Wikibooks

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[[b:Main Page|Wikibooks]], previously called Wikimedia Free Textbook Project and Wikimedia-Textbooks, is a wiki for the creation of free content books. Wikibooks is a [[Wikimedia]] project that was started on July 10, 2003 with the mission to create a free collection of open-content textbooks that anyone can edit. Since its founding, volunteers have written over 35,000 modules in a multitude of textbooks.

== What is the difference between Wikibooks and Wikiversity? ==
Wikibooks hosts textbooks. Wikiversity does not host textbooks. [[Wikiversity:History of Wikiversity|Wikiversity started at Wikibooks, but later evolved into a separate project]]. Wikiversity is for types of learning resources that are not hosted by other Wikimedia projects. Wikiversity is exploring ways to use [[wiki]] technology to support learning communities.

:&quot;...the idea here is to also host learning communities, so people who are actually trying to learn, actually have a place to come and interact and help each other figure out how to learn things. We're also going to be hosting and fostering research into how these kinds of things can be used more effectively.&quot; ([http://wikimania2006.wikimedia.org/wiki/Opening_Plenary_%28transcript%29#Wikiversity_.2826:35.29 source])

==How can Wikiversity and Wikibooks complement each other?==
Wikiversity participants can learn about a topic and then use what they have learned to improve textbooks at Wikibooks or encyclopedia articles at [[Wikipedia]]. Helping make textbooks and encyclopedia articles are just two types of learning activities. Many other types of learning activities are being explored at Wikiversity. Take a look at [[:Category:Learning activities]].

Many Wikiversity schools, divisions, departments and [[learning resources]] have a ''&quot;Wikibooks&quot;'' section that links directly to [[b:WB:SUBJECT|relevant subjects]] at Wikibooks. See ''[[Wikiversity and Wikibooks services]]'' for more ways to help Wikiversity and Wikibooks complement each other.

==Ideas for classroom use==
Several classes at brick-and-mortar University have utilized Wikibooks for a &quot;real world&quot; class. For example [[b:Ethnomedicine|Ethnomedicine]] was created in a vigorous and rather astonishing fashion. It facilitated both the learning of the individuals of the class, and also made valuable information available for others to use. 

You could create a syllabus for your class here at Wikiversity, and then have students create a book as a study or homework tool over at Wikibooks. All of this content would be available for the free use by others at a later date. You can use the [[Template:Protected course|protected course template]] to ensure pages for your students remain consistent with your intentions for the duration of the course.

Wikiversity is still rather new, and you are encouraged to be creative in the ways that you utilize Wikibooks and Wikiversity for your learning goals.

== Apple khendra S. Japus ==
Textbooks at Wikibooks are broken into 8 major subjects, which are then further subdivided into more specific subjects in a hierarchical manner. Each subject page corresponds to a different subject area such as mathematics, computer science, or history. Books on Wikibooks are also organized into alphabetical, Dewey-Decimal, and Library of Congress classification categories, which may be browsed independently from the subjects.

Books for children from birth until age 12 are located in [[b:Wikijunior|Wikijunior]], a sub-project of Wikibooks. Wikijunior books encompass material from all subjects, and are specifically written for children. Some Wikijunior books are intended to accompany a classroom learning atmosphere, but many books are useful for at-home learning between parent and child.

==See also==
* [[Wikiversity:Service community]]
* [[Wikiversity and Wikibooks services]]
* [[Wikibooks research]]
* [[Risk Management/Tailored Wikibooks]]

== WikiMediaFoundation Labs ==
* '''[http://mediawiki2latex.wmflabs.org/ MediaWiki to Latex converter for Wikibooks]'''&lt;ref&gt;Dirk Hünniger (2012-2020) MediaWiki to LaTeX Converter - URL: http://mediawiki2latex.wmflabs.org (accessed 2020/04/25)&lt;/ref&gt; - by Dirk Hünniger ([[b:de:Benutzer:Dirk_Huenniger/wb2pdf/manual|Wikibook-Manual]])
** '''Input:''' Wikibook URL
** '''Output:''' PDF-Document of the Wikibook
: Please create PDF books with less than 500 pages only and consider to install the tool on your own Linux computer (if possible) to leave the server capacity on wmflabs-Server for people that do not have ability to install the MediaWiki converter on their own computer.

== See also ==
* [[w:Wikibooks|Wikibooks]] (Wikipedia)

== References ==

[[Category:Wikibooks| ]]
[[Category:Document Management]]</text>
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    <title>Wikimedia Ethics</title>
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      <comment>Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/SAMLSE|SAMLSE]] ([[User_talk:SAMLSE|talk]]) to last version by [[User:EthanGaming7640|EthanGaming7640]] using [[Wikiversity:Rollback|rollback]]</comment>
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==Welcome==

Please make sure you have reviewed the page ''[[Wikiversity:What is Wikiversity?|What is Wikiversity?]]'' before you participate and contribute to this project.

==What are ethics?==
Ethics are moral standards of conduct agreed upon to define right and wrong. That which is ethical is considered morally correct. That which is unethical is considered morally wrong. Ethics are usually considered in a professional code of conduct as a qualified professional is under more expection than an unqualified individual to have a learned understanding of the accepted principles of right and wrong.

== Learning ethics in online media ==
{{Disclosures}}
Principles of [[ethics]] in online media is the scope for this resource; however, this resource draws upon comparisons that center on the English Wikipedia, which has over a quarter-million biographies of living persons (BLPs) as well as many articles that characterize people, organizations, events, and other aspects of human activity. The degree to which the content and practices of Wikimedia projects adhere to commonly recognized principles of ethics, which include such comparisons of Wikipedia, are what this resource examines.

Temporary guideline: This project currently does not accept case studies of living people until further notice.

==List of subpages==
*'''All subpages''': [[special:prefixindex/{{FULLPAGENAME}}/]]
*'''All talk subpages''': [[special:prefixindex/{{TALKPAGENAME}}/]]
*'''All recently edited pages''': [[/Dynamic page list/]]

==Resource Management==
*[[/Audio/]]
**[[/Audio/Transcripts/]]
*[[/Brainstorming/]]
*[[/Participants and objectives/]]
*[[/Project Timetable/]]
*[[User:Privatemusings/EthicsSandbox]] - a personal sandbox space in which all are welcome to try and help energise this project.

==Learning resources==
[[Image:Thomas Nagel teaching Ethics.JPG|thumb|right|250px|[[:w:Thomas Nagel|Thomas Nagel]] teaching an undergraduate course in ethics at New York University]]

*[[/Introduction/]]
*[[/Overview/]]

*[[/Change BLP policy/]]
*[[/Ethical Code for Wikipedians/]]
*[[/Ethics on Wikipedia and the Internet/]]
*[[/The fundamentals of ethics|Fundamentals of ethics]]
*[[/List of questions/]]
*[[/Response Testing on WMF projects/]]
*[[/Social contract/]]
*[[/Paid editing and Wikipedia Zero/]]
*[[/Suggested essays/]]

==How to improve this resource==
[[Image:CarrKemmisReflectiveSpiral.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Diagram from learning resource on [[Action research]]]]
#Identify principles for objective evaluation
#Evaluate Wikimedia systems
#Identify what needs to be learned by the community
#Create or update collaborative research pages and workshops

==See also==
* [[How to be a Wikimedia sysop]]
* [[Portal:Wikimedia Studies|Wikimedia Studies Portal]]
* [[Wikipedia#Learning resources|Wikipedia learning resources]]
* [[Wikiversity:Editing Applied ethics]]

==External links==
* [http://wikidashboard.parc.com/wiki/Main_Page Wikidashboard]⁣ – facilitates analysis of relative contributors to Wikipedia articles by specific authors

[[Category:Ethical Management of the English Language Wikipedia| ]]
[[Category:Wikimedia Ethics]]
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{{title|Assessment}}
==Overview==
&lt;/noinclude&gt;
The [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Major project|major project]] ([[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]] and [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|book chapter]]) allows a deep dive into a specific topic of interest, while the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Exam|exam]] assess breadth of knowledge.

==Summary==
{{Anchor|Table}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|- style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;
| '''Item'''
| '''Weight''' 
| style=&quot;width: 16%&quot;|'''Due'''
|'''Late submissions'''
|'''Extensions'''
| style=&quot;width: 30%&quot;|'''Description'''
| '''Time involved'''&lt;br&gt;(150 hrs)
|- style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;
| '''[[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|Topic development]]'''
| style=&quot;text-align: right&quot; | 10%
| {{:Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic/Due}}
|Up to 3 days (-10% per day)
|Available with documentation
| Create Wikiversity account. Select or negotiate approved  topic. Develop plan for [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|book chapter]]. Overview, Headings. Key points, Figure. Learning feature. Resources, References, Include: User page and Social contribution.
| '''15 hours''': 1 hr sign-up. 4 hrs to learn &quot;how&quot; (incl. 2 x 1 hr tutorials), 5 hrs research, 5 hrs preparation
|- style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;
| '''[[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|Book chapter]]'''
| style=&quot;text-align: right&quot; | 50%
| {{:Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter/Due}}
|Up to 3 days (-10% per day)
|Available with documentation
| Author an online book chapter up to 4,000 words about a unique, approved motivation or emotion topic. Includes a social contribution component.
| '''75 hours''': 10 hrs to learn how, 30 hrs research, 35 hrs drafting and preparation
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot;
| '''[[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Exam|Exam]]'''
| style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; |40%
|Week 14 or 15 during exam period
|Not accepted
|Apply to exams office for deferred exam
|2-hour online, remotely proctored, exam with multiple choice and open-ended questions: 50% about motivation. 50% about emotion. Assesses knowledge and learning from  lectures, tutorials, and readings.
|'''60 hours''': 24 hrs lectures (12 x 2 hrs), 10 hrs tutorials (10 x 1 hr), 24 hrs reading and practice quizzes, 2 hrs completing exam
|}&lt;noinclude&gt;

==Requirements==
&lt;includeonly&gt;'''Requirements'''&lt;/includeonly&gt;
* All assessment items must be submitted online via {{Motivation and emotion/Canvas}}
* Submission is optional.  Non-submissions will be awarded 0.
* It is not necessary to pass each assessment item, however a final mark of 50% or higher is required to Pass the unit
* The UC grading schema (HD = 85+, DI = 75 to 84, CR = 65 to 74), and P = 50 to 64) will be applied to final marks

==[[/Alternative/|Alterative assessment]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Alternative}}
==[[/Using generative AI/|Generative AI]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Using generative AI}}
==[[/Extensions|Extensions]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Extensions}}
==Late penalty==
#No late submissions for the topic selection are accepted.
#Other assessment items can be submitted up to 3 days late without an approved extension. This will incur a 10% penalty per day (i.e., -10% of total marks available for the assessment item), including weekends. A part-day late is counted as a full day late. If submitted beyond 3 days late, 0 will be awarded for the assessment item.

==Marking and feedback==
#Assessment will generally be marked and feedback provided within three weeks of submission.
#Availability of marks and feedback will be notified via the unit's {{Motivation and emotion/Canvas}} Announcements.
#Assessment submitted after the due date and time, regardless of whether an extension was granted, may be returned at a later date than those submitted on time.
#Late submission may result in reduced feedback being provided.
&lt;!-- #If you don't understand or disagree with your mark and/or feedback, then please see the [[User:Jtneill/Marking dispute process|marking dispute process]]. --&gt;

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&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
{| border=1 cellpadding=5 class=&quot;sortable&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; width:100% background:transparent&quot;
|-
! '''Week'''
! '''Lecture'''
! '''Title'''
&lt;!-- ! '''Readings''' --&gt;
|-
| 01 
| 01 
| [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Introduction|Introduction]]
&lt;!-- | [[Motivation and emotion/About/Outline|Unit outline]], Ch 01 --&gt;
|-
| 02 
| 02 
| [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Historical development and assessment skills|Historical development &amp; assessment skills]]
&lt;!-- | Ch 02, [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment|Assessment]] --&gt;
|-
| 03 
| 03 
| [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Brain and physiological needs|Brain &amp; physiological needs]]
&lt;!-- | Ch 03, 04 --&gt;
|- 
| 04 
| 04
| [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Extrinsic motivation and psychological needs|Extrinsic motivation &amp; psychological needs]]
&lt;!-- | Ch 05, 06 --&gt;
|-
| 05
| 05
| [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Implicit motives and goals|Implicit motives &amp; goals]]
&lt;!-- | Ch 07, 08 --&gt;
|-
| 06
| 06
| [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Mindsets, control, and the self|Mindsets, control, &amp; the self]]
&lt;!-- | Ch 09, 10, 11 --&gt;
|-
| 07 
| 07
| [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Nature of emotion|Nature of emotion]]
&lt;!-- | Ch 12 --&gt;
|-
| 08
| -
| No lecture
&lt;!-- | - --&gt;
|-
| 09 
| 08
| [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Aspects of emotion|Aspects of emotion]]
&lt;!-- | Ch 13 --&gt;
|-
| 10 
| 09
| [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Individual emotions|Individual emotions]]
&lt;!-- | Ch 14 --&gt;
|-
| 11 
| 10
| [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Unconscious motivation|Unconscious motivation]]
&lt;!-- | Ch 16 --&gt;
|-
| 12
| 11
| [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Growth psychology|Growth psychology]]
&lt;!-- | Ch 15 --&gt;
|-
| 13 
| 12 
| [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Interventions and review|Interventions &amp; review]]
&lt;!-- | Ch 17 --&gt;
|}
&lt;!-- ''Note''. * indicates recording only - no live lecture --&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Overview box --&gt;
{{cot|Overview}}
{{/Overview}}
{{cob}}
{{cot|See also}}
&lt;!-- * [https://unicanberra.instructure.com/courses/7742/external_tools/64 Lecture recordings], 2020
* [https://echo360.org.au/section/f63e2ed5-4575-46cc-82ca-7e60ec0d19e9/public Lecture recordings], 2019
* [https://echo360.org.au/section/40866966-fea7-4561-b016-72b90575cb18/public Lecture recordings], 2018 --&gt;
* [[Motivation and emotion/Drop-in|Drop-in]]
* [[Motivation and emotion/About/Schedule|Schedule]]
* [[Motivation and emotion/About/Timetable|Timetable]]
* [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials|Tutorials]]
* [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Videos|Videos]]
{{cob}}
{{cot|External links}}
* [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1seVvT867ey4jSrJvILbXoqV0xgZ6cyBlVcGpoABdyUk/edit How to print the Google Slides in black and white or change the background colour] (Google Doc)
{{cob}}
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;''Quizzes about each of the 6 [[Motivation and emotion/Modules|modules]]''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Assessment/In development}} --&gt;
{{TOCright}}
==Overview==
* Weight: 0%
* No due dates, but recommend completing fortnightly for continuous review and exam preparation—see [[#Schedule|schedule]] 
* Unlimited attempts

* Tasks
** 6 x 10-question, 15-minute, multiple-choice, online quizzes
** One quiz per [[Motivation_and_emotion/Modules|module]]
** Based on theories and research as discussed in [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures|lectures]], [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials|tutorials]], and recommended readings
* Follow the [[#Instructions|instructions]]

==Marking and feedback==
* Marks will be available immediately after each quiz is submitted
* Automated feedback will be provided to indicate correct answers
* Follow up if you don't understand the feedback

==Instructions==
* '''Attempts''': Unlimited attempts
* '''Availability''': Quizzes will be available on {{Motivation and emotion/Canvas}} throughout semester
* '''Content''': Quizzes consist of 10 randomly selected multiple-choice questions from a test bank designed to assess knowledge of content covered in the corresponding lectures, tutorials, and readings
* '''Time limit''': 15 minutes
* '''Bug bounty''' (bonus marks): Email the [[Motivation and emotion/About/Staff|unit convener]] if you identify a quiz error or possible improvement. Accepted revisions earn social contribution bonus marks.

