successor'' (Cameron, 1910) (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius viridicatus'' Smith, 1879 (West Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Apareia'' Haupt, 1929===

''Apareia multipicta rufifemur'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.449 (Zimbabwe)

''Apareia oedipus'' Kohl, 1886; descr. (synonymized?) as ''A. multipicta'' by Arnold, 1935, p.449 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporinellus'' Banks, 1911===

''Aporinellus bidens'' (Saussure, 1892) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporoideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Aporoideus clarus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

'''Genus''' ''Arachnospila'' Kincaid, 1900

''Arachnospila (Ammosphex) consobrina heringi'' (Haupt, 1928) (California, Canary Islands, Spain, Tanzania, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Argyroclitus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Argyroclitus fasciatipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus ruwenzoriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Atelostegus'' Haupt, 1929

''Atelostegus thrinax'' (Kohl, 1909) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Atopopompilus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Atopompilus jacens'' (Bingham, 1912) (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Yemen)

''Atopompilus marshalli'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Atopopompilus venans mlanjiensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Ghana)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/Bambesa_grisea.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa grisea&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1937===

''Batozonellus capensis'' (Dahlbom, 1843); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.6 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/Batozonellus_fuliginosus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus fuliginosus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Klug, 1834); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.3 (Central Africa, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Batozonellus gowdeyi'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.7 (Sierra Leone, Uganda)

''Batozonellus madecassus'' (Saussure, 1887) (Madagascar)

''Batozonellus separabilis'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.9 (Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Batozonus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Batozonus bipunctatus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Batozonus capensis'' Dahlbom, 1940 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Cliochares'' Banks, 1940===

''Cliochares convexus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Cordyloscelis'' Arnold, 1935===

''Cordyloscelis bequaerti'' Arnold, 1935, p.420 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Cordyloscelis flavipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.424 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis latipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.417 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis namaqua'' Arnold, 1935, p.423 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis nigerrimus'' Arnold, 1935, p.421 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis parallelus'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe)

''Cordyloscelis ugandensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.425 (Congo, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Ctenagenia'' Saussure, 1892===

''Ctenagenia vespiformis'' (Klug, 1834) (Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Madagascar, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, Yemen)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930 ===

''Dromochares clavipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (Zimbabwe)

''Dromochares fumipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Dromochares premnopterus'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

''Dromochares rufipes'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/Dromochares_transvaalensis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares transvaalensis&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Dicyrtomellus'' Gussakovskij, 1935===

''Dicyrtomellus anomalipes'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Dicyrtomellus argenteodecoratus'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus griseus'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus impressus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus leptacanthius'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus meruensis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus neavei'' Kohl, 1913 (Congo)

''Dicyrtomellus rufofemoratus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Elaphrosyron'' Haupt, 1930===

''Elaphrosyron insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Mali, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Elaphrosyron multipictus'' Arnold, 1937 (Uganda)

''Elaphrosyron pauperculus'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Epiclinotus'' Haupt, 1929===

''Epiclinotus capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus erythrurus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.465 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus turneri'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.466 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron&lt;/u&gt;''] Schiødte, 1837===

''Episyron argillaceus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zambia)

''Episyron bequaerti'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron bicinctus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron braunsii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron crassicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Episyron gryps'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/Episyron_histrio.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron histrio&lt;/u&gt;''] Lepeletier, 1845 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mali, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron pedunculatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron solitaneum'' Kohl, 1906 (Yemen)

''Episyron tropicalis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Episyron turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron viduus'' Arnold, 1936 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron vindex'' Smith, 1879 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/index.htm &lt;u&gt;Euclavelia&lt;/u&gt;]'' Arnold, 1932===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/Euclavelia_fasciata.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Euclavelia fasciata&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1932 (South Africa)

''Euclavelia longicollis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Euryzonotulus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Euryzonotulus nigeriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreola'' Lepeletier, 1845===

''Ferreola auranticornis'' Wahis, 2000 (Eritrea, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreoloides'' Haupt, 1919===

''Ferreoloides basutorum'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

''Ferreoloides versutus'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

==='''Genus''' ''Galactopterus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Galactopterus otaviensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Galactopterus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Namibia, South Africa)

''Galactopterus simillimus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Guichardia'' Arnold, 1951===

''Guichardia macilenta'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hadropompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Hadropompilus braunsi'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Hadropompilus montanus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hauptiella'' Arnold, 1936===

''Hauptiella multipicta'' Arnold, 1936

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/Herpetosphex_staphylinoides.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex staphylinoides&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Homonotus'' Dahlbom, 1844===
Dahlbom 1843 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796238) or Dahlbom, 1844 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796653)?

''Homonotus aegyptiacus'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.469 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus coxalis'' Arnold, 1935, p.478 (South Africa)

''Homonotus disparilis'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.473 (South Africa)

''Homonotus dispersus'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus dissectus'' Arnold, 1935, p.474 (South Africa)

''Homonotus excavatus'' Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus fuscipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.475 (South Africa)

''Homonotus imitans'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus leptogaster'' Arnold, 1935, p.476 (South Africa)

''Homonotus ruficornis'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus rukwaensis'' Arnold, 1946 (Tanzania)

''Homonotus sansibaricus'' Arnold, 1935, p.471 (Zanzibar)

==='''Genus''' ''Idopompilus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Idopompilus algoensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus algoensis major'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus braunsi'' Kohl, 1899 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus brunnescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschi handlirschi'' Arnold, 1936 (?)

''Idopompilus handlirschi basutorum'' Arnold, 1959 (Lesotho, South Africa)

''Idopompilus fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1946 (Lesotho)

''Idopompilus gracilicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus krugeri'' Haupt, 1930 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Idopompilus quadrifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Kolposphex'' Arnold, 1959===

''Kolposphex atronitens'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Kyphopompilus'' Arnold, 1960

''Kyphopompilus flavipes'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microdrapetes'' Arnold, 1937===

''Microdrapetes bellus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Microphadnus'' Cameron, 1904

''Microphadnus bicolor'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Paracyphononyx'' Gribodo, 1884===

''Paracyphononyx affinis'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon, Ghana, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx africanus'' Rad., 1881 (Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx carinatus'' Rad., 1881 Angola, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx coloratus'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon)

''Paracyphononyx difficilis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Malai, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversipes'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversus'' Dahlbom, 1845 (Central and East Africa to South Africa, Yemen)

''Paracyphononyx elliotti'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx frustratus'' Smith, 1879 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx funebris'' Magretti, 1884 (Ethiopia)

''Paracyphononyx gemellus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx laboriosus'' Arnold, 1936 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx languidus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx lukombensis'' Cameron, 1912 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia)

''Paracyphononyx metemmensis'' Magretti, 1884 (Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx mombassicus'' R. Luc., 1898 (Kenya)

''Paracyphononyx montanus'' Arnold, 1960 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx parallelus'' Haupt, 1929 (Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx petiolaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx plutonis'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx rotundinervis'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx ruficrus'' Klug, 1834 (Asia Minor, Egypt, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' Illiger,1802 (Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Paraferreola'' Sustera, 1913===

''Paraferreola melanostoma'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.439 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paraferreola spilopus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.441 (South Africa)

''Paraferreola soleana'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.443 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Platyderes'' Guérin-Méneville, 1844===

''Platyderes bicolor'' Smith, 1855; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.454 (South Africa)

''Platyderes chalybeus'' Saussure, 1892 (or Tasch. 1880?); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.456 (East Africa, South Africa)

''Platyderes drègii'' Brauns, 1899; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.457 (South Africa)

''Platyderes erythrocephalus'' Guerin, **** (Madagascar)

''Platyderes flavoscutellatus'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes oraniensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.456 (South Africa)

''Platyderes rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.461 (Ethiopia, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes saussurei'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Platyderes spoliatus'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.462 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes vicinus'' Arnold, 1935, p.460 (South Africa)

''Platyderes wasmanni'' Brauns, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.459 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilus'' Fabricius===

''Pompilus alpinus'' Arnold, 1960 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus anomalopterus'' Cameron, 1908 (Malawi, South Africa)

''Pompilus cinereus'' Fabricius, 1775 (Yemen)

''Pompilus contrarius'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Pompilus curvifrons'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus erythrostomus'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus exploratrix'' Cameron, 1908 ''(''

''Pompilus ignobilis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pompilus levis'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana)

''Pompilus masaiensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus meruensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus plumbeus'' Fabricius, 1787 (Widespread through Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Senegal, South Africa) also in China, Europe, India)

''Pompilus sacchii'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus shirae'' Arnold, 1950 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus successor'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus vanutelli'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Pompilus yngvei'' Cameron, 1908 (

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilioides'' Radley, 1887===

''Pompilioides braunsi'' Kohl, 1894 (Cameroon)

''Pompilioides decipiens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides latifrons'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides pruinosus'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides trifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides validus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammochares'' Latreille, 1796===

''Psammochares bilineatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares brunniventris'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares irpex'' Gerstaecker, 1859 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares jocaste'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Psammochares latilabris'' Arnold, 1937 (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares quadriguttatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Tanzania)

''Psammochares rufigaster'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares rutilus'' Klug, 1834 (Ethiopia, Nigeria, Sudan, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares varians'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammoderes'' Haupt, 1929===

''Psammoderes capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes collaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Psammoderes fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1935, p.438 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes lightfooti'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Psammoderes major'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.433 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes mimicus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.434 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes semirufus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.436 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes reputatus'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.437 (Congo, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Pseudoclavelia&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930===

''Pseudoclavelia argenteosignata'' Arnold, 1936 (Botswana, Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia bituberculata'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_damarensis.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia damarensis''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia jouberti'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_nitidula.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia nitidula'' ''nitidula''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia nitidula bechuanae'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia rhodesiana'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudoclavelia rufescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pseudopompilus'' Costa, 1887===

''Pseudopompilus funereus'' Arnold, 1935, p.444 (Zimbabwe, Namibia)

''Pseudopompilus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

''Pseudopompilus lacteipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psyllosphex'' Arnold, 1935===

''Psyllosphex dentatus'' (Cameron, 1904); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.482 (South Africa)

''Psyllosphex myrmosaeformis'' Arnold, 1935, p.482 (Zimbabwe)

''Psyllosphex saltator'' Arnold, 1935, p.480 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pygmachus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Pygmachus compressus'' Saussure, 1892 (Madagascar)

''Pygmachus umbratus'' Haupt, 1930 (Guinea, South Africa, Zanzibar, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Rhynchopompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Rhynchopompilus cursor'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Schistonyx'' Saussure, 1887===

''Schistonyx aterrimus'' Arnold, 1946 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx prismaticus'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

''Schistonyx sinuatus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx sheppardi'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, Syria, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Schizanoplius'' Cameron, 1904===

''Schizanoplius lutarius'' (Saussure, 1834)(Ghana, Mali, Madagascar)

''Schizanoplius violaceipennis'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Spuridiophorus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Spuridiophorus capensis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Spuridiophorus inermis'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus maculipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Syntomoclitus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Syntomoclitus bicolor'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Ashmead, 1902===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ignitus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ignitus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Smith, 1855) (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ovambo.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ovambo&lt;/u&gt;''] (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Tachypompilus praepotens'' (Kohl, 1894) (South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zanzibar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_vitripennis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] ''&lt;u&gt;vitripennis&lt;/u&gt;'' (Arnold, 1937) (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Telostegus'' Costa, 1887===

''Telostegus capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Telostegus fuscipennis'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

''Telostegus insidiosus'' (Smith, 1879) (Yemen)

''Telostegus sabulicola'' Priesner, 1955 (Algeria, Egypt, Marocco, Senegal, Yemen)</text>
      <sha1>o5e48hb8lai7qrdgyi4nuga19l496ba</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719842</id>
      <parentid>2719841</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-27T16:43:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Genus Schistonyx Saussure, 1887 */</comment>
      <origin>2719842</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="25392" sha1="27mca9x2j3cm6k0xc9kg6rz4ugpxdcu" xml:space="preserve">==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;
- Claveliinae corrected to Ctenocerinae in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.386-388&lt;br&gt;
- Several new genera and species in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.388-399&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934, pp. 290-364.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA. (Arnold, 1934, pp. 380-385.)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; ''Pseudagenia'' in iNat).&lt;br&gt;
*''D. pulchricoma'' = ''Pseudagenia pulchricoma'' Arnold, 1934, p. 337-340&lt;br&gt;
*''D. neavei'' = ''Pseudagenia mygnimioides'' Arnold, 1934, pp.336-337 and ''Pseudagenia neavei'' Kohl 1913&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA. - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377.&lt;br&gt;
*also ''Poecilagenia spinosipes'' = ''Trachyglyptus spinosipes'' Arnold, 1934, p. 377-379&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = ''Deuteragenia turneri'', ''D. dregei'', ''D. chirindensis'', ''D. bicolor'' (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (''Hormopogonius willowmorensis'' = ''Calicurgus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1932 p.395); also ''H. tenuicornis'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 379-380&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
*Also ''Priocnernis aterrimus'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 385-386.
*''Priocnemis meridionalis'' Arnold, 1934, p. 386.
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pompilinae==

List of genera and species from [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm '''&lt;u&gt;https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm&lt;/u&gt;''']

=== '''Genus''' ''Aeluropetrus'' Arnold, 1936 ===

''Aeluropetrus braunsi'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Aeluropetrus lugubris'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 ===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/Aetheopompilus_obliquetruncatus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus obliquetruncatus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 (Mozambique)

==='''Genus''' ''Agenioideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Agenioideus brevis'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937) (Ghana, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus decipiens'' (Bischoff, 1913) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) (Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus lascivus'' (Cameron, 1891) (?)

''Agenioideus nudatus'' (Smith, 1855) (?)

''Agenioideus rotundilabris'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus rutilus'' (Klug, 1834) (Yemen)

''Agenioideus rufipes'' (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Agenioideus varians'' (Arnold, 1937) (?)

==='''Genus''' ''Amblyellus'' Day, 1981===

''Amblyellus willowmorensis'' (Arnold, 1937) (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

==='''Genus''' ''Anoplius'' Dufour, 1834===

''Anoplius aethiopicus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Anoplius alecto'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Anoplius bifasciatus'' Tullgren, 1904 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda)

''Anoplius concinnus'' (Dahlbom, 1845) (Yemen)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''fuscus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, South Africa, Tanzania)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''excelsior'' Arnold, 1950 (Tanzania)

''Anoplius montanus'' Haupt, 1950 (Benin, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Principe Island, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

''Anoplius morosus'' Smith, 1855 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Anoplius octomaculatus'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Anoplius panmelas'' (Saussure, 1891) (Madagascar)

''Anoplius saegeri'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Anoplius subfasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius successor'' (Cameron, 1910) (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius viridicatus'' Smith, 1879 (West Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Apareia'' Haupt, 1929===

''Apareia multipicta rufifemur'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.449 (Zimbabwe)

''Apareia oedipus'' Kohl, 1886; descr. (synonymized?) as ''A. multipicta'' by Arnold, 1935, p.449 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporinellus'' Banks, 1911===

''Aporinellus bidens'' (Saussure, 1892) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporoideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Aporoideus clarus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

'''Genus''' ''Arachnospila'' Kincaid, 1900

''Arachnospila (Ammosphex) consobrina heringi'' (Haupt, 1928) (California, Canary Islands, Spain, Tanzania, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Argyroclitus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Argyroclitus fasciatipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus ruwenzoriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Atelostegus'' Haupt, 1929

''Atelostegus thrinax'' (Kohl, 1909) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Atopopompilus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Atopompilus jacens'' (Bingham, 1912) (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Yemen)

''Atopompilus marshalli'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Atopopompilus venans mlanjiensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Ghana)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/Bambesa_grisea.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa grisea&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1937===

''Batozonellus capensis'' (Dahlbom, 1843); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.6 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/Batozonellus_fuliginosus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus fuliginosus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Klug, 1834); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.3 (Central Africa, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Batozonellus gowdeyi'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.7 (Sierra Leone, Uganda)

''Batozonellus madecassus'' (Saussure, 1887) (Madagascar)

''Batozonellus separabilis'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.9 (Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Batozonus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Batozonus bipunctatus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Batozonus capensis'' Dahlbom, 1940 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Cliochares'' Banks, 1940===

''Cliochares convexus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Cordyloscelis'' Arnold, 1935===

''Cordyloscelis bequaerti'' Arnold, 1935, p.420 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Cordyloscelis flavipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.424 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis latipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.417 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis namaqua'' Arnold, 1935, p.423 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis nigerrimus'' Arnold, 1935, p.421 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis parallelus'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe)

''Cordyloscelis ugandensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.425 (Congo, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Ctenagenia'' Saussure, 1892===

''Ctenagenia vespiformis'' (Klug, 1834) (Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Madagascar, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, Yemen)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930 ===

''Dromochares clavipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (Zimbabwe)

''Dromochares fumipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Dromochares premnopterus'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

''Dromochares rufipes'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/Dromochares_transvaalensis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares transvaalensis&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Dicyrtomellus'' Gussakovskij, 1935===

''Dicyrtomellus anomalipes'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Dicyrtomellus argenteodecoratus'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus griseus'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus impressus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus leptacanthius'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus meruensis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus neavei'' Kohl, 1913 (Congo)

''Dicyrtomellus rufofemoratus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Elaphrosyron'' Haupt, 1930===

''Elaphrosyron insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Mali, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Elaphrosyron multipictus'' Arnold, 1937 (Uganda)

''Elaphrosyron pauperculus'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Epiclinotus'' Haupt, 1929===

''Epiclinotus capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus erythrurus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.465 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus turneri'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.466 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron&lt;/u&gt;''] Schiødte, 1837===

''Episyron argillaceus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zambia)

''Episyron bequaerti'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron bicinctus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron braunsii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron crassicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Episyron gryps'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/Episyron_histrio.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron histrio&lt;/u&gt;''] Lepeletier, 1845 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mali, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron pedunculatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron solitaneum'' Kohl, 1906 (Yemen)

''Episyron tropicalis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Episyron turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron viduus'' Arnold, 1936 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron vindex'' Smith, 1879 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/index.htm &lt;u&gt;Euclavelia&lt;/u&gt;]'' Arnold, 1932===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/Euclavelia_fasciata.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Euclavelia fasciata&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1932 (South Africa)

''Euclavelia longicollis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Euryzonotulus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Euryzonotulus nigeriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreola'' Lepeletier, 1845===

''Ferreola auranticornis'' Wahis, 2000 (Eritrea, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreoloides'' Haupt, 1919===

''Ferreoloides basutorum'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

''Ferreoloides versutus'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

==='''Genus''' ''Galactopterus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Galactopterus otaviensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Galactopterus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Namibia, South Africa)

''Galactopterus simillimus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Guichardia'' Arnold, 1951===

''Guichardia macilenta'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hadropompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Hadropompilus braunsi'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Hadropompilus montanus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hauptiella'' Arnold, 1936===

''Hauptiella multipicta'' Arnold, 1936

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/Herpetosphex_staphylinoides.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex staphylinoides&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Homonotus'' Dahlbom, 1844===
Dahlbom 1843 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796238) or Dahlbom, 1844 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796653)?

''Homonotus aegyptiacus'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.469 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus coxalis'' Arnold, 1935, p.478 (South Africa)

''Homonotus disparilis'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.473 (South Africa)

''Homonotus dispersus'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus dissectus'' Arnold, 1935, p.474 (South Africa)

''Homonotus excavatus'' Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus fuscipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.475 (South Africa)

''Homonotus imitans'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus leptogaster'' Arnold, 1935, p.476 (South Africa)

''Homonotus ruficornis'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus rukwaensis'' Arnold, 1946 (Tanzania)

''Homonotus sansibaricus'' Arnold, 1935, p.471 (Zanzibar)

==='''Genus''' ''Idopompilus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Idopompilus algoensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus algoensis major'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus braunsi'' Kohl, 1899 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus brunnescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschi handlirschi'' Arnold, 1936 (?)

''Idopompilus handlirschi basutorum'' Arnold, 1959 (Lesotho, South Africa)

''Idopompilus fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1946 (Lesotho)

''Idopompilus gracilicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus krugeri'' Haupt, 1930 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Idopompilus quadrifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Kolposphex'' Arnold, 1959===

''Kolposphex atronitens'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Kyphopompilus'' Arnold, 1960

''Kyphopompilus flavipes'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microdrapetes'' Arnold, 1937===

''Microdrapetes bellus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Microphadnus'' Cameron, 1904

''Microphadnus bicolor'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Paracyphononyx'' Gribodo, 1884===

''Paracyphononyx affinis'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon, Ghana, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx africanus'' Rad., 1881 (Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx carinatus'' Rad., 1881 Angola, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx coloratus'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon)

''Paracyphononyx difficilis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Malai, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversipes'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversus'' Dahlbom, 1845 (Central and East Africa to South Africa, Yemen)

''Paracyphononyx elliotti'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx frustratus'' Smith, 1879 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx funebris'' Magretti, 1884 (Ethiopia)

''Paracyphononyx gemellus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx laboriosus'' Arnold, 1936 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx languidus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx lukombensis'' Cameron, 1912 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia)

''Paracyphononyx metemmensis'' Magretti, 1884 (Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx mombassicus'' R. Luc., 1898 (Kenya)

''Paracyphononyx montanus'' Arnold, 1960 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx parallelus'' Haupt, 1929 (Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx petiolaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx plutonis'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx rotundinervis'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx ruficrus'' Klug, 1834 (Asia Minor, Egypt, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' Illiger,1802 (Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Paraferreola'' Sustera, 1913===

''Paraferreola melanostoma'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.439 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paraferreola spilopus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.441 (South Africa)

''Paraferreola soleana'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.443 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Platyderes'' Guérin-Méneville, 1844===

''Platyderes bicolor'' Smith, 1855; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.454 (South Africa)

''Platyderes chalybeus'' Saussure, 1892 (or Tasch. 1880?); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.456 (East Africa, South Africa)

''Platyderes drègii'' Brauns, 1899; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.457 (South Africa)

''Platyderes erythrocephalus'' Guerin, **** (Madagascar)

''Platyderes flavoscutellatus'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes oraniensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.456 (South Africa)

''Platyderes rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.461 (Ethiopia, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes saussurei'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Platyderes spoliatus'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.462 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes vicinus'' Arnold, 1935, p.460 (South Africa)

''Platyderes wasmanni'' Brauns, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.459 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilus'' Fabricius===

''Pompilus alpinus'' Arnold, 1960 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus anomalopterus'' Cameron, 1908 (Malawi, South Africa)

''Pompilus cinereus'' Fabricius, 1775 (Yemen)

''Pompilus contrarius'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Pompilus curvifrons'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus erythrostomus'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus exploratrix'' Cameron, 1908 ''(''

''Pompilus ignobilis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pompilus levis'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana)

''Pompilus masaiensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus meruensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus plumbeus'' Fabricius, 1787 (Widespread through Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Senegal, South Africa) also in China, Europe, India)

''Pompilus sacchii'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus shirae'' Arnold, 1950 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus successor'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus vanutelli'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Pompilus yngvei'' Cameron, 1908 (

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilioides'' Radley, 1887===

''Pompilioides braunsi'' Kohl, 1894 (Cameroon)

''Pompilioides decipiens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides latifrons'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides pruinosus'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides trifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides validus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammochares'' Latreille, 1796===

''Psammochares bilineatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares brunniventris'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares irpex'' Gerstaecker, 1859 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares jocaste'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Psammochares latilabris'' Arnold, 1937 (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares quadriguttatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Tanzania)

''Psammochares rufigaster'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares rutilus'' Klug, 1834 (Ethiopia, Nigeria, Sudan, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares varians'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammoderes'' Haupt, 1929===

''Psammoderes capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes collaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Psammoderes fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1935, p.438 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes lightfooti'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Psammoderes major'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.433 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes mimicus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.434 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes semirufus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.436 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes reputatus'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.437 (Congo, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Pseudoclavelia&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930===

''Pseudoclavelia argenteosignata'' Arnold, 1936 (Botswana, Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia bituberculata'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_damarensis.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia damarensis''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia jouberti'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_nitidula.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia nitidula'' ''nitidula''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia nitidula bechuanae'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia rhodesiana'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudoclavelia rufescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pseudopompilus'' Costa, 1887===

''Pseudopompilus funereus'' Arnold, 1935, p.444 (Zimbabwe, Namibia)

''Pseudopompilus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

''Pseudopompilus lacteipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psyllosphex'' Arnold, 1935===

''Psyllosphex dentatus'' (Cameron, 1904); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.482 (South Africa)

''Psyllosphex myrmosaeformis'' Arnold, 1935, p.482 (Zimbabwe)

''Psyllosphex saltator'' Arnold, 1935, p.480 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pygmachus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Pygmachus compressus'' Saussure, 1892 (Madagascar)

''Pygmachus umbratus'' Haupt, 1930 (Guinea, South Africa, Zanzibar, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Rhynchopompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Rhynchopompilus cursor'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Schistonyx'' Saussure, 1887===

''Schistonyx aterrimus'' Arnold, 1946 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx prismaticus'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

''Schistonyx sinuatus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx sheppardi'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, South Africa, Syria, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Schizanoplius'' Cameron, 1904===

''Schizanoplius lutarius'' (Saussure, 1834)(Ghana, Mali, Madagascar)

''Schizanoplius violaceipennis'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Spuridiophorus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Spuridiophorus capensis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Spuridiophorus inermis'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus maculipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Syntomoclitus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Syntomoclitus bicolor'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Ashmead, 1902===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ignitus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ignitus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Smith, 1855) (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ovambo.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ovambo&lt;/u&gt;''] (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Tachypompilus praepotens'' (Kohl, 1894) (South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zanzibar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_vitripennis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] ''&lt;u&gt;vitripennis&lt;/u&gt;'' (Arnold, 1937) (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Telostegus'' Costa, 1887===

''Telostegus capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Telostegus fuscipennis'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

''Telostegus insidiosus'' (Smith, 1879) (Yemen)

''Telostegus sabulicola'' Priesner, 1955 (Algeria, Egypt, Marocco, Senegal, Yemen)</text>
      <sha1>27mca9x2j3cm6k0xc9kg6rz4ugpxdcu</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719844</id>
      <parentid>2719842</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-27T16:45:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Genus Schistonyx Saussure, 1887 */</comment>
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      <text bytes="25446" sha1="bjm1jgicq3emdx5h3w23hu6dq2f12i4" xml:space="preserve">==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;
- Claveliinae corrected to Ctenocerinae in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.386-388&lt;br&gt;
- Several new genera and species in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.388-399&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934, pp. 290-364.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA. (Arnold, 1934, pp. 380-385.)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; ''Pseudagenia'' in iNat).&lt;br&gt;
*''D. pulchricoma'' = ''Pseudagenia pulchricoma'' Arnold, 1934, p. 337-340&lt;br&gt;
*''D. neavei'' = ''Pseudagenia mygnimioides'' Arnold, 1934, pp.336-337 and ''Pseudagenia neavei'' Kohl 1913&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA. - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377.&lt;br&gt;
*also ''Poecilagenia spinosipes'' = ''Trachyglyptus spinosipes'' Arnold, 1934, p. 377-379&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = ''Deuteragenia turneri'', ''D. dregei'', ''D. chirindensis'', ''D. bicolor'' (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (''Hormopogonius willowmorensis'' = ''Calicurgus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1932 p.395); also ''H. tenuicornis'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 379-380&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
*Also ''Priocnernis aterrimus'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 385-386.
*''Priocnemis meridionalis'' Arnold, 1934, p. 386.
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pompilinae==

List of genera and species from [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm '''&lt;u&gt;https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm&lt;/u&gt;''']

=== '''Genus''' ''Aeluropetrus'' Arnold, 1936 ===

''Aeluropetrus braunsi'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Aeluropetrus lugubris'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 ===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/Aetheopompilus_obliquetruncatus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus obliquetruncatus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 (Mozambique)

==='''Genus''' ''Agenioideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Agenioideus brevis'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937) (Ghana, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus decipiens'' (Bischoff, 1913) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) (Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus lascivus'' (Cameron, 1891) (?)

''Agenioideus nudatus'' (Smith, 1855) (?)

''Agenioideus rotundilabris'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus rutilus'' (Klug, 1834) (Yemen)

''Agenioideus rufipes'' (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Agenioideus varians'' (Arnold, 1937) (?)

==='''Genus''' ''Amblyellus'' Day, 1981===

''Amblyellus willowmorensis'' (Arnold, 1937) (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

==='''Genus''' ''Anoplius'' Dufour, 1834===

''Anoplius aethiopicus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Anoplius alecto'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Anoplius bifasciatus'' Tullgren, 1904 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda)

''Anoplius concinnus'' (Dahlbom, 1845) (Yemen)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''fuscus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, South Africa, Tanzania)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''excelsior'' Arnold, 1950 (Tanzania)

''Anoplius montanus'' Haupt, 1950 (Benin, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Principe Island, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

''Anoplius morosus'' Smith, 1855 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Anoplius octomaculatus'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Anoplius panmelas'' (Saussure, 1891) (Madagascar)

''Anoplius saegeri'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Anoplius subfasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius successor'' (Cameron, 1910) (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius viridicatus'' Smith, 1879 (West Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Apareia'' Haupt, 1929===

''Apareia multipicta rufifemur'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.449 (Zimbabwe)

''Apareia oedipus'' Kohl, 1886; descr. (synonymized?) as ''A. multipicta'' by Arnold, 1935, p.449 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporinellus'' Banks, 1911===

''Aporinellus bidens'' (Saussure, 1892) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporoideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Aporoideus clarus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

'''Genus''' ''Arachnospila'' Kincaid, 1900

''Arachnospila (Ammosphex) consobrina heringi'' (Haupt, 1928) (California, Canary Islands, Spain, Tanzania, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Argyroclitus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Argyroclitus fasciatipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus ruwenzoriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Atelostegus'' Haupt, 1929

''Atelostegus thrinax'' (Kohl, 1909) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Atopopompilus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Atopompilus jacens'' (Bingham, 1912) (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Yemen)

''Atopompilus marshalli'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Atopopompilus venans mlanjiensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Ghana)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/Bambesa_grisea.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa grisea&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1937===

''Batozonellus capensis'' (Dahlbom, 1843); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.6 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/Batozonellus_fuliginosus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus fuliginosus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Klug, 1834); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.3 (Central Africa, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Batozonellus gowdeyi'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.7 (Sierra Leone, Uganda)

''Batozonellus madecassus'' (Saussure, 1887) (Madagascar)

''Batozonellus separabilis'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.9 (Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Batozonus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Batozonus bipunctatus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Batozonus capensis'' Dahlbom, 1940 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Cliochares'' Banks, 1940===

''Cliochares convexus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Cordyloscelis'' Arnold, 1935===

''Cordyloscelis bequaerti'' Arnold, 1935, p.420 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Cordyloscelis flavipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.424 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis latipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.417 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis namaqua'' Arnold, 1935, p.423 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis nigerrimus'' Arnold, 1935, p.421 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis parallelus'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe)

''Cordyloscelis ugandensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.425 (Congo, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Ctenagenia'' Saussure, 1892===

''Ctenagenia vespiformis'' (Klug, 1834) (Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Madagascar, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, Yemen)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930 ===

''Dromochares clavipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (Zimbabwe)

''Dromochares fumipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Dromochares premnopterus'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

''Dromochares rufipes'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/Dromochares_transvaalensis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares transvaalensis&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Dicyrtomellus'' Gussakovskij, 1935===

''Dicyrtomellus anomalipes'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Dicyrtomellus argenteodecoratus'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus griseus'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus impressus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus leptacanthius'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus meruensis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus neavei'' Kohl, 1913 (Congo)

''Dicyrtomellus rufofemoratus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Elaphrosyron'' Haupt, 1930===

''Elaphrosyron insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Mali, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Elaphrosyron multipictus'' Arnold, 1937 (Uganda)

''Elaphrosyron pauperculus'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Epiclinotus'' Haupt, 1929===

''Epiclinotus capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus erythrurus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.465 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus turneri'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.466 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron&lt;/u&gt;''] Schiødte, 1837===

''Episyron argillaceus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zambia)

''Episyron bequaerti'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron bicinctus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron braunsii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron crassicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Episyron gryps'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/Episyron_histrio.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron histrio&lt;/u&gt;''] Lepeletier, 1845 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mali, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron pedunculatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron solitaneum'' Kohl, 1906 (Yemen)

''Episyron tropicalis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Episyron turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron viduus'' Arnold, 1936 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron vindex'' Smith, 1879 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/index.htm &lt;u&gt;Euclavelia&lt;/u&gt;]'' Arnold, 1932===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/Euclavelia_fasciata.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Euclavelia fasciata&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1932 (South Africa)

''Euclavelia longicollis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Euryzonotulus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Euryzonotulus nigeriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreola'' Lepeletier, 1845===

''Ferreola auranticornis'' Wahis, 2000 (Eritrea, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreoloides'' Haupt, 1919===

''Ferreoloides basutorum'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

''Ferreoloides versutus'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

==='''Genus''' ''Galactopterus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Galactopterus otaviensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Galactopterus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Namibia, South Africa)

''Galactopterus simillimus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Guichardia'' Arnold, 1951===

''Guichardia macilenta'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hadropompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Hadropompilus braunsi'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Hadropompilus montanus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hauptiella'' Arnold, 1936===

''Hauptiella multipicta'' Arnold, 1936

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/Herpetosphex_staphylinoides.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex staphylinoides&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Homonotus'' Dahlbom, 1844===
Dahlbom 1843 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796238) or Dahlbom, 1844 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796653)?

''Homonotus aegyptiacus'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.469 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus coxalis'' Arnold, 1935, p.478 (South Africa)

''Homonotus disparilis'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.473 (South Africa)

''Homonotus dispersus'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus dissectus'' Arnold, 1935, p.474 (South Africa)

''Homonotus excavatus'' Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus fuscipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.475 (South Africa)

''Homonotus imitans'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus leptogaster'' Arnold, 1935, p.476 (South Africa)

''Homonotus ruficornis'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus rukwaensis'' Arnold, 1946 (Tanzania)

''Homonotus sansibaricus'' Arnold, 1935, p.471 (Zanzibar)

==='''Genus''' ''Idopompilus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Idopompilus algoensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus algoensis major'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus braunsi'' Kohl, 1899 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus brunnescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschi handlirschi'' Arnold, 1936 (?)

''Idopompilus handlirschi basutorum'' Arnold, 1959 (Lesotho, South Africa)

''Idopompilus fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1946 (Lesotho)

''Idopompilus gracilicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus krugeri'' Haupt, 1930 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Idopompilus quadrifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Kolposphex'' Arnold, 1959===

''Kolposphex atronitens'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Kyphopompilus'' Arnold, 1960

''Kyphopompilus flavipes'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microdrapetes'' Arnold, 1937===

''Microdrapetes bellus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Microphadnus'' Cameron, 1904

''Microphadnus bicolor'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Paracyphononyx'' Gribodo, 1884===

''Paracyphononyx affinis'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon, Ghana, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx africanus'' Rad., 1881 (Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx carinatus'' Rad., 1881 Angola, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx coloratus'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon)

''Paracyphononyx difficilis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Malai, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversipes'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversus'' Dahlbom, 1845 (Central and East Africa to South Africa, Yemen)

''Paracyphononyx elliotti'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx frustratus'' Smith, 1879 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx funebris'' Magretti, 1884 (Ethiopia)

''Paracyphononyx gemellus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx laboriosus'' Arnold, 1936 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx languidus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx lukombensis'' Cameron, 1912 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia)

''Paracyphononyx metemmensis'' Magretti, 1884 (Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx mombassicus'' R. Luc., 1898 (Kenya)

''Paracyphononyx montanus'' Arnold, 1960 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx parallelus'' Haupt, 1929 (Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx petiolaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx plutonis'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx rotundinervis'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx ruficrus'' Klug, 1834 (Asia Minor, Egypt, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' Illiger,1802 (Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Paraferreola'' Sustera, 1913===

''Paraferreola melanostoma'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.439 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paraferreola spilopus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.441 (South Africa)

''Paraferreola soleana'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.443 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Platyderes'' Guérin-Méneville, 1844===

''Platyderes bicolor'' Smith, 1855; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.454 (South Africa)

''Platyderes chalybeus'' Saussure, 1892 (or Tasch. 1880?); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.456 (East Africa, South Africa)

''Platyderes drègii'' Brauns, 1899; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.457 (South Africa)

''Platyderes erythrocephalus'' Guerin, **** (Madagascar)

''Platyderes flavoscutellatus'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes oraniensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.456 (South Africa)

''Platyderes rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.461 (Ethiopia, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes saussurei'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Platyderes spoliatus'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.462 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes vicinus'' Arnold, 1935, p.460 (South Africa)

''Platyderes wasmanni'' Brauns, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.459 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilus'' Fabricius===

''Pompilus alpinus'' Arnold, 1960 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus anomalopterus'' Cameron, 1908 (Malawi, South Africa)

''Pompilus cinereus'' Fabricius, 1775 (Yemen)

''Pompilus contrarius'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Pompilus curvifrons'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus erythrostomus'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus exploratrix'' Cameron, 1908 ''(''

''Pompilus ignobilis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pompilus levis'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana)

''Pompilus masaiensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus meruensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus plumbeus'' Fabricius, 1787 (Widespread through Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Senegal, South Africa) also in China, Europe, India)

''Pompilus sacchii'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus shirae'' Arnold, 1950 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus successor'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus vanutelli'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Pompilus yngvei'' Cameron, 1908 (

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilioides'' Radley, 1887===

''Pompilioides braunsi'' Kohl, 1894 (Cameroon)

''Pompilioides decipiens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides latifrons'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides pruinosus'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides trifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides validus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammochares'' Latreille, 1796===

''Psammochares bilineatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares brunniventris'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares irpex'' Gerstaecker, 1859 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares jocaste'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Psammochares latilabris'' Arnold, 1937 (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares quadriguttatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Tanzania)

''Psammochares rufigaster'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares rutilus'' Klug, 1834 (Ethiopia, Nigeria, Sudan, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares varians'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammoderes'' Haupt, 1929===

''Psammoderes capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes collaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Psammoderes fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1935, p.438 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes lightfooti'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Psammoderes major'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.433 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes mimicus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.434 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes semirufus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.436 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes reputatus'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.437 (Congo, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Pseudoclavelia&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930===

''Pseudoclavelia argenteosignata'' Arnold, 1936 (Botswana, Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia bituberculata'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_damarensis.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia damarensis''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia jouberti'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_nitidula.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia nitidula'' ''nitidula''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia nitidula bechuanae'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia rhodesiana'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudoclavelia rufescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pseudopompilus'' Costa, 1887===

''Pseudopompilus funereus'' Arnold, 1935, p.444 (Zimbabwe, Namibia)

''Pseudopompilus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

''Pseudopompilus lacteipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psyllosphex'' Arnold, 1935===

''Psyllosphex dentatus'' (Cameron, 1904); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.482 (South Africa)

''Psyllosphex myrmosaeformis'' Arnold, 1935, p.482 (Zimbabwe)

''Psyllosphex saltator'' Arnold, 1935, p.480 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pygmachus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Pygmachus compressus'' Saussure, 1892 (Madagascar)

''Pygmachus umbratus'' Haupt, 1930 (Guinea, South Africa, Zanzibar, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Rhynchopompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Rhynchopompilus cursor'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Schistonyx'' Saussure, 1887===

''Schistonyx aterrimus'' Arnold, 1946 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx prismaticus'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

''Schistonyx sinuatus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx sheppardi'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, South Africa, Syria, Zimbabwe) Most common pompilid in Zimbabwe (Arnold, 1937, p.12)

==='''Genus''' ''Schizanoplius'' Cameron, 1904===

''Schizanoplius lutarius'' (Saussure, 1834)(Ghana, Mali, Madagascar)

''Schizanoplius violaceipennis'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Spuridiophorus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Spuridiophorus capensis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Spuridiophorus inermis'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus maculipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Syntomoclitus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Syntomoclitus bicolor'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Ashmead, 1902===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ignitus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ignitus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Smith, 1855) (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ovambo.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ovambo&lt;/u&gt;''] (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Tachypompilus praepotens'' (Kohl, 1894) (South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zanzibar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_vitripennis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] ''&lt;u&gt;vitripennis&lt;/u&gt;'' (Arnold, 1937) (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Telostegus'' Costa, 1887===

''Telostegus capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Telostegus fuscipennis'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

''Telostegus insidiosus'' (Smith, 1879) (Yemen)

''Telostegus sabulicola'' Priesner, 1955 (Algeria, Egypt, Marocco, Senegal, Yemen)</text>
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      <text bytes="25640" sha1="awszrskljav1cpokvl3x49cuuk74quz" xml:space="preserve">Done to ''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, South Africa, Syria, Zimbabwe) Most common pompilid in Zimbabwe (Arnold, 1937, p.12)

==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;
- Claveliinae corrected to Ctenocerinae in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.386-388&lt;br&gt;
- Several new genera and species in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.388-399&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934, pp. 290-364.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA. (Arnold, 1934, pp. 380-385.)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; ''Pseudagenia'' in iNat).&lt;br&gt;
*''D. pulchricoma'' = ''Pseudagenia pulchricoma'' Arnold, 1934, p. 337-340&lt;br&gt;
*''D. neavei'' = ''Pseudagenia mygnimioides'' Arnold, 1934, pp.336-337 and ''Pseudagenia neavei'' Kohl 1913&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA. - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377.&lt;br&gt;
*also ''Poecilagenia spinosipes'' = ''Trachyglyptus spinosipes'' Arnold, 1934, p. 377-379&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = ''Deuteragenia turneri'', ''D. dregei'', ''D. chirindensis'', ''D. bicolor'' (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (''Hormopogonius willowmorensis'' = ''Calicurgus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1932 p.395); also ''H. tenuicornis'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 379-380&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
*Also ''Priocnernis aterrimus'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 385-386.
*''Priocnemis meridionalis'' Arnold, 1934, p. 386.
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pompilinae==

List of genera and species from [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm '''&lt;u&gt;https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm&lt;/u&gt;''']

=== '''Genus''' ''Aeluropetrus'' Arnold, 1936 ===

''Aeluropetrus braunsi'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Aeluropetrus lugubris'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 ===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/Aetheopompilus_obliquetruncatus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus obliquetruncatus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 (Mozambique)

==='''Genus''' ''Agenioideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Agenioideus brevis'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937) (Ghana, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus decipiens'' (Bischoff, 1913) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) (Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus lascivus'' (Cameron, 1891) (?)

''Agenioideus nudatus'' (Smith, 1855) (?)

''Agenioideus rotundilabris'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus rutilus'' (Klug, 1834) (Yemen)

''Agenioideus rufipes'' (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Agenioideus varians'' (Arnold, 1937) (?)

==='''Genus''' ''Amblyellus'' Day, 1981===

''Amblyellus willowmorensis'' (Arnold, 1937) (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

==='''Genus''' ''Anoplius'' Dufour, 1834===

''Anoplius aethiopicus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Anoplius alecto'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Anoplius bifasciatus'' Tullgren, 1904 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda)

''Anoplius concinnus'' (Dahlbom, 1845) (Yemen)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''fuscus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, South Africa, Tanzania)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''excelsior'' Arnold, 1950 (Tanzania)

''Anoplius montanus'' Haupt, 1950 (Benin, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Principe Island, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

''Anoplius morosus'' Smith, 1855 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Anoplius octomaculatus'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Anoplius panmelas'' (Saussure, 1891) (Madagascar)

''Anoplius saegeri'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Anoplius subfasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius successor'' (Cameron, 1910) (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius viridicatus'' Smith, 1879 (West Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Apareia'' Haupt, 1929===

''Apareia multipicta rufifemur'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.449 (Zimbabwe)

''Apareia oedipus'' Kohl, 1886; descr. (synonymized?) as ''A. multipicta'' by Arnold, 1935, p.449 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporinellus'' Banks, 1911===

''Aporinellus bidens'' (Saussure, 1892) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporoideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Aporoideus clarus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

'''Genus''' ''Arachnospila'' Kincaid, 1900

''Arachnospila (Ammosphex) consobrina heringi'' (Haupt, 1928) (California, Canary Islands, Spain, Tanzania, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Argyroclitus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Argyroclitus fasciatipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus ruwenzoriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Atelostegus'' Haupt, 1929

''Atelostegus thrinax'' (Kohl, 1909) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Atopopompilus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Atopompilus jacens'' (Bingham, 1912) (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Yemen)

''Atopompilus marshalli'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Atopopompilus venans mlanjiensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Ghana)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/Bambesa_grisea.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa grisea&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1937===

''Batozonellus capensis'' (Dahlbom, 1843); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.6 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/Batozonellus_fuliginosus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus fuliginosus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Klug, 1834); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.3 (Central Africa, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Batozonellus gowdeyi'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.7 (Sierra Leone, Uganda)

''Batozonellus madecassus'' (Saussure, 1887) (Madagascar)

''Batozonellus separabilis'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.9 (Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Batozonus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Batozonus bipunctatus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Batozonus capensis'' Dahlbom, 1940 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Cliochares'' Banks, 1940===

''Cliochares convexus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Cordyloscelis'' Arnold, 1935===

''Cordyloscelis bequaerti'' Arnold, 1935, p.420 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Cordyloscelis flavipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.424 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis latipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.417 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis namaqua'' Arnold, 1935, p.423 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis nigerrimus'' Arnold, 1935, p.421 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis parallelus'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe)

''Cordyloscelis ugandensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.425 (Congo, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Ctenagenia'' Saussure, 1892===

''Ctenagenia vespiformis'' (Klug, 1834) (Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Madagascar, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, Yemen)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930 ===

''Dromochares clavipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (Zimbabwe)

''Dromochares fumipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Dromochares premnopterus'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

''Dromochares rufipes'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/Dromochares_transvaalensis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares transvaalensis&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Dicyrtomellus'' Gussakovskij, 1935===

''Dicyrtomellus anomalipes'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Dicyrtomellus argenteodecoratus'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus griseus'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus impressus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus leptacanthius'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus meruensis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus neavei'' Kohl, 1913 (Congo)

''Dicyrtomellus rufofemoratus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Elaphrosyron'' Haupt, 1930===

''Elaphrosyron insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Mali, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Elaphrosyron multipictus'' Arnold, 1937 (Uganda)

''Elaphrosyron pauperculus'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Epiclinotus'' Haupt, 1929===

''Epiclinotus capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus erythrurus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.465 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus turneri'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.466 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron&lt;/u&gt;''] Schiødte, 1837===

''Episyron argillaceus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zambia)

''Episyron bequaerti'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron bicinctus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron braunsii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron crassicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Episyron gryps'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/Episyron_histrio.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron histrio&lt;/u&gt;''] Lepeletier, 1845 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mali, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron pedunculatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron solitaneum'' Kohl, 1906 (Yemen)

''Episyron tropicalis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Episyron turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron viduus'' Arnold, 1936 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron vindex'' Smith, 1879 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/index.htm &lt;u&gt;Euclavelia&lt;/u&gt;]'' Arnold, 1932===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/Euclavelia_fasciata.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Euclavelia fasciata&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1932 (South Africa)

''Euclavelia longicollis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Euryzonotulus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Euryzonotulus nigeriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreola'' Lepeletier, 1845===

''Ferreola auranticornis'' Wahis, 2000 (Eritrea, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreoloides'' Haupt, 1919===

''Ferreoloides basutorum'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

''Ferreoloides versutus'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

==='''Genus''' ''Galactopterus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Galactopterus otaviensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Galactopterus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Namibia, South Africa)

''Galactopterus simillimus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Guichardia'' Arnold, 1951===

''Guichardia macilenta'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hadropompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Hadropompilus braunsi'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Hadropompilus montanus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hauptiella'' Arnold, 1936===

''Hauptiella multipicta'' Arnold, 1936

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/Herpetosphex_staphylinoides.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex staphylinoides&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Homonotus'' Dahlbom, 1844===
Dahlbom 1843 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796238) or Dahlbom, 1844 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796653)?

''Homonotus aegyptiacus'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.469 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus coxalis'' Arnold, 1935, p.478 (South Africa)

''Homonotus disparilis'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.473 (South Africa)

''Homonotus dispersus'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus dissectus'' Arnold, 1935, p.474 (South Africa)

''Homonotus excavatus'' Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus fuscipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.475 (South Africa)

''Homonotus imitans'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus leptogaster'' Arnold, 1935, p.476 (South Africa)

''Homonotus ruficornis'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus rukwaensis'' Arnold, 1946 (Tanzania)

''Homonotus sansibaricus'' Arnold, 1935, p.471 (Zanzibar)

==='''Genus''' ''Idopompilus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Idopompilus algoensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus algoensis major'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus braunsi'' Kohl, 1899 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus brunnescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschi handlirschi'' Arnold, 1936 (?)

''Idopompilus handlirschi basutorum'' Arnold, 1959 (Lesotho, South Africa)

''Idopompilus fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1946 (Lesotho)

''Idopompilus gracilicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus krugeri'' Haupt, 1930 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Idopompilus quadrifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Kolposphex'' Arnold, 1959===

''Kolposphex atronitens'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Kyphopompilus'' Arnold, 1960

''Kyphopompilus flavipes'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microdrapetes'' Arnold, 1937===

''Microdrapetes bellus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Microphadnus'' Cameron, 1904

''Microphadnus bicolor'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Paracyphononyx'' Gribodo, 1884===

''Paracyphononyx affinis'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon, Ghana, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx africanus'' Rad., 1881 (Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx carinatus'' Rad., 1881 Angola, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx coloratus'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon)

''Paracyphononyx difficilis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Malai, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversipes'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversus'' Dahlbom, 1845 (Central and East Africa to South Africa, Yemen)

''Paracyphononyx elliotti'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx frustratus'' Smith, 1879 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx funebris'' Magretti, 1884 (Ethiopia)

''Paracyphononyx gemellus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx laboriosus'' Arnold, 1936 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx languidus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx lukombensis'' Cameron, 1912 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia)

''Paracyphononyx metemmensis'' Magretti, 1884 (Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx mombassicus'' R. Luc., 1898 (Kenya)

''Paracyphononyx montanus'' Arnold, 1960 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx parallelus'' Haupt, 1929 (Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx petiolaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx plutonis'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx rotundinervis'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx ruficrus'' Klug, 1834 (Asia Minor, Egypt, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' Illiger,1802 (Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Paraferreola'' Sustera, 1913===

''Paraferreola melanostoma'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.439 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paraferreola spilopus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.441 (South Africa)

''Paraferreola soleana'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.443 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Platyderes'' Guérin-Méneville, 1844===

''Platyderes bicolor'' Smith, 1855; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.454 (South Africa)

''Platyderes chalybeus'' Saussure, 1892 (or Tasch. 1880?); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.456 (East Africa, South Africa)

''Platyderes drègii'' Brauns, 1899; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.457 (South Africa)

''Platyderes erythrocephalus'' Guerin, **** (Madagascar)

''Platyderes flavoscutellatus'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes oraniensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.456 (South Africa)

''Platyderes rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.461 (Ethiopia, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes saussurei'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Platyderes spoliatus'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.462 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes vicinus'' Arnold, 1935, p.460 (South Africa)

''Platyderes wasmanni'' Brauns, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.459 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilus'' Fabricius===

''Pompilus alpinus'' Arnold, 1960 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus anomalopterus'' Cameron, 1908 (Malawi, South Africa)

''Pompilus cinereus'' Fabricius, 1775 (Yemen)

''Pompilus contrarius'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Pompilus curvifrons'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus erythrostomus'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus exploratrix'' Cameron, 1908 ''(''

''Pompilus ignobilis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pompilus levis'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana)

''Pompilus masaiensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus meruensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus plumbeus'' Fabricius, 1787 (Widespread through Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Senegal, South Africa) also in China, Europe, India)

''Pompilus sacchii'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus shirae'' Arnold, 1950 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus successor'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus vanutelli'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Pompilus yngvei'' Cameron, 1908 (

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilioides'' Radley, 1887===

''Pompilioides braunsi'' Kohl, 1894 (Cameroon)

''Pompilioides decipiens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides latifrons'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides pruinosus'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides trifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides validus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammochares'' Latreille, 1796===

''Psammochares bilineatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares brunniventris'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares irpex'' Gerstaecker, 1859 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares jocaste'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Psammochares latilabris'' Arnold, 1937 (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares quadriguttatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Tanzania)

''Psammochares rufigaster'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares rutilus'' Klug, 1834 (Ethiopia, Nigeria, Sudan, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares varians'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammoderes'' Haupt, 1929===

''Psammoderes capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes collaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Psammoderes fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1935, p.438 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes lightfooti'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Psammoderes major'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.433 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes mimicus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.434 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes semirufus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.436 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes reputatus'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.437 (Congo, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Pseudoclavelia&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930===

''Pseudoclavelia argenteosignata'' Arnold, 1936 (Botswana, Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia bituberculata'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_damarensis.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia damarensis''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia jouberti'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_nitidula.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia nitidula'' ''nitidula''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia nitidula bechuanae'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia rhodesiana'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudoclavelia rufescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pseudopompilus'' Costa, 1887===

''Pseudopompilus funereus'' Arnold, 1935, p.444 (Zimbabwe, Namibia)

''Pseudopompilus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

''Pseudopompilus lacteipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psyllosphex'' Arnold, 1935===

''Psyllosphex dentatus'' (Cameron, 1904); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.482 (South Africa)

''Psyllosphex myrmosaeformis'' Arnold, 1935, p.482 (Zimbabwe)

''Psyllosphex saltator'' Arnold, 1935, p.480 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pygmachus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Pygmachus compressus'' Saussure, 1892 (Madagascar)

''Pygmachus umbratus'' Haupt, 1930 (Guinea, South Africa, Zanzibar, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Rhynchopompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Rhynchopompilus cursor'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Schistonyx'' Saussure, 1887===

''Schistonyx aterrimus'' Arnold, 1946 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx prismaticus'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

''Schistonyx sinuatus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx sheppardi'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, South Africa, Syria, Zimbabwe) Most common pompilid in Zimbabwe (Arnold, 1937, p.12)

==='''Genus''' ''Schizanoplius'' Cameron, 1904===

''Schizanoplius lutarius'' (Saussure, 1834)(Ghana, Mali, Madagascar)

''Schizanoplius violaceipennis'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Spuridiophorus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Spuridiophorus capensis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Spuridiophorus inermis'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus maculipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Syntomoclitus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Syntomoclitus bicolor'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Ashmead, 1902===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ignitus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ignitus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Smith, 1855) (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ovambo.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ovambo&lt;/u&gt;''] (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Tachypompilus praepotens'' (Kohl, 1894) (South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zanzibar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_vitripennis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] ''&lt;u&gt;vitripennis&lt;/u&gt;'' (Arnold, 1937) (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Telostegus'' Costa, 1887===

''Telostegus capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Telostegus fuscipennis'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

''Telostegus insidiosus'' (Smith, 1879) (Yemen)

''Telostegus sabulicola'' Priesner, 1955 (Algeria, Egypt, Marocco, Senegal, Yemen)</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>2719886</id>
      <parentid>2719852</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-28T07:38:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Genus Batozonellus Arnold, 1937 */</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="25666" sha1="nfqythial4tapn6nv7kg2fzelv42eob" xml:space="preserve">Done to ''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, South Africa, Syria, Zimbabwe) Most common pompilid in Zimbabwe (Arnold, 1937, p.12)

==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;
- Claveliinae corrected to Ctenocerinae in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.386-388&lt;br&gt;
- Several new genera and species in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.388-399&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934, pp. 290-364.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA. (Arnold, 1934, pp. 380-385.)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; ''Pseudagenia'' in iNat).&lt;br&gt;
*''D. pulchricoma'' = ''Pseudagenia pulchricoma'' Arnold, 1934, p. 337-340&lt;br&gt;
*''D. neavei'' = ''Pseudagenia mygnimioides'' Arnold, 1934, pp.336-337 and ''Pseudagenia neavei'' Kohl 1913&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA. - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377.&lt;br&gt;
*also ''Poecilagenia spinosipes'' = ''Trachyglyptus spinosipes'' Arnold, 1934, p. 377-379&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = ''Deuteragenia turneri'', ''D. dregei'', ''D. chirindensis'', ''D. bicolor'' (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (''Hormopogonius willowmorensis'' = ''Calicurgus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1932 p.395); also ''H. tenuicornis'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 379-380&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
*Also ''Priocnernis aterrimus'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 385-386.
*''Priocnemis meridionalis'' Arnold, 1934, p. 386.
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pompilinae==

List of genera and species from [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm '''&lt;u&gt;https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm&lt;/u&gt;''']

=== '''Genus''' ''Aeluropetrus'' Arnold, 1936 ===

''Aeluropetrus braunsi'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Aeluropetrus lugubris'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 ===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/Aetheopompilus_obliquetruncatus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus obliquetruncatus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 (Mozambique)

==='''Genus''' ''Agenioideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Agenioideus brevis'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937) (Ghana, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus decipiens'' (Bischoff, 1913) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) (Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus lascivus'' (Cameron, 1891) (?)

''Agenioideus nudatus'' (Smith, 1855) (?)

''Agenioideus rotundilabris'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus rutilus'' (Klug, 1834) (Yemen)

''Agenioideus rufipes'' (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Agenioideus varians'' (Arnold, 1937) (?)

==='''Genus''' ''Amblyellus'' Day, 1981===

''Amblyellus willowmorensis'' (Arnold, 1937) (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

==='''Genus''' ''Anoplius'' Dufour, 1834===

''Anoplius aethiopicus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Anoplius alecto'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Anoplius bifasciatus'' Tullgren, 1904 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda)

''Anoplius concinnus'' (Dahlbom, 1845) (Yemen)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''fuscus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, South Africa, Tanzania)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''excelsior'' Arnold, 1950 (Tanzania)

''Anoplius montanus'' Haupt, 1950 (Benin, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Principe Island, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

''Anoplius morosus'' Smith, 1855 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Anoplius octomaculatus'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Anoplius panmelas'' (Saussure, 1891) (Madagascar)

''Anoplius saegeri'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Anoplius subfasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius successor'' (Cameron, 1910) (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius viridicatus'' Smith, 1879 (West Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Apareia'' Haupt, 1929===

''Apareia multipicta rufifemur'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.449 (Zimbabwe)

''Apareia oedipus'' Kohl, 1886; descr. (synonymized?) as ''A. multipicta'' by Arnold, 1935, p.449 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporinellus'' Banks, 1911===

''Aporinellus bidens'' (Saussure, 1892) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporoideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Aporoideus clarus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

'''Genus''' ''Arachnospila'' Kincaid, 1900

''Arachnospila (Ammosphex) consobrina heringi'' (Haupt, 1928) (California, Canary Islands, Spain, Tanzania, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Argyroclitus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Argyroclitus fasciatipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus ruwenzoriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Atelostegus'' Haupt, 1929

''Atelostegus thrinax'' (Kohl, 1909) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Atopopompilus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Atopompilus jacens'' (Bingham, 1912) (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Yemen)

''Atopompilus marshalli'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Atopopompilus venans mlanjiensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Ghana)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/Bambesa_grisea.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa grisea&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1937===
Key in Arnold, 1937, p.2.
*''Batozonellus capensis'' (Dahlbom, 1843); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.6 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/Batozonellus_fuliginosus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus fuliginosus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Klug, 1834); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.3 (Central Africa, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)
*''Batozonellus gowdeyi'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.7 (Sierra Leone, Uganda)
*''Batozonellus madecassus'' (Saussure, 1887) (Madagascar)
*''Batozonellus separabilis'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.9 (Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Batozonus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Batozonus bipunctatus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Batozonus capensis'' Dahlbom, 1940 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Cliochares'' Banks, 1940===

''Cliochares convexus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Cordyloscelis'' Arnold, 1935===

''Cordyloscelis bequaerti'' Arnold, 1935, p.420 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Cordyloscelis flavipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.424 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis latipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.417 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis namaqua'' Arnold, 1935, p.423 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis nigerrimus'' Arnold, 1935, p.421 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis parallelus'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe)

''Cordyloscelis ugandensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.425 (Congo, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Ctenagenia'' Saussure, 1892===

''Ctenagenia vespiformis'' (Klug, 1834) (Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Madagascar, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, Yemen)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930 ===

''Dromochares clavipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (Zimbabwe)

''Dromochares fumipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Dromochares premnopterus'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

''Dromochares rufipes'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/Dromochares_transvaalensis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares transvaalensis&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Dicyrtomellus'' Gussakovskij, 1935===

''Dicyrtomellus anomalipes'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Dicyrtomellus argenteodecoratus'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus griseus'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus impressus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus leptacanthius'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus meruensis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus neavei'' Kohl, 1913 (Congo)

''Dicyrtomellus rufofemoratus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Elaphrosyron'' Haupt, 1930===

''Elaphrosyron insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Mali, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Elaphrosyron multipictus'' Arnold, 1937 (Uganda)

''Elaphrosyron pauperculus'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Epiclinotus'' Haupt, 1929===

''Epiclinotus capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus erythrurus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.465 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus turneri'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.466 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron&lt;/u&gt;''] Schiødte, 1837===

''Episyron argillaceus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zambia)

''Episyron bequaerti'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron bicinctus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron braunsii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron crassicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Episyron gryps'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/Episyron_histrio.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron histrio&lt;/u&gt;''] Lepeletier, 1845 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mali, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron pedunculatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron solitaneum'' Kohl, 1906 (Yemen)

''Episyron tropicalis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Episyron turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron viduus'' Arnold, 1936 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron vindex'' Smith, 1879 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/index.htm &lt;u&gt;Euclavelia&lt;/u&gt;]'' Arnold, 1932===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/Euclavelia_fasciata.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Euclavelia fasciata&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1932 (South Africa)

''Euclavelia longicollis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Euryzonotulus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Euryzonotulus nigeriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreola'' Lepeletier, 1845===

''Ferreola auranticornis'' Wahis, 2000 (Eritrea, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreoloides'' Haupt, 1919===

''Ferreoloides basutorum'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

''Ferreoloides versutus'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

==='''Genus''' ''Galactopterus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Galactopterus otaviensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Galactopterus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Namibia, South Africa)

''Galactopterus simillimus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Guichardia'' Arnold, 1951===

''Guichardia macilenta'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hadropompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Hadropompilus braunsi'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Hadropompilus montanus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hauptiella'' Arnold, 1936===

''Hauptiella multipicta'' Arnold, 1936

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/Herpetosphex_staphylinoides.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex staphylinoides&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Homonotus'' Dahlbom, 1844===
Dahlbom 1843 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796238) or Dahlbom, 1844 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796653)?

''Homonotus aegyptiacus'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.469 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus coxalis'' Arnold, 1935, p.478 (South Africa)

''Homonotus disparilis'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.473 (South Africa)

''Homonotus dispersus'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus dissectus'' Arnold, 1935, p.474 (South Africa)

''Homonotus excavatus'' Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus fuscipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.475 (South Africa)

''Homonotus imitans'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus leptogaster'' Arnold, 1935, p.476 (South Africa)

''Homonotus ruficornis'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus rukwaensis'' Arnold, 1946 (Tanzania)

''Homonotus sansibaricus'' Arnold, 1935, p.471 (Zanzibar)

==='''Genus''' ''Idopompilus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Idopompilus algoensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus algoensis major'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus braunsi'' Kohl, 1899 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus brunnescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschi handlirschi'' Arnold, 1936 (?)

''Idopompilus handlirschi basutorum'' Arnold, 1959 (Lesotho, South Africa)

''Idopompilus fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1946 (Lesotho)

''Idopompilus gracilicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus krugeri'' Haupt, 1930 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Idopompilus quadrifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Kolposphex'' Arnold, 1959===

''Kolposphex atronitens'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Kyphopompilus'' Arnold, 1960

''Kyphopompilus flavipes'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microdrapetes'' Arnold, 1937===

''Microdrapetes bellus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Microphadnus'' Cameron, 1904

''Microphadnus bicolor'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Paracyphononyx'' Gribodo, 1884===

''Paracyphononyx affinis'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon, Ghana, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx africanus'' Rad., 1881 (Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx carinatus'' Rad., 1881 Angola, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx coloratus'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon)

''Paracyphononyx difficilis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Malai, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversipes'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversus'' Dahlbom, 1845 (Central and East Africa to South Africa, Yemen)

''Paracyphononyx elliotti'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx frustratus'' Smith, 1879 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx funebris'' Magretti, 1884 (Ethiopia)

''Paracyphononyx gemellus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx laboriosus'' Arnold, 1936 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx languidus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx lukombensis'' Cameron, 1912 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia)

''Paracyphononyx metemmensis'' Magretti, 1884 (Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx mombassicus'' R. Luc., 1898 (Kenya)

''Paracyphononyx montanus'' Arnold, 1960 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx parallelus'' Haupt, 1929 (Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx petiolaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx plutonis'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx rotundinervis'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx ruficrus'' Klug, 1834 (Asia Minor, Egypt, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' Illiger,1802 (Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Paraferreola'' Sustera, 1913===

''Paraferreola melanostoma'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.439 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paraferreola spilopus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.441 (South Africa)

''Paraferreola soleana'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.443 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Platyderes'' Guérin-Méneville, 1844===

''Platyderes bicolor'' Smith, 1855; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.454 (South Africa)

''Platyderes chalybeus'' Saussure, 1892 (or Tasch. 1880?); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.456 (East Africa, South Africa)

''Platyderes drègii'' Brauns, 1899; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.457 (South Africa)

''Platyderes erythrocephalus'' Guerin, **** (Madagascar)

''Platyderes flavoscutellatus'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes oraniensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.456 (South Africa)

''Platyderes rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.461 (Ethiopia, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes saussurei'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Platyderes spoliatus'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.462 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes vicinus'' Arnold, 1935, p.460 (South Africa)

''Platyderes wasmanni'' Brauns, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.459 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilus'' Fabricius===

''Pompilus alpinus'' Arnold, 1960 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus anomalopterus'' Cameron, 1908 (Malawi, South Africa)

''Pompilus cinereus'' Fabricius, 1775 (Yemen)

''Pompilus contrarius'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Pompilus curvifrons'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus erythrostomus'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus exploratrix'' Cameron, 1908 ''(''

''Pompilus ignobilis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pompilus levis'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana)

''Pompilus masaiensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus meruensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus plumbeus'' Fabricius, 1787 (Widespread through Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Senegal, South Africa) also in China, Europe, India)

''Pompilus sacchii'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus shirae'' Arnold, 1950 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus successor'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus vanutelli'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Pompilus yngvei'' Cameron, 1908 (

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilioides'' Radley, 1887===

''Pompilioides braunsi'' Kohl, 1894 (Cameroon)

''Pompilioides decipiens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides latifrons'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides pruinosus'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides trifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides validus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammochares'' Latreille, 1796===

''Psammochares bilineatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares brunniventris'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares irpex'' Gerstaecker, 1859 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares jocaste'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Psammochares latilabris'' Arnold, 1937 (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares quadriguttatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Tanzania)

''Psammochares rufigaster'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares rutilus'' Klug, 1834 (Ethiopia, Nigeria, Sudan, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares varians'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammoderes'' Haupt, 1929===

''Psammoderes capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes collaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Psammoderes fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1935, p.438 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes lightfooti'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Psammoderes major'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.433 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes mimicus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.434 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes semirufus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.436 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes reputatus'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.437 (Congo, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Pseudoclavelia&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930===

''Pseudoclavelia argenteosignata'' Arnold, 1936 (Botswana, Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia bituberculata'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_damarensis.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia damarensis''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia jouberti'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_nitidula.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia nitidula'' ''nitidula''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia nitidula bechuanae'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia rhodesiana'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudoclavelia rufescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pseudopompilus'' Costa, 1887===

''Pseudopompilus funereus'' Arnold, 1935, p.444 (Zimbabwe, Namibia)

''Pseudopompilus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

''Pseudopompilus lacteipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psyllosphex'' Arnold, 1935===

''Psyllosphex dentatus'' (Cameron, 1904); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.482 (South Africa)

''Psyllosphex myrmosaeformis'' Arnold, 1935, p.482 (Zimbabwe)

''Psyllosphex saltator'' Arnold, 1935, p.480 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pygmachus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Pygmachus compressus'' Saussure, 1892 (Madagascar)

''Pygmachus umbratus'' Haupt, 1930 (Guinea, South Africa, Zanzibar, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Rhynchopompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Rhynchopompilus cursor'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Schistonyx'' Saussure, 1887===

''Schistonyx aterrimus'' Arnold, 1946 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx prismaticus'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

''Schistonyx sinuatus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx sheppardi'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, South Africa, Syria, Zimbabwe) Most common pompilid in Zimbabwe (Arnold, 1937, p.12)

==='''Genus''' ''Schizanoplius'' Cameron, 1904===

''Schizanoplius lutarius'' (Saussure, 1834)(Ghana, Mali, Madagascar)

''Schizanoplius violaceipennis'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Spuridiophorus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Spuridiophorus capensis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Spuridiophorus inermis'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus maculipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Syntomoclitus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Syntomoclitus bicolor'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Ashmead, 1902===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ignitus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ignitus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Smith, 1855) (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ovambo.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ovambo&lt;/u&gt;''] (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Tachypompilus praepotens'' (Kohl, 1894) (South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zanzibar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_vitripennis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] ''&lt;u&gt;vitripennis&lt;/u&gt;'' (Arnold, 1937) (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Telostegus'' Costa, 1887===

''Telostegus capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Telostegus fuscipennis'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

''Telostegus insidiosus'' (Smith, 1879) (Yemen)

''Telostegus sabulicola'' Priesner, 1955 (Algeria, Egypt, Marocco, Senegal, Yemen)</text>
      <sha1>nfqythial4tapn6nv7kg2fzelv42eob</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719888</id>
      <parentid>2719886</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-28T07:43:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Genus Schistonyx Saussure, 1887 */</comment>
      <origin>2719888</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="25699" sha1="hb2ik4crxng9dp9wlor28y9o2e6jh7w" xml:space="preserve">Done to ''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, South Africa, Syria, Zimbabwe) Most common pompilid in Zimbabwe (Arnold, 1937, p.12)

==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;
- Claveliinae corrected to Ctenocerinae in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.386-388&lt;br&gt;
- Several new genera and species in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.388-399&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934, pp. 290-364.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA. (Arnold, 1934, pp. 380-385.)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; ''Pseudagenia'' in iNat).&lt;br&gt;
*''D. pulchricoma'' = ''Pseudagenia pulchricoma'' Arnold, 1934, p. 337-340&lt;br&gt;
*''D. neavei'' = ''Pseudagenia mygnimioides'' Arnold, 1934, pp.336-337 and ''Pseudagenia neavei'' Kohl 1913&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA. - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377.&lt;br&gt;
*also ''Poecilagenia spinosipes'' = ''Trachyglyptus spinosipes'' Arnold, 1934, p. 377-379&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = ''Deuteragenia turneri'', ''D. dregei'', ''D. chirindensis'', ''D. bicolor'' (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (''Hormopogonius willowmorensis'' = ''Calicurgus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1932 p.395); also ''H. tenuicornis'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 379-380&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
*Also ''Priocnernis aterrimus'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 385-386.
*''Priocnemis meridionalis'' Arnold, 1934, p. 386.
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pompilinae==

List of genera and species from [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm '''&lt;u&gt;https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm&lt;/u&gt;''']

=== '''Genus''' ''Aeluropetrus'' Arnold, 1936 ===

''Aeluropetrus braunsi'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Aeluropetrus lugubris'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 ===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/Aetheopompilus_obliquetruncatus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus obliquetruncatus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 (Mozambique)

==='''Genus''' ''Agenioideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Agenioideus brevis'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937) (Ghana, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus decipiens'' (Bischoff, 1913) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) (Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus lascivus'' (Cameron, 1891) (?)

''Agenioideus nudatus'' (Smith, 1855) (?)

''Agenioideus rotundilabris'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus rutilus'' (Klug, 1834) (Yemen)

''Agenioideus rufipes'' (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Agenioideus varians'' (Arnold, 1937) (?)

==='''Genus''' ''Amblyellus'' Day, 1981===

''Amblyellus willowmorensis'' (Arnold, 1937) (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

==='''Genus''' ''Anoplius'' Dufour, 1834===

''Anoplius aethiopicus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Anoplius alecto'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Anoplius bifasciatus'' Tullgren, 1904 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda)

''Anoplius concinnus'' (Dahlbom, 1845) (Yemen)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''fuscus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, South Africa, Tanzania)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''excelsior'' Arnold, 1950 (Tanzania)

''Anoplius montanus'' Haupt, 1950 (Benin, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Principe Island, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

''Anoplius morosus'' Smith, 1855 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Anoplius octomaculatus'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Anoplius panmelas'' (Saussure, 1891) (Madagascar)

''Anoplius saegeri'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Anoplius subfasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius successor'' (Cameron, 1910) (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius viridicatus'' Smith, 1879 (West Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Apareia'' Haupt, 1929===

''Apareia multipicta rufifemur'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.449 (Zimbabwe)

''Apareia oedipus'' Kohl, 1886; descr. (synonymized?) as ''A. multipicta'' by Arnold, 1935, p.449 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporinellus'' Banks, 1911===

''Aporinellus bidens'' (Saussure, 1892) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporoideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Aporoideus clarus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

'''Genus''' ''Arachnospila'' Kincaid, 1900

''Arachnospila (Ammosphex) consobrina heringi'' (Haupt, 1928) (California, Canary Islands, Spain, Tanzania, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Argyroclitus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Argyroclitus fasciatipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus ruwenzoriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Atelostegus'' Haupt, 1929

''Atelostegus thrinax'' (Kohl, 1909) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Atopopompilus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Atopompilus jacens'' (Bingham, 1912) (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Yemen)

''Atopompilus marshalli'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Atopopompilus venans mlanjiensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Ghana)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/Bambesa_grisea.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa grisea&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1937===
Key in Arnold, 1937, p.2.
*''Batozonellus capensis'' (Dahlbom, 1843); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.6 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/Batozonellus_fuliginosus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus fuliginosus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Klug, 1834); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.3 (Central Africa, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)
*''Batozonellus gowdeyi'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.7 (Sierra Leone, Uganda)
*''Batozonellus madecassus'' (Saussure, 1887) (Madagascar)
*''Batozonellus separabilis'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.9 (Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Batozonus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Batozonus bipunctatus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Batozonus capensis'' Dahlbom, 1940 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Cliochares'' Banks, 1940===

''Cliochares convexus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Cordyloscelis'' Arnold, 1935===

''Cordyloscelis bequaerti'' Arnold, 1935, p.420 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Cordyloscelis flavipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.424 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis latipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.417 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis namaqua'' Arnold, 1935, p.423 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis nigerrimus'' Arnold, 1935, p.421 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis parallelus'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe)

''Cordyloscelis ugandensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.425 (Congo, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Ctenagenia'' Saussure, 1892===

''Ctenagenia vespiformis'' (Klug, 1834) (Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Madagascar, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, Yemen)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930 ===

''Dromochares clavipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (Zimbabwe)

''Dromochares fumipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Dromochares premnopterus'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

''Dromochares rufipes'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/Dromochares_transvaalensis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares transvaalensis&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Dicyrtomellus'' Gussakovskij, 1935===

''Dicyrtomellus anomalipes'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Dicyrtomellus argenteodecoratus'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus griseus'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus impressus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus leptacanthius'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus meruensis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Dicyrtomellus neavei'' Kohl, 1913 (Congo)

''Dicyrtomellus rufofemoratus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Elaphrosyron'' Haupt, 1930===

''Elaphrosyron insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Mali, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Elaphrosyron multipictus'' Arnold, 1937 (Uganda)

''Elaphrosyron pauperculus'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Epiclinotus'' Haupt, 1929===

''Epiclinotus capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus erythrurus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.465 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus turneri'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.466 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron&lt;/u&gt;''] Schiødte, 1837===

''Episyron argillaceus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zambia)

''Episyron bequaerti'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron bicinctus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron braunsii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron crassicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Episyron gryps'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/Episyron_histrio.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron histrio&lt;/u&gt;''] Lepeletier, 1845 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mali, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron pedunculatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron solitaneum'' Kohl, 1906 (Yemen)

''Episyron tropicalis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Episyron turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron viduus'' Arnold, 1936 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron vindex'' Smith, 1879 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/index.htm &lt;u&gt;Euclavelia&lt;/u&gt;]'' Arnold, 1932===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/Euclavelia_fasciata.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Euclavelia fasciata&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1932 (South Africa)

''Euclavelia longicollis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Euryzonotulus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Euryzonotulus nigeriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreola'' Lepeletier, 1845===

''Ferreola auranticornis'' Wahis, 2000 (Eritrea, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreoloides'' Haupt, 1919===

''Ferreoloides basutorum'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

''Ferreoloides versutus'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

==='''Genus''' ''Galactopterus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Galactopterus otaviensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Galactopterus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Namibia, South Africa)

''Galactopterus simillimus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Guichardia'' Arnold, 1951===

''Guichardia macilenta'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hadropompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Hadropompilus braunsi'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Hadropompilus montanus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hauptiella'' Arnold, 1936===

''Hauptiella multipicta'' Arnold, 1936

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/Herpetosphex_staphylinoides.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex staphylinoides&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Homonotus'' Dahlbom, 1844===
Dahlbom 1843 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796238) or Dahlbom, 1844 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796653)?

''Homonotus aegyptiacus'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.469 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus coxalis'' Arnold, 1935, p.478 (South Africa)

''Homonotus disparilis'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.473 (South Africa)

''Homonotus dispersus'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus dissectus'' Arnold, 1935, p.474 (South Africa)

''Homonotus excavatus'' Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus fuscipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.475 (South Africa)

''Homonotus imitans'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus leptogaster'' Arnold, 1935, p.476 (South Africa)

''Homonotus ruficornis'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus rukwaensis'' Arnold, 1946 (Tanzania)

''Homonotus sansibaricus'' Arnold, 1935, p.471 (Zanzibar)

==='''Genus''' ''Idopompilus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Idopompilus algoensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus algoensis major'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus braunsi'' Kohl, 1899 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus brunnescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschi handlirschi'' Arnold, 1936 (?)

''Idopompilus handlirschi basutorum'' Arnold, 1959 (Lesotho, South Africa)

''Idopompilus fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1946 (Lesotho)

''Idopompilus gracilicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus krugeri'' Haupt, 1930 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Idopompilus quadrifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Kolposphex'' Arnold, 1959===

''Kolposphex atronitens'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Kyphopompilus'' Arnold, 1960

''Kyphopompilus flavipes'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microdrapetes'' Arnold, 1937===

''Microdrapetes bellus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Microphadnus'' Cameron, 1904

''Microphadnus bicolor'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Paracyphononyx'' Gribodo, 1884===

''Paracyphononyx affinis'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon, Ghana, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx africanus'' Rad., 1881 (Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx carinatus'' Rad., 1881 Angola, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx coloratus'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon)

''Paracyphononyx difficilis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Malai, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversipes'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversus'' Dahlbom, 1845 (Central and East Africa to South Africa, Yemen)

''Paracyphononyx elliotti'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx frustratus'' Smith, 1879 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx funebris'' Magretti, 1884 (Ethiopia)

''Paracyphononyx gemellus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx laboriosus'' Arnold, 1936 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx languidus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx lukombensis'' Cameron, 1912 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia)

''Paracyphononyx metemmensis'' Magretti, 1884 (Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx mombassicus'' R. Luc., 1898 (Kenya)

''Paracyphononyx montanus'' Arnold, 1960 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx parallelus'' Haupt, 1929 (Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx petiolaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx plutonis'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx rotundinervis'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx ruficrus'' Klug, 1834 (Asia Minor, Egypt, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' Illiger,1802 (Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Paraferreola'' Sustera, 1913===

''Paraferreola melanostoma'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.439 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paraferreola spilopus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.441 (South Africa)

''Paraferreola soleana'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.443 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Platyderes'' Guérin-Méneville, 1844===

''Platyderes bicolor'' Smith, 1855; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.454 (South Africa)

''Platyderes chalybeus'' Saussure, 1892 (or Tasch. 1880?); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.456 (East Africa, South Africa)

''Platyderes drègii'' Brauns, 1899; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.457 (South Africa)

''Platyderes erythrocephalus'' Guerin, **** (Madagascar)

''Platyderes flavoscutellatus'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes oraniensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.456 (South Africa)

''Platyderes rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.461 (Ethiopia, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes saussurei'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Platyderes spoliatus'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.462 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes vicinus'' Arnold, 1935, p.460 (South Africa)

''Platyderes wasmanni'' Brauns, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.459 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilus'' Fabricius===

''Pompilus alpinus'' Arnold, 1960 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus anomalopterus'' Cameron, 1908 (Malawi, South Africa)

''Pompilus cinereus'' Fabricius, 1775 (Yemen)

''Pompilus contrarius'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Pompilus curvifrons'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus erythrostomus'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus exploratrix'' Cameron, 1908 ''(''

''Pompilus ignobilis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pompilus levis'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana)

''Pompilus masaiensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus meruensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus plumbeus'' Fabricius, 1787 (Widespread through Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Senegal, South Africa) also in China, Europe, India)

''Pompilus sacchii'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus shirae'' Arnold, 1950 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus successor'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus vanutelli'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Pompilus yngvei'' Cameron, 1908 (

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilioides'' Radley, 1887===

''Pompilioides braunsi'' Kohl, 1894 (Cameroon)

''Pompilioides decipiens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides latifrons'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides pruinosus'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides trifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides validus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammochares'' Latreille, 1796===

''Psammochares bilineatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares brunniventris'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares irpex'' Gerstaecker, 1859 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares jocaste'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Psammochares latilabris'' Arnold, 1937 (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares quadriguttatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Tanzania)

''Psammochares rufigaster'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares rutilus'' Klug, 1834 (Ethiopia, Nigeria, Sudan, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares varians'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammoderes'' Haupt, 1929===

''Psammoderes capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes collaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Psammoderes fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1935, p.438 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes lightfooti'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Psammoderes major'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.433 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes mimicus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.434 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes semirufus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.436 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes reputatus'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.437 (Congo, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Pseudoclavelia&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930===

''Pseudoclavelia argenteosignata'' Arnold, 1936 (Botswana, Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia bituberculata'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_damarensis.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia damarensis''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia jouberti'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_nitidula.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia nitidula'' ''nitidula''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia nitidula bechuanae'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia rhodesiana'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudoclavelia rufescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pseudopompilus'' Costa, 1887===

''Pseudopompilus funereus'' Arnold, 1935, p.444 (Zimbabwe, Namibia)

''Pseudopompilus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

''Pseudopompilus lacteipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psyllosphex'' Arnold, 1935===

''Psyllosphex dentatus'' (Cameron, 1904); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.482 (South Africa)

''Psyllosphex myrmosaeformis'' Arnold, 1935, p.482 (Zimbabwe)

''Psyllosphex saltator'' Arnold, 1935, p.480 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pygmachus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Pygmachus compressus'' Saussure, 1892 (Madagascar)

''Pygmachus umbratus'' Haupt, 1930 (Guinea, South Africa, Zanzibar, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Rhynchopompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Rhynchopompilus cursor'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Schistonyx'' Saussure, 1887===

''Schistonyx aterrimus'' Arnold, 1946 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx prismaticus'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

''Schistonyx sinuatus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx sheppardi'' Arnold, 1937, p.13 (Zimbabwe)

''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, South Africa, Syria, Zimbabwe) Most common pompilid in Zimbabwe (Arnold, 1937, p.12)

==='''Genus''' ''Schizanoplius'' Cameron, 1904===

''Schizanoplius lutarius'' (Saussure, 1834)(Ghana, Mali, Madagascar)

''Schizanoplius violaceipennis'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Spuridiophorus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Spuridiophorus capensis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Spuridiophorus inermis'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus maculipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Syntomoclitus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Syntomoclitus bicolor'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Ashmead, 1902===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ignitus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ignitus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Smith, 1855) (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ovambo.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ovambo&lt;/u&gt;''] (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Tachypompilus praepotens'' (Kohl, 1894) (South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zanzibar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_vitripennis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] ''&lt;u&gt;vitripennis&lt;/u&gt;'' (Arnold, 1937) (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Telostegus'' Costa, 1887===

''Telostegus capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Telostegus fuscipennis'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

''Telostegus insidiosus'' (Smith, 1879) (Yemen)

''Telostegus sabulicola'' Priesner, 1955 (Algeria, Egypt, Marocco, Senegal, Yemen)</text>
      <sha1>hb2ik4crxng9dp9wlor28y9o2e6jh7w</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719889</id>
      <parentid>2719888</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-28T08:05:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Genus Dicyrtomellus Gussakovskij, 1935 */</comment>
      <origin>2719889</origin>
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      <text bytes="25994" sha1="6bt20jxeplna6ofhe62doi5n6lam9q5" xml:space="preserve">Done to ''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, South Africa, Syria, Zimbabwe) Most common pompilid in Zimbabwe (Arnold, 1937, p.12)

==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;
- Claveliinae corrected to Ctenocerinae in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.386-388&lt;br&gt;
- Several new genera and species in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.388-399&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934, pp. 290-364.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA. (Arnold, 1934, pp. 380-385.)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; ''Pseudagenia'' in iNat).&lt;br&gt;
*''D. pulchricoma'' = ''Pseudagenia pulchricoma'' Arnold, 1934, p. 337-340&lt;br&gt;
*''D. neavei'' = ''Pseudagenia mygnimioides'' Arnold, 1934, pp.336-337 and ''Pseudagenia neavei'' Kohl 1913&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA. - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377.&lt;br&gt;
*also ''Poecilagenia spinosipes'' = ''Trachyglyptus spinosipes'' Arnold, 1934, p. 377-379&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = ''Deuteragenia turneri'', ''D. dregei'', ''D. chirindensis'', ''D. bicolor'' (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (''Hormopogonius willowmorensis'' = ''Calicurgus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1932 p.395); also ''H. tenuicornis'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 379-380&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
*Also ''Priocnernis aterrimus'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 385-386.
*''Priocnemis meridionalis'' Arnold, 1934, p. 386.
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pompilinae==

List of genera and species from [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm '''&lt;u&gt;https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm&lt;/u&gt;''']

=== '''Genus''' ''Aeluropetrus'' Arnold, 1936 ===

''Aeluropetrus braunsi'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Aeluropetrus lugubris'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 ===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/Aetheopompilus_obliquetruncatus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus obliquetruncatus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 (Mozambique)

==='''Genus''' ''Agenioideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Agenioideus brevis'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937) (Ghana, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus decipiens'' (Bischoff, 1913) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) (Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus lascivus'' (Cameron, 1891) (?)