==Schedule==
The [[Motivation and emotion/About/Schedule|recommended schedule]] for regular completion of the quizzes is:
&lt;div align = &quot;center&quot;&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;
!Module
!'''[http://www.canberra.edu.au/future-students/key-dates/semesters-winter-term-principal-dates Week]'''
!'''Quiz'''
!Chapter
!Due Mon 9am
|-
|
|00
|0: Practice
|
|
|-
|1
|01-02
|1: Introduction
|01 - 02
|Week 04
|-
|2
|03-04
|2: Needs
|03 - 06
|Week 06
|-
|3
|05-06
|3: Goals and self
|07 - 11
|Week 08
|-
|4
|07-09
|4: Emotion
|12 - 13
|Week 11
|-
|5
|10-11
|5: Individual emotions
|14, 16
|Week 13
|-
|6
|12-13
|6: Growth and interventions
|15, 17
|Week 15
|}

==See also==
* [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Quizzes/Instructions|Quiz instructions]]
{{Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Navigation}}
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;''Practice quizzes about each of the 6 [[Motivation and emotion/Modules|modules]]''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Assessment/In development}} --&gt;
{{TOCright}}
==Overview==
* Weight: 0%
* No due dates, but recommend completing fortnightly for continuous review and exam preparation—see [[#Schedule|schedule]] 
* Unlimited attempts

* Tasks
** 6 x 10-question, 15-minute, multiple-choice, online quizzes
** One quiz per [[Motivation_and_emotion/Modules|module]]
** Based on theories and research as discussed in [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures|lectures]], [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials|tutorials]], and recommended readings
* Follow the [[#Instructions|instructions]]

==Marking and feedback==
* Marks will be available immediately after each quiz is submitted
* Automated feedback will be provided to indicate correct answers
* Follow up if you don't understand the feedback

==Instructions==
* '''Attempts''': Unlimited attempts
* '''Availability''': Quizzes will be available on {{Motivation and emotion/Canvas}} throughout semester
* '''Content''': Quizzes consist of 10 randomly selected multiple-choice questions from a test bank designed to assess knowledge of content covered in the corresponding lectures, tutorials, and readings
* '''Time limit''': 15 minutes
* '''Bug bounty''' (bonus marks): Email the [[Motivation and emotion/About/Staff|unit convener]] if you identify a quiz error or possible improvement. Accepted revisions earn social contribution bonus marks.

==Schedule==
The [[Motivation and emotion/About/Schedule|recommended schedule]] for regular completion of the quizzes is:
&lt;div align = &quot;center&quot;&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;
!Module
!'''[http://www.canberra.edu.au/future-students/key-dates/semesters-winter-term-principal-dates Week]'''
!'''Quiz'''
!Chapter
!Due Mon 9am
|-
|
|00
|0: Practice
|
|
|-
|1
|01-02
|1: Introduction
|01 - 02
|Week 04
|-
|2
|03-04
|2: Needs
|03 - 06
|Week 06
|-
|3
|05-06
|3: Goals and self
|07 - 11
|Week 08
|-
|4
|07-09
|4: Emotion
|12 - 13
|Week 11
|-
|5
|10-11
|5: Individual emotions
|14, 16
|Week 13
|-
|6
|12-13
|6: Growth and interventions
|15, 17
|Week 15
|}

==See also==
* [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Quizzes/Instructions|Quiz instructions]]
{{Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Navigation}}
[[Category:{{BASEPAGENAME}}]]
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;''Practice quizzes about each of the 6 [[Motivation and emotion/Modules|modules]]''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Assessment/In development}} --&gt;
{{TOCright}}
==Overview==
* Weight: 0%
* No due dates, but recommend completing fortnightly for continuous review and exam preparation—see [[#Schedule|schedule]] 
* Unlimited attempts

* Tasks
** 6 x 10-question, 15-minute, multiple-choice, online quizzes
** One quiz per [[Motivation_and_emotion/Modules|module]]
** Based on theories and research as discussed in [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures|lectures]], [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials|tutorials]], and recommended readings
* Follow the [[#Instructions|instructions]]

==Marking and feedback==
* Marks will be available immediately after each quiz is submitted
* Automated feedback will be provided to indicate correct answers
* Follow up if you don't understand the feedback

==Instructions==
* '''Attempts''': Unlimited attempts
* '''Availability''': Quizzes will be available on {{Motivation and emotion/Canvas}} throughout semester
* '''Content''': Quizzes consist of 10 randomly selected multiple-choice questions from a test bank designed to assess knowledge of content covered in the corresponding lectures, tutorials, and readings
* '''Time limit''': 15 minutes
* '''Bug bounty''' (bonus marks): Email the [[Motivation and emotion/About/Staff|unit convener]] if you identify a quiz error or possible improvement. Accepted revisions earn social contribution bonus marks.

==Schedule==
The [[Motivation and emotion/About/Schedule|recommended schedule]] for regular completion of the quizzes is:
&lt;div align = &quot;center&quot;&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;
!Module
!'''[http://www.canberra.edu.au/future-students/key-dates/semesters-winter-term-principal-dates Week]'''
!'''Quiz'''
!Chapter
!Due Mon 9am
|-
|
|00
|0: Practice
|
|
|-
|1
|01-02
|1: Introduction
|01 - 02
|Week 04
|-
|2
|03-04
|2: Needs
|03 - 06
|Week 06
|-
|3
|05-06
|3: Goals and self
|07 - 11
|Week 08
|-
|4
|07-09
|4: Emotion
|12 - 13
|Week 11
|-
|5
|10-11
|5: Individual emotions
|14, 16
|Week 13
|-
|6
|12-13
|6: Growth and interventions
|15, 17
|Week 15
|}

==See also==
* [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Quizzes/Instructions|Quiz instructions]]
{{Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Navigation}}
[[Category:{{BASEPAGENAME}}]]
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      <comment>Update for 2025</comment>
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      <text bytes="5437" sha1="gho9v9sjyijmou5sc52of0x1nlrjm0m" xml:space="preserve">==Suggested textbook==
&lt;!-- {{:Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2015}} --&gt;
&lt;!-- {{:Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2009}} --&gt;
&lt;!-- #{{:Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Neill/2010}} --&gt;

Suggested book references for tertiary-level study of motivation and emotion.&lt;/noinclude&gt;
{{:Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2018}}
#Beck, R. C. (2004). ''[http://www.pearsonhighered.com/educator/academic/product/0,,013111445X,00%2ben-USS_01DBC.html Motivation: Theories and principles]'' (5th ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. 
#Borod, J. C. (2000). ''The neuropsychology of emotion''. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
#Deckers, L. (2014). ''[http://www.pearsonhighered.com/educator/product/Motivation-Biological-Psychological-and-Environmental-4E/9780205941001.page Motivation: Biological, psychological, and environmental]'' (4th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn &amp; Bacon.
#DeCatanzaro, D. A. (1999). ''Motivation and emotion: Evolutionary, physiological, developmental, and social perspectives''. Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
#Dalgleish, T. &amp; Power, M. J. (1999). ''Handbook of cognition and emotion''. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Chichester, UK.
#Edwards, D. C. (1999). ''Motivation and emotion: Evolutionary, physiological, cognitive, and social influences''. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
#Ekman, P. &amp; Davidson, R. J. (1994). ''The nature of emotion: Fundamental questions''. Oxford University Press, New York.
#Ferguson, E. D. (2000). ''Motivation: A biosocial and cognitive integration of motivation and emotion''. Oxford University Press, New York.
#Franken, R. E. (2006). ''[http://www.cengage.com/search/productOverview.do?Ntt=19100242187929787401427326784455885335&amp;N=11+4294948073&amp;Ntk=P_EPI Human motivation]'' (6th ed.). Wadsworth Thomson Learning, Belmont, CA.
#Fox, E. (2008). ''Emotion science: Cognitive and neuroscientific approaches to understanding emotions''. Basingstroke, Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
#Frijda, N. H. (1986). ''The emotions''. Cambridge University Press, New York.
#Gollwitzer, P. M. &amp; Bargh, J. A. (1996). ''The psychology of action: Linking cognition and motivation to behavior''. Guilford Press, New York/
#Gorman (*). [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=LBgfyOsYMKgC&amp;dq=motivation+and+emotion&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Motivation and emotion]
#Heckhausen, J. &amp; Dweck, C. S. (1998). ''Motivation and self-regulation across the life span''. Cambridge University Press, New York.
#Kalat, J. W., &amp; Shiota, M. N. (2012). ''[http://www.cengage.com/search/productOverview.do?N=+16&amp;Ntk=P_Isbn13&amp;Ntt=9780495912880 Emotion]'' (2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
#Lane, R. D. &amp; Nadel, L. (2000). ''Cognitive neuroscience of emotion''. Oxford University Press, New York.
#Lewis, M. &amp; Haviland-Jones, J. M. (Eds) (2000). ''Handbook of emotions'' (2nd ed.). Guilford Press, New York.
#Minsky, M. (2006).  ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=OqbMnWDKIJ4C&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=minsky+emotion+machine&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=aPttTLeRE8H48AaJ_Pz9DA&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=1&amp;ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false The Emotion Machine: Commonsense Thinking, Artificial Intelligence, and the Future of the Human Mind]''.  Simon &amp; Schuster (Paperback), New York.
#Nunez, R. &amp; Freeman, W. J. (1999). ''Reclaiming cognition: The primacy of action, intention, and emotion''. Imprint Academic, Thorverton, UK.
#Ortony, A., Clore, G. L., &amp; Collins, A. (1988). [http://books.google.com/books?id=dA3JEEAp6TsC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=collins+ortony+clore+site:books.google.com&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=YvdtTOz_MML48Ab7r_SCDQ&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=1&amp;ved=0CCUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false ''The cognitive structure of emotions'']. Cambridge University Press, New York.  (Reprinted 1999)
#Pert, C. B.  (1997).  [http://books.google.com/books?id=gPDRP9DV8twC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=Molecules+emotion&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=MgJuTLnsI8L38Aa1jbmgDQ&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=1&amp;ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false ''Molecules of emotion: Why you feel the way you feel''].  Scribner, New York. 
#Petri, H. L., &amp; Govern, J. M. (2013). ''[http://www.cengage.com/search/productOverview.do?Ntt=1859299382144777096115097354111630884363&amp;N=11+14+4294944635&amp;Ntk=P_EPI Motivation: Theory, research, and applications]'' (6th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth. 
#Sansone, C. &amp; Harackiewicz, J. M. (2000). ''Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation: The search for optimal motivation and performance''. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
#Sheldon, K. M. (Ed.) (2010). ''Current directions in motivation and emotion''. Boston, MA: Allyn &amp; Bacon.
# Strongman, K. T. (2003). ''[http://au.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0471485675.html The psychology of emotion: From everyday life to theory]'' (5th ed.). Wiley.
#Vail, P. L. (1994).  ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=s6kIAAAACAAJ&amp;dq=priscilla+vail+emotions+switch+learning&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=jPhtTLnlL4H78AaJk-n0Cg&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=1&amp;ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA Emotion: The on/off switch for learning]''.  Modern Learning Press.
#Wagner, H. (1999). ''The psychobiology of human motivation''. Routledge, New York.

==External links==
* [http://www.socialpsychology.org/ptexts.htm#motivation Motivation textbooks] (socialpsychology.com)
* Kort, B. ''[http://knol.google.com/k/cognition-affect-and-learning# Cognition, affect, and learning]''. (Google Knol)

[[Category:Bibliographies]]
[[Category:Motivation and emotion/Readings]]
[[Category:Textbooks]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>gho9v9sjyijmou5sc52of0x1nlrjm0m</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>2720540</id>
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      <timestamp>2025-07-03T02:04:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jtneill</username>
        <id>10242</id>
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      <comment>Update for 2025</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5125" sha1="2gtjh87n8ytoqnhw031nk9mkulw7rfw" xml:space="preserve">==Suggested textbook==
&lt;!-- {{:Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2015}} --&gt;
&lt;!-- {{:Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2009}} --&gt;
&lt;!-- #{{:Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Neill/2010}} --&gt;

Suggested book references for tertiary-level study of motivation and emotion.&lt;/noinclude&gt;
#Beck, R. C. (2004). ''[http://www.pearsonhighered.com/educator/academic/product/0,,013111445X,00%2ben-USS_01DBC.html Motivation: Theories and principles]'' (5th ed.). Prentice Hall. 
#Borod, J. C. (2000). ''The neuropsychology of emotion''. Oxford University Press.
#Deckers, L. (2014). ''[http://www.pearsonhighered.com/educator/product/Motivation-Biological-Psychological-and-Environmental-4E/9780205941001.page Motivation: Biological, psychological, and environmental]'' (4th ed.). Allyn &amp; Bacon.
#DeCatanzaro, D. A. (1999). ''Motivation and emotion: Evolutionary, physiological, developmental, and social perspectives''. Prentice-Hall.
#Dalgleish, T. &amp; Power, M. J. (1999). ''Handbook of cognition and emotion''. John Wiley &amp; Sons.
#Edwards, D. C. (1999). ''Motivation and emotion: Evolutionary, physiological, cognitive, and social influences''. Sage.
#Ekman, P. &amp; Davidson, R. J. (1994). ''The nature of emotion: Fundamental questions''. Oxford University Press.
#Ferguson, E. D. (2000). ''Motivation: A biosocial and cognitive integration of motivation and emotion''. Oxford University Press.
#Franken, R. E. (2006). ''[http://www.cengage.com/search/productOverview.do?Ntt=19100242187929787401427326784455885335&amp;N=11+4294948073&amp;Ntk=P_EPI Human motivation]'' (6th ed.). Wadsworth Thomson Learning.
#Fox, E. (2008). ''Emotion science: Cognitive and neuroscientific approaches to understanding emotions''. Palgrave Macmillan.
#Frijda, N. H. (1986). ''The emotions''. Cambridge University Press, New York.
#Gollwitzer, P. M. &amp; Bargh, J. A. (1996). ''The psychology of action: Linking cognition and motivation to behavior''. Guilford Press.
#Gorman (*). [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=LBgfyOsYMKgC&amp;dq=motivation+and+emotion&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Motivation and emotion]
#Heckhausen, J. &amp; Dweck, C. S. (1998). ''Motivation and self-regulation across the life span''. Cambridge University Press.
#Kalat, J. W., &amp; Shiota, M. N. (2012). ''[http://www.cengage.com/search/productOverview.do?N=+16&amp;Ntk=P_Isbn13&amp;Ntt=9780495912880 Emotion]'' (2nd ed.). Wadsworth.
#Lane, R. D. &amp; Nadel, L. (2000). ''Cognitive neuroscience of emotion''. Oxford University Press.
#Lewis, M. &amp; Haviland-Jones, J. M. (Eds) (2000). ''Handbook of emotions'' (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.
#Minsky, M. (2006).  ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=OqbMnWDKIJ4C&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=minsky+emotion+machine&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=aPttTLeRE8H48AaJ_Pz9DA&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=1&amp;ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false The Emotion Machine: Commonsense Thinking, Artificial Intelligence, and the Future of the Human Mind]''.  Simon &amp; Schuster (Paperback).
#Nunez, R. &amp; Freeman, W. J. (1999). ''Reclaiming cognition: The primacy of action, intention, and emotion''. Imprint Academic.
#Ortony, A., Clore, G. L., &amp; Collins, A. (1988). [http://books.google.com/books?id=dA3JEEAp6TsC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=collins+ortony+clore+site:books.google.com&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=YvdtTOz_MML48Ab7r_SCDQ&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=1&amp;ved=0CCUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false ''The cognitive structure of emotions'']. Cambridge University Press.  (Reprinted 1999)
#Pert, C. B.  (1997).  [http://books.google.com/books?id=gPDRP9DV8twC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=Molecules+emotion&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=MgJuTLnsI8L38Aa1jbmgDQ&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=1&amp;ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false ''Molecules of emotion: Why you feel the way you feel''].  Scribner. 
#Petri, H. L., &amp; Govern, J. M. (2013). ''[http://www.cengage.com/search/productOverview.do?Ntt=1859299382144777096115097354111630884363&amp;N=11+14+4294944635&amp;Ntk=P_EPI Motivation: Theory, research, and applications]'' (6th ed.). Thomson Wadsworth.
#{{:Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2018}}
#Sansone, C. &amp; Harackiewicz, J. M. (2000). ''Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation: The search for optimal motivation and performance''. Academic Press.
#Sheldon, K. M. (Ed.) (2010). ''Current directions in motivation and emotion''. Allyn &amp; Bacon.
# Strongman, K. T. (2003). ''[http://au.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0471485675.html The psychology of emotion: From everyday life to theory]'' (5th ed.). Wiley.
#Vail, P. L. (1994).  ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=s6kIAAAACAAJ&amp;dq=priscilla+vail+emotions+switch+learning&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=jPhtTLnlL4H78AaJk-n0Cg&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=1&amp;ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA Emotion: The on/off switch for learning]''.  Modern Learning Press.
#Wagner, H. (1999). ''The psychobiology of human motivation''. Routledge.

==External links==
* [http://www.socialpsychology.org/ptexts.htm#motivation Motivation textbooks] (socialpsychology.com)
* Kort, B. ''[http://knol.google.com/k/cognition-affect-and-learning# Cognition, affect, and learning]''. (Google Knol)

[[Category:Bibliographies]]
[[Category:Motivation and emotion/Readings]]
[[Category:Textbooks]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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      <comment>Update for 2025</comment>
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{{title|Schedule}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;&lt;div align = &quot;center&quot;&gt;
&lt;!-- This [[Motivation and emotion/About/Schedule|schedule]] shows how the [[Motivation and emotion/Modules|modules]], [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures|lectures]], [[Motivation and emotion/Readings|readings]], [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials|tutorials]], and [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment|assessment]] work together to help [[emerging scholar]]s achieve the [[Motivation and emotion/About/Learning outcomes|learning outcomes]]. --&gt;
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/Schedule/Embed}}&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;
&lt;div align = &quot;center&quot;&gt;[https://docs.google.com/document/d/1yeILnuIxObo1wDlSgKqQDyvo4Ine2iJA5NmcxX33hMY/edit?usp=sharing Google Docs version]&lt;/div&gt;
{{anchor|Key dates}}

{{cot|Key dates}}
* W03
** Fri 9am – [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|Topic development]] due
* W04
** Fri - Last day to withdraw without penalty (Census day)
* W08
** No classes - Mid-semester break
** Fri - Last day to withdraw without incurring fail
* W10
** Mon 9am – [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|Book chapter]] due
* W14-W15
** TBA – [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Exam|Exam]] due
* W17
** Mon Results released
{{cob}}
&lt;!--
==See also==
;Previous schedules
* [[/2024/]]
* [[/2023/]]
* [[/2022/]]
* [[/2021/]]
* [[/2020/]]
* [[/2019/]]
* [[/2018/]]
* [[/2017/]]
* [[/2016/]]
* [[/2015/]]
* [[/2014/]]
* [[/2013/]]
* [[/2011/]]
* [[/2010/]]
* [[/2009/]]
--&gt;
[[Category:Motivation and emotion/About/Schedule]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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&lt;noinclude&gt;{{title|Motivation and emotion - About}}
{{TOCright}}
&lt;!-- [[File:Motivation and Emotion Scrabble.jpg|right|300px|thumb|''This is a support website for the '''[[Motivation and emotion|Motivation and Emotion]]''' unit (7124/6665) taught by [[User:Jtneill|James Neill]] Aug-Nov 2010-2011 and 2013-2015 at the [[University of Canberra]].'']] --&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;
==[[Motivation and emotion/About/Acknowledgement of country|Acknowledgement of country]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/Acknowledgement of country}}
==[[Motivation and emotion/About/Unit description|Unit description]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/Unit description}}
==[[Motivation and emotion/About/Learning outcomes|Learning outcomes]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/Learning outcomes}}
==[[Motivation and emotion/About/Graduate attributes|Graduate attributes]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/Graduate attributes}}

==Prerequisites==
# [http://www.canberra.edu.au/coursesandunits/unit?unit_cd=4309 Psychology 101] OR [http://www.canberra.edu.au/coursesandunits/unit?unit_cd=11399 11399 Understanding People and Behaviour] AND
# [http://www.canberra.edu.au/coursesandunits/unit?unit_cd=4310 Psychology 102] OR [https://www.canberra.edu.au/coursesandunits/unit?unit_cd=10444 Foundations of Psychology] OR
# Permission of [[Motivation and emotion/About/Staff|unit convener]].

==[[Motivation and emotion/About/Delivery mode|Delivery mode]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/Delivery mode}}
==[[Motivation and emotion/About/Schedule|Schedule]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/Schedule/Embed}}

==[[Motivation and emotion/About/Timetable|Timetable]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/Timetable}}

==[[/Participation/]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/Participation}}
==[[/Textbook/]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/Textbook}}
&lt;!-- ==[[/Equipment/]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/Equipment}} --&gt;
==IT skills==
Required IT skills (wiki editing and multimedia recording) will be taught in the unit.
==[[:Motivation and emotion/About/Websites|Websites]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/Websites}}
==[[Motivation and emotion/Assessment|Assessment]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/Assessment}}
==[[Motivation and emotion/About/Discussion|Discussion]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/Discussion}}
==[[Motivation and emotion/About/Help|Help]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/Help}}

==[[/Evaluation/]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/Evaluation}}

==[[Motivation and emotion/See also|See also]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/See also}} 
==[[Motivation and emotion/About/External links|External links]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/External links}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{edit page box}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:Motivation and emotion/Admin]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>8kyqmitl6lotg7xyk4rasbdifqin6we</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>2720529</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Jtneill</username>
        <id>10242</id>
      </contributor>
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      <comment>/* IT skills */</comment>
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      <text bytes="2775" sha1="4hce45dunls6fw2za1m96n0p9fhcffs" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt; __NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__ &lt;/includeonly&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;{{title|Motivation and emotion - About}}
{{TOCright}}
&lt;!-- [[File:Motivation and Emotion Scrabble.jpg|right|300px|thumb|''This is a support website for the '''[[Motivation and emotion|Motivation and Emotion]]''' unit (7124/6665) taught by [[User:Jtneill|James Neill]] Aug-Nov 2010-2011 and 2013-2015 at the [[University of Canberra]].'']] --&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;
==[[Motivation and emotion/About/Acknowledgement of country|Acknowledgement of country]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/Acknowledgement of country}}
==[[Motivation and emotion/About/Unit description|Unit description]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/Unit description}}
==[[Motivation and emotion/About/Learning outcomes|Learning outcomes]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/Learning outcomes}}
==[[Motivation and emotion/About/Graduate attributes|Graduate attributes]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/Graduate attributes}}

==Prerequisites==
# [http://www.canberra.edu.au/coursesandunits/unit?unit_cd=4309 Psychology 101] OR [http://www.canberra.edu.au/coursesandunits/unit?unit_cd=11399 11399 Understanding People and Behaviour] AND
# [http://www.canberra.edu.au/coursesandunits/unit?unit_cd=4310 Psychology 102] OR [https://www.canberra.edu.au/coursesandunits/unit?unit_cd=10444 Foundations of Psychology] OR
# Permission of [[Motivation and emotion/About/Staff|unit convener]].

==[[Motivation and emotion/About/Delivery mode|Delivery mode]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/Delivery mode}}
==[[Motivation and emotion/About/Schedule|Schedule]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/Schedule/Embed}}

==[[Motivation and emotion/About/Timetable|Timetable]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/Timetable}}

==[[/Participation/]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/Participation}}
==[[/Textbook/]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/Textbook}}
&lt;!-- ==[[/Equipment/]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/Equipment}} --&gt;
==IT skills==
Required IT skills (wiki editing) will be taught in the unit.

==[[:Motivation and emotion/About/Websites|Websites]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/Websites}}
==[[Motivation and emotion/Assessment|Assessment]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/Assessment}}
==[[Motivation and emotion/About/Discussion|Discussion]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/Discussion}}
==[[Motivation and emotion/About/Help|Help]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/Help}}

==[[/Evaluation/]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/Evaluation}}

==[[Motivation and emotion/See also|See also]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/See also}} 
==[[Motivation and emotion/About/External links|External links]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/External links}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{edit page box}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:Motivation and emotion/Admin]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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{{TOCright}}
&lt;!-- [[File:Motivation and Emotion Scrabble.jpg|right|300px|thumb|''This is a support website for the '''[[Motivation and emotion|Motivation and Emotion]]''' unit (7124/6665) taught by [[User:Jtneill|James Neill]] Aug-Nov 2010-2011 and 2013-2015 at the [[University of Canberra]].'']] --&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;
==[[Motivation and emotion/About/Acknowledgemtent of country|Acknowledgement of country]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/Acknowledgement of country}}
==[[Motivation and emotion/About/Unit description|Unit description]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/Unit description}}
==[[Motivation and emotion/About/Learning outcomes|Learning outcomes]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/Learning outcomes}}
==[[Motivation and emotion/About/Graduate attributes|Graduate attributes]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/Graduate attributes}}

==Prerequisites==
# [http://www.canberra.edu.au/coursesandunits/unit?unit_cd=4309 Psychology 101] OR [http://www.canberra.edu.au/coursesandunits/unit?unit_cd=11399 11399 Understanding People and Behaviour] AND
# [http://www.canberra.edu.au/coursesandunits/unit?unit_cd=4310 Psychology 102] OR [https://www.canberra.edu.au/coursesandunits/unit?unit_cd=10444 Foundations of Psychology] OR
# Permission of [[Motivation and emotion/About/Staff|unit convener]].

==[[Motivation and emotion/About/Delivery mode|Delivery mode]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/Delivery mode}}
==[[Motivation and emotion/About/Schedule|Schedule]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/Schedule/Embed}}

==[[Motivation and emotion/About/Timetable|Timetable]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/Timetable}}

==[[/Participation/]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/Participation}}
&lt;!-- ==[[/Textbook/]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/Textbook}} --&gt;
&lt;!-- ==[[/Equipment/]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/Equipment}} --&gt;
==IT skills==
Required IT skills (wiki editing) will be taught in the unit.

==[[:Motivation and emotion/About/Websites|Websites]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/Websites}}
==[[Motivation and emotion/Assessment|Assessment]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/Assessment}}
==[[Motivation and emotion/About/Discussion|Discussion]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/Discussion}}
==[[Motivation and emotion/About/Help|Help]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/Help}}

==[[/Evaluation/]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/Evaluation}}

==[[Motivation and emotion/See also|See also]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/See also}} 
==[[Motivation and emotion/About/External links|External links]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/External links}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{edit page box}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:Motivation and emotion/Admin]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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&lt;noinclude&gt;{{title|Motivation and emotion - About}}
{{TOCright}}
&lt;!-- [[File:Motivation and Emotion Scrabble.jpg|right|300px|thumb|''This is a support website for the '''[[Motivation and emotion|Motivation and Emotion]]''' unit (7124/6665) taught by [[User:Jtneill|James Neill]] Aug-Nov 2010-2011 and 2013-2015 at the [[University of Canberra]].'']] --&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;
==[[Motivation and emotion/About/Acknowledgement of country|Acknowledgement of country]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/Acknowledgement of country}}
==[[Motivation and emotion/About/Unit description|Unit description]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/Unit description}}
==[[Motivation and emotion/About/Learning outcomes|Learning outcomes]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/Learning outcomes}}
==[[Motivation and emotion/About/Graduate attributes|Graduate attributes]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/Graduate attributes}}

==Prerequisites==
# [http://www.canberra.edu.au/coursesandunits/unit?unit_cd=4309 Psychology 101] OR [http://www.canberra.edu.au/coursesandunits/unit?unit_cd=11399 11399 Understanding People and Behaviour] AND
# [http://www.canberra.edu.au/coursesandunits/unit?unit_cd=4310 Psychology 102] OR [https://www.canberra.edu.au/coursesandunits/unit?unit_cd=10444 Foundations of Psychology] OR
# Permission of [[Motivation and emotion/About/Staff|unit convener]].

==[[Motivation and emotion/About/Delivery mode|Delivery mode]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/Delivery mode}}
==[[Motivation and emotion/About/Schedule|Schedule]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/Schedule/Embed}}

==[[Motivation and emotion/About/Timetable|Timetable]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/Timetable}}

==[[/Participation/]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/Participation}}
&lt;!-- ==[[/Textbook/]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/Textbook}} --&gt;
&lt;!-- ==[[/Equipment/]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/Equipment}} --&gt;
==IT skills==
Required IT skills (wiki editing) will be taught in the unit.

==[[:Motivation and emotion/About/Websites|Websites]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/Websites}}
==[[Motivation and emotion/Assessment|Assessment]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/Assessment}}
==[[Motivation and emotion/About/Discussion|Discussion]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/Discussion}}
==[[Motivation and emotion/About/Help|Help]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/Help}}

==[[/Evaluation/]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/Evaluation}}

==[[Motivation and emotion/See also|See also]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/See also}} 
==[[Motivation and emotion/About/External links|External links]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/External links}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{edit page box}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:Motivation and emotion/Admin]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>oql5y6sttbzstsusyw1x1t1muyljp6g</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>2720573</id>
      <parentid>2720536</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-03T04:40:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jtneill</username>
        <id>10242</id>
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      <text bytes="2775" sha1="29uknhxe36e8dbr5991466jvm1d4vk0" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt; __NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__ &lt;/includeonly&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;{{title|Motivation and emotion - About}}
{{TOCright}}
&lt;!-- [[File:Motivation and Emotion Scrabble.jpg|right|300px|thumb|''This is a support website for the '''[[Motivation and emotion|Motivation and Emotion]]''' unit (7124/6665) taught by [[User:Jtneill|James Neill]] Aug-Nov 2010-2011 and 2013-2015 at the [[University of Canberra]].'']] --&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;
==[[Motivation and emotion/About/Acknowledgement of country|Acknowledgement of country]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/Acknowledgement of country}}
==[[Motivation and emotion/About/Unit description|Unit description]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/Unit description}}
==[[Motivation and emotion/About/Learning outcomes|Learning outcomes]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/Learning outcomes}}
==[[Motivation and emotion/About/Graduate attributes|Graduate attributes]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/Graduate attributes}}

==Prerequisites==
# [http://www.canberra.edu.au/coursesandunits/unit?unit_cd=4309 Psychology 101] OR [http://www.canberra.edu.au/coursesandunits/unit?unit_cd=11399 11399 Understanding People and Behaviour] AND
# [http://www.canberra.edu.au/coursesandunits/unit?unit_cd=4310 Psychology 102] OR [https://www.canberra.edu.au/coursesandunits/unit?unit_cd=10444 Foundations of Psychology] OR
# Permission of [[Motivation and emotion/About/Staff|unit convener]].