''Agenioideus nudatus'' (Smith, 1855) (?)

''Agenioideus rotundilabris'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus rutilus'' (Klug, 1834) (Yemen)

''Agenioideus rufipes'' (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Agenioideus varians'' (Arnold, 1937) (?)

==='''Genus''' ''Amblyellus'' Day, 1981===

''Amblyellus willowmorensis'' (Arnold, 1937) (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

==='''Genus''' ''Anoplius'' Dufour, 1834===

''Anoplius aethiopicus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Anoplius alecto'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Anoplius bifasciatus'' Tullgren, 1904 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda)

''Anoplius concinnus'' (Dahlbom, 1845) (Yemen)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''fuscus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, South Africa, Tanzania)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''excelsior'' Arnold, 1950 (Tanzania)

''Anoplius montanus'' Haupt, 1950 (Benin, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Principe Island, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

''Anoplius morosus'' Smith, 1855 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Anoplius octomaculatus'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Anoplius panmelas'' (Saussure, 1891) (Madagascar)

''Anoplius saegeri'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Anoplius subfasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius successor'' (Cameron, 1910) (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius viridicatus'' Smith, 1879 (West Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Apareia'' Haupt, 1929===

''Apareia multipicta rufifemur'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.449 (Zimbabwe)

''Apareia oedipus'' Kohl, 1886; descr. (synonymized?) as ''A. multipicta'' by Arnold, 1935, p.449 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporinellus'' Banks, 1911===

''Aporinellus bidens'' (Saussure, 1892) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporoideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Aporoideus clarus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

'''Genus''' ''Arachnospila'' Kincaid, 1900

''Arachnospila (Ammosphex) consobrina heringi'' (Haupt, 1928) (California, Canary Islands, Spain, Tanzania, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Argyroclitus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Argyroclitus fasciatipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus ruwenzoriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Atelostegus'' Haupt, 1929

''Atelostegus thrinax'' (Kohl, 1909) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Atopopompilus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Atopompilus jacens'' (Bingham, 1912) (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Yemen)

''Atopompilus marshalli'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Atopopompilus venans mlanjiensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Ghana)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/Bambesa_grisea.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa grisea&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1937===
Key in Arnold, 1937, p.2.
*''Batozonellus capensis'' (Dahlbom, 1843); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.6 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/Batozonellus_fuliginosus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus fuliginosus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Klug, 1834); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.3 (Central Africa, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)
*''Batozonellus gowdeyi'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.7 (Sierra Leone, Uganda)
*''Batozonellus madecassus'' (Saussure, 1887) (Madagascar)
*''Batozonellus separabilis'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.9 (Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Batozonus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Batozonus bipunctatus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Batozonus capensis'' Dahlbom, 1940 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Cliochares'' Banks, 1940===

''Cliochares convexus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Cordyloscelis'' Arnold, 1935===

''Cordyloscelis bequaerti'' Arnold, 1935, p.420 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Cordyloscelis flavipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.424 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis latipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.417 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis namaqua'' Arnold, 1935, p.423 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis nigerrimus'' Arnold, 1935, p.421 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis parallelus'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe)

''Cordyloscelis ugandensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.425 (Congo, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Ctenagenia'' Saussure, 1892===

''Ctenagenia vespiformis'' (Klug, 1834) (Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Madagascar, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, Yemen)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930 ===

''Dromochares clavipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (Zimbabwe)

''Dromochares fumipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Dromochares premnopterus'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

''Dromochares rufipes'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/Dromochares_transvaalensis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares transvaalensis&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Dicyrtomellus'' Gussakovskij, 1935===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p.14.
*''Dicyrtomellus anomalipes'' Arnold, 1937, p.20 (South Africa)
*''Dicyrtomellus argenteodecoratus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.21 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus griseus'' Arnold, 1937, p.17 (Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus impressus'' Arnold, 1937, p.18 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus leptacanthius'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.16 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus meruensis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus neavei'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.19 (Congo)
*''Dicyrtomellus rufofemoratus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.17 (South Africa)
*''Dicyrtomellus sexspinosus'' (Saunders, 1901) = ''Dicyrtomellus pectinatus'' Arnold, 1937, p.19 (Sudan)

==='''Genus''' ''Elaphrosyron'' Haupt, 1930===

''Elaphrosyron insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Mali, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Elaphrosyron multipictus'' Arnold, 1937 (Uganda)

''Elaphrosyron pauperculus'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Epiclinotus'' Haupt, 1929===

''Epiclinotus capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus erythrurus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.465 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus turneri'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.466 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron&lt;/u&gt;''] Schiødte, 1837===

''Episyron argillaceus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zambia)

''Episyron bequaerti'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron bicinctus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron braunsii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron crassicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Episyron gryps'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/Episyron_histrio.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron histrio&lt;/u&gt;''] Lepeletier, 1845 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mali, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron pedunculatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron solitaneum'' Kohl, 1906 (Yemen)

''Episyron tropicalis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Episyron turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron viduus'' Arnold, 1936 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron vindex'' Smith, 1879 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/index.htm &lt;u&gt;Euclavelia&lt;/u&gt;]'' Arnold, 1932===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/Euclavelia_fasciata.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Euclavelia fasciata&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1932 (South Africa)

''Euclavelia longicollis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Euryzonotulus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Euryzonotulus nigeriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreola'' Lepeletier, 1845===

''Ferreola auranticornis'' Wahis, 2000 (Eritrea, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreoloides'' Haupt, 1919===

''Ferreoloides basutorum'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

''Ferreoloides versutus'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

==='''Genus''' ''Galactopterus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Galactopterus otaviensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Galactopterus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Namibia, South Africa)

''Galactopterus simillimus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Guichardia'' Arnold, 1951===

''Guichardia macilenta'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hadropompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Hadropompilus braunsi'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Hadropompilus montanus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hauptiella'' Arnold, 1936===

''Hauptiella multipicta'' Arnold, 1936

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/Herpetosphex_staphylinoides.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex staphylinoides&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Homonotus'' Dahlbom, 1844===
Dahlbom 1843 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796238) or Dahlbom, 1844 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796653)?

''Homonotus aegyptiacus'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.469 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus coxalis'' Arnold, 1935, p.478 (South Africa)

''Homonotus disparilis'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.473 (South Africa)

''Homonotus dispersus'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus dissectus'' Arnold, 1935, p.474 (South Africa)

''Homonotus excavatus'' Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus fuscipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.475 (South Africa)

''Homonotus imitans'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus leptogaster'' Arnold, 1935, p.476 (South Africa)

''Homonotus ruficornis'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus rukwaensis'' Arnold, 1946 (Tanzania)

''Homonotus sansibaricus'' Arnold, 1935, p.471 (Zanzibar)

==='''Genus''' ''Idopompilus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Idopompilus algoensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus algoensis major'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus braunsi'' Kohl, 1899 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus brunnescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschi handlirschi'' Arnold, 1936 (?)

''Idopompilus handlirschi basutorum'' Arnold, 1959 (Lesotho, South Africa)

''Idopompilus fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1946 (Lesotho)

''Idopompilus gracilicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus krugeri'' Haupt, 1930 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Idopompilus quadrifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Kolposphex'' Arnold, 1959===

''Kolposphex atronitens'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Kyphopompilus'' Arnold, 1960

''Kyphopompilus flavipes'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microdrapetes'' Arnold, 1937===

''Microdrapetes bellus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Microphadnus'' Cameron, 1904

''Microphadnus bicolor'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Paracyphononyx'' Gribodo, 1884===

''Paracyphononyx affinis'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon, Ghana, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx africanus'' Rad., 1881 (Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx carinatus'' Rad., 1881 Angola, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx coloratus'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon)

''Paracyphononyx difficilis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Malai, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversipes'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversus'' Dahlbom, 1845 (Central and East Africa to South Africa, Yemen)

''Paracyphononyx elliotti'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx frustratus'' Smith, 1879 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx funebris'' Magretti, 1884 (Ethiopia)

''Paracyphononyx gemellus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx laboriosus'' Arnold, 1936 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx languidus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx lukombensis'' Cameron, 1912 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia)

''Paracyphononyx metemmensis'' Magretti, 1884 (Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx mombassicus'' R. Luc., 1898 (Kenya)

''Paracyphononyx montanus'' Arnold, 1960 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx parallelus'' Haupt, 1929 (Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx petiolaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx plutonis'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx rotundinervis'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx ruficrus'' Klug, 1834 (Asia Minor, Egypt, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' Illiger,1802 (Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Paraferreola'' Sustera, 1913===

''Paraferreola melanostoma'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.439 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paraferreola spilopus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.441 (South Africa)

''Paraferreola soleana'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.443 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Platyderes'' Guérin-Méneville, 1844===

''Platyderes bicolor'' Smith, 1855; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.454 (South Africa)

''Platyderes chalybeus'' Saussure, 1892 (or Tasch. 1880?); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.456 (East Africa, South Africa)

''Platyderes drègii'' Brauns, 1899; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.457 (South Africa)

''Platyderes erythrocephalus'' Guerin, **** (Madagascar)

''Platyderes flavoscutellatus'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes oraniensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.456 (South Africa)

''Platyderes rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.461 (Ethiopia, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes saussurei'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Platyderes spoliatus'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.462 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes vicinus'' Arnold, 1935, p.460 (South Africa)

''Platyderes wasmanni'' Brauns, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.459 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilus'' Fabricius===

''Pompilus alpinus'' Arnold, 1960 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus anomalopterus'' Cameron, 1908 (Malawi, South Africa)

''Pompilus cinereus'' Fabricius, 1775 (Yemen)

''Pompilus contrarius'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Pompilus curvifrons'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus erythrostomus'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus exploratrix'' Cameron, 1908 ''(''

''Pompilus ignobilis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pompilus levis'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana)

''Pompilus masaiensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus meruensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus plumbeus'' Fabricius, 1787 (Widespread through Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Senegal, South Africa) also in China, Europe, India)

''Pompilus sacchii'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus shirae'' Arnold, 1950 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus successor'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus vanutelli'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Pompilus yngvei'' Cameron, 1908 (

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilioides'' Radley, 1887===

''Pompilioides braunsi'' Kohl, 1894 (Cameroon)

''Pompilioides decipiens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides latifrons'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides pruinosus'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides trifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides validus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammochares'' Latreille, 1796===

''Psammochares bilineatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares brunniventris'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares irpex'' Gerstaecker, 1859 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares jocaste'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Psammochares latilabris'' Arnold, 1937 (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares quadriguttatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Tanzania)

''Psammochares rufigaster'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares rutilus'' Klug, 1834 (Ethiopia, Nigeria, Sudan, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares varians'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammoderes'' Haupt, 1929===

''Psammoderes capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes collaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Psammoderes fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1935, p.438 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes lightfooti'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Psammoderes major'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.433 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes mimicus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.434 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes semirufus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.436 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes reputatus'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.437 (Congo, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Pseudoclavelia&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930===

''Pseudoclavelia argenteosignata'' Arnold, 1936 (Botswana, Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia bituberculata'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_damarensis.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia damarensis''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia jouberti'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_nitidula.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia nitidula'' ''nitidula''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia nitidula bechuanae'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia rhodesiana'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudoclavelia rufescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pseudopompilus'' Costa, 1887===

''Pseudopompilus funereus'' Arnold, 1935, p.444 (Zimbabwe, Namibia)

''Pseudopompilus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

''Pseudopompilus lacteipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psyllosphex'' Arnold, 1935===

''Psyllosphex dentatus'' (Cameron, 1904); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.482 (South Africa)

''Psyllosphex myrmosaeformis'' Arnold, 1935, p.482 (Zimbabwe)

''Psyllosphex saltator'' Arnold, 1935, p.480 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pygmachus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Pygmachus compressus'' Saussure, 1892 (Madagascar)

''Pygmachus umbratus'' Haupt, 1930 (Guinea, South Africa, Zanzibar, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Rhynchopompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Rhynchopompilus cursor'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Schistonyx'' Saussure, 1887===

''Schistonyx aterrimus'' Arnold, 1946 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx prismaticus'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

''Schistonyx sinuatus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx sheppardi'' Arnold, 1937, p.13 (Zimbabwe)

''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, South Africa, Syria, Zimbabwe) Most common pompilid in Zimbabwe (Arnold, 1937, p.12)

==='''Genus''' ''Schizanoplius'' Cameron, 1904===

''Schizanoplius lutarius'' (Saussure, 1834)(Ghana, Mali, Madagascar)

''Schizanoplius violaceipennis'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Spuridiophorus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Spuridiophorus capensis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Spuridiophorus inermis'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus maculipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Syntomoclitus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Syntomoclitus bicolor'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Ashmead, 1902===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ignitus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ignitus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Smith, 1855) (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ovambo.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ovambo&lt;/u&gt;''] (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Tachypompilus praepotens'' (Kohl, 1894) (South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zanzibar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_vitripennis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] ''&lt;u&gt;vitripennis&lt;/u&gt;'' (Arnold, 1937) (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Telostegus'' Costa, 1887===

''Telostegus capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Telostegus fuscipennis'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

''Telostegus insidiosus'' (Smith, 1879) (Yemen)

''Telostegus sabulicola'' Priesner, 1955 (Algeria, Egypt, Marocco, Senegal, Yemen)</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>2719890</id>
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      <timestamp>2025-06-28T08:07:14Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
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      <comment>/* Genus Batozonellus Arnold, 1937 */</comment>
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      <text bytes="26030" sha1="25ncgxyfdy4xjp2xu4ldbyk0rbdh5vj" xml:space="preserve">Done to ''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, South Africa, Syria, Zimbabwe) Most common pompilid in Zimbabwe (Arnold, 1937, p.12)

==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;
- Claveliinae corrected to Ctenocerinae in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.386-388&lt;br&gt;
- Several new genera and species in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.388-399&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934, pp. 290-364.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA. (Arnold, 1934, pp. 380-385.)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; ''Pseudagenia'' in iNat).&lt;br&gt;
*''D. pulchricoma'' = ''Pseudagenia pulchricoma'' Arnold, 1934, p. 337-340&lt;br&gt;
*''D. neavei'' = ''Pseudagenia mygnimioides'' Arnold, 1934, pp.336-337 and ''Pseudagenia neavei'' Kohl 1913&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA. - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377.&lt;br&gt;
*also ''Poecilagenia spinosipes'' = ''Trachyglyptus spinosipes'' Arnold, 1934, p. 377-379&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = ''Deuteragenia turneri'', ''D. dregei'', ''D. chirindensis'', ''D. bicolor'' (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (''Hormopogonius willowmorensis'' = ''Calicurgus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1932 p.395); also ''H. tenuicornis'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 379-380&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
*Also ''Priocnernis aterrimus'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 385-386.
*''Priocnemis meridionalis'' Arnold, 1934, p. 386.
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pompilinae==

List of genera and species from [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm '''&lt;u&gt;https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm&lt;/u&gt;''']

=== '''Genus''' ''Aeluropetrus'' Arnold, 1936 ===

''Aeluropetrus braunsi'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Aeluropetrus lugubris'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 ===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/Aetheopompilus_obliquetruncatus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus obliquetruncatus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 (Mozambique)

==='''Genus''' ''Agenioideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Agenioideus brevis'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937) (Ghana, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus decipiens'' (Bischoff, 1913) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) (Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus lascivus'' (Cameron, 1891) (?)

''Agenioideus nudatus'' (Smith, 1855) (?)

''Agenioideus rotundilabris'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus rutilus'' (Klug, 1834) (Yemen)

''Agenioideus rufipes'' (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Agenioideus varians'' (Arnold, 1937) (?)

==='''Genus''' ''Amblyellus'' Day, 1981===

''Amblyellus willowmorensis'' (Arnold, 1937) (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

==='''Genus''' ''Anoplius'' Dufour, 1834===

''Anoplius aethiopicus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Anoplius alecto'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Anoplius bifasciatus'' Tullgren, 1904 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda)

''Anoplius concinnus'' (Dahlbom, 1845) (Yemen)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''fuscus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, South Africa, Tanzania)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''excelsior'' Arnold, 1950 (Tanzania)

''Anoplius montanus'' Haupt, 1950 (Benin, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Principe Island, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

''Anoplius morosus'' Smith, 1855 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Anoplius octomaculatus'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Anoplius panmelas'' (Saussure, 1891) (Madagascar)

''Anoplius saegeri'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Anoplius subfasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius successor'' (Cameron, 1910) (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius viridicatus'' Smith, 1879 (West Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Apareia'' Haupt, 1929===

''Apareia multipicta rufifemur'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.449 (Zimbabwe)

''Apareia oedipus'' Kohl, 1886; descr. (synonymized?) as ''A. multipicta'' by Arnold, 1935, p.449 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporinellus'' Banks, 1911===

''Aporinellus bidens'' (Saussure, 1892) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporoideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Aporoideus clarus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

'''Genus''' ''Arachnospila'' Kincaid, 1900

''Arachnospila (Ammosphex) consobrina heringi'' (Haupt, 1928) (California, Canary Islands, Spain, Tanzania, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Argyroclitus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Argyroclitus fasciatipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus ruwenzoriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Atelostegus'' Haupt, 1929

''Atelostegus thrinax'' (Kohl, 1909) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Atopopompilus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Atopompilus jacens'' (Bingham, 1912) (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Yemen)

''Atopompilus marshalli'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Atopopompilus venans mlanjiensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Ghana)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/Bambesa_grisea.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa grisea&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p.2.
*''Batozonellus capensis'' (Dahlbom, 1843); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.6 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/Batozonellus_fuliginosus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus fuliginosus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Klug, 1834); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.3 (Central Africa, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)
*''Batozonellus gowdeyi'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.7 (Sierra Leone, Uganda)
*''Batozonellus madecassus'' (Saussure, 1887) (Madagascar)
*''Batozonellus separabilis'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.9 (Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Batozonus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Batozonus bipunctatus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Batozonus capensis'' Dahlbom, 1940 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Cliochares'' Banks, 1940===

''Cliochares convexus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Cordyloscelis'' Arnold, 1935===

''Cordyloscelis bequaerti'' Arnold, 1935, p.420 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Cordyloscelis flavipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.424 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis latipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.417 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis namaqua'' Arnold, 1935, p.423 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis nigerrimus'' Arnold, 1935, p.421 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis parallelus'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe)

''Cordyloscelis ugandensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.425 (Congo, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Ctenagenia'' Saussure, 1892===

''Ctenagenia vespiformis'' (Klug, 1834) (Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Madagascar, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, Yemen)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930 ===

''Dromochares clavipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (Zimbabwe)

''Dromochares fumipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Dromochares premnopterus'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

''Dromochares rufipes'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/Dromochares_transvaalensis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares transvaalensis&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Dicyrtomellus'' Gussakovskij, 1935===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p.14.
*''Dicyrtomellus anomalipes'' Arnold, 1937, p.20 (South Africa)
*''Dicyrtomellus argenteodecoratus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.21 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus griseus'' Arnold, 1937, p.17 (Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus impressus'' Arnold, 1937, p.18 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus leptacanthius'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.16 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus meruensis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus neavei'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.19 (Congo)
*''Dicyrtomellus rufofemoratus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.17 (South Africa)
*''Dicyrtomellus sexspinosus'' (Saunders, 1901) = ''Dicyrtomellus pectinatus'' Arnold, 1937, p.19 (Sudan)

==='''Genus''' ''Elaphrosyron'' Haupt, 1930===

''Elaphrosyron insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Mali, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Elaphrosyron multipictus'' Arnold, 1937 (Uganda)

''Elaphrosyron pauperculus'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Epiclinotus'' Haupt, 1929===

''Epiclinotus capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus erythrurus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.465 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus turneri'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.466 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron&lt;/u&gt;''] Schiødte, 1837===

''Episyron argillaceus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zambia)

''Episyron bequaerti'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron bicinctus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron braunsii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron crassicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Episyron gryps'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/Episyron_histrio.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron histrio&lt;/u&gt;''] Lepeletier, 1845 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mali, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron pedunculatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron solitaneum'' Kohl, 1906 (Yemen)

''Episyron tropicalis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Episyron turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron viduus'' Arnold, 1936 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron vindex'' Smith, 1879 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/index.htm &lt;u&gt;Euclavelia&lt;/u&gt;]'' Arnold, 1932===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/Euclavelia_fasciata.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Euclavelia fasciata&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1932 (South Africa)

''Euclavelia longicollis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Euryzonotulus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Euryzonotulus nigeriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreola'' Lepeletier, 1845===

''Ferreola auranticornis'' Wahis, 2000 (Eritrea, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreoloides'' Haupt, 1919===

''Ferreoloides basutorum'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

''Ferreoloides versutus'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

==='''Genus''' ''Galactopterus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Galactopterus otaviensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Galactopterus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Namibia, South Africa)

''Galactopterus simillimus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Guichardia'' Arnold, 1951===

''Guichardia macilenta'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hadropompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Hadropompilus braunsi'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Hadropompilus montanus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hauptiella'' Arnold, 1936===

''Hauptiella multipicta'' Arnold, 1936

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/Herpetosphex_staphylinoides.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex staphylinoides&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Homonotus'' Dahlbom, 1844===
Dahlbom 1843 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796238) or Dahlbom, 1844 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796653)?

''Homonotus aegyptiacus'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.469 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus coxalis'' Arnold, 1935, p.478 (South Africa)

''Homonotus disparilis'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.473 (South Africa)

''Homonotus dispersus'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus dissectus'' Arnold, 1935, p.474 (South Africa)

''Homonotus excavatus'' Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus fuscipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.475 (South Africa)

''Homonotus imitans'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus leptogaster'' Arnold, 1935, p.476 (South Africa)

''Homonotus ruficornis'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus rukwaensis'' Arnold, 1946 (Tanzania)

''Homonotus sansibaricus'' Arnold, 1935, p.471 (Zanzibar)

==='''Genus''' ''Idopompilus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Idopompilus algoensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus algoensis major'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus braunsi'' Kohl, 1899 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus brunnescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschi handlirschi'' Arnold, 1936 (?)

''Idopompilus handlirschi basutorum'' Arnold, 1959 (Lesotho, South Africa)

''Idopompilus fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1946 (Lesotho)

''Idopompilus gracilicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus krugeri'' Haupt, 1930 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Idopompilus quadrifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Kolposphex'' Arnold, 1959===

''Kolposphex atronitens'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Kyphopompilus'' Arnold, 1960

''Kyphopompilus flavipes'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microdrapetes'' Arnold, 1937===

''Microdrapetes bellus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Microphadnus'' Cameron, 1904

''Microphadnus bicolor'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Paracyphononyx'' Gribodo, 1884===

''Paracyphononyx affinis'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon, Ghana, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx africanus'' Rad., 1881 (Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx carinatus'' Rad., 1881 Angola, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx coloratus'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon)

''Paracyphononyx difficilis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Malai, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversipes'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversus'' Dahlbom, 1845 (Central and East Africa to South Africa, Yemen)

''Paracyphononyx elliotti'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx frustratus'' Smith, 1879 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx funebris'' Magretti, 1884 (Ethiopia)

''Paracyphononyx gemellus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx laboriosus'' Arnold, 1936 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx languidus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx lukombensis'' Cameron, 1912 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia)

''Paracyphononyx metemmensis'' Magretti, 1884 (Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx mombassicus'' R. Luc., 1898 (Kenya)

''Paracyphononyx montanus'' Arnold, 1960 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx parallelus'' Haupt, 1929 (Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx petiolaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx plutonis'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx rotundinervis'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx ruficrus'' Klug, 1834 (Asia Minor, Egypt, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' Illiger,1802 (Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Paraferreola'' Sustera, 1913===

''Paraferreola melanostoma'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.439 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paraferreola spilopus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.441 (South Africa)

''Paraferreola soleana'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.443 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Platyderes'' Guérin-Méneville, 1844===

''Platyderes bicolor'' Smith, 1855; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.454 (South Africa)

''Platyderes chalybeus'' Saussure, 1892 (or Tasch. 1880?); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.456 (East Africa, South Africa)

''Platyderes drègii'' Brauns, 1899; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.457 (South Africa)

''Platyderes erythrocephalus'' Guerin, **** (Madagascar)

''Platyderes flavoscutellatus'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes oraniensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.456 (South Africa)

''Platyderes rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.461 (Ethiopia, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes saussurei'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Platyderes spoliatus'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.462 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes vicinus'' Arnold, 1935, p.460 (South Africa)

''Platyderes wasmanni'' Brauns, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.459 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilus'' Fabricius===

''Pompilus alpinus'' Arnold, 1960 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus anomalopterus'' Cameron, 1908 (Malawi, South Africa)

''Pompilus cinereus'' Fabricius, 1775 (Yemen)

''Pompilus contrarius'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Pompilus curvifrons'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus erythrostomus'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus exploratrix'' Cameron, 1908 ''(''

''Pompilus ignobilis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pompilus levis'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana)

''Pompilus masaiensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus meruensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus plumbeus'' Fabricius, 1787 (Widespread through Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Senegal, South Africa) also in China, Europe, India)

''Pompilus sacchii'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus shirae'' Arnold, 1950 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus successor'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus vanutelli'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Pompilus yngvei'' Cameron, 1908 (

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilioides'' Radley, 1887===

''Pompilioides braunsi'' Kohl, 1894 (Cameroon)

''Pompilioides decipiens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides latifrons'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides pruinosus'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides trifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides validus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammochares'' Latreille, 1796===

''Psammochares bilineatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares brunniventris'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares irpex'' Gerstaecker, 1859 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares jocaste'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Psammochares latilabris'' Arnold, 1937 (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares quadriguttatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Tanzania)

''Psammochares rufigaster'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares rutilus'' Klug, 1834 (Ethiopia, Nigeria, Sudan, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares varians'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammoderes'' Haupt, 1929===

''Psammoderes capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes collaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Psammoderes fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1935, p.438 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes lightfooti'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Psammoderes major'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.433 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes mimicus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.434 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes semirufus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.436 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes reputatus'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.437 (Congo, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Pseudoclavelia&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930===

''Pseudoclavelia argenteosignata'' Arnold, 1936 (Botswana, Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia bituberculata'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_damarensis.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia damarensis''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia jouberti'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_nitidula.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia nitidula'' ''nitidula''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia nitidula bechuanae'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia rhodesiana'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudoclavelia rufescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pseudopompilus'' Costa, 1887===

''Pseudopompilus funereus'' Arnold, 1935, p.444 (Zimbabwe, Namibia)

''Pseudopompilus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

''Pseudopompilus lacteipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psyllosphex'' Arnold, 1935===

''Psyllosphex dentatus'' (Cameron, 1904); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.482 (South Africa)

''Psyllosphex myrmosaeformis'' Arnold, 1935, p.482 (Zimbabwe)

''Psyllosphex saltator'' Arnold, 1935, p.480 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pygmachus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Pygmachus compressus'' Saussure, 1892 (Madagascar)

''Pygmachus umbratus'' Haupt, 1930 (Guinea, South Africa, Zanzibar, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Rhynchopompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Rhynchopompilus cursor'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Schistonyx'' Saussure, 1887===

''Schistonyx aterrimus'' Arnold, 1946 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx prismaticus'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

''Schistonyx sinuatus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx sheppardi'' Arnold, 1937, p.13 (Zimbabwe)

''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, South Africa, Syria, Zimbabwe) Most common pompilid in Zimbabwe (Arnold, 1937, p.12)

==='''Genus''' ''Schizanoplius'' Cameron, 1904===

''Schizanoplius lutarius'' (Saussure, 1834)(Ghana, Mali, Madagascar)

''Schizanoplius violaceipennis'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Spuridiophorus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Spuridiophorus capensis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Spuridiophorus inermis'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus maculipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Syntomoclitus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Syntomoclitus bicolor'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Ashmead, 1902===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ignitus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ignitus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Smith, 1855) (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ovambo.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ovambo&lt;/u&gt;''] (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Tachypompilus praepotens'' (Kohl, 1894) (South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zanzibar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_vitripennis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] ''&lt;u&gt;vitripennis&lt;/u&gt;'' (Arnold, 1937) (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Telostegus'' Costa, 1887===

''Telostegus capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Telostegus fuscipennis'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

''Telostegus insidiosus'' (Smith, 1879) (Yemen)

''Telostegus sabulicola'' Priesner, 1955 (Algeria, Egypt, Marocco, Senegal, Yemen)</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719891</id>
      <parentid>2719890</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-28T08:10:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Genus Atopopompilus Arnold, 1937 */</comment>
      <origin>2719891</origin>
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      <text bytes="26089" sha1="986dhh5cuy7g87dkaum798w1ytxa51x" xml:space="preserve">Done to ''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, South Africa, Syria, Zimbabwe) Most common pompilid in Zimbabwe (Arnold, 1937, p.12)

==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;
- Claveliinae corrected to Ctenocerinae in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.386-388&lt;br&gt;
- Several new genera and species in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.388-399&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934, pp. 290-364.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA. (Arnold, 1934, pp. 380-385.)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; ''Pseudagenia'' in iNat).&lt;br&gt;
*''D. pulchricoma'' = ''Pseudagenia pulchricoma'' Arnold, 1934, p. 337-340&lt;br&gt;
*''D. neavei'' = ''Pseudagenia mygnimioides'' Arnold, 1934, pp.336-337 and ''Pseudagenia neavei'' Kohl 1913&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA. - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377.&lt;br&gt;
*also ''Poecilagenia spinosipes'' = ''Trachyglyptus spinosipes'' Arnold, 1934, p. 377-379&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = ''Deuteragenia turneri'', ''D. dregei'', ''D. chirindensis'', ''D. bicolor'' (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (''Hormopogonius willowmorensis'' = ''Calicurgus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1932 p.395); also ''H. tenuicornis'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 379-380&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
*Also ''Priocnernis aterrimus'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 385-386.
*''Priocnemis meridionalis'' Arnold, 1934, p. 386.
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pompilinae==

List of genera and species from [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm '''&lt;u&gt;https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm&lt;/u&gt;''']

=== '''Genus''' ''Aeluropetrus'' Arnold, 1936 ===

''Aeluropetrus braunsi'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Aeluropetrus lugubris'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 ===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/Aetheopompilus_obliquetruncatus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus obliquetruncatus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 (Mozambique)

==='''Genus''' ''Agenioideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Agenioideus brevis'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937) (Ghana, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus decipiens'' (Bischoff, 1913) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) (Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus lascivus'' (Cameron, 1891) (?)

''Agenioideus nudatus'' (Smith, 1855) (?)

''Agenioideus rotundilabris'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus rutilus'' (Klug, 1834) (Yemen)

''Agenioideus rufipes'' (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Agenioideus varians'' (Arnold, 1937) (?)

==='''Genus''' ''Amblyellus'' Day, 1981===

''Amblyellus willowmorensis'' (Arnold, 1937) (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

==='''Genus''' ''Anoplius'' Dufour, 1834===

''Anoplius aethiopicus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Anoplius alecto'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Anoplius bifasciatus'' Tullgren, 1904 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda)

''Anoplius concinnus'' (Dahlbom, 1845) (Yemen)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''fuscus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, South Africa, Tanzania)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''excelsior'' Arnold, 1950 (Tanzania)

''Anoplius montanus'' Haupt, 1950 (Benin, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Principe Island, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

''Anoplius morosus'' Smith, 1855 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Anoplius octomaculatus'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Anoplius panmelas'' (Saussure, 1891) (Madagascar)

''Anoplius saegeri'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Anoplius subfasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius successor'' (Cameron, 1910) (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius viridicatus'' Smith, 1879 (West Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Apareia'' Haupt, 1929===

''Apareia multipicta rufifemur'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.449 (Zimbabwe)

''Apareia oedipus'' Kohl, 1886; descr. (synonymized?) as ''A. multipicta'' by Arnold, 1935, p.449 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporinellus'' Banks, 1911===

''Aporinellus bidens'' (Saussure, 1892) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporoideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Aporoideus clarus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

'''Genus''' ''Arachnospila'' Kincaid, 1900

''Arachnospila (Ammosphex) consobrina heringi'' (Haupt, 1928) (California, Canary Islands, Spain, Tanzania, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Argyroclitus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Argyroclitus fasciatipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus ruwenzoriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Atelostegus'' Haupt, 1929

''Atelostegus thrinax'' (Kohl, 1909) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Atopopompilus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus in Arnold, 1937, p. 22.
*''Atopompilus jacens'' (Bingham, 1912) (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Yemen)
*''Atopompilus marshalli'' Arnold, 1937, p. 24 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Atopopompilus venans mlanjiensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 24 (Ghana)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/Bambesa_grisea.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa grisea&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p.2.
*''Batozonellus capensis'' (Dahlbom, 1843); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.6 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/Batozonellus_fuliginosus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus fuliginosus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Klug, 1834); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.3 (Central Africa, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)
*''Batozonellus gowdeyi'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.7 (Sierra Leone, Uganda)
*''Batozonellus madecassus'' (Saussure, 1887) (Madagascar)
*''Batozonellus separabilis'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.9 (Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Batozonus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Batozonus bipunctatus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Batozonus capensis'' Dahlbom, 1940 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Cliochares'' Banks, 1940===

''Cliochares convexus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Cordyloscelis'' Arnold, 1935===

''Cordyloscelis bequaerti'' Arnold, 1935, p.420 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Cordyloscelis flavipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.424 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis latipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.417 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis namaqua'' Arnold, 1935, p.423 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis nigerrimus'' Arnold, 1935, p.421 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis parallelus'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe)

''Cordyloscelis ugandensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.425 (Congo, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Ctenagenia'' Saussure, 1892===

''Ctenagenia vespiformis'' (Klug, 1834) (Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Madagascar, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, Yemen)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930 ===

''Dromochares clavipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (Zimbabwe)

''Dromochares fumipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Dromochares premnopterus'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

''Dromochares rufipes'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/Dromochares_transvaalensis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares transvaalensis&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Dicyrtomellus'' Gussakovskij, 1935===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p.14.
*''Dicyrtomellus anomalipes'' Arnold, 1937, p.20 (South Africa)
*''Dicyrtomellus argenteodecoratus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.21 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus griseus'' Arnold, 1937, p.17 (Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus impressus'' Arnold, 1937, p.18 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus leptacanthius'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.16 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus meruensis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus neavei'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.19 (Congo)
*''Dicyrtomellus rufofemoratus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.17 (South Africa)
*''Dicyrtomellus sexspinosus'' (Saunders, 1901) = ''Dicyrtomellus pectinatus'' Arnold, 1937, p.19 (Sudan)

==='''Genus''' ''Elaphrosyron'' Haupt, 1930===

''Elaphrosyron insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Mali, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Elaphrosyron multipictus'' Arnold, 1937 (Uganda)

''Elaphrosyron pauperculus'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Epiclinotus'' Haupt, 1929===

''Epiclinotus capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus erythrurus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.465 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus turneri'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.466 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron&lt;/u&gt;''] Schiødte, 1837===

''Episyron argillaceus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zambia)

''Episyron bequaerti'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron bicinctus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron braunsii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron crassicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Episyron gryps'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/Episyron_histrio.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron histrio&lt;/u&gt;''] Lepeletier, 1845 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mali, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron pedunculatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron solitaneum'' Kohl, 1906 (Yemen)

''Episyron tropicalis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Episyron turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron viduus'' Arnold, 1936 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron vindex'' Smith, 1879 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/index.htm &lt;u&gt;Euclavelia&lt;/u&gt;]'' Arnold, 1932===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/Euclavelia_fasciata.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Euclavelia fasciata&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1932 (South Africa)

''Euclavelia longicollis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Euryzonotulus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Euryzonotulus nigeriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreola'' Lepeletier, 1845===

''Ferreola auranticornis'' Wahis, 2000 (Eritrea, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreoloides'' Haupt, 1919===

''Ferreoloides basutorum'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

''Ferreoloides versutus'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

==='''Genus''' ''Galactopterus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Galactopterus otaviensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Galactopterus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Namibia, South Africa)

''Galactopterus simillimus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Guichardia'' Arnold, 1951===

''Guichardia macilenta'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hadropompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Hadropompilus braunsi'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Hadropompilus montanus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hauptiella'' Arnold, 1936===

''Hauptiella multipicta'' Arnold, 1936

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/Herpetosphex_staphylinoides.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex staphylinoides&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Homonotus'' Dahlbom, 1844===
Dahlbom 1843 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796238) or Dahlbom, 1844 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796653)?

''Homonotus aegyptiacus'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.469 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus coxalis'' Arnold, 1935, p.478 (South Africa)

''Homonotus disparilis'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.473 (South Africa)

''Homonotus dispersus'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus dissectus'' Arnold, 1935, p.474 (South Africa)

''Homonotus excavatus'' Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus fuscipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.475 (South Africa)

''Homonotus imitans'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus leptogaster'' Arnold, 1935, p.476 (South Africa)

''Homonotus ruficornis'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus rukwaensis'' Arnold, 1946 (Tanzania)

''Homonotus sansibaricus'' Arnold, 1935, p.471 (Zanzibar)

==='''Genus''' ''Idopompilus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Idopompilus algoensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus algoensis major'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus braunsi'' Kohl, 1899 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus brunnescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschi handlirschi'' Arnold, 1936 (?)

''Idopompilus handlirschi basutorum'' Arnold, 1959 (Lesotho, South Africa)

''Idopompilus fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1946 (Lesotho)

''Idopompilus gracilicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus krugeri'' Haupt, 1930 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Idopompilus quadrifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Kolposphex'' Arnold, 1959===

''Kolposphex atronitens'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Kyphopompilus'' Arnold, 1960

''Kyphopompilus flavipes'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microdrapetes'' Arnold, 1937===

''Microdrapetes bellus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Microphadnus'' Cameron, 1904

''Microphadnus bicolor'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Paracyphononyx'' Gribodo, 1884===

''Paracyphononyx affinis'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon, Ghana, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx africanus'' Rad., 1881 (Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx carinatus'' Rad., 1881 Angola, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx coloratus'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon)

''Paracyphononyx difficilis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Malai, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversipes'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversus'' Dahlbom, 1845 (Central and East Africa to South Africa, Yemen)

''Paracyphononyx elliotti'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx frustratus'' Smith, 1879 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx funebris'' Magretti, 1884 (Ethiopia)

''Paracyphononyx gemellus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx laboriosus'' Arnold, 1936 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx languidus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx lukombensis'' Cameron, 1912 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia)

''Paracyphononyx metemmensis'' Magretti, 1884 (Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx mombassicus'' R. Luc., 1898 (Kenya)

''Paracyphononyx montanus'' Arnold, 1960 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx parallelus'' Haupt, 1929 (Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx petiolaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx plutonis'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx rotundinervis'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx ruficrus'' Klug, 1834 (Asia Minor, Egypt, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' Illiger,1802 (Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Paraferreola'' Sustera, 1913===

''Paraferreola melanostoma'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.439 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paraferreola spilopus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.441 (South Africa)

''Paraferreola soleana'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.443 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Platyderes'' Guérin-Méneville, 1844===

''Platyderes bicolor'' Smith, 1855; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.454 (South Africa)

''Platyderes chalybeus'' Saussure, 1892 (or Tasch. 1880?); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.456 (East Africa, South Africa)

''Platyderes drègii'' Brauns, 1899; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.457 (South Africa)

''Platyderes erythrocephalus'' Guerin, **** (Madagascar)

''Platyderes flavoscutellatus'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes oraniensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.456 (South Africa)

''Platyderes rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.461 (Ethiopia, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes saussurei'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Platyderes spoliatus'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.462 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes vicinus'' Arnold, 1935, p.460 (South Africa)

''Platyderes wasmanni'' Brauns, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.459 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilus'' Fabricius===

''Pompilus alpinus'' Arnold, 1960 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus anomalopterus'' Cameron, 1908 (Malawi, South Africa)

''Pompilus cinereus'' Fabricius, 1775 (Yemen)

''Pompilus contrarius'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Pompilus curvifrons'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus erythrostomus'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus exploratrix'' Cameron, 1908 ''(''

''Pompilus ignobilis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pompilus levis'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana)

''Pompilus masaiensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus meruensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus plumbeus'' Fabricius, 1787 (Widespread through Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Senegal, South Africa) also in China, Europe, India)

''Pompilus sacchii'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus shirae'' Arnold, 1950 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus successor'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus vanutelli'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Pompilus yngvei'' Cameron, 1908 (

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilioides'' Radley, 1887===

''Pompilioides braunsi'' Kohl, 1894 (Cameroon)

''Pompilioides decipiens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides latifrons'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides pruinosus'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides trifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides validus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammochares'' Latreille, 1796===

''Psammochares bilineatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares brunniventris'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares irpex'' Gerstaecker, 1859 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares jocaste'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Psammochares latilabris'' Arnold, 1937 (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares quadriguttatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Tanzania)

''Psammochares rufigaster'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares rutilus'' Klug, 1834 (Ethiopia, Nigeria, Sudan, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares varians'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammoderes'' Haupt, 1929===

''Psammoderes capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes collaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Psammoderes fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1935, p.438 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes lightfooti'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Psammoderes major'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.433 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes mimicus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.434 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes semirufus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.436 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes reputatus'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.437 (Congo, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Pseudoclavelia&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930===

''Pseudoclavelia argenteosignata'' Arnold, 1936 (Botswana, Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia bituberculata'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_damarensis.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia damarensis''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia jouberti'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_nitidula.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia nitidula'' ''nitidula''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia nitidula bechuanae'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia rhodesiana'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudoclavelia rufescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pseudopompilus'' Costa, 1887===

''Pseudopompilus funereus'' Arnold, 1935, p.444 (Zimbabwe, Namibia)

''Pseudopompilus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

''Pseudopompilus lacteipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psyllosphex'' Arnold, 1935===

''Psyllosphex dentatus'' (Cameron, 1904); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.482 (South Africa)

''Psyllosphex myrmosaeformis'' Arnold, 1935, p.482 (Zimbabwe)

''Psyllosphex saltator'' Arnold, 1935, p.480 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pygmachus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Pygmachus compressus'' Saussure, 1892 (Madagascar)

''Pygmachus umbratus'' Haupt, 1930 (Guinea, South Africa, Zanzibar, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Rhynchopompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Rhynchopompilus cursor'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Schistonyx'' Saussure, 1887===

''Schistonyx aterrimus'' Arnold, 1946 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx prismaticus'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

''Schistonyx sinuatus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx sheppardi'' Arnold, 1937, p.13 (Zimbabwe)

''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, South Africa, Syria, Zimbabwe) Most common pompilid in Zimbabwe (Arnold, 1937, p.12)

==='''Genus''' ''Schizanoplius'' Cameron, 1904===

''Schizanoplius lutarius'' (Saussure, 1834)(Ghana, Mali, Madagascar)

''Schizanoplius violaceipennis'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Spuridiophorus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Spuridiophorus capensis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Spuridiophorus inermis'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus maculipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Syntomoclitus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Syntomoclitus bicolor'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Ashmead, 1902===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ignitus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ignitus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Smith, 1855) (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ovambo.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ovambo&lt;/u&gt;''] (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Tachypompilus praepotens'' (Kohl, 1894) (South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zanzibar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_vitripennis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] ''&lt;u&gt;vitripennis&lt;/u&gt;'' (Arnold, 1937) (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Telostegus'' Costa, 1887===

''Telostegus capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Telostegus fuscipennis'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

''Telostegus insidiosus'' (Smith, 1879) (Yemen)

''Telostegus sabulicola'' Priesner, 1955 (Algeria, Egypt, Marocco, Senegal, Yemen)</text>
      <sha1>986dhh5cuy7g87dkaum798w1ytxa51x</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719892</id>
      <parentid>2719891</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-28T08:12:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Genus Syntomoclitus Arnold, 1937 */</comment>
      <origin>2719892</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="26145" sha1="hbvpz3lf8t0f6oczf37uwef5d2mvnao" xml:space="preserve">Done to ''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, South Africa, Syria, Zimbabwe) Most common pompilid in Zimbabwe (Arnold, 1937, p.12)

==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;
- Claveliinae corrected to Ctenocerinae in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.386-388&lt;br&gt;
- Several new genera and species in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.388-399&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934, pp. 290-364.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA. (Arnold, 1934, pp. 380-385.)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; ''Pseudagenia'' in iNat).&lt;br&gt;
*''D. pulchricoma'' = ''Pseudagenia pulchricoma'' Arnold, 1934, p. 337-340&lt;br&gt;
*''D. neavei'' = ''Pseudagenia mygnimioides'' Arnold, 1934, pp.336-337 and ''Pseudagenia neavei'' Kohl 1913&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA. - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377.&lt;br&gt;
*also ''Poecilagenia spinosipes'' = ''Trachyglyptus spinosipes'' Arnold, 1934, p. 377-379&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = ''Deuteragenia turneri'', ''D. dregei'', ''D. chirindensis'', ''D. bicolor'' (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (''Hormopogonius willowmorensis'' = ''Calicurgus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1932 p.395); also ''H. tenuicornis'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 379-380&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
*Also ''Priocnernis aterrimus'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 385-386.
*''Priocnemis meridionalis'' Arnold, 1934, p. 386.
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pompilinae==

List of genera and species from [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm '''&lt;u&gt;https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm&lt;/u&gt;''']

=== '''Genus''' ''Aeluropetrus'' Arnold, 1936 ===

''Aeluropetrus braunsi'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Aeluropetrus lugubris'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 ===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/Aetheopompilus_obliquetruncatus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus obliquetruncatus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 (Mozambique)

==='''Genus''' ''Agenioideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Agenioideus brevis'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937) (Ghana, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus decipiens'' (Bischoff, 1913) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) (Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus lascivus'' (Cameron, 1891) (?)

''Agenioideus nudatus'' (Smith, 1855) (?)

''Agenioideus rotundilabris'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus rutilus'' (Klug, 1834) (Yemen)

''Agenioideus rufipes'' (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Agenioideus varians'' (Arnold, 1937) (?)

==='''Genus''' ''Amblyellus'' Day, 1981===

''Amblyellus willowmorensis'' (Arnold, 1937) (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

==='''Genus''' ''Anoplius'' Dufour, 1834===

''Anoplius aethiopicus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Anoplius alecto'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Anoplius bifasciatus'' Tullgren, 1904 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda)

''Anoplius concinnus'' (Dahlbom, 1845) (Yemen)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''fuscus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, South Africa, Tanzania)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''excelsior'' Arnold, 1950 (Tanzania)

''Anoplius montanus'' Haupt, 1950 (Benin, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Principe Island, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

''Anoplius morosus'' Smith, 1855 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Anoplius octomaculatus'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Anoplius panmelas'' (Saussure, 1891) (Madagascar)

''Anoplius saegeri'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Anoplius subfasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius successor'' (Cameron, 1910) (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius viridicatus'' Smith, 1879 (West Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Apareia'' Haupt, 1929===

''Apareia multipicta rufifemur'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.449 (Zimbabwe)

''Apareia oedipus'' Kohl, 1886; descr. (synonymized?) as ''A. multipicta'' by Arnold, 1935, p.449 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporinellus'' Banks, 1911===

''Aporinellus bidens'' (Saussure, 1892) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporoideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Aporoideus clarus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

'''Genus''' ''Arachnospila'' Kincaid, 1900

''Arachnospila (Ammosphex) consobrina heringi'' (Haupt, 1928) (California, Canary Islands, Spain, Tanzania, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Argyroclitus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Argyroclitus fasciatipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus ruwenzoriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Atelostegus'' Haupt, 1929

''Atelostegus thrinax'' (Kohl, 1909) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Atopopompilus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus in Arnold, 1937, p. 22.
*''Atopompilus jacens'' (Bingham, 1912) (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Yemen)
*''Atopompilus marshalli'' Arnold, 1937, p. 24 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Atopopompilus venans mlanjiensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 24 (Ghana)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/Bambesa_grisea.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa grisea&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p.2.
*''Batozonellus capensis'' (Dahlbom, 1843); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.6 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/Batozonellus_fuliginosus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus fuliginosus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Klug, 1834); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.3 (Central Africa, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)
*''Batozonellus gowdeyi'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.7 (Sierra Leone, Uganda)
*''Batozonellus madecassus'' (Saussure, 1887) (Madagascar)
*''Batozonellus separabilis'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.9 (Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Batozonus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Batozonus bipunctatus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Batozonus capensis'' Dahlbom, 1940 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Cliochares'' Banks, 1940===

''Cliochares convexus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Cordyloscelis'' Arnold, 1935===

''Cordyloscelis bequaerti'' Arnold, 1935, p.420 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Cordyloscelis flavipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.424 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis latipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.417 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis namaqua'' Arnold, 1935, p.423 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis nigerrimus'' Arnold, 1935, p.421 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis parallelus'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe)

''Cordyloscelis ugandensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.425 (Congo, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Ctenagenia'' Saussure, 1892===

''Ctenagenia vespiformis'' (Klug, 1834) (Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Madagascar, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, Yemen)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930 ===

''Dromochares clavipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (Zimbabwe)

''Dromochares fumipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Dromochares premnopterus'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

''Dromochares rufipes'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/Dromochares_transvaalensis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares transvaalensis&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Dicyrtomellus'' Gussakovskij, 1935===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p.14.
*''Dicyrtomellus anomalipes'' Arnold, 1937, p.20 (South Africa)
*''Dicyrtomellus argenteodecoratus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.21 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus griseus'' Arnold, 1937, p.17 (Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus impressus'' Arnold, 1937, p.18 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus leptacanthius'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.16 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus meruensis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus neavei'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.19 (Congo)
*''Dicyrtomellus rufofemoratus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.17 (South Africa)
*''Dicyrtomellus sexspinosus'' (Saunders, 1901) = ''Dicyrtomellus pectinatus'' Arnold, 1937, p.19 (Sudan)

==='''Genus''' ''Elaphrosyron'' Haupt, 1930===

''Elaphrosyron insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Mali, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Elaphrosyron multipictus'' Arnold, 1937 (Uganda)

''Elaphrosyron pauperculus'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Epiclinotus'' Haupt, 1929===

''Epiclinotus capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus erythrurus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.465 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus turneri'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.466 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron&lt;/u&gt;''] Schiødte, 1837===

''Episyron argillaceus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zambia)

''Episyron bequaerti'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron bicinctus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron braunsii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron crassicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Episyron gryps'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/Episyron_histrio.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron histrio&lt;/u&gt;''] Lepeletier, 1845 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mali, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron pedunculatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron solitaneum'' Kohl, 1906 (Yemen)

''Episyron tropicalis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Episyron turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron viduus'' Arnold, 1936 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron vindex'' Smith, 1879 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/index.htm &lt;u&gt;Euclavelia&lt;/u&gt;]'' Arnold, 1932===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/Euclavelia_fasciata.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Euclavelia fasciata&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1932 (South Africa)

''Euclavelia longicollis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Euryzonotulus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Euryzonotulus nigeriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreola'' Lepeletier, 1845===

''Ferreola auranticornis'' Wahis, 2000 (Eritrea, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreoloides'' Haupt, 1919===

''Ferreoloides basutorum'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

''Ferreoloides versutus'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

==='''Genus''' ''Galactopterus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Galactopterus otaviensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Galactopterus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Namibia, South Africa)

''Galactopterus simillimus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Guichardia'' Arnold, 1951===

''Guichardia macilenta'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hadropompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Hadropompilus braunsi'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Hadropompilus montanus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hauptiella'' Arnold, 1936===

''Hauptiella multipicta'' Arnold, 1936

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/Herpetosphex_staphylinoides.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex staphylinoides&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Homonotus'' Dahlbom, 1844===
Dahlbom 1843 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796238) or Dahlbom, 1844 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796653)?

''Homonotus aegyptiacus'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.469 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus coxalis'' Arnold, 1935, p.478 (South Africa)

''Homonotus disparilis'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.473 (South Africa)

''Homonotus dispersus'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus dissectus'' Arnold, 1935, p.474 (South Africa)

''Homonotus excavatus'' Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus fuscipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.475 (South Africa)

''Homonotus imitans'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus leptogaster'' Arnold, 1935, p.476 (South Africa)

''Homonotus ruficornis'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus rukwaensis'' Arnold, 1946 (Tanzania)

''Homonotus sansibaricus'' Arnold, 1935, p.471 (Zanzibar)

==='''Genus''' ''Idopompilus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Idopompilus algoensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus algoensis major'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus braunsi'' Kohl, 1899 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus brunnescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschi handlirschi'' Arnold, 1936 (?)

''Idopompilus handlirschi basutorum'' Arnold, 1959 (Lesotho, South Africa)

''Idopompilus fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1946 (Lesotho)

''Idopompilus gracilicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus krugeri'' Haupt, 1930 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Idopompilus quadrifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Kolposphex'' Arnold, 1959===

''Kolposphex atronitens'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Kyphopompilus'' Arnold, 1960

''Kyphopompilus flavipes'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microdrapetes'' Arnold, 1937===

''Microdrapetes bellus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Microphadnus'' Cameron, 1904

''Microphadnus bicolor'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Paracyphononyx'' Gribodo, 1884===

''Paracyphononyx affinis'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon, Ghana, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx africanus'' Rad., 1881 (Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx carinatus'' Rad., 1881 Angola, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx coloratus'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon)

''Paracyphononyx difficilis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Malai, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversipes'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversus'' Dahlbom, 1845 (Central and East Africa to South Africa, Yemen)

''Paracyphononyx elliotti'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx frustratus'' Smith, 1879 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx funebris'' Magretti, 1884 (Ethiopia)

''Paracyphononyx gemellus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx laboriosus'' Arnold, 1936 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx languidus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx lukombensis'' Cameron, 1912 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia)

''Paracyphononyx metemmensis'' Magretti, 1884 (Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx mombassicus'' R. Luc., 1898 (Kenya)

''Paracyphononyx montanus'' Arnold, 1960 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx parallelus'' Haupt, 1929 (Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx petiolaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx plutonis'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx rotundinervis'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx ruficrus'' Klug, 1834 (Asia Minor, Egypt, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' Illiger,1802 (Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Paraferreola'' Sustera, 1913===

''Paraferreola melanostoma'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.439 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paraferreola spilopus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.441 (South Africa)

''Paraferreola soleana'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.443 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Platyderes'' Guérin-Méneville, 1844===

''Platyderes bicolor'' Smith, 1855; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.454 (South Africa)

''Platyderes chalybeus'' Saussure, 1892 (or Tasch. 1880?); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.456 (East Africa, South Africa)

''Platyderes drègii'' Brauns, 1899; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.457 (South Africa)

''Platyderes erythrocephalus'' Guerin, **** (Madagascar)

''Platyderes flavoscutellatus'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes oraniensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.456 (South Africa)

''Platyderes rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.461 (Ethiopia, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes saussurei'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Platyderes spoliatus'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.462 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes vicinus'' Arnold, 1935, p.460 (South Africa)

''Platyderes wasmanni'' Brauns, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.459 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilus'' Fabricius===

''Pompilus alpinus'' Arnold, 1960 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus anomalopterus'' Cameron, 1908 (Malawi, South Africa)

''Pompilus cinereus'' Fabricius, 1775 (Yemen)

''Pompilus contrarius'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Pompilus curvifrons'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus erythrostomus'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus exploratrix'' Cameron, 1908 ''(''

''Pompilus ignobilis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pompilus levis'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana)

''Pompilus masaiensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus meruensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus plumbeus'' Fabricius, 1787 (Widespread through Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Senegal, South Africa) also in China, Europe, India)

''Pompilus sacchii'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus shirae'' Arnold, 1950 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus successor'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus vanutelli'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Pompilus yngvei'' Cameron, 1908 (

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilioides'' Radley, 1887===

''Pompilioides braunsi'' Kohl, 1894 (Cameroon)

''Pompilioides decipiens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides latifrons'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides pruinosus'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides trifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides validus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammochares'' Latreille, 1796===

''Psammochares bilineatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares brunniventris'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares irpex'' Gerstaecker, 1859 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares jocaste'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Psammochares latilabris'' Arnold, 1937 (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares quadriguttatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Tanzania)

''Psammochares rufigaster'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares rutilus'' Klug, 1834 (Ethiopia, Nigeria, Sudan, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares varians'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammoderes'' Haupt, 1929===

''Psammoderes capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes collaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Psammoderes fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1935, p.438 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes lightfooti'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Psammoderes major'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.433 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes mimicus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.434 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes semirufus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.436 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes reputatus'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.437 (Congo, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Pseudoclavelia&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930===

''Pseudoclavelia argenteosignata'' Arnold, 1936 (Botswana, Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia bituberculata'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_damarensis.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia damarensis''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia jouberti'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_nitidula.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia nitidula'' ''nitidula''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia nitidula bechuanae'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia rhodesiana'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudoclavelia rufescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pseudopompilus'' Costa, 1887===

''Pseudopompilus funereus'' Arnold, 1935, p.444 (Zimbabwe, Namibia)

''Pseudopompilus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

''Pseudopompilus lacteipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psyllosphex'' Arnold, 1935===

''Psyllosphex dentatus'' (Cameron, 1904); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.482 (South Africa)

''Psyllosphex myrmosaeformis'' Arnold, 1935, p.482 (Zimbabwe)

''Psyllosphex saltator'' Arnold, 1935, p.480 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pygmachus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Pygmachus compressus'' Saussure, 1892 (Madagascar)

''Pygmachus umbratus'' Haupt, 1930 (Guinea, South Africa, Zanzibar, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Rhynchopompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Rhynchopompilus cursor'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Schistonyx'' Saussure, 1887===

''Schistonyx aterrimus'' Arnold, 1946 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx prismaticus'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

''Schistonyx sinuatus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx sheppardi'' Arnold, 1937, p.13 (Zimbabwe)

''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, South Africa, Syria, Zimbabwe) Most common pompilid in Zimbabwe (Arnold, 1937, p.12)

==='''Genus''' ''Schizanoplius'' Cameron, 1904===

''Schizanoplius lutarius'' (Saussure, 1834)(Ghana, Mali, Madagascar)

''Schizanoplius violaceipennis'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Spuridiophorus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Spuridiophorus capensis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Spuridiophorus inermis'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus maculipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Syntomoclitus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 25.
''Syntomoclitus bicolor'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Ashmead, 1902===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ignitus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ignitus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Smith, 1855) (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ovambo.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ovambo&lt;/u&gt;''] (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Tachypompilus praepotens'' (Kohl, 1894) (South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zanzibar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_vitripennis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] ''&lt;u&gt;vitripennis&lt;/u&gt;'' (Arnold, 1937) (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Telostegus'' Costa, 1887===

''Telostegus capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Telostegus fuscipennis'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

''Telostegus insidiosus'' (Smith, 1879) (Yemen)

''Telostegus sabulicola'' Priesner, 1955 (Algeria, Egypt, Marocco, Senegal, Yemen)</text>
      <sha1>hbvpz3lf8t0f6oczf37uwef5d2mvnao</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>2719893</id>
      <parentid>2719892</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-28T08:12:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
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      <comment>/* Genus Syntomoclitus Arnold, 1937 */</comment>
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      <text bytes="26146" sha1="cg84jwc54c99atj6en2ktdu8h0f0p2v" xml:space="preserve">Done to ''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, South Africa, Syria, Zimbabwe) Most common pompilid in Zimbabwe (Arnold, 1937, p.12)

==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;
- Claveliinae corrected to Ctenocerinae in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.386-388&lt;br&gt;
- Several new genera and species in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.388-399&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934, pp. 290-364.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA. (Arnold, 1934, pp. 380-385.)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; ''Pseudagenia'' in iNat).&lt;br&gt;
*''D. pulchricoma'' = ''Pseudagenia pulchricoma'' Arnold, 1934, p. 337-340&lt;br&gt;
*''D. neavei'' = ''Pseudagenia mygnimioides'' Arnold, 1934, pp.336-337 and ''Pseudagenia neavei'' Kohl 1913&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA. - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377.&lt;br&gt;
*also ''Poecilagenia spinosipes'' = ''Trachyglyptus spinosipes'' Arnold, 1934, p. 377-379&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = ''Deuteragenia turneri'', ''D. dregei'', ''D. chirindensis'', ''D. bicolor'' (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (''Hormopogonius willowmorensis'' = ''Calicurgus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1932 p.395); also ''H. tenuicornis'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 379-380&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
*Also ''Priocnernis aterrimus'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 385-386.
*''Priocnemis meridionalis'' Arnold, 1934, p. 386.
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pompilinae==

List of genera and species from [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm '''&lt;u&gt;https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm&lt;/u&gt;''']

=== '''Genus''' ''Aeluropetrus'' Arnold, 1936 ===

''Aeluropetrus braunsi'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Aeluropetrus lugubris'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 ===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/Aetheopompilus_obliquetruncatus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus obliquetruncatus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 (Mozambique)

==='''Genus''' ''Agenioideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Agenioideus brevis'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937) (Ghana, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus decipiens'' (Bischoff, 1913) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) (Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus lascivus'' (Cameron, 1891) (?)

''Agenioideus nudatus'' (Smith, 1855) (?)

''Agenioideus rotundilabris'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus rutilus'' (Klug, 1834) (Yemen)

''Agenioideus rufipes'' (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Agenioideus varians'' (Arnold, 1937) (?)

==='''Genus''' ''Amblyellus'' Day, 1981===

''Amblyellus willowmorensis'' (Arnold, 1937) (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

==='''Genus''' ''Anoplius'' Dufour, 1834===

''Anoplius aethiopicus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Anoplius alecto'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Anoplius bifasciatus'' Tullgren, 1904 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda)

''Anoplius concinnus'' (Dahlbom, 1845) (Yemen)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''fuscus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, South Africa, Tanzania)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''excelsior'' Arnold, 1950 (Tanzania)

''Anoplius montanus'' Haupt, 1950 (Benin, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Principe Island, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

''Anoplius morosus'' Smith, 1855 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Anoplius octomaculatus'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Anoplius panmelas'' (Saussure, 1891) (Madagascar)

''Anoplius saegeri'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Anoplius subfasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius successor'' (Cameron, 1910) (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius viridicatus'' Smith, 1879 (West Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Apareia'' Haupt, 1929===

''Apareia multipicta rufifemur'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.449 (Zimbabwe)

''Apareia oedipus'' Kohl, 1886; descr. (synonymized?) as ''A. multipicta'' by Arnold, 1935, p.449 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporinellus'' Banks, 1911===

''Aporinellus bidens'' (Saussure, 1892) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporoideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Aporoideus clarus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

'''Genus''' ''Arachnospila'' Kincaid, 1900

''Arachnospila (Ammosphex) consobrina heringi'' (Haupt, 1928) (California, Canary Islands, Spain, Tanzania, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Argyroclitus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Argyroclitus fasciatipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus ruwenzoriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Atelostegus'' Haupt, 1929

''Atelostegus thrinax'' (Kohl, 1909) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Atopopompilus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus in Arnold, 1937, p. 22.
*''Atopompilus jacens'' (Bingham, 1912) (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Yemen)
*''Atopompilus marshalli'' Arnold, 1937, p. 24 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Atopopompilus venans mlanjiensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 24 (Ghana)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/Bambesa_grisea.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa grisea&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p.2.
*''Batozonellus capensis'' (Dahlbom, 1843); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.6 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/Batozonellus_fuliginosus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus fuliginosus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Klug, 1834); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.3 (Central Africa, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)
*''Batozonellus gowdeyi'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.7 (Sierra Leone, Uganda)
*''Batozonellus madecassus'' (Saussure, 1887) (Madagascar)
*''Batozonellus separabilis'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.9 (Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Batozonus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Batozonus bipunctatus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Batozonus capensis'' Dahlbom, 1940 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Cliochares'' Banks, 1940===

''Cliochares convexus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Cordyloscelis'' Arnold, 1935===

''Cordyloscelis bequaerti'' Arnold, 1935, p.420 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Cordyloscelis flavipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.424 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis latipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.417 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis namaqua'' Arnold, 1935, p.423 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis nigerrimus'' Arnold, 1935, p.421 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis parallelus'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe)

''Cordyloscelis ugandensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.425 (Congo, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Ctenagenia'' Saussure, 1892===

''Ctenagenia vespiformis'' (Klug, 1834) (Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Madagascar, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, Yemen)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930 ===

''Dromochares clavipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (Zimbabwe)

''Dromochares fumipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Dromochares premnopterus'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

''Dromochares rufipes'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/Dromochares_transvaalensis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares transvaalensis&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Dicyrtomellus'' Gussakovskij, 1935===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p.14.
*''Dicyrtomellus anomalipes'' Arnold, 1937, p.20 (South Africa)
*''Dicyrtomellus argenteodecoratus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.21 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus griseus'' Arnold, 1937, p.17 (Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus impressus'' Arnold, 1937, p.18 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus leptacanthius'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.16 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus meruensis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus neavei'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.19 (Congo)
*''Dicyrtomellus rufofemoratus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.17 (South Africa)
*''Dicyrtomellus sexspinosus'' (Saunders, 1901) = ''Dicyrtomellus pectinatus'' Arnold, 1937, p.19 (Sudan)

==='''Genus''' ''Elaphrosyron'' Haupt, 1930===

''Elaphrosyron insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Mali, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Elaphrosyron multipictus'' Arnold, 1937 (Uganda)

''Elaphrosyron pauperculus'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Epiclinotus'' Haupt, 1929===

''Epiclinotus capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus erythrurus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.465 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus turneri'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.466 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron&lt;/u&gt;''] Schiødte, 1837===

''Episyron argillaceus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zambia)

''Episyron bequaerti'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron bicinctus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron braunsii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron crassicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Episyron gryps'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/Episyron_histrio.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron histrio&lt;/u&gt;''] Lepeletier, 1845 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mali, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron pedunculatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron solitaneum'' Kohl, 1906 (Yemen)

''Episyron tropicalis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Episyron turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron viduus'' Arnold, 1936 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron vindex'' Smith, 1879 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/index.htm &lt;u&gt;Euclavelia&lt;/u&gt;]'' Arnold, 1932===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/Euclavelia_fasciata.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Euclavelia fasciata&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1932 (South Africa)

''Euclavelia longicollis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Euryzonotulus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Euryzonotulus nigeriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreola'' Lepeletier, 1845===

''Ferreola auranticornis'' Wahis, 2000 (Eritrea, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreoloides'' Haupt, 1919===

''Ferreoloides basutorum'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

''Ferreoloides versutus'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

==='''Genus''' ''Galactopterus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Galactopterus otaviensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Galactopterus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Namibia, South Africa)

''Galactopterus simillimus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Guichardia'' Arnold, 1951===

''Guichardia macilenta'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hadropompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Hadropompilus braunsi'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Hadropompilus montanus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hauptiella'' Arnold, 1936===

''Hauptiella multipicta'' Arnold, 1936

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/Herpetosphex_staphylinoides.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex staphylinoides&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Homonotus'' Dahlbom, 1844===
Dahlbom 1843 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796238) or Dahlbom, 1844 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796653)?

''Homonotus aegyptiacus'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.469 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus coxalis'' Arnold, 1935, p.478 (South Africa)

''Homonotus disparilis'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.473 (South Africa)

''Homonotus dispersus'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus dissectus'' Arnold, 1935, p.474 (South Africa)

''Homonotus excavatus'' Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus fuscipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.475 (South Africa)

''Homonotus imitans'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus leptogaster'' Arnold, 1935, p.476 (South Africa)

''Homonotus ruficornis'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus rukwaensis'' Arnold, 1946 (Tanzania)

''Homonotus sansibaricus'' Arnold, 1935, p.471 (Zanzibar)

==='''Genus''' ''Idopompilus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Idopompilus algoensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus algoensis major'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus braunsi'' Kohl, 1899 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus brunnescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschi handlirschi'' Arnold, 1936 (?)

''Idopompilus handlirschi basutorum'' Arnold, 1959 (Lesotho, South Africa)

''Idopompilus fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1946 (Lesotho)

''Idopompilus gracilicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus krugeri'' Haupt, 1930 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Idopompilus quadrifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Kolposphex'' Arnold, 1959===

''Kolposphex atronitens'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Kyphopompilus'' Arnold, 1960

''Kyphopompilus flavipes'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microdrapetes'' Arnold, 1937===

''Microdrapetes bellus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Microphadnus'' Cameron, 1904

''Microphadnus bicolor'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Paracyphononyx'' Gribodo, 1884===

''Paracyphononyx affinis'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon, Ghana, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx africanus'' Rad., 1881 (Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx carinatus'' Rad., 1881 Angola, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx coloratus'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon)

''Paracyphononyx difficilis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Malai, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversipes'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversus'' Dahlbom, 1845 (Central and East Africa to South Africa, Yemen)

''Paracyphononyx elliotti'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx frustratus'' Smith, 1879 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx funebris'' Magretti, 1884 (Ethiopia)

''Paracyphononyx gemellus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx laboriosus'' Arnold, 1936 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx languidus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx lukombensis'' Cameron, 1912 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia)

''Paracyphononyx metemmensis'' Magretti, 1884 (Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx mombassicus'' R. Luc., 1898 (Kenya)

''Paracyphononyx montanus'' Arnold, 1960 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx parallelus'' Haupt, 1929 (Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx petiolaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx plutonis'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx rotundinervis'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx ruficrus'' Klug, 1834 (Asia Minor, Egypt, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' Illiger,1802 (Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Paraferreola'' Sustera, 1913===

''Paraferreola melanostoma'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.439 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paraferreola spilopus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.441 (South Africa)

''Paraferreola soleana'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.443 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Platyderes'' Guérin-Méneville, 1844===

''Platyderes bicolor'' Smith, 1855; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.454 (South Africa)

''Platyderes chalybeus'' Saussure, 1892 (or Tasch. 1880?); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.456 (East Africa, South Africa)

''Platyderes drègii'' Brauns, 1899; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.457 (South Africa)

''Platyderes erythrocephalus'' Guerin, **** (Madagascar)

''Platyderes flavoscutellatus'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes oraniensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.456 (South Africa)

''Platyderes rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.461 (Ethiopia, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes saussurei'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Platyderes spoliatus'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.462 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes vicinus'' Arnold, 1935, p.460 (South Africa)

''Platyderes wasmanni'' Brauns, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.459 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilus'' Fabricius===

''Pompilus alpinus'' Arnold, 1960 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus anomalopterus'' Cameron, 1908 (Malawi, South Africa)

''Pompilus cinereus'' Fabricius, 1775 (Yemen)

''Pompilus contrarius'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Pompilus curvifrons'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus erythrostomus'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus exploratrix'' Cameron, 1908 ''(''

''Pompilus ignobilis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pompilus levis'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana)

''Pompilus masaiensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus meruensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus plumbeus'' Fabricius, 1787 (Widespread through Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Senegal, South Africa) also in China, Europe, India)

''Pompilus sacchii'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus shirae'' Arnold, 1950 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus successor'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus vanutelli'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Pompilus yngvei'' Cameron, 1908 (

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilioides'' Radley, 1887===

''Pompilioides braunsi'' Kohl, 1894 (Cameroon)

''Pompilioides decipiens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides latifrons'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides pruinosus'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides trifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides validus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammochares'' Latreille, 1796===

''Psammochares bilineatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares brunniventris'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares irpex'' Gerstaecker, 1859 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares jocaste'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Psammochares latilabris'' Arnold, 1937 (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares quadriguttatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Tanzania)

''Psammochares rufigaster'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares rutilus'' Klug, 1834 (Ethiopia, Nigeria, Sudan, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares varians'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammoderes'' Haupt, 1929===

''Psammoderes capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes collaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Psammoderes fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1935, p.438 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes lightfooti'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Psammoderes major'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.433 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes mimicus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.434 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes semirufus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.436 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes reputatus'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.437 (Congo, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Pseudoclavelia&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930===

''Pseudoclavelia argenteosignata'' Arnold, 1936 (Botswana, Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia bituberculata'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_damarensis.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia damarensis''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia jouberti'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_nitidula.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia nitidula'' ''nitidula''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia nitidula bechuanae'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia rhodesiana'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudoclavelia rufescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pseudopompilus'' Costa, 1887===

''Pseudopompilus funereus'' Arnold, 1935, p.444 (Zimbabwe, Namibia)

''Pseudopompilus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

''Pseudopompilus lacteipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psyllosphex'' Arnold, 1935===

''Psyllosphex dentatus'' (Cameron, 1904); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.482 (South Africa)

''Psyllosphex myrmosaeformis'' Arnold, 1935, p.482 (Zimbabwe)

''Psyllosphex saltator'' Arnold, 1935, p.480 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pygmachus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Pygmachus compressus'' Saussure, 1892 (Madagascar)

''Pygmachus umbratus'' Haupt, 1930 (Guinea, South Africa, Zanzibar, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Rhynchopompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Rhynchopompilus cursor'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Schistonyx'' Saussure, 1887===

''Schistonyx aterrimus'' Arnold, 1946 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx prismaticus'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

''Schistonyx sinuatus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx sheppardi'' Arnold, 1937, p.13 (Zimbabwe)

''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, South Africa, Syria, Zimbabwe) Most common pompilid in Zimbabwe (Arnold, 1937, p.12)

==='''Genus''' ''Schizanoplius'' Cameron, 1904===

''Schizanoplius lutarius'' (Saussure, 1834)(Ghana, Mali, Madagascar)

''Schizanoplius violaceipennis'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Spuridiophorus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Spuridiophorus capensis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Spuridiophorus inermis'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus maculipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Syntomoclitus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 25.
*''Syntomoclitus bicolor'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Ashmead, 1902===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ignitus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ignitus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Smith, 1855) (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ovambo.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ovambo&lt;/u&gt;''] (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Tachypompilus praepotens'' (Kohl, 1894) (South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zanzibar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_vitripennis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] ''&lt;u&gt;vitripennis&lt;/u&gt;'' (Arnold, 1937) (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Telostegus'' Costa, 1887===

''Telostegus capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Telostegus fuscipennis'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

''Telostegus insidiosus'' (Smith, 1879) (Yemen)

''Telostegus sabulicola'' Priesner, 1955 (Algeria, Egypt, Marocco, Senegal, Yemen)</text>
      <sha1>cg84jwc54c99atj6en2ktdu8h0f0p2v</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>2719894</id>
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      <timestamp>2025-06-28T08:13:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
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      <comment>/* Genus Telostegus Costa, 1887 */</comment>
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      <text bytes="26162" sha1="tdonkp6z8hzx7vs1v963hiqmcabuhok" xml:space="preserve">Done to ''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, South Africa, Syria, Zimbabwe) Most common pompilid in Zimbabwe (Arnold, 1937, p.12)

==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;
- Claveliinae corrected to Ctenocerinae in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.386-388&lt;br&gt;
- Several new genera and species in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.388-399&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934, pp. 290-364.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA. (Arnold, 1934, pp. 380-385.)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; ''Pseudagenia'' in iNat).&lt;br&gt;
*''D. pulchricoma'' = ''Pseudagenia pulchricoma'' Arnold, 1934, p. 337-340&lt;br&gt;
*''D. neavei'' = ''Pseudagenia mygnimioides'' Arnold, 1934, pp.336-337 and ''Pseudagenia neavei'' Kohl 1913&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA. - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377.&lt;br&gt;
*also ''Poecilagenia spinosipes'' = ''Trachyglyptus spinosipes'' Arnold, 1934, p. 377-379&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = ''Deuteragenia turneri'', ''D. dregei'', ''D. chirindensis'', ''D. bicolor'' (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (''Hormopogonius willowmorensis'' = ''Calicurgus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1932 p.395); also ''H. tenuicornis'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 379-380&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
*Also ''Priocnernis aterrimus'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 385-386.
*''Priocnemis meridionalis'' Arnold, 1934, p. 386.
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pompilinae==

List of genera and species from [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm '''&lt;u&gt;https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm&lt;/u&gt;''']

=== '''Genus''' ''Aeluropetrus'' Arnold, 1936 ===

''Aeluropetrus braunsi'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Aeluropetrus lugubris'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 ===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/Aetheopompilus_obliquetruncatus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus obliquetruncatus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 (Mozambique)

==='''Genus''' ''Agenioideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Agenioideus brevis'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937) (Ghana, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus decipiens'' (Bischoff, 1913) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) (Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus lascivus'' (Cameron, 1891) (?)

''Agenioideus nudatus'' (Smith, 1855) (?)

''Agenioideus rotundilabris'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus rutilus'' (Klug, 1834) (Yemen)

''Agenioideus rufipes'' (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Agenioideus varians'' (Arnold, 1937) (?)

==='''Genus''' ''Amblyellus'' Day, 1981===

''Amblyellus willowmorensis'' (Arnold, 1937) (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

==='''Genus''' ''Anoplius'' Dufour, 1834===

''Anoplius aethiopicus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Anoplius alecto'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Anoplius bifasciatus'' Tullgren, 1904 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda)

''Anoplius concinnus'' (Dahlbom, 1845) (Yemen)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''fuscus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, South Africa, Tanzania)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''excelsior'' Arnold, 1950 (Tanzania)

''Anoplius montanus'' Haupt, 1950 (Benin, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Principe Island, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

''Anoplius morosus'' Smith, 1855 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Anoplius octomaculatus'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Anoplius panmelas'' (Saussure, 1891) (Madagascar)

''Anoplius saegeri'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Anoplius subfasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius successor'' (Cameron, 1910) (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius viridicatus'' Smith, 1879 (West Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Apareia'' Haupt, 1929===

''Apareia multipicta rufifemur'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.449 (Zimbabwe)

''Apareia oedipus'' Kohl, 1886; descr. (synonymized?) as ''A. multipicta'' by Arnold, 1935, p.449 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporinellus'' Banks, 1911===

''Aporinellus bidens'' (Saussure, 1892) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporoideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Aporoideus clarus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

'''Genus''' ''Arachnospila'' Kincaid, 1900

''Arachnospila (Ammosphex) consobrina heringi'' (Haupt, 1928) (California, Canary Islands, Spain, Tanzania, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Argyroclitus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Argyroclitus fasciatipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

''Argyroclitus ruwenzoriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Atelostegus'' Haupt, 1929

''Atelostegus thrinax'' (Kohl, 1909) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Atopopompilus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus in Arnold, 1937, p. 22.
*''Atopompilus jacens'' (Bingham, 1912) (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Yemen)
*''Atopompilus marshalli'' Arnold, 1937, p. 24 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Atopopompilus venans mlanjiensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 24 (Ghana)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/Bambesa_grisea.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa grisea&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p.2.
*''Batozonellus capensis'' (Dahlbom, 1843); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.6 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/Batozonellus_fuliginosus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus fuliginosus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Klug, 1834); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.3 (Central Africa, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)
*''Batozonellus gowdeyi'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.7 (Sierra Leone, Uganda)
*''Batozonellus madecassus'' (Saussure, 1887) (Madagascar)
*''Batozonellus separabilis'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.9 (Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Batozonus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Batozonus bipunctatus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Batozonus capensis'' Dahlbom, 1940 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Cliochares'' Banks, 1940===

''Cliochares convexus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Cordyloscelis'' Arnold, 1935===

''Cordyloscelis bequaerti'' Arnold, 1935, p.420 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Cordyloscelis flavipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.424 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis latipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.417 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis namaqua'' Arnold, 1935, p.423 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis nigerrimus'' Arnold, 1935, p.421 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis parallelus'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe)

''Cordyloscelis ugandensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.425 (Congo, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Ctenagenia'' Saussure, 1892===

''Ctenagenia vespiformis'' (Klug, 1834) (Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Madagascar, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, Yemen)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930 ===

''Dromochares clavipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (Zimbabwe)

''Dromochares fumipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Dromochares premnopterus'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

''Dromochares rufipes'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/Dromochares_transvaalensis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares transvaalensis&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Dicyrtomellus'' Gussakovskij, 1935===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p.14.
*''Dicyrtomellus anomalipes'' Arnold, 1937, p.20 (South Africa)
*''Dicyrtomellus argenteodecoratus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.21 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus griseus'' Arnold, 1937, p.17 (Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus impressus'' Arnold, 1937, p.18 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus leptacanthius'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.16 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus meruensis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus neavei'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.19 (Congo)
*''Dicyrtomellus rufofemoratus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.17 (South Africa)
*''Dicyrtomellus sexspinosus'' (Saunders, 1901) = ''Dicyrtomellus pectinatus'' Arnold, 1937, p.19 (Sudan)

==='''Genus''' ''Elaphrosyron'' Haupt, 1930===

''Elaphrosyron insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Mali, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Elaphrosyron multipictus'' Arnold, 1937 (Uganda)

''Elaphrosyron pauperculus'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Epiclinotus'' Haupt, 1929===

''Epiclinotus capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus erythrurus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.465 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus turneri'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.466 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron&lt;/u&gt;''] Schiødte, 1837===

''Episyron argillaceus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zambia)

''Episyron bequaerti'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron bicinctus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron braunsii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron crassicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Episyron gryps'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/Episyron_histrio.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron histrio&lt;/u&gt;''] Lepeletier, 1845 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mali, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron pedunculatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron solitaneum'' Kohl, 1906 (Yemen)

''Episyron tropicalis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Episyron turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron viduus'' Arnold, 1936 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron vindex'' Smith, 1879 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/index.htm &lt;u&gt;Euclavelia&lt;/u&gt;]'' Arnold, 1932===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/Euclavelia_fasciata.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Euclavelia fasciata&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1932 (South Africa)

''Euclavelia longicollis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Euryzonotulus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Euryzonotulus nigeriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreola'' Lepeletier, 1845===

''Ferreola auranticornis'' Wahis, 2000 (Eritrea, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreoloides'' Haupt, 1919===

''Ferreoloides basutorum'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

''Ferreoloides versutus'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

==='''Genus''' ''Galactopterus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Galactopterus otaviensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Galactopterus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Namibia, South Africa)

''Galactopterus simillimus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Guichardia'' Arnold, 1951===

''Guichardia macilenta'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hadropompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Hadropompilus braunsi'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Hadropompilus montanus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hauptiella'' Arnold, 1936===

''Hauptiella multipicta'' Arnold, 1936

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/Herpetosphex_staphylinoides.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex staphylinoides&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Homonotus'' Dahlbom, 1844===
Dahlbom 1843 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796238) or Dahlbom, 1844 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796653)?

''Homonotus aegyptiacus'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.469 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus coxalis'' Arnold, 1935, p.478 (South Africa)

''Homonotus disparilis'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.473 (South Africa)

''Homonotus dispersus'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus dissectus'' Arnold, 1935, p.474 (South Africa)

''Homonotus excavatus'' Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus fuscipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.475 (South Africa)

''Homonotus imitans'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus leptogaster'' Arnold, 1935, p.476 (South Africa)

''Homonotus ruficornis'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus rukwaensis'' Arnold, 1946 (Tanzania)

''Homonotus sansibaricus'' Arnold, 1935, p.471 (Zanzibar)

==='''Genus''' ''Idopompilus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Idopompilus algoensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus algoensis major'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus braunsi'' Kohl, 1899 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus brunnescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschi handlirschi'' Arnold, 1936 (?)