==[[Motivation and emotion/About/Delivery mode|Delivery mode]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/Delivery mode}}
==[[Motivation and emotion/About/Schedule|Schedule]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/Schedule/Embed}}

==[[Motivation and emotion/About/Timetable|Timetable]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/Timetable}}

==[[/Participation/]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/Participation}}
&lt;!-- ==[[/Textbook/]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/Textbook}} --&gt;
==[[/Equipment/]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/Equipment}}
==IT skills==
Required IT skills (wiki editing) will be taught in the unit.

==[[:Motivation and emotion/About/Websites|Websites]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/Websites}}
==[[Motivation and emotion/Assessment|Assessment]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/Assessment}}
==[[Motivation and emotion/About/Discussion|Discussion]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/Discussion}}
==[[Motivation and emotion/About/Help|Help]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/Help}}

==[[/Evaluation/]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/Evaluation}}

==[[Motivation and emotion/See also|See also]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/See also}} 
==[[Motivation and emotion/About/External links|External links]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/About/External links}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{edit page box}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:Motivation and emotion/Admin]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>29uknhxe36e8dbr5991466jvm1d4vk0</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Motivation and emotion/About/Outline</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2025-07-03T03:00:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jtneill</username>
        <id>10242</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Update for 2025</comment>
      <origin>2720564</origin>
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      <text bytes="1487" sha1="s7s9yrrv3ulqqorvsqhrz1hictnetgg" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Title|Unit outline}}
{{notice|1=The unit outline for 2025 is not yet available&lt;!--, but will be similar to 2021 --&gt;.}}
* &lt;/noinclude&gt;&lt;!--[https://www.canberra.edu.au/unit-outline/X 7124 Motivation and emotion] (2025)
* [https://www.canberra.edu.au/unit-outline/218542 7124 Motivation and emotion] (2024)&lt;noinclude&gt;
* [https://www.canberra.edu.au/unit-outline/213520.html 7124 Motivation and emotion] (2023)
* [https://www.canberra.edu.au/coursesandunits/uo-view?uoo_id=201899 7124 Motivation and Emotion] (2021)
* [https://www.canberra.edu.au/coursesandunits/uo-view?proposal_id=75297 7124 Motivation and Emotion] (2020)
* [http://www.canberra.edu.au/coursesandunits/uo-view?proposal_id=67763 7124 Motivation and Emotion] (2019)
* [http://www.canberra.edu.au/coursesandunits/uo-view?uoo_id=180102 7124 Motivation and Emotion] (2018)
* [http://www.canberra.edu.au/coursesandunits/uo-view/_nocache?uoo_id=164170 7124 Motivation and Emotion] (2017)
* [http://www.canberra.edu.au/coursesandunits/uo-view/_nocache?uoo_id=164203 6665 Motivation and Emotion G] (2017)
* [http://www.canberra.edu.au/coursesandunits/uo-view/_nocache?uoo_id=152055 7124] (2016)
* [http://www.canberra.edu.au/coursesandunits/uo-view/_nocache?uoo_id=151843 6665] (2016)
* [http://www.canberra.edu.au/coursesandunits/uo-view/_nocache?uoo_id=140883 7124] (2015)
* [http://www.canberra.edu.au/coursesandunits/uo-view/_nocache?uoo_id=140629 6665] (2015) --&gt;

[[Category:Motivation and emotion]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>10242</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>/* Assessment */</comment>
      <origin>2720464</origin>
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      <text bytes="3983" sha1="8z4pz47pdgrug3qrwin6bkr50hxo2s4" xml:space="preserve">==Changes==
For a summary of what has changed each year, see [[Motivation and emotion/Changes|changes]].

==Assessment==
* [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment|Assessment]]

==Evaluation==
For a summary of student feedback each year, see [[Motivation and emotion/Evaluation|evaluation]].

==Lectures==
* [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Lecturer notes|Lecturer notes]]
* [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Videos|Videos]]

==Subpages==
{{Subpages/List}}

==Templates==
[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Templates]]

===Topic development===
* [[:Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic/Due|Due date]]
* {{tl|ME/BCS}} (for getting started)
* {{tl|HC}} | {{tl|Heading casing}}
* {{tl|METF}} (Topic development feedback)

===Book chapter===
* {{tl|Motivation and emotion/Book}} (for embedding in sentences)
* [[:Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter/Due|Due date]]
* {{tl|MEBF}} (Book chapter feedback template)
* [[/Marker notes|Notes for markers]]

====Chapter page was pre-existing====
* {{tl|METE}} (Pre-developed topic which was abandoned)
* {{tl|METP}} (Previously attempted topic which was insufficient and therefore relisted)

===Multimedia===
* [[:Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Multimedia/Due|Due date]]
* {{tl|MEMF}} (Multimedia feedback)

===Quizzes===
* [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Quizzes|Quizzes]]

===Inline comments===
* [[:Category:Clarification templates]]
* {{tl|Inline comment}}
* {{tl|Comment}}

===User talk===
* {{tl|Welcomeip}}

===No longer used===
* {{tl|MEP2010}}
* {{tl|MET}}
* {{tl|Motivation and emotion/Textbook/Chapter}}
* {{tl|Motivation and emotion/Textbook/Chapter/Recording}} - {{tl|MECR}}
* {{tl|Motivation and emotion/Chapter/Feedback/2010}} - {{tl|MECF}}
* {{tl|Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Multimedia/Feedback/2010}} - 
* {{tl|Motivation and emotion/E-portfolio/Feedback/2010}}

==Unused/notes==
# [[Motivation and emotion/Evaluation|Evaluation]]
# [[Motivation and emotion/Unused/Favourite people|Favourite people]]
# [[Motivation and emotion/Questions|Questions]]
# [[Motivation and emotion/Readings|Readings]]
# [[Motivation and emotion/References|References]]
# [[Motivation and emotion/Topics|Topics]]
# [[Motivation and emotion/Videos|Videos]]

==Update annually==
* [[Motivation and emotion]]
** Due dates:
*** [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Selection/Due]]
*** [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic/Due]]
*** [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter/Due]]
*** [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Multimedia/Due]]
*** [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Quizzes/Due]]
** [[Motivation and emotion/About/Getting started|Getting started]]
** [[Motivation_and_emotion/About|About]]
* [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment|Assessment]]
** [[Motivation and emotion/Book|Book]]
*** {{tl|Motivation and emotion/Book}}
*** [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter/Contents]]
*** {{tl|MEBF}}
*** {{tl|Motivation and emotion/Book}}
** [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Multimedia|Multimedia]]
*** {{tl|MEMF}}
* [[Motivation and emotion/About/Discussion|Discussion]]
* {{tl|Motivation and emotion/Canvas}}
* {{tl|Motivation and emotion/Hashtag}}
* [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures|Lectures]]
** Link to recordings
** {{tl|Motivation and emotion/Lectures/In development}}
** {{tl|Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Complete}}
* [[Motivation and emotion/About/Outline|Outline]]
* [[Motivation and emotion/About/Timetable|Timetable]]
* [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials|Tutorials]]
** [[Motivation and emotion/Drop-in|Drop-in]]
** {{tl|Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/In development}}
** {{tl|Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Complete2}}

==See also==
* [[Motivation and emotion/Admin/Equivalent units|Equivalent units]]
* [[Motivation and emotion/Gallery|Gallery]]
* [[/Indigenisation/]]
* [[b:Motivation and Emotion|Motivation and Emotion]] (Wikibooks)
* [[Introduction to psychology/Psy102/Tutorials/Motivation|Motivation tutorial]] (Psychology 102)
* [[../Wikiversity/]]

[[Category:Motivation and emotion/Admin| ]]</text>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>10242</id>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4085" sha1="kl6yvb1yd39u3eglswmi79oclhapksk" xml:space="preserve">==Changes==
For a summary of what has changed each year, see [[Motivation and emotion/Changes|changes]].

==Assessment==
* [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment|Assessment]]

==Evaluation==
For a summary of student feedback each year, see [[Motivation and emotion/Evaluation|evaluation]].

==Lectures==
* [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Lecturer notes|Lecturer notes]]
* [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Videos|Videos]]

==Subpages==
{{Subpages/List}}

==Templates==
[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Templates]]

===Topic development===
* [[:Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic/Due|Due date]]
* {{tl|ME/BCS}} (for getting started)
* {{tl|HC}} | {{tl|Heading casing}}
* {{tl|METF}} (Topic development feedback)

===Book chapter===
* {{tl|Motivation and emotion/Book}} (for embedding in sentences)
* [[:Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter/Due|Due date]]
* {{tl|MEBF}} (Book chapter feedback template)
* [[/Marker notes|Notes for markers]]

====Chapter page was pre-existing====
* {{tl|METE}} (Pre-developed topic which was abandoned)
* {{tl|METP}} (Previously attempted topic which was insufficient and therefore relisted)

===Exam===
* [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Exam|Exam]]
&lt;!--
===Multimedia===
* [[:Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Multimedia/Due|Due date]]
* {{tl|MEMF}} (Multimedia feedback)

===Quizzes===
* [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Quizzes|Quizzes]]
--&gt;
===Inline comments===
* [[:Category:Clarification templates]]
* {{tl|Inline comment}}
* {{tl|Comment}}

===User talk===
* {{tl|Welcomeip}}

===No longer used===
* {{tl|MEP2010}}
* {{tl|MET}}
* {{tl|Motivation and emotion/Textbook/Chapter}}
* {{tl|Motivation and emotion/Textbook/Chapter/Recording}} - {{tl|MECR}}
* {{tl|Motivation and emotion/Chapter/Feedback/2010}} - {{tl|MECF}}
* {{tl|Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Multimedia/Feedback/2010}}
* {{tl|MEMF}} (Multimedia feedback)
* {{tl|Motivation and emotion/E-portfolio/Feedback/2010}}

==Unused/notes==
# [[Motivation and emotion/Evaluation|Evaluation]]
# [[Motivation and emotion/Unused/Favourite people|Favourite people]]
# [[Motivation and emotion/Questions|Questions]]
# [[Motivation and emotion/Readings|Readings]]
# [[Motivation and emotion/References|References]]
# [[Motivation and emotion/Topics|Topics]]
# [[Motivation and emotion/Videos|Videos]]

==Update annually==
* [[Motivation and emotion]]
** Due dates:
*** [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Selection/Due]]
*** [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic/Due]]
*** [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter/Due]]
*** [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Multimedia/Due]]
*** [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Quizzes/Due]]
** [[Motivation and emotion/About/Getting started|Getting started]]
** [[Motivation_and_emotion/About|About]]
* [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment|Assessment]]
** [[Motivation and emotion/Book|Book]]
*** {{tl|Motivation and emotion/Book}}
*** [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter/Contents]]
*** {{tl|MEBF}}
*** {{tl|Motivation and emotion/Book}}
** [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Multimedia|Multimedia]]
*** {{tl|MEMF}}
* [[Motivation and emotion/About/Discussion|Discussion]]
* {{tl|Motivation and emotion/Canvas}}
* {{tl|Motivation and emotion/Hashtag}}
* [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures|Lectures]]
** Link to recordings
** {{tl|Motivation and emotion/Lectures/In development}}
** {{tl|Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Complete}}
* [[Motivation and emotion/About/Outline|Outline]]
* [[Motivation and emotion/About/Timetable|Timetable]]
* [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials|Tutorials]]
** [[Motivation and emotion/Drop-in|Drop-in]]
** {{tl|Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/In development}}
** {{tl|Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Complete2}}

==See also==
* [[Motivation and emotion/Admin/Equivalent units|Equivalent units]]
* [[Motivation and emotion/Gallery|Gallery]]
* [[/Indigenisation/]]
* [[b:Motivation and Emotion|Motivation and Emotion]] (Wikibooks)
* [[Introduction to psychology/Psy102/Tutorials/Motivation|Motivation tutorial]] (Psychology 102)
* [[../Wikiversity/]]

[[Category:Motivation and emotion/Admin| ]]</text>
      <sha1>kl6yvb1yd39u3eglswmi79oclhapksk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2720466</id>
      <parentid>2720465</parentid>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Jtneill</username>
        <id>10242</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Book chapter */</comment>
      <origin>2720466</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4086" sha1="0ywsuzahlhr1w93pcfoa9ujzm3bwqyl" xml:space="preserve">==Changes==
For a summary of what has changed each year, see [[Motivation and emotion/Changes|changes]].

==Assessment==
* [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment|Assessment]]

==Evaluation==
For a summary of student feedback each year, see [[Motivation and emotion/Evaluation|evaluation]].