''Idopompilus handlirschi basutorum'' Arnold, 1959 (Lesotho, South Africa)

''Idopompilus fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1946 (Lesotho)

''Idopompilus gracilicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus krugeri'' Haupt, 1930 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Idopompilus quadrifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Kolposphex'' Arnold, 1959===

''Kolposphex atronitens'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Kyphopompilus'' Arnold, 1960

''Kyphopompilus flavipes'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microdrapetes'' Arnold, 1937===

''Microdrapetes bellus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Microphadnus'' Cameron, 1904

''Microphadnus bicolor'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Paracyphononyx'' Gribodo, 1884===

''Paracyphononyx affinis'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon, Ghana, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx africanus'' Rad., 1881 (Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx carinatus'' Rad., 1881 Angola, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx coloratus'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon)

''Paracyphononyx difficilis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Malai, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversipes'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversus'' Dahlbom, 1845 (Central and East Africa to South Africa, Yemen)

''Paracyphononyx elliotti'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx frustratus'' Smith, 1879 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx funebris'' Magretti, 1884 (Ethiopia)

''Paracyphononyx gemellus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx laboriosus'' Arnold, 1936 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx languidus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx lukombensis'' Cameron, 1912 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia)

''Paracyphononyx metemmensis'' Magretti, 1884 (Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx mombassicus'' R. Luc., 1898 (Kenya)

''Paracyphononyx montanus'' Arnold, 1960 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx parallelus'' Haupt, 1929 (Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx petiolaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx plutonis'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx rotundinervis'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx ruficrus'' Klug, 1834 (Asia Minor, Egypt, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' Illiger,1802 (Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Paraferreola'' Sustera, 1913===

''Paraferreola melanostoma'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.439 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paraferreola spilopus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.441 (South Africa)

''Paraferreola soleana'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.443 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Platyderes'' Guérin-Méneville, 1844===

''Platyderes bicolor'' Smith, 1855; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.454 (South Africa)

''Platyderes chalybeus'' Saussure, 1892 (or Tasch. 1880?); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.456 (East Africa, South Africa)

''Platyderes drègii'' Brauns, 1899; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.457 (South Africa)

''Platyderes erythrocephalus'' Guerin, **** (Madagascar)

''Platyderes flavoscutellatus'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes oraniensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.456 (South Africa)

''Platyderes rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.461 (Ethiopia, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes saussurei'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Platyderes spoliatus'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.462 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes vicinus'' Arnold, 1935, p.460 (South Africa)

''Platyderes wasmanni'' Brauns, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.459 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilus'' Fabricius===

''Pompilus alpinus'' Arnold, 1960 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus anomalopterus'' Cameron, 1908 (Malawi, South Africa)

''Pompilus cinereus'' Fabricius, 1775 (Yemen)

''Pompilus contrarius'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Pompilus curvifrons'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus erythrostomus'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus exploratrix'' Cameron, 1908 ''(''

''Pompilus ignobilis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pompilus levis'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana)

''Pompilus masaiensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus meruensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus plumbeus'' Fabricius, 1787 (Widespread through Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Senegal, South Africa) also in China, Europe, India)

''Pompilus sacchii'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus shirae'' Arnold, 1950 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus successor'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus vanutelli'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Pompilus yngvei'' Cameron, 1908 (

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilioides'' Radley, 1887===

''Pompilioides braunsi'' Kohl, 1894 (Cameroon)

''Pompilioides decipiens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides latifrons'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides pruinosus'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides trifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides validus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammochares'' Latreille, 1796===

''Psammochares bilineatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares brunniventris'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares irpex'' Gerstaecker, 1859 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares jocaste'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Psammochares latilabris'' Arnold, 1937 (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares quadriguttatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Tanzania)

''Psammochares rufigaster'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares rutilus'' Klug, 1834 (Ethiopia, Nigeria, Sudan, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares varians'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammoderes'' Haupt, 1929===

''Psammoderes capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes collaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Psammoderes fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1935, p.438 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes lightfooti'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Psammoderes major'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.433 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes mimicus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.434 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes semirufus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.436 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes reputatus'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.437 (Congo, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Pseudoclavelia&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930===

''Pseudoclavelia argenteosignata'' Arnold, 1936 (Botswana, Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia bituberculata'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_damarensis.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia damarensis''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia jouberti'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_nitidula.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia nitidula'' ''nitidula''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia nitidula bechuanae'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia rhodesiana'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudoclavelia rufescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pseudopompilus'' Costa, 1887===

''Pseudopompilus funereus'' Arnold, 1935, p.444 (Zimbabwe, Namibia)

''Pseudopompilus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

''Pseudopompilus lacteipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psyllosphex'' Arnold, 1935===

''Psyllosphex dentatus'' (Cameron, 1904); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.482 (South Africa)

''Psyllosphex myrmosaeformis'' Arnold, 1935, p.482 (Zimbabwe)

''Psyllosphex saltator'' Arnold, 1935, p.480 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pygmachus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Pygmachus compressus'' Saussure, 1892 (Madagascar)

''Pygmachus umbratus'' Haupt, 1930 (Guinea, South Africa, Zanzibar, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Rhynchopompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Rhynchopompilus cursor'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Schistonyx'' Saussure, 1887===

''Schistonyx aterrimus'' Arnold, 1946 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx prismaticus'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

''Schistonyx sinuatus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx sheppardi'' Arnold, 1937, p.13 (Zimbabwe)

''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, South Africa, Syria, Zimbabwe) Most common pompilid in Zimbabwe (Arnold, 1937, p.12)

==='''Genus''' ''Schizanoplius'' Cameron, 1904===

''Schizanoplius lutarius'' (Saussure, 1834)(Ghana, Mali, Madagascar)

''Schizanoplius violaceipennis'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Spuridiophorus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Spuridiophorus capensis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Spuridiophorus inermis'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus maculipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Syntomoclitus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 25.
*''Syntomoclitus bicolor'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Ashmead, 1902===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ignitus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ignitus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Smith, 1855) (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ovambo.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ovambo&lt;/u&gt;''] (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Tachypompilus praepotens'' (Kohl, 1894) (South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zanzibar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_vitripennis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] ''&lt;u&gt;vitripennis&lt;/u&gt;'' (Arnold, 1937) (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Telostegus'' Costa, 1887===

''Telostegus capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Telostegus fuscipennis'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

''Telostegus insidiosus'' (Smith, 1879) (Yemen)

''Telostegus sabulicola'' Priesner, 1955 (Algeria, Egypt, Marocco, Senegal, Yemen)

==References==</text>
      <sha1>tdonkp6z8hzx7vs1v963hiqmcabuhok</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719895</id>
      <parentid>2719894</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-28T08:17:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Genus Argyroclitus Arnold, 1937 */</comment>
      <origin>2719895</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="26292" sha1="aelggboyfur2nnfi5mjzx2rkuwg7sfb" xml:space="preserve">Done to ''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, South Africa, Syria, Zimbabwe) Most common pompilid in Zimbabwe (Arnold, 1937, p.12)

==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;
- Claveliinae corrected to Ctenocerinae in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.386-388&lt;br&gt;
- Several new genera and species in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.388-399&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934, pp. 290-364.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA. (Arnold, 1934, pp. 380-385.)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; ''Pseudagenia'' in iNat).&lt;br&gt;
*''D. pulchricoma'' = ''Pseudagenia pulchricoma'' Arnold, 1934, p. 337-340&lt;br&gt;
*''D. neavei'' = ''Pseudagenia mygnimioides'' Arnold, 1934, pp.336-337 and ''Pseudagenia neavei'' Kohl 1913&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA. - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377.&lt;br&gt;
*also ''Poecilagenia spinosipes'' = ''Trachyglyptus spinosipes'' Arnold, 1934, p. 377-379&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = ''Deuteragenia turneri'', ''D. dregei'', ''D. chirindensis'', ''D. bicolor'' (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (''Hormopogonius willowmorensis'' = ''Calicurgus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1932 p.395); also ''H. tenuicornis'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 379-380&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
*Also ''Priocnernis aterrimus'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 385-386.
*''Priocnemis meridionalis'' Arnold, 1934, p. 386.
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pompilinae==

List of genera and species from [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm '''&lt;u&gt;https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm&lt;/u&gt;''']

=== '''Genus''' ''Aeluropetrus'' Arnold, 1936 ===

''Aeluropetrus braunsi'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Aeluropetrus lugubris'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 ===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/Aetheopompilus_obliquetruncatus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus obliquetruncatus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 (Mozambique)

==='''Genus''' ''Agenioideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Agenioideus brevis'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937) (Ghana, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus decipiens'' (Bischoff, 1913) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) (Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus lascivus'' (Cameron, 1891) (?)

''Agenioideus nudatus'' (Smith, 1855) (?)

''Agenioideus rotundilabris'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus rutilus'' (Klug, 1834) (Yemen)

''Agenioideus rufipes'' (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Agenioideus varians'' (Arnold, 1937) (?)

==='''Genus''' ''Amblyellus'' Day, 1981===

''Amblyellus willowmorensis'' (Arnold, 1937) (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

==='''Genus''' ''Anoplius'' Dufour, 1834===

''Anoplius aethiopicus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Anoplius alecto'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Anoplius bifasciatus'' Tullgren, 1904 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda)

''Anoplius concinnus'' (Dahlbom, 1845) (Yemen)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''fuscus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, South Africa, Tanzania)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''excelsior'' Arnold, 1950 (Tanzania)

''Anoplius montanus'' Haupt, 1950 (Benin, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Principe Island, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

''Anoplius morosus'' Smith, 1855 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Anoplius octomaculatus'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Anoplius panmelas'' (Saussure, 1891) (Madagascar)

''Anoplius saegeri'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Anoplius subfasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius successor'' (Cameron, 1910) (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius viridicatus'' Smith, 1879 (West Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Apareia'' Haupt, 1929===

''Apareia multipicta rufifemur'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.449 (Zimbabwe)

''Apareia oedipus'' Kohl, 1886; descr. (synonymized?) as ''A. multipicta'' by Arnold, 1935, p.449 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporinellus'' Banks, 1911===

''Aporinellus bidens'' (Saussure, 1892) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporoideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Aporoideus clarus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

'''Genus''' ''Arachnospila'' Kincaid, 1900

''Arachnospila (Ammosphex) consobrina heringi'' (Haupt, 1928) (California, Canary Islands, Spain, Tanzania, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Argyroclitus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p. 26.
*''Argyroclitus fasciatipennis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 27 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 29 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus longicollis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 29 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937, p. 28 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus ruwenzoriensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 30 (Democratic Republic of the Congo)

==='''Genus''' ''Atelostegus'' Haupt, 1929===

*''Atelostegus thrinax'' (Kohl, 1909) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Atopopompilus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus in Arnold, 1937, p. 22.
*''Atopompilus jacens'' (Bingham, 1912) (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Yemen)
*''Atopompilus marshalli'' Arnold, 1937, p. 24 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Atopopompilus venans mlanjiensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 24 (Ghana)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/Bambesa_grisea.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa grisea&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p.2.
*''Batozonellus capensis'' (Dahlbom, 1843); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.6 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/Batozonellus_fuliginosus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus fuliginosus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Klug, 1834); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.3 (Central Africa, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)
*''Batozonellus gowdeyi'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.7 (Sierra Leone, Uganda)
*''Batozonellus madecassus'' (Saussure, 1887) (Madagascar)
*''Batozonellus separabilis'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.9 (Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Batozonus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Batozonus bipunctatus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Batozonus capensis'' Dahlbom, 1940 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Cliochares'' Banks, 1940===

''Cliochares convexus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Cordyloscelis'' Arnold, 1935===

''Cordyloscelis bequaerti'' Arnold, 1935, p.420 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Cordyloscelis flavipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.424 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis latipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.417 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis namaqua'' Arnold, 1935, p.423 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis nigerrimus'' Arnold, 1935, p.421 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis parallelus'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe)

''Cordyloscelis ugandensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.425 (Congo, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Ctenagenia'' Saussure, 1892===

''Ctenagenia vespiformis'' (Klug, 1834) (Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Madagascar, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, Yemen)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930 ===

''Dromochares clavipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (Zimbabwe)

''Dromochares fumipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Dromochares premnopterus'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

''Dromochares rufipes'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/Dromochares_transvaalensis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares transvaalensis&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Dicyrtomellus'' Gussakovskij, 1935===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p.14.
*''Dicyrtomellus anomalipes'' Arnold, 1937, p.20 (South Africa)
*''Dicyrtomellus argenteodecoratus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.21 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus griseus'' Arnold, 1937, p.17 (Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus impressus'' Arnold, 1937, p.18 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus leptacanthius'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.16 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus meruensis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus neavei'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.19 (Congo)
*''Dicyrtomellus rufofemoratus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.17 (South Africa)
*''Dicyrtomellus sexspinosus'' (Saunders, 1901) = ''Dicyrtomellus pectinatus'' Arnold, 1937, p.19 (Sudan)

==='''Genus''' ''Elaphrosyron'' Haupt, 1930===

''Elaphrosyron insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Mali, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Elaphrosyron multipictus'' Arnold, 1937 (Uganda)

''Elaphrosyron pauperculus'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Epiclinotus'' Haupt, 1929===

''Epiclinotus capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus erythrurus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.465 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus turneri'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.466 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron&lt;/u&gt;''] Schiødte, 1837===

''Episyron argillaceus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zambia)

''Episyron bequaerti'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron bicinctus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron braunsii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron crassicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Episyron gryps'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/Episyron_histrio.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron histrio&lt;/u&gt;''] Lepeletier, 1845 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mali, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron pedunculatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron solitaneum'' Kohl, 1906 (Yemen)

''Episyron tropicalis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Episyron turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron viduus'' Arnold, 1936 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron vindex'' Smith, 1879 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/index.htm &lt;u&gt;Euclavelia&lt;/u&gt;]'' Arnold, 1932===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/Euclavelia_fasciata.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Euclavelia fasciata&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1932 (South Africa)

''Euclavelia longicollis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Euryzonotulus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Euryzonotulus nigeriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreola'' Lepeletier, 1845===

''Ferreola auranticornis'' Wahis, 2000 (Eritrea, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreoloides'' Haupt, 1919===

''Ferreoloides basutorum'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

''Ferreoloides versutus'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

==='''Genus''' ''Galactopterus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Galactopterus otaviensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Galactopterus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Namibia, South Africa)

''Galactopterus simillimus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Guichardia'' Arnold, 1951===

''Guichardia macilenta'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hadropompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Hadropompilus braunsi'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Hadropompilus montanus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hauptiella'' Arnold, 1936===

''Hauptiella multipicta'' Arnold, 1936

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/Herpetosphex_staphylinoides.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex staphylinoides&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Homonotus'' Dahlbom, 1844===
Dahlbom 1843 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796238) or Dahlbom, 1844 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796653)?

''Homonotus aegyptiacus'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.469 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus coxalis'' Arnold, 1935, p.478 (South Africa)

''Homonotus disparilis'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.473 (South Africa)

''Homonotus dispersus'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus dissectus'' Arnold, 1935, p.474 (South Africa)

''Homonotus excavatus'' Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus fuscipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.475 (South Africa)

''Homonotus imitans'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus leptogaster'' Arnold, 1935, p.476 (South Africa)

''Homonotus ruficornis'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus rukwaensis'' Arnold, 1946 (Tanzania)

''Homonotus sansibaricus'' Arnold, 1935, p.471 (Zanzibar)

==='''Genus''' ''Idopompilus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Idopompilus algoensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus algoensis major'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus braunsi'' Kohl, 1899 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus brunnescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschi handlirschi'' Arnold, 1936 (?)

''Idopompilus handlirschi basutorum'' Arnold, 1959 (Lesotho, South Africa)

''Idopompilus fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1946 (Lesotho)

''Idopompilus gracilicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus krugeri'' Haupt, 1930 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Idopompilus quadrifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Kolposphex'' Arnold, 1959===

''Kolposphex atronitens'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Kyphopompilus'' Arnold, 1960

''Kyphopompilus flavipes'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microdrapetes'' Arnold, 1937===

''Microdrapetes bellus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Microphadnus'' Cameron, 1904

''Microphadnus bicolor'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Paracyphononyx'' Gribodo, 1884===

''Paracyphononyx affinis'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon, Ghana, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx africanus'' Rad., 1881 (Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx carinatus'' Rad., 1881 Angola, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx coloratus'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon)

''Paracyphononyx difficilis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Malai, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversipes'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversus'' Dahlbom, 1845 (Central and East Africa to South Africa, Yemen)

''Paracyphononyx elliotti'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx frustratus'' Smith, 1879 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx funebris'' Magretti, 1884 (Ethiopia)

''Paracyphononyx gemellus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx laboriosus'' Arnold, 1936 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx languidus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx lukombensis'' Cameron, 1912 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia)

''Paracyphononyx metemmensis'' Magretti, 1884 (Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx mombassicus'' R. Luc., 1898 (Kenya)

''Paracyphononyx montanus'' Arnold, 1960 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx parallelus'' Haupt, 1929 (Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx petiolaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx plutonis'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx rotundinervis'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx ruficrus'' Klug, 1834 (Asia Minor, Egypt, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' Illiger,1802 (Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Paraferreola'' Sustera, 1913===

''Paraferreola melanostoma'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.439 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paraferreola spilopus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.441 (South Africa)

''Paraferreola soleana'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.443 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Platyderes'' Guérin-Méneville, 1844===

''Platyderes bicolor'' Smith, 1855; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.454 (South Africa)

''Platyderes chalybeus'' Saussure, 1892 (or Tasch. 1880?); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.456 (East Africa, South Africa)

''Platyderes drègii'' Brauns, 1899; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.457 (South Africa)

''Platyderes erythrocephalus'' Guerin, **** (Madagascar)

''Platyderes flavoscutellatus'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes oraniensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.456 (South Africa)

''Platyderes rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.461 (Ethiopia, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes saussurei'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Platyderes spoliatus'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.462 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes vicinus'' Arnold, 1935, p.460 (South Africa)

''Platyderes wasmanni'' Brauns, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.459 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilus'' Fabricius===

''Pompilus alpinus'' Arnold, 1960 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus anomalopterus'' Cameron, 1908 (Malawi, South Africa)

''Pompilus cinereus'' Fabricius, 1775 (Yemen)

''Pompilus contrarius'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Pompilus curvifrons'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus erythrostomus'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus exploratrix'' Cameron, 1908 ''(''

''Pompilus ignobilis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pompilus levis'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana)

''Pompilus masaiensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus meruensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus plumbeus'' Fabricius, 1787 (Widespread through Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Senegal, South Africa) also in China, Europe, India)

''Pompilus sacchii'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus shirae'' Arnold, 1950 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus successor'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus vanutelli'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Pompilus yngvei'' Cameron, 1908 (

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilioides'' Radley, 1887===

''Pompilioides braunsi'' Kohl, 1894 (Cameroon)

''Pompilioides decipiens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides latifrons'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides pruinosus'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides trifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides validus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammochares'' Latreille, 1796===

''Psammochares bilineatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares brunniventris'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares irpex'' Gerstaecker, 1859 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares jocaste'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Psammochares latilabris'' Arnold, 1937 (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares quadriguttatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Tanzania)

''Psammochares rufigaster'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares rutilus'' Klug, 1834 (Ethiopia, Nigeria, Sudan, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares varians'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammoderes'' Haupt, 1929===

''Psammoderes capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes collaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Psammoderes fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1935, p.438 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes lightfooti'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Psammoderes major'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.433 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes mimicus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.434 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes semirufus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.436 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes reputatus'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.437 (Congo, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Pseudoclavelia&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930===

''Pseudoclavelia argenteosignata'' Arnold, 1936 (Botswana, Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia bituberculata'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_damarensis.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia damarensis''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia jouberti'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_nitidula.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia nitidula'' ''nitidula''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia nitidula bechuanae'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia rhodesiana'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudoclavelia rufescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pseudopompilus'' Costa, 1887===

''Pseudopompilus funereus'' Arnold, 1935, p.444 (Zimbabwe, Namibia)

''Pseudopompilus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

''Pseudopompilus lacteipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psyllosphex'' Arnold, 1935===

''Psyllosphex dentatus'' (Cameron, 1904); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.482 (South Africa)

''Psyllosphex myrmosaeformis'' Arnold, 1935, p.482 (Zimbabwe)

''Psyllosphex saltator'' Arnold, 1935, p.480 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pygmachus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Pygmachus compressus'' Saussure, 1892 (Madagascar)

''Pygmachus umbratus'' Haupt, 1930 (Guinea, South Africa, Zanzibar, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Rhynchopompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Rhynchopompilus cursor'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Schistonyx'' Saussure, 1887===

''Schistonyx aterrimus'' Arnold, 1946 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx prismaticus'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

''Schistonyx sinuatus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx sheppardi'' Arnold, 1937, p.13 (Zimbabwe)

''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, South Africa, Syria, Zimbabwe) Most common pompilid in Zimbabwe (Arnold, 1937, p.12)

==='''Genus''' ''Schizanoplius'' Cameron, 1904===

''Schizanoplius lutarius'' (Saussure, 1834)(Ghana, Mali, Madagascar)

''Schizanoplius violaceipennis'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Spuridiophorus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Spuridiophorus capensis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Spuridiophorus inermis'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus maculipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Syntomoclitus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 25.
*''Syntomoclitus bicolor'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Ashmead, 1902===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ignitus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ignitus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Smith, 1855) (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ovambo.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ovambo&lt;/u&gt;''] (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Tachypompilus praepotens'' (Kohl, 1894) (South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zanzibar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_vitripennis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] ''&lt;u&gt;vitripennis&lt;/u&gt;'' (Arnold, 1937) (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Telostegus'' Costa, 1887===

''Telostegus capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Telostegus fuscipennis'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

''Telostegus insidiosus'' (Smith, 1879) (Yemen)

''Telostegus sabulicola'' Priesner, 1955 (Algeria, Egypt, Marocco, Senegal, Yemen)

==References==</text>
      <sha1>aelggboyfur2nnfi5mjzx2rkuwg7sfb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719896</id>
      <parentid>2719895</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-28T08:18:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Genus Aporoideus Ashmead, 1902 */</comment>
      <origin>2719896</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="26298" sha1="doyr5cpajj2d1pfdc6zzzie7i0qg0sk" xml:space="preserve">Done to ''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, South Africa, Syria, Zimbabwe) Most common pompilid in Zimbabwe (Arnold, 1937, p.12)

==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;
- Claveliinae corrected to Ctenocerinae in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.386-388&lt;br&gt;
- Several new genera and species in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.388-399&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934, pp. 290-364.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA. (Arnold, 1934, pp. 380-385.)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; ''Pseudagenia'' in iNat).&lt;br&gt;
*''D. pulchricoma'' = ''Pseudagenia pulchricoma'' Arnold, 1934, p. 337-340&lt;br&gt;
*''D. neavei'' = ''Pseudagenia mygnimioides'' Arnold, 1934, pp.336-337 and ''Pseudagenia neavei'' Kohl 1913&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA. - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377.&lt;br&gt;
*also ''Poecilagenia spinosipes'' = ''Trachyglyptus spinosipes'' Arnold, 1934, p. 377-379&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = ''Deuteragenia turneri'', ''D. dregei'', ''D. chirindensis'', ''D. bicolor'' (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (''Hormopogonius willowmorensis'' = ''Calicurgus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1932 p.395); also ''H. tenuicornis'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 379-380&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
*Also ''Priocnernis aterrimus'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 385-386.
*''Priocnemis meridionalis'' Arnold, 1934, p. 386.
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pompilinae==

List of genera and species from [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm '''&lt;u&gt;https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm&lt;/u&gt;''']

=== '''Genus''' ''Aeluropetrus'' Arnold, 1936 ===

''Aeluropetrus braunsi'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Aeluropetrus lugubris'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 ===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/Aetheopompilus_obliquetruncatus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus obliquetruncatus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 (Mozambique)

==='''Genus''' ''Agenioideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Agenioideus brevis'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937) (Ghana, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus decipiens'' (Bischoff, 1913) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) (Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus lascivus'' (Cameron, 1891) (?)

''Agenioideus nudatus'' (Smith, 1855) (?)

''Agenioideus rotundilabris'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus rutilus'' (Klug, 1834) (Yemen)

''Agenioideus rufipes'' (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Agenioideus varians'' (Arnold, 1937) (?)

==='''Genus''' ''Amblyellus'' Day, 1981===

''Amblyellus willowmorensis'' (Arnold, 1937) (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

==='''Genus''' ''Anoplius'' Dufour, 1834===

''Anoplius aethiopicus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Anoplius alecto'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Anoplius bifasciatus'' Tullgren, 1904 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda)

''Anoplius concinnus'' (Dahlbom, 1845) (Yemen)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''fuscus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, South Africa, Tanzania)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''excelsior'' Arnold, 1950 (Tanzania)

''Anoplius montanus'' Haupt, 1950 (Benin, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Principe Island, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

''Anoplius morosus'' Smith, 1855 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Anoplius octomaculatus'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Anoplius panmelas'' (Saussure, 1891) (Madagascar)

''Anoplius saegeri'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Anoplius subfasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius successor'' (Cameron, 1910) (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius viridicatus'' Smith, 1879 (West Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Apareia'' Haupt, 1929===

''Apareia multipicta rufifemur'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.449 (Zimbabwe)

''Apareia oedipus'' Kohl, 1886; descr. (synonymized?) as ''A. multipicta'' by Arnold, 1935, p.449 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporinellus'' Banks, 1911===

''Aporinellus bidens'' (Saussure, 1892) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporoideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Aporoideus clarus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Arachnospila'' Kincaid, 1900===

''Arachnospila (Ammosphex) consobrina heringi'' (Haupt, 1928) (California, Canary Islands, Spain, Tanzania, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Argyroclitus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p. 26.
*''Argyroclitus fasciatipennis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 27 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 29 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus longicollis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 29 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937, p. 28 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus ruwenzoriensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 30 (Democratic Republic of the Congo)

==='''Genus''' ''Atelostegus'' Haupt, 1929===

*''Atelostegus thrinax'' (Kohl, 1909) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Atopopompilus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus in Arnold, 1937, p. 22.
*''Atopompilus jacens'' (Bingham, 1912) (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Yemen)
*''Atopompilus marshalli'' Arnold, 1937, p. 24 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Atopopompilus venans mlanjiensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 24 (Ghana)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/Bambesa_grisea.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa grisea&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p.2.
*''Batozonellus capensis'' (Dahlbom, 1843); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.6 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/Batozonellus_fuliginosus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus fuliginosus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Klug, 1834); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.3 (Central Africa, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)
*''Batozonellus gowdeyi'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.7 (Sierra Leone, Uganda)
*''Batozonellus madecassus'' (Saussure, 1887) (Madagascar)
*''Batozonellus separabilis'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.9 (Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Batozonus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Batozonus bipunctatus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Batozonus capensis'' Dahlbom, 1940 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Cliochares'' Banks, 1940===

''Cliochares convexus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Cordyloscelis'' Arnold, 1935===

''Cordyloscelis bequaerti'' Arnold, 1935, p.420 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Cordyloscelis flavipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.424 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis latipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.417 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis namaqua'' Arnold, 1935, p.423 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis nigerrimus'' Arnold, 1935, p.421 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis parallelus'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe)

''Cordyloscelis ugandensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.425 (Congo, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Ctenagenia'' Saussure, 1892===

''Ctenagenia vespiformis'' (Klug, 1834) (Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Madagascar, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, Yemen)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930 ===

''Dromochares clavipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (Zimbabwe)

''Dromochares fumipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Dromochares premnopterus'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

''Dromochares rufipes'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/Dromochares_transvaalensis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares transvaalensis&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Dicyrtomellus'' Gussakovskij, 1935===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p.14.
*''Dicyrtomellus anomalipes'' Arnold, 1937, p.20 (South Africa)
*''Dicyrtomellus argenteodecoratus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.21 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus griseus'' Arnold, 1937, p.17 (Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus impressus'' Arnold, 1937, p.18 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus leptacanthius'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.16 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus meruensis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus neavei'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.19 (Congo)
*''Dicyrtomellus rufofemoratus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.17 (South Africa)
*''Dicyrtomellus sexspinosus'' (Saunders, 1901) = ''Dicyrtomellus pectinatus'' Arnold, 1937, p.19 (Sudan)

==='''Genus''' ''Elaphrosyron'' Haupt, 1930===

''Elaphrosyron insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Mali, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Elaphrosyron multipictus'' Arnold, 1937 (Uganda)

''Elaphrosyron pauperculus'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Epiclinotus'' Haupt, 1929===

''Epiclinotus capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus erythrurus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.465 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus turneri'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.466 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron&lt;/u&gt;''] Schiødte, 1837===

''Episyron argillaceus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zambia)

''Episyron bequaerti'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron bicinctus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron braunsii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron crassicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Episyron gryps'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/Episyron_histrio.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron histrio&lt;/u&gt;''] Lepeletier, 1845 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mali, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron pedunculatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron solitaneum'' Kohl, 1906 (Yemen)

''Episyron tropicalis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Episyron turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron viduus'' Arnold, 1936 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron vindex'' Smith, 1879 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/index.htm &lt;u&gt;Euclavelia&lt;/u&gt;]'' Arnold, 1932===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/Euclavelia_fasciata.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Euclavelia fasciata&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1932 (South Africa)

''Euclavelia longicollis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Euryzonotulus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Euryzonotulus nigeriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreola'' Lepeletier, 1845===

''Ferreola auranticornis'' Wahis, 2000 (Eritrea, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreoloides'' Haupt, 1919===

''Ferreoloides basutorum'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

''Ferreoloides versutus'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

==='''Genus''' ''Galactopterus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Galactopterus otaviensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Galactopterus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Namibia, South Africa)

''Galactopterus simillimus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Guichardia'' Arnold, 1951===

''Guichardia macilenta'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hadropompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Hadropompilus braunsi'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Hadropompilus montanus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hauptiella'' Arnold, 1936===

''Hauptiella multipicta'' Arnold, 1936

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/Herpetosphex_staphylinoides.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex staphylinoides&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Homonotus'' Dahlbom, 1844===
Dahlbom 1843 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796238) or Dahlbom, 1844 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796653)?

''Homonotus aegyptiacus'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.469 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus coxalis'' Arnold, 1935, p.478 (South Africa)

''Homonotus disparilis'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.473 (South Africa)

''Homonotus dispersus'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus dissectus'' Arnold, 1935, p.474 (South Africa)

''Homonotus excavatus'' Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus fuscipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.475 (South Africa)

''Homonotus imitans'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus leptogaster'' Arnold, 1935, p.476 (South Africa)

''Homonotus ruficornis'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus rukwaensis'' Arnold, 1946 (Tanzania)

''Homonotus sansibaricus'' Arnold, 1935, p.471 (Zanzibar)

==='''Genus''' ''Idopompilus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Idopompilus algoensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus algoensis major'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus braunsi'' Kohl, 1899 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus brunnescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschi handlirschi'' Arnold, 1936 (?)

''Idopompilus handlirschi basutorum'' Arnold, 1959 (Lesotho, South Africa)

''Idopompilus fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1946 (Lesotho)

''Idopompilus gracilicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus krugeri'' Haupt, 1930 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Idopompilus quadrifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Kolposphex'' Arnold, 1959===

''Kolposphex atronitens'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Kyphopompilus'' Arnold, 1960

''Kyphopompilus flavipes'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microdrapetes'' Arnold, 1937===

''Microdrapetes bellus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

'''Genus''' ''Microphadnus'' Cameron, 1904

''Microphadnus bicolor'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Paracyphononyx'' Gribodo, 1884===

''Paracyphononyx affinis'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon, Ghana, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx africanus'' Rad., 1881 (Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx carinatus'' Rad., 1881 Angola, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx coloratus'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon)

''Paracyphononyx difficilis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Malai, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversipes'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversus'' Dahlbom, 1845 (Central and East Africa to South Africa, Yemen)

''Paracyphononyx elliotti'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx frustratus'' Smith, 1879 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx funebris'' Magretti, 1884 (Ethiopia)

''Paracyphononyx gemellus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx laboriosus'' Arnold, 1936 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx languidus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx lukombensis'' Cameron, 1912 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia)

''Paracyphononyx metemmensis'' Magretti, 1884 (Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx mombassicus'' R. Luc., 1898 (Kenya)

''Paracyphononyx montanus'' Arnold, 1960 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx parallelus'' Haupt, 1929 (Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx petiolaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx plutonis'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx rotundinervis'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx ruficrus'' Klug, 1834 (Asia Minor, Egypt, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' Illiger,1802 (Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Paraferreola'' Sustera, 1913===

''Paraferreola melanostoma'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.439 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paraferreola spilopus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.441 (South Africa)

''Paraferreola soleana'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.443 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Platyderes'' Guérin-Méneville, 1844===

''Platyderes bicolor'' Smith, 1855; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.454 (South Africa)

''Platyderes chalybeus'' Saussure, 1892 (or Tasch. 1880?); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.456 (East Africa, South Africa)

''Platyderes drègii'' Brauns, 1899; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.457 (South Africa)

''Platyderes erythrocephalus'' Guerin, **** (Madagascar)

''Platyderes flavoscutellatus'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes oraniensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.456 (South Africa)

''Platyderes rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.461 (Ethiopia, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes saussurei'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Platyderes spoliatus'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.462 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes vicinus'' Arnold, 1935, p.460 (South Africa)

''Platyderes wasmanni'' Brauns, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.459 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilus'' Fabricius===

''Pompilus alpinus'' Arnold, 1960 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus anomalopterus'' Cameron, 1908 (Malawi, South Africa)

''Pompilus cinereus'' Fabricius, 1775 (Yemen)

''Pompilus contrarius'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Pompilus curvifrons'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus erythrostomus'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus exploratrix'' Cameron, 1908 ''(''

''Pompilus ignobilis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pompilus levis'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana)

''Pompilus masaiensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus meruensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus plumbeus'' Fabricius, 1787 (Widespread through Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Senegal, South Africa) also in China, Europe, India)

''Pompilus sacchii'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus shirae'' Arnold, 1950 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus successor'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus vanutelli'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Pompilus yngvei'' Cameron, 1908 (

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilioides'' Radley, 1887===

''Pompilioides braunsi'' Kohl, 1894 (Cameroon)

''Pompilioides decipiens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides latifrons'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides pruinosus'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides trifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides validus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammochares'' Latreille, 1796===

''Psammochares bilineatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares brunniventris'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares irpex'' Gerstaecker, 1859 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares jocaste'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Psammochares latilabris'' Arnold, 1937 (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares quadriguttatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Tanzania)

''Psammochares rufigaster'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares rutilus'' Klug, 1834 (Ethiopia, Nigeria, Sudan, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares varians'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammoderes'' Haupt, 1929===

''Psammoderes capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes collaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Psammoderes fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1935, p.438 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes lightfooti'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Psammoderes major'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.433 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes mimicus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.434 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes semirufus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.436 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes reputatus'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.437 (Congo, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Pseudoclavelia&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930===

''Pseudoclavelia argenteosignata'' Arnold, 1936 (Botswana, Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia bituberculata'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_damarensis.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia damarensis''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia jouberti'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_nitidula.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia nitidula'' ''nitidula''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia nitidula bechuanae'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia rhodesiana'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudoclavelia rufescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pseudopompilus'' Costa, 1887===

''Pseudopompilus funereus'' Arnold, 1935, p.444 (Zimbabwe, Namibia)

''Pseudopompilus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

''Pseudopompilus lacteipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psyllosphex'' Arnold, 1935===

''Psyllosphex dentatus'' (Cameron, 1904); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.482 (South Africa)

''Psyllosphex myrmosaeformis'' Arnold, 1935, p.482 (Zimbabwe)

''Psyllosphex saltator'' Arnold, 1935, p.480 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pygmachus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Pygmachus compressus'' Saussure, 1892 (Madagascar)

''Pygmachus umbratus'' Haupt, 1930 (Guinea, South Africa, Zanzibar, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Rhynchopompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Rhynchopompilus cursor'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Schistonyx'' Saussure, 1887===

''Schistonyx aterrimus'' Arnold, 1946 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx prismaticus'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

''Schistonyx sinuatus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx sheppardi'' Arnold, 1937, p.13 (Zimbabwe)

''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, South Africa, Syria, Zimbabwe) Most common pompilid in Zimbabwe (Arnold, 1937, p.12)

==='''Genus''' ''Schizanoplius'' Cameron, 1904===

''Schizanoplius lutarius'' (Saussure, 1834)(Ghana, Mali, Madagascar)

''Schizanoplius violaceipennis'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Spuridiophorus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Spuridiophorus capensis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Spuridiophorus inermis'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus maculipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Syntomoclitus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 25.
*''Syntomoclitus bicolor'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Ashmead, 1902===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ignitus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ignitus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Smith, 1855) (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ovambo.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ovambo&lt;/u&gt;''] (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Tachypompilus praepotens'' (Kohl, 1894) (South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zanzibar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_vitripennis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] ''&lt;u&gt;vitripennis&lt;/u&gt;'' (Arnold, 1937) (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Telostegus'' Costa, 1887===

''Telostegus capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Telostegus fuscipennis'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

''Telostegus insidiosus'' (Smith, 1879) (Yemen)

''Telostegus sabulicola'' Priesner, 1955 (Algeria, Egypt, Marocco, Senegal, Yemen)

==References==</text>
      <sha1>doyr5cpajj2d1pfdc6zzzie7i0qg0sk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719897</id>
      <parentid>2719896</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-28T08:20:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Genus Microdrapetes Arnold, 1937 */</comment>
      <origin>2719897</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="26361" sha1="tncmlrmgkmxbjkukrmsthmky3ezft40" xml:space="preserve">Done to ''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, South Africa, Syria, Zimbabwe) Most common pompilid in Zimbabwe (Arnold, 1937, p.12)

==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;
- Claveliinae corrected to Ctenocerinae in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.386-388&lt;br&gt;
- Several new genera and species in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.388-399&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934, pp. 290-364.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA. (Arnold, 1934, pp. 380-385.)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; ''Pseudagenia'' in iNat).&lt;br&gt;
*''D. pulchricoma'' = ''Pseudagenia pulchricoma'' Arnold, 1934, p. 337-340&lt;br&gt;
*''D. neavei'' = ''Pseudagenia mygnimioides'' Arnold, 1934, pp.336-337 and ''Pseudagenia neavei'' Kohl 1913&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA. - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377.&lt;br&gt;
*also ''Poecilagenia spinosipes'' = ''Trachyglyptus spinosipes'' Arnold, 1934, p. 377-379&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = ''Deuteragenia turneri'', ''D. dregei'', ''D. chirindensis'', ''D. bicolor'' (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (''Hormopogonius willowmorensis'' = ''Calicurgus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1932 p.395); also ''H. tenuicornis'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 379-380&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
*Also ''Priocnernis aterrimus'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 385-386.
*''Priocnemis meridionalis'' Arnold, 1934, p. 386.
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pompilinae==

List of genera and species from [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm '''&lt;u&gt;https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm&lt;/u&gt;''']

=== '''Genus''' ''Aeluropetrus'' Arnold, 1936 ===

''Aeluropetrus braunsi'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Aeluropetrus lugubris'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 ===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/Aetheopompilus_obliquetruncatus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus obliquetruncatus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 (Mozambique)

==='''Genus''' ''Agenioideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Agenioideus brevis'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937) (Ghana, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus decipiens'' (Bischoff, 1913) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) (Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus lascivus'' (Cameron, 1891) (?)

''Agenioideus nudatus'' (Smith, 1855) (?)

''Agenioideus rotundilabris'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus rutilus'' (Klug, 1834) (Yemen)

''Agenioideus rufipes'' (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Agenioideus varians'' (Arnold, 1937) (?)

==='''Genus''' ''Amblyellus'' Day, 1981===

''Amblyellus willowmorensis'' (Arnold, 1937) (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

==='''Genus''' ''Anoplius'' Dufour, 1834===

''Anoplius aethiopicus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Anoplius alecto'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Anoplius bifasciatus'' Tullgren, 1904 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda)

''Anoplius concinnus'' (Dahlbom, 1845) (Yemen)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''fuscus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, South Africa, Tanzania)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''excelsior'' Arnold, 1950 (Tanzania)

''Anoplius montanus'' Haupt, 1950 (Benin, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Principe Island, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

''Anoplius morosus'' Smith, 1855 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Anoplius octomaculatus'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Anoplius panmelas'' (Saussure, 1891) (Madagascar)

''Anoplius saegeri'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Anoplius subfasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius successor'' (Cameron, 1910) (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius viridicatus'' Smith, 1879 (West Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Apareia'' Haupt, 1929===

''Apareia multipicta rufifemur'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.449 (Zimbabwe)

''Apareia oedipus'' Kohl, 1886; descr. (synonymized?) as ''A. multipicta'' by Arnold, 1935, p.449 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporinellus'' Banks, 1911===

''Aporinellus bidens'' (Saussure, 1892) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporoideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Aporoideus clarus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Arachnospila'' Kincaid, 1900===

''Arachnospila (Ammosphex) consobrina heringi'' (Haupt, 1928) (California, Canary Islands, Spain, Tanzania, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Argyroclitus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p. 26.
*''Argyroclitus fasciatipennis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 27 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 29 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus longicollis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 29 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937, p. 28 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus ruwenzoriensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 30 (Democratic Republic of the Congo)

==='''Genus''' ''Atelostegus'' Haupt, 1929===

*''Atelostegus thrinax'' (Kohl, 1909) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Atopopompilus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus in Arnold, 1937, p. 22.
*''Atopompilus jacens'' (Bingham, 1912) (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Yemen)
*''Atopompilus marshalli'' Arnold, 1937, p. 24 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Atopopompilus venans mlanjiensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 24 (Ghana)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/Bambesa_grisea.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa grisea&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p.2.
*''Batozonellus capensis'' (Dahlbom, 1843); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.6 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/Batozonellus_fuliginosus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus fuliginosus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Klug, 1834); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.3 (Central Africa, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)
*''Batozonellus gowdeyi'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.7 (Sierra Leone, Uganda)
*''Batozonellus madecassus'' (Saussure, 1887) (Madagascar)
*''Batozonellus separabilis'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.9 (Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Batozonus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Batozonus bipunctatus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Batozonus capensis'' Dahlbom, 1940 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Cliochares'' Banks, 1940===

''Cliochares convexus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Cordyloscelis'' Arnold, 1935===

''Cordyloscelis bequaerti'' Arnold, 1935, p.420 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Cordyloscelis flavipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.424 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis latipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.417 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis namaqua'' Arnold, 1935, p.423 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis nigerrimus'' Arnold, 1935, p.421 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis parallelus'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe)

''Cordyloscelis ugandensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.425 (Congo, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Ctenagenia'' Saussure, 1892===

''Ctenagenia vespiformis'' (Klug, 1834) (Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Madagascar, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, Yemen)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930 ===

''Dromochares clavipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (Zimbabwe)

''Dromochares fumipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Dromochares premnopterus'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

''Dromochares rufipes'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/Dromochares_transvaalensis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares transvaalensis&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Dicyrtomellus'' Gussakovskij, 1935===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p.14.
*''Dicyrtomellus anomalipes'' Arnold, 1937, p.20 (South Africa)
*''Dicyrtomellus argenteodecoratus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.21 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus griseus'' Arnold, 1937, p.17 (Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus impressus'' Arnold, 1937, p.18 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus leptacanthius'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.16 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus meruensis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus neavei'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.19 (Congo)
*''Dicyrtomellus rufofemoratus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.17 (South Africa)
*''Dicyrtomellus sexspinosus'' (Saunders, 1901) = ''Dicyrtomellus pectinatus'' Arnold, 1937, p.19 (Sudan)

==='''Genus''' ''Elaphrosyron'' Haupt, 1930===

''Elaphrosyron insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Mali, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Elaphrosyron multipictus'' Arnold, 1937 (Uganda)

''Elaphrosyron pauperculus'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Epiclinotus'' Haupt, 1929===

''Epiclinotus capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus erythrurus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.465 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus turneri'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.466 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron&lt;/u&gt;''] Schiødte, 1837===

''Episyron argillaceus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zambia)

''Episyron bequaerti'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron bicinctus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron braunsii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron crassicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Episyron gryps'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/Episyron_histrio.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron histrio&lt;/u&gt;''] Lepeletier, 1845 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mali, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron pedunculatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron solitaneum'' Kohl, 1906 (Yemen)

''Episyron tropicalis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Episyron turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron viduus'' Arnold, 1936 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron vindex'' Smith, 1879 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/index.htm &lt;u&gt;Euclavelia&lt;/u&gt;]'' Arnold, 1932===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/Euclavelia_fasciata.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Euclavelia fasciata&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1932 (South Africa)

''Euclavelia longicollis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Euryzonotulus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Euryzonotulus nigeriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreola'' Lepeletier, 1845===

''Ferreola auranticornis'' Wahis, 2000 (Eritrea, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreoloides'' Haupt, 1919===

''Ferreoloides basutorum'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

''Ferreoloides versutus'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

==='''Genus''' ''Galactopterus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Galactopterus otaviensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Galactopterus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Namibia, South Africa)

''Galactopterus simillimus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Guichardia'' Arnold, 1951===

''Guichardia macilenta'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hadropompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Hadropompilus braunsi'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Hadropompilus montanus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hauptiella'' Arnold, 1936===

''Hauptiella multipicta'' Arnold, 1936

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/Herpetosphex_staphylinoides.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex staphylinoides&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Homonotus'' Dahlbom, 1844===
Dahlbom 1843 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796238) or Dahlbom, 1844 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796653)?

''Homonotus aegyptiacus'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.469 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus coxalis'' Arnold, 1935, p.478 (South Africa)

''Homonotus disparilis'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.473 (South Africa)

''Homonotus dispersus'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus dissectus'' Arnold, 1935, p.474 (South Africa)

''Homonotus excavatus'' Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus fuscipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.475 (South Africa)

''Homonotus imitans'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus leptogaster'' Arnold, 1935, p.476 (South Africa)

''Homonotus ruficornis'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus rukwaensis'' Arnold, 1946 (Tanzania)

''Homonotus sansibaricus'' Arnold, 1935, p.471 (Zanzibar)

==='''Genus''' ''Idopompilus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Idopompilus algoensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus algoensis major'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus braunsi'' Kohl, 1899 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus brunnescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschi handlirschi'' Arnold, 1936 (?)

''Idopompilus handlirschi basutorum'' Arnold, 1959 (Lesotho, South Africa)

''Idopompilus fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1946 (Lesotho)

''Idopompilus gracilicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus krugeri'' Haupt, 1930 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Idopompilus quadrifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Kolposphex'' Arnold, 1959===

''Kolposphex atronitens'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

'''Genus''' ''Kyphopompilus'' Arnold, 1960

''Kyphopompilus flavipes'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microdrapetes'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 30
*''Microdrapetes bellus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microphadnus'' Cameron, 1904===

*''Microphadnus bicolor'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Paracyphononyx'' Gribodo, 1884===

''Paracyphononyx affinis'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon, Ghana, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx africanus'' Rad., 1881 (Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx carinatus'' Rad., 1881 Angola, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx coloratus'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon)

''Paracyphononyx difficilis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Malai, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversipes'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversus'' Dahlbom, 1845 (Central and East Africa to South Africa, Yemen)

''Paracyphononyx elliotti'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx frustratus'' Smith, 1879 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx funebris'' Magretti, 1884 (Ethiopia)

''Paracyphononyx gemellus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx laboriosus'' Arnold, 1936 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx languidus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx lukombensis'' Cameron, 1912 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia)

''Paracyphononyx metemmensis'' Magretti, 1884 (Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx mombassicus'' R. Luc., 1898 (Kenya)

''Paracyphononyx montanus'' Arnold, 1960 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx parallelus'' Haupt, 1929 (Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx petiolaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx plutonis'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx rotundinervis'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx ruficrus'' Klug, 1834 (Asia Minor, Egypt, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' Illiger,1802 (Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Paraferreola'' Sustera, 1913===

''Paraferreola melanostoma'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.439 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paraferreola spilopus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.441 (South Africa)

''Paraferreola soleana'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.443 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Platyderes'' Guérin-Méneville, 1844===

''Platyderes bicolor'' Smith, 1855; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.454 (South Africa)

''Platyderes chalybeus'' Saussure, 1892 (or Tasch. 1880?); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.456 (East Africa, South Africa)

''Platyderes drègii'' Brauns, 1899; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.457 (South Africa)

''Platyderes erythrocephalus'' Guerin, **** (Madagascar)

''Platyderes flavoscutellatus'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes oraniensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.456 (South Africa)

''Platyderes rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.461 (Ethiopia, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes saussurei'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Platyderes spoliatus'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.462 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes vicinus'' Arnold, 1935, p.460 (South Africa)

''Platyderes wasmanni'' Brauns, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.459 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilus'' Fabricius===

''Pompilus alpinus'' Arnold, 1960 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus anomalopterus'' Cameron, 1908 (Malawi, South Africa)

''Pompilus cinereus'' Fabricius, 1775 (Yemen)

''Pompilus contrarius'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Pompilus curvifrons'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus erythrostomus'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus exploratrix'' Cameron, 1908 ''(''

''Pompilus ignobilis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pompilus levis'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana)

''Pompilus masaiensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus meruensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus plumbeus'' Fabricius, 1787 (Widespread through Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Senegal, South Africa) also in China, Europe, India)

''Pompilus sacchii'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus shirae'' Arnold, 1950 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus successor'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus vanutelli'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Pompilus yngvei'' Cameron, 1908 (

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilioides'' Radley, 1887===

''Pompilioides braunsi'' Kohl, 1894 (Cameroon)

''Pompilioides decipiens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides latifrons'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides pruinosus'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides trifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides validus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammochares'' Latreille, 1796===

''Psammochares bilineatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares brunniventris'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares irpex'' Gerstaecker, 1859 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares jocaste'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Psammochares latilabris'' Arnold, 1937 (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares quadriguttatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Tanzania)

''Psammochares rufigaster'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares rutilus'' Klug, 1834 (Ethiopia, Nigeria, Sudan, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares varians'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammoderes'' Haupt, 1929===

''Psammoderes capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes collaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Psammoderes fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1935, p.438 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes lightfooti'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Psammoderes major'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.433 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes mimicus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.434 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes semirufus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.436 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes reputatus'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.437 (Congo, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Pseudoclavelia&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930===

''Pseudoclavelia argenteosignata'' Arnold, 1936 (Botswana, Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia bituberculata'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_damarensis.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia damarensis''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia jouberti'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_nitidula.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia nitidula'' ''nitidula''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia nitidula bechuanae'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia rhodesiana'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudoclavelia rufescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pseudopompilus'' Costa, 1887===

''Pseudopompilus funereus'' Arnold, 1935, p.444 (Zimbabwe, Namibia)

''Pseudopompilus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

''Pseudopompilus lacteipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psyllosphex'' Arnold, 1935===

''Psyllosphex dentatus'' (Cameron, 1904); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.482 (South Africa)

''Psyllosphex myrmosaeformis'' Arnold, 1935, p.482 (Zimbabwe)

''Psyllosphex saltator'' Arnold, 1935, p.480 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pygmachus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Pygmachus compressus'' Saussure, 1892 (Madagascar)

''Pygmachus umbratus'' Haupt, 1930 (Guinea, South Africa, Zanzibar, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Rhynchopompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Rhynchopompilus cursor'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Schistonyx'' Saussure, 1887===

''Schistonyx aterrimus'' Arnold, 1946 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx prismaticus'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

''Schistonyx sinuatus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx sheppardi'' Arnold, 1937, p.13 (Zimbabwe)

''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, South Africa, Syria, Zimbabwe) Most common pompilid in Zimbabwe (Arnold, 1937, p.12)

==='''Genus''' ''Schizanoplius'' Cameron, 1904===

''Schizanoplius lutarius'' (Saussure, 1834)(Ghana, Mali, Madagascar)

''Schizanoplius violaceipennis'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Spuridiophorus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Spuridiophorus capensis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Spuridiophorus inermis'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus maculipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Syntomoclitus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 25.
*''Syntomoclitus bicolor'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Ashmead, 1902===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ignitus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ignitus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Smith, 1855) (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ovambo.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ovambo&lt;/u&gt;''] (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Tachypompilus praepotens'' (Kohl, 1894) (South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zanzibar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_vitripennis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] ''&lt;u&gt;vitripennis&lt;/u&gt;'' (Arnold, 1937) (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Telostegus'' Costa, 1887===

''Telostegus capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Telostegus fuscipennis'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

''Telostegus insidiosus'' (Smith, 1879) (Yemen)

''Telostegus sabulicola'' Priesner, 1955 (Algeria, Egypt, Marocco, Senegal, Yemen)

==References==</text>
      <sha1>tncmlrmgkmxbjkukrmsthmky3ezft40</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719898</id>
      <parentid>2719897</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-28T08:21:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Genus Kolposphex Arnold, 1959 */</comment>
      <origin>2719898</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="26369" sha1="6yx6k7udda01cvt3njr1gbi54fg3ylf" xml:space="preserve">Done to ''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, South Africa, Syria, Zimbabwe) Most common pompilid in Zimbabwe (Arnold, 1937, p.12)

==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;
- Claveliinae corrected to Ctenocerinae in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.386-388&lt;br&gt;
- Several new genera and species in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.388-399&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934, pp. 290-364.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA. (Arnold, 1934, pp. 380-385.)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; ''Pseudagenia'' in iNat).&lt;br&gt;
*''D. pulchricoma'' = ''Pseudagenia pulchricoma'' Arnold, 1934, p. 337-340&lt;br&gt;
*''D. neavei'' = ''Pseudagenia mygnimioides'' Arnold, 1934, pp.336-337 and ''Pseudagenia neavei'' Kohl 1913&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA. - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377.&lt;br&gt;
*also ''Poecilagenia spinosipes'' = ''Trachyglyptus spinosipes'' Arnold, 1934, p. 377-379&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = ''Deuteragenia turneri'', ''D. dregei'', ''D. chirindensis'', ''D. bicolor'' (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (''Hormopogonius willowmorensis'' = ''Calicurgus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1932 p.395); also ''H. tenuicornis'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 379-380&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
*Also ''Priocnernis aterrimus'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 385-386.
*''Priocnemis meridionalis'' Arnold, 1934, p. 386.
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pompilinae==

List of genera and species from [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm '''&lt;u&gt;https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm&lt;/u&gt;''']

=== '''Genus''' ''Aeluropetrus'' Arnold, 1936 ===

''Aeluropetrus braunsi'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Aeluropetrus lugubris'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 ===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/Aetheopompilus_obliquetruncatus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus obliquetruncatus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 (Mozambique)

==='''Genus''' ''Agenioideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Agenioideus brevis'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937) (Ghana, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus decipiens'' (Bischoff, 1913) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) (Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus lascivus'' (Cameron, 1891) (?)

''Agenioideus nudatus'' (Smith, 1855) (?)

''Agenioideus rotundilabris'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus rutilus'' (Klug, 1834) (Yemen)

''Agenioideus rufipes'' (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Agenioideus varians'' (Arnold, 1937) (?)

==='''Genus''' ''Amblyellus'' Day, 1981===

''Amblyellus willowmorensis'' (Arnold, 1937) (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

==='''Genus''' ''Anoplius'' Dufour, 1834===

''Anoplius aethiopicus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Anoplius alecto'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Anoplius bifasciatus'' Tullgren, 1904 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda)

''Anoplius concinnus'' (Dahlbom, 1845) (Yemen)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''fuscus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, South Africa, Tanzania)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''excelsior'' Arnold, 1950 (Tanzania)

''Anoplius montanus'' Haupt, 1950 (Benin, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Principe Island, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

''Anoplius morosus'' Smith, 1855 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Anoplius octomaculatus'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Anoplius panmelas'' (Saussure, 1891) (Madagascar)

''Anoplius saegeri'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Anoplius subfasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius successor'' (Cameron, 1910) (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius viridicatus'' Smith, 1879 (West Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Apareia'' Haupt, 1929===

''Apareia multipicta rufifemur'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.449 (Zimbabwe)

''Apareia oedipus'' Kohl, 1886; descr. (synonymized?) as ''A. multipicta'' by Arnold, 1935, p.449 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporinellus'' Banks, 1911===

''Aporinellus bidens'' (Saussure, 1892) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporoideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Aporoideus clarus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Arachnospila'' Kincaid, 1900===

''Arachnospila (Ammosphex) consobrina heringi'' (Haupt, 1928) (California, Canary Islands, Spain, Tanzania, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Argyroclitus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p. 26.
*''Argyroclitus fasciatipennis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 27 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 29 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus longicollis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 29 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937, p. 28 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus ruwenzoriensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 30 (Democratic Republic of the Congo)

==='''Genus''' ''Atelostegus'' Haupt, 1929===

*''Atelostegus thrinax'' (Kohl, 1909) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Atopopompilus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus in Arnold, 1937, p. 22.
*''Atopompilus jacens'' (Bingham, 1912) (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Yemen)
*''Atopompilus marshalli'' Arnold, 1937, p. 24 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Atopopompilus venans mlanjiensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 24 (Ghana)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/Bambesa_grisea.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa grisea&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p.2.
*''Batozonellus capensis'' (Dahlbom, 1843); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.6 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/Batozonellus_fuliginosus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus fuliginosus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Klug, 1834); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.3 (Central Africa, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)
*''Batozonellus gowdeyi'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.7 (Sierra Leone, Uganda)
*''Batozonellus madecassus'' (Saussure, 1887) (Madagascar)
*''Batozonellus separabilis'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.9 (Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Batozonus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Batozonus bipunctatus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Batozonus capensis'' Dahlbom, 1940 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Cliochares'' Banks, 1940===

''Cliochares convexus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Cordyloscelis'' Arnold, 1935===

''Cordyloscelis bequaerti'' Arnold, 1935, p.420 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Cordyloscelis flavipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.424 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis latipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.417 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis namaqua'' Arnold, 1935, p.423 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis nigerrimus'' Arnold, 1935, p.421 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis parallelus'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe)

''Cordyloscelis ugandensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.425 (Congo, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Ctenagenia'' Saussure, 1892===

''Ctenagenia vespiformis'' (Klug, 1834) (Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Madagascar, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, Yemen)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930 ===

''Dromochares clavipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (Zimbabwe)

''Dromochares fumipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Dromochares premnopterus'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

''Dromochares rufipes'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/Dromochares_transvaalensis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares transvaalensis&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Dicyrtomellus'' Gussakovskij, 1935===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p.14.
*''Dicyrtomellus anomalipes'' Arnold, 1937, p.20 (South Africa)
*''Dicyrtomellus argenteodecoratus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.21 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus griseus'' Arnold, 1937, p.17 (Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus impressus'' Arnold, 1937, p.18 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus leptacanthius'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.16 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus meruensis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus neavei'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.19 (Congo)
*''Dicyrtomellus rufofemoratus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.17 (South Africa)
*''Dicyrtomellus sexspinosus'' (Saunders, 1901) = ''Dicyrtomellus pectinatus'' Arnold, 1937, p.19 (Sudan)

==='''Genus''' ''Elaphrosyron'' Haupt, 1930===

''Elaphrosyron insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Mali, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Elaphrosyron multipictus'' Arnold, 1937 (Uganda)

''Elaphrosyron pauperculus'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Epiclinotus'' Haupt, 1929===

''Epiclinotus capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus erythrurus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.465 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus turneri'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.466 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron&lt;/u&gt;''] Schiødte, 1837===

''Episyron argillaceus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zambia)

''Episyron bequaerti'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron bicinctus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron braunsii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron crassicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Episyron gryps'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/Episyron_histrio.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron histrio&lt;/u&gt;''] Lepeletier, 1845 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mali, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron pedunculatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron solitaneum'' Kohl, 1906 (Yemen)

''Episyron tropicalis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Episyron turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron viduus'' Arnold, 1936 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron vindex'' Smith, 1879 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/index.htm &lt;u&gt;Euclavelia&lt;/u&gt;]'' Arnold, 1932===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/Euclavelia_fasciata.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Euclavelia fasciata&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1932 (South Africa)

''Euclavelia longicollis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Euryzonotulus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Euryzonotulus nigeriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreola'' Lepeletier, 1845===

''Ferreola auranticornis'' Wahis, 2000 (Eritrea, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreoloides'' Haupt, 1919===

''Ferreoloides basutorum'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

''Ferreoloides versutus'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

==='''Genus''' ''Galactopterus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Galactopterus otaviensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Galactopterus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937 (Namibia, South Africa)

''Galactopterus simillimus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Guichardia'' Arnold, 1951===

''Guichardia macilenta'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hadropompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Hadropompilus braunsi'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Hadropompilus montanus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hauptiella'' Arnold, 1936===

''Hauptiella multipicta'' Arnold, 1936

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/Herpetosphex_staphylinoides.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex staphylinoides&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Homonotus'' Dahlbom, 1844===
Dahlbom 1843 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796238) or Dahlbom, 1844 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796653)?

''Homonotus aegyptiacus'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.469 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus coxalis'' Arnold, 1935, p.478 (South Africa)

''Homonotus disparilis'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.473 (South Africa)

''Homonotus dispersus'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus dissectus'' Arnold, 1935, p.474 (South Africa)

''Homonotus excavatus'' Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus fuscipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.475 (South Africa)

''Homonotus imitans'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus leptogaster'' Arnold, 1935, p.476 (South Africa)

''Homonotus ruficornis'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus rukwaensis'' Arnold, 1946 (Tanzania)

''Homonotus sansibaricus'' Arnold, 1935, p.471 (Zanzibar)

==='''Genus''' ''Idopompilus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Idopompilus algoensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus algoensis major'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus braunsi'' Kohl, 1899 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus brunnescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschi handlirschi'' Arnold, 1936 (?)

''Idopompilus handlirschi basutorum'' Arnold, 1959 (Lesotho, South Africa)

''Idopompilus fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1946 (Lesotho)

''Idopompilus gracilicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus krugeri'' Haupt, 1930 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Idopompilus quadrifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Kolposphex'' Arnold, 1959===

*''Kolposphex atronitens'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Kyphopompilus'' Arnold, 1960===

*''Kyphopompilus flavipes'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microdrapetes'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 30
*''Microdrapetes bellus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microphadnus'' Cameron, 1904===

*''Microphadnus bicolor'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Paracyphononyx'' Gribodo, 1884===

''Paracyphononyx affinis'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon, Ghana, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx africanus'' Rad., 1881 (Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx carinatus'' Rad., 1881 Angola, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx coloratus'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon)

''Paracyphononyx difficilis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Malai, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversipes'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversus'' Dahlbom, 1845 (Central and East Africa to South Africa, Yemen)

''Paracyphononyx elliotti'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx frustratus'' Smith, 1879 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx funebris'' Magretti, 1884 (Ethiopia)

''Paracyphononyx gemellus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx laboriosus'' Arnold, 1936 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx languidus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx lukombensis'' Cameron, 1912 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia)

''Paracyphononyx metemmensis'' Magretti, 1884 (Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx mombassicus'' R. Luc., 1898 (Kenya)

''Paracyphononyx montanus'' Arnold, 1960 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx parallelus'' Haupt, 1929 (Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx petiolaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx plutonis'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx rotundinervis'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx ruficrus'' Klug, 1834 (Asia Minor, Egypt, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' Illiger,1802 (Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Paraferreola'' Sustera, 1913===

''Paraferreola melanostoma'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.439 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paraferreola spilopus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.441 (South Africa)

''Paraferreola soleana'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.443 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Platyderes'' Guérin-Méneville, 1844===

''Platyderes bicolor'' Smith, 1855; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.454 (South Africa)

''Platyderes chalybeus'' Saussure, 1892 (or Tasch. 1880?); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.456 (East Africa, South Africa)

''Platyderes drègii'' Brauns, 1899; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.457 (South Africa)

''Platyderes erythrocephalus'' Guerin, **** (Madagascar)

''Platyderes flavoscutellatus'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes oraniensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.456 (South Africa)

''Platyderes rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.461 (Ethiopia, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes saussurei'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Platyderes spoliatus'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.462 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes vicinus'' Arnold, 1935, p.460 (South Africa)

''Platyderes wasmanni'' Brauns, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.459 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilus'' Fabricius===

''Pompilus alpinus'' Arnold, 1960 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus anomalopterus'' Cameron, 1908 (Malawi, South Africa)

''Pompilus cinereus'' Fabricius, 1775 (Yemen)

''Pompilus contrarius'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Pompilus curvifrons'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus erythrostomus'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus exploratrix'' Cameron, 1908 ''(''

''Pompilus ignobilis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pompilus levis'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana)

''Pompilus masaiensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus meruensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus plumbeus'' Fabricius, 1787 (Widespread through Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Senegal, South Africa) also in China, Europe, India)

''Pompilus sacchii'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus shirae'' Arnold, 1950 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus successor'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus vanutelli'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Pompilus yngvei'' Cameron, 1908 (

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilioides'' Radley, 1887===

''Pompilioides braunsi'' Kohl, 1894 (Cameroon)

''Pompilioides decipiens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides latifrons'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides pruinosus'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides trifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides validus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammochares'' Latreille, 1796===

''Psammochares bilineatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares brunniventris'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares irpex'' Gerstaecker, 1859 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares jocaste'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Psammochares latilabris'' Arnold, 1937 (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares quadriguttatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Tanzania)

''Psammochares rufigaster'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares rutilus'' Klug, 1834 (Ethiopia, Nigeria, Sudan, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares varians'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammoderes'' Haupt, 1929===

''Psammoderes capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes collaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Psammoderes fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1935, p.438 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes lightfooti'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Psammoderes major'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.433 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes mimicus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.434 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes semirufus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.436 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes reputatus'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.437 (Congo, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Pseudoclavelia&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930===

''Pseudoclavelia argenteosignata'' Arnold, 1936 (Botswana, Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia bituberculata'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_damarensis.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia damarensis''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia jouberti'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_nitidula.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia nitidula'' ''nitidula''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia nitidula bechuanae'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia rhodesiana'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudoclavelia rufescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pseudopompilus'' Costa, 1887===

''Pseudopompilus funereus'' Arnold, 1935, p.444 (Zimbabwe, Namibia)

''Pseudopompilus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

''Pseudopompilus lacteipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psyllosphex'' Arnold, 1935===

''Psyllosphex dentatus'' (Cameron, 1904); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.482 (South Africa)

''Psyllosphex myrmosaeformis'' Arnold, 1935, p.482 (Zimbabwe)

''Psyllosphex saltator'' Arnold, 1935, p.480 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pygmachus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Pygmachus compressus'' Saussure, 1892 (Madagascar)

''Pygmachus umbratus'' Haupt, 1930 (Guinea, South Africa, Zanzibar, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Rhynchopompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Rhynchopompilus cursor'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Schistonyx'' Saussure, 1887===

''Schistonyx aterrimus'' Arnold, 1946 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx prismaticus'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

''Schistonyx sinuatus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx sheppardi'' Arnold, 1937, p.13 (Zimbabwe)

''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, South Africa, Syria, Zimbabwe) Most common pompilid in Zimbabwe (Arnold, 1937, p.12)

==='''Genus''' ''Schizanoplius'' Cameron, 1904===

''Schizanoplius lutarius'' (Saussure, 1834)(Ghana, Mali, Madagascar)

''Schizanoplius violaceipennis'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Spuridiophorus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Spuridiophorus capensis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Spuridiophorus inermis'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus maculipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Syntomoclitus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 25.
*''Syntomoclitus bicolor'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Ashmead, 1902===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ignitus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ignitus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Smith, 1855) (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ovambo.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ovambo&lt;/u&gt;''] (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Tachypompilus praepotens'' (Kohl, 1894) (South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zanzibar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_vitripennis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] ''&lt;u&gt;vitripennis&lt;/u&gt;'' (Arnold, 1937) (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Telostegus'' Costa, 1887===

''Telostegus capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Telostegus fuscipennis'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

''Telostegus insidiosus'' (Smith, 1879) (Yemen)

''Telostegus sabulicola'' Priesner, 1955 (Algeria, Egypt, Marocco, Senegal, Yemen)

==References==</text>
      <sha1>6yx6k7udda01cvt3njr1gbi54fg3ylf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719899</id>
      <parentid>2719898</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-28T08:23:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Genus Galactopterus Arnold, 1937 */</comment>
      <origin>2719899</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="26447" sha1="o7utn1euueba4441h9el86q0pcz11yo" xml:space="preserve">Done to ''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, South Africa, Syria, Zimbabwe) Most common pompilid in Zimbabwe (Arnold, 1937, p.12)

==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;
- Claveliinae corrected to Ctenocerinae in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.386-388&lt;br&gt;
- Several new genera and species in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.388-399&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934, pp. 290-364.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA. (Arnold, 1934, pp. 380-385.)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; ''Pseudagenia'' in iNat).&lt;br&gt;
*''D. pulchricoma'' = ''Pseudagenia pulchricoma'' Arnold, 1934, p. 337-340&lt;br&gt;
*''D. neavei'' = ''Pseudagenia mygnimioides'' Arnold, 1934, pp.336-337 and ''Pseudagenia neavei'' Kohl 1913&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA. - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377.&lt;br&gt;
*also ''Poecilagenia spinosipes'' = ''Trachyglyptus spinosipes'' Arnold, 1934, p. 377-379&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = ''Deuteragenia turneri'', ''D. dregei'', ''D. chirindensis'', ''D. bicolor'' (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (''Hormopogonius willowmorensis'' = ''Calicurgus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1932 p.395); also ''H. tenuicornis'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 379-380&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
*Also ''Priocnernis aterrimus'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 385-386.
*''Priocnemis meridionalis'' Arnold, 1934, p. 386.
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pompilinae==

List of genera and species from [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm '''&lt;u&gt;https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm&lt;/u&gt;''']

=== '''Genus''' ''Aeluropetrus'' Arnold, 1936 ===

''Aeluropetrus braunsi'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Aeluropetrus lugubris'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 ===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/Aetheopompilus_obliquetruncatus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus obliquetruncatus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 (Mozambique)

==='''Genus''' ''Agenioideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Agenioideus brevis'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937) (Ghana, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus decipiens'' (Bischoff, 1913) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) (Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus lascivus'' (Cameron, 1891) (?)

''Agenioideus nudatus'' (Smith, 1855) (?)

''Agenioideus rotundilabris'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus rutilus'' (Klug, 1834) (Yemen)

''Agenioideus rufipes'' (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Agenioideus varians'' (Arnold, 1937) (?)

==='''Genus''' ''Amblyellus'' Day, 1981===

''Amblyellus willowmorensis'' (Arnold, 1937) (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

==='''Genus''' ''Anoplius'' Dufour, 1834===

''Anoplius aethiopicus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Anoplius alecto'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Anoplius bifasciatus'' Tullgren, 1904 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda)

''Anoplius concinnus'' (Dahlbom, 1845) (Yemen)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''fuscus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, South Africa, Tanzania)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''excelsior'' Arnold, 1950 (Tanzania)

''Anoplius montanus'' Haupt, 1950 (Benin, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Principe Island, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

''Anoplius morosus'' Smith, 1855 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Anoplius octomaculatus'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Anoplius panmelas'' (Saussure, 1891) (Madagascar)

''Anoplius saegeri'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Anoplius subfasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius successor'' (Cameron, 1910) (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius viridicatus'' Smith, 1879 (West Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Apareia'' Haupt, 1929===

''Apareia multipicta rufifemur'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.449 (Zimbabwe)

''Apareia oedipus'' Kohl, 1886; descr. (synonymized?) as ''A. multipicta'' by Arnold, 1935, p.449 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporinellus'' Banks, 1911===

''Aporinellus bidens'' (Saussure, 1892) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporoideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Aporoideus clarus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Arachnospila'' Kincaid, 1900===

''Arachnospila (Ammosphex) consobrina heringi'' (Haupt, 1928) (California, Canary Islands, Spain, Tanzania, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Argyroclitus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p. 26.
*''Argyroclitus fasciatipennis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 27 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 29 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus longicollis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 29 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937, p. 28 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus ruwenzoriensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 30 (Democratic Republic of the Congo)

==='''Genus''' ''Atelostegus'' Haupt, 1929===

*''Atelostegus thrinax'' (Kohl, 1909) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Atopopompilus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus in Arnold, 1937, p. 22.
*''Atopompilus jacens'' (Bingham, 1912) (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Yemen)
*''Atopompilus marshalli'' Arnold, 1937, p. 24 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Atopopompilus venans mlanjiensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 24 (Ghana)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/Bambesa_grisea.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa grisea&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p.2.
*''Batozonellus capensis'' (Dahlbom, 1843); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.6 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/Batozonellus_fuliginosus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus fuliginosus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Klug, 1834); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.3 (Central Africa, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)
*''Batozonellus gowdeyi'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.7 (Sierra Leone, Uganda)
*''Batozonellus madecassus'' (Saussure, 1887) (Madagascar)
*''Batozonellus separabilis'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.9 (Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Batozonus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Batozonus bipunctatus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Batozonus capensis'' Dahlbom, 1940 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Cliochares'' Banks, 1940===

''Cliochares convexus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Cordyloscelis'' Arnold, 1935===

''Cordyloscelis bequaerti'' Arnold, 1935, p.420 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Cordyloscelis flavipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.424 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis latipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.417 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis namaqua'' Arnold, 1935, p.423 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis nigerrimus'' Arnold, 1935, p.421 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis parallelus'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe)

''Cordyloscelis ugandensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.425 (Congo, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Ctenagenia'' Saussure, 1892===

''Ctenagenia vespiformis'' (Klug, 1834) (Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Madagascar, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, Yemen)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930 ===

''Dromochares clavipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (Zimbabwe)

''Dromochares fumipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Dromochares premnopterus'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

''Dromochares rufipes'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/Dromochares_transvaalensis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares transvaalensis&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Dicyrtomellus'' Gussakovskij, 1935===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p.14.
*''Dicyrtomellus anomalipes'' Arnold, 1937, p.20 (South Africa)
*''Dicyrtomellus argenteodecoratus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.21 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus griseus'' Arnold, 1937, p.17 (Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus impressus'' Arnold, 1937, p.18 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus leptacanthius'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.16 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus meruensis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus neavei'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.19 (Congo)
*''Dicyrtomellus rufofemoratus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.17 (South Africa)
*''Dicyrtomellus sexspinosus'' (Saunders, 1901) = ''Dicyrtomellus pectinatus'' Arnold, 1937, p.19 (Sudan)

==='''Genus''' ''Elaphrosyron'' Haupt, 1930===

''Elaphrosyron insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Mali, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Elaphrosyron multipictus'' Arnold, 1937 (Uganda)

''Elaphrosyron pauperculus'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Epiclinotus'' Haupt, 1929===

''Epiclinotus capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus erythrurus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.465 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus turneri'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.466 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron&lt;/u&gt;''] Schiødte, 1837===

''Episyron argillaceus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zambia)

''Episyron bequaerti'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron bicinctus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron braunsii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron crassicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Episyron gryps'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/Episyron_histrio.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron histrio&lt;/u&gt;''] Lepeletier, 1845 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mali, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron pedunculatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron solitaneum'' Kohl, 1906 (Yemen)

''Episyron tropicalis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Episyron turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron viduus'' Arnold, 1936 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron vindex'' Smith, 1879 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/index.htm &lt;u&gt;Euclavelia&lt;/u&gt;]'' Arnold, 1932===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/Euclavelia_fasciata.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Euclavelia fasciata&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1932 (South Africa)

''Euclavelia longicollis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Euryzonotulus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Euryzonotulus nigeriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreola'' Lepeletier, 1845===

''Ferreola auranticornis'' Wahis, 2000 (Eritrea, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreoloides'' Haupt, 1919===

''Ferreoloides basutorum'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

''Ferreoloides versutus'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

==='''Genus''' ''Galactopterus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 32.
*''Galactopterus otaviensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 33 (South Africa)
*''Galactopterus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937, p. 32 (Namibia, South Africa)
*''Galactopterus simillimus'' Arnold, 1937, p. 34 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Guichardia'' Arnold, 1951===

''Guichardia macilenta'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hadropompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Hadropompilus braunsi'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Hadropompilus montanus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hauptiella'' Arnold, 1936===

''Hauptiella multipicta'' Arnold, 1936

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/Herpetosphex_staphylinoides.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex staphylinoides&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Homonotus'' Dahlbom, 1844===
Dahlbom 1843 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796238) or Dahlbom, 1844 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796653)?

''Homonotus aegyptiacus'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.469 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus coxalis'' Arnold, 1935, p.478 (South Africa)

''Homonotus disparilis'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.473 (South Africa)

''Homonotus dispersus'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus dissectus'' Arnold, 1935, p.474 (South Africa)

''Homonotus excavatus'' Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus fuscipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.475 (South Africa)

''Homonotus imitans'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus leptogaster'' Arnold, 1935, p.476 (South Africa)

''Homonotus ruficornis'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus rukwaensis'' Arnold, 1946 (Tanzania)

''Homonotus sansibaricus'' Arnold, 1935, p.471 (Zanzibar)

==='''Genus''' ''Idopompilus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Idopompilus algoensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus algoensis major'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus braunsi'' Kohl, 1899 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus brunnescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschi handlirschi'' Arnold, 1936 (?)

''Idopompilus handlirschi basutorum'' Arnold, 1959 (Lesotho, South Africa)

''Idopompilus fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1946 (Lesotho)

''Idopompilus gracilicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus krugeri'' Haupt, 1930 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Idopompilus quadrifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Kolposphex'' Arnold, 1959===

*''Kolposphex atronitens'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Kyphopompilus'' Arnold, 1960===

*''Kyphopompilus flavipes'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microdrapetes'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 30
*''Microdrapetes bellus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microphadnus'' Cameron, 1904===

*''Microphadnus bicolor'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Paracyphononyx'' Gribodo, 1884===

''Paracyphononyx affinis'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon, Ghana, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx africanus'' Rad., 1881 (Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx carinatus'' Rad., 1881 Angola, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx coloratus'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon)

''Paracyphononyx difficilis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Malai, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversipes'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversus'' Dahlbom, 1845 (Central and East Africa to South Africa, Yemen)

''Paracyphononyx elliotti'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx frustratus'' Smith, 1879 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx funebris'' Magretti, 1884 (Ethiopia)

''Paracyphononyx gemellus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx laboriosus'' Arnold, 1936 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx languidus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx lukombensis'' Cameron, 1912 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia)

''Paracyphononyx metemmensis'' Magretti, 1884 (Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx mombassicus'' R. Luc., 1898 (Kenya)

''Paracyphononyx montanus'' Arnold, 1960 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx parallelus'' Haupt, 1929 (Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx petiolaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx plutonis'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx rotundinervis'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx ruficrus'' Klug, 1834 (Asia Minor, Egypt, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' Illiger,1802 (Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Paraferreola'' Sustera, 1913===

''Paraferreola melanostoma'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.439 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paraferreola spilopus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.441 (South Africa)

''Paraferreola soleana'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.443 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Platyderes'' Guérin-Méneville, 1844===

''Platyderes bicolor'' Smith, 1855; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.454 (South Africa)

''Platyderes chalybeus'' Saussure, 1892 (or Tasch. 1880?); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.456 (East Africa, South Africa)

''Platyderes drègii'' Brauns, 1899; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.457 (South Africa)

''Platyderes erythrocephalus'' Guerin, **** (Madagascar)

''Platyderes flavoscutellatus'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes oraniensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.456 (South Africa)

''Platyderes rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.461 (Ethiopia, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes saussurei'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Platyderes spoliatus'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.462 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes vicinus'' Arnold, 1935, p.460 (South Africa)

''Platyderes wasmanni'' Brauns, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.459 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilus'' Fabricius===

''Pompilus alpinus'' Arnold, 1960 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus anomalopterus'' Cameron, 1908 (Malawi, South Africa)

''Pompilus cinereus'' Fabricius, 1775 (Yemen)

''Pompilus contrarius'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Pompilus curvifrons'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus erythrostomus'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus exploratrix'' Cameron, 1908 ''(''

''Pompilus ignobilis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pompilus levis'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana)

''Pompilus masaiensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus meruensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus plumbeus'' Fabricius, 1787 (Widespread through Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Senegal, South Africa) also in China, Europe, India)

''Pompilus sacchii'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus shirae'' Arnold, 1950 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus successor'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus vanutelli'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Pompilus yngvei'' Cameron, 1908 (

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilioides'' Radley, 1887===

''Pompilioides braunsi'' Kohl, 1894 (Cameroon)

''Pompilioides decipiens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides latifrons'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides pruinosus'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides trifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides validus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammochares'' Latreille, 1796===

''Psammochares bilineatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares brunniventris'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares irpex'' Gerstaecker, 1859 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares jocaste'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Psammochares latilabris'' Arnold, 1937 (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares quadriguttatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Tanzania)

''Psammochares rufigaster'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares rutilus'' Klug, 1834 (Ethiopia, Nigeria, Sudan, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares varians'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammoderes'' Haupt, 1929===

''Psammoderes capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes collaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Psammoderes fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1935, p.438 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes lightfooti'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Psammoderes major'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.433 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes mimicus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.434 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes semirufus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.436 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes reputatus'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.437 (Congo, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Pseudoclavelia&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930===

''Pseudoclavelia argenteosignata'' Arnold, 1936 (Botswana, Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia bituberculata'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_damarensis.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia damarensis''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia jouberti'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_nitidula.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia nitidula'' ''nitidula''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia nitidula bechuanae'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia rhodesiana'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudoclavelia rufescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pseudopompilus'' Costa, 1887===

''Pseudopompilus funereus'' Arnold, 1935, p.444 (Zimbabwe, Namibia)

''Pseudopompilus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

''Pseudopompilus lacteipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psyllosphex'' Arnold, 1935===

''Psyllosphex dentatus'' (Cameron, 1904); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.482 (South Africa)

''Psyllosphex myrmosaeformis'' Arnold, 1935, p.482 (Zimbabwe)

''Psyllosphex saltator'' Arnold, 1935, p.480 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pygmachus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Pygmachus compressus'' Saussure, 1892 (Madagascar)

''Pygmachus umbratus'' Haupt, 1930 (Guinea, South Africa, Zanzibar, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Rhynchopompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Rhynchopompilus cursor'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Schistonyx'' Saussure, 1887===

''Schistonyx aterrimus'' Arnold, 1946 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx prismaticus'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

''Schistonyx sinuatus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx sheppardi'' Arnold, 1937, p.13 (Zimbabwe)

''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, South Africa, Syria, Zimbabwe) Most common pompilid in Zimbabwe (Arnold, 1937, p.12)

==='''Genus''' ''Schizanoplius'' Cameron, 1904===

''Schizanoplius lutarius'' (Saussure, 1834)(Ghana, Mali, Madagascar)

''Schizanoplius violaceipennis'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Spuridiophorus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Spuridiophorus capensis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Spuridiophorus inermis'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus maculipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Syntomoclitus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 25.
*''Syntomoclitus bicolor'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Ashmead, 1902===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ignitus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ignitus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Smith, 1855) (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ovambo.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ovambo&lt;/u&gt;''] (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Tachypompilus praepotens'' (Kohl, 1894) (South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zanzibar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_vitripennis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] ''&lt;u&gt;vitripennis&lt;/u&gt;'' (Arnold, 1937) (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Telostegus'' Costa, 1887===

''Telostegus capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Telostegus fuscipennis'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

''Telostegus insidiosus'' (Smith, 1879) (Yemen)

''Telostegus sabulicola'' Priesner, 1955 (Algeria, Egypt, Marocco, Senegal, Yemen)

==References==</text>
      <sha1>o7utn1euueba4441h9el86q0pcz11yo</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719901</id>
      <parentid>2719899</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-28T08:28:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Genus Telostegus Costa, 1887 */</comment>
      <origin>2719901</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="26558" sha1="38r6pbf3mzbs1qjsx5t3m05svswy9c0" xml:space="preserve">Done to ''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, South Africa, Syria, Zimbabwe) Most common pompilid in Zimbabwe (Arnold, 1937, p.12)

==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;
- Claveliinae corrected to Ctenocerinae in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.386-388&lt;br&gt;
- Several new genera and species in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.388-399&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934, pp. 290-364.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA. (Arnold, 1934, pp. 380-385.)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; ''Pseudagenia'' in iNat).&lt;br&gt;
*''D. pulchricoma'' = ''Pseudagenia pulchricoma'' Arnold, 1934, p. 337-340&lt;br&gt;
*''D. neavei'' = ''Pseudagenia mygnimioides'' Arnold, 1934, pp.336-337 and ''Pseudagenia neavei'' Kohl 1913&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA. - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377.&lt;br&gt;
*also ''Poecilagenia spinosipes'' = ''Trachyglyptus spinosipes'' Arnold, 1934, p. 377-379&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = ''Deuteragenia turneri'', ''D. dregei'', ''D. chirindensis'', ''D. bicolor'' (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (''Hormopogonius willowmorensis'' = ''Calicurgus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1932 p.395); also ''H. tenuicornis'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 379-380&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
*Also ''Priocnernis aterrimus'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 385-386.
*''Priocnemis meridionalis'' Arnold, 1934, p. 386.
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pompilinae==

List of genera and species from [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm '''&lt;u&gt;https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm&lt;/u&gt;''']

=== '''Genus''' ''Aeluropetrus'' Arnold, 1936 ===

''Aeluropetrus braunsi'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Aeluropetrus lugubris'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 ===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/Aetheopompilus_obliquetruncatus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus obliquetruncatus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 (Mozambique)

==='''Genus''' ''Agenioideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Agenioideus brevis'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937) (Ghana, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus decipiens'' (Bischoff, 1913) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) (Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus lascivus'' (Cameron, 1891) (?)

''Agenioideus nudatus'' (Smith, 1855) (?)

''Agenioideus rotundilabris'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus rutilus'' (Klug, 1834) (Yemen)

''Agenioideus rufipes'' (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Agenioideus varians'' (Arnold, 1937) (?)

==='''Genus''' ''Amblyellus'' Day, 1981===

''Amblyellus willowmorensis'' (Arnold, 1937) (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

==='''Genus''' ''Anoplius'' Dufour, 1834===

''Anoplius aethiopicus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Anoplius alecto'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Anoplius bifasciatus'' Tullgren, 1904 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda)

''Anoplius concinnus'' (Dahlbom, 1845) (Yemen)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''fuscus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, South Africa, Tanzania)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''excelsior'' Arnold, 1950 (Tanzania)

''Anoplius montanus'' Haupt, 1950 (Benin, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Principe Island, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

''Anoplius morosus'' Smith, 1855 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Anoplius octomaculatus'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Anoplius panmelas'' (Saussure, 1891) (Madagascar)

''Anoplius saegeri'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Anoplius subfasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius successor'' (Cameron, 1910) (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius viridicatus'' Smith, 1879 (West Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Apareia'' Haupt, 1929===

''Apareia multipicta rufifemur'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.449 (Zimbabwe)

''Apareia oedipus'' Kohl, 1886; descr. (synonymized?) as ''A. multipicta'' by Arnold, 1935, p.449 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporinellus'' Banks, 1911===

''Aporinellus bidens'' (Saussure, 1892) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporoideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Aporoideus clarus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Arachnospila'' Kincaid, 1900===

''Arachnospila (Ammosphex) consobrina heringi'' (Haupt, 1928) (California, Canary Islands, Spain, Tanzania, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Argyroclitus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p. 26.
*''Argyroclitus fasciatipennis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 27 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 29 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus longicollis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 29 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937, p. 28 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus ruwenzoriensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 30 (Democratic Republic of the Congo)

==='''Genus''' ''Atelostegus'' Haupt, 1929===

*''Atelostegus thrinax'' (Kohl, 1909) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Atopopompilus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus in Arnold, 1937, p. 22.
*''Atopompilus jacens'' (Bingham, 1912) (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Yemen)
*''Atopompilus marshalli'' Arnold, 1937, p. 24 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Atopopompilus venans mlanjiensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 24 (Ghana)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/Bambesa_grisea.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa grisea&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p.2.
*''Batozonellus capensis'' (Dahlbom, 1843); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.6 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/Batozonellus_fuliginosus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus fuliginosus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Klug, 1834); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.3 (Central Africa, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)
*''Batozonellus gowdeyi'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.7 (Sierra Leone, Uganda)
*''Batozonellus madecassus'' (Saussure, 1887) (Madagascar)
*''Batozonellus separabilis'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.9 (Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Batozonus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Batozonus bipunctatus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Batozonus capensis'' Dahlbom, 1940 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Cliochares'' Banks, 1940===

''Cliochares convexus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Cordyloscelis'' Arnold, 1935===

''Cordyloscelis bequaerti'' Arnold, 1935, p.420 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Cordyloscelis flavipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.424 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis latipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.417 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis namaqua'' Arnold, 1935, p.423 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis nigerrimus'' Arnold, 1935, p.421 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis parallelus'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe)

''Cordyloscelis ugandensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.425 (Congo, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Ctenagenia'' Saussure, 1892===

''Ctenagenia vespiformis'' (Klug, 1834) (Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Madagascar, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, Yemen)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930 ===

''Dromochares clavipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (Zimbabwe)

''Dromochares fumipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Dromochares premnopterus'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

''Dromochares rufipes'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/Dromochares_transvaalensis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares transvaalensis&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Dicyrtomellus'' Gussakovskij, 1935===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p.14.
*''Dicyrtomellus anomalipes'' Arnold, 1937, p.20 (South Africa)
*''Dicyrtomellus argenteodecoratus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.21 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus griseus'' Arnold, 1937, p.17 (Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus impressus'' Arnold, 1937, p.18 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus leptacanthius'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.16 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus meruensis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus neavei'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.19 (Congo)
*''Dicyrtomellus rufofemoratus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.17 (South Africa)
*''Dicyrtomellus sexspinosus'' (Saunders, 1901) = ''Dicyrtomellus pectinatus'' Arnold, 1937, p.19 (Sudan)

==='''Genus''' ''Elaphrosyron'' Haupt, 1930===

''Elaphrosyron insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Mali, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Elaphrosyron multipictus'' Arnold, 1937 (Uganda)

''Elaphrosyron pauperculus'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Epiclinotus'' Haupt, 1929===

''Epiclinotus capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus erythrurus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.465 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus turneri'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.466 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron&lt;/u&gt;''] Schiødte, 1837===

''Episyron argillaceus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zambia)

''Episyron bequaerti'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron bicinctus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron braunsii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron crassicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Episyron gryps'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/Episyron_histrio.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron histrio&lt;/u&gt;''] Lepeletier, 1845 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mali, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron pedunculatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron solitaneum'' Kohl, 1906 (Yemen)

''Episyron tropicalis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Episyron turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron viduus'' Arnold, 1936 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron vindex'' Smith, 1879 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/index.htm &lt;u&gt;Euclavelia&lt;/u&gt;]'' Arnold, 1932===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/Euclavelia_fasciata.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Euclavelia fasciata&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1932 (South Africa)

''Euclavelia longicollis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Euryzonotulus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Euryzonotulus nigeriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreola'' Lepeletier, 1845===

''Ferreola auranticornis'' Wahis, 2000 (Eritrea, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreoloides'' Haupt, 1919===

''Ferreoloides basutorum'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

''Ferreoloides versutus'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

==='''Genus''' ''Galactopterus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 32.
*''Galactopterus otaviensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 33 (South Africa)
*''Galactopterus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937, p. 32 (Namibia, South Africa)
*''Galactopterus simillimus'' Arnold, 1937, p. 34 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Guichardia'' Arnold, 1951===

''Guichardia macilenta'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hadropompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Hadropompilus braunsi'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Hadropompilus montanus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hauptiella'' Arnold, 1936===

''Hauptiella multipicta'' Arnold, 1936

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/Herpetosphex_staphylinoides.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex staphylinoides&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Homonotus'' Dahlbom, 1844===
Dahlbom 1843 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796238) or Dahlbom, 1844 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796653)?

''Homonotus aegyptiacus'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.469 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus coxalis'' Arnold, 1935, p.478 (South Africa)

''Homonotus disparilis'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.473 (South Africa)

''Homonotus dispersus'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus dissectus'' Arnold, 1935, p.474 (South Africa)

''Homonotus excavatus'' Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus fuscipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.475 (South Africa)

''Homonotus imitans'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus leptogaster'' Arnold, 1935, p.476 (South Africa)

''Homonotus ruficornis'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus rukwaensis'' Arnold, 1946 (Tanzania)

''Homonotus sansibaricus'' Arnold, 1935, p.471 (Zanzibar)

==='''Genus''' ''Idopompilus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Idopompilus algoensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus algoensis major'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus braunsi'' Kohl, 1899 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus brunnescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschi handlirschi'' Arnold, 1936 (?)

''Idopompilus handlirschi basutorum'' Arnold, 1959 (Lesotho, South Africa)

''Idopompilus fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1946 (Lesotho)

''Idopompilus gracilicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus krugeri'' Haupt, 1930 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Idopompilus quadrifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Kolposphex'' Arnold, 1959===

*''Kolposphex atronitens'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Kyphopompilus'' Arnold, 1960===

*''Kyphopompilus flavipes'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microdrapetes'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 30
*''Microdrapetes bellus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microphadnus'' Cameron, 1904===

*''Microphadnus bicolor'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Paracyphononyx'' Gribodo, 1884===

''Paracyphononyx affinis'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon, Ghana, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx africanus'' Rad., 1881 (Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx carinatus'' Rad., 1881 Angola, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx coloratus'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon)

''Paracyphononyx difficilis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Malai, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversipes'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversus'' Dahlbom, 1845 (Central and East Africa to South Africa, Yemen)

''Paracyphononyx elliotti'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx frustratus'' Smith, 1879 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx funebris'' Magretti, 1884 (Ethiopia)

''Paracyphononyx gemellus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx laboriosus'' Arnold, 1936 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx languidus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx lukombensis'' Cameron, 1912 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia)

''Paracyphononyx metemmensis'' Magretti, 1884 (Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx mombassicus'' R. Luc., 1898 (Kenya)

''Paracyphononyx montanus'' Arnold, 1960 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx parallelus'' Haupt, 1929 (Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx petiolaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx plutonis'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx rotundinervis'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx ruficrus'' Klug, 1834 (Asia Minor, Egypt, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' Illiger,1802 (Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Paraferreola'' Sustera, 1913===

''Paraferreola melanostoma'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.439 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paraferreola spilopus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.441 (South Africa)

''Paraferreola soleana'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.443 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Platyderes'' Guérin-Méneville, 1844===

''Platyderes bicolor'' Smith, 1855; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.454 (South Africa)

''Platyderes chalybeus'' Saussure, 1892 (or Tasch. 1880?); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.456 (East Africa, South Africa)

''Platyderes drègii'' Brauns, 1899; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.457 (South Africa)

''Platyderes erythrocephalus'' Guerin, **** (Madagascar)

''Platyderes flavoscutellatus'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes oraniensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.456 (South Africa)

''Platyderes rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.461 (Ethiopia, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes saussurei'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Platyderes spoliatus'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.462 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes vicinus'' Arnold, 1935, p.460 (South Africa)

''Platyderes wasmanni'' Brauns, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.459 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilus'' Fabricius===

''Pompilus alpinus'' Arnold, 1960 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus anomalopterus'' Cameron, 1908 (Malawi, South Africa)

''Pompilus cinereus'' Fabricius, 1775 (Yemen)

''Pompilus contrarius'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Pompilus curvifrons'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus erythrostomus'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus exploratrix'' Cameron, 1908 ''(''

''Pompilus ignobilis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pompilus levis'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana)

''Pompilus masaiensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus meruensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus plumbeus'' Fabricius, 1787 (Widespread through Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Senegal, South Africa) also in China, Europe, India)

''Pompilus sacchii'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus shirae'' Arnold, 1950 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus successor'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus vanutelli'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Pompilus yngvei'' Cameron, 1908 (

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilioides'' Radley, 1887===

''Pompilioides braunsi'' Kohl, 1894 (Cameroon)

''Pompilioides decipiens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides latifrons'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides pruinosus'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides trifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides validus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammochares'' Latreille, 1796===

''Psammochares bilineatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares brunniventris'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares irpex'' Gerstaecker, 1859 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares jocaste'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Psammochares latilabris'' Arnold, 1937 (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares quadriguttatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Tanzania)

''Psammochares rufigaster'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares rutilus'' Klug, 1834 (Ethiopia, Nigeria, Sudan, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares varians'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammoderes'' Haupt, 1929===

''Psammoderes capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes collaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Psammoderes fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1935, p.438 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes lightfooti'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Psammoderes major'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.433 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes mimicus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.434 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes semirufus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.436 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes reputatus'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.437 (Congo, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Pseudoclavelia&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930===

''Pseudoclavelia argenteosignata'' Arnold, 1936 (Botswana, Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia bituberculata'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_damarensis.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia damarensis''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia jouberti'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_nitidula.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia nitidula'' ''nitidula''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia nitidula bechuanae'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia rhodesiana'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudoclavelia rufescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pseudopompilus'' Costa, 1887===

''Pseudopompilus funereus'' Arnold, 1935, p.444 (Zimbabwe, Namibia)

''Pseudopompilus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

''Pseudopompilus lacteipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psyllosphex'' Arnold, 1935===

''Psyllosphex dentatus'' (Cameron, 1904); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.482 (South Africa)

''Psyllosphex myrmosaeformis'' Arnold, 1935, p.482 (Zimbabwe)

''Psyllosphex saltator'' Arnold, 1935, p.480 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pygmachus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Pygmachus compressus'' Saussure, 1892 (Madagascar)

''Pygmachus umbratus'' Haupt, 1930 (Guinea, South Africa, Zanzibar, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Rhynchopompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Rhynchopompilus cursor'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Schistonyx'' Saussure, 1887===

''Schistonyx aterrimus'' Arnold, 1946 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx prismaticus'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

''Schistonyx sinuatus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx sheppardi'' Arnold, 1937, p.13 (Zimbabwe)

''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, South Africa, Syria, Zimbabwe) Most common pompilid in Zimbabwe (Arnold, 1937, p.12)

==='''Genus''' ''Schizanoplius'' Cameron, 1904===

''Schizanoplius lutarius'' (Saussure, 1834)(Ghana, Mali, Madagascar)

''Schizanoplius violaceipennis'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Spuridiophorus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Spuridiophorus capensis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Spuridiophorus inermis'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus maculipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Syntomoclitus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 25.
*''Syntomoclitus bicolor'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Ashmead, 1902===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ignitus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ignitus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Smith, 1855) (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ovambo.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ovambo&lt;/u&gt;''] (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Tachypompilus praepotens'' (Kohl, 1894) (South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zanzibar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_vitripennis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] ''&lt;u&gt;vitripennis&lt;/u&gt;'' (Arnold, 1937) (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Telostegus'' Costa, 1887===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 35.
*''Telostegus capensis'' Arnold, 1937; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.37 (South Africa)
*''Telostegus fuscipennis'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.35 (South Africa)
*''Telostegus insidiosus'' (Smith, 1879) (Yemen)
*''Telostegus sabulicola'' Priesner, 1955 (Algeria, Egypt, Marocco, Senegal, Yemen)

==References==</text>
      <sha1>38r6pbf3mzbs1qjsx5t3m05svswy9c0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719902</id>
      <parentid>2719901</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-28T08:30:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Genus Rhynchopompilus Arnold, 1934 */</comment>
      <origin>2719902</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="26614" sha1="q3govzqia7kjiolmvlfych599hvvqht" xml:space="preserve">Done to ''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, South Africa, Syria, Zimbabwe) Most common pompilid in Zimbabwe (Arnold, 1937, p.12)

==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;
- Claveliinae corrected to Ctenocerinae in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.386-388&lt;br&gt;
- Several new genera and species in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.388-399&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934, pp. 290-364.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA. (Arnold, 1934, pp. 380-385.)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; ''Pseudagenia'' in iNat).&lt;br&gt;
*''D. pulchricoma'' = ''Pseudagenia pulchricoma'' Arnold, 1934, p. 337-340&lt;br&gt;
*''D. neavei'' = ''Pseudagenia mygnimioides'' Arnold, 1934, pp.336-337 and ''Pseudagenia neavei'' Kohl 1913&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA. - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377.&lt;br&gt;
*also ''Poecilagenia spinosipes'' = ''Trachyglyptus spinosipes'' Arnold, 1934, p. 377-379&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = ''Deuteragenia turneri'', ''D. dregei'', ''D. chirindensis'', ''D. bicolor'' (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (''Hormopogonius willowmorensis'' = ''Calicurgus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1932 p.395); also ''H. tenuicornis'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 379-380&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
*Also ''Priocnernis aterrimus'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 385-386.
*''Priocnemis meridionalis'' Arnold, 1934, p. 386.
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pompilinae==

List of genera and species from [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm '''&lt;u&gt;https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm&lt;/u&gt;''']

=== '''Genus''' ''Aeluropetrus'' Arnold, 1936 ===

''Aeluropetrus braunsi'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Aeluropetrus lugubris'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 ===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/Aetheopompilus_obliquetruncatus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus obliquetruncatus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 (Mozambique)

==='''Genus''' ''Agenioideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Agenioideus brevis'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937) (Ghana, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus decipiens'' (Bischoff, 1913) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) (Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus lascivus'' (Cameron, 1891) (?)

''Agenioideus nudatus'' (Smith, 1855) (?)

''Agenioideus rotundilabris'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus rutilus'' (Klug, 1834) (Yemen)

''Agenioideus rufipes'' (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Agenioideus varians'' (Arnold, 1937) (?)

==='''Genus''' ''Amblyellus'' Day, 1981===

''Amblyellus willowmorensis'' (Arnold, 1937) (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

==='''Genus''' ''Anoplius'' Dufour, 1834===

''Anoplius aethiopicus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Anoplius alecto'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Anoplius bifasciatus'' Tullgren, 1904 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda)

''Anoplius concinnus'' (Dahlbom, 1845) (Yemen)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''fuscus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, South Africa, Tanzania)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''excelsior'' Arnold, 1950 (Tanzania)

''Anoplius montanus'' Haupt, 1950 (Benin, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Principe Island, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

''Anoplius morosus'' Smith, 1855 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Anoplius octomaculatus'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Anoplius panmelas'' (Saussure, 1891) (Madagascar)

''Anoplius saegeri'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Anoplius subfasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius successor'' (Cameron, 1910) (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius viridicatus'' Smith, 1879 (West Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Apareia'' Haupt, 1929===

''Apareia multipicta rufifemur'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.449 (Zimbabwe)

''Apareia oedipus'' Kohl, 1886; descr. (synonymized?) as ''A. multipicta'' by Arnold, 1935, p.449 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporinellus'' Banks, 1911===

''Aporinellus bidens'' (Saussure, 1892) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporoideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Aporoideus clarus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Arachnospila'' Kincaid, 1900===

''Arachnospila (Ammosphex) consobrina heringi'' (Haupt, 1928) (California, Canary Islands, Spain, Tanzania, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Argyroclitus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p. 26.
*''Argyroclitus fasciatipennis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 27 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 29 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus longicollis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 29 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937, p. 28 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus ruwenzoriensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 30 (Democratic Republic of the Congo)

==='''Genus''' ''Atelostegus'' Haupt, 1929===

*''Atelostegus thrinax'' (Kohl, 1909) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Atopopompilus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus in Arnold, 1937, p. 22.
*''Atopompilus jacens'' (Bingham, 1912) (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Yemen)
*''Atopompilus marshalli'' Arnold, 1937, p. 24 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Atopopompilus venans mlanjiensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 24 (Ghana)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/Bambesa_grisea.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa grisea&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p.2.
*''Batozonellus capensis'' (Dahlbom, 1843); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.6 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/Batozonellus_fuliginosus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus fuliginosus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Klug, 1834); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.3 (Central Africa, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)
*''Batozonellus gowdeyi'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.7 (Sierra Leone, Uganda)
*''Batozonellus madecassus'' (Saussure, 1887) (Madagascar)
*''Batozonellus separabilis'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.9 (Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Batozonus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Batozonus bipunctatus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Batozonus capensis'' Dahlbom, 1940 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Cliochares'' Banks, 1940===

''Cliochares convexus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Cordyloscelis'' Arnold, 1935===

''Cordyloscelis bequaerti'' Arnold, 1935, p.420 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Cordyloscelis flavipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.424 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis latipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.417 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis namaqua'' Arnold, 1935, p.423 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis nigerrimus'' Arnold, 1935, p.421 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis parallelus'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe)

''Cordyloscelis ugandensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.425 (Congo, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Ctenagenia'' Saussure, 1892===

''Ctenagenia vespiformis'' (Klug, 1834) (Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Madagascar, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, Yemen)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930 ===

''Dromochares clavipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (Zimbabwe)

''Dromochares fumipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Dromochares premnopterus'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

''Dromochares rufipes'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/Dromochares_transvaalensis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares transvaalensis&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Dicyrtomellus'' Gussakovskij, 1935===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p.14.
*''Dicyrtomellus anomalipes'' Arnold, 1937, p.20 (South Africa)
*''Dicyrtomellus argenteodecoratus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.21 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus griseus'' Arnold, 1937, p.17 (Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus impressus'' Arnold, 1937, p.18 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus leptacanthius'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.16 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus meruensis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus neavei'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.19 (Congo)
*''Dicyrtomellus rufofemoratus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.17 (South Africa)
*''Dicyrtomellus sexspinosus'' (Saunders, 1901) = ''Dicyrtomellus pectinatus'' Arnold, 1937, p.19 (Sudan)

==='''Genus''' ''Elaphrosyron'' Haupt, 1930===

''Elaphrosyron insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Mali, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Elaphrosyron multipictus'' Arnold, 1937 (Uganda)

''Elaphrosyron pauperculus'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Epiclinotus'' Haupt, 1929===

''Epiclinotus capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus erythrurus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.465 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus turneri'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.466 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron&lt;/u&gt;''] Schiødte, 1837===

''Episyron argillaceus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zambia)

''Episyron bequaerti'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron bicinctus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron braunsii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron crassicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Episyron gryps'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/Episyron_histrio.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron histrio&lt;/u&gt;''] Lepeletier, 1845 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mali, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron pedunculatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron solitaneum'' Kohl, 1906 (Yemen)

''Episyron tropicalis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Episyron turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron viduus'' Arnold, 1936 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron vindex'' Smith, 1879 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/index.htm &lt;u&gt;Euclavelia&lt;/u&gt;]'' Arnold, 1932===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/Euclavelia_fasciata.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Euclavelia fasciata&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1932 (South Africa)

''Euclavelia longicollis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Euryzonotulus'' Arnold, 1937===

''Euryzonotulus nigeriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreola'' Lepeletier, 1845===

''Ferreola auranticornis'' Wahis, 2000 (Eritrea, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreoloides'' Haupt, 1919===

''Ferreoloides basutorum'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

''Ferreoloides versutus'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

==='''Genus''' ''Galactopterus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 32.
*''Galactopterus otaviensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 33 (South Africa)
*''Galactopterus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937, p. 32 (Namibia, South Africa)
*''Galactopterus simillimus'' Arnold, 1937, p. 34 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Guichardia'' Arnold, 1951===

''Guichardia macilenta'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hadropompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Hadropompilus braunsi'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Hadropompilus montanus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hauptiella'' Arnold, 1936===

''Hauptiella multipicta'' Arnold, 1936

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/Herpetosphex_staphylinoides.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex staphylinoides&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Homonotus'' Dahlbom, 1844===
Dahlbom 1843 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796238) or Dahlbom, 1844 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796653)?

''Homonotus aegyptiacus'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.469 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus coxalis'' Arnold, 1935, p.478 (South Africa)

''Homonotus disparilis'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.473 (South Africa)

''Homonotus dispersus'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus dissectus'' Arnold, 1935, p.474 (South Africa)

''Homonotus excavatus'' Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus fuscipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.475 (South Africa)

''Homonotus imitans'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus leptogaster'' Arnold, 1935, p.476 (South Africa)

''Homonotus ruficornis'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus rukwaensis'' Arnold, 1946 (Tanzania)

''Homonotus sansibaricus'' Arnold, 1935, p.471 (Zanzibar)

==='''Genus''' ''Idopompilus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Idopompilus algoensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus algoensis major'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus braunsi'' Kohl, 1899 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus brunnescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschi handlirschi'' Arnold, 1936 (?)

''Idopompilus handlirschi basutorum'' Arnold, 1959 (Lesotho, South Africa)

''Idopompilus fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1946 (Lesotho)

''Idopompilus gracilicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus krugeri'' Haupt, 1930 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Idopompilus quadrifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Kolposphex'' Arnold, 1959===

*''Kolposphex atronitens'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Kyphopompilus'' Arnold, 1960===

*''Kyphopompilus flavipes'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microdrapetes'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 30
*''Microdrapetes bellus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microphadnus'' Cameron, 1904===

*''Microphadnus bicolor'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Paracyphononyx'' Gribodo, 1884===

''Paracyphononyx affinis'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon, Ghana, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx africanus'' Rad., 1881 (Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx carinatus'' Rad., 1881 Angola, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx coloratus'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon)

''Paracyphononyx difficilis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Malai, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversipes'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversus'' Dahlbom, 1845 (Central and East Africa to South Africa, Yemen)

''Paracyphononyx elliotti'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx frustratus'' Smith, 1879 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx funebris'' Magretti, 1884 (Ethiopia)

''Paracyphononyx gemellus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx laboriosus'' Arnold, 1936 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx languidus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx lukombensis'' Cameron, 1912 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia)

''Paracyphononyx metemmensis'' Magretti, 1884 (Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx mombassicus'' R. Luc., 1898 (Kenya)

''Paracyphononyx montanus'' Arnold, 1960 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx parallelus'' Haupt, 1929 (Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx petiolaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx plutonis'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx rotundinervis'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx ruficrus'' Klug, 1834 (Asia Minor, Egypt, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' Illiger,1802 (Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Paraferreola'' Sustera, 1913===

''Paraferreola melanostoma'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.439 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paraferreola spilopus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.441 (South Africa)

''Paraferreola soleana'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.443 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Platyderes'' Guérin-Méneville, 1844===

''Platyderes bicolor'' Smith, 1855; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.454 (South Africa)

''Platyderes chalybeus'' Saussure, 1892 (or Tasch. 1880?); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.456 (East Africa, South Africa)

''Platyderes drègii'' Brauns, 1899; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.457 (South Africa)

''Platyderes erythrocephalus'' Guerin, **** (Madagascar)

''Platyderes flavoscutellatus'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes oraniensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.456 (South Africa)

''Platyderes rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.461 (Ethiopia, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes saussurei'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Platyderes spoliatus'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.462 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes vicinus'' Arnold, 1935, p.460 (South Africa)

''Platyderes wasmanni'' Brauns, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.459 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilus'' Fabricius===

''Pompilus alpinus'' Arnold, 1960 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus anomalopterus'' Cameron, 1908 (Malawi, South Africa)

''Pompilus cinereus'' Fabricius, 1775 (Yemen)

''Pompilus contrarius'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Pompilus curvifrons'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus erythrostomus'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus exploratrix'' Cameron, 1908 ''(''

''Pompilus ignobilis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pompilus levis'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana)

''Pompilus masaiensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus meruensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus plumbeus'' Fabricius, 1787 (Widespread through Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Senegal, South Africa) also in China, Europe, India)

''Pompilus sacchii'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus shirae'' Arnold, 1950 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus successor'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus vanutelli'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Pompilus yngvei'' Cameron, 1908 (

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilioides'' Radley, 1887===

''Pompilioides braunsi'' Kohl, 1894 (Cameroon)

''Pompilioides decipiens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides latifrons'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides pruinosus'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides trifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides validus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammochares'' Latreille, 1796===

''Psammochares bilineatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares brunniventris'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares irpex'' Gerstaecker, 1859 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares jocaste'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Psammochares latilabris'' Arnold, 1937 (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares quadriguttatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Tanzania)

''Psammochares rufigaster'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares rutilus'' Klug, 1834 (Ethiopia, Nigeria, Sudan, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares varians'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammoderes'' Haupt, 1929===

''Psammoderes capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes collaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Psammoderes fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1935, p.438 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes lightfooti'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Psammoderes major'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.433 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes mimicus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.434 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes semirufus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.436 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes reputatus'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.437 (Congo, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Pseudoclavelia&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930===

''Pseudoclavelia argenteosignata'' Arnold, 1936 (Botswana, Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia bituberculata'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_damarensis.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia damarensis''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia jouberti'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_nitidula.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia nitidula'' ''nitidula''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia nitidula bechuanae'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia rhodesiana'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudoclavelia rufescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pseudopompilus'' Costa, 1887===

''Pseudopompilus funereus'' Arnold, 1935, p.444 (Zimbabwe, Namibia)

''Pseudopompilus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

''Pseudopompilus lacteipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psyllosphex'' Arnold, 1935===

''Psyllosphex dentatus'' (Cameron, 1904); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.482 (South Africa)

''Psyllosphex myrmosaeformis'' Arnold, 1935, p.482 (Zimbabwe)

''Psyllosphex saltator'' Arnold, 1935, p.480 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pygmachus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Pygmachus compressus'' Saussure, 1892 (Madagascar)

''Pygmachus umbratus'' Haupt, 1930 (Guinea, South Africa, Zanzibar, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Rhynchopompilus'' Arnold, 1934===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 37.
''Rhynchopompilus cursor'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Schistonyx'' Saussure, 1887===

''Schistonyx aterrimus'' Arnold, 1946 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx prismaticus'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

''Schistonyx sinuatus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx sheppardi'' Arnold, 1937, p.13 (Zimbabwe)

''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, South Africa, Syria, Zimbabwe) Most common pompilid in Zimbabwe (Arnold, 1937, p.12)

==='''Genus''' ''Schizanoplius'' Cameron, 1904===

''Schizanoplius lutarius'' (Saussure, 1834)(Ghana, Mali, Madagascar)

''Schizanoplius violaceipennis'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Spuridiophorus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Spuridiophorus capensis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Spuridiophorus inermis'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus maculipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Syntomoclitus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 25.
*''Syntomoclitus bicolor'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Ashmead, 1902===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ignitus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ignitus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Smith, 1855) (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ovambo.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ovambo&lt;/u&gt;''] (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Tachypompilus praepotens'' (Kohl, 1894) (South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zanzibar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_vitripennis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] ''&lt;u&gt;vitripennis&lt;/u&gt;'' (Arnold, 1937) (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Telostegus'' Costa, 1887===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 35.
*''Telostegus capensis'' Arnold, 1937; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.37 (South Africa)
*''Telostegus fuscipennis'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.35 (South Africa)
*''Telostegus insidiosus'' (Smith, 1879) (Yemen)
*''Telostegus sabulicola'' Priesner, 1955 (Algeria, Egypt, Marocco, Senegal, Yemen)

==References==</text>
      <sha1>q3govzqia7kjiolmvlfych599hvvqht</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719903</id>
      <parentid>2719902</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-28T08:33:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Genus Euryzonotulus Arnold, 1937 */</comment>
      <origin>2719903</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="26700" sha1="add5hth6wqa5ss7ka1l5m9ig3jxeb3l" xml:space="preserve">Done to ''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, South Africa, Syria, Zimbabwe) Most common pompilid in Zimbabwe (Arnold, 1937, p.12)

==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;
- Claveliinae corrected to Ctenocerinae in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.386-388&lt;br&gt;
- Several new genera and species in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.388-399&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934, pp. 290-364.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA. (Arnold, 1934, pp. 380-385.)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; ''Pseudagenia'' in iNat).&lt;br&gt;
*''D. pulchricoma'' = ''Pseudagenia pulchricoma'' Arnold, 1934, p. 337-340&lt;br&gt;
*''D. neavei'' = ''Pseudagenia mygnimioides'' Arnold, 1934, pp.336-337 and ''Pseudagenia neavei'' Kohl 1913&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA. - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377.&lt;br&gt;
*also ''Poecilagenia spinosipes'' = ''Trachyglyptus spinosipes'' Arnold, 1934, p. 377-379&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = ''Deuteragenia turneri'', ''D. dregei'', ''D. chirindensis'', ''D. bicolor'' (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (''Hormopogonius willowmorensis'' = ''Calicurgus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1932 p.395); also ''H. tenuicornis'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 379-380&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
*Also ''Priocnernis aterrimus'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 385-386.
*''Priocnemis meridionalis'' Arnold, 1934, p. 386.
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pompilinae==

List of genera and species from [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm '''&lt;u&gt;https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm&lt;/u&gt;''']

=== '''Genus''' ''Aeluropetrus'' Arnold, 1936 ===

''Aeluropetrus braunsi'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Aeluropetrus lugubris'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 ===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/Aetheopompilus_obliquetruncatus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus obliquetruncatus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 (Mozambique)

==='''Genus''' ''Agenioideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Agenioideus brevis'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937) (Ghana, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus decipiens'' (Bischoff, 1913) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) (Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus lascivus'' (Cameron, 1891) (?)

''Agenioideus nudatus'' (Smith, 1855) (?)

''Agenioideus rotundilabris'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus rutilus'' (Klug, 1834) (Yemen)

''Agenioideus rufipes'' (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Agenioideus varians'' (Arnold, 1937) (?)

==='''Genus''' ''Amblyellus'' Day, 1981===

''Amblyellus willowmorensis'' (Arnold, 1937) (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

==='''Genus''' ''Anoplius'' Dufour, 1834===

''Anoplius aethiopicus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Anoplius alecto'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Anoplius bifasciatus'' Tullgren, 1904 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda)

''Anoplius concinnus'' (Dahlbom, 1845) (Yemen)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''fuscus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, South Africa, Tanzania)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''excelsior'' Arnold, 1950 (Tanzania)

''Anoplius montanus'' Haupt, 1950 (Benin, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Principe Island, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

''Anoplius morosus'' Smith, 1855 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Anoplius octomaculatus'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Anoplius panmelas'' (Saussure, 1891) (Madagascar)

''Anoplius saegeri'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Anoplius subfasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius successor'' (Cameron, 1910) (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius viridicatus'' Smith, 1879 (West Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Apareia'' Haupt, 1929===

''Apareia multipicta rufifemur'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.449 (Zimbabwe)

''Apareia oedipus'' Kohl, 1886; descr. (synonymized?) as ''A. multipicta'' by Arnold, 1935, p.449 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporinellus'' Banks, 1911===

''Aporinellus bidens'' (Saussure, 1892) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporoideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Aporoideus clarus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Arachnospila'' Kincaid, 1900===

''Arachnospila (Ammosphex) consobrina heringi'' (Haupt, 1928) (California, Canary Islands, Spain, Tanzania, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Argyroclitus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p. 26.
*''Argyroclitus fasciatipennis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 27 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 29 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus longicollis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 29 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937, p. 28 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus ruwenzoriensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 30 (Democratic Republic of the Congo)

==='''Genus''' ''Atelostegus'' Haupt, 1929===

*''Atelostegus thrinax'' (Kohl, 1909) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Atopopompilus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus in Arnold, 1937, p. 22.
*''Atopompilus jacens'' (Bingham, 1912) (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Yemen)
*''Atopompilus marshalli'' Arnold, 1937, p. 24 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Atopopompilus venans mlanjiensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 24 (Ghana)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/Bambesa_grisea.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa grisea&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p.2.
*''Batozonellus capensis'' (Dahlbom, 1843); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.6 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/Batozonellus_fuliginosus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus fuliginosus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Klug, 1834); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.3 (Central Africa, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)
*''Batozonellus gowdeyi'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.7 (Sierra Leone, Uganda)
*''Batozonellus madecassus'' (Saussure, 1887) (Madagascar)
*''Batozonellus separabilis'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.9 (Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Batozonus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Batozonus bipunctatus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Batozonus capensis'' Dahlbom, 1940 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Cliochares'' Banks, 1940===

''Cliochares convexus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Cordyloscelis'' Arnold, 1935===

''Cordyloscelis bequaerti'' Arnold, 1935, p.420 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Cordyloscelis flavipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.424 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis latipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.417 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis namaqua'' Arnold, 1935, p.423 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis nigerrimus'' Arnold, 1935, p.421 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis parallelus'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe)

''Cordyloscelis ugandensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.425 (Congo, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Ctenagenia'' Saussure, 1892===

''Ctenagenia vespiformis'' (Klug, 1834) (Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Madagascar, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, Yemen)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930 ===

''Dromochares clavipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (Zimbabwe)

''Dromochares fumipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Dromochares premnopterus'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

''Dromochares rufipes'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/Dromochares_transvaalensis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares transvaalensis&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Dicyrtomellus'' Gussakovskij, 1935===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p.14.
*''Dicyrtomellus anomalipes'' Arnold, 1937, p.20 (South Africa)
*''Dicyrtomellus argenteodecoratus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.21 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus griseus'' Arnold, 1937, p.17 (Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus impressus'' Arnold, 1937, p.18 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus leptacanthius'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.16 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus meruensis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus neavei'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.19 (Congo)
*''Dicyrtomellus rufofemoratus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.17 (South Africa)
*''Dicyrtomellus sexspinosus'' (Saunders, 1901) = ''Dicyrtomellus pectinatus'' Arnold, 1937, p.19 (Sudan)

==='''Genus''' ''Elaphrosyron'' Haupt, 1930===

''Elaphrosyron insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Mali, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Elaphrosyron multipictus'' Arnold, 1937 (Uganda)

''Elaphrosyron pauperculus'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Epiclinotus'' Haupt, 1929===

''Epiclinotus capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus erythrurus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.465 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus turneri'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.466 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron&lt;/u&gt;''] Schiødte, 1837===

''Episyron argillaceus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zambia)

''Episyron bequaerti'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron bicinctus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron braunsii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron crassicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Episyron gryps'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/Episyron_histrio.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron histrio&lt;/u&gt;''] Lepeletier, 1845 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mali, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron pedunculatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron solitaneum'' Kohl, 1906 (Yemen)

''Episyron tropicalis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Episyron turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron viduus'' Arnold, 1936 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron vindex'' Smith, 1879 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/index.htm &lt;u&gt;Euclavelia&lt;/u&gt;]'' Arnold, 1932===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/Euclavelia_fasciata.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Euclavelia fasciata&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1932 (South Africa)

''Euclavelia longicollis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Euryzonotulus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 38.
*''Euryzonotulus nigeriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Nigeria, Democratic Republic of the Congo)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreola'' Lepeletier, 1845===

''Ferreola auranticornis'' Wahis, 2000 (Eritrea, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreoloides'' Haupt, 1919===

''Ferreoloides basutorum'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

''Ferreoloides versutus'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

==='''Genus''' ''Galactopterus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 32.
*''Galactopterus otaviensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 33 (South Africa)
*''Galactopterus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937, p. 32 (Namibia, South Africa)
*''Galactopterus simillimus'' Arnold, 1937, p. 34 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Guichardia'' Arnold, 1951===

''Guichardia macilenta'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hadropompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Hadropompilus braunsi'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Hadropompilus montanus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hauptiella'' Arnold, 1936===

''Hauptiella multipicta'' Arnold, 1936

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/Herpetosphex_staphylinoides.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex staphylinoides&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Homonotus'' Dahlbom, 1844===
Dahlbom 1843 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796238) or Dahlbom, 1844 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796653)?

''Homonotus aegyptiacus'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.469 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus coxalis'' Arnold, 1935, p.478 (South Africa)

''Homonotus disparilis'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.473 (South Africa)

''Homonotus dispersus'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus dissectus'' Arnold, 1935, p.474 (South Africa)

''Homonotus excavatus'' Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus fuscipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.475 (South Africa)

''Homonotus imitans'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus leptogaster'' Arnold, 1935, p.476 (South Africa)

''Homonotus ruficornis'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus rukwaensis'' Arnold, 1946 (Tanzania)

''Homonotus sansibaricus'' Arnold, 1935, p.471 (Zanzibar)

==='''Genus''' ''Idopompilus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Idopompilus algoensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus algoensis major'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus braunsi'' Kohl, 1899 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus brunnescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschi handlirschi'' Arnold, 1936 (?)

''Idopompilus handlirschi basutorum'' Arnold, 1959 (Lesotho, South Africa)

''Idopompilus fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1946 (Lesotho)

''Idopompilus gracilicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus krugeri'' Haupt, 1930 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Idopompilus quadrifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Kolposphex'' Arnold, 1959===

*''Kolposphex atronitens'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Kyphopompilus'' Arnold, 1960===

*''Kyphopompilus flavipes'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microdrapetes'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 30
*''Microdrapetes bellus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microphadnus'' Cameron, 1904===

*''Microphadnus bicolor'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Paracyphononyx'' Gribodo, 1884===

''Paracyphononyx affinis'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon, Ghana, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx africanus'' Rad., 1881 (Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx carinatus'' Rad., 1881 Angola, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx coloratus'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon)

''Paracyphononyx difficilis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Malai, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversipes'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversus'' Dahlbom, 1845 (Central and East Africa to South Africa, Yemen)

''Paracyphononyx elliotti'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx frustratus'' Smith, 1879 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx funebris'' Magretti, 1884 (Ethiopia)

''Paracyphononyx gemellus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx laboriosus'' Arnold, 1936 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx languidus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx lukombensis'' Cameron, 1912 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia)

''Paracyphononyx metemmensis'' Magretti, 1884 (Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx mombassicus'' R. Luc., 1898 (Kenya)

''Paracyphononyx montanus'' Arnold, 1960 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx parallelus'' Haupt, 1929 (Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx petiolaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx plutonis'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx rotundinervis'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx ruficrus'' Klug, 1834 (Asia Minor, Egypt, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' Illiger,1802 (Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Paraferreola'' Sustera, 1913===

''Paraferreola melanostoma'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.439 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paraferreola spilopus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.441 (South Africa)

''Paraferreola soleana'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.443 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Platyderes'' Guérin-Méneville, 1844===

''Platyderes bicolor'' Smith, 1855; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.454 (South Africa)

''Platyderes chalybeus'' Saussure, 1892 (or Tasch. 1880?); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.456 (East Africa, South Africa)

''Platyderes drègii'' Brauns, 1899; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.457 (South Africa)

''Platyderes erythrocephalus'' Guerin, **** (Madagascar)

''Platyderes flavoscutellatus'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes oraniensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.456 (South Africa)

''Platyderes rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.461 (Ethiopia, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes saussurei'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Platyderes spoliatus'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.462 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes vicinus'' Arnold, 1935, p.460 (South Africa)

''Platyderes wasmanni'' Brauns, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.459 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilus'' Fabricius===

''Pompilus alpinus'' Arnold, 1960 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus anomalopterus'' Cameron, 1908 (Malawi, South Africa)

''Pompilus cinereus'' Fabricius, 1775 (Yemen)

''Pompilus contrarius'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Pompilus curvifrons'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus erythrostomus'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus exploratrix'' Cameron, 1908 ''(''

''Pompilus ignobilis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pompilus levis'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana)

''Pompilus masaiensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus meruensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus plumbeus'' Fabricius, 1787 (Widespread through Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Senegal, South Africa) also in China, Europe, India)

''Pompilus sacchii'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus shirae'' Arnold, 1950 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus successor'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus vanutelli'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Pompilus yngvei'' Cameron, 1908 (

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilioides'' Radley, 1887===

''Pompilioides braunsi'' Kohl, 1894 (Cameroon)

''Pompilioides decipiens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides latifrons'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides pruinosus'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides trifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides validus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammochares'' Latreille, 1796===

''Psammochares bilineatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares brunniventris'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares irpex'' Gerstaecker, 1859 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares jocaste'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Psammochares latilabris'' Arnold, 1937 (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares quadriguttatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Tanzania)

''Psammochares rufigaster'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares rutilus'' Klug, 1834 (Ethiopia, Nigeria, Sudan, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares varians'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammoderes'' Haupt, 1929===

''Psammoderes capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes collaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Psammoderes fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1935, p.438 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes lightfooti'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Psammoderes major'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.433 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes mimicus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.434 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes semirufus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.436 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes reputatus'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.437 (Congo, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Pseudoclavelia&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930===

''Pseudoclavelia argenteosignata'' Arnold, 1936 (Botswana, Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia bituberculata'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_damarensis.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia damarensis''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia jouberti'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_nitidula.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia nitidula'' ''nitidula''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia nitidula bechuanae'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia rhodesiana'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudoclavelia rufescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pseudopompilus'' Costa, 1887===

''Pseudopompilus funereus'' Arnold, 1935, p.444 (Zimbabwe, Namibia)

''Pseudopompilus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

''Pseudopompilus lacteipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psyllosphex'' Arnold, 1935===

''Psyllosphex dentatus'' (Cameron, 1904); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.482 (South Africa)

''Psyllosphex myrmosaeformis'' Arnold, 1935, p.482 (Zimbabwe)

''Psyllosphex saltator'' Arnold, 1935, p.480 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pygmachus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Pygmachus compressus'' Saussure, 1892 (Madagascar)

''Pygmachus umbratus'' Haupt, 1930 (Guinea, South Africa, Zanzibar, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Rhynchopompilus'' Arnold, 1934===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 37.
''Rhynchopompilus cursor'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Schistonyx'' Saussure, 1887===

''Schistonyx aterrimus'' Arnold, 1946 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx prismaticus'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

''Schistonyx sinuatus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx sheppardi'' Arnold, 1937, p.13 (Zimbabwe)

''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, South Africa, Syria, Zimbabwe) Most common pompilid in Zimbabwe (Arnold, 1937, p.12)

==='''Genus''' ''Schizanoplius'' Cameron, 1904===

''Schizanoplius lutarius'' (Saussure, 1834)(Ghana, Mali, Madagascar)

''Schizanoplius violaceipennis'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Spuridiophorus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Spuridiophorus capensis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Spuridiophorus inermis'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus maculipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Syntomoclitus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 25.
*''Syntomoclitus bicolor'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Ashmead, 1902===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ignitus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ignitus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Smith, 1855) (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ovambo.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ovambo&lt;/u&gt;''] (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Tachypompilus praepotens'' (Kohl, 1894) (South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zanzibar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_vitripennis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] ''&lt;u&gt;vitripennis&lt;/u&gt;'' (Arnold, 1937) (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Telostegus'' Costa, 1887===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 35.
*''Telostegus capensis'' Arnold, 1937; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.37 (South Africa)
*''Telostegus fuscipennis'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.35 (South Africa)
*''Telostegus insidiosus'' (Smith, 1879) (Yemen)
*''Telostegus sabulicola'' Priesner, 1955 (Algeria, Egypt, Marocco, Senegal, Yemen)

==References==</text>
      <sha1>add5hth6wqa5ss7ka1l5m9ig3jxeb3l</sha1>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2025-06-28T08:34:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
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      <text bytes="26592" sha1="h8f048i7k2gqtckjxqlm8r0pkbt1mup" xml:space="preserve">Done to Genus Euryzonotulus Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 38.

==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;
- Claveliinae corrected to Ctenocerinae in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.386-388&lt;br&gt;
- Several new genera and species in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.388-399&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934, pp. 290-364.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA. (Arnold, 1934, pp. 380-385.)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; ''Pseudagenia'' in iNat).&lt;br&gt;
*''D. pulchricoma'' = ''Pseudagenia pulchricoma'' Arnold, 1934, p. 337-340&lt;br&gt;
*''D. neavei'' = ''Pseudagenia mygnimioides'' Arnold, 1934, pp.336-337 and ''Pseudagenia neavei'' Kohl 1913&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA. - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377.&lt;br&gt;
*also ''Poecilagenia spinosipes'' = ''Trachyglyptus spinosipes'' Arnold, 1934, p. 377-379&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = ''Deuteragenia turneri'', ''D. dregei'', ''D. chirindensis'', ''D. bicolor'' (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (''Hormopogonius willowmorensis'' = ''Calicurgus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1932 p.395); also ''H. tenuicornis'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 379-380&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
*Also ''Priocnernis aterrimus'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 385-386.
*''Priocnemis meridionalis'' Arnold, 1934, p. 386.
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pompilinae==

List of genera and species from [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm '''&lt;u&gt;https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm&lt;/u&gt;''']

=== '''Genus''' ''Aeluropetrus'' Arnold, 1936 ===

''Aeluropetrus braunsi'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Aeluropetrus lugubris'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 ===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/Aetheopompilus_obliquetruncatus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus obliquetruncatus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 (Mozambique)

==='''Genus''' ''Agenioideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Agenioideus brevis'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937) (Ghana, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus decipiens'' (Bischoff, 1913) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) (Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus lascivus'' (Cameron, 1891) (?)

''Agenioideus nudatus'' (Smith, 1855) (?)

''Agenioideus rotundilabris'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus rutilus'' (Klug, 1834) (Yemen)

''Agenioideus rufipes'' (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Agenioideus varians'' (Arnold, 1937) (?)

==='''Genus''' ''Amblyellus'' Day, 1981===

''Amblyellus willowmorensis'' (Arnold, 1937) (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

==='''Genus''' ''Anoplius'' Dufour, 1834===

''Anoplius aethiopicus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Anoplius alecto'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Anoplius bifasciatus'' Tullgren, 1904 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda)

''Anoplius concinnus'' (Dahlbom, 1845) (Yemen)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''fuscus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, South Africa, Tanzania)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''excelsior'' Arnold, 1950 (Tanzania)

''Anoplius montanus'' Haupt, 1950 (Benin, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Principe Island, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

''Anoplius morosus'' Smith, 1855 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Anoplius octomaculatus'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Anoplius panmelas'' (Saussure, 1891) (Madagascar)

''Anoplius saegeri'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Anoplius subfasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius successor'' (Cameron, 1910) (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius viridicatus'' Smith, 1879 (West Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Apareia'' Haupt, 1929===

''Apareia multipicta rufifemur'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.449 (Zimbabwe)

''Apareia oedipus'' Kohl, 1886; descr. (synonymized?) as ''A. multipicta'' by Arnold, 1935, p.449 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporinellus'' Banks, 1911===

''Aporinellus bidens'' (Saussure, 1892) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporoideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Aporoideus clarus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Arachnospila'' Kincaid, 1900===

''Arachnospila (Ammosphex) consobrina heringi'' (Haupt, 1928) (California, Canary Islands, Spain, Tanzania, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Argyroclitus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p. 26.
*''Argyroclitus fasciatipennis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 27 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 29 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus longicollis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 29 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937, p. 28 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus ruwenzoriensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 30 (Democratic Republic of the Congo)

==='''Genus''' ''Atelostegus'' Haupt, 1929===

*''Atelostegus thrinax'' (Kohl, 1909) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Atopopompilus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus in Arnold, 1937, p. 22.
*''Atopompilus jacens'' (Bingham, 1912) (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Yemen)
*''Atopompilus marshalli'' Arnold, 1937, p. 24 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Atopopompilus venans mlanjiensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 24 (Ghana)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/Bambesa_grisea.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa grisea&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p.2.
*''Batozonellus capensis'' (Dahlbom, 1843); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.6 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/Batozonellus_fuliginosus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus fuliginosus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Klug, 1834); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.3 (Central Africa, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)
*''Batozonellus gowdeyi'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.7 (Sierra Leone, Uganda)
*''Batozonellus madecassus'' (Saussure, 1887) (Madagascar)
*''Batozonellus separabilis'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.9 (Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Batozonus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Batozonus bipunctatus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Batozonus capensis'' Dahlbom, 1940 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Cliochares'' Banks, 1940===

''Cliochares convexus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Cordyloscelis'' Arnold, 1935===

''Cordyloscelis bequaerti'' Arnold, 1935, p.420 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Cordyloscelis flavipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.424 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis latipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.417 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis namaqua'' Arnold, 1935, p.423 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis nigerrimus'' Arnold, 1935, p.421 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis parallelus'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe)

''Cordyloscelis ugandensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.425 (Congo, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Ctenagenia'' Saussure, 1892===

''Ctenagenia vespiformis'' (Klug, 1834) (Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Madagascar, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, Yemen)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930 ===

''Dromochares clavipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (Zimbabwe)

''Dromochares fumipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Dromochares premnopterus'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

''Dromochares rufipes'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/Dromochares_transvaalensis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares transvaalensis&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Dicyrtomellus'' Gussakovskij, 1935===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p.14.
*''Dicyrtomellus anomalipes'' Arnold, 1937, p.20 (South Africa)
*''Dicyrtomellus argenteodecoratus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.21 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus griseus'' Arnold, 1937, p.17 (Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus impressus'' Arnold, 1937, p.18 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus leptacanthius'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.16 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus meruensis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus neavei'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.19 (Congo)
*''Dicyrtomellus rufofemoratus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.17 (South Africa)
*''Dicyrtomellus sexspinosus'' (Saunders, 1901) = ''Dicyrtomellus pectinatus'' Arnold, 1937, p.19 (Sudan)

==='''Genus''' ''Elaphrosyron'' Haupt, 1930===

''Elaphrosyron insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Mali, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Elaphrosyron multipictus'' Arnold, 1937 (Uganda)

''Elaphrosyron pauperculus'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Epiclinotus'' Haupt, 1929===

''Epiclinotus capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus erythrurus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.465 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus turneri'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.466 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron&lt;/u&gt;''] Schiødte, 1837===

''Episyron argillaceus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zambia)

''Episyron bequaerti'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron bicinctus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron braunsii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron crassicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Episyron gryps'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/Episyron_histrio.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron histrio&lt;/u&gt;''] Lepeletier, 1845 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mali, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron pedunculatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron solitaneum'' Kohl, 1906 (Yemen)

''Episyron tropicalis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Episyron turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron viduus'' Arnold, 1936 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron vindex'' Smith, 1879 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/index.htm &lt;u&gt;Euclavelia&lt;/u&gt;]'' Arnold, 1932===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/Euclavelia_fasciata.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Euclavelia fasciata&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1932 (South Africa)

''Euclavelia longicollis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Euryzonotulus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 38.
*''Euryzonotulus nigeriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Nigeria, Democratic Republic of the Congo)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreola'' Lepeletier, 1845===

''Ferreola auranticornis'' Wahis, 2000 (Eritrea, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreoloides'' Haupt, 1919===

''Ferreoloides basutorum'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

''Ferreoloides versutus'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

==='''Genus''' ''Galactopterus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 32.
*''Galactopterus otaviensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 33 (South Africa)
*''Galactopterus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937, p. 32 (Namibia, South Africa)
*''Galactopterus simillimus'' Arnold, 1937, p. 34 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Guichardia'' Arnold, 1951===

''Guichardia macilenta'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hadropompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Hadropompilus braunsi'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Hadropompilus montanus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hauptiella'' Arnold, 1936===

''Hauptiella multipicta'' Arnold, 1936

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/Herpetosphex_staphylinoides.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex staphylinoides&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Homonotus'' Dahlbom, 1844===
Dahlbom 1843 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796238) or Dahlbom, 1844 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796653)?

''Homonotus aegyptiacus'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.469 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus coxalis'' Arnold, 1935, p.478 (South Africa)

''Homonotus disparilis'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.473 (South Africa)

''Homonotus dispersus'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus dissectus'' Arnold, 1935, p.474 (South Africa)

''Homonotus excavatus'' Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus fuscipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.475 (South Africa)

''Homonotus imitans'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus leptogaster'' Arnold, 1935, p.476 (South Africa)

''Homonotus ruficornis'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus rukwaensis'' Arnold, 1946 (Tanzania)

''Homonotus sansibaricus'' Arnold, 1935, p.471 (Zanzibar)

==='''Genus''' ''Idopompilus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Idopompilus algoensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus algoensis major'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus braunsi'' Kohl, 1899 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus brunnescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschi handlirschi'' Arnold, 1936 (?)

''Idopompilus handlirschi basutorum'' Arnold, 1959 (Lesotho, South Africa)

''Idopompilus fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1946 (Lesotho)

''Idopompilus gracilicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus krugeri'' Haupt, 1930 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Idopompilus quadrifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Kolposphex'' Arnold, 1959===

*''Kolposphex atronitens'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Kyphopompilus'' Arnold, 1960===

*''Kyphopompilus flavipes'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microdrapetes'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 30
*''Microdrapetes bellus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microphadnus'' Cameron, 1904===

*''Microphadnus bicolor'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Paracyphononyx'' Gribodo, 1884===

''Paracyphononyx affinis'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon, Ghana, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx africanus'' Rad., 1881 (Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx carinatus'' Rad., 1881 Angola, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx coloratus'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon)

''Paracyphononyx difficilis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Malai, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversipes'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversus'' Dahlbom, 1845 (Central and East Africa to South Africa, Yemen)

''Paracyphononyx elliotti'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx frustratus'' Smith, 1879 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx funebris'' Magretti, 1884 (Ethiopia)

''Paracyphononyx gemellus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx laboriosus'' Arnold, 1936 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx languidus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx lukombensis'' Cameron, 1912 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia)

''Paracyphononyx metemmensis'' Magretti, 1884 (Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx mombassicus'' R. Luc., 1898 (Kenya)

''Paracyphononyx montanus'' Arnold, 1960 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx parallelus'' Haupt, 1929 (Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx petiolaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx plutonis'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx rotundinervis'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx ruficrus'' Klug, 1834 (Asia Minor, Egypt, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' Illiger,1802 (Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Paraferreola'' Sustera, 1913===

''Paraferreola melanostoma'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.439 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paraferreola spilopus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.441 (South Africa)

''Paraferreola soleana'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.443 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Platyderes'' Guérin-Méneville, 1844===

''Platyderes bicolor'' Smith, 1855; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.454 (South Africa)

''Platyderes chalybeus'' Saussure, 1892 (or Tasch. 1880?); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.456 (East Africa, South Africa)

''Platyderes drègii'' Brauns, 1899; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.457 (South Africa)

''Platyderes erythrocephalus'' Guerin, **** (Madagascar)

''Platyderes flavoscutellatus'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes oraniensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.456 (South Africa)

''Platyderes rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.461 (Ethiopia, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes saussurei'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Platyderes spoliatus'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.462 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes vicinus'' Arnold, 1935, p.460 (South Africa)

''Platyderes wasmanni'' Brauns, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.459 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilus'' Fabricius===

''Pompilus alpinus'' Arnold, 1960 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus anomalopterus'' Cameron, 1908 (Malawi, South Africa)

''Pompilus cinereus'' Fabricius, 1775 (Yemen)

''Pompilus contrarius'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Pompilus curvifrons'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus erythrostomus'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus exploratrix'' Cameron, 1908 ''(''

''Pompilus ignobilis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pompilus levis'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana)

''Pompilus masaiensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus meruensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus plumbeus'' Fabricius, 1787 (Widespread through Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Senegal, South Africa) also in China, Europe, India)

''Pompilus sacchii'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus shirae'' Arnold, 1950 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus successor'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus vanutelli'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Pompilus yngvei'' Cameron, 1908 (

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilioides'' Radley, 1887===

''Pompilioides braunsi'' Kohl, 1894 (Cameroon)

''Pompilioides decipiens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides latifrons'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides pruinosus'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides trifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides validus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammochares'' Latreille, 1796===

''Psammochares bilineatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares brunniventris'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares irpex'' Gerstaecker, 1859 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares jocaste'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Psammochares latilabris'' Arnold, 1937 (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares quadriguttatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Tanzania)

''Psammochares rufigaster'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares rutilus'' Klug, 1834 (Ethiopia, Nigeria, Sudan, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares varians'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammoderes'' Haupt, 1929===

''Psammoderes capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes collaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Psammoderes fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1935, p.438 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes lightfooti'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Psammoderes major'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.433 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes mimicus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.434 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes semirufus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.436 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes reputatus'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.437 (Congo, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Pseudoclavelia&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930===

''Pseudoclavelia argenteosignata'' Arnold, 1936 (Botswana, Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia bituberculata'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_damarensis.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia damarensis''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia jouberti'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_nitidula.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia nitidula'' ''nitidula''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia nitidula bechuanae'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia rhodesiana'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudoclavelia rufescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pseudopompilus'' Costa, 1887===

''Pseudopompilus funereus'' Arnold, 1935, p.444 (Zimbabwe, Namibia)

''Pseudopompilus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

''Pseudopompilus lacteipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psyllosphex'' Arnold, 1935===

''Psyllosphex dentatus'' (Cameron, 1904); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.482 (South Africa)

''Psyllosphex myrmosaeformis'' Arnold, 1935, p.482 (Zimbabwe)

''Psyllosphex saltator'' Arnold, 1935, p.480 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pygmachus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Pygmachus compressus'' Saussure, 1892 (Madagascar)

''Pygmachus umbratus'' Haupt, 1930 (Guinea, South Africa, Zanzibar, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Rhynchopompilus'' Arnold, 1934===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 37.
''Rhynchopompilus cursor'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Schistonyx'' Saussure, 1887===

''Schistonyx aterrimus'' Arnold, 1946 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx prismaticus'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

''Schistonyx sinuatus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx sheppardi'' Arnold, 1937, p.13 (Zimbabwe)

''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, South Africa, Syria, Zimbabwe) Most common pompilid in Zimbabwe (Arnold, 1937, p.12)

==='''Genus''' ''Schizanoplius'' Cameron, 1904===

''Schizanoplius lutarius'' (Saussure, 1834)(Ghana, Mali, Madagascar)

''Schizanoplius violaceipennis'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Spuridiophorus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Spuridiophorus capensis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Spuridiophorus inermis'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus maculipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Syntomoclitus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 25.
*''Syntomoclitus bicolor'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Ashmead, 1902===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ignitus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ignitus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Smith, 1855) (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ovambo.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ovambo&lt;/u&gt;''] (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Tachypompilus praepotens'' (Kohl, 1894) (South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zanzibar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_vitripennis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] ''&lt;u&gt;vitripennis&lt;/u&gt;'' (Arnold, 1937) (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Telostegus'' Costa, 1887===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 35.
*''Telostegus capensis'' Arnold, 1937; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.37 (South Africa)
*''Telostegus fuscipennis'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.35 (South Africa)
*''Telostegus insidiosus'' (Smith, 1879) (Yemen)
*''Telostegus sabulicola'' Priesner, 1955 (Algeria, Egypt, Marocco, Senegal, Yemen)

==References==</text>
      <sha1>h8f048i7k2gqtckjxqlm8r0pkbt1mup</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719906</id>
      <parentid>2719904</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-28T10:23:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Genus Elaphrosyron Haupt, 1930 */</comment>
      <origin>2719906</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="26678" sha1="8brpspl93ptq9f30qcw1p5d1xyf0b21" xml:space="preserve">Done to Genus Euryzonotulus Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 38.

==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;
- Claveliinae corrected to Ctenocerinae in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.386-388&lt;br&gt;
- Several new genera and species in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.388-399&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934, pp. 290-364.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA. (Arnold, 1934, pp. 380-385.)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; ''Pseudagenia'' in iNat).&lt;br&gt;
*''D. pulchricoma'' = ''Pseudagenia pulchricoma'' Arnold, 1934, p. 337-340&lt;br&gt;
*''D. neavei'' = ''Pseudagenia mygnimioides'' Arnold, 1934, pp.336-337 and ''Pseudagenia neavei'' Kohl 1913&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA. - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377.&lt;br&gt;
*also ''Poecilagenia spinosipes'' = ''Trachyglyptus spinosipes'' Arnold, 1934, p. 377-379&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = ''Deuteragenia turneri'', ''D. dregei'', ''D. chirindensis'', ''D. bicolor'' (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (''Hormopogonius willowmorensis'' = ''Calicurgus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1932 p.395); also ''H. tenuicornis'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 379-380&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
*Also ''Priocnernis aterrimus'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 385-386.
*''Priocnemis meridionalis'' Arnold, 1934, p. 386.
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pompilinae==

List of genera and species from [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm '''&lt;u&gt;https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm&lt;/u&gt;''']

=== '''Genus''' ''Aeluropetrus'' Arnold, 1936 ===

''Aeluropetrus braunsi'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Aeluropetrus lugubris'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 ===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/Aetheopompilus_obliquetruncatus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus obliquetruncatus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 (Mozambique)

==='''Genus''' ''Agenioideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Agenioideus brevis'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937) (Ghana, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus decipiens'' (Bischoff, 1913) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) (Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus lascivus'' (Cameron, 1891) (?)

''Agenioideus nudatus'' (Smith, 1855) (?)

''Agenioideus rotundilabris'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus rutilus'' (Klug, 1834) (Yemen)

''Agenioideus rufipes'' (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Agenioideus varians'' (Arnold, 1937) (?)

==='''Genus''' ''Amblyellus'' Day, 1981===

''Amblyellus willowmorensis'' (Arnold, 1937) (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

==='''Genus''' ''Anoplius'' Dufour, 1834===

''Anoplius aethiopicus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Anoplius alecto'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Anoplius bifasciatus'' Tullgren, 1904 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda)

''Anoplius concinnus'' (Dahlbom, 1845) (Yemen)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''fuscus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, South Africa, Tanzania)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''excelsior'' Arnold, 1950 (Tanzania)

''Anoplius montanus'' Haupt, 1950 (Benin, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Principe Island, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

''Anoplius morosus'' Smith, 1855 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Anoplius octomaculatus'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Anoplius panmelas'' (Saussure, 1891) (Madagascar)

''Anoplius saegeri'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Anoplius subfasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius successor'' (Cameron, 1910) (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius viridicatus'' Smith, 1879 (West Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Apareia'' Haupt, 1929===

''Apareia multipicta rufifemur'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.449 (Zimbabwe)

''Apareia oedipus'' Kohl, 1886; descr. (synonymized?) as ''A. multipicta'' by Arnold, 1935, p.449 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporinellus'' Banks, 1911===

''Aporinellus bidens'' (Saussure, 1892) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporoideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Aporoideus clarus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Arachnospila'' Kincaid, 1900===

''Arachnospila (Ammosphex) consobrina heringi'' (Haupt, 1928) (California, Canary Islands, Spain, Tanzania, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Argyroclitus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p. 26.
*''Argyroclitus fasciatipennis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 27 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 29 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus longicollis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 29 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937, p. 28 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus ruwenzoriensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 30 (Democratic Republic of the Congo)

==='''Genus''' ''Atelostegus'' Haupt, 1929===

*''Atelostegus thrinax'' (Kohl, 1909) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Atopopompilus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus in Arnold, 1937, p. 22.
*''Atopompilus jacens'' (Bingham, 1912) (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Yemen)
*''Atopompilus marshalli'' Arnold, 1937, p. 24 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Atopopompilus venans mlanjiensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 24 (Ghana)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/Bambesa_grisea.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa grisea&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p.2.
*''Batozonellus capensis'' (Dahlbom, 1843); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.6 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/Batozonellus_fuliginosus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus fuliginosus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Klug, 1834); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.3 (Central Africa, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)
*''Batozonellus gowdeyi'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.7 (Sierra Leone, Uganda)
*''Batozonellus madecassus'' (Saussure, 1887) (Madagascar)
*''Batozonellus separabilis'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.9 (Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Batozonus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Batozonus bipunctatus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Batozonus capensis'' Dahlbom, 1940 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Cliochares'' Banks, 1940===

''Cliochares convexus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Cordyloscelis'' Arnold, 1935===

''Cordyloscelis bequaerti'' Arnold, 1935, p.420 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Cordyloscelis flavipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.424 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis latipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.417 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis namaqua'' Arnold, 1935, p.423 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis nigerrimus'' Arnold, 1935, p.421 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis parallelus'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe)

''Cordyloscelis ugandensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.425 (Congo, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Ctenagenia'' Saussure, 1892===

''Ctenagenia vespiformis'' (Klug, 1834) (Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Madagascar, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, Yemen)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930 ===

''Dromochares clavipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (Zimbabwe)

''Dromochares fumipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Dromochares premnopterus'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

''Dromochares rufipes'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/Dromochares_transvaalensis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares transvaalensis&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Dicyrtomellus'' Gussakovskij, 1935===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p.14.
*''Dicyrtomellus anomalipes'' Arnold, 1937, p.20 (South Africa)
*''Dicyrtomellus argenteodecoratus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.21 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus griseus'' Arnold, 1937, p.17 (Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus impressus'' Arnold, 1937, p.18 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus leptacanthius'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.16 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus meruensis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus neavei'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.19 (Congo)
*''Dicyrtomellus rufofemoratus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.17 (South Africa)
*''Dicyrtomellus sexspinosus'' (Saunders, 1901) = ''Dicyrtomellus pectinatus'' Arnold, 1937, p.19 (Sudan)

==='''Genus''' ''Elaphrosyron'' Haupt, 1930===
Description of genus species in Arnold, 1937, p. 40.
*''Elaphrosyron insidiosus'' Smith, 1879; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.41 (Ethiopia, Mali, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Elaphrosyron multipictus'' Arnold, 1937, p.42 (Uganda)
*''Elaphrosyron pauperculus'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Epiclinotus'' Haupt, 1929===

''Epiclinotus capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus erythrurus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.465 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus turneri'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.466 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron&lt;/u&gt;''] Schiødte, 1837===

''Episyron argillaceus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zambia)

''Episyron bequaerti'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron bicinctus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron braunsii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron crassicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Episyron gryps'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/Episyron_histrio.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron histrio&lt;/u&gt;''] Lepeletier, 1845 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mali, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron pedunculatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron solitaneum'' Kohl, 1906 (Yemen)

''Episyron tropicalis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Episyron turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron viduus'' Arnold, 1936 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron vindex'' Smith, 1879 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/index.htm &lt;u&gt;Euclavelia&lt;/u&gt;]'' Arnold, 1932===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/Euclavelia_fasciata.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Euclavelia fasciata&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1932 (South Africa)

''Euclavelia longicollis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Euryzonotulus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 38.
*''Euryzonotulus nigeriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Nigeria, Democratic Republic of the Congo)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreola'' Lepeletier, 1845===

''Ferreola auranticornis'' Wahis, 2000 (Eritrea, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreoloides'' Haupt, 1919===

''Ferreoloides basutorum'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

''Ferreoloides versutus'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

==='''Genus''' ''Galactopterus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 32.
*''Galactopterus otaviensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 33 (South Africa)
*''Galactopterus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937, p. 32 (Namibia, South Africa)
*''Galactopterus simillimus'' Arnold, 1937, p. 34 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Guichardia'' Arnold, 1951===

''Guichardia macilenta'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hadropompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Hadropompilus braunsi'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Hadropompilus montanus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hauptiella'' Arnold, 1936===

''Hauptiella multipicta'' Arnold, 1936

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/Herpetosphex_staphylinoides.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex staphylinoides&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Homonotus'' Dahlbom, 1844===
Dahlbom 1843 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796238) or Dahlbom, 1844 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796653)?

''Homonotus aegyptiacus'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.469 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus coxalis'' Arnold, 1935, p.478 (South Africa)

''Homonotus disparilis'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.473 (South Africa)

''Homonotus dispersus'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus dissectus'' Arnold, 1935, p.474 (South Africa)

''Homonotus excavatus'' Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus fuscipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.475 (South Africa)

''Homonotus imitans'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus leptogaster'' Arnold, 1935, p.476 (South Africa)

''Homonotus ruficornis'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus rukwaensis'' Arnold, 1946 (Tanzania)

''Homonotus sansibaricus'' Arnold, 1935, p.471 (Zanzibar)

==='''Genus''' ''Idopompilus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Idopompilus algoensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus algoensis major'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus braunsi'' Kohl, 1899 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus brunnescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschi handlirschi'' Arnold, 1936 (?)

''Idopompilus handlirschi basutorum'' Arnold, 1959 (Lesotho, South Africa)

''Idopompilus fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1946 (Lesotho)

''Idopompilus gracilicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus krugeri'' Haupt, 1930 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Idopompilus quadrifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Kolposphex'' Arnold, 1959===

*''Kolposphex atronitens'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Kyphopompilus'' Arnold, 1960===

*''Kyphopompilus flavipes'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microdrapetes'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 30
*''Microdrapetes bellus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microphadnus'' Cameron, 1904===

*''Microphadnus bicolor'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Paracyphononyx'' Gribodo, 1884===

''Paracyphononyx affinis'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon, Ghana, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx africanus'' Rad., 1881 (Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx carinatus'' Rad., 1881 Angola, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx coloratus'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon)

''Paracyphononyx difficilis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Malai, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversipes'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversus'' Dahlbom, 1845 (Central and East Africa to South Africa, Yemen)

''Paracyphononyx elliotti'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx frustratus'' Smith, 1879 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx funebris'' Magretti, 1884 (Ethiopia)

''Paracyphononyx gemellus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx laboriosus'' Arnold, 1936 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx languidus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx lukombensis'' Cameron, 1912 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia)

''Paracyphononyx metemmensis'' Magretti, 1884 (Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx mombassicus'' R. Luc., 1898 (Kenya)

''Paracyphononyx montanus'' Arnold, 1960 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx parallelus'' Haupt, 1929 (Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx petiolaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx plutonis'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx rotundinervis'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx ruficrus'' Klug, 1834 (Asia Minor, Egypt, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' Illiger,1802 (Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Paraferreola'' Sustera, 1913===

''Paraferreola melanostoma'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.439 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paraferreola spilopus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.441 (South Africa)

''Paraferreola soleana'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.443 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Platyderes'' Guérin-Méneville, 1844===

''Platyderes bicolor'' Smith, 1855; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.454 (South Africa)

''Platyderes chalybeus'' Saussure, 1892 (or Tasch. 1880?); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.456 (East Africa, South Africa)

''Platyderes drègii'' Brauns, 1899; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.457 (South Africa)

''Platyderes erythrocephalus'' Guerin, **** (Madagascar)

''Platyderes flavoscutellatus'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes oraniensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.456 (South Africa)

''Platyderes rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.461 (Ethiopia, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes saussurei'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Platyderes spoliatus'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.462 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes vicinus'' Arnold, 1935, p.460 (South Africa)

''Platyderes wasmanni'' Brauns, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.459 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilus'' Fabricius===

''Pompilus alpinus'' Arnold, 1960 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus anomalopterus'' Cameron, 1908 (Malawi, South Africa)

''Pompilus cinereus'' Fabricius, 1775 (Yemen)

''Pompilus contrarius'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Pompilus curvifrons'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus erythrostomus'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus exploratrix'' Cameron, 1908 ''(''

''Pompilus ignobilis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pompilus levis'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana)

''Pompilus masaiensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus meruensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus plumbeus'' Fabricius, 1787 (Widespread through Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Senegal, South Africa) also in China, Europe, India)

''Pompilus sacchii'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus shirae'' Arnold, 1950 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus successor'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus vanutelli'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Pompilus yngvei'' Cameron, 1908 (

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilioides'' Radley, 1887===

''Pompilioides braunsi'' Kohl, 1894 (Cameroon)

''Pompilioides decipiens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides latifrons'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides pruinosus'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides trifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides validus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammochares'' Latreille, 1796===

''Psammochares bilineatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares brunniventris'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares irpex'' Gerstaecker, 1859 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares jocaste'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Psammochares latilabris'' Arnold, 1937 (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares quadriguttatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Tanzania)

''Psammochares rufigaster'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares rutilus'' Klug, 1834 (Ethiopia, Nigeria, Sudan, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares varians'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammoderes'' Haupt, 1929===

''Psammoderes capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes collaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Psammoderes fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1935, p.438 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes lightfooti'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Psammoderes major'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.433 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes mimicus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.434 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes semirufus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.436 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes reputatus'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.437 (Congo, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Pseudoclavelia&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930===

''Pseudoclavelia argenteosignata'' Arnold, 1936 (Botswana, Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia bituberculata'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_damarensis.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia damarensis''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia jouberti'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_nitidula.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia nitidula'' ''nitidula''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia nitidula bechuanae'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia rhodesiana'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudoclavelia rufescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pseudopompilus'' Costa, 1887===

''Pseudopompilus funereus'' Arnold, 1935, p.444 (Zimbabwe, Namibia)

''Pseudopompilus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

''Pseudopompilus lacteipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psyllosphex'' Arnold, 1935===

''Psyllosphex dentatus'' (Cameron, 1904); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.482 (South Africa)

''Psyllosphex myrmosaeformis'' Arnold, 1935, p.482 (Zimbabwe)

''Psyllosphex saltator'' Arnold, 1935, p.480 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pygmachus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Pygmachus compressus'' Saussure, 1892 (Madagascar)

''Pygmachus umbratus'' Haupt, 1930 (Guinea, South Africa, Zanzibar, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Rhynchopompilus'' Arnold, 1934===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 37.
''Rhynchopompilus cursor'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Schistonyx'' Saussure, 1887===

''Schistonyx aterrimus'' Arnold, 1946 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx prismaticus'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

''Schistonyx sinuatus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx sheppardi'' Arnold, 1937, p.13 (Zimbabwe)

''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, South Africa, Syria, Zimbabwe) Most common pompilid in Zimbabwe (Arnold, 1937, p.12)

==='''Genus''' ''Schizanoplius'' Cameron, 1904===

''Schizanoplius lutarius'' (Saussure, 1834)(Ghana, Mali, Madagascar)

''Schizanoplius violaceipennis'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Spuridiophorus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Spuridiophorus capensis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Spuridiophorus inermis'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus maculipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Syntomoclitus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 25.
*''Syntomoclitus bicolor'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Ashmead, 1902===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ignitus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ignitus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Smith, 1855) (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ovambo.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ovambo&lt;/u&gt;''] (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Tachypompilus praepotens'' (Kohl, 1894) (South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zanzibar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_vitripennis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] ''&lt;u&gt;vitripennis&lt;/u&gt;'' (Arnold, 1937) (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Telostegus'' Costa, 1887===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 35.
*''Telostegus capensis'' Arnold, 1937; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.37 (South Africa)
*''Telostegus fuscipennis'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.35 (South Africa)
*''Telostegus insidiosus'' (Smith, 1879) (Yemen)
*''Telostegus sabulicola'' Priesner, 1955 (Algeria, Egypt, Marocco, Senegal, Yemen)

==References==</text>
      <sha1>8brpspl93ptq9f30qcw1p5d1xyf0b21</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719907</id>
      <parentid>2719906</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-28T10:24:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Genus Elaphrosyron Haupt, 1930 */</comment>
      <origin>2719907</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="26682" sha1="shcc7xb0c14wfl5drwj6o1z7ikwhtpz" xml:space="preserve">Done to Genus Euryzonotulus Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 38.

==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;
- Claveliinae corrected to Ctenocerinae in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.386-388&lt;br&gt;
- Several new genera and species in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.388-399&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934, pp. 290-364.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA. (Arnold, 1934, pp. 380-385.)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; ''Pseudagenia'' in iNat).&lt;br&gt;
*''D. pulchricoma'' = ''Pseudagenia pulchricoma'' Arnold, 1934, p. 337-340&lt;br&gt;
*''D. neavei'' = ''Pseudagenia mygnimioides'' Arnold, 1934, pp.336-337 and ''Pseudagenia neavei'' Kohl 1913&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA. - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377.&lt;br&gt;
*also ''Poecilagenia spinosipes'' = ''Trachyglyptus spinosipes'' Arnold, 1934, p. 377-379&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = ''Deuteragenia turneri'', ''D. dregei'', ''D. chirindensis'', ''D. bicolor'' (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (''Hormopogonius willowmorensis'' = ''Calicurgus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1932 p.395); also ''H. tenuicornis'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 379-380&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
*Also ''Priocnernis aterrimus'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 385-386.
*''Priocnemis meridionalis'' Arnold, 1934, p. 386.
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pompilinae==

List of genera and species from [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm '''&lt;u&gt;https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm&lt;/u&gt;''']

=== '''Genus''' ''Aeluropetrus'' Arnold, 1936 ===

''Aeluropetrus braunsi'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Aeluropetrus lugubris'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 ===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/Aetheopompilus_obliquetruncatus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus obliquetruncatus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 (Mozambique)

==='''Genus''' ''Agenioideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Agenioideus brevis'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937) (Ghana, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus decipiens'' (Bischoff, 1913) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) (Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus lascivus'' (Cameron, 1891) (?)

''Agenioideus nudatus'' (Smith, 1855) (?)

''Agenioideus rotundilabris'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus rutilus'' (Klug, 1834) (Yemen)

''Agenioideus rufipes'' (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Agenioideus varians'' (Arnold, 1937) (?)

==='''Genus''' ''Amblyellus'' Day, 1981===

''Amblyellus willowmorensis'' (Arnold, 1937) (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

==='''Genus''' ''Anoplius'' Dufour, 1834===

''Anoplius aethiopicus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Anoplius alecto'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Anoplius bifasciatus'' Tullgren, 1904 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda)

''Anoplius concinnus'' (Dahlbom, 1845) (Yemen)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''fuscus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, South Africa, Tanzania)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''excelsior'' Arnold, 1950 (Tanzania)

''Anoplius montanus'' Haupt, 1950 (Benin, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Principe Island, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

''Anoplius morosus'' Smith, 1855 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Anoplius octomaculatus'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Anoplius panmelas'' (Saussure, 1891) (Madagascar)

''Anoplius saegeri'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Anoplius subfasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius successor'' (Cameron, 1910) (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius viridicatus'' Smith, 1879 (West Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Apareia'' Haupt, 1929===

''Apareia multipicta rufifemur'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.449 (Zimbabwe)

''Apareia oedipus'' Kohl, 1886; descr. (synonymized?) as ''A. multipicta'' by Arnold, 1935, p.449 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporinellus'' Banks, 1911===

''Aporinellus bidens'' (Saussure, 1892) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporoideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Aporoideus clarus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Arachnospila'' Kincaid, 1900===

''Arachnospila (Ammosphex) consobrina heringi'' (Haupt, 1928) (California, Canary Islands, Spain, Tanzania, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Argyroclitus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p. 26.
*''Argyroclitus fasciatipennis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 27 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 29 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus longicollis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 29 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937, p. 28 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus ruwenzoriensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 30 (Democratic Republic of the Congo)

==='''Genus''' ''Atelostegus'' Haupt, 1929===

*''Atelostegus thrinax'' (Kohl, 1909) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Atopopompilus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus in Arnold, 1937, p. 22.
*''Atopompilus jacens'' (Bingham, 1912) (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Yemen)
*''Atopompilus marshalli'' Arnold, 1937, p. 24 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Atopopompilus venans mlanjiensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 24 (Ghana)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/Bambesa_grisea.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa grisea&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p.2.
*''Batozonellus capensis'' (Dahlbom, 1843); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.6 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/Batozonellus_fuliginosus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus fuliginosus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Klug, 1834); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.3 (Central Africa, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)
*''Batozonellus gowdeyi'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.7 (Sierra Leone, Uganda)
*''Batozonellus madecassus'' (Saussure, 1887) (Madagascar)
*''Batozonellus separabilis'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.9 (Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Batozonus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Batozonus bipunctatus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Batozonus capensis'' Dahlbom, 1940 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Cliochares'' Banks, 1940===

''Cliochares convexus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Cordyloscelis'' Arnold, 1935===

''Cordyloscelis bequaerti'' Arnold, 1935, p.420 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Cordyloscelis flavipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.424 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis latipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.417 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis namaqua'' Arnold, 1935, p.423 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis nigerrimus'' Arnold, 1935, p.421 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis parallelus'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe)

''Cordyloscelis ugandensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.425 (Congo, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Ctenagenia'' Saussure, 1892===

''Ctenagenia vespiformis'' (Klug, 1834) (Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Madagascar, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, Yemen)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930 ===

''Dromochares clavipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (Zimbabwe)

''Dromochares fumipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Dromochares premnopterus'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

''Dromochares rufipes'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/Dromochares_transvaalensis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares transvaalensis&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Dicyrtomellus'' Gussakovskij, 1935===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p.14.
*''Dicyrtomellus anomalipes'' Arnold, 1937, p.20 (South Africa)
*''Dicyrtomellus argenteodecoratus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.21 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus griseus'' Arnold, 1937, p.17 (Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus impressus'' Arnold, 1937, p.18 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus leptacanthius'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.16 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus meruensis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus neavei'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.19 (Congo)
*''Dicyrtomellus rufofemoratus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.17 (South Africa)
*''Dicyrtomellus sexspinosus'' (Saunders, 1901) = ''Dicyrtomellus pectinatus'' Arnold, 1937, p.19 (Sudan)

==='''Genus''' ''Elaphrosyron'' Haupt, 1930===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 40.
*''Elaphrosyron insidiosus'' Smith, 1879; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.41 (Ethiopia, Mali, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Elaphrosyron multipictus'' Arnold, 1937, p.42 (Uganda)
*''Elaphrosyron pauperculus'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Epiclinotus'' Haupt, 1929===

''Epiclinotus capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus erythrurus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.465 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus turneri'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.466 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron&lt;/u&gt;''] Schiødte, 1837===

''Episyron argillaceus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zambia)

''Episyron bequaerti'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron bicinctus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron braunsii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron crassicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Episyron gryps'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/Episyron_histrio.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron histrio&lt;/u&gt;''] Lepeletier, 1845 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mali, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron pedunculatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron solitaneum'' Kohl, 1906 (Yemen)

''Episyron tropicalis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Episyron turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron viduus'' Arnold, 1936 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron vindex'' Smith, 1879 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/index.htm &lt;u&gt;Euclavelia&lt;/u&gt;]'' Arnold, 1932===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/Euclavelia_fasciata.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Euclavelia fasciata&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1932 (South Africa)

''Euclavelia longicollis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Euryzonotulus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 38.
*''Euryzonotulus nigeriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Nigeria, Democratic Republic of the Congo)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreola'' Lepeletier, 1845===

''Ferreola auranticornis'' Wahis, 2000 (Eritrea, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreoloides'' Haupt, 1919===

''Ferreoloides basutorum'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

''Ferreoloides versutus'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

==='''Genus''' ''Galactopterus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 32.
*''Galactopterus otaviensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 33 (South Africa)
*''Galactopterus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937, p. 32 (Namibia, South Africa)
*''Galactopterus simillimus'' Arnold, 1937, p. 34 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Guichardia'' Arnold, 1951===

''Guichardia macilenta'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hadropompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Hadropompilus braunsi'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Hadropompilus montanus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hauptiella'' Arnold, 1936===

''Hauptiella multipicta'' Arnold, 1936

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/Herpetosphex_staphylinoides.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex staphylinoides&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Homonotus'' Dahlbom, 1844===
Dahlbom 1843 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796238) or Dahlbom, 1844 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796653)?

''Homonotus aegyptiacus'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.469 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus coxalis'' Arnold, 1935, p.478 (South Africa)

''Homonotus disparilis'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.473 (South Africa)

''Homonotus dispersus'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus dissectus'' Arnold, 1935, p.474 (South Africa)

''Homonotus excavatus'' Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus fuscipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.475 (South Africa)

''Homonotus imitans'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus leptogaster'' Arnold, 1935, p.476 (South Africa)

''Homonotus ruficornis'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus rukwaensis'' Arnold, 1946 (Tanzania)

''Homonotus sansibaricus'' Arnold, 1935, p.471 (Zanzibar)

==='''Genus''' ''Idopompilus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Idopompilus algoensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus algoensis major'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus braunsi'' Kohl, 1899 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus brunnescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschi handlirschi'' Arnold, 1936 (?)