==Lectures==
* [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Lecturer notes|Lecturer notes]]
* [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Videos|Videos]]

==Subpages==
{{Subpages/List}}

==Templates==
[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Templates]]

===Topic development===
* [[:Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic/Due|Due date]]
* {{tl|ME/BCS}} (for getting started)
* {{tl|HC}} | {{tl|Heading casing}}
* {{tl|METF}} (Topic development feedback)

===Book chapter===
* [[:Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter/Due|Due date]]

* {{tl|Motivation and emotion/Book}} (for embedding in sentences)
* {{tl|MEBF}} (Book chapter feedback template)
* [[/Marker notes|Notes for markers]]

====Chapter page was pre-existing====
* {{tl|METE}} (Pre-developed topic which was abandoned)
* {{tl|METP}} (Previously attempted topic which was insufficient and therefore relisted)

===Exam===
* [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Exam|Exam]]
&lt;!--
===Multimedia===
* [[:Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Multimedia/Due|Due date]]
* {{tl|MEMF}} (Multimedia feedback)

===Quizzes===
* [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Quizzes|Quizzes]]
--&gt;
===Inline comments===
* [[:Category:Clarification templates]]
* {{tl|Inline comment}}
* {{tl|Comment}}

===User talk===
* {{tl|Welcomeip}}

===No longer used===
* {{tl|MEP2010}}
* {{tl|MET}}
* {{tl|Motivation and emotion/Textbook/Chapter}}
* {{tl|Motivation and emotion/Textbook/Chapter/Recording}} - {{tl|MECR}}
* {{tl|Motivation and emotion/Chapter/Feedback/2010}} - {{tl|MECF}}
* {{tl|Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Multimedia/Feedback/2010}}
* {{tl|MEMF}} (Multimedia feedback)
* {{tl|Motivation and emotion/E-portfolio/Feedback/2010}}

==Unused/notes==
# [[Motivation and emotion/Evaluation|Evaluation]]
# [[Motivation and emotion/Unused/Favourite people|Favourite people]]
# [[Motivation and emotion/Questions|Questions]]
# [[Motivation and emotion/Readings|Readings]]
# [[Motivation and emotion/References|References]]
# [[Motivation and emotion/Topics|Topics]]
# [[Motivation and emotion/Videos|Videos]]

==Update annually==
* [[Motivation and emotion]]
** Due dates:
*** [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Selection/Due]]
*** [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic/Due]]
*** [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter/Due]]
*** [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Multimedia/Due]]
*** [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Quizzes/Due]]
** [[Motivation and emotion/About/Getting started|Getting started]]
** [[Motivation_and_emotion/About|About]]
* [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment|Assessment]]
** [[Motivation and emotion/Book|Book]]
*** {{tl|Motivation and emotion/Book}}
*** [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter/Contents]]
*** {{tl|MEBF}}
*** {{tl|Motivation and emotion/Book}}
** [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Multimedia|Multimedia]]
*** {{tl|MEMF}}
* [[Motivation and emotion/About/Discussion|Discussion]]
* {{tl|Motivation and emotion/Canvas}}
* {{tl|Motivation and emotion/Hashtag}}
* [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures|Lectures]]
** Link to recordings
** {{tl|Motivation and emotion/Lectures/In development}}
** {{tl|Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Complete}}
* [[Motivation and emotion/About/Outline|Outline]]
* [[Motivation and emotion/About/Timetable|Timetable]]
* [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials|Tutorials]]
** [[Motivation and emotion/Drop-in|Drop-in]]
** {{tl|Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/In development}}
** {{tl|Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Complete2}}

==See also==
* [[Motivation and emotion/Admin/Equivalent units|Equivalent units]]
* [[Motivation and emotion/Gallery|Gallery]]
* [[/Indigenisation/]]
* [[b:Motivation and Emotion|Motivation and Emotion]] (Wikibooks)
* [[Introduction to psychology/Psy102/Tutorials/Motivation|Motivation tutorial]] (Psychology 102)
* [[../Wikiversity/]]

[[Category:Motivation and emotion/Admin| ]]</text>
      <sha1>0ywsuzahlhr1w93pcfoa9ujzm3bwqyl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2720557</id>
      <parentid>2720466</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-03T02:54:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jtneill</username>
        <id>10242</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Update annually */</comment>
      <origin>2720557</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4113" sha1="0bug12akr4k4entdy0myb5u0ydwbwao" xml:space="preserve">==Changes==
For a summary of what has changed each year, see [[Motivation and emotion/Changes|changes]].

==Assessment==
* [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment|Assessment]]

==Evaluation==
For a summary of student feedback each year, see [[Motivation and emotion/Evaluation|evaluation]].

==Lectures==
* [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Lecturer notes|Lecturer notes]]
* [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Videos|Videos]]

==Subpages==
{{Subpages/List}}

==Templates==
[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Templates]]

===Topic development===
* [[:Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic/Due|Due date]]
* {{tl|ME/BCS}} (for getting started)
* {{tl|HC}} | {{tl|Heading casing}}
* {{tl|METF}} (Topic development feedback)

===Book chapter===
* [[:Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter/Due|Due date]]

* {{tl|Motivation and emotion/Book}} (for embedding in sentences)
* {{tl|MEBF}} (Book chapter feedback template)
* [[/Marker notes|Notes for markers]]

====Chapter page was pre-existing====
* {{tl|METE}} (Pre-developed topic which was abandoned)
* {{tl|METP}} (Previously attempted topic which was insufficient and therefore relisted)

===Exam===
* [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Exam|Exam]]
&lt;!--
===Multimedia===
* [[:Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Multimedia/Due|Due date]]
* {{tl|MEMF}} (Multimedia feedback)

===Quizzes===
* [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Quizzes|Quizzes]]
--&gt;
===Inline comments===
* [[:Category:Clarification templates]]
* {{tl|Inline comment}}
* {{tl|Comment}}

===User talk===
* {{tl|Welcomeip}}

===No longer used===
* {{tl|MEP2010}}
* {{tl|MET}}
* {{tl|Motivation and emotion/Textbook/Chapter}}
* {{tl|Motivation and emotion/Textbook/Chapter/Recording}} - {{tl|MECR}}
* {{tl|Motivation and emotion/Chapter/Feedback/2010}} - {{tl|MECF}}
* {{tl|Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Multimedia/Feedback/2010}}
* {{tl|MEMF}} (Multimedia feedback)
* {{tl|Motivation and emotion/E-portfolio/Feedback/2010}}

==Unused/notes==
# [[Motivation and emotion/Evaluation|Evaluation]]
# [[Motivation and emotion/Unused/Favourite people|Favourite people]]
# [[Motivation and emotion/Questions|Questions]]
# [[Motivation and emotion/Readings|Readings]]
# [[Motivation and emotion/References|References]]
# [[Motivation and emotion/Topics|Topics]]
# [[Motivation and emotion/Videos|Videos]]

==Update annually==
* [[Motivation and emotion]]
** Due dates:
&lt;!-- *** [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Selection/Due]] --&gt;
*** [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic/Due]]
*** [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter/Due]]
&lt;!-- *** [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Multimedia/Due]] --&gt;
&lt;!-- *** [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Quizzes/Due]] --&gt;
** [[Motivation and emotion/About/Getting started|Getting started]]
** [[Motivation_and_emotion/About|About]]
* [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment|Assessment]]
** [[Motivation and emotion/Book|Book]]
*** {{tl|Motivation and emotion/Book}}
*** [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter/Contents]]
*** {{tl|MEBF}}
*** {{tl|Motivation and emotion/Book}}
** [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Multimedia|Multimedia]]
*** {{tl|MEMF}}
* [[Motivation and emotion/About/Discussion|Discussion]]
* {{tl|Motivation and emotion/Canvas}}
* {{tl|Motivation and emotion/Hashtag}}
* [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures|Lectures]]
** Link to recordings
** {{tl|Motivation and emotion/Lectures/In development}}
** {{tl|Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Complete}}
* [[Motivation and emotion/About/Outline|Outline]]
* [[Motivation and emotion/About/Timetable|Timetable]]
* [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials|Tutorials]]
** [[Motivation and emotion/Drop-in|Drop-in]]
** {{tl|Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/In development}}
** {{tl|Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Complete2}}

==See also==
* [[Motivation and emotion/Admin/Equivalent units|Equivalent units]]
* [[Motivation and emotion/Gallery|Gallery]]
* [[/Indigenisation/]]
* [[b:Motivation and Emotion|Motivation and Emotion]] (Wikibooks)
* [[Introduction to psychology/Psy102/Tutorials/Motivation|Motivation tutorial]] (Psychology 102)
* [[../Wikiversity/]]

[[Category:Motivation and emotion/Admin| ]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2720558</id>
      <parentid>2720557</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-03T02:54:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jtneill</username>
        <id>10242</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Update annually */</comment>
      <origin>2720558</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4122" sha1="dfusy9ws2q5vistscgz2lkr7g9q87sp" xml:space="preserve">==Changes==
For a summary of what has changed each year, see [[Motivation and emotion/Changes|changes]].

==Assessment==
* [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment|Assessment]]

==Evaluation==
For a summary of student feedback each year, see [[Motivation and emotion/Evaluation|evaluation]].

==Lectures==
* [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Lecturer notes|Lecturer notes]]
* [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Videos|Videos]]

==Subpages==
{{Subpages/List}}

==Templates==
[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Templates]]

===Topic development===
* [[:Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic/Due|Due date]]
* {{tl|ME/BCS}} (for getting started)
* {{tl|HC}} | {{tl|Heading casing}}
* {{tl|METF}} (Topic development feedback)

===Book chapter===
* [[:Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter/Due|Due date]]

* {{tl|Motivation and emotion/Book}} (for embedding in sentences)
* {{tl|MEBF}} (Book chapter feedback template)
* [[/Marker notes|Notes for markers]]

====Chapter page was pre-existing====
* {{tl|METE}} (Pre-developed topic which was abandoned)
* {{tl|METP}} (Previously attempted topic which was insufficient and therefore relisted)

===Exam===
* [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Exam|Exam]]
&lt;!--
===Multimedia===
* [[:Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Multimedia/Due|Due date]]
* {{tl|MEMF}} (Multimedia feedback)

===Quizzes===
* [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Quizzes|Quizzes]]
--&gt;
===Inline comments===
* [[:Category:Clarification templates]]
* {{tl|Inline comment}}
* {{tl|Comment}}

===User talk===
* {{tl|Welcomeip}}

===No longer used===
* {{tl|MEP2010}}
* {{tl|MET}}
* {{tl|Motivation and emotion/Textbook/Chapter}}
* {{tl|Motivation and emotion/Textbook/Chapter/Recording}} - {{tl|MECR}}
* {{tl|Motivation and emotion/Chapter/Feedback/2010}} - {{tl|MECF}}
* {{tl|Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Multimedia/Feedback/2010}}
* {{tl|MEMF}} (Multimedia feedback)
* {{tl|Motivation and emotion/E-portfolio/Feedback/2010}}

==Unused/notes==
# [[Motivation and emotion/Evaluation|Evaluation]]
# [[Motivation and emotion/Unused/Favourite people|Favourite people]]
# [[Motivation and emotion/Questions|Questions]]
# [[Motivation and emotion/Readings|Readings]]
# [[Motivation and emotion/References|References]]
# [[Motivation and emotion/Topics|Topics]]
# [[Motivation and emotion/Videos|Videos]]

==Update annually==
* [[Motivation and emotion]]
** Due dates:
&lt;!-- *** [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Selection/Due]] --&gt;
*** [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic/Due]]
*** [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter/Due]]
&lt;!-- *** [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Multimedia/Due]] --&gt;
&lt;!-- *** [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Quizzes/Due]] --&gt;
** [[Motivation and emotion/About/Getting started|Getting started]]
** [[Motivation_and_emotion/About|About]]
* [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment|Assessment]]
** [[Motivation and emotion/Book|Book]]
*** {{tl|Motivation and emotion/Book}}
*** [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter/Contents]]
*** {{tl|MEBF}}
*** {{tl|Motivation and emotion/Book}}
&lt;!-- ** [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Multimedia|Multimedia]]
*** {{tl|MEMF}} --&gt;
* [[Motivation and emotion/About/Discussion|Discussion]]
* {{tl|Motivation and emotion/Canvas}}
* {{tl|Motivation and emotion/Hashtag}}
* [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures|Lectures]]
** Link to recordings
** {{tl|Motivation and emotion/Lectures/In development}}
** {{tl|Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Complete}}
* [[Motivation and emotion/About/Outline|Outline]]
* [[Motivation and emotion/About/Timetable|Timetable]]
* [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials|Tutorials]]
** [[Motivation and emotion/Drop-in|Drop-in]]
** {{tl|Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/In development}}
** {{tl|Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Complete2}}

==See also==
* [[Motivation and emotion/Admin/Equivalent units|Equivalent units]]
* [[Motivation and emotion/Gallery|Gallery]]
* [[/Indigenisation/]]
* [[b:Motivation and Emotion|Motivation and Emotion]] (Wikibooks)
* [[Introduction to psychology/Psy102/Tutorials/Motivation|Motivation tutorial]] (Psychology 102)
* [[../Wikiversity/]]

[[Category:Motivation and emotion/Admin| ]]</text>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>10242</id>
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      <text bytes="5289" sha1="mnpluvruugl4yros3ezhhosqiz02bt5" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;==Welcome==&lt;/noinclude&gt;
{| style=&quot;width: 90%; margin: auto;&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;width: 13%&quot; | &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;[[File:196 Triremo.svg|right|100px]]
| style=&quot;width: 4%&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 66%&quot; | {{center|'''Welcome aboard''' the good ship,&lt;br&gt;[[File:Motivation &amp; Emotion.png|center|160px]]&lt;!-- &quot;[[Motivation and emotion|Motivation and Emotion]]&quot;! --&gt;}}
&quot;Motivation and Emotion&quot; sails from the port of [[University of Canberra]] in August each year, with ~150 voyagers on board. Lead by skipper [[User:Jtneill|James Neill]], we journey the high seas of psychology in search of &quot;why people do what they do&quot; and &quot;why people feel the way they feel&quot; according to [[psychological science]]. Voyagers return and share their discoveries through an online book chapter and multimedia overview.

Read on to learn about what's on board, some places we'll visit, and how to get started.
| style=&quot;width: 4%&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 13%&quot; | &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;[[File:MOREmoji pirate.svg|right|100px]]
|}

&lt;hr&gt;
This undergraduate psychology unit is about core aspects of human beings that most people find fascinating, namely:
* '''[[Motivation]]''' – what are the reasons for people's behaviours? 
* '''[[Emotion]]''' – why do people feel the way they do about what happens within and around them?

For most people, these are naturally fascinating topics which open doorways to understanding yourself and others from a psychological science perspective.

The psychology of motivation and emotion applies to everyday life. But it is also applied to help treat mental health problems, foster productive work, enhance learning, improve relationships, and unlock human potential.

The array of theories and intriguing research findings help to make studying motivation and emotion a highlight for many psychology students.

The journey ahead won't always be easy, but an open mind and willingness to engage are the keys to success.

==Structure==
This unit has a T-shaped structure.

[[File:Initial T in The International magazine.png|center|70px]]

The horizontal part of the T represents '''breadth''' of knowledge. [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures|Lectures]] discuss core concepts and [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials|tutorials]] explore how these concepts apply in the real world in an interactive format.

The vertical line of the T represents '''depth''' of knowledge. This unit challenges you to take a deep dive to explore a specific motivation or emotion topic. The major project is to create and publicly share an online book chapter.

==Main topics==
Check out the lecture and tutorial pages to learn about key topics:
{{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Navigation}}
{{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Navigation}}

==Getting started==
Here's a step-by-step guide to getting started:

[[File:Octicons-checklist.svg|center|100px]]

# Get an overview:
## [[Motivation and emotion/About|About this unit]]
## [[Motivation and emotion/About/Outline|Unit outline]]
# Enrol in
## the unit
## a tutorial
# Check the [[Motivation and emotion/About/Timetable|timetable]] (for lectures and tutorials) and put the [[Motivation and emotion/About/Schedule|schedule]] in your calendar
# Materials - get access to:
&lt;!-- ## Check that you have logged-in access to the unit's {{Motivation and emotion/Canvas}} site --&gt;
## The [[Motivation and emotion/About#Textbook|textbook]]
## An audio headset (with headphones and microphone) is recommended for:
### recording the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Multimedia|multimedia]] presentation assessment exercise
### participating in online virtual [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials|tutorials]]
# Assessment
## Check out the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment|assessment]] and note the due dates
&lt;!-- ## Due dates: 
### [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|Topic development]] (Week 05 Mon 9am)
### [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|Book chapter]] (Week 12 Mon 9am)
### [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Multimedia|Multimedia]] (Week 14 Mon 9am)
### [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Quizzes|Quizzes]] (Week 15 Mon 9am) --&gt;
## Learn about [[Wikiversity]] and [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity|how to use it]]
### [[Create a Wikiversity account]] - choose a user name appropriate to your privacy requirements (can be based on your real name or a pseudonym).
### Practice editing in a [[sandbox]].
### Describe a little about yourself and areas of interest on your Wikiversity [[Help:User page|user page]].
### More information about using Wikiversity will be provided during lectures and tutorials (e.g., see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Introduction|Tutorial 01]], but you can also teach yourself by exploring and experimenting). For more info, see [[Help:Contents|Wikiversity - Help]].
## Browse the [[Motivation and emotion/Book|previous book chapter topics]]. Think about what chapter topic you would like to contribute to the current {{Motivation and emotion/Book}}.&lt;!-- Ask questions, share your ideas, and get some feedback.--&gt;
# Discuss with others via:
## [[Motivation and emotion/About/Discussion|UCLearn Discussion]]
## [[Help:Talk pages|Wikiversity talk pages]]
## {{Motivation and emotion/Hashtag}} hashtag on X
# For more assistance, see [[Motivation and emotion/About/Help|help]]

&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:Motivation and emotion]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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        <id>10242</id>
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      <text bytes="4433" sha1="blmezv4ftzrxa0iyml2c6rztwl13cb6" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;==Welcome==&lt;/noinclude&gt;
{| style=&quot;width: 90%; margin: auto;&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;width: 13%&quot; | &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;[[File:196 Triremo.svg|right|100px]]
| style=&quot;width: 4%&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 66%&quot; | {{center|'''Welcome aboard''' the good ship,&lt;br&gt;[[File:Motivation &amp; Emotion.png|center|160px]]&lt;!-- &quot;[[Motivation and emotion|Motivation and Emotion]]&quot;! --&gt;}}
&quot;Motivation and Emotion&quot; sails from the port of [[University of Canberra]] in August each year, with ~150 voyagers on board. Lead by skipper [[User:Jtneill|James Neill]], we journey the high seas of psychology in search of &quot;why people do what they do&quot; and &quot;why people feel the way they feel&quot; according to [[psychological science]]. Voyagers return and share their discoveries through an online book chapter and multimedia overview.