''Idopompilus handlirschi basutorum'' Arnold, 1959 (Lesotho, South Africa)

''Idopompilus fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1946 (Lesotho)

''Idopompilus gracilicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus krugeri'' Haupt, 1930 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Idopompilus quadrifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Kolposphex'' Arnold, 1959===

*''Kolposphex atronitens'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Kyphopompilus'' Arnold, 1960===

*''Kyphopompilus flavipes'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microdrapetes'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 30
*''Microdrapetes bellus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microphadnus'' Cameron, 1904===

*''Microphadnus bicolor'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Paracyphononyx'' Gribodo, 1884===

''Paracyphononyx affinis'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon, Ghana, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx africanus'' Rad., 1881 (Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx carinatus'' Rad., 1881 Angola, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx coloratus'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon)

''Paracyphononyx difficilis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Malai, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversipes'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversus'' Dahlbom, 1845 (Central and East Africa to South Africa, Yemen)

''Paracyphononyx elliotti'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx frustratus'' Smith, 1879 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx funebris'' Magretti, 1884 (Ethiopia)

''Paracyphononyx gemellus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx laboriosus'' Arnold, 1936 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx languidus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx lukombensis'' Cameron, 1912 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia)

''Paracyphononyx metemmensis'' Magretti, 1884 (Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx mombassicus'' R. Luc., 1898 (Kenya)

''Paracyphononyx montanus'' Arnold, 1960 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx parallelus'' Haupt, 1929 (Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx petiolaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx plutonis'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx rotundinervis'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx ruficrus'' Klug, 1834 (Asia Minor, Egypt, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' Illiger,1802 (Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Paraferreola'' Sustera, 1913===

''Paraferreola melanostoma'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.439 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paraferreola spilopus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.441 (South Africa)

''Paraferreola soleana'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.443 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Platyderes'' Guérin-Méneville, 1844===

''Platyderes bicolor'' Smith, 1855; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.454 (South Africa)

''Platyderes chalybeus'' Saussure, 1892 (or Tasch. 1880?); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.456 (East Africa, South Africa)

''Platyderes drègii'' Brauns, 1899; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.457 (South Africa)

''Platyderes erythrocephalus'' Guerin, **** (Madagascar)

''Platyderes flavoscutellatus'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes oraniensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.456 (South Africa)

''Platyderes rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.461 (Ethiopia, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes saussurei'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Platyderes spoliatus'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.462 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes vicinus'' Arnold, 1935, p.460 (South Africa)

''Platyderes wasmanni'' Brauns, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.459 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilus'' Fabricius===

''Pompilus alpinus'' Arnold, 1960 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus anomalopterus'' Cameron, 1908 (Malawi, South Africa)

''Pompilus cinereus'' Fabricius, 1775 (Yemen)

''Pompilus contrarius'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Pompilus curvifrons'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus erythrostomus'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus exploratrix'' Cameron, 1908 ''(''

''Pompilus ignobilis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pompilus levis'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana)

''Pompilus masaiensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus meruensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus plumbeus'' Fabricius, 1787 (Widespread through Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Senegal, South Africa) also in China, Europe, India)

''Pompilus sacchii'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus shirae'' Arnold, 1950 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus successor'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus vanutelli'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Pompilus yngvei'' Cameron, 1908 (

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilioides'' Radley, 1887===

''Pompilioides braunsi'' Kohl, 1894 (Cameroon)

''Pompilioides decipiens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides latifrons'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides pruinosus'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides trifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides validus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammochares'' Latreille, 1796===

''Psammochares bilineatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares brunniventris'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares irpex'' Gerstaecker, 1859 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares jocaste'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Psammochares latilabris'' Arnold, 1937 (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares quadriguttatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Tanzania)

''Psammochares rufigaster'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares rutilus'' Klug, 1834 (Ethiopia, Nigeria, Sudan, Zimbabwe)

''Psammochares varians'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammoderes'' Haupt, 1929===

''Psammoderes capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes collaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Psammoderes fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1935, p.438 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes lightfooti'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Psammoderes major'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.433 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes mimicus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.434 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes semirufus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.436 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes reputatus'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.437 (Congo, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Pseudoclavelia&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930===

''Pseudoclavelia argenteosignata'' Arnold, 1936 (Botswana, Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia bituberculata'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_damarensis.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia damarensis''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia jouberti'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_nitidula.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia nitidula'' ''nitidula''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia nitidula bechuanae'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia rhodesiana'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudoclavelia rufescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pseudopompilus'' Costa, 1887===

''Pseudopompilus funereus'' Arnold, 1935, p.444 (Zimbabwe, Namibia)

''Pseudopompilus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

''Pseudopompilus lacteipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psyllosphex'' Arnold, 1935===

''Psyllosphex dentatus'' (Cameron, 1904); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.482 (South Africa)

''Psyllosphex myrmosaeformis'' Arnold, 1935, p.482 (Zimbabwe)

''Psyllosphex saltator'' Arnold, 1935, p.480 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pygmachus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Pygmachus compressus'' Saussure, 1892 (Madagascar)

''Pygmachus umbratus'' Haupt, 1930 (Guinea, South Africa, Zanzibar, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Rhynchopompilus'' Arnold, 1934===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 37.
''Rhynchopompilus cursor'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Schistonyx'' Saussure, 1887===

''Schistonyx aterrimus'' Arnold, 1946 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx prismaticus'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

''Schistonyx sinuatus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx sheppardi'' Arnold, 1937, p.13 (Zimbabwe)

''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, South Africa, Syria, Zimbabwe) Most common pompilid in Zimbabwe (Arnold, 1937, p.12)

==='''Genus''' ''Schizanoplius'' Cameron, 1904===

''Schizanoplius lutarius'' (Saussure, 1834)(Ghana, Mali, Madagascar)

''Schizanoplius violaceipennis'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Spuridiophorus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Spuridiophorus capensis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Spuridiophorus inermis'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus maculipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Syntomoclitus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 25.
*''Syntomoclitus bicolor'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Ashmead, 1902===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ignitus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ignitus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Smith, 1855) (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ovambo.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ovambo&lt;/u&gt;''] (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Tachypompilus praepotens'' (Kohl, 1894) (South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zanzibar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_vitripennis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] ''&lt;u&gt;vitripennis&lt;/u&gt;'' (Arnold, 1937) (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Telostegus'' Costa, 1887===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 35.
*''Telostegus capensis'' Arnold, 1937; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.37 (South Africa)
*''Telostegus fuscipennis'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.35 (South Africa)
*''Telostegus insidiosus'' (Smith, 1879) (Yemen)
*''Telostegus sabulicola'' Priesner, 1955 (Algeria, Egypt, Marocco, Senegal, Yemen)

==References==</text>
      <sha1>shcc7xb0c14wfl5drwj6o1z7ikwhtpz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719908</id>
      <parentid>2719907</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-28T10:40:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Genus Psammochares Latreille, 1796 */</comment>
      <origin>2719908</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="26878" sha1="13uy57ln0mq211uk8loafxkktu6jgiw" xml:space="preserve">Done to Genus Euryzonotulus Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 38.

==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;
- Claveliinae corrected to Ctenocerinae in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.386-388&lt;br&gt;
- Several new genera and species in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.388-399&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934, pp. 290-364.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA. (Arnold, 1934, pp. 380-385.)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; ''Pseudagenia'' in iNat).&lt;br&gt;
*''D. pulchricoma'' = ''Pseudagenia pulchricoma'' Arnold, 1934, p. 337-340&lt;br&gt;
*''D. neavei'' = ''Pseudagenia mygnimioides'' Arnold, 1934, pp.336-337 and ''Pseudagenia neavei'' Kohl 1913&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA. - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377.&lt;br&gt;
*also ''Poecilagenia spinosipes'' = ''Trachyglyptus spinosipes'' Arnold, 1934, p. 377-379&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = ''Deuteragenia turneri'', ''D. dregei'', ''D. chirindensis'', ''D. bicolor'' (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (''Hormopogonius willowmorensis'' = ''Calicurgus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1932 p.395); also ''H. tenuicornis'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 379-380&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
*Also ''Priocnernis aterrimus'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 385-386.
*''Priocnemis meridionalis'' Arnold, 1934, p. 386.
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pompilinae==

List of genera and species from [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm '''&lt;u&gt;https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm&lt;/u&gt;''']

=== '''Genus''' ''Aeluropetrus'' Arnold, 1936 ===

''Aeluropetrus braunsi'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Aeluropetrus lugubris'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 ===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/Aetheopompilus_obliquetruncatus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus obliquetruncatus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 (Mozambique)

==='''Genus''' ''Agenioideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Agenioideus brevis'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937) (Ghana, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus decipiens'' (Bischoff, 1913) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) (Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus lascivus'' (Cameron, 1891) (?)

''Agenioideus nudatus'' (Smith, 1855) (?)

''Agenioideus rotundilabris'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus rutilus'' (Klug, 1834) (Yemen)

''Agenioideus rufipes'' (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Agenioideus varians'' (Arnold, 1937) (?)

==='''Genus''' ''Amblyellus'' Day, 1981===

''Amblyellus willowmorensis'' (Arnold, 1937) (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

==='''Genus''' ''Anoplius'' Dufour, 1834===

''Anoplius aethiopicus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Anoplius alecto'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Anoplius bifasciatus'' Tullgren, 1904 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda)

''Anoplius concinnus'' (Dahlbom, 1845) (Yemen)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''fuscus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, South Africa, Tanzania)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''excelsior'' Arnold, 1950 (Tanzania)

''Anoplius montanus'' Haupt, 1950 (Benin, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Principe Island, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

''Anoplius morosus'' Smith, 1855 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Anoplius octomaculatus'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Anoplius panmelas'' (Saussure, 1891) (Madagascar)

''Anoplius saegeri'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Anoplius subfasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius successor'' (Cameron, 1910) (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius viridicatus'' Smith, 1879 (West Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Apareia'' Haupt, 1929===

''Apareia multipicta rufifemur'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.449 (Zimbabwe)

''Apareia oedipus'' Kohl, 1886; descr. (synonymized?) as ''A. multipicta'' by Arnold, 1935, p.449 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporinellus'' Banks, 1911===

''Aporinellus bidens'' (Saussure, 1892) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporoideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Aporoideus clarus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Arachnospila'' Kincaid, 1900===

''Arachnospila (Ammosphex) consobrina heringi'' (Haupt, 1928) (California, Canary Islands, Spain, Tanzania, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Argyroclitus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p. 26.
*''Argyroclitus fasciatipennis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 27 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 29 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus longicollis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 29 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937, p. 28 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus ruwenzoriensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 30 (Democratic Republic of the Congo)

==='''Genus''' ''Atelostegus'' Haupt, 1929===

*''Atelostegus thrinax'' (Kohl, 1909) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Atopopompilus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus in Arnold, 1937, p. 22.
*''Atopompilus jacens'' (Bingham, 1912) (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Yemen)
*''Atopompilus marshalli'' Arnold, 1937, p. 24 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Atopopompilus venans mlanjiensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 24 (Ghana)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/Bambesa_grisea.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa grisea&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p.2.
*''Batozonellus capensis'' (Dahlbom, 1843); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.6 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/Batozonellus_fuliginosus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus fuliginosus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Klug, 1834); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.3 (Central Africa, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)
*''Batozonellus gowdeyi'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.7 (Sierra Leone, Uganda)
*''Batozonellus madecassus'' (Saussure, 1887) (Madagascar)
*''Batozonellus separabilis'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.9 (Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Batozonus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Batozonus bipunctatus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Batozonus capensis'' Dahlbom, 1940 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Cliochares'' Banks, 1940===

''Cliochares convexus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Cordyloscelis'' Arnold, 1935===

''Cordyloscelis bequaerti'' Arnold, 1935, p.420 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Cordyloscelis flavipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.424 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis latipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.417 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis namaqua'' Arnold, 1935, p.423 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis nigerrimus'' Arnold, 1935, p.421 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis parallelus'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe)

''Cordyloscelis ugandensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.425 (Congo, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Ctenagenia'' Saussure, 1892===

''Ctenagenia vespiformis'' (Klug, 1834) (Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Madagascar, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, Yemen)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930 ===

''Dromochares clavipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (Zimbabwe)

''Dromochares fumipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Dromochares premnopterus'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

''Dromochares rufipes'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/Dromochares_transvaalensis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares transvaalensis&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Dicyrtomellus'' Gussakovskij, 1935===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p.14.
*''Dicyrtomellus anomalipes'' Arnold, 1937, p.20 (South Africa)
*''Dicyrtomellus argenteodecoratus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.21 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus griseus'' Arnold, 1937, p.17 (Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus impressus'' Arnold, 1937, p.18 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus leptacanthius'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.16 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus meruensis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus neavei'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.19 (Congo)
*''Dicyrtomellus rufofemoratus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.17 (South Africa)
*''Dicyrtomellus sexspinosus'' (Saunders, 1901) = ''Dicyrtomellus pectinatus'' Arnold, 1937, p.19 (Sudan)

==='''Genus''' ''Elaphrosyron'' Haupt, 1930===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 40.
*''Elaphrosyron insidiosus'' Smith, 1879; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.41 (Ethiopia, Mali, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Elaphrosyron multipictus'' Arnold, 1937, p.42 (Uganda)
*''Elaphrosyron pauperculus'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Epiclinotus'' Haupt, 1929===

''Epiclinotus capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus erythrurus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.465 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus turneri'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.466 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron&lt;/u&gt;''] Schiødte, 1837===

''Episyron argillaceus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zambia)

''Episyron bequaerti'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron bicinctus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron braunsii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron crassicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Episyron gryps'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/Episyron_histrio.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron histrio&lt;/u&gt;''] Lepeletier, 1845 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mali, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron pedunculatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron solitaneum'' Kohl, 1906 (Yemen)

''Episyron tropicalis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Episyron turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron viduus'' Arnold, 1936 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron vindex'' Smith, 1879 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/index.htm &lt;u&gt;Euclavelia&lt;/u&gt;]'' Arnold, 1932===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/Euclavelia_fasciata.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Euclavelia fasciata&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1932 (South Africa)

''Euclavelia longicollis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Euryzonotulus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 38.
*''Euryzonotulus nigeriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Nigeria, Democratic Republic of the Congo)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreola'' Lepeletier, 1845===

''Ferreola auranticornis'' Wahis, 2000 (Eritrea, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreoloides'' Haupt, 1919===

''Ferreoloides basutorum'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

''Ferreoloides versutus'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

==='''Genus''' ''Galactopterus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 32.
*''Galactopterus otaviensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 33 (South Africa)
*''Galactopterus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937, p. 32 (Namibia, South Africa)
*''Galactopterus simillimus'' Arnold, 1937, p. 34 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Guichardia'' Arnold, 1951===

''Guichardia macilenta'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hadropompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Hadropompilus braunsi'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Hadropompilus montanus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hauptiella'' Arnold, 1936===

''Hauptiella multipicta'' Arnold, 1936

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/Herpetosphex_staphylinoides.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex staphylinoides&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Homonotus'' Dahlbom, 1844===
Dahlbom 1843 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796238) or Dahlbom, 1844 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796653)?

''Homonotus aegyptiacus'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.469 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus coxalis'' Arnold, 1935, p.478 (South Africa)

''Homonotus disparilis'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.473 (South Africa)

''Homonotus dispersus'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus dissectus'' Arnold, 1935, p.474 (South Africa)

''Homonotus excavatus'' Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus fuscipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.475 (South Africa)

''Homonotus imitans'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus leptogaster'' Arnold, 1935, p.476 (South Africa)

''Homonotus ruficornis'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus rukwaensis'' Arnold, 1946 (Tanzania)

''Homonotus sansibaricus'' Arnold, 1935, p.471 (Zanzibar)

==='''Genus''' ''Idopompilus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Idopompilus algoensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus algoensis major'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus braunsi'' Kohl, 1899 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus brunnescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschi handlirschi'' Arnold, 1936 (?)

''Idopompilus handlirschi basutorum'' Arnold, 1959 (Lesotho, South Africa)

''Idopompilus fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1946 (Lesotho)

''Idopompilus gracilicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus krugeri'' Haupt, 1930 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Idopompilus quadrifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Kolposphex'' Arnold, 1959===

*''Kolposphex atronitens'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Kyphopompilus'' Arnold, 1960===

*''Kyphopompilus flavipes'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microdrapetes'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 30
*''Microdrapetes bellus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microphadnus'' Cameron, 1904===

*''Microphadnus bicolor'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Paracyphononyx'' Gribodo, 1884===

''Paracyphononyx affinis'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon, Ghana, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx africanus'' Rad., 1881 (Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx carinatus'' Rad., 1881 Angola, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx coloratus'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon)

''Paracyphononyx difficilis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Malai, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversipes'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversus'' Dahlbom, 1845 (Central and East Africa to South Africa, Yemen)

''Paracyphononyx elliotti'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx frustratus'' Smith, 1879 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx funebris'' Magretti, 1884 (Ethiopia)

''Paracyphononyx gemellus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx laboriosus'' Arnold, 1936 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx languidus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx lukombensis'' Cameron, 1912 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia)

''Paracyphononyx metemmensis'' Magretti, 1884 (Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx mombassicus'' R. Luc., 1898 (Kenya)

''Paracyphononyx montanus'' Arnold, 1960 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx parallelus'' Haupt, 1929 (Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx petiolaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx plutonis'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx rotundinervis'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx ruficrus'' Klug, 1834 (Asia Minor, Egypt, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' Illiger,1802 (Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Paraferreola'' Sustera, 1913===

''Paraferreola melanostoma'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.439 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paraferreola spilopus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.441 (South Africa)

''Paraferreola soleana'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.443 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Platyderes'' Guérin-Méneville, 1844===

''Platyderes bicolor'' Smith, 1855; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.454 (South Africa)

''Platyderes chalybeus'' Saussure, 1892 (or Tasch. 1880?); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.456 (East Africa, South Africa)

''Platyderes drègii'' Brauns, 1899; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.457 (South Africa)

''Platyderes erythrocephalus'' Guerin, **** (Madagascar)

''Platyderes flavoscutellatus'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes oraniensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.456 (South Africa)

''Platyderes rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.461 (Ethiopia, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes saussurei'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Platyderes spoliatus'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.462 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes vicinus'' Arnold, 1935, p.460 (South Africa)

''Platyderes wasmanni'' Brauns, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.459 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilus'' Fabricius===

''Pompilus alpinus'' Arnold, 1960 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus anomalopterus'' Cameron, 1908 (Malawi, South Africa)

''Pompilus cinereus'' Fabricius, 1775 (Yemen)

''Pompilus contrarius'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Pompilus curvifrons'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus erythrostomus'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus exploratrix'' Cameron, 1908 ''(''

''Pompilus ignobilis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pompilus levis'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana)

''Pompilus masaiensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus meruensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus plumbeus'' Fabricius, 1787 (Widespread through Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Senegal, South Africa) also in China, Europe, India)

''Pompilus sacchii'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus shirae'' Arnold, 1950 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus successor'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus vanutelli'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Pompilus yngvei'' Cameron, 1908 (

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilioides'' Radley, 1887===

''Pompilioides braunsi'' Kohl, 1894 (Cameroon)

''Pompilioides decipiens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides latifrons'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides pruinosus'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides trifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides validus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammochares'' Latreille, 1796===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p. 43.
*''Psammochares bilineatus'' Arnold, 1937, p. 50 (South Africa)
*''Psammochares brunniventris'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)
*''Psammochares decipiens'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.48 (Botswana, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares irpex'' Gerstaecker, 1859; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.48 (Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares jocaste'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)
*''Psammochares latilabris'' Arnold, 1937, p. 47 (Malawi, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares quadriguttatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Tanzania)
*''Psammochares rufigaster'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)
*''Psammochares rutilus'' Klug, 1834 (Ethiopia, Nigeria, Sudan, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares varians'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammoderes'' Haupt, 1929===

''Psammoderes capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes collaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Psammoderes fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1935, p.438 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes lightfooti'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Psammoderes major'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.433 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes mimicus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.434 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes semirufus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.436 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes reputatus'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.437 (Congo, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Pseudoclavelia&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930===

''Pseudoclavelia argenteosignata'' Arnold, 1936 (Botswana, Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia bituberculata'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_damarensis.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia damarensis''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia jouberti'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_nitidula.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia nitidula'' ''nitidula''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia nitidula bechuanae'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia rhodesiana'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudoclavelia rufescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pseudopompilus'' Costa, 1887===

''Pseudopompilus funereus'' Arnold, 1935, p.444 (Zimbabwe, Namibia)

''Pseudopompilus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

''Pseudopompilus lacteipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psyllosphex'' Arnold, 1935===

''Psyllosphex dentatus'' (Cameron, 1904); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.482 (South Africa)

''Psyllosphex myrmosaeformis'' Arnold, 1935, p.482 (Zimbabwe)

''Psyllosphex saltator'' Arnold, 1935, p.480 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pygmachus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Pygmachus compressus'' Saussure, 1892 (Madagascar)

''Pygmachus umbratus'' Haupt, 1930 (Guinea, South Africa, Zanzibar, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Rhynchopompilus'' Arnold, 1934===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 37.
''Rhynchopompilus cursor'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Schistonyx'' Saussure, 1887===

''Schistonyx aterrimus'' Arnold, 1946 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx prismaticus'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

''Schistonyx sinuatus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx sheppardi'' Arnold, 1937, p.13 (Zimbabwe)

''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, South Africa, Syria, Zimbabwe) Most common pompilid in Zimbabwe (Arnold, 1937, p.12)

==='''Genus''' ''Schizanoplius'' Cameron, 1904===

''Schizanoplius lutarius'' (Saussure, 1834)(Ghana, Mali, Madagascar)

''Schizanoplius violaceipennis'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Spuridiophorus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Spuridiophorus capensis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Spuridiophorus inermis'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus maculipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Syntomoclitus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 25.
*''Syntomoclitus bicolor'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Ashmead, 1902===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ignitus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ignitus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Smith, 1855) (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ovambo.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ovambo&lt;/u&gt;''] (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Tachypompilus praepotens'' (Kohl, 1894) (South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zanzibar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_vitripennis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] ''&lt;u&gt;vitripennis&lt;/u&gt;'' (Arnold, 1937) (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Telostegus'' Costa, 1887===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 35.
*''Telostegus capensis'' Arnold, 1937; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.37 (South Africa)
*''Telostegus fuscipennis'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.35 (South Africa)
*''Telostegus insidiosus'' (Smith, 1879) (Yemen)
*''Telostegus sabulicola'' Priesner, 1955 (Algeria, Egypt, Marocco, Senegal, Yemen)

==References==</text>
      <sha1>13uy57ln0mq211uk8loafxkktu6jgiw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719909</id>
      <parentid>2719908</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-28T10:42:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Genus Amblyellus Day, 1981 */</comment>
      <origin>2719909</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="26936" sha1="gx8mj7nk0aa30plws8ij7psecmpclt9" xml:space="preserve">Done to Genus Euryzonotulus Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 38.

==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;
- Claveliinae corrected to Ctenocerinae in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.386-388&lt;br&gt;
- Several new genera and species in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.388-399&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934, pp. 290-364.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA. (Arnold, 1934, pp. 380-385.)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; ''Pseudagenia'' in iNat).&lt;br&gt;
*''D. pulchricoma'' = ''Pseudagenia pulchricoma'' Arnold, 1934, p. 337-340&lt;br&gt;
*''D. neavei'' = ''Pseudagenia mygnimioides'' Arnold, 1934, pp.336-337 and ''Pseudagenia neavei'' Kohl 1913&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA. - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377.&lt;br&gt;
*also ''Poecilagenia spinosipes'' = ''Trachyglyptus spinosipes'' Arnold, 1934, p. 377-379&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = ''Deuteragenia turneri'', ''D. dregei'', ''D. chirindensis'', ''D. bicolor'' (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (''Hormopogonius willowmorensis'' = ''Calicurgus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1932 p.395); also ''H. tenuicornis'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 379-380&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
*Also ''Priocnernis aterrimus'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 385-386.
*''Priocnemis meridionalis'' Arnold, 1934, p. 386.
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pompilinae==

List of genera and species from [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm '''&lt;u&gt;https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm&lt;/u&gt;''']

=== '''Genus''' ''Aeluropetrus'' Arnold, 1936 ===

''Aeluropetrus braunsi'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Aeluropetrus lugubris'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 ===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/Aetheopompilus_obliquetruncatus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus obliquetruncatus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 (Mozambique)

==='''Genus''' ''Agenioideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Agenioideus brevis'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937) (Ghana, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus decipiens'' (Bischoff, 1913) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) (Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus lascivus'' (Cameron, 1891) (?)

''Agenioideus nudatus'' (Smith, 1855) (?)

''Agenioideus rotundilabris'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus rutilus'' (Klug, 1834) (Yemen)

''Agenioideus rufipes'' (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Agenioideus varians'' (Arnold, 1937) (?)

==='''Genus''' ''Amblyellus'' Day, 1981===

*''Amblyellus willowmorensis'' (Arnold, 1937) (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)
**= ''Psammochares willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 51.

==='''Genus''' ''Anoplius'' Dufour, 1834===

''Anoplius aethiopicus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Anoplius alecto'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Anoplius bifasciatus'' Tullgren, 1904 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda)

''Anoplius concinnus'' (Dahlbom, 1845) (Yemen)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''fuscus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, South Africa, Tanzania)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''excelsior'' Arnold, 1950 (Tanzania)

''Anoplius montanus'' Haupt, 1950 (Benin, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Principe Island, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

''Anoplius morosus'' Smith, 1855 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Anoplius octomaculatus'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Anoplius panmelas'' (Saussure, 1891) (Madagascar)

''Anoplius saegeri'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Anoplius subfasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius successor'' (Cameron, 1910) (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius viridicatus'' Smith, 1879 (West Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Apareia'' Haupt, 1929===

''Apareia multipicta rufifemur'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.449 (Zimbabwe)

''Apareia oedipus'' Kohl, 1886; descr. (synonymized?) as ''A. multipicta'' by Arnold, 1935, p.449 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporinellus'' Banks, 1911===

''Aporinellus bidens'' (Saussure, 1892) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporoideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Aporoideus clarus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Arachnospila'' Kincaid, 1900===

''Arachnospila (Ammosphex) consobrina heringi'' (Haupt, 1928) (California, Canary Islands, Spain, Tanzania, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Argyroclitus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p. 26.
*''Argyroclitus fasciatipennis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 27 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 29 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus longicollis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 29 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937, p. 28 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus ruwenzoriensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 30 (Democratic Republic of the Congo)

==='''Genus''' ''Atelostegus'' Haupt, 1929===

*''Atelostegus thrinax'' (Kohl, 1909) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Atopopompilus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus in Arnold, 1937, p. 22.
*''Atopompilus jacens'' (Bingham, 1912) (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Yemen)
*''Atopompilus marshalli'' Arnold, 1937, p. 24 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Atopopompilus venans mlanjiensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 24 (Ghana)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/Bambesa_grisea.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa grisea&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p.2.
*''Batozonellus capensis'' (Dahlbom, 1843); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.6 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/Batozonellus_fuliginosus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus fuliginosus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Klug, 1834); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.3 (Central Africa, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)
*''Batozonellus gowdeyi'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.7 (Sierra Leone, Uganda)
*''Batozonellus madecassus'' (Saussure, 1887) (Madagascar)
*''Batozonellus separabilis'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.9 (Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Batozonus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Batozonus bipunctatus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Batozonus capensis'' Dahlbom, 1940 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Cliochares'' Banks, 1940===

''Cliochares convexus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Cordyloscelis'' Arnold, 1935===

''Cordyloscelis bequaerti'' Arnold, 1935, p.420 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Cordyloscelis flavipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.424 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis latipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.417 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis namaqua'' Arnold, 1935, p.423 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis nigerrimus'' Arnold, 1935, p.421 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis parallelus'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe)

''Cordyloscelis ugandensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.425 (Congo, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Ctenagenia'' Saussure, 1892===

''Ctenagenia vespiformis'' (Klug, 1834) (Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Madagascar, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, Yemen)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930 ===

''Dromochares clavipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (Zimbabwe)

''Dromochares fumipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Dromochares premnopterus'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

''Dromochares rufipes'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/Dromochares_transvaalensis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares transvaalensis&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Dicyrtomellus'' Gussakovskij, 1935===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p.14.
*''Dicyrtomellus anomalipes'' Arnold, 1937, p.20 (South Africa)
*''Dicyrtomellus argenteodecoratus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.21 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus griseus'' Arnold, 1937, p.17 (Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus impressus'' Arnold, 1937, p.18 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus leptacanthius'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.16 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus meruensis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus neavei'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.19 (Congo)
*''Dicyrtomellus rufofemoratus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.17 (South Africa)
*''Dicyrtomellus sexspinosus'' (Saunders, 1901) = ''Dicyrtomellus pectinatus'' Arnold, 1937, p.19 (Sudan)

==='''Genus''' ''Elaphrosyron'' Haupt, 1930===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 40.
*''Elaphrosyron insidiosus'' Smith, 1879; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.41 (Ethiopia, Mali, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Elaphrosyron multipictus'' Arnold, 1937, p.42 (Uganda)
*''Elaphrosyron pauperculus'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Epiclinotus'' Haupt, 1929===

''Epiclinotus capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus erythrurus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.465 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus turneri'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.466 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron&lt;/u&gt;''] Schiødte, 1837===

''Episyron argillaceus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zambia)

''Episyron bequaerti'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron bicinctus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron braunsii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron crassicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Episyron gryps'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/Episyron_histrio.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron histrio&lt;/u&gt;''] Lepeletier, 1845 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mali, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron pedunculatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron solitaneum'' Kohl, 1906 (Yemen)

''Episyron tropicalis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Episyron turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron viduus'' Arnold, 1936 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron vindex'' Smith, 1879 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/index.htm &lt;u&gt;Euclavelia&lt;/u&gt;]'' Arnold, 1932===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/Euclavelia_fasciata.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Euclavelia fasciata&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1932 (South Africa)

''Euclavelia longicollis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Euryzonotulus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 38.
*''Euryzonotulus nigeriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Nigeria, Democratic Republic of the Congo)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreola'' Lepeletier, 1845===

''Ferreola auranticornis'' Wahis, 2000 (Eritrea, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreoloides'' Haupt, 1919===

''Ferreoloides basutorum'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

''Ferreoloides versutus'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

==='''Genus''' ''Galactopterus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 32.
*''Galactopterus otaviensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 33 (South Africa)
*''Galactopterus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937, p. 32 (Namibia, South Africa)
*''Galactopterus simillimus'' Arnold, 1937, p. 34 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Guichardia'' Arnold, 1951===

''Guichardia macilenta'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hadropompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Hadropompilus braunsi'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Hadropompilus montanus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hauptiella'' Arnold, 1936===

''Hauptiella multipicta'' Arnold, 1936

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/Herpetosphex_staphylinoides.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex staphylinoides&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Homonotus'' Dahlbom, 1844===
Dahlbom 1843 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796238) or Dahlbom, 1844 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796653)?

''Homonotus aegyptiacus'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.469 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus coxalis'' Arnold, 1935, p.478 (South Africa)

''Homonotus disparilis'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.473 (South Africa)

''Homonotus dispersus'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus dissectus'' Arnold, 1935, p.474 (South Africa)

''Homonotus excavatus'' Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus fuscipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.475 (South Africa)

''Homonotus imitans'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus leptogaster'' Arnold, 1935, p.476 (South Africa)

''Homonotus ruficornis'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus rukwaensis'' Arnold, 1946 (Tanzania)

''Homonotus sansibaricus'' Arnold, 1935, p.471 (Zanzibar)

==='''Genus''' ''Idopompilus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Idopompilus algoensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus algoensis major'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus braunsi'' Kohl, 1899 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus brunnescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschi handlirschi'' Arnold, 1936 (?)

''Idopompilus handlirschi basutorum'' Arnold, 1959 (Lesotho, South Africa)

''Idopompilus fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1946 (Lesotho)

''Idopompilus gracilicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus krugeri'' Haupt, 1930 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Idopompilus quadrifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Kolposphex'' Arnold, 1959===

*''Kolposphex atronitens'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Kyphopompilus'' Arnold, 1960===

*''Kyphopompilus flavipes'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microdrapetes'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 30
*''Microdrapetes bellus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microphadnus'' Cameron, 1904===

*''Microphadnus bicolor'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Paracyphononyx'' Gribodo, 1884===

''Paracyphononyx affinis'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon, Ghana, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx africanus'' Rad., 1881 (Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx carinatus'' Rad., 1881 Angola, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx coloratus'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon)

''Paracyphononyx difficilis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Malai, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversipes'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversus'' Dahlbom, 1845 (Central and East Africa to South Africa, Yemen)

''Paracyphononyx elliotti'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx frustratus'' Smith, 1879 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx funebris'' Magretti, 1884 (Ethiopia)

''Paracyphononyx gemellus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx laboriosus'' Arnold, 1936 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx languidus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx lukombensis'' Cameron, 1912 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia)

''Paracyphononyx metemmensis'' Magretti, 1884 (Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx mombassicus'' R. Luc., 1898 (Kenya)

''Paracyphononyx montanus'' Arnold, 1960 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx parallelus'' Haupt, 1929 (Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx petiolaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx plutonis'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx rotundinervis'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx ruficrus'' Klug, 1834 (Asia Minor, Egypt, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' Illiger,1802 (Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Paraferreola'' Sustera, 1913===

''Paraferreola melanostoma'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.439 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paraferreola spilopus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.441 (South Africa)

''Paraferreola soleana'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.443 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Platyderes'' Guérin-Méneville, 1844===

''Platyderes bicolor'' Smith, 1855; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.454 (South Africa)

''Platyderes chalybeus'' Saussure, 1892 (or Tasch. 1880?); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.456 (East Africa, South Africa)

''Platyderes drègii'' Brauns, 1899; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.457 (South Africa)

''Platyderes erythrocephalus'' Guerin, **** (Madagascar)

''Platyderes flavoscutellatus'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes oraniensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.456 (South Africa)

''Platyderes rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.461 (Ethiopia, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes saussurei'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Platyderes spoliatus'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.462 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes vicinus'' Arnold, 1935, p.460 (South Africa)

''Platyderes wasmanni'' Brauns, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.459 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilus'' Fabricius===

''Pompilus alpinus'' Arnold, 1960 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus anomalopterus'' Cameron, 1908 (Malawi, South Africa)

''Pompilus cinereus'' Fabricius, 1775 (Yemen)

''Pompilus contrarius'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Pompilus curvifrons'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus erythrostomus'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus exploratrix'' Cameron, 1908 ''(''

''Pompilus ignobilis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pompilus levis'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana)

''Pompilus masaiensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus meruensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus plumbeus'' Fabricius, 1787 (Widespread through Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Senegal, South Africa) also in China, Europe, India)

''Pompilus sacchii'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus shirae'' Arnold, 1950 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus successor'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus vanutelli'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Pompilus yngvei'' Cameron, 1908 (

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilioides'' Radley, 1887===

''Pompilioides braunsi'' Kohl, 1894 (Cameroon)

''Pompilioides decipiens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides latifrons'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides pruinosus'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides trifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides validus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammochares'' Latreille, 1796===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p. 43.
*''Psammochares bilineatus'' Arnold, 1937, p. 50 (South Africa)
*''Psammochares brunniventris'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)
*''Psammochares decipiens'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.48 (Botswana, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares irpex'' Gerstaecker, 1859; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.48 (Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares jocaste'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)
*''Psammochares latilabris'' Arnold, 1937, p. 47 (Malawi, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares quadriguttatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Tanzania)
*''Psammochares rufigaster'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)
*''Psammochares rutilus'' Klug, 1834 (Ethiopia, Nigeria, Sudan, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares varians'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammoderes'' Haupt, 1929===

''Psammoderes capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes collaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Psammoderes fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1935, p.438 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes lightfooti'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Psammoderes major'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.433 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes mimicus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.434 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes semirufus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.436 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes reputatus'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.437 (Congo, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Pseudoclavelia&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930===

''Pseudoclavelia argenteosignata'' Arnold, 1936 (Botswana, Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia bituberculata'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_damarensis.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia damarensis''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia jouberti'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_nitidula.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia nitidula'' ''nitidula''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia nitidula bechuanae'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia rhodesiana'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudoclavelia rufescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pseudopompilus'' Costa, 1887===

''Pseudopompilus funereus'' Arnold, 1935, p.444 (Zimbabwe, Namibia)

''Pseudopompilus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

''Pseudopompilus lacteipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psyllosphex'' Arnold, 1935===

''Psyllosphex dentatus'' (Cameron, 1904); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.482 (South Africa)

''Psyllosphex myrmosaeformis'' Arnold, 1935, p.482 (Zimbabwe)

''Psyllosphex saltator'' Arnold, 1935, p.480 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pygmachus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Pygmachus compressus'' Saussure, 1892 (Madagascar)

''Pygmachus umbratus'' Haupt, 1930 (Guinea, South Africa, Zanzibar, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Rhynchopompilus'' Arnold, 1934===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 37.
''Rhynchopompilus cursor'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Schistonyx'' Saussure, 1887===

''Schistonyx aterrimus'' Arnold, 1946 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx prismaticus'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

''Schistonyx sinuatus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx sheppardi'' Arnold, 1937, p.13 (Zimbabwe)

''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, South Africa, Syria, Zimbabwe) Most common pompilid in Zimbabwe (Arnold, 1937, p.12)

==='''Genus''' ''Schizanoplius'' Cameron, 1904===

''Schizanoplius lutarius'' (Saussure, 1834)(Ghana, Mali, Madagascar)

''Schizanoplius violaceipennis'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Spuridiophorus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Spuridiophorus capensis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Spuridiophorus inermis'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus maculipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Syntomoclitus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 25.
*''Syntomoclitus bicolor'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Ashmead, 1902===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ignitus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ignitus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Smith, 1855) (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ovambo.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ovambo&lt;/u&gt;''] (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Tachypompilus praepotens'' (Kohl, 1894) (South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zanzibar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_vitripennis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] ''&lt;u&gt;vitripennis&lt;/u&gt;'' (Arnold, 1937) (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Telostegus'' Costa, 1887===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 35.
*''Telostegus capensis'' Arnold, 1937; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.37 (South Africa)
*''Telostegus fuscipennis'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.35 (South Africa)
*''Telostegus insidiosus'' (Smith, 1879) (Yemen)
*''Telostegus sabulicola'' Priesner, 1955 (Algeria, Egypt, Marocco, Senegal, Yemen)

==References==</text>
      <sha1>gx8mj7nk0aa30plws8ij7psecmpclt9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719910</id>
      <parentid>2719909</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-28T10:47:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Genus Psammochares Latreille, 1796 */</comment>
      <origin>2719910</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27031" sha1="lumww1dz57uzz7qj4tlwxor54etl4p7" xml:space="preserve">Done to Genus Euryzonotulus Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 38.

==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;
- Claveliinae corrected to Ctenocerinae in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.386-388&lt;br&gt;
- Several new genera and species in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.388-399&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934, pp. 290-364.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA. (Arnold, 1934, pp. 380-385.)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; ''Pseudagenia'' in iNat).&lt;br&gt;
*''D. pulchricoma'' = ''Pseudagenia pulchricoma'' Arnold, 1934, p. 337-340&lt;br&gt;
*''D. neavei'' = ''Pseudagenia mygnimioides'' Arnold, 1934, pp.336-337 and ''Pseudagenia neavei'' Kohl 1913&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA. - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377.&lt;br&gt;
*also ''Poecilagenia spinosipes'' = ''Trachyglyptus spinosipes'' Arnold, 1934, p. 377-379&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = ''Deuteragenia turneri'', ''D. dregei'', ''D. chirindensis'', ''D. bicolor'' (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (''Hormopogonius willowmorensis'' = ''Calicurgus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1932 p.395); also ''H. tenuicornis'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 379-380&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
*Also ''Priocnernis aterrimus'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 385-386.
*''Priocnemis meridionalis'' Arnold, 1934, p. 386.
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pompilinae==

List of genera and species from [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm '''&lt;u&gt;https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm&lt;/u&gt;''']

=== '''Genus''' ''Aeluropetrus'' Arnold, 1936 ===

''Aeluropetrus braunsi'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Aeluropetrus lugubris'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 ===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/Aetheopompilus_obliquetruncatus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus obliquetruncatus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 (Mozambique)

==='''Genus''' ''Agenioideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Agenioideus brevis'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937) (Ghana, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus decipiens'' (Bischoff, 1913) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) (Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus lascivus'' (Cameron, 1891) (?)

''Agenioideus nudatus'' (Smith, 1855) (?)

''Agenioideus rotundilabris'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus rutilus'' (Klug, 1834) (Yemen)

''Agenioideus rufipes'' (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Agenioideus varians'' (Arnold, 1937) (?)

==='''Genus''' ''Amblyellus'' Day, 1981===

*''Amblyellus willowmorensis'' (Arnold, 1937) (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)
**= ''Psammochares willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 51.

==='''Genus''' ''Anoplius'' Dufour, 1834===

''Anoplius aethiopicus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Anoplius alecto'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Anoplius bifasciatus'' Tullgren, 1904 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda)

''Anoplius concinnus'' (Dahlbom, 1845) (Yemen)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''fuscus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, South Africa, Tanzania)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''excelsior'' Arnold, 1950 (Tanzania)

''Anoplius montanus'' Haupt, 1950 (Benin, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Principe Island, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

''Anoplius morosus'' Smith, 1855 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Anoplius octomaculatus'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Anoplius panmelas'' (Saussure, 1891) (Madagascar)

''Anoplius saegeri'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Anoplius subfasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius successor'' (Cameron, 1910) (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius viridicatus'' Smith, 1879 (West Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Apareia'' Haupt, 1929===

''Apareia multipicta rufifemur'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.449 (Zimbabwe)

''Apareia oedipus'' Kohl, 1886; descr. (synonymized?) as ''A. multipicta'' by Arnold, 1935, p.449 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporinellus'' Banks, 1911===

''Aporinellus bidens'' (Saussure, 1892) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporoideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Aporoideus clarus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Arachnospila'' Kincaid, 1900===

''Arachnospila (Ammosphex) consobrina heringi'' (Haupt, 1928) (California, Canary Islands, Spain, Tanzania, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Argyroclitus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p. 26.
*''Argyroclitus fasciatipennis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 27 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 29 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus longicollis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 29 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937, p. 28 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus ruwenzoriensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 30 (Democratic Republic of the Congo)

==='''Genus''' ''Atelostegus'' Haupt, 1929===

*''Atelostegus thrinax'' (Kohl, 1909) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Atopopompilus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus in Arnold, 1937, p. 22.
*''Atopompilus jacens'' (Bingham, 1912) (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Yemen)
*''Atopompilus marshalli'' Arnold, 1937, p. 24 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Atopopompilus venans mlanjiensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 24 (Ghana)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/Bambesa_grisea.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa grisea&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p.2.
*''Batozonellus capensis'' (Dahlbom, 1843); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.6 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/Batozonellus_fuliginosus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus fuliginosus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Klug, 1834); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.3 (Central Africa, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)
*''Batozonellus gowdeyi'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.7 (Sierra Leone, Uganda)
*''Batozonellus madecassus'' (Saussure, 1887) (Madagascar)
*''Batozonellus separabilis'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.9 (Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Batozonus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Batozonus bipunctatus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Batozonus capensis'' Dahlbom, 1940 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Cliochares'' Banks, 1940===

''Cliochares convexus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Cordyloscelis'' Arnold, 1935===

''Cordyloscelis bequaerti'' Arnold, 1935, p.420 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Cordyloscelis flavipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.424 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis latipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.417 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis namaqua'' Arnold, 1935, p.423 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis nigerrimus'' Arnold, 1935, p.421 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis parallelus'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe)

''Cordyloscelis ugandensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.425 (Congo, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Ctenagenia'' Saussure, 1892===

''Ctenagenia vespiformis'' (Klug, 1834) (Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Madagascar, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, Yemen)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930 ===

''Dromochares clavipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (Zimbabwe)

''Dromochares fumipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Dromochares premnopterus'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

''Dromochares rufipes'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/Dromochares_transvaalensis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares transvaalensis&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Dicyrtomellus'' Gussakovskij, 1935===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p.14.
*''Dicyrtomellus anomalipes'' Arnold, 1937, p.20 (South Africa)
*''Dicyrtomellus argenteodecoratus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.21 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus griseus'' Arnold, 1937, p.17 (Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus impressus'' Arnold, 1937, p.18 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus leptacanthius'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.16 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus meruensis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus neavei'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.19 (Congo)
*''Dicyrtomellus rufofemoratus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.17 (South Africa)
*''Dicyrtomellus sexspinosus'' (Saunders, 1901) = ''Dicyrtomellus pectinatus'' Arnold, 1937, p.19 (Sudan)

==='''Genus''' ''Elaphrosyron'' Haupt, 1930===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 40.
*''Elaphrosyron insidiosus'' Smith, 1879; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.41 (Ethiopia, Mali, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Elaphrosyron multipictus'' Arnold, 1937, p.42 (Uganda)
*''Elaphrosyron pauperculus'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Epiclinotus'' Haupt, 1929===

''Epiclinotus capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus erythrurus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.465 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus turneri'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.466 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron&lt;/u&gt;''] Schiødte, 1837===

''Episyron argillaceus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zambia)

''Episyron bequaerti'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron bicinctus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron braunsii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron crassicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Episyron gryps'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/Episyron_histrio.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron histrio&lt;/u&gt;''] Lepeletier, 1845 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mali, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron pedunculatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron solitaneum'' Kohl, 1906 (Yemen)

''Episyron tropicalis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Episyron turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron viduus'' Arnold, 1936 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron vindex'' Smith, 1879 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/index.htm &lt;u&gt;Euclavelia&lt;/u&gt;]'' Arnold, 1932===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/Euclavelia_fasciata.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Euclavelia fasciata&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1932 (South Africa)

''Euclavelia longicollis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Euryzonotulus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 38.
*''Euryzonotulus nigeriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Nigeria, Democratic Republic of the Congo)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreola'' Lepeletier, 1845===

''Ferreola auranticornis'' Wahis, 2000 (Eritrea, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreoloides'' Haupt, 1919===

''Ferreoloides basutorum'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

''Ferreoloides versutus'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

==='''Genus''' ''Galactopterus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 32.
*''Galactopterus otaviensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 33 (South Africa)
*''Galactopterus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937, p. 32 (Namibia, South Africa)
*''Galactopterus simillimus'' Arnold, 1937, p. 34 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Guichardia'' Arnold, 1951===

''Guichardia macilenta'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hadropompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Hadropompilus braunsi'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Hadropompilus montanus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hauptiella'' Arnold, 1936===

''Hauptiella multipicta'' Arnold, 1936

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/Herpetosphex_staphylinoides.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex staphylinoides&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Homonotus'' Dahlbom, 1844===
Dahlbom 1843 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796238) or Dahlbom, 1844 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796653)?

''Homonotus aegyptiacus'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.469 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus coxalis'' Arnold, 1935, p.478 (South Africa)

''Homonotus disparilis'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.473 (South Africa)

''Homonotus dispersus'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus dissectus'' Arnold, 1935, p.474 (South Africa)

''Homonotus excavatus'' Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus fuscipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.475 (South Africa)

''Homonotus imitans'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus leptogaster'' Arnold, 1935, p.476 (South Africa)

''Homonotus ruficornis'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus rukwaensis'' Arnold, 1946 (Tanzania)

''Homonotus sansibaricus'' Arnold, 1935, p.471 (Zanzibar)

==='''Genus''' ''Idopompilus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Idopompilus algoensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus algoensis major'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus braunsi'' Kohl, 1899 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus brunnescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschi handlirschi'' Arnold, 1936 (?)

''Idopompilus handlirschi basutorum'' Arnold, 1959 (Lesotho, South Africa)

''Idopompilus fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1946 (Lesotho)

''Idopompilus gracilicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus krugeri'' Haupt, 1930 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Idopompilus quadrifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Kolposphex'' Arnold, 1959===

*''Kolposphex atronitens'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Kyphopompilus'' Arnold, 1960===

*''Kyphopompilus flavipes'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microdrapetes'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 30
*''Microdrapetes bellus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microphadnus'' Cameron, 1904===

*''Microphadnus bicolor'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Paracyphononyx'' Gribodo, 1884===

''Paracyphononyx affinis'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon, Ghana, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx africanus'' Rad., 1881 (Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx carinatus'' Rad., 1881 Angola, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx coloratus'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon)

''Paracyphononyx difficilis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Malai, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversipes'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversus'' Dahlbom, 1845 (Central and East Africa to South Africa, Yemen)

''Paracyphononyx elliotti'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx frustratus'' Smith, 1879 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx funebris'' Magretti, 1884 (Ethiopia)

''Paracyphononyx gemellus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx laboriosus'' Arnold, 1936 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx languidus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx lukombensis'' Cameron, 1912 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia)

''Paracyphononyx metemmensis'' Magretti, 1884 (Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx mombassicus'' R. Luc., 1898 (Kenya)

''Paracyphononyx montanus'' Arnold, 1960 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx parallelus'' Haupt, 1929 (Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx petiolaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx plutonis'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx rotundinervis'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx ruficrus'' Klug, 1834 (Asia Minor, Egypt, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' Illiger,1802 (Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Paraferreola'' Sustera, 1913===

''Paraferreola melanostoma'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.439 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paraferreola spilopus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.441 (South Africa)

''Paraferreola soleana'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.443 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Platyderes'' Guérin-Méneville, 1844===

''Platyderes bicolor'' Smith, 1855; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.454 (South Africa)

''Platyderes chalybeus'' Saussure, 1892 (or Tasch. 1880?); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.456 (East Africa, South Africa)

''Platyderes drègii'' Brauns, 1899; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.457 (South Africa)

''Platyderes erythrocephalus'' Guerin, **** (Madagascar)

''Platyderes flavoscutellatus'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes oraniensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.456 (South Africa)

''Platyderes rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.461 (Ethiopia, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes saussurei'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Platyderes spoliatus'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.462 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes vicinus'' Arnold, 1935, p.460 (South Africa)

''Platyderes wasmanni'' Brauns, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.459 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilus'' Fabricius===

''Pompilus alpinus'' Arnold, 1960 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus anomalopterus'' Cameron, 1908 (Malawi, South Africa)

''Pompilus cinereus'' Fabricius, 1775 (Yemen)

''Pompilus contrarius'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Pompilus curvifrons'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus erythrostomus'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus exploratrix'' Cameron, 1908 ''(''

''Pompilus ignobilis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pompilus levis'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana)

''Pompilus masaiensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus meruensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus plumbeus'' Fabricius, 1787 (Widespread through Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Senegal, South Africa) also in China, Europe, India)

''Pompilus sacchii'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus shirae'' Arnold, 1950 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus successor'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus vanutelli'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Pompilus yngvei'' Cameron, 1908 (

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilioides'' Radley, 1887===

''Pompilioides braunsi'' Kohl, 1894 (Cameroon)

''Pompilioides decipiens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides latifrons'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides pruinosus'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides trifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides validus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammochares'' Latreille, 1796===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p. 43.
*''Psammochares bilineatus'' Arnold, 1937, p. 50 (South Africa)
*''Psammochares brunniventris'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)
*''Psammochares decipiens'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.48 (Botswana, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares irpex'' Gerstaecker, 1859; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.48 (Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares jocaste'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)
*''Psammochares latilabris'' Arnold, 1937, p. 47 (Malawi, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares quadriguttatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Tanzania)
*''Psammochares rufigaster'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)
*''Psammochares rutilus'' Klug, 1834 (Ethiopia, Nigeria, Sudan, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares varians'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares gibber'' (= ''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937)?) Descr. Arnold, 1937, p. 52

==='''Genus''' ''Psammoderes'' Haupt, 1929===

''Psammoderes capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes collaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Psammoderes fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1935, p.438 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes lightfooti'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Psammoderes major'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.433 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes mimicus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.434 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes semirufus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.436 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes reputatus'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.437 (Congo, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Pseudoclavelia&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930===

''Pseudoclavelia argenteosignata'' Arnold, 1936 (Botswana, Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia bituberculata'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_damarensis.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia damarensis''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia jouberti'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_nitidula.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia nitidula'' ''nitidula''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia nitidula bechuanae'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia rhodesiana'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudoclavelia rufescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pseudopompilus'' Costa, 1887===

''Pseudopompilus funereus'' Arnold, 1935, p.444 (Zimbabwe, Namibia)

''Pseudopompilus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

''Pseudopompilus lacteipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psyllosphex'' Arnold, 1935===

''Psyllosphex dentatus'' (Cameron, 1904); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.482 (South Africa)

''Psyllosphex myrmosaeformis'' Arnold, 1935, p.482 (Zimbabwe)

''Psyllosphex saltator'' Arnold, 1935, p.480 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pygmachus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Pygmachus compressus'' Saussure, 1892 (Madagascar)

''Pygmachus umbratus'' Haupt, 1930 (Guinea, South Africa, Zanzibar, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Rhynchopompilus'' Arnold, 1934===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 37.
''Rhynchopompilus cursor'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Schistonyx'' Saussure, 1887===

''Schistonyx aterrimus'' Arnold, 1946 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx prismaticus'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

''Schistonyx sinuatus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx sheppardi'' Arnold, 1937, p.13 (Zimbabwe)

''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, South Africa, Syria, Zimbabwe) Most common pompilid in Zimbabwe (Arnold, 1937, p.12)

==='''Genus''' ''Schizanoplius'' Cameron, 1904===

''Schizanoplius lutarius'' (Saussure, 1834)(Ghana, Mali, Madagascar)

''Schizanoplius violaceipennis'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Spuridiophorus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Spuridiophorus capensis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Spuridiophorus inermis'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus maculipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Syntomoclitus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 25.
*''Syntomoclitus bicolor'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Ashmead, 1902===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ignitus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ignitus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Smith, 1855) (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ovambo.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ovambo&lt;/u&gt;''] (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Tachypompilus praepotens'' (Kohl, 1894) (South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zanzibar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_vitripennis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] ''&lt;u&gt;vitripennis&lt;/u&gt;'' (Arnold, 1937) (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Telostegus'' Costa, 1887===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 35.
*''Telostegus capensis'' Arnold, 1937; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.37 (South Africa)
*''Telostegus fuscipennis'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.35 (South Africa)
*''Telostegus insidiosus'' (Smith, 1879) (Yemen)
*''Telostegus sabulicola'' Priesner, 1955 (Algeria, Egypt, Marocco, Senegal, Yemen)

==References==</text>
      <sha1>lumww1dz57uzz7qj4tlwxor54etl4p7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719911</id>
      <parentid>2719910</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-28T10:48:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Genus Aetheopompilus Arnold, 1934 */</comment>
      <origin>2719911</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27120" sha1="jifcxxb0g6c0psl9ux9oztr2udr73kw" xml:space="preserve">Done to Genus Euryzonotulus Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 38.

==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;
- Claveliinae corrected to Ctenocerinae in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.386-388&lt;br&gt;
- Several new genera and species in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.388-399&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934, pp. 290-364.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA. (Arnold, 1934, pp. 380-385.)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; ''Pseudagenia'' in iNat).&lt;br&gt;
*''D. pulchricoma'' = ''Pseudagenia pulchricoma'' Arnold, 1934, p. 337-340&lt;br&gt;
*''D. neavei'' = ''Pseudagenia mygnimioides'' Arnold, 1934, pp.336-337 and ''Pseudagenia neavei'' Kohl 1913&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA. - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377.&lt;br&gt;
*also ''Poecilagenia spinosipes'' = ''Trachyglyptus spinosipes'' Arnold, 1934, p. 377-379&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = ''Deuteragenia turneri'', ''D. dregei'', ''D. chirindensis'', ''D. bicolor'' (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (''Hormopogonius willowmorensis'' = ''Calicurgus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1932 p.395); also ''H. tenuicornis'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 379-380&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
*Also ''Priocnernis aterrimus'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 385-386.
*''Priocnemis meridionalis'' Arnold, 1934, p. 386.
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pompilinae==

List of genera and species from [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm '''&lt;u&gt;https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm&lt;/u&gt;''']

=== '''Genus''' ''Aeluropetrus'' Arnold, 1936 ===

''Aeluropetrus braunsi'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Aeluropetrus lugubris'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 ===

*[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/Aetheopompilus_obliquetruncatus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus obliquetruncatus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 (Mozambique)
**Psammochares gibber (= Agenioideus gibber (Arnold, 1937)?) Descr. Arnold, 1937, p. 52

==='''Genus''' ''Agenioideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Agenioideus brevis'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937) (Ghana, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus decipiens'' (Bischoff, 1913) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) (Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus lascivus'' (Cameron, 1891) (?)

''Agenioideus nudatus'' (Smith, 1855) (?)

''Agenioideus rotundilabris'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus rutilus'' (Klug, 1834) (Yemen)

''Agenioideus rufipes'' (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Agenioideus varians'' (Arnold, 1937) (?)

==='''Genus''' ''Amblyellus'' Day, 1981===

*''Amblyellus willowmorensis'' (Arnold, 1937) (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)
**= ''Psammochares willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 51.

==='''Genus''' ''Anoplius'' Dufour, 1834===

''Anoplius aethiopicus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Anoplius alecto'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Anoplius bifasciatus'' Tullgren, 1904 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda)

''Anoplius concinnus'' (Dahlbom, 1845) (Yemen)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''fuscus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, South Africa, Tanzania)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''excelsior'' Arnold, 1950 (Tanzania)

''Anoplius montanus'' Haupt, 1950 (Benin, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Principe Island, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

''Anoplius morosus'' Smith, 1855 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Anoplius octomaculatus'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Anoplius panmelas'' (Saussure, 1891) (Madagascar)

''Anoplius saegeri'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Anoplius subfasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius successor'' (Cameron, 1910) (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius viridicatus'' Smith, 1879 (West Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Apareia'' Haupt, 1929===

''Apareia multipicta rufifemur'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.449 (Zimbabwe)

''Apareia oedipus'' Kohl, 1886; descr. (synonymized?) as ''A. multipicta'' by Arnold, 1935, p.449 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporinellus'' Banks, 1911===

''Aporinellus bidens'' (Saussure, 1892) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporoideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Aporoideus clarus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Arachnospila'' Kincaid, 1900===

''Arachnospila (Ammosphex) consobrina heringi'' (Haupt, 1928) (California, Canary Islands, Spain, Tanzania, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Argyroclitus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p. 26.
*''Argyroclitus fasciatipennis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 27 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 29 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus longicollis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 29 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937, p. 28 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus ruwenzoriensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 30 (Democratic Republic of the Congo)

==='''Genus''' ''Atelostegus'' Haupt, 1929===

*''Atelostegus thrinax'' (Kohl, 1909) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Atopopompilus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus in Arnold, 1937, p. 22.
*''Atopompilus jacens'' (Bingham, 1912) (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Yemen)
*''Atopompilus marshalli'' Arnold, 1937, p. 24 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Atopopompilus venans mlanjiensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 24 (Ghana)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/Bambesa_grisea.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa grisea&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p.2.
*''Batozonellus capensis'' (Dahlbom, 1843); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.6 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/Batozonellus_fuliginosus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus fuliginosus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Klug, 1834); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.3 (Central Africa, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)
*''Batozonellus gowdeyi'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.7 (Sierra Leone, Uganda)
*''Batozonellus madecassus'' (Saussure, 1887) (Madagascar)
*''Batozonellus separabilis'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.9 (Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Batozonus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Batozonus bipunctatus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Batozonus capensis'' Dahlbom, 1940 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Cliochares'' Banks, 1940===

''Cliochares convexus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Cordyloscelis'' Arnold, 1935===

''Cordyloscelis bequaerti'' Arnold, 1935, p.420 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Cordyloscelis flavipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.424 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis latipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.417 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis namaqua'' Arnold, 1935, p.423 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis nigerrimus'' Arnold, 1935, p.421 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis parallelus'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe)

''Cordyloscelis ugandensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.425 (Congo, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Ctenagenia'' Saussure, 1892===

''Ctenagenia vespiformis'' (Klug, 1834) (Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Madagascar, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, Yemen)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930 ===

''Dromochares clavipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (Zimbabwe)

''Dromochares fumipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Dromochares premnopterus'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

''Dromochares rufipes'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/Dromochares_transvaalensis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares transvaalensis&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Dicyrtomellus'' Gussakovskij, 1935===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p.14.
*''Dicyrtomellus anomalipes'' Arnold, 1937, p.20 (South Africa)
*''Dicyrtomellus argenteodecoratus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.21 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus griseus'' Arnold, 1937, p.17 (Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus impressus'' Arnold, 1937, p.18 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus leptacanthius'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.16 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus meruensis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus neavei'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.19 (Congo)
*''Dicyrtomellus rufofemoratus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.17 (South Africa)
*''Dicyrtomellus sexspinosus'' (Saunders, 1901) = ''Dicyrtomellus pectinatus'' Arnold, 1937, p.19 (Sudan)

==='''Genus''' ''Elaphrosyron'' Haupt, 1930===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 40.
*''Elaphrosyron insidiosus'' Smith, 1879; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.41 (Ethiopia, Mali, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Elaphrosyron multipictus'' Arnold, 1937, p.42 (Uganda)
*''Elaphrosyron pauperculus'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Epiclinotus'' Haupt, 1929===

''Epiclinotus capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus erythrurus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.465 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus turneri'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.466 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron&lt;/u&gt;''] Schiødte, 1837===

''Episyron argillaceus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zambia)

''Episyron bequaerti'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron bicinctus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron braunsii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron crassicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Episyron gryps'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/Episyron_histrio.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron histrio&lt;/u&gt;''] Lepeletier, 1845 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mali, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron pedunculatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron solitaneum'' Kohl, 1906 (Yemen)

''Episyron tropicalis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Episyron turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron viduus'' Arnold, 1936 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron vindex'' Smith, 1879 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/index.htm &lt;u&gt;Euclavelia&lt;/u&gt;]'' Arnold, 1932===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/Euclavelia_fasciata.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Euclavelia fasciata&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1932 (South Africa)

''Euclavelia longicollis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Euryzonotulus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 38.
*''Euryzonotulus nigeriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Nigeria, Democratic Republic of the Congo)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreola'' Lepeletier, 1845===

''Ferreola auranticornis'' Wahis, 2000 (Eritrea, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreoloides'' Haupt, 1919===

''Ferreoloides basutorum'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

''Ferreoloides versutus'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

==='''Genus''' ''Galactopterus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 32.
*''Galactopterus otaviensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 33 (South Africa)
*''Galactopterus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937, p. 32 (Namibia, South Africa)
*''Galactopterus simillimus'' Arnold, 1937, p. 34 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Guichardia'' Arnold, 1951===

''Guichardia macilenta'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hadropompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Hadropompilus braunsi'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Hadropompilus montanus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hauptiella'' Arnold, 1936===

''Hauptiella multipicta'' Arnold, 1936

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/Herpetosphex_staphylinoides.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex staphylinoides&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Homonotus'' Dahlbom, 1844===
Dahlbom 1843 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796238) or Dahlbom, 1844 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796653)?

''Homonotus aegyptiacus'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.469 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus coxalis'' Arnold, 1935, p.478 (South Africa)

''Homonotus disparilis'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.473 (South Africa)

''Homonotus dispersus'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus dissectus'' Arnold, 1935, p.474 (South Africa)

''Homonotus excavatus'' Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus fuscipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.475 (South Africa)

''Homonotus imitans'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus leptogaster'' Arnold, 1935, p.476 (South Africa)

''Homonotus ruficornis'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus rukwaensis'' Arnold, 1946 (Tanzania)

''Homonotus sansibaricus'' Arnold, 1935, p.471 (Zanzibar)

==='''Genus''' ''Idopompilus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Idopompilus algoensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus algoensis major'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus braunsi'' Kohl, 1899 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus brunnescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschi handlirschi'' Arnold, 1936 (?)

''Idopompilus handlirschi basutorum'' Arnold, 1959 (Lesotho, South Africa)

''Idopompilus fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1946 (Lesotho)

''Idopompilus gracilicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus krugeri'' Haupt, 1930 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Idopompilus quadrifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Kolposphex'' Arnold, 1959===

*''Kolposphex atronitens'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Kyphopompilus'' Arnold, 1960===

*''Kyphopompilus flavipes'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microdrapetes'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 30
*''Microdrapetes bellus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microphadnus'' Cameron, 1904===

*''Microphadnus bicolor'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Paracyphononyx'' Gribodo, 1884===

''Paracyphononyx affinis'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon, Ghana, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx africanus'' Rad., 1881 (Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx carinatus'' Rad., 1881 Angola, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx coloratus'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon)

''Paracyphononyx difficilis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Malai, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversipes'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversus'' Dahlbom, 1845 (Central and East Africa to South Africa, Yemen)

''Paracyphononyx elliotti'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx frustratus'' Smith, 1879 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx funebris'' Magretti, 1884 (Ethiopia)

''Paracyphononyx gemellus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx laboriosus'' Arnold, 1936 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx languidus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx lukombensis'' Cameron, 1912 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia)

''Paracyphononyx metemmensis'' Magretti, 1884 (Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx mombassicus'' R. Luc., 1898 (Kenya)

''Paracyphononyx montanus'' Arnold, 1960 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx parallelus'' Haupt, 1929 (Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx petiolaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx plutonis'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx rotundinervis'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx ruficrus'' Klug, 1834 (Asia Minor, Egypt, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' Illiger,1802 (Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Paraferreola'' Sustera, 1913===

''Paraferreola melanostoma'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.439 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paraferreola spilopus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.441 (South Africa)

''Paraferreola soleana'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.443 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Platyderes'' Guérin-Méneville, 1844===

''Platyderes bicolor'' Smith, 1855; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.454 (South Africa)

''Platyderes chalybeus'' Saussure, 1892 (or Tasch. 1880?); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.456 (East Africa, South Africa)

''Platyderes drègii'' Brauns, 1899; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.457 (South Africa)

''Platyderes erythrocephalus'' Guerin, **** (Madagascar)

''Platyderes flavoscutellatus'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes oraniensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.456 (South Africa)

''Platyderes rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.461 (Ethiopia, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes saussurei'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Platyderes spoliatus'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.462 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes vicinus'' Arnold, 1935, p.460 (South Africa)

''Platyderes wasmanni'' Brauns, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.459 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilus'' Fabricius===

''Pompilus alpinus'' Arnold, 1960 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus anomalopterus'' Cameron, 1908 (Malawi, South Africa)

''Pompilus cinereus'' Fabricius, 1775 (Yemen)

''Pompilus contrarius'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Pompilus curvifrons'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus erythrostomus'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus exploratrix'' Cameron, 1908 ''(''

''Pompilus ignobilis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pompilus levis'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana)

''Pompilus masaiensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus meruensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus plumbeus'' Fabricius, 1787 (Widespread through Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Senegal, South Africa) also in China, Europe, India)

''Pompilus sacchii'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus shirae'' Arnold, 1950 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus successor'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus vanutelli'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Pompilus yngvei'' Cameron, 1908 (

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilioides'' Radley, 1887===

''Pompilioides braunsi'' Kohl, 1894 (Cameroon)

''Pompilioides decipiens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides latifrons'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides pruinosus'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides trifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides validus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammochares'' Latreille, 1796===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p. 43.
*''Psammochares bilineatus'' Arnold, 1937, p. 50 (South Africa)
*''Psammochares brunniventris'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)
*''Psammochares decipiens'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.48 (Botswana, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares irpex'' Gerstaecker, 1859; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.48 (Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares jocaste'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)
*''Psammochares latilabris'' Arnold, 1937, p. 47 (Malawi, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares quadriguttatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Tanzania)
*''Psammochares rufigaster'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)
*''Psammochares rutilus'' Klug, 1834 (Ethiopia, Nigeria, Sudan, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares varians'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares gibber'' (= ''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937)?) Descr. Arnold, 1937, p. 52

==='''Genus''' ''Psammoderes'' Haupt, 1929===

''Psammoderes capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes collaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Psammoderes fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1935, p.438 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes lightfooti'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Psammoderes major'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.433 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes mimicus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.434 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes semirufus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.436 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes reputatus'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.437 (Congo, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Pseudoclavelia&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930===

''Pseudoclavelia argenteosignata'' Arnold, 1936 (Botswana, Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia bituberculata'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_damarensis.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia damarensis''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia jouberti'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_nitidula.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia nitidula'' ''nitidula''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia nitidula bechuanae'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia rhodesiana'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudoclavelia rufescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pseudopompilus'' Costa, 1887===

''Pseudopompilus funereus'' Arnold, 1935, p.444 (Zimbabwe, Namibia)

''Pseudopompilus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

''Pseudopompilus lacteipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psyllosphex'' Arnold, 1935===

''Psyllosphex dentatus'' (Cameron, 1904); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.482 (South Africa)

''Psyllosphex myrmosaeformis'' Arnold, 1935, p.482 (Zimbabwe)

''Psyllosphex saltator'' Arnold, 1935, p.480 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pygmachus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Pygmachus compressus'' Saussure, 1892 (Madagascar)

''Pygmachus umbratus'' Haupt, 1930 (Guinea, South Africa, Zanzibar, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Rhynchopompilus'' Arnold, 1934===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 37.
''Rhynchopompilus cursor'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Schistonyx'' Saussure, 1887===

''Schistonyx aterrimus'' Arnold, 1946 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx prismaticus'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

''Schistonyx sinuatus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx sheppardi'' Arnold, 1937, p.13 (Zimbabwe)

''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, South Africa, Syria, Zimbabwe) Most common pompilid in Zimbabwe (Arnold, 1937, p.12)

==='''Genus''' ''Schizanoplius'' Cameron, 1904===

''Schizanoplius lutarius'' (Saussure, 1834)(Ghana, Mali, Madagascar)

''Schizanoplius violaceipennis'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Spuridiophorus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Spuridiophorus capensis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Spuridiophorus inermis'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus maculipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Syntomoclitus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 25.
*''Syntomoclitus bicolor'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Ashmead, 1902===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ignitus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ignitus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Smith, 1855) (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ovambo.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ovambo&lt;/u&gt;''] (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Tachypompilus praepotens'' (Kohl, 1894) (South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zanzibar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_vitripennis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] ''&lt;u&gt;vitripennis&lt;/u&gt;'' (Arnold, 1937) (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Telostegus'' Costa, 1887===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 35.
*''Telostegus capensis'' Arnold, 1937; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.37 (South Africa)
*''Telostegus fuscipennis'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.35 (South Africa)
*''Telostegus insidiosus'' (Smith, 1879) (Yemen)
*''Telostegus sabulicola'' Priesner, 1955 (Algeria, Egypt, Marocco, Senegal, Yemen)

==References==</text>
      <sha1>jifcxxb0g6c0psl9ux9oztr2udr73kw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719912</id>
      <parentid>2719911</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-28T10:49:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Genus Aetheopompilus Arnold, 1934 */</comment>
      <origin>2719912</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27032" sha1="li3zr073s8sy95sw6pbz68kl0qzhsed" xml:space="preserve">Done to Genus Euryzonotulus Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 38.

==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;
- Claveliinae corrected to Ctenocerinae in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.386-388&lt;br&gt;
- Several new genera and species in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.388-399&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934, pp. 290-364.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA. (Arnold, 1934, pp. 380-385.)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; ''Pseudagenia'' in iNat).&lt;br&gt;
*''D. pulchricoma'' = ''Pseudagenia pulchricoma'' Arnold, 1934, p. 337-340&lt;br&gt;
*''D. neavei'' = ''Pseudagenia mygnimioides'' Arnold, 1934, pp.336-337 and ''Pseudagenia neavei'' Kohl 1913&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA. - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377.&lt;br&gt;
*also ''Poecilagenia spinosipes'' = ''Trachyglyptus spinosipes'' Arnold, 1934, p. 377-379&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = ''Deuteragenia turneri'', ''D. dregei'', ''D. chirindensis'', ''D. bicolor'' (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (''Hormopogonius willowmorensis'' = ''Calicurgus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1932 p.395); also ''H. tenuicornis'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 379-380&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
*Also ''Priocnernis aterrimus'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 385-386.
*''Priocnemis meridionalis'' Arnold, 1934, p. 386.
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pompilinae==

List of genera and species from [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm '''&lt;u&gt;https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm&lt;/u&gt;''']

=== '''Genus''' ''Aeluropetrus'' Arnold, 1936 ===

''Aeluropetrus braunsi'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Aeluropetrus lugubris'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 ===

*[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/Aetheopompilus_obliquetruncatus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus obliquetruncatus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 (Mozambique)

==='''Genus''' ''Agenioideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Agenioideus brevis'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937) (Ghana, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus decipiens'' (Bischoff, 1913) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) (Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)

''Agenioideus lascivus'' (Cameron, 1891) (?)

''Agenioideus nudatus'' (Smith, 1855) (?)

''Agenioideus rotundilabris'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)

''Agenioideus rutilus'' (Klug, 1834) (Yemen)

''Agenioideus rufipes'' (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Agenioideus varians'' (Arnold, 1937) (?)

==='''Genus''' ''Amblyellus'' Day, 1981===

*''Amblyellus willowmorensis'' (Arnold, 1937) (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)
**= ''Psammochares willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 51.

==='''Genus''' ''Anoplius'' Dufour, 1834===

''Anoplius aethiopicus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Anoplius alecto'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Anoplius bifasciatus'' Tullgren, 1904 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda)

''Anoplius concinnus'' (Dahlbom, 1845) (Yemen)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''fuscus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, South Africa, Tanzania)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''excelsior'' Arnold, 1950 (Tanzania)

''Anoplius montanus'' Haupt, 1950 (Benin, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Principe Island, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

''Anoplius morosus'' Smith, 1855 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Anoplius octomaculatus'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Anoplius panmelas'' (Saussure, 1891) (Madagascar)

''Anoplius saegeri'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Anoplius subfasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius successor'' (Cameron, 1910) (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius viridicatus'' Smith, 1879 (West Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Apareia'' Haupt, 1929===

''Apareia multipicta rufifemur'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.449 (Zimbabwe)

''Apareia oedipus'' Kohl, 1886; descr. (synonymized?) as ''A. multipicta'' by Arnold, 1935, p.449 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporinellus'' Banks, 1911===

''Aporinellus bidens'' (Saussure, 1892) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporoideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Aporoideus clarus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Arachnospila'' Kincaid, 1900===

''Arachnospila (Ammosphex) consobrina heringi'' (Haupt, 1928) (California, Canary Islands, Spain, Tanzania, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Argyroclitus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p. 26.
*''Argyroclitus fasciatipennis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 27 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 29 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus longicollis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 29 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937, p. 28 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus ruwenzoriensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 30 (Democratic Republic of the Congo)

==='''Genus''' ''Atelostegus'' Haupt, 1929===

*''Atelostegus thrinax'' (Kohl, 1909) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Atopopompilus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus in Arnold, 1937, p. 22.
*''Atopompilus jacens'' (Bingham, 1912) (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Yemen)
*''Atopompilus marshalli'' Arnold, 1937, p. 24 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Atopopompilus venans mlanjiensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 24 (Ghana)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/Bambesa_grisea.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa grisea&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p.2.
*''Batozonellus capensis'' (Dahlbom, 1843); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.6 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/Batozonellus_fuliginosus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus fuliginosus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Klug, 1834); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.3 (Central Africa, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)
*''Batozonellus gowdeyi'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.7 (Sierra Leone, Uganda)
*''Batozonellus madecassus'' (Saussure, 1887) (Madagascar)
*''Batozonellus separabilis'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.9 (Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Batozonus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Batozonus bipunctatus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Batozonus capensis'' Dahlbom, 1940 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Cliochares'' Banks, 1940===

''Cliochares convexus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Cordyloscelis'' Arnold, 1935===

''Cordyloscelis bequaerti'' Arnold, 1935, p.420 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Cordyloscelis flavipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.424 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis latipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.417 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis namaqua'' Arnold, 1935, p.423 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis nigerrimus'' Arnold, 1935, p.421 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis parallelus'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe)

''Cordyloscelis ugandensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.425 (Congo, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Ctenagenia'' Saussure, 1892===

''Ctenagenia vespiformis'' (Klug, 1834) (Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Madagascar, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, Yemen)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930 ===

''Dromochares clavipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (Zimbabwe)

''Dromochares fumipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Dromochares premnopterus'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

''Dromochares rufipes'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/Dromochares_transvaalensis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares transvaalensis&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Dicyrtomellus'' Gussakovskij, 1935===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p.14.
*''Dicyrtomellus anomalipes'' Arnold, 1937, p.20 (South Africa)
*''Dicyrtomellus argenteodecoratus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.21 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus griseus'' Arnold, 1937, p.17 (Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus impressus'' Arnold, 1937, p.18 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus leptacanthius'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.16 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus meruensis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus neavei'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.19 (Congo)
*''Dicyrtomellus rufofemoratus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.17 (South Africa)
*''Dicyrtomellus sexspinosus'' (Saunders, 1901) = ''Dicyrtomellus pectinatus'' Arnold, 1937, p.19 (Sudan)

==='''Genus''' ''Elaphrosyron'' Haupt, 1930===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 40.
*''Elaphrosyron insidiosus'' Smith, 1879; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.41 (Ethiopia, Mali, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Elaphrosyron multipictus'' Arnold, 1937, p.42 (Uganda)
*''Elaphrosyron pauperculus'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Epiclinotus'' Haupt, 1929===

''Epiclinotus capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus erythrurus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.465 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus turneri'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.466 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron&lt;/u&gt;''] Schiødte, 1837===

''Episyron argillaceus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zambia)

''Episyron bequaerti'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron bicinctus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron braunsii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron crassicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Episyron gryps'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/Episyron_histrio.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron histrio&lt;/u&gt;''] Lepeletier, 1845 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mali, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron pedunculatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron solitaneum'' Kohl, 1906 (Yemen)

''Episyron tropicalis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Episyron turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron viduus'' Arnold, 1936 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron vindex'' Smith, 1879 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/index.htm &lt;u&gt;Euclavelia&lt;/u&gt;]'' Arnold, 1932===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/Euclavelia_fasciata.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Euclavelia fasciata&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1932 (South Africa)

''Euclavelia longicollis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Euryzonotulus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 38.
*''Euryzonotulus nigeriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Nigeria, Democratic Republic of the Congo)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreola'' Lepeletier, 1845===

''Ferreola auranticornis'' Wahis, 2000 (Eritrea, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreoloides'' Haupt, 1919===

''Ferreoloides basutorum'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

''Ferreoloides versutus'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

==='''Genus''' ''Galactopterus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 32.
*''Galactopterus otaviensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 33 (South Africa)
*''Galactopterus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937, p. 32 (Namibia, South Africa)
*''Galactopterus simillimus'' Arnold, 1937, p. 34 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Guichardia'' Arnold, 1951===

''Guichardia macilenta'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hadropompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Hadropompilus braunsi'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Hadropompilus montanus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hauptiella'' Arnold, 1936===

''Hauptiella multipicta'' Arnold, 1936

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/Herpetosphex_staphylinoides.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex staphylinoides&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Homonotus'' Dahlbom, 1844===
Dahlbom 1843 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796238) or Dahlbom, 1844 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796653)?

''Homonotus aegyptiacus'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.469 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus coxalis'' Arnold, 1935, p.478 (South Africa)

''Homonotus disparilis'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.473 (South Africa)

''Homonotus dispersus'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus dissectus'' Arnold, 1935, p.474 (South Africa)

''Homonotus excavatus'' Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus fuscipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.475 (South Africa)

''Homonotus imitans'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus leptogaster'' Arnold, 1935, p.476 (South Africa)

''Homonotus ruficornis'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus rukwaensis'' Arnold, 1946 (Tanzania)

''Homonotus sansibaricus'' Arnold, 1935, p.471 (Zanzibar)

==='''Genus''' ''Idopompilus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Idopompilus algoensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus algoensis major'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus braunsi'' Kohl, 1899 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus brunnescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschi handlirschi'' Arnold, 1936 (?)

''Idopompilus handlirschi basutorum'' Arnold, 1959 (Lesotho, South Africa)

''Idopompilus fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1946 (Lesotho)

''Idopompilus gracilicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus krugeri'' Haupt, 1930 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Idopompilus quadrifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Kolposphex'' Arnold, 1959===

*''Kolposphex atronitens'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Kyphopompilus'' Arnold, 1960===

*''Kyphopompilus flavipes'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microdrapetes'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 30
*''Microdrapetes bellus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microphadnus'' Cameron, 1904===

*''Microphadnus bicolor'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Paracyphononyx'' Gribodo, 1884===

''Paracyphononyx affinis'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon, Ghana, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx africanus'' Rad., 1881 (Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx carinatus'' Rad., 1881 Angola, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx coloratus'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon)

''Paracyphononyx difficilis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Malai, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversipes'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversus'' Dahlbom, 1845 (Central and East Africa to South Africa, Yemen)

''Paracyphononyx elliotti'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx frustratus'' Smith, 1879 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx funebris'' Magretti, 1884 (Ethiopia)

''Paracyphononyx gemellus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx laboriosus'' Arnold, 1936 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx languidus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx lukombensis'' Cameron, 1912 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia)

''Paracyphononyx metemmensis'' Magretti, 1884 (Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx mombassicus'' R. Luc., 1898 (Kenya)

''Paracyphononyx montanus'' Arnold, 1960 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx parallelus'' Haupt, 1929 (Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx petiolaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx plutonis'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx rotundinervis'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx ruficrus'' Klug, 1834 (Asia Minor, Egypt, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' Illiger,1802 (Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Paraferreola'' Sustera, 1913===

''Paraferreola melanostoma'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.439 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paraferreola spilopus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.441 (South Africa)

''Paraferreola soleana'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.443 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Platyderes'' Guérin-Méneville, 1844===

''Platyderes bicolor'' Smith, 1855; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.454 (South Africa)

''Platyderes chalybeus'' Saussure, 1892 (or Tasch. 1880?); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.456 (East Africa, South Africa)

''Platyderes drègii'' Brauns, 1899; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.457 (South Africa)

''Platyderes erythrocephalus'' Guerin, **** (Madagascar)

''Platyderes flavoscutellatus'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes oraniensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.456 (South Africa)

''Platyderes rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.461 (Ethiopia, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes saussurei'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Platyderes spoliatus'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.462 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes vicinus'' Arnold, 1935, p.460 (South Africa)

''Platyderes wasmanni'' Brauns, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.459 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilus'' Fabricius===

''Pompilus alpinus'' Arnold, 1960 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus anomalopterus'' Cameron, 1908 (Malawi, South Africa)

''Pompilus cinereus'' Fabricius, 1775 (Yemen)

''Pompilus contrarius'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Pompilus curvifrons'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus erythrostomus'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus exploratrix'' Cameron, 1908 ''(''

''Pompilus ignobilis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pompilus levis'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana)

''Pompilus masaiensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus meruensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus plumbeus'' Fabricius, 1787 (Widespread through Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Senegal, South Africa) also in China, Europe, India)

''Pompilus sacchii'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus shirae'' Arnold, 1950 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus successor'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus vanutelli'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Pompilus yngvei'' Cameron, 1908 (

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilioides'' Radley, 1887===

''Pompilioides braunsi'' Kohl, 1894 (Cameroon)

''Pompilioides decipiens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides latifrons'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides pruinosus'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides trifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides validus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammochares'' Latreille, 1796===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p. 43.
*''Psammochares bilineatus'' Arnold, 1937, p. 50 (South Africa)
*''Psammochares brunniventris'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)
*''Psammochares decipiens'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.48 (Botswana, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares irpex'' Gerstaecker, 1859; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.48 (Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares jocaste'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)
*''Psammochares latilabris'' Arnold, 1937, p. 47 (Malawi, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares quadriguttatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Tanzania)
*''Psammochares rufigaster'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)
*''Psammochares rutilus'' Klug, 1834 (Ethiopia, Nigeria, Sudan, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares varians'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares gibber'' (= ''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937)?) Descr. Arnold, 1937, p. 52

==='''Genus''' ''Psammoderes'' Haupt, 1929===

''Psammoderes capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes collaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Psammoderes fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1935, p.438 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes lightfooti'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Psammoderes major'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.433 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes mimicus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.434 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes semirufus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.436 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes reputatus'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.437 (Congo, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Pseudoclavelia&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930===

''Pseudoclavelia argenteosignata'' Arnold, 1936 (Botswana, Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia bituberculata'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_damarensis.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia damarensis''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia jouberti'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_nitidula.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia nitidula'' ''nitidula''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia nitidula bechuanae'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia rhodesiana'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudoclavelia rufescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pseudopompilus'' Costa, 1887===

''Pseudopompilus funereus'' Arnold, 1935, p.444 (Zimbabwe, Namibia)

''Pseudopompilus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

''Pseudopompilus lacteipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psyllosphex'' Arnold, 1935===

''Psyllosphex dentatus'' (Cameron, 1904); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.482 (South Africa)

''Psyllosphex myrmosaeformis'' Arnold, 1935, p.482 (Zimbabwe)

''Psyllosphex saltator'' Arnold, 1935, p.480 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pygmachus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Pygmachus compressus'' Saussure, 1892 (Madagascar)

''Pygmachus umbratus'' Haupt, 1930 (Guinea, South Africa, Zanzibar, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Rhynchopompilus'' Arnold, 1934===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 37.
''Rhynchopompilus cursor'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Schistonyx'' Saussure, 1887===

''Schistonyx aterrimus'' Arnold, 1946 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx prismaticus'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

''Schistonyx sinuatus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx sheppardi'' Arnold, 1937, p.13 (Zimbabwe)

''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, South Africa, Syria, Zimbabwe) Most common pompilid in Zimbabwe (Arnold, 1937, p.12)

==='''Genus''' ''Schizanoplius'' Cameron, 1904===

''Schizanoplius lutarius'' (Saussure, 1834)(Ghana, Mali, Madagascar)

''Schizanoplius violaceipennis'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Spuridiophorus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Spuridiophorus capensis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Spuridiophorus inermis'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus maculipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Syntomoclitus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 25.
*''Syntomoclitus bicolor'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Ashmead, 1902===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ignitus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ignitus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Smith, 1855) (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ovambo.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ovambo&lt;/u&gt;''] (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Tachypompilus praepotens'' (Kohl, 1894) (South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zanzibar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_vitripennis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] ''&lt;u&gt;vitripennis&lt;/u&gt;'' (Arnold, 1937) (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Telostegus'' Costa, 1887===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 35.
*''Telostegus capensis'' Arnold, 1937; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.37 (South Africa)
*''Telostegus fuscipennis'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.35 (South Africa)
*''Telostegus insidiosus'' (Smith, 1879) (Yemen)
*''Telostegus sabulicola'' Priesner, 1955 (Algeria, Egypt, Marocco, Senegal, Yemen)

==References==</text>
      <sha1>li3zr073s8sy95sw6pbz68kl0qzhsed</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719913</id>
      <parentid>2719912</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-28T11:00:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Genus Agenioideus Ashmead, 1902 */</comment>
      <origin>2719913</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27322" sha1="afy1bdkh0nlmje73x8l3f85yv3sxnlm" xml:space="preserve">Done to Genus Euryzonotulus Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 38.

==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;
- Claveliinae corrected to Ctenocerinae in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.386-388&lt;br&gt;
- Several new genera and species in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.388-399&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934, pp. 290-364.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA. (Arnold, 1934, pp. 380-385.)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; ''Pseudagenia'' in iNat).&lt;br&gt;
*''D. pulchricoma'' = ''Pseudagenia pulchricoma'' Arnold, 1934, p. 337-340&lt;br&gt;
*''D. neavei'' = ''Pseudagenia mygnimioides'' Arnold, 1934, pp.336-337 and ''Pseudagenia neavei'' Kohl 1913&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA. - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377.&lt;br&gt;
*also ''Poecilagenia spinosipes'' = ''Trachyglyptus spinosipes'' Arnold, 1934, p. 377-379&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = ''Deuteragenia turneri'', ''D. dregei'', ''D. chirindensis'', ''D. bicolor'' (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (''Hormopogonius willowmorensis'' = ''Calicurgus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1932 p.395); also ''H. tenuicornis'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 379-380&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
*Also ''Priocnernis aterrimus'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 385-386.
*''Priocnemis meridionalis'' Arnold, 1934, p. 386.
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pompilinae==

List of genera and species from [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm '''&lt;u&gt;https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm&lt;/u&gt;''']

=== '''Genus''' ''Aeluropetrus'' Arnold, 1936 ===

''Aeluropetrus braunsi'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Aeluropetrus lugubris'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 ===

*[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/Aetheopompilus_obliquetruncatus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus obliquetruncatus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 (Mozambique)

==='''Genus''' ''Agenioideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

*''Agenioideus brevis'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)
*''Agenioideus decipiens'' (Bischoff, 1913) (South Africa)
*''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) (Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)
**''Psammochares gibber'' (= Agenioideus gibber (Arnold, 1937)?) Descr. Arnold, 1937, p. 52
*''Agenioideus lascivus'' (Cameron, 1891) (?)
*''Agenioideus nudatus'' (Smith, 1855) (?)
*''Agenioideus rotundilabris'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)
*''Agenioideus rutilus'' (Klug, 1834) (Yemen)
*''Agenioideus rufipes'' (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)
*''Agenioideus varians'' (Arnold, 1937) (?)
*''Agenioideus waltlii'' (Spinola, 1838)(Ghana, Zimbabwe)
** = ''Agenioideus cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937) https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/65S86
** =  ''Psammochares cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937, p52) https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/65S86

==='''Genus''' ''Amblyellus'' Day, 1981===

*''Amblyellus willowmorensis'' (Arnold, 1937) (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)
**= ''Psammochares willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 51.