Read on to learn about what's on board, some places we'll visit, and how to get started.
| style=&quot;width: 4%&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 13%&quot; | &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;[[File:MOREmoji pirate.svg|right|100px]]
|}

&lt;hr&gt;
This undergraduate psychology unit is about core aspects of human beings that most people find fascinating, namely:
* '''[[Motivation]]''' – what are the reasons for people's behaviours? 
* '''[[Emotion]]''' – why do people feel the way they do about what happens within and around them?

For most people, these are naturally fascinating topics which open doorways to understanding yourself and others from a psychological science perspective.

The psychology of motivation and emotion applies to everyday life. But it is also applied to help treat mental health problems, foster productive work, enhance learning, improve relationships, and unlock human potential.

The array of theories and intriguing research findings help to make studying motivation and emotion a highlight for many psychology students.

The journey ahead won't always be easy, but an open mind and willingness to engage are the keys to success.

==Structure==
This unit has a T-shaped structure.

[[File:Initial T in The International magazine.png|center|70px]]

The horizontal part of the T represents '''breadth''' of knowledge. [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures|Lectures]] discuss core concepts and [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials|tutorials]] explore how these concepts apply in the real world in an interactive format.

The vertical line of the T represents '''depth''' of knowledge. This unit challenges you to take a deep dive to explore a specific motivation or emotion topic. The major project is to create and publicly share an online book chapter.

==Main topics==
Check out the lecture and tutorial pages to learn about key topics:
{{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Navigation}}
{{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Navigation}}

==Getting started==
Here's a step-by-step guide to getting started:

[[File:Octicons-checklist.svg|center|100px]]

# Get an overview:
## [[Motivation and emotion/About|About this unit]]
## [[Motivation and emotion/About/Outline|Unit outline]]
# Enrol in
## the unit
## a tutorial
# Check the [[Motivation and emotion/About/Timetable|timetable]] (for lectures and tutorials) and put the [[Motivation and emotion/About/Schedule|schedule]] in your calendar
# Assessment
## Check out the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment|assessment]] and note the due dates
## Learn about [[Wikiversity]] and [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity|how to use it]]
### [[Create a Wikiversity account]]—choose a user name appropriate to your privacy requirements (can be based on your real name or a pseudonym)
### Practice editing in a [[sandbox]]
### Describe a little about yourself and areas of interest on your Wikiversity [[Help:User page|user page]].
### More information about using Wikiversity will be provided during lectures and tutorials (e.g., see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Introduction|Tutorial 01]], but you can also teach yourself by exploring and experimenting). For more info, see [[Help:Contents|Wikiversity - Help]].
## Browse the [[Motivation and emotion/Book|previous book chapter topics]]. Think about what chapter topic you would like to contribute to the current {{Motivation and emotion/Book}}.&lt;!-- Ask questions, share your ideas, and get some feedback.--&gt;
# Discuss with others via:
## [[Motivation and emotion/About/Discussion|UCLearn Discussion]]
## [[Help:Talk pages|Wikiversity talk pages]]
# For more assistance, see [[Motivation and emotion/About/Help|help]]

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      <text bytes="10055" sha1="efyhwlsc4ds77nyq73y66at278adqaw" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Motivation and emotion/Lectures|Lecture 01: Introduction|first}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
{{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/In development}}
&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/In development}} --&gt;
&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Complete}} --&gt;
[[File:Portrait gemma and mehmet.jpg|250px|right|thumb|'''Figure 1'''. Motivation and emotion are complex and affect one another.]]
==Overview==
This lecture:
* Provides an overviews of the unit, highlighting:
** key points from the [[Motivation and emotion/About/Outline|unit outline]], particularly the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment|assessment]]:
*** Quizzes (25%) test breadth of knowledge.
*** The major project investigates a unique, specific topic and is scaffolded into four steps:
**** [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Selection|topic selection]] (0%)
**** [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]] (10%)
**** [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|book chapter]] (45%)
**** [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Multimedia|multimedia presentation]] (20%)).
* Introduces the psychological study of motivation and emotion and key conceptual frameworks (see Figure 1).

==Outline==
;Unit overview
{{Div col}}
* [[Motivation and emotion/About|Unit description]]
* [[Motivation and emotion/About/Learning outcomes|Learning outcomes]]
* [[Motivation and emotion/About/Graduate attributes|Graduate attributes]]
* [[Motivation and emotion/About/Delivery mode|Flexible delivery]]
* [[Motivation and emotion/About/Schedule|Schedule]]
* [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures|Lectures]]
* [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials|Tutorials]]
* [[Motivation and emotion/About/Textbook|Textbook]]
* [[Motivation and emotion/About/Websites|Websites]]
* [[Motivation and emotion/Drop-in|Drop-in]]
* [[Motivation and emotion/About/Discussion|Discussion]]
* [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment|Assessment]]
* [[Motivation and emotion/About/Schedule#Key dates|Key dates]]
{{Div col end}}
[[File:Motivation and emotion - Lecture slides - Podcast.opus|thumb|200px|Listen to an introductory podcast about motivation and emotion (AI-generated, based on slides from the 12 lectures) (16:20 mins)]]
Introduction to motivation and emotion
* Motivational science
* Key questions
* Scientific process
* Motivation theoretical frameworks
* Introduction to emotion

==Motivational science==
[[File:Scientific process.svg|right|400px|thumb|'''Figure 2'''. The scientific process involves data-based testing of theory derived from real world observations, and then applying the refined theory back to the real world.]]
The psychological science of motivation and emotion does not pay much attention to what the layperson may consider motivation (e.g., inspirational quotes, what famous people say, news articles about self-hacking, personal opinion, and so on. For example, although New Year's resolutions feel good (when they are made) but have a low success rate.

Instead, psychological science makes theory-based hypotheses and tests their scientific merit using objective, empirical evidence from well-conducted and peer-reviewed research (see Figure 2).

==Key questions==
The key questions underlying psychological study of motivation and emotion are:

{{center top}}Why do we do&lt;br&gt;
what we do?
&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
Why do we feel&lt;br&gt;
the way we feel?{{center bottom}}

The practical, applied problems are:
{{center top}}
How can we change&lt;br&gt;
what we do?&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
How can we change&lt;br&gt;
what we feel?{{center bottom}}

Core problems to be solved by motivational science include &quot;What causes behaviour?&quot; and, more specifically:
* Why does behaviour start?
* Why is behaviour sustained over time?
* Why is behaviour directed towards some goals yet away from others?
* Why does behaviour change its direction?
* Why does behaviour stop?

==Etymology==
[[File:Running Samburu Boy.jpg|thumb|right|170px|thumb|'''Figure 3'''. [[w:Etymology|Etymology]]: The terms &quot;motivation&quot; and &quot;emotion&quot; have a common root in the Latin verb &quot;movere&quot; (to move).]]

The terms &quot;motivation&quot; and &quot;emotion&quot; have their roots in the Latin verb &quot;movere&quot; which means &quot;to move&quot; (see Figure 3). More specifically:
* &quot;motivation&quot; is derived from &quot;motivus&quot; which refers to the action of moving or being moved. This evolved to &quot;motivare&quot; which means &quot;to set in motion&quot; or &quot;to stimulate&quot;. In the context of psychology and behaviour, &quot;motivation&quot; refers to the processes that initiate, direct, and sustain goal-directed behavior. It is the ''driving force'' that pushes individuals to take action and achieve their objectives.
* &quot;emotion&quot; comes from &quot;emotus&quot; which means &quot;moved&quot; or &quot;agitated.&quot; Emotions are complex psychological states characterised by feelings, physiological responses, and behavioral expressions. Emotions are often triggered by internal or external events and can significantly influence behavior and decision-making.

Therefore, both motivation and emotion are linked to the idea of movement or being moved, but represent different aspects of human experiences and behaviour. Motivation is the driving force behind goal-oriented actions, while emotion is the affective states and responses to stimuli that often influence behavior and decision-making.

==What is motivation?==
;Common understanding

The everyday, layperson understanding of &quot;motivation&quot; is that it involves using will-power and self-discipline to focus and channel one's attention and efforts towards achieving challenging short- or long-term goals such as working out or studying.

For example, how does this video make you feel? Why? 
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hbkZrOU1Zag The ultimate motivational clip - Rise and shine!] (YouTube) (3:24 mins): 

How do you motivate yourself?

;Psychological understanding
In contrast, psychological science considers ''ALL behaviour'' to be motivated, including:
* mundane behaviour (e.g., drinking and eating)
* less &quot;desirable&quot; behaviours (e.g., avoidance, procrastination, nose-picking etc.)
* &quot;non-behaviour&quot; (i.e., choosing not to do something is also a motivated behaviour)
* approach-based goal-directed behaviours (e.g., training for a marathon)

Motivation is complex:
* Multiple people engaged in the SAME behaviour (e.g., a workout) may have DIFFERENT motivations (e.g., fitness, emotion regulation, social engagement).
* We each have MULTIPLE motivations in any moment, but only our DOMINANT motivation gets acted upon.

Motivation can be defined as all internal process that give behaviour energy, direction, and persistence (Reeve, 2018):
* Energy (Strength): Behaviour strength, intensity, resilience
* Direction (Purpose): Behaviour aimed to achieve particular purposes or outcome
* Persistence (Endurance): Behaviour sustained over time and place

What is [[Motivation and emotion/Definitions#Motivation|your definition of motivation]]?

==What is emotion?==
Emotions:
* are dynamic e.g., help us adapt to our environment
* provide feedback about our behaviour
* motivate changes in energy, direction, and persistence of behaviour

Emotions involve subjective feelings, psychophysiological arousal, purposeful/motivated response, and expressive reactions to significant life events such as opportunity, threat, and loss (Reeve, 2018).

Emotional intelligence involves tuning into, self-regulating, and making effective use of emotion in one's self and others.

What is [[Motivation and emotion/Definitions#Emotion|your definition of emotion]]?

== Take-home messages ==
* This unit seeks to understand and apply psychological theory and research about motivation and emotion.
* Motivation refers to the processes that give behaviour its energy, direction, and persistence.
* Emotions help us to adapt by functioning as motivators, providing feedback about our behaviour, and helping us to communicate our needs to others.

==Readings==
# [[Motivation and emotion/About/Outline|Unit outline]]
# Chapter 01: Introduction ([[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2018|Reeve, 2018]])

==Slides==
* [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1IHVku9yn61fH2zj9A5CuR-ubOxyKyKTE_xnnQ5K0rws/edit?usp=sharing Unit overview] (Google Slides)
* [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1QXyFYRso_B6dhzK_0_jg1PW203mFn8RwmZR8R2e9o6g/edit?usp=sharing Introduction to motivation and emotion] (Google Slides)
&lt;!--
* [http://www.slideshare.net/jtneill/motivation-and-emotion-unit-outline Lecture slides - Part A - Unit outline] (Slideshare)
* [http://www.slideshare.net/jtneill/introduction-to-motivation-and-emotion Lecture slides - Part B - Introduction to motivation and emotion] (Slideshare)
* Handouts
** [[Media:Introduction to motivation and emotion 3 slides per page.pdf|Download 3 slides per page]]: [[File:Introduction to motivation and emotion 3 slides per page.pdf|3 slides per page|100px]]
** [[Media:Introduction to motivation and emotion 6 slides per page.pdf|Download 6 slides per page]]: [[File:Introduction to motivation and emotion 6 slides per page.pdf|6 slides per page|100px]]
--&gt;

==See also==
* [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Introduction/Images|Images]]
* [[Introduction to psychology/Lectures/Motivation and emotion|Motivation and emotion]] (Introduction to Psychology - 1st year lecture)
* [[b:Cognitive Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience/Motivation and Emotion|Motivation and emotion]] (Wikibooks chapter)

;Lecture
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Historical development and assessment skills|Historical development and assessment skills]] (Next lecture)

;Tutorial
* [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Topic selection|Tutorial 01: Topic selection]]

==Recording==
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/de540a9ab5474cf98bd718ae01f46b89 Lecture 01] (2024)&lt;!--
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/e9cbc0b184474eebb10ae3532bda2055 Lecture 01] (2023)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/652f5ec1e86149a2921ed17923aed431 Lecture 01 recording] (2022)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/2075b3596d29469bb5e13a3b7f41ae30 Lecture 01 recording] (2021)
--&gt;
{{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Navigation}}
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{{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/In development}}
&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/In development}} --&gt;
&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Complete}} --&gt;
[[File:Portrait gemma and mehmet.jpg|250px|right|thumb|'''Figure 1'''. Motivation and emotion are complex and affect one another.]]
==Overview==
This lecture:
* Provides an overviews of the unit, highlighting:
** key points from the [[Motivation and emotion/About/Outline|unit outline]], particularly the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment|assessment]]:
*** Quizzes (25%) test breadth of knowledge.
*** The major project investigates a unique, specific topic and is scaffolded into four steps:
**** [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Selection|topic selection]] (0%)
**** [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]] (10%)
**** [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|book chapter]] (45%)
**** [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Multimedia|multimedia presentation]] (20%)).
* Introduces the psychological study of motivation and emotion and key conceptual frameworks (see Figure 1).

==Outline==
;Unit overview
{{Div col}}
* [[Motivation and emotion/About|Unit description]]
* [[Motivation and emotion/About/Learning outcomes|Learning outcomes]]
* [[Motivation and emotion/About/Graduate attributes|Graduate attributes]]
* [[Motivation and emotion/About/Delivery mode|Flexible delivery]]
* [[Motivation and emotion/About/Schedule|Schedule]]
* [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures|Lectures]]
* [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials|Tutorials]]
* [[Motivation and emotion/About/Textbook|Textbook]]
* [[Motivation and emotion/About/Websites|Websites]]
* [[Motivation and emotion/Drop-in|Drop-in]]
* [[Motivation and emotion/About/Discussion|Discussion]]
* [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment|Assessment]]
* [[Motivation and emotion/About/Schedule#Key dates|Key dates]]
{{Div col end}}
[[File:Motivation and emotion - Lecture slides - Podcast.opus|thumb|200px|Listen to an introductory podcast about motivation and emotion (AI-generated, based on slides from the 12 lectures) (16:20 mins)]]
Introduction to motivation and emotion
* Motivational science
* Key questions
* Scientific process
* Motivation theoretical frameworks
* Introduction to emotion

==Motivational science==
[[File:Scientific process.svg|right|400px|thumb|'''Figure 2'''. The scientific process involves data-based testing of theory derived from real world observations, and then applying the refined theory back to the real world.]]
The psychological science of motivation and emotion does not pay much attention to what the layperson may consider motivation (e.g., inspirational quotes, what famous people say, news articles about self-hacking, personal opinion, and so on. For example, although New Year's resolutions feel good (when they are made) but have a low success rate.

Instead, psychological science makes theory-based hypotheses and tests their scientific merit using objective, empirical evidence from well-conducted and peer-reviewed research (see Figure 2).

==Key questions==
The key questions underlying psychological study of motivation and emotion are:

{{center top}}Why do we do&lt;br&gt;
what we do?
&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
Why do we feel&lt;br&gt;
the way we feel?{{center bottom}}

The practical, applied problems are:
{{center top}}
How can we change&lt;br&gt;
what we do?&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
How can we change&lt;br&gt;
what we feel?{{center bottom}}

Core problems to be solved by motivational science include &quot;What causes behaviour?&quot; and, more specifically:
* Why does behaviour start?
* Why is behaviour sustained over time?
* Why is behaviour directed towards some goals yet away from others?
* Why does behaviour change its direction?
* Why does behaviour stop?

==Etymology==
[[File:Running Samburu Boy.jpg|thumb|right|170px|thumb|'''Figure 3'''. [[w:Etymology|Etymology]]: The terms &quot;motivation&quot; and &quot;emotion&quot; have a common root in the Latin verb &quot;movere&quot; (to move).]]

The terms &quot;motivation&quot; and &quot;emotion&quot; have their roots in the Latin verb &quot;movere&quot; which means &quot;to move&quot; (see Figure 3). More specifically:
* &quot;motivation&quot; is derived from &quot;motivus&quot; which refers to the action of moving or being moved. This evolved to &quot;motivare&quot; which means &quot;to set in motion&quot; or &quot;to stimulate&quot;. In the context of psychology and behaviour, &quot;motivation&quot; refers to the processes that initiate, direct, and sustain goal-directed behavior. It is the ''driving force'' that pushes individuals to take action and achieve their objectives.
* &quot;emotion&quot; comes from &quot;emotus&quot; which means &quot;moved&quot; or &quot;agitated.&quot; Emotions are complex psychological states characterised by feelings, physiological responses, and behavioral expressions. Emotions are often triggered by internal or external events and can significantly influence behavior and decision-making.

Therefore, both motivation and emotion are linked to the idea of movement or being moved, but represent different aspects of human experiences and behaviour. Motivation is the driving force behind goal-oriented actions, while emotion is the affective states and responses to stimuli that often influence behavior and decision-making.

==What is motivation?==
;Common understanding

The everyday, layperson understanding of &quot;motivation&quot; is that it involves using will-power and self-discipline to focus and channel one's attention and efforts towards achieving challenging short- or long-term goals such as working out or studying.

For example, how does this video make you feel? Why? 
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hbkZrOU1Zag The ultimate motivational clip - Rise and shine!] (YouTube) (3:24 mins): 

How do you motivate yourself?

;Psychological understanding
In contrast, psychological science considers ''ALL behaviour'' to be motivated, including:
* mundane behaviour (e.g., drinking and eating)
* less &quot;desirable&quot; behaviours (e.g., avoidance, procrastination, nose-picking etc.)
* &quot;non-behaviour&quot; (i.e., choosing not to do something is also a motivated behaviour)
* approach-based goal-directed behaviours (e.g., training for a marathon)

Motivation is complex:
* Multiple people engaged in the SAME behaviour (e.g., a workout) may have DIFFERENT motivations (e.g., fitness, emotion regulation, social engagement).
* We each have MULTIPLE motivations in any moment, but only our DOMINANT motivation gets acted upon.

Motivation can be defined as all internal process that give behaviour energy, direction, and persistence (Reeve, 2018):
* Energy (Strength): Behaviour strength, intensity, resilience
* Direction (Purpose): Behaviour aimed to achieve particular purposes or outcome
* Persistence (Endurance): Behaviour sustained over time and place

What is [[Motivation and emotion/Definitions#Motivation|your definition of motivation]]?

==What is emotion?==
Emotions:
* are dynamic e.g., help us adapt to our environment
* provide feedback about our behaviour
* motivate changes in energy, direction, and persistence of behaviour

Emotions involve subjective feelings, psychophysiological arousal, purposeful/motivated response, and expressive reactions to significant life events such as opportunity, threat, and loss (Reeve, 2018).

Emotional intelligence involves tuning into, self-regulating, and making effective use of emotion in one's self and others.

What is [[Motivation and emotion/Definitions#Emotion|your definition of emotion]]?

== Take-home messages ==
* This unit seeks to understand and apply psychological theory and research about motivation and emotion.
* Motivation refers to the processes that give behaviour its energy, direction, and persistence.
* Emotions help us to adapt by functioning as motivators, providing feedback about our behaviour, and helping us to communicate our needs to others.

==Readings==
# [[Motivation and emotion/About/Outline|Unit outline]]
# TBA&lt;!-- # Chapter 01: Introduction ([[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2018|Reeve, 2018]]) --&gt;

==Slides==
* [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1IHVku9yn61fH2zj9A5CuR-ubOxyKyKTE_xnnQ5K0rws/edit?usp=sharing Unit overview] (Google Slides)
* [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1QXyFYRso_B6dhzK_0_jg1PW203mFn8RwmZR8R2e9o6g/edit?usp=sharing Introduction to motivation and emotion] (Google Slides)
&lt;!--
* [http://www.slideshare.net/jtneill/motivation-and-emotion-unit-outline Lecture slides - Part A - Unit outline] (Slideshare)
* [http://www.slideshare.net/jtneill/introduction-to-motivation-and-emotion Lecture slides - Part B - Introduction to motivation and emotion] (Slideshare)
* Handouts
** [[Media:Introduction to motivation and emotion 3 slides per page.pdf|Download 3 slides per page]]: [[File:Introduction to motivation and emotion 3 slides per page.pdf|3 slides per page|100px]]
** [[Media:Introduction to motivation and emotion 6 slides per page.pdf|Download 6 slides per page]]: [[File:Introduction to motivation and emotion 6 slides per page.pdf|6 slides per page|100px]]
--&gt;

==See also==
* [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Introduction/Images|Images]]
* [[Introduction to psychology/Lectures/Motivation and emotion|Motivation and emotion]] (Introduction to Psychology - 1st year lecture)
* [[b:Cognitive Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience/Motivation and Emotion|Motivation and emotion]] (Wikibooks chapter)

;Lecture
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Historical development and assessment skills|Historical development and assessment skills]] (Next lecture)

;Tutorial
* [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Topic selection|Tutorial 01: Topic selection]]

==Recording==
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/de540a9ab5474cf98bd718ae01f46b89 Lecture 01] (2024)&lt;!--
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/e9cbc0b184474eebb10ae3532bda2055 Lecture 01] (2023)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/652f5ec1e86149a2921ed17923aed431 Lecture 01 recording] (2022)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/2075b3596d29469bb5e13a3b7f41ae30 Lecture 01 recording] (2021)
--&gt;
{{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Navigation}}
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      <text bytes="6793" sha1="poyc3e4qit3t4ryp4hw0o73tz46z5j4" xml:space="preserve">{{Motivation and emotion/Lectures|Lecture 02: Historical development and assessment skills|second}}
{{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/In development}}
&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/In development}} --&gt;
&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Complete}} --&gt;
[[File:Forestay-Eye-Round-seizings-Bulls-eye.jpg|250px|right]]
==Overview==
This lecture: 
* Provides a historical context about the development of psychological motivation and emotion knowledge
* Explains the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment|assessment]], including how to:
** use [[Wikiversity]] for the:
*** [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1}}/Assessment/Topic|topic development]]
*** [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1}}/Assessment/Chapter|book chapter]]
** develop a [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1}}/Assessment/Multimedia|multimedia]] recording
** complete the [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1}}/Assessment/Quizzes|quizzes]]
** access support for completing the assessment exercises

Take-home messages:
* Motivation and emotion has evolved from grand theories to mini-theories which exhibit some common themes
* A wiki is the simplest collaborative platform - anyone can edit to share knowledge

==Outline==
Motivation in historical perspective
* Philosophical origins
* Grand theories
* Will
* Instinct
* Drive
* Rise of mini-theories
* Active nature of the person
* Cognitive revolution
* Socially relevant questions
* Contemporary era
* Reemergence of motivation study (1990s)
* Brief history of emotion study

Assessment task skills
* Topic selection
* Topic development
* Book chapter
* Multimedia presenation
* Quizzes

==Assessment examples==
See examples of high quality major project submissions for:
# [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic#Examples|Topic development]]
# [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter#Examples|Book chapter]] + [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter/Summarising social contributions#Socialcontributionexamples|Social contributions]]
# [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Multimedia#Examples|Multimedia presentation]]

==Multimedia==
* [https://www.youtube.com/embed/9hdSLiHaJz8?start=90&amp;end=165 Instinct theory, the power of motivation] (CrashCourse Psychology #17, YouTube; 2:09 mins): Introduces motivation by explaining instinct theory
* [https://www.youtube.com/embed/9hdSLiHaJz8?start=165&amp;end=219 Drive theory, the power of motivation] (CrashCourse Psychology #17, YouTube; 2:09 mins): Introduces motivation by explaining drive theory
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dGCJ46vyR9o A vision of students today] (YouTube; 4:44 mins): Explores some reasons behind why are approaching the assessment this way
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dnL00TdmLY Wikis in plain English] (Commoncraft; 3:53 mins) explains the concept of a wiki and how it works
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WghdsOz9KwA Wikipedia - An investment for your future; your children's future] (YouTube; 4:10 mins) explains the purpose of Wikipedia

==Readings==
# Chapter 02: Motivation in historical perspective ([[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2018|Reeve, 2018]])
# [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment|Assessment]]
## [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Selection|Topic selection]]
## [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|Topic development]]
## [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|Book chapter]]
## [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Multimedia|Multimedia]]
## [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Quizzes|Quizzes]]
# [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity|Wikiversity skills]]
# [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Using generative AI|Using generative AI]]

==Slides==
* [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1E1iEIUhiFJ4ecCVZgxnC5uGYOfK3t8Uq4_FKUW06Eyg/edit?usp=sharing Historical development] (Google Slides)
* [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/157gL4ep4QJ9CuIqEV5t6PsDFCGtXO2N8AeIFodXUqK8/edit?usp=sharing Assessment skills] (Google Slides)
&lt;!--
* [http://www.slideshare.net/jtneill/motivation-in-historical-perspective Lecture slides - Part A - Historical development] (Slideshare)
* [http://www.slideshare.net/jtneill/motivation-and-emotion-assessment-task-skills Lecture slides - Part B - Assessment skills] (Slideshare)
* Handouts
** [[Media:Historical development and assessment skills 3 slides per page.pdf|Download 3 slides per page]]: [[File:Historical development and assessment skills 3 slides per page.pdf|100px|3 slides per page]]
** [[Media:Historical development and assessment skills 6 slides per page.pdf|Download 6 slides per page]]: [[File:Historical development and assessment skills 6 slides per page.pdf|100px|6 slides per page]]
--&gt;

==See also==
* [[/Images/]]

;Lectures
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Introduction|Introduction]] (Previous lecture)
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Brain and physiological needs|Brain and physiological needs]] (Next lecture)

;Tutorials
* [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 02: Wiki editing]]

;Wikipedia
* People
** Ancient Greeks
*** [[w:Aristotle|Aristotle]]
*** [[w:Plato|Plato]]
*** [[w:Socrates|Socrates]]
** 16th century
*** [[w:René Descartes|René Descartes]]
** 18th-20th century
*** [[w:Charles Darwin|Charles Darwin]]
*** [[w:Clark L. Hull|Clark L. Hull]]
*** [[w:Paul Ekman|Paul Ekman]]
*** [[w:Sigmund Freud|Sigmund Freud]]
*** [[w:William James|William James]]
*** [[w:William McDougall (psychologist)|William McDougall]]
* Theories
** [[w:Drive reduction theory (learning theory)|Drive reduction theory]]
** [[w:Instinct|Instinct]]
** [[w:Paradigm shift|Paradigm shift]]
** [[w:Will (philosophy)|Will]]
&lt;!-- * [[w:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions|The Structure of Scientific Revolutions]] --&gt;

;Book chapters
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2017/Drive reduction theory of motivation|Drive-reduction theory of motivation]] (Book chapter, 2017)
&lt;!-- * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2015/Willpower|Willpower: What is it and how can it be strengthened?]] (Book chapter, 2015) --&gt;

==Recording==
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/4918a6b3058a4552889eac514250ff22 Lecture 02] (2024)&lt;!--
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/d92064ed8ef044878d63355e0a920832 Lecture 02] (2023)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/e7fa41feb77c43eab6580a9f338e13c8 Lecture 02] (2022)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/3951859be633471f9544ac5084837075 Lecture 02] (2021)
--&gt;

==External links==
* [https://www.verywellmind.com/drive-reduction-theory-2795381 Drive-reduction theory and human behavior: Biological need motivates behavior] (verywellmind)
&lt;!-- [http://study.com/academy/lesson/drive-reduction-theory-of-motivation-definition-examples-quiz.html Drive reduction theory of motivation: Definition &amp; examples] --&gt;
{{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Navigation}}
[[Category:Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Historical development and assessment skills]]</text>
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      <text bytes="6805" sha1="mlh6k4vpqk57d77m1w77i5w3tzi2bsm" xml:space="preserve">{{Motivation and emotion/Lectures|Lecture 02: Historical development and assessment skills|second}}
{{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/In development}}
&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/In development}} --&gt;
&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Complete}} --&gt;
[[File:Forestay-Eye-Round-seizings-Bulls-eye.jpg|250px|right]]
==Overview==
This lecture: 
* Provides a historical context about the development of psychological motivation and emotion knowledge
* Explains the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment|assessment]], including how to:
** use [[Wikiversity]] for the:
*** [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1}}/Assessment/Topic|topic development]]
*** [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1}}/Assessment/Chapter|book chapter]]
** develop a [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1}}/Assessment/Multimedia|multimedia]] recording
** complete the [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1}}/Assessment/Quizzes|quizzes]]
** access support for completing the assessment exercises

Take-home messages:
* Motivation and emotion has evolved from grand theories to mini-theories which exhibit some common themes
* A wiki is the simplest collaborative platform - anyone can edit to share knowledge

==Outline==
Motivation in historical perspective
* Philosophical origins
* Grand theories
* Will
* Instinct
* Drive
* Rise of mini-theories
* Active nature of the person
* Cognitive revolution
* Socially relevant questions
* Contemporary era
* Reemergence of motivation study (1990s)
* Brief history of emotion study