==='''Genus''' ''Anoplius'' Dufour, 1834===

''Anoplius aethiopicus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Anoplius alecto'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Anoplius bifasciatus'' Tullgren, 1904 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda)

''Anoplius concinnus'' (Dahlbom, 1845) (Yemen)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''fuscus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, South Africa, Tanzania)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''excelsior'' Arnold, 1950 (Tanzania)

''Anoplius montanus'' Haupt, 1950 (Benin, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Principe Island, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

''Anoplius morosus'' Smith, 1855 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Anoplius octomaculatus'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Anoplius panmelas'' (Saussure, 1891) (Madagascar)

''Anoplius saegeri'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Anoplius subfasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius successor'' (Cameron, 1910) (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius viridicatus'' Smith, 1879 (West Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Apareia'' Haupt, 1929===

''Apareia multipicta rufifemur'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.449 (Zimbabwe)

''Apareia oedipus'' Kohl, 1886; descr. (synonymized?) as ''A. multipicta'' by Arnold, 1935, p.449 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporinellus'' Banks, 1911===

''Aporinellus bidens'' (Saussure, 1892) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporoideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Aporoideus clarus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Arachnospila'' Kincaid, 1900===

''Arachnospila (Ammosphex) consobrina heringi'' (Haupt, 1928) (California, Canary Islands, Spain, Tanzania, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Argyroclitus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p. 26.
*''Argyroclitus fasciatipennis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 27 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 29 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus longicollis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 29 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937, p. 28 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus ruwenzoriensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 30 (Democratic Republic of the Congo)

==='''Genus''' ''Atelostegus'' Haupt, 1929===

*''Atelostegus thrinax'' (Kohl, 1909) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Atopopompilus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus in Arnold, 1937, p. 22.
*''Atopompilus jacens'' (Bingham, 1912) (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Yemen)
*''Atopompilus marshalli'' Arnold, 1937, p. 24 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Atopopompilus venans mlanjiensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 24 (Ghana)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/Bambesa_grisea.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa grisea&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p.2.
*''Batozonellus capensis'' (Dahlbom, 1843); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.6 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/Batozonellus_fuliginosus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus fuliginosus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Klug, 1834); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.3 (Central Africa, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)
*''Batozonellus gowdeyi'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.7 (Sierra Leone, Uganda)
*''Batozonellus madecassus'' (Saussure, 1887) (Madagascar)
*''Batozonellus separabilis'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.9 (Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Batozonus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Batozonus bipunctatus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Batozonus capensis'' Dahlbom, 1940 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Cliochares'' Banks, 1940===

''Cliochares convexus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Cordyloscelis'' Arnold, 1935===

''Cordyloscelis bequaerti'' Arnold, 1935, p.420 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Cordyloscelis flavipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.424 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis latipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.417 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis namaqua'' Arnold, 1935, p.423 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis nigerrimus'' Arnold, 1935, p.421 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis parallelus'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe)

''Cordyloscelis ugandensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.425 (Congo, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Ctenagenia'' Saussure, 1892===

''Ctenagenia vespiformis'' (Klug, 1834) (Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Madagascar, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, Yemen)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930 ===

''Dromochares clavipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (Zimbabwe)

''Dromochares fumipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Dromochares premnopterus'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

''Dromochares rufipes'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/Dromochares_transvaalensis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares transvaalensis&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Dicyrtomellus'' Gussakovskij, 1935===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p.14.
*''Dicyrtomellus anomalipes'' Arnold, 1937, p.20 (South Africa)
*''Dicyrtomellus argenteodecoratus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.21 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus griseus'' Arnold, 1937, p.17 (Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus impressus'' Arnold, 1937, p.18 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus leptacanthius'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.16 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus meruensis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus neavei'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.19 (Congo)
*''Dicyrtomellus rufofemoratus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.17 (South Africa)
*''Dicyrtomellus sexspinosus'' (Saunders, 1901) = ''Dicyrtomellus pectinatus'' Arnold, 1937, p.19 (Sudan)

==='''Genus''' ''Elaphrosyron'' Haupt, 1930===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 40.
*''Elaphrosyron insidiosus'' Smith, 1879; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.41 (Ethiopia, Mali, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Elaphrosyron multipictus'' Arnold, 1937, p.42 (Uganda)
*''Elaphrosyron pauperculus'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Epiclinotus'' Haupt, 1929===

''Epiclinotus capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus erythrurus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.465 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus turneri'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.466 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron&lt;/u&gt;''] Schiødte, 1837===

''Episyron argillaceus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zambia)

''Episyron bequaerti'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron bicinctus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron braunsii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron crassicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Episyron gryps'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/Episyron_histrio.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron histrio&lt;/u&gt;''] Lepeletier, 1845 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mali, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron pedunculatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron solitaneum'' Kohl, 1906 (Yemen)

''Episyron tropicalis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Episyron turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron viduus'' Arnold, 1936 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron vindex'' Smith, 1879 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/index.htm &lt;u&gt;Euclavelia&lt;/u&gt;]'' Arnold, 1932===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/Euclavelia_fasciata.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Euclavelia fasciata&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1932 (South Africa)

''Euclavelia longicollis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Euryzonotulus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 38.
*''Euryzonotulus nigeriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Nigeria, Democratic Republic of the Congo)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreola'' Lepeletier, 1845===

''Ferreola auranticornis'' Wahis, 2000 (Eritrea, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreoloides'' Haupt, 1919===

''Ferreoloides basutorum'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

''Ferreoloides versutus'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

==='''Genus''' ''Galactopterus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 32.
*''Galactopterus otaviensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 33 (South Africa)
*''Galactopterus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937, p. 32 (Namibia, South Africa)
*''Galactopterus simillimus'' Arnold, 1937, p. 34 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Guichardia'' Arnold, 1951===

''Guichardia macilenta'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hadropompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Hadropompilus braunsi'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Hadropompilus montanus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hauptiella'' Arnold, 1936===

''Hauptiella multipicta'' Arnold, 1936

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/Herpetosphex_staphylinoides.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex staphylinoides&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Homonotus'' Dahlbom, 1844===
Dahlbom 1843 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796238) or Dahlbom, 1844 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796653)?

''Homonotus aegyptiacus'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.469 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus coxalis'' Arnold, 1935, p.478 (South Africa)

''Homonotus disparilis'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.473 (South Africa)

''Homonotus dispersus'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus dissectus'' Arnold, 1935, p.474 (South Africa)

''Homonotus excavatus'' Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus fuscipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.475 (South Africa)

''Homonotus imitans'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus leptogaster'' Arnold, 1935, p.476 (South Africa)

''Homonotus ruficornis'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus rukwaensis'' Arnold, 1946 (Tanzania)

''Homonotus sansibaricus'' Arnold, 1935, p.471 (Zanzibar)

==='''Genus''' ''Idopompilus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Idopompilus algoensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus algoensis major'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus braunsi'' Kohl, 1899 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus brunnescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschi handlirschi'' Arnold, 1936 (?)

''Idopompilus handlirschi basutorum'' Arnold, 1959 (Lesotho, South Africa)

''Idopompilus fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1946 (Lesotho)

''Idopompilus gracilicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus krugeri'' Haupt, 1930 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Idopompilus quadrifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Kolposphex'' Arnold, 1959===

*''Kolposphex atronitens'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Kyphopompilus'' Arnold, 1960===

*''Kyphopompilus flavipes'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microdrapetes'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 30
*''Microdrapetes bellus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microphadnus'' Cameron, 1904===

*''Microphadnus bicolor'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Paracyphononyx'' Gribodo, 1884===

''Paracyphononyx affinis'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon, Ghana, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx africanus'' Rad., 1881 (Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx carinatus'' Rad., 1881 Angola, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx coloratus'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon)

''Paracyphononyx difficilis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Malai, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversipes'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversus'' Dahlbom, 1845 (Central and East Africa to South Africa, Yemen)

''Paracyphononyx elliotti'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx frustratus'' Smith, 1879 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx funebris'' Magretti, 1884 (Ethiopia)

''Paracyphononyx gemellus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx laboriosus'' Arnold, 1936 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx languidus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx lukombensis'' Cameron, 1912 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia)

''Paracyphononyx metemmensis'' Magretti, 1884 (Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx mombassicus'' R. Luc., 1898 (Kenya)

''Paracyphononyx montanus'' Arnold, 1960 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx parallelus'' Haupt, 1929 (Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx petiolaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx plutonis'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx rotundinervis'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx ruficrus'' Klug, 1834 (Asia Minor, Egypt, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' Illiger,1802 (Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Paraferreola'' Sustera, 1913===

''Paraferreola melanostoma'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.439 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paraferreola spilopus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.441 (South Africa)

''Paraferreola soleana'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.443 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Platyderes'' Guérin-Méneville, 1844===

''Platyderes bicolor'' Smith, 1855; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.454 (South Africa)

''Platyderes chalybeus'' Saussure, 1892 (or Tasch. 1880?); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.456 (East Africa, South Africa)

''Platyderes drègii'' Brauns, 1899; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.457 (South Africa)

''Platyderes erythrocephalus'' Guerin, **** (Madagascar)

''Platyderes flavoscutellatus'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes oraniensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.456 (South Africa)

''Platyderes rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.461 (Ethiopia, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes saussurei'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Platyderes spoliatus'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.462 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes vicinus'' Arnold, 1935, p.460 (South Africa)

''Platyderes wasmanni'' Brauns, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.459 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilus'' Fabricius===

''Pompilus alpinus'' Arnold, 1960 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus anomalopterus'' Cameron, 1908 (Malawi, South Africa)

''Pompilus cinereus'' Fabricius, 1775 (Yemen)

''Pompilus contrarius'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Pompilus curvifrons'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus erythrostomus'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus exploratrix'' Cameron, 1908 ''(''

''Pompilus ignobilis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pompilus levis'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana)

''Pompilus masaiensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus meruensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus plumbeus'' Fabricius, 1787 (Widespread through Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Senegal, South Africa) also in China, Europe, India)

''Pompilus sacchii'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus shirae'' Arnold, 1950 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus successor'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus vanutelli'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Pompilus yngvei'' Cameron, 1908 (

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilioides'' Radley, 1887===

''Pompilioides braunsi'' Kohl, 1894 (Cameroon)

''Pompilioides decipiens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides latifrons'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides pruinosus'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides trifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides validus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammochares'' Latreille, 1796===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p. 43.
*''Psammochares bilineatus'' Arnold, 1937, p. 50 (South Africa)
*''Psammochares brunniventris'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)
*''Psammochares decipiens'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.48 (Botswana, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares irpex'' Gerstaecker, 1859; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.48 (Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares jocaste'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)
*''Psammochares latilabris'' Arnold, 1937, p. 47 (Malawi, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares quadriguttatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Tanzania)
*''Psammochares rufigaster'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)
*''Psammochares rutilus'' Klug, 1834 (Ethiopia, Nigeria, Sudan, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares varians'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares gibber'' (= ''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937)?) Descr. Arnold, 1937, p. 52

==='''Genus''' ''Psammoderes'' Haupt, 1929===

''Psammoderes capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes collaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Psammoderes fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1935, p.438 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes lightfooti'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Psammoderes major'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.433 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes mimicus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.434 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes semirufus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.436 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes reputatus'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.437 (Congo, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Pseudoclavelia&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930===

''Pseudoclavelia argenteosignata'' Arnold, 1936 (Botswana, Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia bituberculata'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_damarensis.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia damarensis''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia jouberti'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_nitidula.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia nitidula'' ''nitidula''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia nitidula bechuanae'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia rhodesiana'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudoclavelia rufescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pseudopompilus'' Costa, 1887===

''Pseudopompilus funereus'' Arnold, 1935, p.444 (Zimbabwe, Namibia)

''Pseudopompilus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

''Pseudopompilus lacteipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psyllosphex'' Arnold, 1935===

''Psyllosphex dentatus'' (Cameron, 1904); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.482 (South Africa)

''Psyllosphex myrmosaeformis'' Arnold, 1935, p.482 (Zimbabwe)

''Psyllosphex saltator'' Arnold, 1935, p.480 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pygmachus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Pygmachus compressus'' Saussure, 1892 (Madagascar)

''Pygmachus umbratus'' Haupt, 1930 (Guinea, South Africa, Zanzibar, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Rhynchopompilus'' Arnold, 1934===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 37.
''Rhynchopompilus cursor'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Schistonyx'' Saussure, 1887===

''Schistonyx aterrimus'' Arnold, 1946 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx prismaticus'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

''Schistonyx sinuatus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx sheppardi'' Arnold, 1937, p.13 (Zimbabwe)

''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, South Africa, Syria, Zimbabwe) Most common pompilid in Zimbabwe (Arnold, 1937, p.12)

==='''Genus''' ''Schizanoplius'' Cameron, 1904===

''Schizanoplius lutarius'' (Saussure, 1834)(Ghana, Mali, Madagascar)

''Schizanoplius violaceipennis'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Spuridiophorus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Spuridiophorus capensis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Spuridiophorus inermis'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus maculipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Syntomoclitus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 25.
*''Syntomoclitus bicolor'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Ashmead, 1902===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ignitus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ignitus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Smith, 1855) (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ovambo.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ovambo&lt;/u&gt;''] (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Tachypompilus praepotens'' (Kohl, 1894) (South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zanzibar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_vitripennis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] ''&lt;u&gt;vitripennis&lt;/u&gt;'' (Arnold, 1937) (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Telostegus'' Costa, 1887===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 35.
*''Telostegus capensis'' Arnold, 1937; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.37 (South Africa)
*''Telostegus fuscipennis'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.35 (South Africa)
*''Telostegus insidiosus'' (Smith, 1879) (Yemen)
*''Telostegus sabulicola'' Priesner, 1955 (Algeria, Egypt, Marocco, Senegal, Yemen)

==References==</text>
      <sha1>afy1bdkh0nlmje73x8l3f85yv3sxnlm</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719914</id>
      <parentid>2719913</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-28T11:07:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Genus Agenioideus Ashmead, 1902 */</comment>
      <origin>2719914</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27379" sha1="8i5i9fkv2el8dxpll777v11km4mutik" xml:space="preserve">Done to Genus Euryzonotulus Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 38.

==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;
- Claveliinae corrected to Ctenocerinae in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.386-388&lt;br&gt;
- Several new genera and species in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.388-399&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934, pp. 290-364.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA. (Arnold, 1934, pp. 380-385.)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; ''Pseudagenia'' in iNat).&lt;br&gt;
*''D. pulchricoma'' = ''Pseudagenia pulchricoma'' Arnold, 1934, p. 337-340&lt;br&gt;
*''D. neavei'' = ''Pseudagenia mygnimioides'' Arnold, 1934, pp.336-337 and ''Pseudagenia neavei'' Kohl 1913&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA. - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377.&lt;br&gt;
*also ''Poecilagenia spinosipes'' = ''Trachyglyptus spinosipes'' Arnold, 1934, p. 377-379&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = ''Deuteragenia turneri'', ''D. dregei'', ''D. chirindensis'', ''D. bicolor'' (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (''Hormopogonius willowmorensis'' = ''Calicurgus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1932 p.395); also ''H. tenuicornis'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 379-380&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
*Also ''Priocnernis aterrimus'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 385-386.
*''Priocnemis meridionalis'' Arnold, 1934, p. 386.
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pompilinae==

List of genera and species from [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm '''&lt;u&gt;https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm&lt;/u&gt;''']

=== '''Genus''' ''Aeluropetrus'' Arnold, 1936 ===

''Aeluropetrus braunsi'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Aeluropetrus lugubris'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 ===

*[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/Aetheopompilus_obliquetruncatus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus obliquetruncatus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 (Mozambique)

==='''Genus''' ''Agenioideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

*''Agenioideus brevis'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)
*''Agenioideus decipiens'' (Bischoff, 1913) (South Africa)
*''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) (Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)
**''Psammochares gibber'' (= Agenioideus gibber (Arnold, 1937)?) Descr. Arnold, 1937, p. 52
*''Agenioideus lascivus'' (Cameron, 1891) (?)
*''Agenioideus nudatus'' (Smith, 1855) (?)
*''Agenioideus rotundilabris'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)
**= ''Psammochares rotundilabris''(Arnold, 1937, p.53.)?
*''Agenioideus rutilus'' (Klug, 1834) (Yemen)
*''Agenioideus rufipes'' (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)
*''Agenioideus varians'' (Arnold, 1937) (?)
*''Agenioideus waltlii'' (Spinola, 1838)(Ghana, Zimbabwe)
** = ''Agenioideus cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937) https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/65S86
** =  ''Psammochares cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937, p52) https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/65S86

==='''Genus''' ''Amblyellus'' Day, 1981===

*''Amblyellus willowmorensis'' (Arnold, 1937) (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)
**= ''Psammochares willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 51.

==='''Genus''' ''Anoplius'' Dufour, 1834===

''Anoplius aethiopicus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Anoplius alecto'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Anoplius bifasciatus'' Tullgren, 1904 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda)

''Anoplius concinnus'' (Dahlbom, 1845) (Yemen)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''fuscus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, South Africa, Tanzania)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''excelsior'' Arnold, 1950 (Tanzania)

''Anoplius montanus'' Haupt, 1950 (Benin, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Principe Island, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

''Anoplius morosus'' Smith, 1855 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Anoplius octomaculatus'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Anoplius panmelas'' (Saussure, 1891) (Madagascar)

''Anoplius saegeri'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Anoplius subfasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius successor'' (Cameron, 1910) (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius viridicatus'' Smith, 1879 (West Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Apareia'' Haupt, 1929===

''Apareia multipicta rufifemur'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.449 (Zimbabwe)

''Apareia oedipus'' Kohl, 1886; descr. (synonymized?) as ''A. multipicta'' by Arnold, 1935, p.449 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporinellus'' Banks, 1911===

''Aporinellus bidens'' (Saussure, 1892) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporoideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Aporoideus clarus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Arachnospila'' Kincaid, 1900===

''Arachnospila (Ammosphex) consobrina heringi'' (Haupt, 1928) (California, Canary Islands, Spain, Tanzania, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Argyroclitus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p. 26.
*''Argyroclitus fasciatipennis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 27 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 29 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus longicollis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 29 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937, p. 28 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus ruwenzoriensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 30 (Democratic Republic of the Congo)

==='''Genus''' ''Atelostegus'' Haupt, 1929===

*''Atelostegus thrinax'' (Kohl, 1909) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Atopopompilus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus in Arnold, 1937, p. 22.
*''Atopompilus jacens'' (Bingham, 1912) (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Yemen)
*''Atopompilus marshalli'' Arnold, 1937, p. 24 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Atopopompilus venans mlanjiensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 24 (Ghana)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/Bambesa_grisea.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa grisea&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p.2.
*''Batozonellus capensis'' (Dahlbom, 1843); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.6 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/Batozonellus_fuliginosus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus fuliginosus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Klug, 1834); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.3 (Central Africa, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)
*''Batozonellus gowdeyi'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.7 (Sierra Leone, Uganda)
*''Batozonellus madecassus'' (Saussure, 1887) (Madagascar)
*''Batozonellus separabilis'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.9 (Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Batozonus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Batozonus bipunctatus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Batozonus capensis'' Dahlbom, 1940 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Cliochares'' Banks, 1940===

''Cliochares convexus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Cordyloscelis'' Arnold, 1935===

''Cordyloscelis bequaerti'' Arnold, 1935, p.420 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Cordyloscelis flavipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.424 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis latipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.417 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis namaqua'' Arnold, 1935, p.423 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis nigerrimus'' Arnold, 1935, p.421 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis parallelus'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe)

''Cordyloscelis ugandensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.425 (Congo, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Ctenagenia'' Saussure, 1892===

''Ctenagenia vespiformis'' (Klug, 1834) (Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Madagascar, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, Yemen)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930 ===

''Dromochares clavipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (Zimbabwe)

''Dromochares fumipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Dromochares premnopterus'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

''Dromochares rufipes'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/Dromochares_transvaalensis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares transvaalensis&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Dicyrtomellus'' Gussakovskij, 1935===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p.14.
*''Dicyrtomellus anomalipes'' Arnold, 1937, p.20 (South Africa)
*''Dicyrtomellus argenteodecoratus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.21 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus griseus'' Arnold, 1937, p.17 (Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus impressus'' Arnold, 1937, p.18 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus leptacanthius'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.16 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus meruensis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus neavei'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.19 (Congo)
*''Dicyrtomellus rufofemoratus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.17 (South Africa)
*''Dicyrtomellus sexspinosus'' (Saunders, 1901) = ''Dicyrtomellus pectinatus'' Arnold, 1937, p.19 (Sudan)

==='''Genus''' ''Elaphrosyron'' Haupt, 1930===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 40.
*''Elaphrosyron insidiosus'' Smith, 1879; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.41 (Ethiopia, Mali, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Elaphrosyron multipictus'' Arnold, 1937, p.42 (Uganda)
*''Elaphrosyron pauperculus'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Epiclinotus'' Haupt, 1929===

''Epiclinotus capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus erythrurus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.465 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus turneri'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.466 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron&lt;/u&gt;''] Schiødte, 1837===

''Episyron argillaceus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zambia)

''Episyron bequaerti'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron bicinctus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron braunsii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron crassicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Episyron gryps'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/Episyron_histrio.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron histrio&lt;/u&gt;''] Lepeletier, 1845 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mali, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron pedunculatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron solitaneum'' Kohl, 1906 (Yemen)

''Episyron tropicalis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Episyron turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron viduus'' Arnold, 1936 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron vindex'' Smith, 1879 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/index.htm &lt;u&gt;Euclavelia&lt;/u&gt;]'' Arnold, 1932===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/Euclavelia_fasciata.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Euclavelia fasciata&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1932 (South Africa)

''Euclavelia longicollis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Euryzonotulus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 38.
*''Euryzonotulus nigeriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Nigeria, Democratic Republic of the Congo)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreola'' Lepeletier, 1845===

''Ferreola auranticornis'' Wahis, 2000 (Eritrea, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreoloides'' Haupt, 1919===

''Ferreoloides basutorum'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

''Ferreoloides versutus'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

==='''Genus''' ''Galactopterus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 32.
*''Galactopterus otaviensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 33 (South Africa)
*''Galactopterus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937, p. 32 (Namibia, South Africa)
*''Galactopterus simillimus'' Arnold, 1937, p. 34 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Guichardia'' Arnold, 1951===

''Guichardia macilenta'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hadropompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Hadropompilus braunsi'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Hadropompilus montanus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hauptiella'' Arnold, 1936===

''Hauptiella multipicta'' Arnold, 1936

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/Herpetosphex_staphylinoides.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex staphylinoides&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Homonotus'' Dahlbom, 1844===
Dahlbom 1843 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796238) or Dahlbom, 1844 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796653)?

''Homonotus aegyptiacus'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.469 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus coxalis'' Arnold, 1935, p.478 (South Africa)

''Homonotus disparilis'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.473 (South Africa)

''Homonotus dispersus'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus dissectus'' Arnold, 1935, p.474 (South Africa)

''Homonotus excavatus'' Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus fuscipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.475 (South Africa)

''Homonotus imitans'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus leptogaster'' Arnold, 1935, p.476 (South Africa)

''Homonotus ruficornis'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus rukwaensis'' Arnold, 1946 (Tanzania)

''Homonotus sansibaricus'' Arnold, 1935, p.471 (Zanzibar)

==='''Genus''' ''Idopompilus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Idopompilus algoensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus algoensis major'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus braunsi'' Kohl, 1899 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus brunnescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschi handlirschi'' Arnold, 1936 (?)

''Idopompilus handlirschi basutorum'' Arnold, 1959 (Lesotho, South Africa)

''Idopompilus fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1946 (Lesotho)

''Idopompilus gracilicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus krugeri'' Haupt, 1930 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Idopompilus quadrifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Kolposphex'' Arnold, 1959===

*''Kolposphex atronitens'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Kyphopompilus'' Arnold, 1960===

*''Kyphopompilus flavipes'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microdrapetes'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 30
*''Microdrapetes bellus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microphadnus'' Cameron, 1904===

*''Microphadnus bicolor'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Paracyphononyx'' Gribodo, 1884===

''Paracyphononyx affinis'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon, Ghana, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx africanus'' Rad., 1881 (Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx carinatus'' Rad., 1881 Angola, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx coloratus'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon)

''Paracyphononyx difficilis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Malai, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversipes'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversus'' Dahlbom, 1845 (Central and East Africa to South Africa, Yemen)

''Paracyphononyx elliotti'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx frustratus'' Smith, 1879 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx funebris'' Magretti, 1884 (Ethiopia)

''Paracyphononyx gemellus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx laboriosus'' Arnold, 1936 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx languidus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx lukombensis'' Cameron, 1912 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia)

''Paracyphononyx metemmensis'' Magretti, 1884 (Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx mombassicus'' R. Luc., 1898 (Kenya)

''Paracyphononyx montanus'' Arnold, 1960 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx parallelus'' Haupt, 1929 (Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx petiolaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx plutonis'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx rotundinervis'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx ruficrus'' Klug, 1834 (Asia Minor, Egypt, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' Illiger,1802 (Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Paraferreola'' Sustera, 1913===

''Paraferreola melanostoma'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.439 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paraferreola spilopus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.441 (South Africa)

''Paraferreola soleana'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.443 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Platyderes'' Guérin-Méneville, 1844===

''Platyderes bicolor'' Smith, 1855; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.454 (South Africa)

''Platyderes chalybeus'' Saussure, 1892 (or Tasch. 1880?); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.456 (East Africa, South Africa)

''Platyderes drègii'' Brauns, 1899; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.457 (South Africa)

''Platyderes erythrocephalus'' Guerin, **** (Madagascar)

''Platyderes flavoscutellatus'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes oraniensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.456 (South Africa)

''Platyderes rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.461 (Ethiopia, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes saussurei'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Platyderes spoliatus'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.462 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes vicinus'' Arnold, 1935, p.460 (South Africa)

''Platyderes wasmanni'' Brauns, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.459 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilus'' Fabricius===

''Pompilus alpinus'' Arnold, 1960 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus anomalopterus'' Cameron, 1908 (Malawi, South Africa)

''Pompilus cinereus'' Fabricius, 1775 (Yemen)

''Pompilus contrarius'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Pompilus curvifrons'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus erythrostomus'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus exploratrix'' Cameron, 1908 ''(''

''Pompilus ignobilis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pompilus levis'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana)

''Pompilus masaiensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus meruensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus plumbeus'' Fabricius, 1787 (Widespread through Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Senegal, South Africa) also in China, Europe, India)

''Pompilus sacchii'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus shirae'' Arnold, 1950 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus successor'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus vanutelli'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Pompilus yngvei'' Cameron, 1908 (

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilioides'' Radley, 1887===

''Pompilioides braunsi'' Kohl, 1894 (Cameroon)

''Pompilioides decipiens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides latifrons'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides pruinosus'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides trifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides validus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammochares'' Latreille, 1796===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p. 43.
*''Psammochares bilineatus'' Arnold, 1937, p. 50 (South Africa)
*''Psammochares brunniventris'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)
*''Psammochares decipiens'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.48 (Botswana, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares irpex'' Gerstaecker, 1859; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.48 (Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares jocaste'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)
*''Psammochares latilabris'' Arnold, 1937, p. 47 (Malawi, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares quadriguttatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Tanzania)
*''Psammochares rufigaster'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)
*''Psammochares rutilus'' Klug, 1834 (Ethiopia, Nigeria, Sudan, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares varians'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares gibber'' (= ''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937)?) Descr. Arnold, 1937, p. 52

==='''Genus''' ''Psammoderes'' Haupt, 1929===

''Psammoderes capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes collaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Psammoderes fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1935, p.438 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes lightfooti'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Psammoderes major'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.433 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes mimicus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.434 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes semirufus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.436 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes reputatus'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.437 (Congo, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Pseudoclavelia&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930===

''Pseudoclavelia argenteosignata'' Arnold, 1936 (Botswana, Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia bituberculata'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_damarensis.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia damarensis''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia jouberti'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_nitidula.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia nitidula'' ''nitidula''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia nitidula bechuanae'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia rhodesiana'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudoclavelia rufescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pseudopompilus'' Costa, 1887===

''Pseudopompilus funereus'' Arnold, 1935, p.444 (Zimbabwe, Namibia)

''Pseudopompilus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

''Pseudopompilus lacteipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psyllosphex'' Arnold, 1935===

''Psyllosphex dentatus'' (Cameron, 1904); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.482 (South Africa)

''Psyllosphex myrmosaeformis'' Arnold, 1935, p.482 (Zimbabwe)

''Psyllosphex saltator'' Arnold, 1935, p.480 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pygmachus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Pygmachus compressus'' Saussure, 1892 (Madagascar)

''Pygmachus umbratus'' Haupt, 1930 (Guinea, South Africa, Zanzibar, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Rhynchopompilus'' Arnold, 1934===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 37.
''Rhynchopompilus cursor'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Schistonyx'' Saussure, 1887===

''Schistonyx aterrimus'' Arnold, 1946 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx prismaticus'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

''Schistonyx sinuatus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx sheppardi'' Arnold, 1937, p.13 (Zimbabwe)

''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, South Africa, Syria, Zimbabwe) Most common pompilid in Zimbabwe (Arnold, 1937, p.12)

==='''Genus''' ''Schizanoplius'' Cameron, 1904===

''Schizanoplius lutarius'' (Saussure, 1834)(Ghana, Mali, Madagascar)

''Schizanoplius violaceipennis'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Spuridiophorus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Spuridiophorus capensis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Spuridiophorus inermis'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus maculipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Syntomoclitus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 25.
*''Syntomoclitus bicolor'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Ashmead, 1902===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ignitus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ignitus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Smith, 1855) (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ovambo.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ovambo&lt;/u&gt;''] (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Tachypompilus praepotens'' (Kohl, 1894) (South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zanzibar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_vitripennis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] ''&lt;u&gt;vitripennis&lt;/u&gt;'' (Arnold, 1937) (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Telostegus'' Costa, 1887===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 35.
*''Telostegus capensis'' Arnold, 1937; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.37 (South Africa)
*''Telostegus fuscipennis'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.35 (South Africa)
*''Telostegus insidiosus'' (Smith, 1879) (Yemen)
*''Telostegus sabulicola'' Priesner, 1955 (Algeria, Egypt, Marocco, Senegal, Yemen)

==References==</text>
      <sha1>8i5i9fkv2el8dxpll777v11km4mutik</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719915</id>
      <parentid>2719914</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-28T11:08:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Genus Psammochares Latreille, 1796 */</comment>
      <origin>2719915</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27483" sha1="k9ax0ij6jkidk51mw17v53yv5ap4xhb" xml:space="preserve">Done to Genus Euryzonotulus Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 38.

==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;
- Claveliinae corrected to Ctenocerinae in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.386-388&lt;br&gt;
- Several new genera and species in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.388-399&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934, pp. 290-364.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA. (Arnold, 1934, pp. 380-385.)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; ''Pseudagenia'' in iNat).&lt;br&gt;
*''D. pulchricoma'' = ''Pseudagenia pulchricoma'' Arnold, 1934, p. 337-340&lt;br&gt;
*''D. neavei'' = ''Pseudagenia mygnimioides'' Arnold, 1934, pp.336-337 and ''Pseudagenia neavei'' Kohl 1913&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA. - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377.&lt;br&gt;
*also ''Poecilagenia spinosipes'' = ''Trachyglyptus spinosipes'' Arnold, 1934, p. 377-379&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = ''Deuteragenia turneri'', ''D. dregei'', ''D. chirindensis'', ''D. bicolor'' (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (''Hormopogonius willowmorensis'' = ''Calicurgus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1932 p.395); also ''H. tenuicornis'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 379-380&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
*Also ''Priocnernis aterrimus'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 385-386.
*''Priocnemis meridionalis'' Arnold, 1934, p. 386.
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pompilinae==

List of genera and species from [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm '''&lt;u&gt;https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm&lt;/u&gt;''']

=== '''Genus''' ''Aeluropetrus'' Arnold, 1936 ===

''Aeluropetrus braunsi'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Aeluropetrus lugubris'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 ===

*[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/Aetheopompilus_obliquetruncatus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus obliquetruncatus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 (Mozambique)

==='''Genus''' ''Agenioideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

*''Agenioideus brevis'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)
*''Agenioideus decipiens'' (Bischoff, 1913) (South Africa)
*''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) (Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)
**''Psammochares gibber'' (= Agenioideus gibber (Arnold, 1937)?) Descr. Arnold, 1937, p. 52
*''Agenioideus lascivus'' (Cameron, 1891) (?)
*''Agenioideus nudatus'' (Smith, 1855) (?)
*''Agenioideus rotundilabris'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)
**= ''Psammochares rotundilabris''(Arnold, 1937, p.53.)?
*''Agenioideus rutilus'' (Klug, 1834) (Yemen)
*''Agenioideus rufipes'' (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)
*''Agenioideus varians'' (Arnold, 1937) (?)
*''Agenioideus waltlii'' (Spinola, 1838)(Ghana, Zimbabwe)
** = ''Agenioideus cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937) https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/65S86
** =  ''Psammochares cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937, p52) https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/65S86

==='''Genus''' ''Amblyellus'' Day, 1981===

*''Amblyellus willowmorensis'' (Arnold, 1937) (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)
**= ''Psammochares willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 51.

==='''Genus''' ''Anoplius'' Dufour, 1834===

''Anoplius aethiopicus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Anoplius alecto'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Anoplius bifasciatus'' Tullgren, 1904 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda)

''Anoplius concinnus'' (Dahlbom, 1845) (Yemen)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''fuscus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, South Africa, Tanzania)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''excelsior'' Arnold, 1950 (Tanzania)

''Anoplius montanus'' Haupt, 1950 (Benin, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Principe Island, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

''Anoplius morosus'' Smith, 1855 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Anoplius octomaculatus'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Anoplius panmelas'' (Saussure, 1891) (Madagascar)

''Anoplius saegeri'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Anoplius subfasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius successor'' (Cameron, 1910) (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius viridicatus'' Smith, 1879 (West Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Apareia'' Haupt, 1929===

''Apareia multipicta rufifemur'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.449 (Zimbabwe)

''Apareia oedipus'' Kohl, 1886; descr. (synonymized?) as ''A. multipicta'' by Arnold, 1935, p.449 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporinellus'' Banks, 1911===

''Aporinellus bidens'' (Saussure, 1892) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporoideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Aporoideus clarus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Arachnospila'' Kincaid, 1900===

''Arachnospila (Ammosphex) consobrina heringi'' (Haupt, 1928) (California, Canary Islands, Spain, Tanzania, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Argyroclitus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p. 26.
*''Argyroclitus fasciatipennis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 27 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 29 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus longicollis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 29 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937, p. 28 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus ruwenzoriensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 30 (Democratic Republic of the Congo)

==='''Genus''' ''Atelostegus'' Haupt, 1929===

*''Atelostegus thrinax'' (Kohl, 1909) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Atopopompilus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus in Arnold, 1937, p. 22.
*''Atopompilus jacens'' (Bingham, 1912) (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Yemen)
*''Atopompilus marshalli'' Arnold, 1937, p. 24 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Atopopompilus venans mlanjiensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 24 (Ghana)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/Bambesa_grisea.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa grisea&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p.2.
*''Batozonellus capensis'' (Dahlbom, 1843); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.6 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/Batozonellus_fuliginosus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus fuliginosus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Klug, 1834); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.3 (Central Africa, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)
*''Batozonellus gowdeyi'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.7 (Sierra Leone, Uganda)
*''Batozonellus madecassus'' (Saussure, 1887) (Madagascar)
*''Batozonellus separabilis'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.9 (Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Batozonus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Batozonus bipunctatus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Batozonus capensis'' Dahlbom, 1940 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Cliochares'' Banks, 1940===

''Cliochares convexus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Cordyloscelis'' Arnold, 1935===

''Cordyloscelis bequaerti'' Arnold, 1935, p.420 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Cordyloscelis flavipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.424 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis latipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.417 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis namaqua'' Arnold, 1935, p.423 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis nigerrimus'' Arnold, 1935, p.421 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis parallelus'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe)

''Cordyloscelis ugandensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.425 (Congo, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Ctenagenia'' Saussure, 1892===

''Ctenagenia vespiformis'' (Klug, 1834) (Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Madagascar, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, Yemen)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930 ===

''Dromochares clavipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (Zimbabwe)

''Dromochares fumipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Dromochares premnopterus'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

''Dromochares rufipes'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/Dromochares_transvaalensis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares transvaalensis&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Dicyrtomellus'' Gussakovskij, 1935===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p.14.
*''Dicyrtomellus anomalipes'' Arnold, 1937, p.20 (South Africa)
*''Dicyrtomellus argenteodecoratus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.21 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus griseus'' Arnold, 1937, p.17 (Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus impressus'' Arnold, 1937, p.18 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus leptacanthius'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.16 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus meruensis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus neavei'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.19 (Congo)
*''Dicyrtomellus rufofemoratus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.17 (South Africa)
*''Dicyrtomellus sexspinosus'' (Saunders, 1901) = ''Dicyrtomellus pectinatus'' Arnold, 1937, p.19 (Sudan)

==='''Genus''' ''Elaphrosyron'' Haupt, 1930===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 40.
*''Elaphrosyron insidiosus'' Smith, 1879; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.41 (Ethiopia, Mali, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Elaphrosyron multipictus'' Arnold, 1937, p.42 (Uganda)
*''Elaphrosyron pauperculus'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Epiclinotus'' Haupt, 1929===

''Epiclinotus capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus erythrurus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.465 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus turneri'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.466 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron&lt;/u&gt;''] Schiødte, 1837===

''Episyron argillaceus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zambia)

''Episyron bequaerti'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron bicinctus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron braunsii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron crassicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Episyron gryps'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/Episyron_histrio.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron histrio&lt;/u&gt;''] Lepeletier, 1845 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mali, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron pedunculatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron solitaneum'' Kohl, 1906 (Yemen)

''Episyron tropicalis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Episyron turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron viduus'' Arnold, 1936 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron vindex'' Smith, 1879 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/index.htm &lt;u&gt;Euclavelia&lt;/u&gt;]'' Arnold, 1932===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/Euclavelia_fasciata.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Euclavelia fasciata&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1932 (South Africa)

''Euclavelia longicollis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Euryzonotulus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 38.
*''Euryzonotulus nigeriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Nigeria, Democratic Republic of the Congo)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreola'' Lepeletier, 1845===

''Ferreola auranticornis'' Wahis, 2000 (Eritrea, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreoloides'' Haupt, 1919===

''Ferreoloides basutorum'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

''Ferreoloides versutus'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

==='''Genus''' ''Galactopterus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 32.
*''Galactopterus otaviensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 33 (South Africa)
*''Galactopterus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937, p. 32 (Namibia, South Africa)
*''Galactopterus simillimus'' Arnold, 1937, p. 34 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Guichardia'' Arnold, 1951===

''Guichardia macilenta'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hadropompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Hadropompilus braunsi'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Hadropompilus montanus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hauptiella'' Arnold, 1936===

''Hauptiella multipicta'' Arnold, 1936

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/Herpetosphex_staphylinoides.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex staphylinoides&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Homonotus'' Dahlbom, 1844===
Dahlbom 1843 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796238) or Dahlbom, 1844 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796653)?

''Homonotus aegyptiacus'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.469 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus coxalis'' Arnold, 1935, p.478 (South Africa)

''Homonotus disparilis'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.473 (South Africa)

''Homonotus dispersus'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus dissectus'' Arnold, 1935, p.474 (South Africa)

''Homonotus excavatus'' Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus fuscipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.475 (South Africa)

''Homonotus imitans'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus leptogaster'' Arnold, 1935, p.476 (South Africa)

''Homonotus ruficornis'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus rukwaensis'' Arnold, 1946 (Tanzania)

''Homonotus sansibaricus'' Arnold, 1935, p.471 (Zanzibar)

==='''Genus''' ''Idopompilus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Idopompilus algoensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus algoensis major'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus braunsi'' Kohl, 1899 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus brunnescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschi handlirschi'' Arnold, 1936 (?)

''Idopompilus handlirschi basutorum'' Arnold, 1959 (Lesotho, South Africa)

''Idopompilus fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1946 (Lesotho)

''Idopompilus gracilicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus krugeri'' Haupt, 1930 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Idopompilus quadrifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Kolposphex'' Arnold, 1959===

*''Kolposphex atronitens'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Kyphopompilus'' Arnold, 1960===

*''Kyphopompilus flavipes'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microdrapetes'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 30
*''Microdrapetes bellus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microphadnus'' Cameron, 1904===

*''Microphadnus bicolor'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Paracyphononyx'' Gribodo, 1884===

''Paracyphononyx affinis'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon, Ghana, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx africanus'' Rad., 1881 (Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx carinatus'' Rad., 1881 Angola, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx coloratus'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon)

''Paracyphononyx difficilis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Malai, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversipes'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversus'' Dahlbom, 1845 (Central and East Africa to South Africa, Yemen)

''Paracyphononyx elliotti'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx frustratus'' Smith, 1879 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx funebris'' Magretti, 1884 (Ethiopia)

''Paracyphononyx gemellus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx laboriosus'' Arnold, 1936 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx languidus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx lukombensis'' Cameron, 1912 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia)

''Paracyphononyx metemmensis'' Magretti, 1884 (Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx mombassicus'' R. Luc., 1898 (Kenya)

''Paracyphononyx montanus'' Arnold, 1960 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx parallelus'' Haupt, 1929 (Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx petiolaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx plutonis'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx rotundinervis'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx ruficrus'' Klug, 1834 (Asia Minor, Egypt, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' Illiger,1802 (Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Paraferreola'' Sustera, 1913===

''Paraferreola melanostoma'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.439 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paraferreola spilopus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.441 (South Africa)

''Paraferreola soleana'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.443 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Platyderes'' Guérin-Méneville, 1844===

''Platyderes bicolor'' Smith, 1855; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.454 (South Africa)

''Platyderes chalybeus'' Saussure, 1892 (or Tasch. 1880?); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.456 (East Africa, South Africa)

''Platyderes drègii'' Brauns, 1899; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.457 (South Africa)

''Platyderes erythrocephalus'' Guerin, **** (Madagascar)

''Platyderes flavoscutellatus'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes oraniensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.456 (South Africa)

''Platyderes rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.461 (Ethiopia, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes saussurei'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Platyderes spoliatus'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.462 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes vicinus'' Arnold, 1935, p.460 (South Africa)

''Platyderes wasmanni'' Brauns, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.459 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilus'' Fabricius===

''Pompilus alpinus'' Arnold, 1960 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus anomalopterus'' Cameron, 1908 (Malawi, South Africa)

''Pompilus cinereus'' Fabricius, 1775 (Yemen)

''Pompilus contrarius'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Pompilus curvifrons'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus erythrostomus'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus exploratrix'' Cameron, 1908 ''(''

''Pompilus ignobilis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pompilus levis'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana)

''Pompilus masaiensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus meruensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus plumbeus'' Fabricius, 1787 (Widespread through Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Senegal, South Africa) also in China, Europe, India)

''Pompilus sacchii'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus shirae'' Arnold, 1950 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus successor'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus vanutelli'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Pompilus yngvei'' Cameron, 1908 (

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilioides'' Radley, 1887===

''Pompilioides braunsi'' Kohl, 1894 (Cameroon)

''Pompilioides decipiens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides latifrons'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides pruinosus'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides trifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides validus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammochares'' Latreille, 1796===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p. 43.
*''Psammochares bilineatus'' Arnold, 1937, p. 50 (South Africa)
*''Psammochares brunniventris'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)
*''Psammochares decipiens'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.48 (Botswana, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares irpex'' Gerstaecker, 1859; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.48 (Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares jocaste'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)
*''Psammochares latilabris'' Arnold, 1937, p. 47 (Malawi, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares quadriguttatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Tanzania)
*''Psammochares rotundilabris''(Arnold, 1937, p.53.) (South Africa)
** = ''Agenioideus rotundilabris''?
*''Psammochares rufigaster'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)
*''Psammochares rutilus'' Klug, 1834 (Ethiopia, Nigeria, Sudan, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares varians'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares gibber'' (= ''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937)?) Descr. Arnold, 1937, p. 52

==='''Genus''' ''Psammoderes'' Haupt, 1929===

''Psammoderes capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes collaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Psammoderes fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1935, p.438 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes lightfooti'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Psammoderes major'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.433 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes mimicus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.434 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes semirufus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.436 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes reputatus'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.437 (Congo, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Pseudoclavelia&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930===

''Pseudoclavelia argenteosignata'' Arnold, 1936 (Botswana, Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia bituberculata'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_damarensis.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia damarensis''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia jouberti'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_nitidula.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia nitidula'' ''nitidula''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia nitidula bechuanae'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia rhodesiana'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudoclavelia rufescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pseudopompilus'' Costa, 1887===

''Pseudopompilus funereus'' Arnold, 1935, p.444 (Zimbabwe, Namibia)

''Pseudopompilus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

''Pseudopompilus lacteipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psyllosphex'' Arnold, 1935===

''Psyllosphex dentatus'' (Cameron, 1904); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.482 (South Africa)

''Psyllosphex myrmosaeformis'' Arnold, 1935, p.482 (Zimbabwe)

''Psyllosphex saltator'' Arnold, 1935, p.480 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pygmachus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Pygmachus compressus'' Saussure, 1892 (Madagascar)

''Pygmachus umbratus'' Haupt, 1930 (Guinea, South Africa, Zanzibar, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Rhynchopompilus'' Arnold, 1934===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 37.
''Rhynchopompilus cursor'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Schistonyx'' Saussure, 1887===

''Schistonyx aterrimus'' Arnold, 1946 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx prismaticus'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

''Schistonyx sinuatus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx sheppardi'' Arnold, 1937, p.13 (Zimbabwe)

''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, South Africa, Syria, Zimbabwe) Most common pompilid in Zimbabwe (Arnold, 1937, p.12)

==='''Genus''' ''Schizanoplius'' Cameron, 1904===

''Schizanoplius lutarius'' (Saussure, 1834)(Ghana, Mali, Madagascar)

''Schizanoplius violaceipennis'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Spuridiophorus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Spuridiophorus capensis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Spuridiophorus inermis'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus maculipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Syntomoclitus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 25.
*''Syntomoclitus bicolor'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Ashmead, 1902===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ignitus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ignitus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Smith, 1855) (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ovambo.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ovambo&lt;/u&gt;''] (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Tachypompilus praepotens'' (Kohl, 1894) (South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zanzibar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_vitripennis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] ''&lt;u&gt;vitripennis&lt;/u&gt;'' (Arnold, 1937) (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Telostegus'' Costa, 1887===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 35.
*''Telostegus capensis'' Arnold, 1937; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.37 (South Africa)
*''Telostegus fuscipennis'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.35 (South Africa)
*''Telostegus insidiosus'' (Smith, 1879) (Yemen)
*''Telostegus sabulicola'' Priesner, 1955 (Algeria, Egypt, Marocco, Senegal, Yemen)

==References==</text>
      <sha1>k9ax0ij6jkidk51mw17v53yv5ap4xhb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719916</id>
      <parentid>2719915</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-28T11:16:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Genus Agenioideus Ashmead, 1902 */</comment>
      <origin>2719916</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27522" sha1="4xiel14uma7e9tf3oxtt8o5izx5v4f2" xml:space="preserve">Done to Genus Euryzonotulus Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 38.

==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;
- Claveliinae corrected to Ctenocerinae in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.386-388&lt;br&gt;
- Several new genera and species in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.388-399&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934, pp. 290-364.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA. (Arnold, 1934, pp. 380-385.)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; ''Pseudagenia'' in iNat).&lt;br&gt;
*''D. pulchricoma'' = ''Pseudagenia pulchricoma'' Arnold, 1934, p. 337-340&lt;br&gt;
*''D. neavei'' = ''Pseudagenia mygnimioides'' Arnold, 1934, pp.336-337 and ''Pseudagenia neavei'' Kohl 1913&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA. - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377.&lt;br&gt;
*also ''Poecilagenia spinosipes'' = ''Trachyglyptus spinosipes'' Arnold, 1934, p. 377-379&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = ''Deuteragenia turneri'', ''D. dregei'', ''D. chirindensis'', ''D. bicolor'' (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (''Hormopogonius willowmorensis'' = ''Calicurgus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1932 p.395); also ''H. tenuicornis'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 379-380&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
*Also ''Priocnernis aterrimus'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 385-386.
*''Priocnemis meridionalis'' Arnold, 1934, p. 386.
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pompilinae==

List of genera and species from [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm '''&lt;u&gt;https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm&lt;/u&gt;''']

=== '''Genus''' ''Aeluropetrus'' Arnold, 1936 ===

''Aeluropetrus braunsi'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Aeluropetrus lugubris'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 ===

*[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/Aetheopompilus_obliquetruncatus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus obliquetruncatus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 (Mozambique)

==='''Genus''' ''Agenioideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

*''Agenioideus decipiens'' (Bischoff, 1913) (South Africa)
*''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) (Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)
**''Psammochares gibber'' (= Agenioideus gibber (Arnold, 1937)?) Descr. Arnold, 1937, p. 52
*''Agenioideus lascivus'' (Cameron, 1891) (?)
*''Agenioideus nudatus'' (Smith, 1855) (?)
*''Agenioideus rotundilabris'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)
**= ''Psammochares rotundilabris''(Arnold, 1937, p.53.)?
*''Agenioideus rutilus'' (Klug, 1834) (Yemen)
*''Agenioideus rufipes'' (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)
*''Agenioideus varians'' (Arnold, 1937) (?)
*''Agenioideus waltlii'' (Spinola, 1838)(Ghana, Zimbabwe)
** = ''Agenioideus cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937) https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/65S86
** =  ''Psammochares cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937, p52) https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/65S86
''Agenioideus brevis'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa) is a synonym of ''Psammochares brevis''

==='''Genus''' ''Amblyellus'' Day, 1981===

*''Amblyellus willowmorensis'' (Arnold, 1937) (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)
**= ''Psammochares willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 51.

==='''Genus''' ''Anoplius'' Dufour, 1834===

''Anoplius aethiopicus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Anoplius alecto'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Anoplius bifasciatus'' Tullgren, 1904 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda)

''Anoplius concinnus'' (Dahlbom, 1845) (Yemen)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''fuscus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, South Africa, Tanzania)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''excelsior'' Arnold, 1950 (Tanzania)

''Anoplius montanus'' Haupt, 1950 (Benin, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Principe Island, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

''Anoplius morosus'' Smith, 1855 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Anoplius octomaculatus'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Anoplius panmelas'' (Saussure, 1891) (Madagascar)

''Anoplius saegeri'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Anoplius subfasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius successor'' (Cameron, 1910) (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius viridicatus'' Smith, 1879 (West Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Apareia'' Haupt, 1929===

''Apareia multipicta rufifemur'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.449 (Zimbabwe)

''Apareia oedipus'' Kohl, 1886; descr. (synonymized?) as ''A. multipicta'' by Arnold, 1935, p.449 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporinellus'' Banks, 1911===

''Aporinellus bidens'' (Saussure, 1892) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporoideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Aporoideus clarus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Arachnospila'' Kincaid, 1900===

''Arachnospila (Ammosphex) consobrina heringi'' (Haupt, 1928) (California, Canary Islands, Spain, Tanzania, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Argyroclitus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p. 26.
*''Argyroclitus fasciatipennis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 27 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 29 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus longicollis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 29 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937, p. 28 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus ruwenzoriensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 30 (Democratic Republic of the Congo)

==='''Genus''' ''Atelostegus'' Haupt, 1929===

*''Atelostegus thrinax'' (Kohl, 1909) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Atopopompilus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus in Arnold, 1937, p. 22.
*''Atopompilus jacens'' (Bingham, 1912) (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Yemen)
*''Atopompilus marshalli'' Arnold, 1937, p. 24 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Atopopompilus venans mlanjiensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 24 (Ghana)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/Bambesa_grisea.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa grisea&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p.2.
*''Batozonellus capensis'' (Dahlbom, 1843); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.6 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/Batozonellus_fuliginosus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus fuliginosus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Klug, 1834); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.3 (Central Africa, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)
*''Batozonellus gowdeyi'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.7 (Sierra Leone, Uganda)
*''Batozonellus madecassus'' (Saussure, 1887) (Madagascar)
*''Batozonellus separabilis'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.9 (Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Batozonus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Batozonus bipunctatus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Batozonus capensis'' Dahlbom, 1940 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Cliochares'' Banks, 1940===

''Cliochares convexus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Cordyloscelis'' Arnold, 1935===

''Cordyloscelis bequaerti'' Arnold, 1935, p.420 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Cordyloscelis flavipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.424 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis latipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.417 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis namaqua'' Arnold, 1935, p.423 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis nigerrimus'' Arnold, 1935, p.421 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis parallelus'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe)

''Cordyloscelis ugandensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.425 (Congo, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Ctenagenia'' Saussure, 1892===

''Ctenagenia vespiformis'' (Klug, 1834) (Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Madagascar, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, Yemen)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930 ===

''Dromochares clavipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (Zimbabwe)

''Dromochares fumipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Dromochares premnopterus'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

''Dromochares rufipes'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/Dromochares_transvaalensis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares transvaalensis&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Dicyrtomellus'' Gussakovskij, 1935===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p.14.
*''Dicyrtomellus anomalipes'' Arnold, 1937, p.20 (South Africa)
*''Dicyrtomellus argenteodecoratus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.21 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus griseus'' Arnold, 1937, p.17 (Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus impressus'' Arnold, 1937, p.18 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus leptacanthius'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.16 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus meruensis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus neavei'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.19 (Congo)
*''Dicyrtomellus rufofemoratus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.17 (South Africa)
*''Dicyrtomellus sexspinosus'' (Saunders, 1901) = ''Dicyrtomellus pectinatus'' Arnold, 1937, p.19 (Sudan)

==='''Genus''' ''Elaphrosyron'' Haupt, 1930===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 40.
*''Elaphrosyron insidiosus'' Smith, 1879; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.41 (Ethiopia, Mali, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Elaphrosyron multipictus'' Arnold, 1937, p.42 (Uganda)
*''Elaphrosyron pauperculus'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Epiclinotus'' Haupt, 1929===

''Epiclinotus capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus erythrurus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.465 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus turneri'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.466 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron&lt;/u&gt;''] Schiødte, 1837===

''Episyron argillaceus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zambia)

''Episyron bequaerti'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron bicinctus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron braunsii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron crassicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Episyron gryps'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/Episyron_histrio.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron histrio&lt;/u&gt;''] Lepeletier, 1845 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mali, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron pedunculatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron solitaneum'' Kohl, 1906 (Yemen)

''Episyron tropicalis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Episyron turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron viduus'' Arnold, 1936 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron vindex'' Smith, 1879 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/index.htm &lt;u&gt;Euclavelia&lt;/u&gt;]'' Arnold, 1932===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/Euclavelia_fasciata.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Euclavelia fasciata&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1932 (South Africa)

''Euclavelia longicollis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Euryzonotulus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 38.
*''Euryzonotulus nigeriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Nigeria, Democratic Republic of the Congo)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreola'' Lepeletier, 1845===

''Ferreola auranticornis'' Wahis, 2000 (Eritrea, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreoloides'' Haupt, 1919===

''Ferreoloides basutorum'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

''Ferreoloides versutus'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

==='''Genus''' ''Galactopterus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 32.
*''Galactopterus otaviensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 33 (South Africa)
*''Galactopterus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937, p. 32 (Namibia, South Africa)
*''Galactopterus simillimus'' Arnold, 1937, p. 34 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Guichardia'' Arnold, 1951===

''Guichardia macilenta'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hadropompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Hadropompilus braunsi'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Hadropompilus montanus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hauptiella'' Arnold, 1936===

''Hauptiella multipicta'' Arnold, 1936

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/Herpetosphex_staphylinoides.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex staphylinoides&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Homonotus'' Dahlbom, 1844===
Dahlbom 1843 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796238) or Dahlbom, 1844 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796653)?

''Homonotus aegyptiacus'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.469 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus coxalis'' Arnold, 1935, p.478 (South Africa)

''Homonotus disparilis'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.473 (South Africa)

''Homonotus dispersus'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus dissectus'' Arnold, 1935, p.474 (South Africa)

''Homonotus excavatus'' Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus fuscipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.475 (South Africa)

''Homonotus imitans'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus leptogaster'' Arnold, 1935, p.476 (South Africa)

''Homonotus ruficornis'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus rukwaensis'' Arnold, 1946 (Tanzania)

''Homonotus sansibaricus'' Arnold, 1935, p.471 (Zanzibar)

==='''Genus''' ''Idopompilus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Idopompilus algoensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus algoensis major'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus braunsi'' Kohl, 1899 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus brunnescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschi handlirschi'' Arnold, 1936 (?)

''Idopompilus handlirschi basutorum'' Arnold, 1959 (Lesotho, South Africa)

''Idopompilus fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1946 (Lesotho)

''Idopompilus gracilicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus krugeri'' Haupt, 1930 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Idopompilus quadrifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Kolposphex'' Arnold, 1959===

*''Kolposphex atronitens'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Kyphopompilus'' Arnold, 1960===

*''Kyphopompilus flavipes'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microdrapetes'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 30
*''Microdrapetes bellus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microphadnus'' Cameron, 1904===

*''Microphadnus bicolor'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Paracyphononyx'' Gribodo, 1884===

''Paracyphononyx affinis'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon, Ghana, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx africanus'' Rad., 1881 (Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx carinatus'' Rad., 1881 Angola, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx coloratus'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon)

''Paracyphononyx difficilis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Malai, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversipes'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversus'' Dahlbom, 1845 (Central and East Africa to South Africa, Yemen)

''Paracyphononyx elliotti'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx frustratus'' Smith, 1879 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx funebris'' Magretti, 1884 (Ethiopia)

''Paracyphononyx gemellus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx laboriosus'' Arnold, 1936 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx languidus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx lukombensis'' Cameron, 1912 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia)

''Paracyphononyx metemmensis'' Magretti, 1884 (Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx mombassicus'' R. Luc., 1898 (Kenya)

''Paracyphononyx montanus'' Arnold, 1960 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx parallelus'' Haupt, 1929 (Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx petiolaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx plutonis'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx rotundinervis'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx ruficrus'' Klug, 1834 (Asia Minor, Egypt, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' Illiger,1802 (Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Paraferreola'' Sustera, 1913===

''Paraferreola melanostoma'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.439 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paraferreola spilopus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.441 (South Africa)

''Paraferreola soleana'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.443 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Platyderes'' Guérin-Méneville, 1844===

''Platyderes bicolor'' Smith, 1855; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.454 (South Africa)

''Platyderes chalybeus'' Saussure, 1892 (or Tasch. 1880?); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.456 (East Africa, South Africa)

''Platyderes drègii'' Brauns, 1899; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.457 (South Africa)

''Platyderes erythrocephalus'' Guerin, **** (Madagascar)

''Platyderes flavoscutellatus'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes oraniensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.456 (South Africa)

''Platyderes rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.461 (Ethiopia, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes saussurei'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Platyderes spoliatus'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.462 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes vicinus'' Arnold, 1935, p.460 (South Africa)

''Platyderes wasmanni'' Brauns, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.459 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilus'' Fabricius===

''Pompilus alpinus'' Arnold, 1960 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus anomalopterus'' Cameron, 1908 (Malawi, South Africa)

''Pompilus cinereus'' Fabricius, 1775 (Yemen)

''Pompilus contrarius'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Pompilus curvifrons'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus erythrostomus'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus exploratrix'' Cameron, 1908 ''(''

''Pompilus ignobilis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pompilus levis'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana)

''Pompilus masaiensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus meruensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus plumbeus'' Fabricius, 1787 (Widespread through Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Senegal, South Africa) also in China, Europe, India)

''Pompilus sacchii'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus shirae'' Arnold, 1950 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus successor'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus vanutelli'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Pompilus yngvei'' Cameron, 1908 (

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilioides'' Radley, 1887===

''Pompilioides braunsi'' Kohl, 1894 (Cameroon)

''Pompilioides decipiens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides latifrons'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides pruinosus'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides trifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides validus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammochares'' Latreille, 1796===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p. 43.
*''Psammochares bilineatus'' Arnold, 1937, p. 50 (South Africa)
*''Psammochares brunniventris'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)
*''Psammochares decipiens'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.48 (Botswana, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares irpex'' Gerstaecker, 1859; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.48 (Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares jocaste'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)
*''Psammochares latilabris'' Arnold, 1937, p. 47 (Malawi, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares quadriguttatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Tanzania)
*''Psammochares rotundilabris''(Arnold, 1937, p.53.) (South Africa)
** = ''Agenioideus rotundilabris''?
*''Psammochares rufigaster'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)
*''Psammochares rutilus'' Klug, 1834 (Ethiopia, Nigeria, Sudan, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares varians'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares gibber'' (= ''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937)?) Descr. Arnold, 1937, p. 52

==='''Genus''' ''Psammoderes'' Haupt, 1929===

''Psammoderes capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes collaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Psammoderes fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1935, p.438 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes lightfooti'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Psammoderes major'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.433 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes mimicus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.434 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes semirufus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.436 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes reputatus'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.437 (Congo, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Pseudoclavelia&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930===

''Pseudoclavelia argenteosignata'' Arnold, 1936 (Botswana, Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia bituberculata'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_damarensis.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia damarensis''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia jouberti'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_nitidula.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia nitidula'' ''nitidula''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia nitidula bechuanae'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia rhodesiana'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudoclavelia rufescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pseudopompilus'' Costa, 1887===

''Pseudopompilus funereus'' Arnold, 1935, p.444 (Zimbabwe, Namibia)

''Pseudopompilus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

''Pseudopompilus lacteipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psyllosphex'' Arnold, 1935===

''Psyllosphex dentatus'' (Cameron, 1904); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.482 (South Africa)

''Psyllosphex myrmosaeformis'' Arnold, 1935, p.482 (Zimbabwe)

''Psyllosphex saltator'' Arnold, 1935, p.480 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pygmachus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Pygmachus compressus'' Saussure, 1892 (Madagascar)

''Pygmachus umbratus'' Haupt, 1930 (Guinea, South Africa, Zanzibar, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Rhynchopompilus'' Arnold, 1934===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 37.
''Rhynchopompilus cursor'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Schistonyx'' Saussure, 1887===

''Schistonyx aterrimus'' Arnold, 1946 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx prismaticus'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

''Schistonyx sinuatus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx sheppardi'' Arnold, 1937, p.13 (Zimbabwe)

''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, South Africa, Syria, Zimbabwe) Most common pompilid in Zimbabwe (Arnold, 1937, p.12)

==='''Genus''' ''Schizanoplius'' Cameron, 1904===

''Schizanoplius lutarius'' (Saussure, 1834)(Ghana, Mali, Madagascar)

''Schizanoplius violaceipennis'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Spuridiophorus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Spuridiophorus capensis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Spuridiophorus inermis'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus maculipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Syntomoclitus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 25.
*''Syntomoclitus bicolor'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Ashmead, 1902===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ignitus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ignitus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Smith, 1855) (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ovambo.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ovambo&lt;/u&gt;''] (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Tachypompilus praepotens'' (Kohl, 1894) (South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zanzibar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_vitripennis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] ''&lt;u&gt;vitripennis&lt;/u&gt;'' (Arnold, 1937) (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Telostegus'' Costa, 1887===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 35.
*''Telostegus capensis'' Arnold, 1937; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.37 (South Africa)
*''Telostegus fuscipennis'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.35 (South Africa)
*''Telostegus insidiosus'' (Smith, 1879) (Yemen)
*''Telostegus sabulicola'' Priesner, 1955 (Algeria, Egypt, Marocco, Senegal, Yemen)

==References==</text>
      <sha1>4xiel14uma7e9tf3oxtt8o5izx5v4f2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719917</id>
      <parentid>2719916</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-28T11:17:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Genus Agenioideus Ashmead, 1902 */</comment>
      <origin>2719917</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="27573" sha1="b2dxkj1726l3m17hv3bnizfr91w5fpz" xml:space="preserve">Done to Genus Euryzonotulus Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 38.

==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;
- Claveliinae corrected to Ctenocerinae in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.386-388&lt;br&gt;
- Several new genera and species in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.388-399&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934, pp. 290-364.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA. (Arnold, 1934, pp. 380-385.)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; ''Pseudagenia'' in iNat).&lt;br&gt;
*''D. pulchricoma'' = ''Pseudagenia pulchricoma'' Arnold, 1934, p. 337-340&lt;br&gt;
*''D. neavei'' = ''Pseudagenia mygnimioides'' Arnold, 1934, pp.336-337 and ''Pseudagenia neavei'' Kohl 1913&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA. - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377.&lt;br&gt;
*also ''Poecilagenia spinosipes'' = ''Trachyglyptus spinosipes'' Arnold, 1934, p. 377-379&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = ''Deuteragenia turneri'', ''D. dregei'', ''D. chirindensis'', ''D. bicolor'' (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (''Hormopogonius willowmorensis'' = ''Calicurgus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1932 p.395); also ''H. tenuicornis'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 379-380&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
*Also ''Priocnernis aterrimus'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 385-386.
*''Priocnemis meridionalis'' Arnold, 1934, p. 386.
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pompilinae==

List of genera and species from [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm '''&lt;u&gt;https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm&lt;/u&gt;''']

=== '''Genus''' ''Aeluropetrus'' Arnold, 1936 ===

''Aeluropetrus braunsi'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Aeluropetrus lugubris'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 ===

*[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/Aetheopompilus_obliquetruncatus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus obliquetruncatus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 (Mozambique)

==='''Genus''' ''Agenioideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

*''Agenioideus decipiens'' (Bischoff, 1913) (South Africa)
*''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) (Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)
**''Psammochares gibber'' (= Agenioideus gibber (Arnold, 1937)?) Descr. Arnold, 1937, p. 52
*''Agenioideus lascivus'' (Cameron, 1891) (?)
*''Agenioideus nudatus'' (Smith, 1855) (?)
*''Agenioideus rotundilabris'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa)
**= ''Psammochares rotundilabris''(Arnold, 1937, p.53.)?
*''Agenioideus rutilus'' (Klug, 1834) (Yemen)
*''Agenioideus rufipes'' (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)
*''Agenioideus varians'' (Arnold, 1937) (?)
*''Agenioideus waltlii'' (Spinola, 1838)(Ghana, Zimbabwe)
** = ''Agenioideus cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937) https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/65S86
** =  ''Psammochares cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937, p52) https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/65S86
''Agenioideus brevis'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa) is a synonym of ''Psammochares brevis'' (https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4NBRN)

==='''Genus''' ''Amblyellus'' Day, 1981===

*''Amblyellus willowmorensis'' (Arnold, 1937) (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)
**= ''Psammochares willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 51.

==='''Genus''' ''Anoplius'' Dufour, 1834===

''Anoplius aethiopicus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Anoplius alecto'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Anoplius bifasciatus'' Tullgren, 1904 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda)

''Anoplius concinnus'' (Dahlbom, 1845) (Yemen)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''fuscus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, South Africa, Tanzania)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''excelsior'' Arnold, 1950 (Tanzania)

''Anoplius montanus'' Haupt, 1950 (Benin, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Principe Island, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

''Anoplius morosus'' Smith, 1855 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Anoplius octomaculatus'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Anoplius panmelas'' (Saussure, 1891) (Madagascar)

''Anoplius saegeri'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Anoplius subfasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius successor'' (Cameron, 1910) (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius viridicatus'' Smith, 1879 (West Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Apareia'' Haupt, 1929===

''Apareia multipicta rufifemur'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.449 (Zimbabwe)

''Apareia oedipus'' Kohl, 1886; descr. (synonymized?) as ''A. multipicta'' by Arnold, 1935, p.449 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporinellus'' Banks, 1911===

''Aporinellus bidens'' (Saussure, 1892) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporoideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Aporoideus clarus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Arachnospila'' Kincaid, 1900===

''Arachnospila (Ammosphex) consobrina heringi'' (Haupt, 1928) (California, Canary Islands, Spain, Tanzania, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Argyroclitus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p. 26.
*''Argyroclitus fasciatipennis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 27 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 29 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus longicollis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 29 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937, p. 28 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus ruwenzoriensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 30 (Democratic Republic of the Congo)

==='''Genus''' ''Atelostegus'' Haupt, 1929===

*''Atelostegus thrinax'' (Kohl, 1909) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Atopopompilus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus in Arnold, 1937, p. 22.
*''Atopompilus jacens'' (Bingham, 1912) (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Yemen)
*''Atopompilus marshalli'' Arnold, 1937, p. 24 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Atopopompilus venans mlanjiensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 24 (Ghana)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/Bambesa_grisea.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa grisea&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p.2.
*''Batozonellus capensis'' (Dahlbom, 1843); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.6 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/Batozonellus_fuliginosus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus fuliginosus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Klug, 1834); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.3 (Central Africa, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)
*''Batozonellus gowdeyi'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.7 (Sierra Leone, Uganda)
*''Batozonellus madecassus'' (Saussure, 1887) (Madagascar)
*''Batozonellus separabilis'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.9 (Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Batozonus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Batozonus bipunctatus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Batozonus capensis'' Dahlbom, 1940 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Cliochares'' Banks, 1940===

''Cliochares convexus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Cordyloscelis'' Arnold, 1935===

''Cordyloscelis bequaerti'' Arnold, 1935, p.420 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Cordyloscelis flavipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.424 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis latipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.417 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis namaqua'' Arnold, 1935, p.423 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis nigerrimus'' Arnold, 1935, p.421 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis parallelus'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe)

''Cordyloscelis ugandensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.425 (Congo, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Ctenagenia'' Saussure, 1892===

''Ctenagenia vespiformis'' (Klug, 1834) (Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Madagascar, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, Yemen)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930 ===

''Dromochares clavipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (Zimbabwe)

''Dromochares fumipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Dromochares premnopterus'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

''Dromochares rufipes'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/Dromochares_transvaalensis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares transvaalensis&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Dicyrtomellus'' Gussakovskij, 1935===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p.14.
*''Dicyrtomellus anomalipes'' Arnold, 1937, p.20 (South Africa)
*''Dicyrtomellus argenteodecoratus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.21 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus griseus'' Arnold, 1937, p.17 (Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus impressus'' Arnold, 1937, p.18 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus leptacanthius'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.16 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus meruensis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus neavei'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.19 (Congo)
*''Dicyrtomellus rufofemoratus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.17 (South Africa)
*''Dicyrtomellus sexspinosus'' (Saunders, 1901) = ''Dicyrtomellus pectinatus'' Arnold, 1937, p.19 (Sudan)

==='''Genus''' ''Elaphrosyron'' Haupt, 1930===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 40.
*''Elaphrosyron insidiosus'' Smith, 1879; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.41 (Ethiopia, Mali, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Elaphrosyron multipictus'' Arnold, 1937, p.42 (Uganda)
*''Elaphrosyron pauperculus'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Epiclinotus'' Haupt, 1929===

''Epiclinotus capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus erythrurus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.465 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus turneri'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.466 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron&lt;/u&gt;''] Schiødte, 1837===

''Episyron argillaceus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zambia)

''Episyron bequaerti'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron bicinctus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron braunsii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron crassicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Episyron gryps'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/Episyron_histrio.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron histrio&lt;/u&gt;''] Lepeletier, 1845 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mali, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron pedunculatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron solitaneum'' Kohl, 1906 (Yemen)

''Episyron tropicalis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Episyron turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron viduus'' Arnold, 1936 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron vindex'' Smith, 1879 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/index.htm &lt;u&gt;Euclavelia&lt;/u&gt;]'' Arnold, 1932===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/Euclavelia_fasciata.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Euclavelia fasciata&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1932 (South Africa)

''Euclavelia longicollis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Euryzonotulus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 38.
*''Euryzonotulus nigeriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Nigeria, Democratic Republic of the Congo)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreola'' Lepeletier, 1845===

''Ferreola auranticornis'' Wahis, 2000 (Eritrea, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreoloides'' Haupt, 1919===

''Ferreoloides basutorum'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

''Ferreoloides versutus'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

==='''Genus''' ''Galactopterus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 32.
*''Galactopterus otaviensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 33 (South Africa)
*''Galactopterus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937, p. 32 (Namibia, South Africa)
*''Galactopterus simillimus'' Arnold, 1937, p. 34 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Guichardia'' Arnold, 1951===

''Guichardia macilenta'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hadropompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Hadropompilus braunsi'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Hadropompilus montanus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hauptiella'' Arnold, 1936===

''Hauptiella multipicta'' Arnold, 1936

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/Herpetosphex_staphylinoides.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex staphylinoides&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Homonotus'' Dahlbom, 1844===
Dahlbom 1843 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796238) or Dahlbom, 1844 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796653)?

''Homonotus aegyptiacus'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.469 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus coxalis'' Arnold, 1935, p.478 (South Africa)

''Homonotus disparilis'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.473 (South Africa)

''Homonotus dispersus'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus dissectus'' Arnold, 1935, p.474 (South Africa)

''Homonotus excavatus'' Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus fuscipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.475 (South Africa)

''Homonotus imitans'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus leptogaster'' Arnold, 1935, p.476 (South Africa)

''Homonotus ruficornis'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus rukwaensis'' Arnold, 1946 (Tanzania)

''Homonotus sansibaricus'' Arnold, 1935, p.471 (Zanzibar)

==='''Genus''' ''Idopompilus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Idopompilus algoensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus algoensis major'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus braunsi'' Kohl, 1899 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus brunnescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschi handlirschi'' Arnold, 1936 (?)

''Idopompilus handlirschi basutorum'' Arnold, 1959 (Lesotho, South Africa)

''Idopompilus fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1946 (Lesotho)

''Idopompilus gracilicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus krugeri'' Haupt, 1930 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Idopompilus quadrifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Kolposphex'' Arnold, 1959===

*''Kolposphex atronitens'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Kyphopompilus'' Arnold, 1960===

*''Kyphopompilus flavipes'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microdrapetes'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 30
*''Microdrapetes bellus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microphadnus'' Cameron, 1904===

*''Microphadnus bicolor'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Paracyphononyx'' Gribodo, 1884===

''Paracyphononyx affinis'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon, Ghana, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx africanus'' Rad., 1881 (Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx carinatus'' Rad., 1881 Angola, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx coloratus'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon)

''Paracyphononyx difficilis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Malai, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversipes'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversus'' Dahlbom, 1845 (Central and East Africa to South Africa, Yemen)

''Paracyphononyx elliotti'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx frustratus'' Smith, 1879 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx funebris'' Magretti, 1884 (Ethiopia)

''Paracyphononyx gemellus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx laboriosus'' Arnold, 1936 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx languidus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx lukombensis'' Cameron, 1912 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia)

''Paracyphononyx metemmensis'' Magretti, 1884 (Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx mombassicus'' R. Luc., 1898 (Kenya)

''Paracyphononyx montanus'' Arnold, 1960 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx parallelus'' Haupt, 1929 (Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx petiolaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx plutonis'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx rotundinervis'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx ruficrus'' Klug, 1834 (Asia Minor, Egypt, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' Illiger,1802 (Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Paraferreola'' Sustera, 1913===

''Paraferreola melanostoma'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.439 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paraferreola spilopus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.441 (South Africa)

''Paraferreola soleana'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.443 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Platyderes'' Guérin-Méneville, 1844===

''Platyderes bicolor'' Smith, 1855; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.454 (South Africa)

''Platyderes chalybeus'' Saussure, 1892 (or Tasch. 1880?); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.456 (East Africa, South Africa)

''Platyderes drègii'' Brauns, 1899; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.457 (South Africa)

''Platyderes erythrocephalus'' Guerin, **** (Madagascar)

''Platyderes flavoscutellatus'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes oraniensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.456 (South Africa)

''Platyderes rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.461 (Ethiopia, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes saussurei'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Platyderes spoliatus'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.462 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes vicinus'' Arnold, 1935, p.460 (South Africa)

''Platyderes wasmanni'' Brauns, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.459 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilus'' Fabricius===

''Pompilus alpinus'' Arnold, 1960 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus anomalopterus'' Cameron, 1908 (Malawi, South Africa)

''Pompilus cinereus'' Fabricius, 1775 (Yemen)

''Pompilus contrarius'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Pompilus curvifrons'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus erythrostomus'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus exploratrix'' Cameron, 1908 ''(''

''Pompilus ignobilis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pompilus levis'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana)

''Pompilus masaiensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus meruensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus plumbeus'' Fabricius, 1787 (Widespread through Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Senegal, South Africa) also in China, Europe, India)

''Pompilus sacchii'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus shirae'' Arnold, 1950 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus successor'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus vanutelli'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Pompilus yngvei'' Cameron, 1908 (

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilioides'' Radley, 1887===

''Pompilioides braunsi'' Kohl, 1894 (Cameroon)

''Pompilioides decipiens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides latifrons'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides pruinosus'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides trifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides validus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammochares'' Latreille, 1796===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p. 43.
*''Psammochares bilineatus'' Arnold, 1937, p. 50 (South Africa)
*''Psammochares brunniventris'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)
*''Psammochares decipiens'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.48 (Botswana, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares irpex'' Gerstaecker, 1859; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.48 (Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares jocaste'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)
*''Psammochares latilabris'' Arnold, 1937, p. 47 (Malawi, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares quadriguttatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Tanzania)
*''Psammochares rotundilabris''(Arnold, 1937, p.53.) (South Africa)
** = ''Agenioideus rotundilabris''?
*''Psammochares rufigaster'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)
*''Psammochares rutilus'' Klug, 1834 (Ethiopia, Nigeria, Sudan, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares varians'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares gibber'' (= ''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937)?) Descr. Arnold, 1937, p. 52

==='''Genus''' ''Psammoderes'' Haupt, 1929===

''Psammoderes capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes collaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Psammoderes fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1935, p.438 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes lightfooti'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Psammoderes major'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.433 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes mimicus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.434 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes semirufus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.436 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes reputatus'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.437 (Congo, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Pseudoclavelia&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930===

''Pseudoclavelia argenteosignata'' Arnold, 1936 (Botswana, Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia bituberculata'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_damarensis.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia damarensis''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia jouberti'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_nitidula.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia nitidula'' ''nitidula''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia nitidula bechuanae'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia rhodesiana'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudoclavelia rufescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pseudopompilus'' Costa, 1887===

''Pseudopompilus funereus'' Arnold, 1935, p.444 (Zimbabwe, Namibia)

''Pseudopompilus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

''Pseudopompilus lacteipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psyllosphex'' Arnold, 1935===

''Psyllosphex dentatus'' (Cameron, 1904); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.482 (South Africa)

''Psyllosphex myrmosaeformis'' Arnold, 1935, p.482 (Zimbabwe)

''Psyllosphex saltator'' Arnold, 1935, p.480 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pygmachus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Pygmachus compressus'' Saussure, 1892 (Madagascar)

''Pygmachus umbratus'' Haupt, 1930 (Guinea, South Africa, Zanzibar, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Rhynchopompilus'' Arnold, 1934===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 37.
''Rhynchopompilus cursor'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Schistonyx'' Saussure, 1887===

''Schistonyx aterrimus'' Arnold, 1946 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx prismaticus'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

''Schistonyx sinuatus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx sheppardi'' Arnold, 1937, p.13 (Zimbabwe)

''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, South Africa, Syria, Zimbabwe) Most common pompilid in Zimbabwe (Arnold, 1937, p.12)

==='''Genus''' ''Schizanoplius'' Cameron, 1904===

''Schizanoplius lutarius'' (Saussure, 1834)(Ghana, Mali, Madagascar)

''Schizanoplius violaceipennis'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Spuridiophorus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Spuridiophorus capensis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Spuridiophorus inermis'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus maculipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Syntomoclitus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 25.
*''Syntomoclitus bicolor'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Ashmead, 1902===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ignitus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ignitus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Smith, 1855) (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ovambo.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ovambo&lt;/u&gt;''] (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Tachypompilus praepotens'' (Kohl, 1894) (South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zanzibar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_vitripennis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] ''&lt;u&gt;vitripennis&lt;/u&gt;'' (Arnold, 1937) (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Telostegus'' Costa, 1887===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 35.
*''Telostegus capensis'' Arnold, 1937; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.37 (South Africa)
*''Telostegus fuscipennis'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.35 (South Africa)
*''Telostegus insidiosus'' (Smith, 1879) (Yemen)
*''Telostegus sabulicola'' Priesner, 1955 (Algeria, Egypt, Marocco, Senegal, Yemen)

==References==</text>
      <sha1>b2dxkj1726l3m17hv3bnizfr91w5fpz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719918</id>
      <parentid>2719917</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-28T11:19:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Genus Agenioideus Ashmead, 1902 */</comment>
      <origin>2719918</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27580" sha1="ns0h8v4wjv6e5q930s7m10d1ygxlrt7" xml:space="preserve">Done to Genus Euryzonotulus Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 38.

==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;
- Claveliinae corrected to Ctenocerinae in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.386-388&lt;br&gt;
- Several new genera and species in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.388-399&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934, pp. 290-364.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA. (Arnold, 1934, pp. 380-385.)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; ''Pseudagenia'' in iNat).&lt;br&gt;
*''D. pulchricoma'' = ''Pseudagenia pulchricoma'' Arnold, 1934, p. 337-340&lt;br&gt;
*''D. neavei'' = ''Pseudagenia mygnimioides'' Arnold, 1934, pp.336-337 and ''Pseudagenia neavei'' Kohl 1913&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA. - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377.&lt;br&gt;
*also ''Poecilagenia spinosipes'' = ''Trachyglyptus spinosipes'' Arnold, 1934, p. 377-379&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = ''Deuteragenia turneri'', ''D. dregei'', ''D. chirindensis'', ''D. bicolor'' (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (''Hormopogonius willowmorensis'' = ''Calicurgus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1932 p.395); also ''H. tenuicornis'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 379-380&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
*Also ''Priocnernis aterrimus'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 385-386.
*''Priocnemis meridionalis'' Arnold, 1934, p. 386.
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pompilinae==

List of genera and species from [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm '''&lt;u&gt;https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm&lt;/u&gt;''']

=== '''Genus''' ''Aeluropetrus'' Arnold, 1936 ===

''Aeluropetrus braunsi'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Aeluropetrus lugubris'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 ===

*[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/Aetheopompilus_obliquetruncatus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus obliquetruncatus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 (Mozambique)

==='''Genus''' ''Agenioideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

*''Agenioideus decipiens'' (Bischoff, 1913) (South Africa)
*''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) (Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)
**''Psammochares gibber'' (= Agenioideus gibber (Arnold, 1937)?) Descr. Arnold, 1937, p. 52
*''Agenioideus lascivus'' (Cameron, 1891) (?)
*''Agenioideus nudatus'' (Smith, 1855) (?)
*''Agenioideus rutilus'' (Klug, 1834) (Yemen)
*''Agenioideus rufipes'' (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)
*''Agenioideus varians'' (Arnold, 1937) (?)
*''Agenioideus waltlii'' (Spinola, 1838)(Ghana, Zimbabwe)
** = ''Agenioideus cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937) https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/65S86
** =  ''Psammochares cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937, p52) https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/65S86
''Agenioideus brevis'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa) is a synonym of ''Psammochares brevis'' (https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4NBRN)
''Agenioideus rotundilabris'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa) - should be ''Psammochares rotundilabris''(Arnold, 1937, p.53.)?

==='''Genus''' ''Amblyellus'' Day, 1981===

*''Amblyellus willowmorensis'' (Arnold, 1937) (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)
**= ''Psammochares willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 51.

==='''Genus''' ''Anoplius'' Dufour, 1834===

''Anoplius aethiopicus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Anoplius alecto'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Anoplius bifasciatus'' Tullgren, 1904 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda)

''Anoplius concinnus'' (Dahlbom, 1845) (Yemen)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''fuscus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, South Africa, Tanzania)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''excelsior'' Arnold, 1950 (Tanzania)

''Anoplius montanus'' Haupt, 1950 (Benin, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Principe Island, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

''Anoplius morosus'' Smith, 1855 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Anoplius octomaculatus'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Anoplius panmelas'' (Saussure, 1891) (Madagascar)

''Anoplius saegeri'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Anoplius subfasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius successor'' (Cameron, 1910) (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius viridicatus'' Smith, 1879 (West Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Apareia'' Haupt, 1929===

''Apareia multipicta rufifemur'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.449 (Zimbabwe)

''Apareia oedipus'' Kohl, 1886; descr. (synonymized?) as ''A. multipicta'' by Arnold, 1935, p.449 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporinellus'' Banks, 1911===

''Aporinellus bidens'' (Saussure, 1892) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporoideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Aporoideus clarus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Arachnospila'' Kincaid, 1900===

''Arachnospila (Ammosphex) consobrina heringi'' (Haupt, 1928) (California, Canary Islands, Spain, Tanzania, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Argyroclitus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p. 26.
*''Argyroclitus fasciatipennis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 27 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 29 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus longicollis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 29 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937, p. 28 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus ruwenzoriensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 30 (Democratic Republic of the Congo)

==='''Genus''' ''Atelostegus'' Haupt, 1929===

*''Atelostegus thrinax'' (Kohl, 1909) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Atopopompilus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus in Arnold, 1937, p. 22.
*''Atopompilus jacens'' (Bingham, 1912) (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Yemen)
*''Atopompilus marshalli'' Arnold, 1937, p. 24 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Atopopompilus venans mlanjiensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 24 (Ghana)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/Bambesa_grisea.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa grisea&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p.2.
*''Batozonellus capensis'' (Dahlbom, 1843); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.6 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/Batozonellus_fuliginosus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus fuliginosus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Klug, 1834); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.3 (Central Africa, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)
*''Batozonellus gowdeyi'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.7 (Sierra Leone, Uganda)
*''Batozonellus madecassus'' (Saussure, 1887) (Madagascar)
*''Batozonellus separabilis'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.9 (Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Batozonus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Batozonus bipunctatus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Batozonus capensis'' Dahlbom, 1940 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Cliochares'' Banks, 1940===

''Cliochares convexus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Cordyloscelis'' Arnold, 1935===

''Cordyloscelis bequaerti'' Arnold, 1935, p.420 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Cordyloscelis flavipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.424 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis latipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.417 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis namaqua'' Arnold, 1935, p.423 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis nigerrimus'' Arnold, 1935, p.421 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis parallelus'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe)

''Cordyloscelis ugandensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.425 (Congo, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Ctenagenia'' Saussure, 1892===

''Ctenagenia vespiformis'' (Klug, 1834) (Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Madagascar, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, Yemen)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930 ===

''Dromochares clavipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (Zimbabwe)

''Dromochares fumipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Dromochares premnopterus'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

''Dromochares rufipes'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/Dromochares_transvaalensis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares transvaalensis&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Dicyrtomellus'' Gussakovskij, 1935===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p.14.
*''Dicyrtomellus anomalipes'' Arnold, 1937, p.20 (South Africa)
*''Dicyrtomellus argenteodecoratus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.21 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus griseus'' Arnold, 1937, p.17 (Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus impressus'' Arnold, 1937, p.18 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus leptacanthius'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.16 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus meruensis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus neavei'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.19 (Congo)
*''Dicyrtomellus rufofemoratus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.17 (South Africa)
*''Dicyrtomellus sexspinosus'' (Saunders, 1901) = ''Dicyrtomellus pectinatus'' Arnold, 1937, p.19 (Sudan)

==='''Genus''' ''Elaphrosyron'' Haupt, 1930===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 40.
*''Elaphrosyron insidiosus'' Smith, 1879; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.41 (Ethiopia, Mali, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Elaphrosyron multipictus'' Arnold, 1937, p.42 (Uganda)
*''Elaphrosyron pauperculus'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Epiclinotus'' Haupt, 1929===

''Epiclinotus capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus erythrurus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.465 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus turneri'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.466 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron&lt;/u&gt;''] Schiødte, 1837===

''Episyron argillaceus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zambia)

''Episyron bequaerti'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron bicinctus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron braunsii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron crassicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Episyron gryps'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/Episyron_histrio.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron histrio&lt;/u&gt;''] Lepeletier, 1845 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mali, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron pedunculatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron solitaneum'' Kohl, 1906 (Yemen)

''Episyron tropicalis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Episyron turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron viduus'' Arnold, 1936 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron vindex'' Smith, 1879 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/index.htm &lt;u&gt;Euclavelia&lt;/u&gt;]'' Arnold, 1932===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/Euclavelia_fasciata.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Euclavelia fasciata&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1932 (South Africa)

''Euclavelia longicollis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Euryzonotulus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 38.
*''Euryzonotulus nigeriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Nigeria, Democratic Republic of the Congo)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreola'' Lepeletier, 1845===

''Ferreola auranticornis'' Wahis, 2000 (Eritrea, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreoloides'' Haupt, 1919===

''Ferreoloides basutorum'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

''Ferreoloides versutus'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

==='''Genus''' ''Galactopterus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 32.
*''Galactopterus otaviensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 33 (South Africa)
*''Galactopterus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937, p. 32 (Namibia, South Africa)
*''Galactopterus simillimus'' Arnold, 1937, p. 34 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Guichardia'' Arnold, 1951===

''Guichardia macilenta'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hadropompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Hadropompilus braunsi'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Hadropompilus montanus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hauptiella'' Arnold, 1936===

''Hauptiella multipicta'' Arnold, 1936

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/Herpetosphex_staphylinoides.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex staphylinoides&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Homonotus'' Dahlbom, 1844===
Dahlbom 1843 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796238) or Dahlbom, 1844 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796653)?

''Homonotus aegyptiacus'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.469 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus coxalis'' Arnold, 1935, p.478 (South Africa)

''Homonotus disparilis'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.473 (South Africa)

''Homonotus dispersus'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus dissectus'' Arnold, 1935, p.474 (South Africa)

''Homonotus excavatus'' Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus fuscipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.475 (South Africa)

''Homonotus imitans'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus leptogaster'' Arnold, 1935, p.476 (South Africa)

''Homonotus ruficornis'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus rukwaensis'' Arnold, 1946 (Tanzania)

''Homonotus sansibaricus'' Arnold, 1935, p.471 (Zanzibar)

==='''Genus''' ''Idopompilus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Idopompilus algoensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus algoensis major'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus braunsi'' Kohl, 1899 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus brunnescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschi handlirschi'' Arnold, 1936 (?)

''Idopompilus handlirschi basutorum'' Arnold, 1959 (Lesotho, South Africa)

''Idopompilus fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1946 (Lesotho)

''Idopompilus gracilicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus krugeri'' Haupt, 1930 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Idopompilus quadrifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Kolposphex'' Arnold, 1959===

*''Kolposphex atronitens'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Kyphopompilus'' Arnold, 1960===

*''Kyphopompilus flavipes'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microdrapetes'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 30
*''Microdrapetes bellus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microphadnus'' Cameron, 1904===

*''Microphadnus bicolor'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Paracyphononyx'' Gribodo, 1884===

''Paracyphononyx affinis'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon, Ghana, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx africanus'' Rad., 1881 (Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx carinatus'' Rad., 1881 Angola, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx coloratus'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon)

''Paracyphononyx difficilis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Malai, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversipes'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversus'' Dahlbom, 1845 (Central and East Africa to South Africa, Yemen)

''Paracyphononyx elliotti'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx frustratus'' Smith, 1879 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx funebris'' Magretti, 1884 (Ethiopia)

''Paracyphononyx gemellus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx laboriosus'' Arnold, 1936 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx languidus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx lukombensis'' Cameron, 1912 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia)

''Paracyphononyx metemmensis'' Magretti, 1884 (Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx mombassicus'' R. Luc., 1898 (Kenya)

''Paracyphononyx montanus'' Arnold, 1960 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx parallelus'' Haupt, 1929 (Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx petiolaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx plutonis'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx rotundinervis'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx ruficrus'' Klug, 1834 (Asia Minor, Egypt, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' Illiger,1802 (Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Paraferreola'' Sustera, 1913===

''Paraferreola melanostoma'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.439 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paraferreola spilopus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.441 (South Africa)

''Paraferreola soleana'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.443 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Platyderes'' Guérin-Méneville, 1844===

''Platyderes bicolor'' Smith, 1855; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.454 (South Africa)

''Platyderes chalybeus'' Saussure, 1892 (or Tasch. 1880?); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.456 (East Africa, South Africa)

''Platyderes drègii'' Brauns, 1899; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.457 (South Africa)

''Platyderes erythrocephalus'' Guerin, **** (Madagascar)

''Platyderes flavoscutellatus'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes oraniensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.456 (South Africa)

''Platyderes rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.461 (Ethiopia, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes saussurei'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Platyderes spoliatus'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.462 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes vicinus'' Arnold, 1935, p.460 (South Africa)

''Platyderes wasmanni'' Brauns, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.459 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilus'' Fabricius===

''Pompilus alpinus'' Arnold, 1960 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus anomalopterus'' Cameron, 1908 (Malawi, South Africa)

''Pompilus cinereus'' Fabricius, 1775 (Yemen)

''Pompilus contrarius'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Pompilus curvifrons'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus erythrostomus'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus exploratrix'' Cameron, 1908 ''(''

''Pompilus ignobilis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pompilus levis'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana)

''Pompilus masaiensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus meruensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus plumbeus'' Fabricius, 1787 (Widespread through Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Senegal, South Africa) also in China, Europe, India)

''Pompilus sacchii'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus shirae'' Arnold, 1950 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus successor'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus vanutelli'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Pompilus yngvei'' Cameron, 1908 (

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilioides'' Radley, 1887===

''Pompilioides braunsi'' Kohl, 1894 (Cameroon)

''Pompilioides decipiens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides latifrons'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides pruinosus'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides trifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides validus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammochares'' Latreille, 1796===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p. 43.
*''Psammochares bilineatus'' Arnold, 1937, p. 50 (South Africa)
*''Psammochares brunniventris'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)
*''Psammochares decipiens'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.48 (Botswana, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares irpex'' Gerstaecker, 1859; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.48 (Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares jocaste'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)
*''Psammochares latilabris'' Arnold, 1937, p. 47 (Malawi, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares quadriguttatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Tanzania)
*''Psammochares rotundilabris''(Arnold, 1937, p.53.) (South Africa)
** = ''Agenioideus rotundilabris''?
*''Psammochares rufigaster'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)
*''Psammochares rutilus'' Klug, 1834 (Ethiopia, Nigeria, Sudan, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares varians'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares gibber'' (= ''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937)?) Descr. Arnold, 1937, p. 52

==='''Genus''' ''Psammoderes'' Haupt, 1929===

''Psammoderes capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes collaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Psammoderes fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1935, p.438 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes lightfooti'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Psammoderes major'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.433 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes mimicus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.434 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes semirufus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.436 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes reputatus'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.437 (Congo, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Pseudoclavelia&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930===

''Pseudoclavelia argenteosignata'' Arnold, 1936 (Botswana, Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia bituberculata'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_damarensis.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia damarensis''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia jouberti'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_nitidula.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia nitidula'' ''nitidula''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia nitidula bechuanae'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia rhodesiana'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudoclavelia rufescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pseudopompilus'' Costa, 1887===

''Pseudopompilus funereus'' Arnold, 1935, p.444 (Zimbabwe, Namibia)

''Pseudopompilus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

''Pseudopompilus lacteipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psyllosphex'' Arnold, 1935===

''Psyllosphex dentatus'' (Cameron, 1904); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.482 (South Africa)

''Psyllosphex myrmosaeformis'' Arnold, 1935, p.482 (Zimbabwe)

''Psyllosphex saltator'' Arnold, 1935, p.480 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pygmachus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Pygmachus compressus'' Saussure, 1892 (Madagascar)

''Pygmachus umbratus'' Haupt, 1930 (Guinea, South Africa, Zanzibar, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Rhynchopompilus'' Arnold, 1934===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 37.
''Rhynchopompilus cursor'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Schistonyx'' Saussure, 1887===

''Schistonyx aterrimus'' Arnold, 1946 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx prismaticus'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

''Schistonyx sinuatus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx sheppardi'' Arnold, 1937, p.13 (Zimbabwe)

''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, South Africa, Syria, Zimbabwe) Most common pompilid in Zimbabwe (Arnold, 1937, p.12)

==='''Genus''' ''Schizanoplius'' Cameron, 1904===

''Schizanoplius lutarius'' (Saussure, 1834)(Ghana, Mali, Madagascar)

''Schizanoplius violaceipennis'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Spuridiophorus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Spuridiophorus capensis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Spuridiophorus inermis'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus maculipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Syntomoclitus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 25.
*''Syntomoclitus bicolor'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Ashmead, 1902===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ignitus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ignitus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Smith, 1855) (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ovambo.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ovambo&lt;/u&gt;''] (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Tachypompilus praepotens'' (Kohl, 1894) (South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zanzibar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_vitripennis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] ''&lt;u&gt;vitripennis&lt;/u&gt;'' (Arnold, 1937) (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Telostegus'' Costa, 1887===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 35.
*''Telostegus capensis'' Arnold, 1937; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.37 (South Africa)
*''Telostegus fuscipennis'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.35 (South Africa)
*''Telostegus insidiosus'' (Smith, 1879) (Yemen)
*''Telostegus sabulicola'' Priesner, 1955 (Algeria, Egypt, Marocco, Senegal, Yemen)

==References==</text>
      <sha1>ns0h8v4wjv6e5q930s7m10d1ygxlrt7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719919</id>
      <parentid>2719918</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-28T11:20:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Genus Agenioideus Ashmead, 1902 */</comment>
      <origin>2719919</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27584" sha1="ngnmq22462a0n20mo02o3loovkhueo9" xml:space="preserve">Done to Genus Euryzonotulus Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 38.

==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;
- Claveliinae corrected to Ctenocerinae in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.386-388&lt;br&gt;
- Several new genera and species in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.388-399&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934, pp. 290-364.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA. (Arnold, 1934, pp. 380-385.)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; ''Pseudagenia'' in iNat).&lt;br&gt;
*''D. pulchricoma'' = ''Pseudagenia pulchricoma'' Arnold, 1934, p. 337-340&lt;br&gt;
*''D. neavei'' = ''Pseudagenia mygnimioides'' Arnold, 1934, pp.336-337 and ''Pseudagenia neavei'' Kohl 1913&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA. - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377.&lt;br&gt;
*also ''Poecilagenia spinosipes'' = ''Trachyglyptus spinosipes'' Arnold, 1934, p. 377-379&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = ''Deuteragenia turneri'', ''D. dregei'', ''D. chirindensis'', ''D. bicolor'' (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (''Hormopogonius willowmorensis'' = ''Calicurgus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1932 p.395); also ''H. tenuicornis'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 379-380&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
*Also ''Priocnernis aterrimus'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 385-386.
*''Priocnemis meridionalis'' Arnold, 1934, p. 386.
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pompilinae==

List of genera and species from [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm '''&lt;u&gt;https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm&lt;/u&gt;''']

=== '''Genus''' ''Aeluropetrus'' Arnold, 1936 ===

''Aeluropetrus braunsi'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Aeluropetrus lugubris'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 ===

*[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/Aetheopompilus_obliquetruncatus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus obliquetruncatus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 (Mozambique)

==='''Genus''' ''Agenioideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

*''Agenioideus decipiens'' (Bischoff, 1913) (South Africa)
*''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) (Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)
**''Psammochares gibber'' (= Agenioideus gibber (Arnold, 1937)?) Descr. Arnold, 1937, p. 52
*''Agenioideus lascivus'' (Cameron, 1891) (?)
*''Agenioideus nudatus'' (Smith, 1855) (?)
*''Agenioideus rutilus'' (Klug, 1834) (Yemen)
*''Agenioideus rufipes'' (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)
*''Agenioideus varians'' (Arnold, 1937) (?)
*''Agenioideus waltlii'' (Spinola, 1838)(Ghana, Zimbabwe)
** = ''Agenioideus cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937) https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/65S86
** =  ''Psammochares cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937, p52) https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/65S86
''Agenioideus brevis'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa) is a synonym of ''Psammochares brevis'' (https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4NBRN)&lt;br&gt;
''Agenioideus rotundilabris'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa) - should be ''Psammochares rotundilabris''(Arnold, 1937, p.53.)?

==='''Genus''' ''Amblyellus'' Day, 1981===

*''Amblyellus willowmorensis'' (Arnold, 1937) (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)
**= ''Psammochares willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 51.

==='''Genus''' ''Anoplius'' Dufour, 1834===

''Anoplius aethiopicus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Anoplius alecto'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Anoplius bifasciatus'' Tullgren, 1904 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda)

''Anoplius concinnus'' (Dahlbom, 1845) (Yemen)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''fuscus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, South Africa, Tanzania)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''excelsior'' Arnold, 1950 (Tanzania)

''Anoplius montanus'' Haupt, 1950 (Benin, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Principe Island, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

''Anoplius morosus'' Smith, 1855 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Anoplius octomaculatus'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Anoplius panmelas'' (Saussure, 1891) (Madagascar)

''Anoplius saegeri'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Anoplius subfasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius successor'' (Cameron, 1910) (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius viridicatus'' Smith, 1879 (West Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Apareia'' Haupt, 1929===

''Apareia multipicta rufifemur'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.449 (Zimbabwe)

''Apareia oedipus'' Kohl, 1886; descr. (synonymized?) as ''A. multipicta'' by Arnold, 1935, p.449 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporinellus'' Banks, 1911===

''Aporinellus bidens'' (Saussure, 1892) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporoideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Aporoideus clarus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Arachnospila'' Kincaid, 1900===

''Arachnospila (Ammosphex) consobrina heringi'' (Haupt, 1928) (California, Canary Islands, Spain, Tanzania, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Argyroclitus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p. 26.
*''Argyroclitus fasciatipennis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 27 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 29 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus longicollis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 29 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937, p. 28 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus ruwenzoriensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 30 (Democratic Republic of the Congo)

==='''Genus''' ''Atelostegus'' Haupt, 1929===

*''Atelostegus thrinax'' (Kohl, 1909) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Atopopompilus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus in Arnold, 1937, p. 22.
*''Atopompilus jacens'' (Bingham, 1912) (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Yemen)
*''Atopompilus marshalli'' Arnold, 1937, p. 24 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Atopopompilus venans mlanjiensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 24 (Ghana)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/Bambesa_grisea.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa grisea&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p.2.
*''Batozonellus capensis'' (Dahlbom, 1843); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.6 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/Batozonellus_fuliginosus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus fuliginosus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Klug, 1834); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.3 (Central Africa, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)
*''Batozonellus gowdeyi'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.7 (Sierra Leone, Uganda)
*''Batozonellus madecassus'' (Saussure, 1887) (Madagascar)
*''Batozonellus separabilis'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.9 (Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Batozonus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Batozonus bipunctatus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Batozonus capensis'' Dahlbom, 1940 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Cliochares'' Banks, 1940===

''Cliochares convexus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Cordyloscelis'' Arnold, 1935===

''Cordyloscelis bequaerti'' Arnold, 1935, p.420 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Cordyloscelis flavipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.424 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis latipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.417 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis namaqua'' Arnold, 1935, p.423 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis nigerrimus'' Arnold, 1935, p.421 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis parallelus'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe)

''Cordyloscelis ugandensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.425 (Congo, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Ctenagenia'' Saussure, 1892===

''Ctenagenia vespiformis'' (Klug, 1834) (Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Madagascar, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, Yemen)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930 ===

''Dromochares clavipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (Zimbabwe)

''Dromochares fumipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Dromochares premnopterus'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

''Dromochares rufipes'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/Dromochares_transvaalensis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares transvaalensis&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Dicyrtomellus'' Gussakovskij, 1935===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p.14.
*''Dicyrtomellus anomalipes'' Arnold, 1937, p.20 (South Africa)
*''Dicyrtomellus argenteodecoratus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.21 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus griseus'' Arnold, 1937, p.17 (Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus impressus'' Arnold, 1937, p.18 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus leptacanthius'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.16 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus meruensis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus neavei'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.19 (Congo)
*''Dicyrtomellus rufofemoratus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.17 (South Africa)
*''Dicyrtomellus sexspinosus'' (Saunders, 1901) = ''Dicyrtomellus pectinatus'' Arnold, 1937, p.19 (Sudan)

==='''Genus''' ''Elaphrosyron'' Haupt, 1930===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 40.
*''Elaphrosyron insidiosus'' Smith, 1879; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.41 (Ethiopia, Mali, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Elaphrosyron multipictus'' Arnold, 1937, p.42 (Uganda)
*''Elaphrosyron pauperculus'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Epiclinotus'' Haupt, 1929===

''Epiclinotus capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus erythrurus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.465 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus turneri'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.466 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron&lt;/u&gt;''] Schiødte, 1837===

''Episyron argillaceus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zambia)

''Episyron bequaerti'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron bicinctus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron braunsii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron crassicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Episyron gryps'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/Episyron_histrio.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron histrio&lt;/u&gt;''] Lepeletier, 1845 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mali, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron pedunculatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron solitaneum'' Kohl, 1906 (Yemen)

''Episyron tropicalis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Episyron turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron viduus'' Arnold, 1936 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron vindex'' Smith, 1879 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/index.htm &lt;u&gt;Euclavelia&lt;/u&gt;]'' Arnold, 1932===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/Euclavelia_fasciata.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Euclavelia fasciata&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1932 (South Africa)

''Euclavelia longicollis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Euryzonotulus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 38.
*''Euryzonotulus nigeriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Nigeria, Democratic Republic of the Congo)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreola'' Lepeletier, 1845===

''Ferreola auranticornis'' Wahis, 2000 (Eritrea, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreoloides'' Haupt, 1919===

''Ferreoloides basutorum'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

''Ferreoloides versutus'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

==='''Genus''' ''Galactopterus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 32.
*''Galactopterus otaviensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 33 (South Africa)
*''Galactopterus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937, p. 32 (Namibia, South Africa)
*''Galactopterus simillimus'' Arnold, 1937, p. 34 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Guichardia'' Arnold, 1951===

''Guichardia macilenta'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hadropompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Hadropompilus braunsi'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Hadropompilus montanus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hauptiella'' Arnold, 1936===

''Hauptiella multipicta'' Arnold, 1936

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/Herpetosphex_staphylinoides.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex staphylinoides&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Homonotus'' Dahlbom, 1844===
Dahlbom 1843 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796238) or Dahlbom, 1844 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796653)?

''Homonotus aegyptiacus'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.469 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus coxalis'' Arnold, 1935, p.478 (South Africa)

''Homonotus disparilis'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.473 (South Africa)

''Homonotus dispersus'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus dissectus'' Arnold, 1935, p.474 (South Africa)

''Homonotus excavatus'' Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus fuscipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.475 (South Africa)

''Homonotus imitans'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus leptogaster'' Arnold, 1935, p.476 (South Africa)

''Homonotus ruficornis'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus rukwaensis'' Arnold, 1946 (Tanzania)

''Homonotus sansibaricus'' Arnold, 1935, p.471 (Zanzibar)

==='''Genus''' ''Idopompilus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Idopompilus algoensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus algoensis major'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus braunsi'' Kohl, 1899 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus brunnescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschi handlirschi'' Arnold, 1936 (?)

''Idopompilus handlirschi basutorum'' Arnold, 1959 (Lesotho, South Africa)

''Idopompilus fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1946 (Lesotho)

''Idopompilus gracilicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus krugeri'' Haupt, 1930 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Idopompilus quadrifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Kolposphex'' Arnold, 1959===

*''Kolposphex atronitens'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Kyphopompilus'' Arnold, 1960===

*''Kyphopompilus flavipes'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microdrapetes'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 30
*''Microdrapetes bellus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microphadnus'' Cameron, 1904===

*''Microphadnus bicolor'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Paracyphononyx'' Gribodo, 1884===

''Paracyphononyx affinis'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon, Ghana, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx africanus'' Rad., 1881 (Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx carinatus'' Rad., 1881 Angola, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx coloratus'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon)

''Paracyphononyx difficilis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Malai, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversipes'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversus'' Dahlbom, 1845 (Central and East Africa to South Africa, Yemen)

''Paracyphononyx elliotti'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx frustratus'' Smith, 1879 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx funebris'' Magretti, 1884 (Ethiopia)

''Paracyphononyx gemellus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx laboriosus'' Arnold, 1936 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx languidus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx lukombensis'' Cameron, 1912 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia)

''Paracyphononyx metemmensis'' Magretti, 1884 (Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx mombassicus'' R. Luc., 1898 (Kenya)

''Paracyphononyx montanus'' Arnold, 1960 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx parallelus'' Haupt, 1929 (Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx petiolaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx plutonis'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx rotundinervis'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx ruficrus'' Klug, 1834 (Asia Minor, Egypt, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' Illiger,1802 (Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Paraferreola'' Sustera, 1913===

''Paraferreola melanostoma'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.439 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paraferreola spilopus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.441 (South Africa)

''Paraferreola soleana'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.443 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Platyderes'' Guérin-Méneville, 1844===

''Platyderes bicolor'' Smith, 1855; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.454 (South Africa)

''Platyderes chalybeus'' Saussure, 1892 (or Tasch. 1880?); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.456 (East Africa, South Africa)

''Platyderes drègii'' Brauns, 1899; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.457 (South Africa)

''Platyderes erythrocephalus'' Guerin, **** (Madagascar)

''Platyderes flavoscutellatus'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes oraniensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.456 (South Africa)

''Platyderes rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.461 (Ethiopia, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes saussurei'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Platyderes spoliatus'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.462 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes vicinus'' Arnold, 1935, p.460 (South Africa)

''Platyderes wasmanni'' Brauns, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.459 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilus'' Fabricius===

''Pompilus alpinus'' Arnold, 1960 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus anomalopterus'' Cameron, 1908 (Malawi, South Africa)

''Pompilus cinereus'' Fabricius, 1775 (Yemen)

''Pompilus contrarius'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Pompilus curvifrons'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus erythrostomus'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus exploratrix'' Cameron, 1908 ''(''

''Pompilus ignobilis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pompilus levis'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana)

''Pompilus masaiensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus meruensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus plumbeus'' Fabricius, 1787 (Widespread through Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Senegal, South Africa) also in China, Europe, India)

''Pompilus sacchii'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus shirae'' Arnold, 1950 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus successor'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus vanutelli'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Pompilus yngvei'' Cameron, 1908 (

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilioides'' Radley, 1887===

''Pompilioides braunsi'' Kohl, 1894 (Cameroon)

''Pompilioides decipiens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides latifrons'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides pruinosus'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides trifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides validus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammochares'' Latreille, 1796===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p. 43.
*''Psammochares bilineatus'' Arnold, 1937, p. 50 (South Africa)
*''Psammochares brunniventris'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)
*''Psammochares decipiens'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.48 (Botswana, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares irpex'' Gerstaecker, 1859; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.48 (Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares jocaste'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)
*''Psammochares latilabris'' Arnold, 1937, p. 47 (Malawi, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares quadriguttatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Tanzania)
*''Psammochares rotundilabris''(Arnold, 1937, p.53.) (South Africa)
** = ''Agenioideus rotundilabris''?
*''Psammochares rufigaster'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)
*''Psammochares rutilus'' Klug, 1834 (Ethiopia, Nigeria, Sudan, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares varians'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammochares gibber'' (= ''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937)?) Descr. Arnold, 1937, p. 52

==='''Genus''' ''Psammoderes'' Haupt, 1929===

''Psammoderes capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes collaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Psammoderes fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1935, p.438 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes lightfooti'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Psammoderes major'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.433 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes mimicus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.434 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes semirufus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.436 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes reputatus'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.437 (Congo, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Pseudoclavelia&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930===

''Pseudoclavelia argenteosignata'' Arnold, 1936 (Botswana, Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia bituberculata'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_damarensis.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia damarensis''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia jouberti'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_nitidula.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia nitidula'' ''nitidula''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia nitidula bechuanae'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia rhodesiana'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudoclavelia rufescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pseudopompilus'' Costa, 1887===

''Pseudopompilus funereus'' Arnold, 1935, p.444 (Zimbabwe, Namibia)

''Pseudopompilus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

''Pseudopompilus lacteipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psyllosphex'' Arnold, 1935===

''Psyllosphex dentatus'' (Cameron, 1904); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.482 (South Africa)

''Psyllosphex myrmosaeformis'' Arnold, 1935, p.482 (Zimbabwe)

''Psyllosphex saltator'' Arnold, 1935, p.480 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pygmachus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Pygmachus compressus'' Saussure, 1892 (Madagascar)

''Pygmachus umbratus'' Haupt, 1930 (Guinea, South Africa, Zanzibar, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Rhynchopompilus'' Arnold, 1934===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 37.
''Rhynchopompilus cursor'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Schistonyx'' Saussure, 1887===

''Schistonyx aterrimus'' Arnold, 1946 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx prismaticus'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

''Schistonyx sinuatus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx sheppardi'' Arnold, 1937, p.13 (Zimbabwe)

''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, South Africa, Syria, Zimbabwe) Most common pompilid in Zimbabwe (Arnold, 1937, p.12)

==='''Genus''' ''Schizanoplius'' Cameron, 1904===

''Schizanoplius lutarius'' (Saussure, 1834)(Ghana, Mali, Madagascar)

''Schizanoplius violaceipennis'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Spuridiophorus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Spuridiophorus capensis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Spuridiophorus inermis'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus maculipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Syntomoclitus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 25.
*''Syntomoclitus bicolor'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Ashmead, 1902===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ignitus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ignitus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Smith, 1855) (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ovambo.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ovambo&lt;/u&gt;''] (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Tachypompilus praepotens'' (Kohl, 1894) (South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zanzibar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_vitripennis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] ''&lt;u&gt;vitripennis&lt;/u&gt;'' (Arnold, 1937) (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Telostegus'' Costa, 1887===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 35.
*''Telostegus capensis'' Arnold, 1937; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.37 (South Africa)
*''Telostegus fuscipennis'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.35 (South Africa)
*''Telostegus insidiosus'' (Smith, 1879) (Yemen)
*''Telostegus sabulicola'' Priesner, 1955 (Algeria, Egypt, Marocco, Senegal, Yemen)

==References==</text>
      <sha1>ngnmq22462a0n20mo02o3loovkhueo9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719920</id>
      <parentid>2719919</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-28T11:22:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Genus Psammochares Latreille, 1796 */</comment>
      <origin>2719920</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="27748" sha1="qkh18yzgz0kl60hrqatl62r6m5w1px5" xml:space="preserve">Done to Genus Euryzonotulus Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 38.

==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;
- Claveliinae corrected to Ctenocerinae in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.386-388&lt;br&gt;
- Several new genera and species in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.388-399&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934, pp. 290-364.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA. (Arnold, 1934, pp. 380-385.)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; ''Pseudagenia'' in iNat).&lt;br&gt;
*''D. pulchricoma'' = ''Pseudagenia pulchricoma'' Arnold, 1934, p. 337-340&lt;br&gt;
*''D. neavei'' = ''Pseudagenia mygnimioides'' Arnold, 1934, pp.336-337 and ''Pseudagenia neavei'' Kohl 1913&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA. - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377.&lt;br&gt;
*also ''Poecilagenia spinosipes'' = ''Trachyglyptus spinosipes'' Arnold, 1934, p. 377-379&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = ''Deuteragenia turneri'', ''D. dregei'', ''D. chirindensis'', ''D. bicolor'' (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (''Hormopogonius willowmorensis'' = ''Calicurgus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1932 p.395); also ''H. tenuicornis'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 379-380&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
*Also ''Priocnernis aterrimus'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 385-386.
*''Priocnemis meridionalis'' Arnold, 1934, p. 386.
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pompilinae==

List of genera and species from [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm '''&lt;u&gt;https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm&lt;/u&gt;''']

=== '''Genus''' ''Aeluropetrus'' Arnold, 1936 ===

''Aeluropetrus braunsi'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Aeluropetrus lugubris'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 ===

*[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/Aetheopompilus_obliquetruncatus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus obliquetruncatus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 (Mozambique)

==='''Genus''' ''Agenioideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

*''Agenioideus decipiens'' (Bischoff, 1913) (South Africa)
*''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) (Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)
**''Psammochares gibber'' (= Agenioideus gibber (Arnold, 1937)?) Descr. Arnold, 1937, p. 52
*''Agenioideus lascivus'' (Cameron, 1891) (?)
*''Agenioideus nudatus'' (Smith, 1855) (?)
*''Agenioideus rutilus'' (Klug, 1834) (Yemen)
*''Agenioideus rufipes'' (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)
*''Agenioideus varians'' (Arnold, 1937) (?)
*''Agenioideus waltlii'' (Spinola, 1838)(Ghana, Zimbabwe)
** = ''Agenioideus cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937) https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/65S86
** =  ''Psammochares cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937, p52) https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/65S86
''Agenioideus brevis'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa) is a synonym of ''Psammochares brevis'' (https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4NBRN)&lt;br&gt;
''Agenioideus rotundilabris'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa) - should be ''Psammochares rotundilabris''(Arnold, 1937, p.53.)?

==='''Genus''' ''Amblyellus'' Day, 1981===

*''Amblyellus willowmorensis'' (Arnold, 1937) (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)
**= ''Psammochares willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 51.

==='''Genus''' ''Anoplius'' Dufour, 1834===

''Anoplius aethiopicus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Anoplius alecto'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Anoplius bifasciatus'' Tullgren, 1904 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda)

''Anoplius concinnus'' (Dahlbom, 1845) (Yemen)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''fuscus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, South Africa, Tanzania)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''excelsior'' Arnold, 1950 (Tanzania)

''Anoplius montanus'' Haupt, 1950 (Benin, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Principe Island, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

''Anoplius morosus'' Smith, 1855 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Anoplius octomaculatus'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Anoplius panmelas'' (Saussure, 1891) (Madagascar)

''Anoplius saegeri'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Anoplius subfasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius successor'' (Cameron, 1910) (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius viridicatus'' Smith, 1879 (West Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Apareia'' Haupt, 1929===

''Apareia multipicta rufifemur'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.449 (Zimbabwe)

''Apareia oedipus'' Kohl, 1886; descr. (synonymized?) as ''A. multipicta'' by Arnold, 1935, p.449 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporinellus'' Banks, 1911===

''Aporinellus bidens'' (Saussure, 1892) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporoideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Aporoideus clarus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Arachnospila'' Kincaid, 1900===

''Arachnospila (Ammosphex) consobrina heringi'' (Haupt, 1928) (California, Canary Islands, Spain, Tanzania, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Argyroclitus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p. 26.
*''Argyroclitus fasciatipennis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 27 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 29 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus longicollis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 29 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937, p. 28 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus ruwenzoriensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 30 (Democratic Republic of the Congo)

==='''Genus''' ''Atelostegus'' Haupt, 1929===

*''Atelostegus thrinax'' (Kohl, 1909) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Atopopompilus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus in Arnold, 1937, p. 22.
*''Atopompilus jacens'' (Bingham, 1912) (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Yemen)
*''Atopompilus marshalli'' Arnold, 1937, p. 24 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Atopopompilus venans mlanjiensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 24 (Ghana)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/Bambesa_grisea.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa grisea&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p.2.
*''Batozonellus capensis'' (Dahlbom, 1843); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.6 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/Batozonellus_fuliginosus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus fuliginosus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Klug, 1834); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.3 (Central Africa, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)
*''Batozonellus gowdeyi'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.7 (Sierra Leone, Uganda)
*''Batozonellus madecassus'' (Saussure, 1887) (Madagascar)
*''Batozonellus separabilis'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.9 (Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Batozonus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Batozonus bipunctatus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Batozonus capensis'' Dahlbom, 1940 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Cliochares'' Banks, 1940===

''Cliochares convexus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Cordyloscelis'' Arnold, 1935===

''Cordyloscelis bequaerti'' Arnold, 1935, p.420 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Cordyloscelis flavipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.424 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis latipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.417 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis namaqua'' Arnold, 1935, p.423 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis nigerrimus'' Arnold, 1935, p.421 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis parallelus'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe)

''Cordyloscelis ugandensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.425 (Congo, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Ctenagenia'' Saussure, 1892===

''Ctenagenia vespiformis'' (Klug, 1834) (Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Madagascar, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, Yemen)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930 ===

''Dromochares clavipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (Zimbabwe)

''Dromochares fumipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Dromochares premnopterus'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

''Dromochares rufipes'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/Dromochares_transvaalensis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares transvaalensis&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Dicyrtomellus'' Gussakovskij, 1935===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p.14.
*''Dicyrtomellus anomalipes'' Arnold, 1937, p.20 (South Africa)
*''Dicyrtomellus argenteodecoratus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.21 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus griseus'' Arnold, 1937, p.17 (Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus impressus'' Arnold, 1937, p.18 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus leptacanthius'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.16 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus meruensis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus neavei'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.19 (Congo)
*''Dicyrtomellus rufofemoratus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.17 (South Africa)
*''Dicyrtomellus sexspinosus'' (Saunders, 1901) = ''Dicyrtomellus pectinatus'' Arnold, 1937, p.19 (Sudan)

==='''Genus''' ''Elaphrosyron'' Haupt, 1930===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 40.
*''Elaphrosyron insidiosus'' Smith, 1879; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.41 (Ethiopia, Mali, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Elaphrosyron multipictus'' Arnold, 1937, p.42 (Uganda)
*''Elaphrosyron pauperculus'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Epiclinotus'' Haupt, 1929===

''Epiclinotus capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus erythrurus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.465 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus turneri'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.466 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron&lt;/u&gt;''] Schiødte, 1837===

''Episyron argillaceus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zambia)

''Episyron bequaerti'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron bicinctus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron braunsii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron crassicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Episyron gryps'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/Episyron_histrio.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron histrio&lt;/u&gt;''] Lepeletier, 1845 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mali, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron pedunculatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron solitaneum'' Kohl, 1906 (Yemen)

''Episyron tropicalis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Episyron turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron viduus'' Arnold, 1936 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron vindex'' Smith, 1879 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/index.htm &lt;u&gt;Euclavelia&lt;/u&gt;]'' Arnold, 1932===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/Euclavelia_fasciata.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Euclavelia fasciata&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1932 (South Africa)

''Euclavelia longicollis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Euryzonotulus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 38.
*''Euryzonotulus nigeriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Nigeria, Democratic Republic of the Congo)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreola'' Lepeletier, 1845===

''Ferreola auranticornis'' Wahis, 2000 (Eritrea, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreoloides'' Haupt, 1919===

''Ferreoloides basutorum'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

''Ferreoloides versutus'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

==='''Genus''' ''Galactopterus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 32.
*''Galactopterus otaviensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 33 (South Africa)
*''Galactopterus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937, p. 32 (Namibia, South Africa)
*''Galactopterus simillimus'' Arnold, 1937, p. 34 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Guichardia'' Arnold, 1951===

''Guichardia macilenta'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hadropompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Hadropompilus braunsi'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Hadropompilus montanus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hauptiella'' Arnold, 1936===

''Hauptiella multipicta'' Arnold, 1936

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/Herpetosphex_staphylinoides.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex staphylinoides&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Homonotus'' Dahlbom, 1844===
Dahlbom 1843 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796238) or Dahlbom, 1844 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796653)?

''Homonotus aegyptiacus'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.469 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus coxalis'' Arnold, 1935, p.478 (South Africa)

''Homonotus disparilis'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.473 (South Africa)

''Homonotus dispersus'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus dissectus'' Arnold, 1935, p.474 (South Africa)

''Homonotus excavatus'' Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus fuscipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.475 (South Africa)

''Homonotus imitans'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus leptogaster'' Arnold, 1935, p.476 (South Africa)

''Homonotus ruficornis'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus rukwaensis'' Arnold, 1946 (Tanzania)

''Homonotus sansibaricus'' Arnold, 1935, p.471 (Zanzibar)

==='''Genus''' ''Idopompilus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Idopompilus algoensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus algoensis major'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus braunsi'' Kohl, 1899 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus brunnescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschi handlirschi'' Arnold, 1936 (?)

''Idopompilus handlirschi basutorum'' Arnold, 1959 (Lesotho, South Africa)

''Idopompilus fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1946 (Lesotho)

''Idopompilus gracilicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus krugeri'' Haupt, 1930 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Idopompilus quadrifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Kolposphex'' Arnold, 1959===

*''Kolposphex atronitens'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Kyphopompilus'' Arnold, 1960===

*''Kyphopompilus flavipes'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microdrapetes'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 30
*''Microdrapetes bellus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microphadnus'' Cameron, 1904===

*''Microphadnus bicolor'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Paracyphononyx'' Gribodo, 1884===

''Paracyphononyx affinis'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon, Ghana, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx africanus'' Rad., 1881 (Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx carinatus'' Rad., 1881 Angola, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx coloratus'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon)

''Paracyphononyx difficilis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Malai, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversipes'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversus'' Dahlbom, 1845 (Central and East Africa to South Africa, Yemen)

''Paracyphononyx elliotti'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx frustratus'' Smith, 1879 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx funebris'' Magretti, 1884 (Ethiopia)

''Paracyphononyx gemellus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx laboriosus'' Arnold, 1936 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx languidus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx lukombensis'' Cameron, 1912 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia)

''Paracyphononyx metemmensis'' Magretti, 1884 (Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx mombassicus'' R. Luc., 1898 (Kenya)

''Paracyphononyx montanus'' Arnold, 1960 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx parallelus'' Haupt, 1929 (Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx petiolaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx plutonis'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx rotundinervis'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx ruficrus'' Klug, 1834 (Asia Minor, Egypt, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' Illiger,1802 (Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Paraferreola'' Sustera, 1913===

''Paraferreola melanostoma'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.439 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paraferreola spilopus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.441 (South Africa)

''Paraferreola soleana'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.443 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Platyderes'' Guérin-Méneville, 1844===

''Platyderes bicolor'' Smith, 1855; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.454 (South Africa)

''Platyderes chalybeus'' Saussure, 1892 (or Tasch. 1880?); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.456 (East Africa, South Africa)

''Platyderes drègii'' Brauns, 1899; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.457 (South Africa)

''Platyderes erythrocephalus'' Guerin, **** (Madagascar)

''Platyderes flavoscutellatus'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes oraniensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.456 (South Africa)

''Platyderes rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.461 (Ethiopia, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes saussurei'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Platyderes spoliatus'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.462 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes vicinus'' Arnold, 1935, p.460 (South Africa)

''Platyderes wasmanni'' Brauns, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.459 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilus'' Fabricius===

''Pompilus alpinus'' Arnold, 1960 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus anomalopterus'' Cameron, 1908 (Malawi, South Africa)

''Pompilus cinereus'' Fabricius, 1775 (Yemen)

''Pompilus contrarius'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Pompilus curvifrons'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus erythrostomus'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus exploratrix'' Cameron, 1908 ''(''

''Pompilus ignobilis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pompilus levis'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana)

''Pompilus masaiensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus meruensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus plumbeus'' Fabricius, 1787 (Widespread through Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Senegal, South Africa) also in China, Europe, India)

''Pompilus sacchii'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus shirae'' Arnold, 1950 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus successor'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus vanutelli'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Pompilus yngvei'' Cameron, 1908 (

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilioides'' Radley, 1887===

''Pompilioides braunsi'' Kohl, 1894 (Cameroon)

''Pompilioides decipiens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides latifrons'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides pruinosus'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides trifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides validus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammochares'' Latreille, 1796===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p. 43.
*''Psammochares bilineatus'' Arnold, 1937, p. 50 (South Africa)
*''Psammochares brevis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 50 (South Africa)
** = ''Agenioideus brevis'' (Arnold, 1937)
*''Psammochares brunniventris'' Arnold, 1937, p. 54 (South Africa)
*''Psammochares decipiens'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.48 (Botswana, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares irpex'' Gerstaecker, 1859; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.48 (Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares jocaste'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)
*''Psammochares latilabris'' Arnold, 1937, p. 47 (Malawi, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares quadriguttatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Tanzania)
*''Psammochares rotundilabris''(Arnold, 1937, p.53.) (South Africa)
** = ''Agenioideus rotundilabris''?
*''Psammochares rufigaster'' Arnold, 1937, p. 54 (South Africa)
*''Psammochares rutilus'' Klug, 1834; descr. Arnold, 1937, p. 58 (Ethiopia, Mozambique, Nigeria, Sudan, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares varians'' Arnold, 1937, p. 55 (South Africa)

''Psammochares gibber'' (= ''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937)?) Descr. Arnold, 1937, p. 52

==='''Genus''' ''Psammoderes'' Haupt, 1929===

''Psammoderes capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes collaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Psammoderes fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1935, p.438 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes lightfooti'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Psammoderes major'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.433 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes mimicus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.434 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes semirufus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.436 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes reputatus'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.437 (Congo, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Pseudoclavelia&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930===

''Pseudoclavelia argenteosignata'' Arnold, 1936 (Botswana, Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia bituberculata'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_damarensis.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia damarensis''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia jouberti'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_nitidula.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia nitidula'' ''nitidula''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia nitidula bechuanae'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia rhodesiana'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudoclavelia rufescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pseudopompilus'' Costa, 1887===

''Pseudopompilus funereus'' Arnold, 1935, p.444 (Zimbabwe, Namibia)

''Pseudopompilus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

''Pseudopompilus lacteipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psyllosphex'' Arnold, 1935===

''Psyllosphex dentatus'' (Cameron, 1904); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.482 (South Africa)

''Psyllosphex myrmosaeformis'' Arnold, 1935, p.482 (Zimbabwe)

''Psyllosphex saltator'' Arnold, 1935, p.480 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pygmachus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Pygmachus compressus'' Saussure, 1892 (Madagascar)

''Pygmachus umbratus'' Haupt, 1930 (Guinea, South Africa, Zanzibar, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Rhynchopompilus'' Arnold, 1934===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 37.
''Rhynchopompilus cursor'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Schistonyx'' Saussure, 1887===

''Schistonyx aterrimus'' Arnold, 1946 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx prismaticus'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

''Schistonyx sinuatus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx sheppardi'' Arnold, 1937, p.13 (Zimbabwe)

''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, South Africa, Syria, Zimbabwe) Most common pompilid in Zimbabwe (Arnold, 1937, p.12)

==='''Genus''' ''Schizanoplius'' Cameron, 1904===

''Schizanoplius lutarius'' (Saussure, 1834)(Ghana, Mali, Madagascar)

''Schizanoplius violaceipennis'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Spuridiophorus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Spuridiophorus capensis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Spuridiophorus inermis'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus maculipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Syntomoclitus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 25.
*''Syntomoclitus bicolor'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Ashmead, 1902===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ignitus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ignitus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Smith, 1855) (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ovambo.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ovambo&lt;/u&gt;''] (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Tachypompilus praepotens'' (Kohl, 1894) (South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zanzibar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_vitripennis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] ''&lt;u&gt;vitripennis&lt;/u&gt;'' (Arnold, 1937) (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Telostegus'' Costa, 1887===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 35.
*''Telostegus capensis'' Arnold, 1937; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.37 (South Africa)
*''Telostegus fuscipennis'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.35 (South Africa)
*''Telostegus insidiosus'' (Smith, 1879) (Yemen)
*''Telostegus sabulicola'' Priesner, 1955 (Algeria, Egypt, Marocco, Senegal, Yemen)

==References==</text>
      <sha1>qkh18yzgz0kl60hrqatl62r6m5w1px5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719921</id>
      <parentid>2719920</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-28T11:25:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Genus Psammochares Latreille, 1796 */</comment>
      <origin>2719921</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27887" sha1="0bhvjsaxqd9pi6loyayd3etz3n3ngy0" xml:space="preserve">Done to Genus Euryzonotulus Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 38.

==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;
- Claveliinae corrected to Ctenocerinae in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.386-388&lt;br&gt;
- Several new genera and species in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.388-399&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934, pp. 290-364.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA. (Arnold, 1934, pp. 380-385.)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; ''Pseudagenia'' in iNat).&lt;br&gt;
*''D. pulchricoma'' = ''Pseudagenia pulchricoma'' Arnold, 1934, p. 337-340&lt;br&gt;
*''D. neavei'' = ''Pseudagenia mygnimioides'' Arnold, 1934, pp.336-337 and ''Pseudagenia neavei'' Kohl 1913&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA. - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377.&lt;br&gt;
*also ''Poecilagenia spinosipes'' = ''Trachyglyptus spinosipes'' Arnold, 1934, p. 377-379&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = ''Deuteragenia turneri'', ''D. dregei'', ''D. chirindensis'', ''D. bicolor'' (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (''Hormopogonius willowmorensis'' = ''Calicurgus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1932 p.395); also ''H. tenuicornis'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 379-380&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
*Also ''Priocnernis aterrimus'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 385-386.
*''Priocnemis meridionalis'' Arnold, 1934, p. 386.
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pompilinae==

List of genera and species from [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm '''&lt;u&gt;https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm&lt;/u&gt;''']

=== '''Genus''' ''Aeluropetrus'' Arnold, 1936 ===

''Aeluropetrus braunsi'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Aeluropetrus lugubris'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 ===

*[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/Aetheopompilus_obliquetruncatus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus obliquetruncatus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 (Mozambique)

==='''Genus''' ''Agenioideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

*''Agenioideus decipiens'' (Bischoff, 1913) (South Africa)
*''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) (Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)
**''Psammochares gibber'' (= Agenioideus gibber (Arnold, 1937)?) Descr. Arnold, 1937, p. 52
*''Agenioideus lascivus'' (Cameron, 1891) (?)
*''Agenioideus nudatus'' (Smith, 1855) (?)
*''Agenioideus rutilus'' (Klug, 1834) (Yemen)
*''Agenioideus rufipes'' (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)
*''Agenioideus varians'' (Arnold, 1937) (?)
*''Agenioideus waltlii'' (Spinola, 1838)(Ghana, Zimbabwe)
** = ''Agenioideus cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937) https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/65S86
** =  ''Psammochares cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937, p52) https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/65S86
''Agenioideus brevis'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa) is a synonym of ''Psammochares brevis'' (https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4NBRN)&lt;br&gt;
''Agenioideus rotundilabris'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa) - should be ''Psammochares rotundilabris''(Arnold, 1937, p.53.)?

==='''Genus''' ''Amblyellus'' Day, 1981===

*''Amblyellus willowmorensis'' (Arnold, 1937) (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)
**= ''Psammochares willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 51.

==='''Genus''' ''Anoplius'' Dufour, 1834===

''Anoplius aethiopicus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Anoplius alecto'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Anoplius bifasciatus'' Tullgren, 1904 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda)

''Anoplius concinnus'' (Dahlbom, 1845) (Yemen)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''fuscus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, South Africa, Tanzania)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''excelsior'' Arnold, 1950 (Tanzania)

''Anoplius montanus'' Haupt, 1950 (Benin, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Principe Island, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

''Anoplius morosus'' Smith, 1855 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Anoplius octomaculatus'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Anoplius panmelas'' (Saussure, 1891) (Madagascar)

''Anoplius saegeri'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Anoplius subfasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius successor'' (Cameron, 1910) (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius viridicatus'' Smith, 1879 (West Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Apareia'' Haupt, 1929===

''Apareia multipicta rufifemur'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.449 (Zimbabwe)

''Apareia oedipus'' Kohl, 1886; descr. (synonymized?) as ''A. multipicta'' by Arnold, 1935, p.449 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporinellus'' Banks, 1911===

''Aporinellus bidens'' (Saussure, 1892) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporoideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Aporoideus clarus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Arachnospila'' Kincaid, 1900===

''Arachnospila (Ammosphex) consobrina heringi'' (Haupt, 1928) (California, Canary Islands, Spain, Tanzania, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Argyroclitus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p. 26.
*''Argyroclitus fasciatipennis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 27 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 29 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus longicollis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 29 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937, p. 28 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus ruwenzoriensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 30 (Democratic Republic of the Congo)

==='''Genus''' ''Atelostegus'' Haupt, 1929===

*''Atelostegus thrinax'' (Kohl, 1909) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Atopopompilus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus in Arnold, 1937, p. 22.
*''Atopompilus jacens'' (Bingham, 1912) (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Yemen)
*''Atopompilus marshalli'' Arnold, 1937, p. 24 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Atopopompilus venans mlanjiensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 24 (Ghana)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/Bambesa_grisea.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa grisea&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p.2.
*''Batozonellus capensis'' (Dahlbom, 1843); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.6 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/Batozonellus_fuliginosus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus fuliginosus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Klug, 1834); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.3 (Central Africa, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)
*''Batozonellus gowdeyi'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.7 (Sierra Leone, Uganda)
*''Batozonellus madecassus'' (Saussure, 1887) (Madagascar)
*''Batozonellus separabilis'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.9 (Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Batozonus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Batozonus bipunctatus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Batozonus capensis'' Dahlbom, 1940 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Cliochares'' Banks, 1940===

''Cliochares convexus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Cordyloscelis'' Arnold, 1935===

''Cordyloscelis bequaerti'' Arnold, 1935, p.420 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Cordyloscelis flavipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.424 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis latipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.417 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis namaqua'' Arnold, 1935, p.423 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis nigerrimus'' Arnold, 1935, p.421 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis parallelus'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe)

''Cordyloscelis ugandensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.425 (Congo, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Ctenagenia'' Saussure, 1892===

''Ctenagenia vespiformis'' (Klug, 1834) (Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Madagascar, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, Yemen)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930 ===

''Dromochares clavipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (Zimbabwe)

''Dromochares fumipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Dromochares premnopterus'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

''Dromochares rufipes'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/Dromochares_transvaalensis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares transvaalensis&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Dicyrtomellus'' Gussakovskij, 1935===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p.14.
*''Dicyrtomellus anomalipes'' Arnold, 1937, p.20 (South Africa)
*''Dicyrtomellus argenteodecoratus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.21 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus griseus'' Arnold, 1937, p.17 (Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus impressus'' Arnold, 1937, p.18 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus leptacanthius'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.16 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus meruensis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus neavei'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.19 (Congo)
*''Dicyrtomellus rufofemoratus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.17 (South Africa)
*''Dicyrtomellus sexspinosus'' (Saunders, 1901) = ''Dicyrtomellus pectinatus'' Arnold, 1937, p.19 (Sudan)

==='''Genus''' ''Elaphrosyron'' Haupt, 1930===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 40.
*''Elaphrosyron insidiosus'' Smith, 1879; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.41 (Ethiopia, Mali, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Elaphrosyron multipictus'' Arnold, 1937, p.42 (Uganda)
*''Elaphrosyron pauperculus'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Epiclinotus'' Haupt, 1929===

''Epiclinotus capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus erythrurus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.465 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus turneri'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.466 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron&lt;/u&gt;''] Schiødte, 1837===

''Episyron argillaceus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zambia)

''Episyron bequaerti'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron bicinctus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron braunsii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron crassicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Episyron gryps'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/Episyron_histrio.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron histrio&lt;/u&gt;''] Lepeletier, 1845 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mali, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron pedunculatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron solitaneum'' Kohl, 1906 (Yemen)

''Episyron tropicalis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Episyron turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron viduus'' Arnold, 1936 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron vindex'' Smith, 1879 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/index.htm &lt;u&gt;Euclavelia&lt;/u&gt;]'' Arnold, 1932===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/Euclavelia_fasciata.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Euclavelia fasciata&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1932 (South Africa)

''Euclavelia longicollis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Euryzonotulus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 38.
*''Euryzonotulus nigeriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Nigeria, Democratic Republic of the Congo)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreola'' Lepeletier, 1845===

''Ferreola auranticornis'' Wahis, 2000 (Eritrea, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreoloides'' Haupt, 1919===

''Ferreoloides basutorum'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

''Ferreoloides versutus'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

==='''Genus''' ''Galactopterus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 32.
*''Galactopterus otaviensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 33 (South Africa)
*''Galactopterus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937, p. 32 (Namibia, South Africa)
*''Galactopterus simillimus'' Arnold, 1937, p. 34 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Guichardia'' Arnold, 1951===

''Guichardia macilenta'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hadropompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Hadropompilus braunsi'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Hadropompilus montanus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hauptiella'' Arnold, 1936===

''Hauptiella multipicta'' Arnold, 1936

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/Herpetosphex_staphylinoides.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex staphylinoides&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Homonotus'' Dahlbom, 1844===
Dahlbom 1843 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796238) or Dahlbom, 1844 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796653)?

''Homonotus aegyptiacus'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.469 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus coxalis'' Arnold, 1935, p.478 (South Africa)

''Homonotus disparilis'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.473 (South Africa)

''Homonotus dispersus'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus dissectus'' Arnold, 1935, p.474 (South Africa)

''Homonotus excavatus'' Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus fuscipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.475 (South Africa)

''Homonotus imitans'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus leptogaster'' Arnold, 1935, p.476 (South Africa)

''Homonotus ruficornis'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus rukwaensis'' Arnold, 1946 (Tanzania)

''Homonotus sansibaricus'' Arnold, 1935, p.471 (Zanzibar)

==='''Genus''' ''Idopompilus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Idopompilus algoensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus algoensis major'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus braunsi'' Kohl, 1899 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus brunnescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschi handlirschi'' Arnold, 1936 (?)

''Idopompilus handlirschi basutorum'' Arnold, 1959 (Lesotho, South Africa)

''Idopompilus fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1946 (Lesotho)

''Idopompilus gracilicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus krugeri'' Haupt, 1930 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Idopompilus quadrifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Kolposphex'' Arnold, 1959===

*''Kolposphex atronitens'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Kyphopompilus'' Arnold, 1960===

*''Kyphopompilus flavipes'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microdrapetes'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 30
*''Microdrapetes bellus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microphadnus'' Cameron, 1904===

*''Microphadnus bicolor'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Paracyphononyx'' Gribodo, 1884===

''Paracyphononyx affinis'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon, Ghana, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx africanus'' Rad., 1881 (Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx carinatus'' Rad., 1881 Angola, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx coloratus'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon)

''Paracyphononyx difficilis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Malai, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversipes'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversus'' Dahlbom, 1845 (Central and East Africa to South Africa, Yemen)

''Paracyphononyx elliotti'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx frustratus'' Smith, 1879 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx funebris'' Magretti, 1884 (Ethiopia)

''Paracyphononyx gemellus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx laboriosus'' Arnold, 1936 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx languidus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx lukombensis'' Cameron, 1912 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia)

''Paracyphononyx metemmensis'' Magretti, 1884 (Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx mombassicus'' R. Luc., 1898 (Kenya)

''Paracyphononyx montanus'' Arnold, 1960 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx parallelus'' Haupt, 1929 (Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx petiolaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx plutonis'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx rotundinervis'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx ruficrus'' Klug, 1834 (Asia Minor, Egypt, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' Illiger,1802 (Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Paraferreola'' Sustera, 1913===

''Paraferreola melanostoma'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.439 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paraferreola spilopus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.441 (South Africa)

''Paraferreola soleana'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.443 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Platyderes'' Guérin-Méneville, 1844===

''Platyderes bicolor'' Smith, 1855; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.454 (South Africa)

''Platyderes chalybeus'' Saussure, 1892 (or Tasch. 1880?); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.456 (East Africa, South Africa)

''Platyderes drègii'' Brauns, 1899; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.457 (South Africa)

''Platyderes erythrocephalus'' Guerin, **** (Madagascar)

''Platyderes flavoscutellatus'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes oraniensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.456 (South Africa)

''Platyderes rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.461 (Ethiopia, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes saussurei'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Platyderes spoliatus'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.462 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes vicinus'' Arnold, 1935, p.460 (South Africa)

''Platyderes wasmanni'' Brauns, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.459 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilus'' Fabricius===

''Pompilus alpinus'' Arnold, 1960 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus anomalopterus'' Cameron, 1908 (Malawi, South Africa)

''Pompilus cinereus'' Fabricius, 1775 (Yemen)

''Pompilus contrarius'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Pompilus curvifrons'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus erythrostomus'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus exploratrix'' Cameron, 1908 ''(''

''Pompilus ignobilis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pompilus levis'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana)

''Pompilus masaiensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus meruensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus plumbeus'' Fabricius, 1787 (Widespread through Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Senegal, South Africa) also in China, Europe, India)

''Pompilus sacchii'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus shirae'' Arnold, 1950 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus successor'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus vanutelli'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Pompilus yngvei'' Cameron, 1908 (

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilioides'' Radley, 1887===

''Pompilioides braunsi'' Kohl, 1894 (Cameroon)

''Pompilioides decipiens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides latifrons'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides pruinosus'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides trifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides validus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammochares'' Latreille, 1796===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p. 43.
*''Psammochares bilineatus'' Arnold, 1937, p. 50 (South Africa)
*''Psammochares brevis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 50 (South Africa)
** = ''Agenioideus brevis'' (Arnold, 1937)
*''Psammochares brunniventris'' Arnold, 1937, p. 54 (South Africa)
*''Psammochares decipiens'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.48 (Botswana, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares gibber'' Arnold, 1937, p. 52
** = ''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) (https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6WBTC)
*''Psammochares insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares irpex'' Gerstaecker, 1859; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.48 (Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares jocaste'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)
*''Psammochares latilabris'' Arnold, 1937, p. 47 (Malawi, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares quadriguttatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Tanzania)
*''Psammochares rotundilabris''(Arnold, 1937, p.53.) (South Africa)
** = ''Agenioideus rotundilabris''?
*''Psammochares rufigaster'' Arnold, 1937, p. 54 (South Africa)
*''Psammochares rutilus'' Klug, 1834; descr. Arnold, 1937, p. 58 (Ethiopia, Mozambique, Nigeria, Sudan, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares varians'' Arnold, 1937, p. 55 (South Africa)

''Psammochares gibber'' (= ''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937)?) Descr. Arnold, 1937, p. 52

==='''Genus''' ''Psammoderes'' Haupt, 1929===

''Psammoderes capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes collaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Psammoderes fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1935, p.438 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes lightfooti'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Psammoderes major'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.433 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes mimicus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.434 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes semirufus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.436 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes reputatus'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.437 (Congo, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Pseudoclavelia&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930===

''Pseudoclavelia argenteosignata'' Arnold, 1936 (Botswana, Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia bituberculata'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_damarensis.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia damarensis''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia jouberti'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_nitidula.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia nitidula'' ''nitidula''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia nitidula bechuanae'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia rhodesiana'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudoclavelia rufescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pseudopompilus'' Costa, 1887===

''Pseudopompilus funereus'' Arnold, 1935, p.444 (Zimbabwe, Namibia)

''Pseudopompilus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

''Pseudopompilus lacteipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psyllosphex'' Arnold, 1935===

''Psyllosphex dentatus'' (Cameron, 1904); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.482 (South Africa)

''Psyllosphex myrmosaeformis'' Arnold, 1935, p.482 (Zimbabwe)

''Psyllosphex saltator'' Arnold, 1935, p.480 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pygmachus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Pygmachus compressus'' Saussure, 1892 (Madagascar)

''Pygmachus umbratus'' Haupt, 1930 (Guinea, South Africa, Zanzibar, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Rhynchopompilus'' Arnold, 1934===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 37.
''Rhynchopompilus cursor'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Schistonyx'' Saussure, 1887===

''Schistonyx aterrimus'' Arnold, 1946 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx prismaticus'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

''Schistonyx sinuatus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx sheppardi'' Arnold, 1937, p.13 (Zimbabwe)

''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, South Africa, Syria, Zimbabwe) Most common pompilid in Zimbabwe (Arnold, 1937, p.12)

==='''Genus''' ''Schizanoplius'' Cameron, 1904===

''Schizanoplius lutarius'' (Saussure, 1834)(Ghana, Mali, Madagascar)

''Schizanoplius violaceipennis'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Spuridiophorus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Spuridiophorus capensis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Spuridiophorus inermis'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus maculipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Syntomoclitus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 25.
*''Syntomoclitus bicolor'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Ashmead, 1902===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ignitus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ignitus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Smith, 1855) (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ovambo.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ovambo&lt;/u&gt;''] (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Tachypompilus praepotens'' (Kohl, 1894) (South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zanzibar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_vitripennis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] ''&lt;u&gt;vitripennis&lt;/u&gt;'' (Arnold, 1937) (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Telostegus'' Costa, 1887===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 35.
*''Telostegus capensis'' Arnold, 1937; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.37 (South Africa)
*''Telostegus fuscipennis'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.35 (South Africa)
*''Telostegus insidiosus'' (Smith, 1879) (Yemen)
*''Telostegus sabulicola'' Priesner, 1955 (Algeria, Egypt, Marocco, Senegal, Yemen)

==References==</text>
      <sha1>0bhvjsaxqd9pi6loyayd3etz3n3ngy0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719922</id>
      <parentid>2719921</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-28T11:27:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Genus Agenioideus Ashmead, 1902 */</comment>
      <origin>2719922</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="28015" sha1="e5qkde7j6oxylu9fhpjk9irn76q35f8" xml:space="preserve">Done to Genus Euryzonotulus Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 38.

==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;
- Claveliinae corrected to Ctenocerinae in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.386-388&lt;br&gt;
- Several new genera and species in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.388-399&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934, pp. 290-364.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA. (Arnold, 1934, pp. 380-385.)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; ''Pseudagenia'' in iNat).&lt;br&gt;
*''D. pulchricoma'' = ''Pseudagenia pulchricoma'' Arnold, 1934, p. 337-340&lt;br&gt;
*''D. neavei'' = ''Pseudagenia mygnimioides'' Arnold, 1934, pp.336-337 and ''Pseudagenia neavei'' Kohl 1913&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA. - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377.&lt;br&gt;
*also ''Poecilagenia spinosipes'' = ''Trachyglyptus spinosipes'' Arnold, 1934, p. 377-379&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = ''Deuteragenia turneri'', ''D. dregei'', ''D. chirindensis'', ''D. bicolor'' (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (''Hormopogonius willowmorensis'' = ''Calicurgus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1932 p.395); also ''H. tenuicornis'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 379-380&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
*Also ''Priocnernis aterrimus'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 385-386.
*''Priocnemis meridionalis'' Arnold, 1934, p. 386.
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pompilinae==

List of genera and species from [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm '''&lt;u&gt;https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm&lt;/u&gt;''']

=== '''Genus''' ''Aeluropetrus'' Arnold, 1936 ===

''Aeluropetrus braunsi'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Aeluropetrus lugubris'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 ===

*[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/Aetheopompilus_obliquetruncatus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus obliquetruncatus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 (Mozambique)

==='''Genus''' ''Agenioideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

*''Agenioideus decipiens'' (Bischoff, 1913) (South Africa)
*''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) (Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)
**''Psammochares gibber'' (= Agenioideus gibber (Arnold, 1937)?) Descr. Arnold, 1937, p. 52
*''Agenioideus lascivus'' (Cameron, 1891) (?)
*''Agenioideus nudatus'' (Smith, 1855) (?)
*''Agenioideus rutilus'' (Klug, 1834) (Yemen)
*''Agenioideus rufipes'' (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)
*''Agenioideus varians'' (Arnold, 1937) (?)
*''Agenioideus waltlii'' (Spinola, 1838)(Ghana, Zimbabwe)
** = ''Agenioideus cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937) https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/65S86
** =  ''Psammochares cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937, p52) https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/65S86
''Agenioideus brevis'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa) is a synonym of ''Psammochares brevis'' (https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4NBRN)&lt;br&gt;
''Agenioideus rotundilabris'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa) - should be ''Psammochares rotundilabris''(Arnold, 1937, p.53.)?
''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) is a synonym of ''Psammochares gibber''(https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6WBTC)

==='''Genus''' ''Amblyellus'' Day, 1981===

*''Amblyellus willowmorensis'' (Arnold, 1937) (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)
**= ''Psammochares willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 51.

==='''Genus''' ''Anoplius'' Dufour, 1834===

''Anoplius aethiopicus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Anoplius alecto'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Anoplius bifasciatus'' Tullgren, 1904 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda)

''Anoplius concinnus'' (Dahlbom, 1845) (Yemen)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''fuscus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, South Africa, Tanzania)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''excelsior'' Arnold, 1950 (Tanzania)

''Anoplius montanus'' Haupt, 1950 (Benin, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Principe Island, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

''Anoplius morosus'' Smith, 1855 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Anoplius octomaculatus'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Anoplius panmelas'' (Saussure, 1891) (Madagascar)

''Anoplius saegeri'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Anoplius subfasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius successor'' (Cameron, 1910) (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius viridicatus'' Smith, 1879 (West Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Apareia'' Haupt, 1929===

''Apareia multipicta rufifemur'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.449 (Zimbabwe)

''Apareia oedipus'' Kohl, 1886; descr. (synonymized?) as ''A. multipicta'' by Arnold, 1935, p.449 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporinellus'' Banks, 1911===

''Aporinellus bidens'' (Saussure, 1892) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporoideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Aporoideus clarus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Arachnospila'' Kincaid, 1900===

''Arachnospila (Ammosphex) consobrina heringi'' (Haupt, 1928) (California, Canary Islands, Spain, Tanzania, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Argyroclitus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p. 26.
*''Argyroclitus fasciatipennis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 27 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 29 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus longicollis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 29 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937, p. 28 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus ruwenzoriensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 30 (Democratic Republic of the Congo)

==='''Genus''' ''Atelostegus'' Haupt, 1929===

*''Atelostegus thrinax'' (Kohl, 1909) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Atopopompilus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus in Arnold, 1937, p. 22.
*''Atopompilus jacens'' (Bingham, 1912) (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Yemen)
*''Atopompilus marshalli'' Arnold, 1937, p. 24 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Atopopompilus venans mlanjiensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 24 (Ghana)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/Bambesa_grisea.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa grisea&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p.2.
*''Batozonellus capensis'' (Dahlbom, 1843); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.6 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/Batozonellus_fuliginosus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus fuliginosus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Klug, 1834); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.3 (Central Africa, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)
*''Batozonellus gowdeyi'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.7 (Sierra Leone, Uganda)
*''Batozonellus madecassus'' (Saussure, 1887) (Madagascar)
*''Batozonellus separabilis'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.9 (Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Batozonus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Batozonus bipunctatus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Batozonus capensis'' Dahlbom, 1940 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Cliochares'' Banks, 1940===

''Cliochares convexus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Cordyloscelis'' Arnold, 1935===

''Cordyloscelis bequaerti'' Arnold, 1935, p.420 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Cordyloscelis flavipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.424 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis latipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.417 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis namaqua'' Arnold, 1935, p.423 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis nigerrimus'' Arnold, 1935, p.421 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis parallelus'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe)

''Cordyloscelis ugandensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.425 (Congo, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Ctenagenia'' Saussure, 1892===

''Ctenagenia vespiformis'' (Klug, 1834) (Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Madagascar, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, Yemen)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930 ===

''Dromochares clavipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (Zimbabwe)

''Dromochares fumipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Dromochares premnopterus'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

''Dromochares rufipes'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/Dromochares_transvaalensis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares transvaalensis&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Dicyrtomellus'' Gussakovskij, 1935===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p.14.
*''Dicyrtomellus anomalipes'' Arnold, 1937, p.20 (South Africa)
*''Dicyrtomellus argenteodecoratus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.21 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus griseus'' Arnold, 1937, p.17 (Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus impressus'' Arnold, 1937, p.18 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus leptacanthius'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.16 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus meruensis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus neavei'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.19 (Congo)
*''Dicyrtomellus rufofemoratus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.17 (South Africa)
*''Dicyrtomellus sexspinosus'' (Saunders, 1901) = ''Dicyrtomellus pectinatus'' Arnold, 1937, p.19 (Sudan)

==='''Genus''' ''Elaphrosyron'' Haupt, 1930===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 40.
*''Elaphrosyron insidiosus'' Smith, 1879; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.41 (Ethiopia, Mali, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Elaphrosyron multipictus'' Arnold, 1937, p.42 (Uganda)
*''Elaphrosyron pauperculus'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Epiclinotus'' Haupt, 1929===

''Epiclinotus capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus erythrurus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.465 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus turneri'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.466 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron&lt;/u&gt;''] Schiødte, 1837===

''Episyron argillaceus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zambia)

''Episyron bequaerti'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron bicinctus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron braunsii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron crassicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Episyron gryps'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/Episyron_histrio.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron histrio&lt;/u&gt;''] Lepeletier, 1845 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mali, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron pedunculatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron solitaneum'' Kohl, 1906 (Yemen)

''Episyron tropicalis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Episyron turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron viduus'' Arnold, 1936 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron vindex'' Smith, 1879 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/index.htm &lt;u&gt;Euclavelia&lt;/u&gt;]'' Arnold, 1932===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/Euclavelia_fasciata.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Euclavelia fasciata&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1932 (South Africa)

''Euclavelia longicollis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Euryzonotulus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 38.
*''Euryzonotulus nigeriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Nigeria, Democratic Republic of the Congo)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreola'' Lepeletier, 1845===

''Ferreola auranticornis'' Wahis, 2000 (Eritrea, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreoloides'' Haupt, 1919===

''Ferreoloides basutorum'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

''Ferreoloides versutus'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

==='''Genus''' ''Galactopterus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 32.
*''Galactopterus otaviensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 33 (South Africa)
*''Galactopterus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937, p. 32 (Namibia, South Africa)
*''Galactopterus simillimus'' Arnold, 1937, p. 34 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Guichardia'' Arnold, 1951===

''Guichardia macilenta'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hadropompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Hadropompilus braunsi'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Hadropompilus montanus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hauptiella'' Arnold, 1936===

''Hauptiella multipicta'' Arnold, 1936

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/Herpetosphex_staphylinoides.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex staphylinoides&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Homonotus'' Dahlbom, 1844===
Dahlbom 1843 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796238) or Dahlbom, 1844 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796653)?

''Homonotus aegyptiacus'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.469 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus coxalis'' Arnold, 1935, p.478 (South Africa)

''Homonotus disparilis'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.473 (South Africa)

''Homonotus dispersus'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus dissectus'' Arnold, 1935, p.474 (South Africa)

''Homonotus excavatus'' Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus fuscipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.475 (South Africa)

''Homonotus imitans'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus leptogaster'' Arnold, 1935, p.476 (South Africa)

''Homonotus ruficornis'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus rukwaensis'' Arnold, 1946 (Tanzania)

''Homonotus sansibaricus'' Arnold, 1935, p.471 (Zanzibar)

==='''Genus''' ''Idopompilus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Idopompilus algoensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus algoensis major'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus braunsi'' Kohl, 1899 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus brunnescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschi handlirschi'' Arnold, 1936 (?)

''Idopompilus handlirschi basutorum'' Arnold, 1959 (Lesotho, South Africa)

''Idopompilus fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1946 (Lesotho)

''Idopompilus gracilicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus krugeri'' Haupt, 1930 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Idopompilus quadrifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Kolposphex'' Arnold, 1959===

*''Kolposphex atronitens'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Kyphopompilus'' Arnold, 1960===

*''Kyphopompilus flavipes'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microdrapetes'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 30
*''Microdrapetes bellus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microphadnus'' Cameron, 1904===

*''Microphadnus bicolor'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Paracyphononyx'' Gribodo, 1884===

''Paracyphononyx affinis'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon, Ghana, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx africanus'' Rad., 1881 (Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx carinatus'' Rad., 1881 Angola, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx coloratus'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon)

''Paracyphononyx difficilis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Malai, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversipes'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversus'' Dahlbom, 1845 (Central and East Africa to South Africa, Yemen)

''Paracyphononyx elliotti'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx frustratus'' Smith, 1879 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx funebris'' Magretti, 1884 (Ethiopia)

''Paracyphononyx gemellus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx laboriosus'' Arnold, 1936 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx languidus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx lukombensis'' Cameron, 1912 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia)

''Paracyphononyx metemmensis'' Magretti, 1884 (Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx mombassicus'' R. Luc., 1898 (Kenya)

''Paracyphononyx montanus'' Arnold, 1960 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx parallelus'' Haupt, 1929 (Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx petiolaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx plutonis'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx rotundinervis'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx ruficrus'' Klug, 1834 (Asia Minor, Egypt, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' Illiger,1802 (Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Paraferreola'' Sustera, 1913===

''Paraferreola melanostoma'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.439 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paraferreola spilopus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.441 (South Africa)

''Paraferreola soleana'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.443 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Platyderes'' Guérin-Méneville, 1844===

''Platyderes bicolor'' Smith, 1855; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.454 (South Africa)

''Platyderes chalybeus'' Saussure, 1892 (or Tasch. 1880?); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.456 (East Africa, South Africa)

''Platyderes drègii'' Brauns, 1899; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.457 (South Africa)

''Platyderes erythrocephalus'' Guerin, **** (Madagascar)

''Platyderes flavoscutellatus'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes oraniensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.456 (South Africa)

''Platyderes rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.461 (Ethiopia, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes saussurei'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Platyderes spoliatus'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.462 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes vicinus'' Arnold, 1935, p.460 (South Africa)

''Platyderes wasmanni'' Brauns, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.459 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilus'' Fabricius===

''Pompilus alpinus'' Arnold, 1960 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus anomalopterus'' Cameron, 1908 (Malawi, South Africa)

''Pompilus cinereus'' Fabricius, 1775 (Yemen)

''Pompilus contrarius'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Pompilus curvifrons'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus erythrostomus'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus exploratrix'' Cameron, 1908 ''(''

''Pompilus ignobilis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pompilus levis'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana)

''Pompilus masaiensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus meruensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus plumbeus'' Fabricius, 1787 (Widespread through Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Senegal, South Africa) also in China, Europe, India)

''Pompilus sacchii'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus shirae'' Arnold, 1950 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus successor'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus vanutelli'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Pompilus yngvei'' Cameron, 1908 (

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilioides'' Radley, 1887===

''Pompilioides braunsi'' Kohl, 1894 (Cameroon)

''Pompilioides decipiens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides latifrons'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides pruinosus'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides trifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides validus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammochares'' Latreille, 1796===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p. 43.
*''Psammochares bilineatus'' Arnold, 1937, p. 50 (South Africa)
*''Psammochares brevis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 50 (South Africa)
** = ''Agenioideus brevis'' (Arnold, 1937)
*''Psammochares brunniventris'' Arnold, 1937, p. 54 (South Africa)
*''Psammochares decipiens'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.48 (Botswana, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares gibber'' Arnold, 1937, p. 52
** = ''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) (https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6WBTC)
*''Psammochares insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares irpex'' Gerstaecker, 1859; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.48 (Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares jocaste'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)
*''Psammochares latilabris'' Arnold, 1937, p. 47 (Malawi, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares quadriguttatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Tanzania)
*''Psammochares rotundilabris''(Arnold, 1937, p.53.) (South Africa)
** = ''Agenioideus rotundilabris''?
*''Psammochares rufigaster'' Arnold, 1937, p. 54 (South Africa)
*''Psammochares rutilus'' Klug, 1834; descr. Arnold, 1937, p. 58 (Ethiopia, Mozambique, Nigeria, Sudan, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares varians'' Arnold, 1937, p. 55 (South Africa)

''Psammochares gibber'' (= ''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937)?) Descr. Arnold, 1937, p. 52

==='''Genus''' ''Psammoderes'' Haupt, 1929===

''Psammoderes capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes collaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Psammoderes fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1935, p.438 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes lightfooti'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Psammoderes major'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.433 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes mimicus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.434 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes semirufus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.436 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes reputatus'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.437 (Congo, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Pseudoclavelia&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930===

''Pseudoclavelia argenteosignata'' Arnold, 1936 (Botswana, Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia bituberculata'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_damarensis.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia damarensis''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia jouberti'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_nitidula.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia nitidula'' ''nitidula''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia nitidula bechuanae'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia rhodesiana'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudoclavelia rufescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pseudopompilus'' Costa, 1887===

''Pseudopompilus funereus'' Arnold, 1935, p.444 (Zimbabwe, Namibia)

''Pseudopompilus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

''Pseudopompilus lacteipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psyllosphex'' Arnold, 1935===

''Psyllosphex dentatus'' (Cameron, 1904); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.482 (South Africa)

''Psyllosphex myrmosaeformis'' Arnold, 1935, p.482 (Zimbabwe)

''Psyllosphex saltator'' Arnold, 1935, p.480 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pygmachus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Pygmachus compressus'' Saussure, 1892 (Madagascar)

''Pygmachus umbratus'' Haupt, 1930 (Guinea, South Africa, Zanzibar, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Rhynchopompilus'' Arnold, 1934===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 37.
''Rhynchopompilus cursor'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Schistonyx'' Saussure, 1887===

''Schistonyx aterrimus'' Arnold, 1946 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx prismaticus'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

''Schistonyx sinuatus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx sheppardi'' Arnold, 1937, p.13 (Zimbabwe)

''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, South Africa, Syria, Zimbabwe) Most common pompilid in Zimbabwe (Arnold, 1937, p.12)

==='''Genus''' ''Schizanoplius'' Cameron, 1904===

''Schizanoplius lutarius'' (Saussure, 1834)(Ghana, Mali, Madagascar)

''Schizanoplius violaceipennis'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Spuridiophorus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Spuridiophorus capensis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Spuridiophorus inermis'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus maculipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Syntomoclitus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 25.
*''Syntomoclitus bicolor'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Ashmead, 1902===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ignitus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ignitus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Smith, 1855) (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ovambo.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ovambo&lt;/u&gt;''] (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Tachypompilus praepotens'' (Kohl, 1894) (South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zanzibar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_vitripennis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] ''&lt;u&gt;vitripennis&lt;/u&gt;'' (Arnold, 1937) (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Telostegus'' Costa, 1887===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 35.
*''Telostegus capensis'' Arnold, 1937; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.37 (South Africa)
*''Telostegus fuscipennis'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.35 (South Africa)
*''Telostegus insidiosus'' (Smith, 1879) (Yemen)
*''Telostegus sabulicola'' Priesner, 1955 (Algeria, Egypt, Marocco, Senegal, Yemen)

==References==</text>
      <sha1>e5qkde7j6oxylu9fhpjk9irn76q35f8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719923</id>
      <parentid>2719922</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-28T11:28:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Genus Agenioideus Ashmead, 1902 */</comment>
      <origin>2719923</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="28054" sha1="dpryc6klvotcu3uf1opj7ew5lqy0qag" xml:space="preserve">Done to Genus Euryzonotulus Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 38.

==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;
- Claveliinae corrected to Ctenocerinae in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.386-388&lt;br&gt;
- Several new genera and species in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.388-399&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934, pp. 290-364.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA. (Arnold, 1934, pp. 380-385.)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; ''Pseudagenia'' in iNat).&lt;br&gt;
*''D. pulchricoma'' = ''Pseudagenia pulchricoma'' Arnold, 1934, p. 337-340&lt;br&gt;
*''D. neavei'' = ''Pseudagenia mygnimioides'' Arnold, 1934, pp.336-337 and ''Pseudagenia neavei'' Kohl 1913&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA. - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377.&lt;br&gt;
*also ''Poecilagenia spinosipes'' = ''Trachyglyptus spinosipes'' Arnold, 1934, p. 377-379&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = ''Deuteragenia turneri'', ''D. dregei'', ''D. chirindensis'', ''D. bicolor'' (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (''Hormopogonius willowmorensis'' = ''Calicurgus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1932 p.395); also ''H. tenuicornis'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 379-380&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
*Also ''Priocnernis aterrimus'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 385-386.
*''Priocnemis meridionalis'' Arnold, 1934, p. 386.
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pompilinae==

List of genera and species from [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm '''&lt;u&gt;https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm&lt;/u&gt;''']

=== '''Genus''' ''Aeluropetrus'' Arnold, 1936 ===

''Aeluropetrus braunsi'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Aeluropetrus lugubris'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 ===

*[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/Aetheopompilus_obliquetruncatus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus obliquetruncatus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 (Mozambique)

==='''Genus''' ''Agenioideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

*''Agenioideus decipiens'' (Bischoff, 1913) (South Africa)
*''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) (Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)
**''Psammochares gibber'' (= Agenioideus gibber (Arnold, 1937)?) Descr. Arnold, 1937, p. 52
*''Agenioideus lascivus'' (Cameron, 1891) (?)
*''Agenioideus nudatus'' (Smith, 1855) (?)
*''Agenioideus rutilus'' (Klug, 1834) (Yemen)
*''Agenioideus rufipes'' (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)
*''Agenioideus varians'' (Arnold, 1937) (?)
*''Agenioideus waltlii'' (Spinola, 1838)(Ghana, Zimbabwe)
** = ''Agenioideus cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937) https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/65S86
** =  ''Psammochares cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937, p52) https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/65S86
''Agenioideus brevis'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa) is a synonym of ''Psammochares brevis'' (https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4NBRN)&lt;br&gt;
''Agenioideus rotundilabris'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa) - should be ''Psammochares rotundilabris''(Arnold, 1937, p.53.)? ''A. rotundilabris'' is not in CoL&lt;br&gt;
''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) is a synonym of ''Psammochares gibber''(https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6WBTC)

==='''Genus''' ''Amblyellus'' Day, 1981===

*''Amblyellus willowmorensis'' (Arnold, 1937) (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)
**= ''Psammochares willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 51.

==='''Genus''' ''Anoplius'' Dufour, 1834===

''Anoplius aethiopicus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Anoplius alecto'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Anoplius bifasciatus'' Tullgren, 1904 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda)

''Anoplius concinnus'' (Dahlbom, 1845) (Yemen)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''fuscus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, South Africa, Tanzania)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''excelsior'' Arnold, 1950 (Tanzania)

''Anoplius montanus'' Haupt, 1950 (Benin, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Principe Island, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

''Anoplius morosus'' Smith, 1855 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Anoplius octomaculatus'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Anoplius panmelas'' (Saussure, 1891) (Madagascar)

''Anoplius saegeri'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Anoplius subfasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius successor'' (Cameron, 1910) (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius viridicatus'' Smith, 1879 (West Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Apareia'' Haupt, 1929===

''Apareia multipicta rufifemur'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.449 (Zimbabwe)

''Apareia oedipus'' Kohl, 1886; descr. (synonymized?) as ''A. multipicta'' by Arnold, 1935, p.449 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporinellus'' Banks, 1911===

''Aporinellus bidens'' (Saussure, 1892) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporoideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Aporoideus clarus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Arachnospila'' Kincaid, 1900===

''Arachnospila (Ammosphex) consobrina heringi'' (Haupt, 1928) (California, Canary Islands, Spain, Tanzania, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Argyroclitus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p. 26.
*''Argyroclitus fasciatipennis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 27 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 29 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus longicollis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 29 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937, p. 28 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus ruwenzoriensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 30 (Democratic Republic of the Congo)

==='''Genus''' ''Atelostegus'' Haupt, 1929===

*''Atelostegus thrinax'' (Kohl, 1909) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Atopopompilus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus in Arnold, 1937, p. 22.
*''Atopompilus jacens'' (Bingham, 1912) (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Yemen)
*''Atopompilus marshalli'' Arnold, 1937, p. 24 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Atopopompilus venans mlanjiensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 24 (Ghana)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/Bambesa_grisea.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa grisea&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p.2.
*''Batozonellus capensis'' (Dahlbom, 1843); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.6 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/Batozonellus_fuliginosus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus fuliginosus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Klug, 1834); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.3 (Central Africa, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)
*''Batozonellus gowdeyi'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.7 (Sierra Leone, Uganda)
*''Batozonellus madecassus'' (Saussure, 1887) (Madagascar)
*''Batozonellus separabilis'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.9 (Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Batozonus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Batozonus bipunctatus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Batozonus capensis'' Dahlbom, 1940 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Cliochares'' Banks, 1940===

''Cliochares convexus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Cordyloscelis'' Arnold, 1935===

''Cordyloscelis bequaerti'' Arnold, 1935, p.420 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Cordyloscelis flavipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.424 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis latipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.417 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis namaqua'' Arnold, 1935, p.423 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis nigerrimus'' Arnold, 1935, p.421 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis parallelus'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe)

''Cordyloscelis ugandensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.425 (Congo, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Ctenagenia'' Saussure, 1892===

''Ctenagenia vespiformis'' (Klug, 1834) (Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Madagascar, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, Yemen)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930 ===

''Dromochares clavipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (Zimbabwe)

''Dromochares fumipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Dromochares premnopterus'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

''Dromochares rufipes'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/Dromochares_transvaalensis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares transvaalensis&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Dicyrtomellus'' Gussakovskij, 1935===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p.14.
*''Dicyrtomellus anomalipes'' Arnold, 1937, p.20 (South Africa)
*''Dicyrtomellus argenteodecoratus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.21 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus griseus'' Arnold, 1937, p.17 (Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus impressus'' Arnold, 1937, p.18 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus leptacanthius'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.16 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus meruensis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus neavei'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.19 (Congo)
*''Dicyrtomellus rufofemoratus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.17 (South Africa)
*''Dicyrtomellus sexspinosus'' (Saunders, 1901) = ''Dicyrtomellus pectinatus'' Arnold, 1937, p.19 (Sudan)

==='''Genus''' ''Elaphrosyron'' Haupt, 1930===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 40.
*''Elaphrosyron insidiosus'' Smith, 1879; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.41 (Ethiopia, Mali, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Elaphrosyron multipictus'' Arnold, 1937, p.42 (Uganda)
*''Elaphrosyron pauperculus'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Epiclinotus'' Haupt, 1929===

''Epiclinotus capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus erythrurus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.465 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus turneri'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.466 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron&lt;/u&gt;''] Schiødte, 1837===

''Episyron argillaceus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zambia)

''Episyron bequaerti'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron bicinctus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron braunsii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron crassicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Episyron gryps'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/Episyron_histrio.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron histrio&lt;/u&gt;''] Lepeletier, 1845 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mali, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron pedunculatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron solitaneum'' Kohl, 1906 (Yemen)

''Episyron tropicalis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Episyron turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron viduus'' Arnold, 1936 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron vindex'' Smith, 1879 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/index.htm &lt;u&gt;Euclavelia&lt;/u&gt;]'' Arnold, 1932===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/Euclavelia_fasciata.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Euclavelia fasciata&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1932 (South Africa)

''Euclavelia longicollis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Euryzonotulus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 38.
*''Euryzonotulus nigeriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Nigeria, Democratic Republic of the Congo)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreola'' Lepeletier, 1845===

''Ferreola auranticornis'' Wahis, 2000 (Eritrea, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreoloides'' Haupt, 1919===

''Ferreoloides basutorum'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

''Ferreoloides versutus'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

==='''Genus''' ''Galactopterus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 32.
*''Galactopterus otaviensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 33 (South Africa)
*''Galactopterus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937, p. 32 (Namibia, South Africa)
*''Galactopterus simillimus'' Arnold, 1937, p. 34 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Guichardia'' Arnold, 1951===

''Guichardia macilenta'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hadropompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Hadropompilus braunsi'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Hadropompilus montanus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hauptiella'' Arnold, 1936===

''Hauptiella multipicta'' Arnold, 1936

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/Herpetosphex_staphylinoides.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex staphylinoides&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Homonotus'' Dahlbom, 1844===
Dahlbom 1843 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796238) or Dahlbom, 1844 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796653)?

''Homonotus aegyptiacus'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.469 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus coxalis'' Arnold, 1935, p.478 (South Africa)

''Homonotus disparilis'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.473 (South Africa)

''Homonotus dispersus'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus dissectus'' Arnold, 1935, p.474 (South Africa)

''Homonotus excavatus'' Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus fuscipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.475 (South Africa)

''Homonotus imitans'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus leptogaster'' Arnold, 1935, p.476 (South Africa)

''Homonotus ruficornis'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus rukwaensis'' Arnold, 1946 (Tanzania)

''Homonotus sansibaricus'' Arnold, 1935, p.471 (Zanzibar)

==='''Genus''' ''Idopompilus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Idopompilus algoensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus algoensis major'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus braunsi'' Kohl, 1899 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus brunnescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschi handlirschi'' Arnold, 1936 (?)

''Idopompilus handlirschi basutorum'' Arnold, 1959 (Lesotho, South Africa)

''Idopompilus fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1946 (Lesotho)

''Idopompilus gracilicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus krugeri'' Haupt, 1930 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Idopompilus quadrifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Kolposphex'' Arnold, 1959===

*''Kolposphex atronitens'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Kyphopompilus'' Arnold, 1960===

*''Kyphopompilus flavipes'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microdrapetes'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 30
*''Microdrapetes bellus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microphadnus'' Cameron, 1904===

*''Microphadnus bicolor'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Paracyphononyx'' Gribodo, 1884===

''Paracyphononyx affinis'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon, Ghana, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx africanus'' Rad., 1881 (Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx carinatus'' Rad., 1881 Angola, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx coloratus'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon)

''Paracyphononyx difficilis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Malai, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversipes'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversus'' Dahlbom, 1845 (Central and East Africa to South Africa, Yemen)

''Paracyphononyx elliotti'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx frustratus'' Smith, 1879 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx funebris'' Magretti, 1884 (Ethiopia)

''Paracyphononyx gemellus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx laboriosus'' Arnold, 1936 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx languidus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx lukombensis'' Cameron, 1912 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia)

''Paracyphononyx metemmensis'' Magretti, 1884 (Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx mombassicus'' R. Luc., 1898 (Kenya)

''Paracyphononyx montanus'' Arnold, 1960 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx parallelus'' Haupt, 1929 (Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx petiolaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx plutonis'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx rotundinervis'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx ruficrus'' Klug, 1834 (Asia Minor, Egypt, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' Illiger,1802 (Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Paraferreola'' Sustera, 1913===

''Paraferreola melanostoma'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.439 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paraferreola spilopus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.441 (South Africa)

''Paraferreola soleana'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.443 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Platyderes'' Guérin-Méneville, 1844===

''Platyderes bicolor'' Smith, 1855; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.454 (South Africa)

''Platyderes chalybeus'' Saussure, 1892 (or Tasch. 1880?); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.456 (East Africa, South Africa)

''Platyderes drègii'' Brauns, 1899; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.457 (South Africa)

''Platyderes erythrocephalus'' Guerin, **** (Madagascar)

''Platyderes flavoscutellatus'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes oraniensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.456 (South Africa)

''Platyderes rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.461 (Ethiopia, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes saussurei'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Platyderes spoliatus'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.462 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes vicinus'' Arnold, 1935, p.460 (South Africa)

''Platyderes wasmanni'' Brauns, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.459 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilus'' Fabricius===

''Pompilus alpinus'' Arnold, 1960 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus anomalopterus'' Cameron, 1908 (Malawi, South Africa)

''Pompilus cinereus'' Fabricius, 1775 (Yemen)

''Pompilus contrarius'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Pompilus curvifrons'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus erythrostomus'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus exploratrix'' Cameron, 1908 ''(''

''Pompilus ignobilis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pompilus levis'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana)

''Pompilus masaiensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus meruensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus plumbeus'' Fabricius, 1787 (Widespread through Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Senegal, South Africa) also in China, Europe, India)

''Pompilus sacchii'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus shirae'' Arnold, 1950 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus successor'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus vanutelli'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Pompilus yngvei'' Cameron, 1908 (

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilioides'' Radley, 1887===

''Pompilioides braunsi'' Kohl, 1894 (Cameroon)

''Pompilioides decipiens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides latifrons'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides pruinosus'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides trifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides validus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammochares'' Latreille, 1796===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p. 43.
*''Psammochares bilineatus'' Arnold, 1937, p. 50 (South Africa)
*''Psammochares brevis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 50 (South Africa)
** = ''Agenioideus brevis'' (Arnold, 1937)
*''Psammochares brunniventris'' Arnold, 1937, p. 54 (South Africa)
*''Psammochares decipiens'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.48 (Botswana, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares gibber'' Arnold, 1937, p. 52
** = ''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) (https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6WBTC)
*''Psammochares insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares irpex'' Gerstaecker, 1859; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.48 (Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares jocaste'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)
*''Psammochares latilabris'' Arnold, 1937, p. 47 (Malawi, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares quadriguttatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Tanzania)
*''Psammochares rotundilabris''(Arnold, 1937, p.53.) (South Africa)
** = ''Agenioideus rotundilabris''?
*''Psammochares rufigaster'' Arnold, 1937, p. 54 (South Africa)
*''Psammochares rutilus'' Klug, 1834; descr. Arnold, 1937, p. 58 (Ethiopia, Mozambique, Nigeria, Sudan, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares varians'' Arnold, 1937, p. 55 (South Africa)

''Psammochares gibber'' (= ''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937)?) Descr. Arnold, 1937, p. 52

==='''Genus''' ''Psammoderes'' Haupt, 1929===

''Psammoderes capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes collaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Psammoderes fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1935, p.438 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes lightfooti'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Psammoderes major'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.433 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes mimicus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.434 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes semirufus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.436 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes reputatus'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.437 (Congo, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Pseudoclavelia&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930===

''Pseudoclavelia argenteosignata'' Arnold, 1936 (Botswana, Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia bituberculata'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_damarensis.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia damarensis''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia jouberti'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_nitidula.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia nitidula'' ''nitidula''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia nitidula bechuanae'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia rhodesiana'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudoclavelia rufescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pseudopompilus'' Costa, 1887===

''Pseudopompilus funereus'' Arnold, 1935, p.444 (Zimbabwe, Namibia)

''Pseudopompilus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

''Pseudopompilus lacteipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psyllosphex'' Arnold, 1935===

''Psyllosphex dentatus'' (Cameron, 1904); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.482 (South Africa)

''Psyllosphex myrmosaeformis'' Arnold, 1935, p.482 (Zimbabwe)

''Psyllosphex saltator'' Arnold, 1935, p.480 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pygmachus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Pygmachus compressus'' Saussure, 1892 (Madagascar)

''Pygmachus umbratus'' Haupt, 1930 (Guinea, South Africa, Zanzibar, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Rhynchopompilus'' Arnold, 1934===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 37.
''Rhynchopompilus cursor'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Schistonyx'' Saussure, 1887===

''Schistonyx aterrimus'' Arnold, 1946 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx prismaticus'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

''Schistonyx sinuatus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx sheppardi'' Arnold, 1937, p.13 (Zimbabwe)

''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, South Africa, Syria, Zimbabwe) Most common pompilid in Zimbabwe (Arnold, 1937, p.12)

==='''Genus''' ''Schizanoplius'' Cameron, 1904===

''Schizanoplius lutarius'' (Saussure, 1834)(Ghana, Mali, Madagascar)

''Schizanoplius violaceipennis'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Spuridiophorus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Spuridiophorus capensis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Spuridiophorus inermis'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus maculipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Syntomoclitus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 25.
*''Syntomoclitus bicolor'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Ashmead, 1902===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ignitus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ignitus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Smith, 1855) (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ovambo.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ovambo&lt;/u&gt;''] (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Tachypompilus praepotens'' (Kohl, 1894) (South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zanzibar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_vitripennis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] ''&lt;u&gt;vitripennis&lt;/u&gt;'' (Arnold, 1937) (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Telostegus'' Costa, 1887===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 35.
*''Telostegus capensis'' Arnold, 1937; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.37 (South Africa)
*''Telostegus fuscipennis'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.35 (South Africa)
*''Telostegus insidiosus'' (Smith, 1879) (Yemen)
*''Telostegus sabulicola'' Priesner, 1955 (Algeria, Egypt, Marocco, Senegal, Yemen)

==References==</text>
      <sha1>dpryc6klvotcu3uf1opj7ew5lqy0qag</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719924</id>
      <parentid>2719923</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-28T11:38:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Genus Agenioideus Ashmead, 1902 */</comment>
      <origin>2719924</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="28050" sha1="fli8u2c04462wmqb3ruajrvkzv1f3rx" xml:space="preserve">Done to Genus Euryzonotulus Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 38.

==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;
- Claveliinae corrected to Ctenocerinae in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.386-388&lt;br&gt;
- Several new genera and species in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.388-399&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934, pp. 290-364.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA. (Arnold, 1934, pp. 380-385.)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; ''Pseudagenia'' in iNat).&lt;br&gt;
*''D. pulchricoma'' = ''Pseudagenia pulchricoma'' Arnold, 1934, p. 337-340&lt;br&gt;
*''D. neavei'' = ''Pseudagenia mygnimioides'' Arnold, 1934, pp.336-337 and ''Pseudagenia neavei'' Kohl 1913&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA. - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377.&lt;br&gt;
*also ''Poecilagenia spinosipes'' = ''Trachyglyptus spinosipes'' Arnold, 1934, p. 377-379&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = ''Deuteragenia turneri'', ''D. dregei'', ''D. chirindensis'', ''D. bicolor'' (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (''Hormopogonius willowmorensis'' = ''Calicurgus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1932 p.395); also ''H. tenuicornis'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 379-380&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
*Also ''Priocnernis aterrimus'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 385-386.
*''Priocnemis meridionalis'' Arnold, 1934, p. 386.
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pompilinae==

List of genera and species from [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm '''&lt;u&gt;https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm&lt;/u&gt;''']

=== '''Genus''' ''Aeluropetrus'' Arnold, 1936 ===

''Aeluropetrus braunsi'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Aeluropetrus lugubris'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 ===

*[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/Aetheopompilus_obliquetruncatus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus obliquetruncatus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 (Mozambique)

==='''Genus''' ''Agenioideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

*''Agenioideus decipiens'' (Bischoff, 1913) (South Africa)
*''Agenioideus lascivus'' (Cameron, 1891) (?)
*''Agenioideus nudatus'' (Smith, 1855) (?)
*''Agenioideus rutilus'' (Klug, 1834) (Yemen)
*''Agenioideus rufipes'' (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)
*''Agenioideus varians'' (Arnold, 1937) (?)
*''Agenioideus waltlii'' (Spinola, 1838)(Ghana, Zimbabwe)
** = ''Agenioideus cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937) https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/65S86
** =  ''Psammochares cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937, p52) https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/65S86
''Agenioideus brevis'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa) is a synonym of ''Psammochares brevis'' (https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4NBRN)&lt;br&gt;
''Agenioideus decipiens'' (Bischoff, 1913) (South Africa) is an ambiguous synonym of ''Psammochares decipiens'' Bischoff, 1913 (https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4NBSZ)
''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) is a synonym of ''Psammochares gibber''(https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6WBTC)
''Agenioideus rotundilabris'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa) - should be ''Psammochares rotundilabris''(Arnold, 1937, p.53.)? ''A. rotundilabris'' is not in CoL&lt;br&gt;

==='''Genus''' ''Amblyellus'' Day, 1981===

*''Amblyellus willowmorensis'' (Arnold, 1937) (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)
**= ''Psammochares willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 51.

==='''Genus''' ''Anoplius'' Dufour, 1834===

''Anoplius aethiopicus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Anoplius alecto'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Anoplius bifasciatus'' Tullgren, 1904 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda)

''Anoplius concinnus'' (Dahlbom, 1845) (Yemen)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''fuscus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, South Africa, Tanzania)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''excelsior'' Arnold, 1950 (Tanzania)

''Anoplius montanus'' Haupt, 1950 (Benin, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Principe Island, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

''Anoplius morosus'' Smith, 1855 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Anoplius octomaculatus'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Anoplius panmelas'' (Saussure, 1891) (Madagascar)

''Anoplius saegeri'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Anoplius subfasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius successor'' (Cameron, 1910) (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius viridicatus'' Smith, 1879 (West Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Apareia'' Haupt, 1929===

''Apareia multipicta rufifemur'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.449 (Zimbabwe)

''Apareia oedipus'' Kohl, 1886; descr. (synonymized?) as ''A. multipicta'' by Arnold, 1935, p.449 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporinellus'' Banks, 1911===

''Aporinellus bidens'' (Saussure, 1892) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporoideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Aporoideus clarus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Arachnospila'' Kincaid, 1900===

''Arachnospila (Ammosphex) consobrina heringi'' (Haupt, 1928) (California, Canary Islands, Spain, Tanzania, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Argyroclitus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p. 26.
*''Argyroclitus fasciatipennis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 27 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 29 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus longicollis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 29 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937, p. 28 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus ruwenzoriensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 30 (Democratic Republic of the Congo)

==='''Genus''' ''Atelostegus'' Haupt, 1929===

*''Atelostegus thrinax'' (Kohl, 1909) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Atopopompilus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus in Arnold, 1937, p. 22.
*''Atopompilus jacens'' (Bingham, 1912) (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Yemen)
*''Atopompilus marshalli'' Arnold, 1937, p. 24 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Atopopompilus venans mlanjiensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 24 (Ghana)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/Bambesa_grisea.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa grisea&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p.2.
*''Batozonellus capensis'' (Dahlbom, 1843); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.6 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/Batozonellus_fuliginosus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus fuliginosus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Klug, 1834); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.3 (Central Africa, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)
*''Batozonellus gowdeyi'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.7 (Sierra Leone, Uganda)
*''Batozonellus madecassus'' (Saussure, 1887) (Madagascar)
*''Batozonellus separabilis'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.9 (Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Batozonus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Batozonus bipunctatus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Batozonus capensis'' Dahlbom, 1940 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Cliochares'' Banks, 1940===

''Cliochares convexus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Cordyloscelis'' Arnold, 1935===

''Cordyloscelis bequaerti'' Arnold, 1935, p.420 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Cordyloscelis flavipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.424 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis latipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.417 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis namaqua'' Arnold, 1935, p.423 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis nigerrimus'' Arnold, 1935, p.421 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis parallelus'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe)

''Cordyloscelis ugandensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.425 (Congo, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Ctenagenia'' Saussure, 1892===

''Ctenagenia vespiformis'' (Klug, 1834) (Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Madagascar, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, Yemen)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930 ===

''Dromochares clavipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (Zimbabwe)

''Dromochares fumipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Dromochares premnopterus'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

''Dromochares rufipes'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/Dromochares_transvaalensis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares transvaalensis&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Dicyrtomellus'' Gussakovskij, 1935===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p.14.
*''Dicyrtomellus anomalipes'' Arnold, 1937, p.20 (South Africa)
*''Dicyrtomellus argenteodecoratus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.21 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus griseus'' Arnold, 1937, p.17 (Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus impressus'' Arnold, 1937, p.18 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus leptacanthius'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.16 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus meruensis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus neavei'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.19 (Congo)
*''Dicyrtomellus rufofemoratus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.17 (South Africa)
*''Dicyrtomellus sexspinosus'' (Saunders, 1901) = ''Dicyrtomellus pectinatus'' Arnold, 1937, p.19 (Sudan)

==='''Genus''' ''Elaphrosyron'' Haupt, 1930===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 40.
*''Elaphrosyron insidiosus'' Smith, 1879; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.41 (Ethiopia, Mali, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Elaphrosyron multipictus'' Arnold, 1937, p.42 (Uganda)
*''Elaphrosyron pauperculus'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Epiclinotus'' Haupt, 1929===

''Epiclinotus capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus erythrurus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.465 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus turneri'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.466 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron&lt;/u&gt;''] Schiødte, 1837===

''Episyron argillaceus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zambia)

''Episyron bequaerti'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron bicinctus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron braunsii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron crassicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Episyron gryps'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/Episyron_histrio.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron histrio&lt;/u&gt;''] Lepeletier, 1845 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mali, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron pedunculatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron solitaneum'' Kohl, 1906 (Yemen)

''Episyron tropicalis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Episyron turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron viduus'' Arnold, 1936 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron vindex'' Smith, 1879 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/index.htm &lt;u&gt;Euclavelia&lt;/u&gt;]'' Arnold, 1932===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/Euclavelia_fasciata.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Euclavelia fasciata&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1932 (South Africa)

''Euclavelia longicollis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Euryzonotulus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 38.
*''Euryzonotulus nigeriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Nigeria, Democratic Republic of the Congo)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreola'' Lepeletier, 1845===

''Ferreola auranticornis'' Wahis, 2000 (Eritrea, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreoloides'' Haupt, 1919===

''Ferreoloides basutorum'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

''Ferreoloides versutus'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

==='''Genus''' ''Galactopterus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 32.
*''Galactopterus otaviensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 33 (South Africa)
*''Galactopterus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937, p. 32 (Namibia, South Africa)
*''Galactopterus simillimus'' Arnold, 1937, p. 34 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Guichardia'' Arnold, 1951===

''Guichardia macilenta'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hadropompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Hadropompilus braunsi'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Hadropompilus montanus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hauptiella'' Arnold, 1936===

''Hauptiella multipicta'' Arnold, 1936

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/Herpetosphex_staphylinoides.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex staphylinoides&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Homonotus'' Dahlbom, 1844===
Dahlbom 1843 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796238) or Dahlbom, 1844 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796653)?

''Homonotus aegyptiacus'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.469 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus coxalis'' Arnold, 1935, p.478 (South Africa)

''Homonotus disparilis'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.473 (South Africa)

''Homonotus dispersus'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus dissectus'' Arnold, 1935, p.474 (South Africa)

''Homonotus excavatus'' Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus fuscipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.475 (South Africa)

''Homonotus imitans'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus leptogaster'' Arnold, 1935, p.476 (South Africa)

''Homonotus ruficornis'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus rukwaensis'' Arnold, 1946 (Tanzania)

''Homonotus sansibaricus'' Arnold, 1935, p.471 (Zanzibar)

==='''Genus''' ''Idopompilus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Idopompilus algoensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus algoensis major'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus braunsi'' Kohl, 1899 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus brunnescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschi handlirschi'' Arnold, 1936 (?)

''Idopompilus handlirschi basutorum'' Arnold, 1959 (Lesotho, South Africa)

''Idopompilus fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1946 (Lesotho)

''Idopompilus gracilicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus krugeri'' Haupt, 1930 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Idopompilus quadrifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Kolposphex'' Arnold, 1959===

*''Kolposphex atronitens'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Kyphopompilus'' Arnold, 1960===

*''Kyphopompilus flavipes'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microdrapetes'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 30
*''Microdrapetes bellus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microphadnus'' Cameron, 1904===

*''Microphadnus bicolor'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Paracyphononyx'' Gribodo, 1884===

''Paracyphononyx affinis'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon, Ghana, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx africanus'' Rad., 1881 (Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx carinatus'' Rad., 1881 Angola, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx coloratus'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon)

''Paracyphononyx difficilis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Malai, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversipes'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversus'' Dahlbom, 1845 (Central and East Africa to South Africa, Yemen)

''Paracyphononyx elliotti'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx frustratus'' Smith, 1879 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx funebris'' Magretti, 1884 (Ethiopia)

''Paracyphononyx gemellus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx laboriosus'' Arnold, 1936 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx languidus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx lukombensis'' Cameron, 1912 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia)

''Paracyphononyx metemmensis'' Magretti, 1884 (Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx mombassicus'' R. Luc., 1898 (Kenya)

''Paracyphononyx montanus'' Arnold, 1960 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx parallelus'' Haupt, 1929 (Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx petiolaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx plutonis'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx rotundinervis'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx ruficrus'' Klug, 1834 (Asia Minor, Egypt, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' Illiger,1802 (Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Paraferreola'' Sustera, 1913===

''Paraferreola melanostoma'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.439 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paraferreola spilopus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.441 (South Africa)

''Paraferreola soleana'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.443 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Platyderes'' Guérin-Méneville, 1844===

''Platyderes bicolor'' Smith, 1855; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.454 (South Africa)

''Platyderes chalybeus'' Saussure, 1892 (or Tasch. 1880?); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.456 (East Africa, South Africa)

''Platyderes drègii'' Brauns, 1899; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.457 (South Africa)

''Platyderes erythrocephalus'' Guerin, **** (Madagascar)

''Platyderes flavoscutellatus'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes oraniensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.456 (South Africa)

''Platyderes rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.461 (Ethiopia, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes saussurei'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Platyderes spoliatus'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.462 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes vicinus'' Arnold, 1935, p.460 (South Africa)

''Platyderes wasmanni'' Brauns, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.459 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilus'' Fabricius===

''Pompilus alpinus'' Arnold, 1960 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus anomalopterus'' Cameron, 1908 (Malawi, South Africa)

''Pompilus cinereus'' Fabricius, 1775 (Yemen)

''Pompilus contrarius'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Pompilus curvifrons'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus erythrostomus'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus exploratrix'' Cameron, 1908 ''(''

''Pompilus ignobilis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pompilus levis'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana)

''Pompilus masaiensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus meruensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus plumbeus'' Fabricius, 1787 (Widespread through Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Senegal, South Africa) also in China, Europe, India)

''Pompilus sacchii'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus shirae'' Arnold, 1950 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus successor'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus vanutelli'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Pompilus yngvei'' Cameron, 1908 (

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilioides'' Radley, 1887===

''Pompilioides braunsi'' Kohl, 1894 (Cameroon)

''Pompilioides decipiens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides latifrons'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides pruinosus'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides trifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides validus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammochares'' Latreille, 1796===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p. 43.
*''Psammochares bilineatus'' Arnold, 1937, p. 50 (South Africa)
*''Psammochares brevis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 50 (South Africa)
** = ''Agenioideus brevis'' (Arnold, 1937)
*''Psammochares brunniventris'' Arnold, 1937, p. 54 (South Africa)
*''Psammochares decipiens'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.48 (Botswana, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares gibber'' Arnold, 1937, p. 52
** = ''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) (https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6WBTC)
*''Psammochares insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares irpex'' Gerstaecker, 1859; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.48 (Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares jocaste'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)
*''Psammochares latilabris'' Arnold, 1937, p. 47 (Malawi, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares quadriguttatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Tanzania)
*''Psammochares rotundilabris''(Arnold, 1937, p.53.) (South Africa)
** = ''Agenioideus rotundilabris''?
*''Psammochares rufigaster'' Arnold, 1937, p. 54 (South Africa)
*''Psammochares rutilus'' Klug, 1834; descr. Arnold, 1937, p. 58 (Ethiopia, Mozambique, Nigeria, Sudan, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares varians'' Arnold, 1937, p. 55 (South Africa)

''Psammochares gibber'' (= ''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937)?) Descr. Arnold, 1937, p. 52

==='''Genus''' ''Psammoderes'' Haupt, 1929===

''Psammoderes capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes collaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Psammoderes fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1935, p.438 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes lightfooti'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Psammoderes major'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.433 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes mimicus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.434 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes semirufus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.436 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes reputatus'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.437 (Congo, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Pseudoclavelia&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930===

''Pseudoclavelia argenteosignata'' Arnold, 1936 (Botswana, Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia bituberculata'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_damarensis.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia damarensis''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia jouberti'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_nitidula.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia nitidula'' ''nitidula''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia nitidula bechuanae'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia rhodesiana'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudoclavelia rufescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pseudopompilus'' Costa, 1887===

''Pseudopompilus funereus'' Arnold, 1935, p.444 (Zimbabwe, Namibia)

''Pseudopompilus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

''Pseudopompilus lacteipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psyllosphex'' Arnold, 1935===

''Psyllosphex dentatus'' (Cameron, 1904); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.482 (South Africa)

''Psyllosphex myrmosaeformis'' Arnold, 1935, p.482 (Zimbabwe)

''Psyllosphex saltator'' Arnold, 1935, p.480 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pygmachus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Pygmachus compressus'' Saussure, 1892 (Madagascar)

''Pygmachus umbratus'' Haupt, 1930 (Guinea, South Africa, Zanzibar, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Rhynchopompilus'' Arnold, 1934===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 37.
''Rhynchopompilus cursor'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Schistonyx'' Saussure, 1887===

''Schistonyx aterrimus'' Arnold, 1946 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx prismaticus'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

''Schistonyx sinuatus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx sheppardi'' Arnold, 1937, p.13 (Zimbabwe)

''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, South Africa, Syria, Zimbabwe) Most common pompilid in Zimbabwe (Arnold, 1937, p.12)

==='''Genus''' ''Schizanoplius'' Cameron, 1904===

''Schizanoplius lutarius'' (Saussure, 1834)(Ghana, Mali, Madagascar)

''Schizanoplius violaceipennis'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Spuridiophorus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Spuridiophorus capensis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Spuridiophorus inermis'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus maculipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Syntomoclitus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 25.
*''Syntomoclitus bicolor'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Ashmead, 1902===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ignitus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ignitus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Smith, 1855) (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ovambo.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ovambo&lt;/u&gt;''] (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Tachypompilus praepotens'' (Kohl, 1894) (South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zanzibar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_vitripennis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] ''&lt;u&gt;vitripennis&lt;/u&gt;'' (Arnold, 1937) (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Telostegus'' Costa, 1887===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 35.
*''Telostegus capensis'' Arnold, 1937; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.37 (South Africa)
*''Telostegus fuscipennis'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.35 (South Africa)
*''Telostegus insidiosus'' (Smith, 1879) (Yemen)
*''Telostegus sabulicola'' Priesner, 1955 (Algeria, Egypt, Marocco, Senegal, Yemen)

==References==</text>
      <sha1>fli8u2c04462wmqb3ruajrvkzv1f3rx</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719925</id>
      <parentid>2719924</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-28T11:42:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Genus Agenioideus Ashmead, 1902 */</comment>
      <origin>2719925</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="28125" sha1="ayabiewv7l4518jx7ifs4tuwutk7064" xml:space="preserve">Done to Genus Euryzonotulus Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 38.

==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;
- Claveliinae corrected to Ctenocerinae in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.386-388&lt;br&gt;
- Several new genera and species in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.388-399&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934, pp. 290-364.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA. (Arnold, 1934, pp. 380-385.)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; ''Pseudagenia'' in iNat).&lt;br&gt;
*''D. pulchricoma'' = ''Pseudagenia pulchricoma'' Arnold, 1934, p. 337-340&lt;br&gt;
*''D. neavei'' = ''Pseudagenia mygnimioides'' Arnold, 1934, pp.336-337 and ''Pseudagenia neavei'' Kohl 1913&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA. - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377.&lt;br&gt;
*also ''Poecilagenia spinosipes'' = ''Trachyglyptus spinosipes'' Arnold, 1934, p. 377-379&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = ''Deuteragenia turneri'', ''D. dregei'', ''D. chirindensis'', ''D. bicolor'' (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (''Hormopogonius willowmorensis'' = ''Calicurgus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1932 p.395); also ''H. tenuicornis'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 379-380&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
*Also ''Priocnernis aterrimus'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 385-386.
*''Priocnemis meridionalis'' Arnold, 1934, p. 386.
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pompilinae==

List of genera and species from [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm '''&lt;u&gt;https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm&lt;/u&gt;''']

=== '''Genus''' ''Aeluropetrus'' Arnold, 1936 ===

''Aeluropetrus braunsi'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Aeluropetrus lugubris'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 ===

*[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/Aetheopompilus_obliquetruncatus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus obliquetruncatus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 (Mozambique)

==='''Genus''' ''Agenioideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

*''Agenioideus lascivus'' (Cameron, 1891) (?) Accepted species in https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/5TS6V 2025-06-28
*''Agenioideus nudatus'' (Smith, 1855) (?)
*''Agenioideus rutilus'' (Klug, 1834) (Yemen)
*''Agenioideus rufipes'' (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)
*''Agenioideus varians'' (Arnold, 1937) (?)
*''Agenioideus waltlii'' (Spinola, 1838)(Ghana, Zimbabwe)
** = ''Agenioideus cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937) https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/65S86
** =  ''Psammochares cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937, p52) https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/65S86
''Agenioideus brevis'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa) is a synonym of ''Psammochares brevis'' (https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4NBRN 2025-06-28)&lt;br&gt;
''Agenioideus decipiens'' (Bischoff, 1913) (South Africa) is an ambiguous synonym of ''Psammochares decipiens'' Bischoff, 1913 (https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4NBSZ 2025-06-28)&lt;br&gt;

''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) is a synonym of ''Psammochares gibber''(https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6WBTC 2025-06-28)&lt;br&gt;

''Agenioideus rotundilabris'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa) - should be ''Psammochares rotundilabris''(Arnold, 1937, p.53.)? ''A. rotundilabris'' is not in CoL 2025-06-28&lt;br&gt;

==='''Genus''' ''Amblyellus'' Day, 1981===

*''Amblyellus willowmorensis'' (Arnold, 1937) (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)
**= ''Psammochares willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 51.

==='''Genus''' ''Anoplius'' Dufour, 1834===

''Anoplius aethiopicus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Anoplius alecto'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Anoplius bifasciatus'' Tullgren, 1904 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda)

''Anoplius concinnus'' (Dahlbom, 1845) (Yemen)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''fuscus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, South Africa, Tanzania)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''excelsior'' Arnold, 1950 (Tanzania)

''Anoplius montanus'' Haupt, 1950 (Benin, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Principe Island, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

''Anoplius morosus'' Smith, 1855 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Anoplius octomaculatus'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Anoplius panmelas'' (Saussure, 1891) (Madagascar)

''Anoplius saegeri'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Anoplius subfasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius successor'' (Cameron, 1910) (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius viridicatus'' Smith, 1879 (West Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Apareia'' Haupt, 1929===

''Apareia multipicta rufifemur'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.449 (Zimbabwe)

''Apareia oedipus'' Kohl, 1886; descr. (synonymized?) as ''A. multipicta'' by Arnold, 1935, p.449 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporinellus'' Banks, 1911===

''Aporinellus bidens'' (Saussure, 1892) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporoideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Aporoideus clarus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Arachnospila'' Kincaid, 1900===

''Arachnospila (Ammosphex) consobrina heringi'' (Haupt, 1928) (California, Canary Islands, Spain, Tanzania, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Argyroclitus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p. 26.
*''Argyroclitus fasciatipennis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 27 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 29 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus longicollis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 29 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937, p. 28 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus ruwenzoriensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 30 (Democratic Republic of the Congo)

==='''Genus''' ''Atelostegus'' Haupt, 1929===

*''Atelostegus thrinax'' (Kohl, 1909) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Atopopompilus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus in Arnold, 1937, p. 22.
*''Atopompilus jacens'' (Bingham, 1912) (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Yemen)
*''Atopompilus marshalli'' Arnold, 1937, p. 24 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Atopopompilus venans mlanjiensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 24 (Ghana)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/Bambesa_grisea.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa grisea&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p.2.
*''Batozonellus capensis'' (Dahlbom, 1843); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.6 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/Batozonellus_fuliginosus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus fuliginosus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Klug, 1834); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.3 (Central Africa, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)
*''Batozonellus gowdeyi'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.7 (Sierra Leone, Uganda)
*''Batozonellus madecassus'' (Saussure, 1887) (Madagascar)
*''Batozonellus separabilis'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.9 (Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Batozonus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Batozonus bipunctatus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Batozonus capensis'' Dahlbom, 1940 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Cliochares'' Banks, 1940===

''Cliochares convexus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Cordyloscelis'' Arnold, 1935===

''Cordyloscelis bequaerti'' Arnold, 1935, p.420 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Cordyloscelis flavipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.424 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis latipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.417 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis namaqua'' Arnold, 1935, p.423 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis nigerrimus'' Arnold, 1935, p.421 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis parallelus'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe)

''Cordyloscelis ugandensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.425 (Congo, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Ctenagenia'' Saussure, 1892===

''Ctenagenia vespiformis'' (Klug, 1834) (Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Madagascar, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, Yemen)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930 ===

''Dromochares clavipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (Zimbabwe)

''Dromochares fumipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Dromochares premnopterus'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

''Dromochares rufipes'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/Dromochares_transvaalensis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares transvaalensis&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Dicyrtomellus'' Gussakovskij, 1935===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p.14.
*''Dicyrtomellus anomalipes'' Arnold, 1937, p.20 (South Africa)
*''Dicyrtomellus argenteodecoratus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.21 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus griseus'' Arnold, 1937, p.17 (Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus impressus'' Arnold, 1937, p.18 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus leptacanthius'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.16 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus meruensis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus neavei'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.19 (Congo)
*''Dicyrtomellus rufofemoratus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.17 (South Africa)
*''Dicyrtomellus sexspinosus'' (Saunders, 1901) = ''Dicyrtomellus pectinatus'' Arnold, 1937, p.19 (Sudan)

==='''Genus''' ''Elaphrosyron'' Haupt, 1930===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 40.
*''Elaphrosyron insidiosus'' Smith, 1879; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.41 (Ethiopia, Mali, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Elaphrosyron multipictus'' Arnold, 1937, p.42 (Uganda)
*''Elaphrosyron pauperculus'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Epiclinotus'' Haupt, 1929===

''Epiclinotus capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus erythrurus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.465 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus turneri'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.466 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron&lt;/u&gt;''] Schiødte, 1837===

''Episyron argillaceus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zambia)

''Episyron bequaerti'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron bicinctus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron braunsii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron crassicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Episyron gryps'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/Episyron_histrio.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron histrio&lt;/u&gt;''] Lepeletier, 1845 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mali, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron pedunculatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron solitaneum'' Kohl, 1906 (Yemen)

''Episyron tropicalis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Episyron turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron viduus'' Arnold, 1936 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron vindex'' Smith, 1879 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/index.htm &lt;u&gt;Euclavelia&lt;/u&gt;]'' Arnold, 1932===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/Euclavelia_fasciata.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Euclavelia fasciata&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1932 (South Africa)

''Euclavelia longicollis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Euryzonotulus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 38.
*''Euryzonotulus nigeriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Nigeria, Democratic Republic of the Congo)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreola'' Lepeletier, 1845===

''Ferreola auranticornis'' Wahis, 2000 (Eritrea, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreoloides'' Haupt, 1919===

''Ferreoloides basutorum'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

''Ferreoloides versutus'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

==='''Genus''' ''Galactopterus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 32.
*''Galactopterus otaviensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 33 (South Africa)
*''Galactopterus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937, p. 32 (Namibia, South Africa)
*''Galactopterus simillimus'' Arnold, 1937, p. 34 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Guichardia'' Arnold, 1951===

''Guichardia macilenta'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hadropompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Hadropompilus braunsi'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Hadropompilus montanus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hauptiella'' Arnold, 1936===

''Hauptiella multipicta'' Arnold, 1936

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/Herpetosphex_staphylinoides.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex staphylinoides&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Homonotus'' Dahlbom, 1844===
Dahlbom 1843 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796238) or Dahlbom, 1844 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796653)?

''Homonotus aegyptiacus'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.469 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus coxalis'' Arnold, 1935, p.478 (South Africa)

''Homonotus disparilis'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.473 (South Africa)

''Homonotus dispersus'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus dissectus'' Arnold, 1935, p.474 (South Africa)

''Homonotus excavatus'' Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus fuscipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.475 (South Africa)

''Homonotus imitans'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus leptogaster'' Arnold, 1935, p.476 (South Africa)

''Homonotus ruficornis'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus rukwaensis'' Arnold, 1946 (Tanzania)

''Homonotus sansibaricus'' Arnold, 1935, p.471 (Zanzibar)

==='''Genus''' ''Idopompilus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Idopompilus algoensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus algoensis major'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus braunsi'' Kohl, 1899 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus brunnescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschi handlirschi'' Arnold, 1936 (?)

''Idopompilus handlirschi basutorum'' Arnold, 1959 (Lesotho, South Africa)

''Idopompilus fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1946 (Lesotho)

''Idopompilus gracilicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus krugeri'' Haupt, 1930 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Idopompilus quadrifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Kolposphex'' Arnold, 1959===

*''Kolposphex atronitens'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Kyphopompilus'' Arnold, 1960===

*''Kyphopompilus flavipes'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microdrapetes'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 30
*''Microdrapetes bellus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microphadnus'' Cameron, 1904===

*''Microphadnus bicolor'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Paracyphononyx'' Gribodo, 1884===

''Paracyphononyx affinis'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon, Ghana, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx africanus'' Rad., 1881 (Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx carinatus'' Rad., 1881 Angola, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx coloratus'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon)

''Paracyphononyx difficilis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Malai, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversipes'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversus'' Dahlbom, 1845 (Central and East Africa to South Africa, Yemen)

''Paracyphononyx elliotti'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx frustratus'' Smith, 1879 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx funebris'' Magretti, 1884 (Ethiopia)

''Paracyphononyx gemellus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx laboriosus'' Arnold, 1936 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx languidus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx lukombensis'' Cameron, 1912 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia)

''Paracyphononyx metemmensis'' Magretti, 1884 (Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx mombassicus'' R. Luc., 1898 (Kenya)

''Paracyphononyx montanus'' Arnold, 1960 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx parallelus'' Haupt, 1929 (Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx petiolaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx plutonis'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx rotundinervis'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx ruficrus'' Klug, 1834 (Asia Minor, Egypt, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' Illiger,1802 (Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Paraferreola'' Sustera, 1913===

''Paraferreola melanostoma'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.439 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paraferreola spilopus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.441 (South Africa)

''Paraferreola soleana'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.443 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Platyderes'' Guérin-Méneville, 1844===

''Platyderes bicolor'' Smith, 1855; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.454 (South Africa)

''Platyderes chalybeus'' Saussure, 1892 (or Tasch. 1880?); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.456 (East Africa, South Africa)

''Platyderes drègii'' Brauns, 1899; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.457 (South Africa)

''Platyderes erythrocephalus'' Guerin, **** (Madagascar)

''Platyderes flavoscutellatus'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes oraniensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.456 (South Africa)

''Platyderes rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.461 (Ethiopia, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes saussurei'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Platyderes spoliatus'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.462 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes vicinus'' Arnold, 1935, p.460 (South Africa)

''Platyderes wasmanni'' Brauns, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.459 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilus'' Fabricius===

''Pompilus alpinus'' Arnold, 1960 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus anomalopterus'' Cameron, 1908 (Malawi, South Africa)

''Pompilus cinereus'' Fabricius, 1775 (Yemen)

''Pompilus contrarius'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Pompilus curvifrons'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus erythrostomus'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus exploratrix'' Cameron, 1908 ''(''

''Pompilus ignobilis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pompilus levis'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana)

''Pompilus masaiensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus meruensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus plumbeus'' Fabricius, 1787 (Widespread through Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Senegal, South Africa) also in China, Europe, India)

''Pompilus sacchii'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus shirae'' Arnold, 1950 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus successor'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus vanutelli'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Pompilus yngvei'' Cameron, 1908 (

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilioides'' Radley, 1887===

''Pompilioides braunsi'' Kohl, 1894 (Cameroon)

''Pompilioides decipiens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides latifrons'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides pruinosus'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides trifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides validus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammochares'' Latreille, 1796===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p. 43.
*''Psammochares bilineatus'' Arnold, 1937, p. 50 (South Africa)
*''Psammochares brevis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 50 (South Africa)
** = ''Agenioideus brevis'' (Arnold, 1937)
*''Psammochares brunniventris'' Arnold, 1937, p. 54 (South Africa)
*''Psammochares decipiens'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.48 (Botswana, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares gibber'' Arnold, 1937, p. 52
** = ''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) (https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6WBTC)
*''Psammochares insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares irpex'' Gerstaecker, 1859; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.48 (Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares jocaste'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)
*''Psammochares latilabris'' Arnold, 1937, p. 47 (Malawi, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares quadriguttatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Tanzania)
*''Psammochares rotundilabris''(Arnold, 1937, p.53.) (South Africa)
** = ''Agenioideus rotundilabris''?
*''Psammochares rufigaster'' Arnold, 1937, p. 54 (South Africa)
*''Psammochares rutilus'' Klug, 1834; descr. Arnold, 1937, p. 58 (Ethiopia, Mozambique, Nigeria, Sudan, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares varians'' Arnold, 1937, p. 55 (South Africa)

''Psammochares gibber'' (= ''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937)?) Descr. Arnold, 1937, p. 52

==='''Genus''' ''Psammoderes'' Haupt, 1929===

''Psammoderes capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes collaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Psammoderes fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1935, p.438 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes lightfooti'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Psammoderes major'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.433 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes mimicus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.434 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes semirufus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.436 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes reputatus'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.437 (Congo, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Pseudoclavelia&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930===

''Pseudoclavelia argenteosignata'' Arnold, 1936 (Botswana, Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia bituberculata'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_damarensis.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia damarensis''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia jouberti'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_nitidula.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia nitidula'' ''nitidula''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia nitidula bechuanae'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia rhodesiana'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudoclavelia rufescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pseudopompilus'' Costa, 1887===

''Pseudopompilus funereus'' Arnold, 1935, p.444 (Zimbabwe, Namibia)

''Pseudopompilus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

''Pseudopompilus lacteipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psyllosphex'' Arnold, 1935===

''Psyllosphex dentatus'' (Cameron, 1904); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.482 (South Africa)

''Psyllosphex myrmosaeformis'' Arnold, 1935, p.482 (Zimbabwe)

''Psyllosphex saltator'' Arnold, 1935, p.480 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pygmachus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Pygmachus compressus'' Saussure, 1892 (Madagascar)

''Pygmachus umbratus'' Haupt, 1930 (Guinea, South Africa, Zanzibar, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Rhynchopompilus'' Arnold, 1934===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 37.
''Rhynchopompilus cursor'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Schistonyx'' Saussure, 1887===

''Schistonyx aterrimus'' Arnold, 1946 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx prismaticus'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

''Schistonyx sinuatus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx sheppardi'' Arnold, 1937, p.13 (Zimbabwe)

''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, South Africa, Syria, Zimbabwe) Most common pompilid in Zimbabwe (Arnold, 1937, p.12)

==='''Genus''' ''Schizanoplius'' Cameron, 1904===

''Schizanoplius lutarius'' (Saussure, 1834)(Ghana, Mali, Madagascar)

''Schizanoplius violaceipennis'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Spuridiophorus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Spuridiophorus capensis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Spuridiophorus inermis'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus maculipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Syntomoclitus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 25.
*''Syntomoclitus bicolor'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Ashmead, 1902===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ignitus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ignitus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Smith, 1855) (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ovambo.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ovambo&lt;/u&gt;''] (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Tachypompilus praepotens'' (Kohl, 1894) (South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zanzibar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_vitripennis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] ''&lt;u&gt;vitripennis&lt;/u&gt;'' (Arnold, 1937) (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Telostegus'' Costa, 1887===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 35.
*''Telostegus capensis'' Arnold, 1937; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.37 (South Africa)
*''Telostegus fuscipennis'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.35 (South Africa)
*''Telostegus insidiosus'' (Smith, 1879) (Yemen)
*''Telostegus sabulicola'' Priesner, 1955 (Algeria, Egypt, Marocco, Senegal, Yemen)

==References==</text>
      <sha1>ayabiewv7l4518jx7ifs4tuwutk7064</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719926</id>
      <parentid>2719925</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-28T11:45:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Genus Agenioideus Ashmead, 1902 */</comment>
      <origin>2719926</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="28175" sha1="o5kdt2w4gvvxek6jin3pfpti0emfg1s" xml:space="preserve">Done to Genus Euryzonotulus Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 38.

==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;
- Claveliinae corrected to Ctenocerinae in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.386-388&lt;br&gt;
- Several new genera and species in Arnold, G. 1934 pp.388-399&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934, pp. 290-364.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA. (Arnold, 1934, pp. 380-385.)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; ''Pseudagenia'' in iNat).&lt;br&gt;
*''D. pulchricoma'' = ''Pseudagenia pulchricoma'' Arnold, 1934, p. 337-340&lt;br&gt;
*''D. neavei'' = ''Pseudagenia mygnimioides'' Arnold, 1934, pp.336-337 and ''Pseudagenia neavei'' Kohl 1913&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA. - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377.&lt;br&gt;
*also ''Poecilagenia spinosipes'' = ''Trachyglyptus spinosipes'' Arnold, 1934, p. 377-379&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = ''Deuteragenia turneri'', ''D. dregei'', ''D. chirindensis'', ''D. bicolor'' (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (''Hormopogonius willowmorensis'' = ''Calicurgus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1932 p.395); also ''H. tenuicornis'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 379-380&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
*Also ''Priocnernis aterrimus'' Arnold, 1934, pp. 385-386.
*''Priocnemis meridionalis'' Arnold, 1934, p. 386.
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Pompilinae==

List of genera and species from [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm '''&lt;u&gt;https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Classification/index.htm&lt;/u&gt;''']

=== '''Genus''' ''Aeluropetrus'' Arnold, 1936 ===

''Aeluropetrus braunsi'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Aeluropetrus lugubris'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 ===

*[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Aetheopompilus/Aetheopompilus_obliquetruncatus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Aetheopompilus obliquetruncatus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1934 (Mozambique)

==='''Genus''' ''Agenioideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

*''Agenioideus lascivus'' (Cameron, 1891) (?) Accepted species in https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/5TS6V 2025-06-28

*''Agenioideus rutilus'' (Klug, 1834) (Yemen)
*''Agenioideus rufipes'' (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)
*''Agenioideus varians'' (Arnold, 1937) (?)
*''Agenioideus waltlii'' (Spinola, 1838)(Ghana, Zimbabwe)
** = ''Agenioideus cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937) https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/65S86
** =  ''Psammochares cinnamomeus'' (Arnold, 1937, p52) https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/65S86
''Agenioideus brevis'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa) is a synonym of ''Psammochares brevis'' (https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4NBRN 2025-06-28)&lt;br&gt;
''Agenioideus decipiens'' (Bischoff, 1913) (South Africa) is an ambiguous synonym of ''Psammochares decipiens'' Bischoff, 1913 (https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4NBSZ 2025-06-28)&lt;br&gt;
''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) is a synonym of ''Psammochares gibber''(https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6WBTC 2025-06-28)&lt;br&gt;
''Agenioideus nudatus'' (Smith, 1855) (?) is a snonym of ''Pompilus nudatus'' Smith, 1855&lt;br&gt;
''Agenioideus rotundilabris'' (Arnold, 1937) (South Africa) - should be ''Psammochares rotundilabris''(Arnold, 1937, p.53.)? ''A. rotundilabris'' is not in CoL 2025-06-28&lt;br&gt;

==='''Genus''' ''Amblyellus'' Day, 1981===

*''Amblyellus willowmorensis'' (Arnold, 1937) (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)
**= ''Psammochares willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 51.

==='''Genus''' ''Anoplius'' Dufour, 1834===

''Anoplius aethiopicus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Anoplius alecto'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Anoplius bifasciatus'' Tullgren, 1904 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda)

''Anoplius concinnus'' (Dahlbom, 1845) (Yemen)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''fuscus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, South Africa, Tanzania)

''Anoplius fuscus'' ''excelsior'' Arnold, 1950 (Tanzania)

''Anoplius montanus'' Haupt, 1950 (Benin, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Principe Island, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)

''Anoplius morosus'' Smith, 1855 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Anoplius octomaculatus'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Anoplius panmelas'' (Saussure, 1891) (Madagascar)

''Anoplius saegeri'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Anoplius subfasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius successor'' (Cameron, 1910) (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Anoplius viridicatus'' Smith, 1879 (West Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Apareia'' Haupt, 1929===

''Apareia multipicta rufifemur'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.449 (Zimbabwe)

''Apareia oedipus'' Kohl, 1886; descr. (synonymized?) as ''A. multipicta'' by Arnold, 1935, p.449 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporinellus'' Banks, 1911===

''Aporinellus bidens'' (Saussure, 1892) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Aporoideus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Aporoideus clarus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Arachnospila'' Kincaid, 1900===

''Arachnospila (Ammosphex) consobrina heringi'' (Haupt, 1928) (California, Canary Islands, Spain, Tanzania, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Argyroclitus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p. 26.
*''Argyroclitus fasciatipennis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 27 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 29 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus longicollis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 29 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937, p. 28 (Zimbabwe)
*''Argyroclitus ruwenzoriensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 30 (Democratic Republic of the Congo)

==='''Genus''' ''Atelostegus'' Haupt, 1929===

*''Atelostegus thrinax'' (Kohl, 1909) (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Atopopompilus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus in Arnold, 1937, p. 22.
*''Atopompilus jacens'' (Bingham, 1912) (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Yemen)
*''Atopompilus marshalli'' Arnold, 1937, p. 24 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Atopopompilus venans mlanjiensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 24 (Ghana)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Bambesa/Bambesa_grisea.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Bambesa grisea&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p.2.
*''Batozonellus capensis'' (Dahlbom, 1843); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.6 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Batozonellus/Batozonellus_fuliginosus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Batozonellus fuliginosus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Klug, 1834); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.3 (Central Africa, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)
*''Batozonellus gowdeyi'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.7 (Sierra Leone, Uganda)
*''Batozonellus madecassus'' (Saussure, 1887) (Madagascar)
*''Batozonellus separabilis'' (Turner, 1916); descr. Arnold, 1937, p.9 (Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Batozonus'' Ashmead, 1902===

''Batozonus bipunctatus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Batozonus capensis'' Dahlbom, 1940 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Cliochares'' Banks, 1940===

''Cliochares convexus'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

==='''Genus''' ''Cordyloscelis'' Arnold, 1935===

''Cordyloscelis bequaerti'' Arnold, 1935, p.420 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Cordyloscelis flavipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.424 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis latipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.417 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis namaqua'' Arnold, 1935, p.423 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis nigerrimus'' Arnold, 1935, p.421 (South Africa)

''Cordyloscelis parallelus'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe)

''Cordyloscelis ugandensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.425 (Congo, Uganda)

==='''Genus''' ''Ctenagenia'' Saussure, 1892===

''Ctenagenia vespiformis'' (Klug, 1834) (Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Madagascar, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, Yemen)

=== '''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930 ===

''Dromochares clavipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (Zimbabwe)

''Dromochares fumipennis'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Dromochares premnopterus'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

''Dromochares rufipes'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Dromochares/Dromochares_transvaalensis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Dromochares transvaalensis&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Dicyrtomellus'' Gussakovskij, 1935===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p.14.
*''Dicyrtomellus anomalipes'' Arnold, 1937, p.20 (South Africa)
*''Dicyrtomellus argenteodecoratus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.21 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus griseus'' Arnold, 1937, p.17 (Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus impressus'' Arnold, 1937, p.18 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus leptacanthius'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.16 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus meruensis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Dicyrtomellus neavei'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.19 (Congo)
*''Dicyrtomellus rufofemoratus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.17 (South Africa)
*''Dicyrtomellus sexspinosus'' (Saunders, 1901) = ''Dicyrtomellus pectinatus'' Arnold, 1937, p.19 (Sudan)

==='''Genus''' ''Elaphrosyron'' Haupt, 1930===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 40.
*''Elaphrosyron insidiosus'' Smith, 1879; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.41 (Ethiopia, Mali, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Elaphrosyron multipictus'' Arnold, 1937, p.42 (Uganda)
*''Elaphrosyron pauperculus'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Epiclinotus'' Haupt, 1929===

''Epiclinotus capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus erythrurus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.465 (South Africa)

''Epiclinotus turneri'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.466 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron&lt;/u&gt;''] Schiødte, 1837===

''Episyron argillaceus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zambia)

''Episyron bequaerti'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron bicinctus'' Bischoff, 1913 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron braunsii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron crassicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Uganda)

''Episyron gryps'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Episyron/Episyron_histrio.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Episyron histrio&lt;/u&gt;''] Lepeletier, 1845 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mali, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron pedunculatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Liberia)

''Episyron solitaneum'' Kohl, 1906 (Yemen)

''Episyron tropicalis'' Arnold, 1936 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Episyron turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Episyron viduus'' Arnold, 1936 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Episyron vindex'' Smith, 1879 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/index.htm &lt;u&gt;Euclavelia&lt;/u&gt;]'' Arnold, 1932===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Euclavelia/Euclavelia_fasciata.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Euclavelia fasciata&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1932 (South Africa)

''Euclavelia longicollis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Euryzonotulus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 38.
*''Euryzonotulus nigeriensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Nigeria, Democratic Republic of the Congo)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreola'' Lepeletier, 1845===

''Ferreola auranticornis'' Wahis, 2000 (Eritrea, Yemen)

==='''Genus''' ''Ferreoloides'' Haupt, 1919===

''Ferreoloides basutorum'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

''Ferreoloides versutus'' Arnold, 1960 (Lesotho)

==='''Genus''' ''Galactopterus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 32.
*''Galactopterus otaviensis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 33 (South Africa)
*''Galactopterus rufipes'' Arnold, 1937, p. 32 (Namibia, South Africa)
*''Galactopterus simillimus'' Arnold, 1937, p. 34 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Guichardia'' Arnold, 1951===

''Guichardia macilenta'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana, South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hadropompilus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Hadropompilus braunsi'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Hadropompilus montanus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Hauptiella'' Arnold, 1936===

''Hauptiella multipicta'' Arnold, 1936

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Herpetosphex/Herpetosphex_staphylinoides.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Herpetosphex staphylinoides&lt;/u&gt;''] Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Homonotus'' Dahlbom, 1844===
Dahlbom 1843 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796238) or Dahlbom, 1844 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15796653)?

''Homonotus aegyptiacus'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.469 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus coxalis'' Arnold, 1935, p.478 (South Africa)

''Homonotus disparilis'' Turner, 1917; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.473 (South Africa)

''Homonotus dispersus'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus dissectus'' Arnold, 1935, p.474 (South Africa)

''Homonotus excavatus'' Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus fuscipes'' Arnold, 1935, p.475 (South Africa)

''Homonotus imitans'' Arnold, 1935, p.477 (Zimbabwe)

''Homonotus leptogaster'' Arnold, 1935, p.476 (South Africa)

''Homonotus ruficornis'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.472 (South Africa)

''Homonotus rukwaensis'' Arnold, 1946 (Tanzania)

''Homonotus sansibaricus'' Arnold, 1935, p.471 (Zanzibar)

==='''Genus''' ''Idopompilus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Idopompilus algoensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus algoensis major'' Arnold, 1935 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus braunsi'' Kohl, 1899 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus brunnescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschi handlirschi'' Arnold, 1936 (?)

''Idopompilus handlirschi basutorum'' Arnold, 1959 (Lesotho, South Africa)

''Idopompilus fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1946 (Lesotho)

''Idopompilus gracilicornis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus handlirschii'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Idopompilus krugeri'' Haupt, 1930 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Idopompilus quadrifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Kolposphex'' Arnold, 1959===

*''Kolposphex atronitens'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Kyphopompilus'' Arnold, 1960===

*''Kyphopompilus flavipes'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microdrapetes'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 30
*''Microdrapetes bellus'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Microphadnus'' Cameron, 1904===

*''Microphadnus bicolor'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Paracyphononyx'' Gribodo, 1884===

''Paracyphononyx affinis'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon, Ghana, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx africanus'' Rad., 1881 (Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx capensis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx carinatus'' Rad., 1881 Angola, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx coloratus'' Haupt, 1929 (Cameroon)

''Paracyphononyx difficilis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Malai, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversipes'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx diversus'' Dahlbom, 1845 (Central and East Africa to South Africa, Yemen)

''Paracyphononyx elliotti'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx frustratus'' Smith, 1879 (South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx funebris'' Magretti, 1884 (Ethiopia)

''Paracyphononyx gemellus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx laboriosus'' Arnold, 1936 (Ethiopia, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx languidus'' Haupt, 1929 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx lukombensis'' Cameron, 1912 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia)

''Paracyphononyx metemmensis'' Magretti, 1884 (Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx mombassicus'' R. Luc., 1898 (Kenya)

''Paracyphononyx montanus'' Arnold, 1960 (South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx parallelus'' Haupt, 1929 (Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa)

''Paracyphononyx petiolaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx plutonis'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Paracyphononyx rotundinervis'' Cameron, 1910 (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda)

''Paracyphononyx ruficrus'' Klug, 1834 (Asia Minor, Egypt, South Africa, Yemen, Zimbabwe)

''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' Illiger,1802 (Mali, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Paraferreola'' Sustera, 1913===

''Paraferreola melanostoma'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.439 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Paraferreola spilopus'' Cameron, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.441 (South Africa)

''Paraferreola soleana'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.443 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Platyderes'' Guérin-Méneville, 1844===

''Platyderes bicolor'' Smith, 1855; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.454 (South Africa)

''Platyderes chalybeus'' Saussure, 1892 (or Tasch. 1880?); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.456 (East Africa, South Africa)

''Platyderes drègii'' Brauns, 1899; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.457 (South Africa)

''Platyderes erythrocephalus'' Guerin, **** (Madagascar)

''Platyderes flavoscutellatus'' Arnold, 1960 (Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes oraniensis'' Arnold, 1935, p.456 (South Africa)

''Platyderes rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.461 (Ethiopia, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes saussurei'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)

''Platyderes spoliatus'' Cameron, 1910; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.462 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Platyderes vicinus'' Arnold, 1935, p.460 (South Africa)

''Platyderes wasmanni'' Brauns, 1904; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.459 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilus'' Fabricius===

''Pompilus alpinus'' Arnold, 1960 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus anomalopterus'' Cameron, 1908 (Malawi, South Africa)

''Pompilus cinereus'' Fabricius, 1775 (Yemen)

''Pompilus contrarius'' Arnold, 1951 (Mali)

''Pompilus curvifrons'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus erythrostomus'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus exploratrix'' Cameron, 1908 ''(''

''Pompilus ignobilis'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pompilus levis'' Arnold, 1951 (Ghana)

''Pompilus masaiensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus meruensis'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus plumbeus'' Fabricius, 1787 (Widespread through Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Senegal, South Africa) also in China, Europe, India)

''Pompilus sacchii'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus shirae'' Arnold, 1950 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Pompilus successor'' Cameron, 1908 (

''Pompilus vanutelli'' Magretti, 1898 (

''Pompilus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Pompilus yngvei'' Cameron, 1908 (

==='''Genus''' ''Pompilioides'' Radley, 1887===

''Pompilioides braunsi'' Kohl, 1894 (Cameroon)

''Pompilioides decipiens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides latifrons'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides pruinosus'' Smith, 1855 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides rhodesianus'' Bischoff, 1913 (Zimbabwe)

''Pompilioides trifasciatus'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pompilioides validus'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Psammochares'' Latreille, 1796===
Description of genus and key to species in Arnold, 1937, p. 43.
*''Psammochares bilineatus'' Arnold, 1937, p. 50 (South Africa)
*''Psammochares brevis'' Arnold, 1937, p. 50 (South Africa)
** = ''Agenioideus brevis'' (Arnold, 1937)
*''Psammochares brunniventris'' Arnold, 1937, p. 54 (South Africa)
*''Psammochares decipiens'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.48 (Botswana, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares gibber'' Arnold, 1937, p. 52
** = ''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937) (https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6WBTC)
*''Psammochares insidiosus'' Smith, 1879 (Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares irpex'' Gerstaecker, 1859; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.48 (Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares jocaste'' Banks, 1940 (Madagascar)
*''Psammochares latilabris'' Arnold, 1937, p. 47 (Malawi, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares quadriguttatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia, Tanzania)
*''Psammochares rotundilabris''(Arnold, 1937, p.53.) (South Africa)
** = ''Agenioideus rotundilabris''?
*''Psammochares rufigaster'' Arnold, 1937, p. 54 (South Africa)
*''Psammochares rutilus'' Klug, 1834; descr. Arnold, 1937, p. 58 (Ethiopia, Mozambique, Nigeria, Sudan, Zimbabwe)
*''Psammochares varians'' Arnold, 1937, p. 55 (South Africa)

''Psammochares gibber'' (= ''Agenioideus gibber'' (Arnold, 1937)?) Descr. Arnold, 1937, p. 52

==='''Genus''' ''Psammoderes'' Haupt, 1929===

''Psammoderes capensis'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes collaris'' Saussure, 1891 (Madagascar)

''Psammoderes fuliginosus'' Arnold, 1935, p.438 (Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes lightfooti'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes longicollis'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

''Psammoderes major'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.433 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes mimicus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.434 (South Africa)

''Psammoderes semirufus'' Haupt, 1929; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.436 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

''Psammoderes reputatus'' Kohl, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1935, p.437 (Congo, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Pseudoclavelia&lt;/u&gt;''] Haupt, 1930===

''Pseudoclavelia argenteosignata'' Arnold, 1936 (Botswana, Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia bituberculata'' Arnold, 1962 (Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_damarensis.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia damarensis''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia jouberti'' Kohl, 1900 (South Africa)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Pseudoclavelia/Pseudoclavelia_nitidula.htm &lt;u&gt;''Pseudoclavelia nitidula'' ''nitidula''&lt;/u&gt;] Arnold, 1936 (Namibia)

''Pseudoclavelia nitidula bechuanae'' Arnold, 1959 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia rhodesiana'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Pseudoclavelia rufescens'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

''Pseudoclavelia willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pseudopompilus'' Costa, 1887===

''Pseudopompilus funereus'' Arnold, 1935, p.444 (Zimbabwe, Namibia)

''Pseudopompilus hyalinipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

''Pseudopompilus lacteipennis'' Arnold, 1935, p.446 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Psyllosphex'' Arnold, 1935===

''Psyllosphex dentatus'' (Cameron, 1904); descr. Arnold, 1935, p.482 (South Africa)

''Psyllosphex myrmosaeformis'' Arnold, 1935, p.482 (Zimbabwe)

''Psyllosphex saltator'' Arnold, 1935, p.480 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Pygmachus'' Haupt, 1930===

''Pygmachus compressus'' Saussure, 1892 (Madagascar)

''Pygmachus umbratus'' Haupt, 1930 (Guinea, South Africa, Zanzibar, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Rhynchopompilus'' Arnold, 1934===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 37.
''Rhynchopompilus cursor'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Schistonyx'' Saussure, 1887===

''Schistonyx aterrimus'' Arnold, 1946 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx prismaticus'' Saussure, 1890 (Madagascar)

''Schistonyx sinuatus'' Bischoff, 1913; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (South Africa)

''Schistonyx sheppardi'' Arnold, 1937, p.13 (Zimbabwe)

''Schistonyx umbrosus'' Klug, 1834; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.10 (Throughout Africa, Namibia, Senegal, South Africa, Syria, Zimbabwe) Most common pompilid in Zimbabwe (Arnold, 1937, p.12)

==='''Genus''' ''Schizanoplius'' Cameron, 1904===

''Schizanoplius lutarius'' (Saussure, 1834)(Ghana, Mali, Madagascar)

''Schizanoplius violaceipennis'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa)

==='''Genus''' ''Spuridiophorus'' Arnold, 1934===

''Spuridiophorus capensis'' Arnold, 1934 (South Africa)

''Spuridiophorus inermis'' Arnold, 1934 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus maculipennis'' Arnold, 1936 (Zimbabwe)

''Spuridiophorus turneri'' Arnold, 1936 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Syntomoclitus'' Arnold, 1937===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 25.
*''Syntomoclitus bicolor'' Arnold, 1937 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/index.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] Ashmead, 1902===

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ignitus.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ignitus&lt;/u&gt;''] (Smith, 1855) (South Africa, Zimbabwe)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_ovambo.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;'' ''&lt;u&gt;ovambo&lt;/u&gt;''] (Arnold, 1937) (Namibia)

''Tachypompilus praepotens'' (Kohl, 1894) (South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zanzibar)

[https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Pompilinae/Tachypompilus/Tachypompilus_vitripennis.htm ''&lt;u&gt;Tachypompilus&lt;/u&gt;''] ''&lt;u&gt;vitripennis&lt;/u&gt;'' (Arnold, 1937) (Malawi, Zimbabwe)

==='''Genus''' ''Telostegus'' Costa, 1887===
Description of genus and species in Arnold, 1937, p. 35.
*''Telostegus capensis'' Arnold, 1937; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.37 (South Africa)
*''Telostegus fuscipennis'' Cameron, 1905; descr. Arnold, 1937, p.35 (South Africa)
*''Telostegus insidiosus'' (Smith, 1879) (Yemen)
*''Telostegus sabulicola'' Priesner, 1955 (Algeria, Egypt, Marocco, Senegal, Yemen)

==References==</text>
      <sha1>o5kdt2w4gvvxek6jin3pfpti0emfg1s</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Serration of Boolean functions</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>322217</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2719854</id>
      <timestamp>2025-06-27T18:59:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Watchduck</username>
        <id>137431</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New resource with &quot;[[Category:Studies of Boolean functions]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>2719854</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="41" sha1="8d5h2ie6o1p539musn2sgcl9fe7uy0v" xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Studies of Boolean functions]]</text>
      <sha1>8d5h2ie6o1p539musn2sgcl9fe7uy0v</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Template:Serration of Boolean functions/example images</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>322218</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2719855</id>
      <timestamp>2025-06-27T19:02:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Watchduck</username>
        <id>137431</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New resource with &quot;{{Collapsible START|0101 0110 1100 0100 &amp;nbsp; (sharp)|open wide followed}} [[File:Serration of 0101 0110 1100 0100.svg|left|600px]] {{Collapsible END}} {{Collapsible START|0101 1110 1100 0100 &amp;nbsp; (blunt)|collapsed wide followed}} [[File:Serration of 0101 1110 1100 0100.svg|left|600px]] {{Collapsible END}} {{Collapsible START|1000 0000 &amp;nbsp; (sharp)|collapsed wide followed}} [[File:Serration of 1000 0000 1000 0000.svg|left|600px]] {{Collapsible END}} {{Collapsible ST...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="1153" sha1="ipwp219e1avtgmkrp6rm9d422tmdvdn" xml:space="preserve">{{Collapsible START|0101 0110 1100 0100 &amp;nbsp; (sharp)|open wide followed}}
[[File:Serration of 0101 0110 1100 0100.svg|left|600px]]
{{Collapsible END}}
{{Collapsible START|0101 1110 1100 0100 &amp;nbsp; (blunt)|collapsed wide followed}}
[[File:Serration of 0101 1110 1100 0100.svg|left|600px]]
{{Collapsible END}}
{{Collapsible START|1000 0000 &amp;nbsp; (sharp)|collapsed wide followed}}
[[File:Serration of 1000 0000 1000 0000.svg|left|600px]]
{{Collapsible END}}
{{Collapsible START|0001 0111 &amp;nbsp; (blunt)|collapsed wide followed}}
[[File:Serration of 0001 0111 0001 0111.svg|left|600px]]
{{Collapsible END}}
{{Collapsible START|1100 0000 &amp;nbsp; (blunt)|collapsed wide light followed}}
The serrator is equal to the initial BF, iff all pairs in the truth table are equal.
[[File:Serration of 1100 0000 1100 0000.svg|left|600px]]
{{Collapsible END}}
{{Collapsible START|0110 1001 &amp;nbsp; (blunt)|collapsed wide light}}
The serrator is the complement of the initial BF, iff all pairs in the truth table are unequal.
[[File:Serration of 0110 1001 0110 1001.svg|left|600px]]
{{Collapsible END}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Serration of Boolean functions]]
&lt;noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <title>Template:Serration of Boolean functions/permutations</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
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      <id>2719858</id>
      <timestamp>2025-06-27T19:23:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Watchduck</username>
        <id>137431</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New resource with &quot;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Collapsible with classes/style.css&quot; /&gt; {| class=&quot;collapsible-with-classes collapsible collapsed wide followed&quot; !colspan=&quot;2&quot;| arities 1 and 2 |- |  {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot; |+ arity 1 ! ! from T ! from Z |- ! to T | [[File:Serration 1; T to T.svg|60px]] | [[File:Serration 1; T to Z.svg|60px]] |- ! to Z | [[File:Serration 1; Z to T.svg|60px]] | [[File:Serration 1; Z to Z.svg|60px]] |}  |  {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>2719858</origin>
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      <text bytes="3300" sha1="6hlcrl7sfry91mt64fim0sneq47lgzt" xml:space="preserve">&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Collapsible with classes/style.css&quot; /&gt;
{| class=&quot;collapsible-with-classes collapsible collapsed wide followed&quot;
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{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;
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{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;
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{| class=&quot;collapsible-with-classes collapsible collapsed wide followed&quot;
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{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;
|+ arity 4
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|}
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{| class=&quot;collapsible-with-classes collapsible collapsed wide followed&quot;
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{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;
|+ arity 5
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{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;
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{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;
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|}</text>
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      <id>2719860</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Watchduck</username>
        <id>137431</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Watchduck moved page [[Template:Serration of Boolean functions/permutation]] to [[Template:Serration of Boolean functions/permutations]]</comment>
      <origin>2719858</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="3300" sha1="6hlcrl7sfry91mt64fim0sneq47lgzt" xml:space="preserve">&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Collapsible with classes/style.css&quot; /&gt;
{| class=&quot;collapsible-with-classes collapsible collapsed wide followed&quot;
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{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;
|+ arity 1
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{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;
|+ arity 2
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|}
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{| class=&quot;collapsible-with-classes collapsible collapsed wide followed&quot;
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{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;
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|

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;
|+ arity 4
!
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!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| arities 5 and 6
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{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;
|+ arity 5
!
! from T
! from Z
|-
! to T
| [[File:Serration 5; T to T.svg|180px]]
| [[File:Serration 5; T to Z.svg|180px]]
|-
! to Z
| [[File:Serration 5; Z to T.svg|180px]]
| [[File:Serration 5; Z to Z.svg|180px]]
|}

|

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;
|+ arity 6
!
! from T
! from Z
|-
! to T
| [[File:Serration 6; T to T.svg|250px]]
| [[File:Serration 6; T to Z.svg|250px]]
|-
! to Z
| [[File:Serration 6; Z to T.svg|250px]]
| [[File:Serration 6; Z to Z.svg|250px]]
|}

|}
&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;
{| class=&quot;collapsible-with-classes collapsible collapsed wide&quot;
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| arities 7 and 8
|-
|

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;
|+ arity 7
!
! from T
! from Z
|-
! to T
| [[File:Serration 7; T to T.svg|198px]]
| [[File:Serration 7; T to Z.svg|198px]]
|-
! to Z
| [[File:Serration 7; Z to T.svg|198px]]
| [[File:Serration 7; Z to Z.svg|198px]]
|}

|

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;
|+ arity 8
!
! from T
! from Z
|-
! to T
| [[File:Serration 8; T to T.svg|260px]]
| [[File:Serration 8; T to Z.svg|260px]]
|-
! to Z
| [[File:Serration 8; Z to T.svg|260px]]
| [[File:Serration 8; Z to Z.svg|260px]]
|}

|}</text>
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      <id>2719862</id>
      <parentid>2719860</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-27T19:26:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Watchduck</username>
        <id>137431</id>
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{| class=&quot;collapsible-with-classes collapsible collapsed wide followed&quot;
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| arities 1 and 2
|-
|

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;
|+ arity 1
!
! from T
! from Z
|-
! to T
| [[File:Serration 1; T to T.svg|60px]]
| [[File:Serration 1; T to Z.svg|60px]]
|-
! to Z
| [[File:Serration 1; Z to T.svg|60px]]
| [[File:Serration 1; Z to Z.svg|60px]]
|}

|

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;
|+ arity 2
!
! from T
! from Z
|-
! to T
| [[File:Serration 2; T to T.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Serration 2; T to Z.svg|80px]]
|-
! to Z
| [[File:Serration 2; Z to T.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Serration 2; Z to Z.svg|80px]]
|}

|}
&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;
{| class=&quot;collapsible-with-classes collapsible collapsed wide followed&quot;
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| arities 3 and 4
|-
|

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;
|+ arity 3
!
! from T
! from Z
|-
! to T
| [[File:Serration 3; T to T.svg|90px]]
| [[File:Serration 3; T to Z.svg|90px]]
|-
! to Z
| [[File:Serration 3; Z to T.svg|90px]]
| [[File:Serration 3; Z to Z.svg|90px]]
|}

|

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;
|+ arity 4
!
! from T
! from Z
|-
! to T
| [[File:Serration 4; T to T.svg|150px]]
| [[File:Serration 4; T to Z.svg|150px]]
|-
! to Z
| [[File:Serration 4; Z to T.svg|150px]]
| [[File:Serration 4; Z to Z.svg|150px]]
|}

|}
&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;
{| class=&quot;collapsible-with-classes collapsible collapsed wide followed&quot;
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| arities 5 and 6
|-
|

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;
|+ arity 5
!
! from T
! from Z
|-
! to T
| [[File:Serration 5; T to T.svg|180px]]
| [[File:Serration 5; T to Z.svg|180px]]
|-
! to Z
| [[File:Serration 5; Z to T.svg|180px]]
| [[File:Serration 5; Z to Z.svg|180px]]
|}

|

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;
|+ arity 6
!
! from T
! from Z
|-
! to T
| [[File:Serration 6; T to T.svg|250px]]
| [[File:Serration 6; T to Z.svg|250px]]
|-
! to Z
| [[File:Serration 6; Z to T.svg|250px]]
| [[File:Serration 6; Z to Z.svg|250px]]
|}

|}
&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;
{| class=&quot;collapsible-with-classes collapsible collapsed wide&quot;
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| arities 7 and 8
|-
|

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;
|+ arity 7
!
! from T
! from Z
|-
! to T
| [[File:Serration 7; T to T.svg|198px]]
| [[File:Serration 7; T to Z.svg|198px]]
|-
! to Z
| [[File:Serration 7; Z to T.svg|198px]]
| [[File:Serration 7; Z to Z.svg|198px]]
|}

|

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;
|+ arity 8
!
! from T
! from Z
|-
! to T
| [[File:Serration 8; T to T.svg|260px]]
| [[File:Serration 8; T to Z.svg|260px]]
|-
! to Z
| [[File:Serration 8; Z to T.svg|260px]]
| [[File:Serration 8; Z to Z.svg|260px]]
|}

|}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Serration of Boolean functions]]
&lt;noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>2719864</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Watchduck</username>
        <id>137431</id>
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      <text bytes="3362" sha1="gcuktvckzepnob1h5vib05tiwkwlscc" xml:space="preserve">&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Collapsible with classes/style.css&quot; /&gt;
{| class=&quot;collapsible-with-classes collapsible collapsed wide followed&quot;
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| arities 1 and 2
|-
|

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;
|+ arity 1
!
! from T
! from Z
|-
! to T
| [[File:Serration 1; T to T.svg|60px]]
| [[File:Serration 1; T to Z.svg|60px]]
|-
! to Z
| [[File:Serration 1; Z to T.svg|60px]]
| [[File:Serration 1; Z to Z.svg|60px]]
|}

|

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;
|+ arity 2
!
! from T
! from Z
|-
! to T
| [[File:Serration 2; T to T.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Serration 2; T to Z.svg|80px]]
|-
! to Z
| [[File:Serration 2; Z to T.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Serration 2; Z to Z.svg|80px]]
|}

|}
&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;
{| class=&quot;collapsible-with-classes collapsible open wide followed&quot;
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| arities 3 and 4
|-
|

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;
|+ arity 3
!
! from T
! from Z
|-
! to T
| [[File:Serration 3; T to T.svg|90px]]
| [[File:Serration 3; T to Z.svg|90px]]
|-
! to Z
| [[File:Serration 3; Z to T.svg|90px]]
| [[File:Serration 3; Z to Z.svg|90px]]
|}

|

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;
|+ arity 4
!
! from T
! from Z
|-
! to T
| [[File:Serration 4; T to T.svg|150px]]
| [[File:Serration 4; T to Z.svg|150px]]
|-
! to Z
| [[File:Serration 4; Z to T.svg|150px]]
| [[File:Serration 4; Z to Z.svg|150px]]
|}

|}
&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;
{| class=&quot;collapsible-with-classes collapsible collapsed wide followed&quot;
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| arities 5 and 6
|-
|

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;
|+ arity 5
!
! from T
! from Z
|-
! to T
| [[File:Serration 5; T to T.svg|180px]]
| [[File:Serration 5; T to Z.svg|180px]]
|-
! to Z
| [[File:Serration 5; Z to T.svg|180px]]
| [[File:Serration 5; Z to Z.svg|180px]]
|}

|

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;
|+ arity 6
!
! from T
! from Z
|-
! to T
| [[File:Serration 6; T to T.svg|250px]]
| [[File:Serration 6; T to Z.svg|250px]]
|-
! to Z
| [[File:Serration 6; Z to T.svg|250px]]
| [[File:Serration 6; Z to Z.svg|250px]]
|}

|}
&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;
{| class=&quot;collapsible-with-classes collapsible collapsed wide&quot;
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| arities 7 and 8
|-
|

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;
|+ arity 7
!
! from T
! from Z
|-
! to T
| [[File:Serration 7; T to T.svg|198px]]
| [[File:Serration 7; T to Z.svg|198px]]
|-
! to Z
| [[File:Serration 7; Z to T.svg|198px]]
| [[File:Serration 7; Z to Z.svg|198px]]
|}

|

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;
|+ arity 8
!
! from T
! from Z
|-
! to T
| [[File:Serration 8; T to T.svg|260px]]
| [[File:Serration 8; T to Z.svg|260px]]
|-
! to Z
| [[File:Serration 8; Z to T.svg|260px]]
| [[File:Serration 8; Z to Z.svg|260px]]
|}

|}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Serration of Boolean functions]]
&lt;noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
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      <timestamp>2025-06-27T19:25:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Watchduck</username>
        <id>137431</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Watchduck moved page [[Template:Serration of Boolean functions/permutation]] to [[Template:Serration of Boolean functions/permutations]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="66" sha1="mxzr00opufo1cfafo9dc2bk1x03awa5" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Template:Serration of Boolean functions/permutations]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Template:Serration of Boolean functions/permutations long</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
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      <id>2719863</id>
      <timestamp>2025-06-27T19:29:57Z</timestamp>
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        <id>137431</id>
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      <comment>New resource with &quot;{{Collapsible START|from T to T|open wide followed}} [[File:Serration 3; T to T; long.svg|1200px|left]] {{Collapsible END}}  {{Collapsible START|from T to Z|collapsed wide followed}} [[File:Serration 3; T to Z; long.svg|1200px|left]] {{Collapsible END}}  {{Collapsible START|from Z to T|collapsed wide followed}} [[File:Serration 3; Z to T; long.svg|1200px|left]] {{Collapsible END}}  {{Collapsible START|from Z to Z|open wide}} File:Serration 3; Z to Z; long.svg|1200px|le...&quot;</comment>
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[[File:Serration 3; T to T; long.svg|1200px|left]]
{{Collapsible END}}

{{Collapsible START|from T to Z|collapsed wide followed}}
[[File:Serration 3; T to Z; long.svg|1200px|left]]
{{Collapsible END}}

{{Collapsible START|from Z to T|collapsed wide followed}}
[[File:Serration 3; Z to T; long.svg|1200px|left]]
{{Collapsible END}}

{{Collapsible START|from Z to Z|open wide}}
[[File:Serration 3; Z to Z; long.svg|1200px|left]]
{{Collapsible END}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Serration of Boolean functions]]
&lt;noinclude&gt;</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Watchduck</username>
        <id>137431</id>
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      <text bytes="571" sha1="4jv4qu3dza2lb5cdqmjux7vachz4uw5" xml:space="preserve">{{Collapsible START|from T to T|open wide followed}}
[[File:Serration 3; T to T; long.svg|1200px|left]]
{{Collapsible END}}

{{Collapsible START|from T to Z|collapsed wide followed}}
[[File:Serration 3; T to Z; long.svg|1200px|left]]
{{Collapsible END}}

{{Collapsible START|from Z to T|collapsed wide followed}}
[[File:Serration 3; Z to T; long.svg|1200px|left]]
{{Collapsible END}}

{{Collapsible START|from Z to Z|collapsed wide}}
[[File:Serration 3; Z to Z; long.svg|1200px|left]]
{{Collapsible END}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Serration of Boolean functions]]
&lt;noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Pulavanur.pdf</title>
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    <id>322222</id>
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      <id>2719884</id>
      <timestamp>2025-06-28T07:25:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Senthilkumarafun</username>
        <id>3003660</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>{Information
|Description= About Pulavanur village temple
|Source= own
|Date= 28 June 2025
|Author= Senthil Kumar Anantharaman
|Permission= public domain
}}</comment>
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      <text bytes="170" sha1="nkz6apswgxmxl9wgyb4diomgzjzxp56" xml:space="preserve">== Summary ==
{Information
|Description= About Pulavanur village temple
|Source= own
|Date= 28 June 2025
|Author= Senthil Kumar Anantharaman
|Permission= public domain
}}</text>
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    <title>User:Senthilkumarafun/sandbox</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>2719887</id>
      <timestamp>2025-06-28T07:41:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Senthilkumarafun</username>
        <id>3003660</id>
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      <comment>Paraphrasing</comment>
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      <text bytes="1395" sha1="tvwut2uj4kaj41c316p15a9q9rbi4e3" xml:space="preserve">= Pulavanur  Kasi Vishveshwarar Temple, Pulavnur, Mayiladuthurai district, TamilNadu, India. =
This small  Shiva temple located in Pulavanur, (Scholar’s Village)Mayiladuthurai district, is renowned for its Lord Vishveshvara Shrine,(Kai Vishwanath)  fondlingly called as Lord of the world. The temple has shrine built for Lord’s consort Goddess Visalakshi, Lord Murugan and Lord Vinayaga. The temple also has a small shrine for Goddess Gajalakshmi. 

The temple has also lots of faith when offered ablution to Huge Lingas that were consecrated during renovation process and is located at the back of the main shrine temple. This lingam is located between the shrines of Lord Murugan and Lord Vinayaga. Overall, The temple faces east and there is a small beautiful Nandi facing towards Lord, Visveswaraya and Goddess Visalakshi.

A small temple Well along with a Sthalavriksham(Temple tree) lies opposite the Amman shrine. Currently, the temple is under renovation and is expected to perform Kumbabhishekam simultaneously during the Mahamakam festival that occurs once in 12 years with the next one supposedly in March of 2028. 

The temple can be reached from bus 1A from Mayiladuthurai bus stand. The nearest railway station is Vaitheeswaran Kovil, which is around 8km from the temple. 

It is believed that on praying to the Lord, one attains happiness far beyond his thoughts in this life.</text>
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