Assessment task skills
* Topic selection
* Topic development
* Book chapter
* Multimedia presenation
* Quizzes

==Assessment examples==
See examples of high quality major project submissions for:
# [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic#Examples|Topic development]]
# [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter#Examples|Book chapter]] + [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter/Summarising social contributions#Socialcontributionexamples|Social contributions]]
# [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Multimedia#Examples|Multimedia presentation]]

==Multimedia==
* [https://www.youtube.com/embed/9hdSLiHaJz8?start=90&amp;end=165 Instinct theory, the power of motivation] (CrashCourse Psychology #17, YouTube; 2:09 mins): Introduces motivation by explaining instinct theory
* [https://www.youtube.com/embed/9hdSLiHaJz8?start=165&amp;end=219 Drive theory, the power of motivation] (CrashCourse Psychology #17, YouTube; 2:09 mins): Introduces motivation by explaining drive theory
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dGCJ46vyR9o A vision of students today] (YouTube; 4:44 mins): Explores some reasons behind why are approaching the assessment this way
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dnL00TdmLY Wikis in plain English] (Commoncraft; 3:53 mins) explains the concept of a wiki and how it works
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WghdsOz9KwA Wikipedia - An investment for your future; your children's future] (YouTube; 4:10 mins) explains the purpose of Wikipedia

==Readings==
# [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment|Assessment]]
## [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Selection|Topic selection]]
## [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|Topic development]]
## [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|Book chapter]]
## [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Multimedia|Multimedia]]
## [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Quizzes|Quizzes]]
# [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity|Wikiversity skills]]
# [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Using generative AI|Using generative AI]]
# TBA&lt;!-- Chapter 02: Motivation in historical perspective ([[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2018|Reeve, 2018]]) --&gt;

==Slides==
* [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1E1iEIUhiFJ4ecCVZgxnC5uGYOfK3t8Uq4_FKUW06Eyg/edit?usp=sharing Historical development] (Google Slides)
* [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/157gL4ep4QJ9CuIqEV5t6PsDFCGtXO2N8AeIFodXUqK8/edit?usp=sharing Assessment skills] (Google Slides)
&lt;!--
* [http://www.slideshare.net/jtneill/motivation-in-historical-perspective Lecture slides - Part A - Historical development] (Slideshare)
* [http://www.slideshare.net/jtneill/motivation-and-emotion-assessment-task-skills Lecture slides - Part B - Assessment skills] (Slideshare)
* Handouts
** [[Media:Historical development and assessment skills 3 slides per page.pdf|Download 3 slides per page]]: [[File:Historical development and assessment skills 3 slides per page.pdf|100px|3 slides per page]]
** [[Media:Historical development and assessment skills 6 slides per page.pdf|Download 6 slides per page]]: [[File:Historical development and assessment skills 6 slides per page.pdf|100px|6 slides per page]]
--&gt;

==See also==
* [[/Images/]]

;Lectures
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Introduction|Introduction]] (Previous lecture)
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Brain and physiological needs|Brain and physiological needs]] (Next lecture)

;Tutorials
* [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 02: Wiki editing]]

;Wikipedia
* People
** Ancient Greeks
*** [[w:Aristotle|Aristotle]]
*** [[w:Plato|Plato]]
*** [[w:Socrates|Socrates]]
** 16th century
*** [[w:René Descartes|René Descartes]]
** 18th-20th century
*** [[w:Charles Darwin|Charles Darwin]]
*** [[w:Clark L. Hull|Clark L. Hull]]
*** [[w:Paul Ekman|Paul Ekman]]
*** [[w:Sigmund Freud|Sigmund Freud]]
*** [[w:William James|William James]]
*** [[w:William McDougall (psychologist)|William McDougall]]
* Theories
** [[w:Drive reduction theory (learning theory)|Drive reduction theory]]
** [[w:Instinct|Instinct]]
** [[w:Paradigm shift|Paradigm shift]]
** [[w:Will (philosophy)|Will]]
&lt;!-- * [[w:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions|The Structure of Scientific Revolutions]] --&gt;

;Book chapters
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2017/Drive reduction theory of motivation|Drive-reduction theory of motivation]] (Book chapter, 2017)
&lt;!-- * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2015/Willpower|Willpower: What is it and how can it be strengthened?]] (Book chapter, 2015) --&gt;

==Recording==
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/4918a6b3058a4552889eac514250ff22 Lecture 02] (2024)&lt;!--
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/d92064ed8ef044878d63355e0a920832 Lecture 02] (2023)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/e7fa41feb77c43eab6580a9f338e13c8 Lecture 02] (2022)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/3951859be633471f9544ac5084837075 Lecture 02] (2021)
--&gt;

==External links==
* [https://www.verywellmind.com/drive-reduction-theory-2795381 Drive-reduction theory and human behavior: Biological need motivates behavior] (verywellmind)
&lt;!-- [http://study.com/academy/lesson/drive-reduction-theory-of-motivation-definition-examples-quiz.html Drive reduction theory of motivation: Definition &amp; examples] --&gt;
{{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Navigation}}
[[Category:Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Historical development and assessment skills]]</text>
      <sha1>mlh6k4vpqk57d77m1w77i5w3tzi2bsm</sha1>
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      <text bytes="7132" sha1="3ksxhspdio09mtg3m3qwypa4xqfnr6x" xml:space="preserve">{{Motivation and emotion/Lectures|Lecture 03: Brain and physiological needs|third}}
{{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/In development}}
&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/In development}} --&gt;
&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Complete}} --&gt;
[[File:WP20Symbols brain.svg|250px|right]]
==Overview==
This lecture:
* explains the role of brain structures, neurotransmitters, and hormones in regulating motivational drives
* discusses physiological needs, particularly thirst, hunger, and sexual motivation

Take-home messages:
* The brain is as much about motivation and emotion as it is about cognition and thinking
* We underestimate how powerful biological urges can be as motivational forces when we are currently not experiencing them

==Outline==
Motivated and emotional brain
* Neuroscience
* Brain structures
* Subcortical
** Reticular formation
** Amygdala
**Reward centre
**Basal ganglia
**Hypothalamus
* Cortical
** Insula
** Prefrontal cortex
** Orbitofrontal cortex
** Ventromedial PFC
** Dorsolateral PFC
** Anterior cingulate cortex
* Bidirectional
** Neurotransmitters
** Dopamine
** Serotonin
** Norepinephrine
** Endorphins
*Hormones
** Cortisol
** Oxytocin
** Testosterone
** Ghrelin (Part B)
** Leptin (Part B)
Physiological needs
* Needs
* Regulatory processes
* Example physiological needs

** Thirst
** Hunger
** Sexual motivation

==Brain app==
Install this free app to explore the location and function of important brain structures:
{{Note|App isn't working on newer versions of Android. [https://twitter.com/jtneill/status/1691732710119952878 Looking for another one].}}
# [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.dnalc.threedbrain 3D Brain] (Google Play)
# [https://itunes.apple.com/au/app/3d-brain/id331399332?mt=8 3D Brain] (Apple Store)

==Readings==
# Chapter 03: The motivated and emotional brain ([[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2018|Reeve, 2018]])
# Chapter 04: Physiological needs ([[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2018|Reeve, 2018]])

==Slides==
&lt;!-- ** [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1wNaegpzIkQ4XyeRcN9BRXQ1gGNR5XX3cG7x_dtBGj6c/edit?usp=sharing Lecture 01 and 02 recap] (Google Slides) --&gt;
* [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1oI8g-0xvSxETUwYOW1TLsRJdiSq3AbVq6YMlm8D3ivc/edit?usp=sharing Motivated and emotional brain] (Google Slides)
* [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1LgYQ9ydIaj5AJZEW7MkH1M2zVKxjWQe4vetZnOairQE/edit?usp=sharing Physiological needs] (Google Slides)
&lt;!-- 
** [https://www.slideshare.net/jtneill/motivation-and-emotion-introduction-and-historical-perspectives-recap Lecture 01 and 02 recap] (Slideshare)
** [https://www.slideshare.net/jtneill/motivated-and-emotional-brain Motivated and emotional brain] (Slideshare)
** [https://www.slideshare.net/jtneill/physiological-needs Physiological needs] (Slideshare) --&gt;
&lt;!-- * [http://www.slideshare.net/jtneill/brain-and-physiological-needs Lecture slides] (Slideshare)
* Handouts
** [[Media:Brain and physiological needs 6 slides per page.pdf|Download 6 slides to a page]]: [[File:Brain and physiological needs 6 slides per page.pdf|100px]]
** [[Media:Brain and physiological needs 3 slides per page.pdf|Download 3 slides to a page]]:[[File:Brain and physiological needs 3 slides per page.pdf|100px]]
--&gt;

==See also==
;Wikiversity
* [[/Images/]]
* [[Motivation and emotion/Brain structures|Brain structures]]
* [[Motivation and emotion/Hormones|Hormones]]
* [[Motivation and emotion/Neurotransmitters|Neurotransmitters]]

;Book chapters
* [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Brain|Brain]]
* [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Hormones|Hormones]]
* [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Neurotransmitters|Neurotransmitters]]
* [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Needs/Physiological|Physiological needs]]

;Wikipedia
* [[w:Autonomic nervous system|Autonomic nervous system]]
* [[w:ERG theory|ERG theory]]
* [[w:Maslow's hierarchy of needs|Maslow's hierarchy of needs]]
* [[w:Nucleus (neuroanatomy)|Nucleus (neuroanatomy)]]
* [[w:Parasympathetic nervous system|Parasympathetic nervous system]]
* [[w:Reward system|Reward system]]
* [[w:Sympathetic nervous system|Sympathetic nervous system]]

;Lectures
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Historical development and assessment skills|Historical development and assessment skills]] (Previous lecture)
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Extrinsic motivation and psychological needs|Extrinsic motivation and psychological needs]] (Next lecture)

;Tutorials
* [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Physiological needs|Physiological needs]]
&lt;!--
==References==
{{Hanging indent|1=
Australian Bureau of Statistics (2013). [http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/4338.0~2011-13~Main%20Features~Overweight%20and%20obesity~10007 Overweight and obesity]. ''4338.0 - Profiles of Health, Australia, 2011-13''.
Eder, A. B., Elliot, A. J., &amp; Harmon-Jones, E. (2013). [http://emr.sagepub.com/content/5/3/227  Approach and avoidance motivation: Issues and advances]. ''Emotion Review'', ''5''(3), 308-311. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073913477990.}}
--&gt;

==Recording==
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/b8834e9830314aa3b804d3c6c3e7a740 Lecture 04] (2024)&lt;!--
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/546476bf547f4efd8ae55b05e4547efc Lecture 03] (2023)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/17f200f050e044da9a6571ffdf63c78c Lecture 03] (2022)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/d34da988d75c48b99df662329594cc9f Lecture 03] (2021)
--&gt;

==References==
{{Hanging indent|1=

Saper, C. B., &amp; Lowell, B. B. (2014). The hypothalamus. ''Current Biology'', ''24''(23), R1111–R1116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2014.10.023

}}

==External links==
* [https://fs.blog/knowledge-project-podcast/anna-lembke/ Between pleasure and pain] (Dr. Anna Lembke, The Knowledge Project Ep. #159)
* [https://www.iheart.com/podcast/105-stuff-you-should-know-26940277/episode/short-stuff-hangry-102038598/ Hangry] (Stuff You Should Know, Podcast, 12:30 mins)
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tZ4YnYUJnOQ&amp;list=PL9JAHwJN4qyArhEyLUgU_MoGddk2PVTeb Hormones of hunger: Leptin and ghrelin] (Corporis, 2019, YouTube, 9:33 mins) - how leptin and ghrelin work together to modulate hunger&lt;!-- As you watch the video, consider: What causes hunger and eating? --&gt;
* [https://www.ted.com/playlists/1/how_does_my_brain_work How does my brain work?] (TED Talks playlist)
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qymp_VaFo9M Let's talk about sex] (Crash Course Psychology #27; YouTube 11:35 mins)
* [http://www.ted.com/talks/david_anderson_your_brain_is_more_than_a_bag_of_chemicals.html Your brain is more than a bag of chemicals] (David Anderson, 2013, TED talk, 16 mins) - neuroscientific research into motivation and emotion using a basic animal model (fruit fly)&lt;!-- As you watch the video, some questions to think about:

1. Do animals experience emotions? If so, which emotions - and why?
2. What might pharmacological treatment of psychological disorders look like in 20, 50, 100 years? --&gt;
{{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Navigation}}

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{{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/In development}}
&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/In development}} --&gt;
&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Complete}} --&gt;
[[File:WP20Symbols brain.svg|250px|right]]
==Overview==
This lecture:
* explains the role of brain structures, neurotransmitters, and hormones in regulating motivational drives
* discusses physiological needs, particularly thirst, hunger, and sexual motivation

Take-home messages:
* The brain is as much about motivation and emotion as it is about cognition and thinking
* We underestimate how powerful biological urges can be as motivational forces when we are currently not experiencing them

==Outline==
Motivated and emotional brain
* Neuroscience
* Brain structures
* Subcortical
** Reticular formation
** Amygdala
**Reward centre
**Basal ganglia
**Hypothalamus
* Cortical
** Insula
** Prefrontal cortex
** Orbitofrontal cortex
** Ventromedial PFC
** Dorsolateral PFC
** Anterior cingulate cortex
* Bidirectional
** Neurotransmitters
** Dopamine
** Serotonin
** Norepinephrine
** Endorphins
*Hormones
** Cortisol
** Oxytocin
** Testosterone
** Ghrelin (Part B)
** Leptin (Part B)
Physiological needs
* Needs
* Regulatory processes
* Example physiological needs

** Thirst
** Hunger
** Sexual motivation

==Brain app==
Install this free app to explore the location and function of important brain structures:
{{Note|App isn't working on newer versions of Android. [https://twitter.com/jtneill/status/1691732710119952878 Looking for another one].}}
# [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.dnalc.threedbrain 3D Brain] (Google Play)
# [https://itunes.apple.com/au/app/3d-brain/id331399332?mt=8 3D Brain] (Apple Store)

==Readings==
# TBA &lt;!-- # Chapter 03: The motivated and emotional brain ([[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2018|Reeve, 2018]])
# Chapter 04: Physiological needs ([[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2018|Reeve, 2018]]) --&gt;

==Slides==
&lt;!-- ** [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1wNaegpzIkQ4XyeRcN9BRXQ1gGNR5XX3cG7x_dtBGj6c/edit?usp=sharing Lecture 01 and 02 recap] (Google Slides) --&gt;
* [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1oI8g-0xvSxETUwYOW1TLsRJdiSq3AbVq6YMlm8D3ivc/edit?usp=sharing Motivated and emotional brain] (Google Slides)
* [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1LgYQ9ydIaj5AJZEW7MkH1M2zVKxjWQe4vetZnOairQE/edit?usp=sharing Physiological needs] (Google Slides)
&lt;!-- 
** [https://www.slideshare.net/jtneill/motivation-and-emotion-introduction-and-historical-perspectives-recap Lecture 01 and 02 recap] (Slideshare)
** [https://www.slideshare.net/jtneill/motivated-and-emotional-brain Motivated and emotional brain] (Slideshare)
** [https://www.slideshare.net/jtneill/physiological-needs Physiological needs] (Slideshare) --&gt;
&lt;!-- * [http://www.slideshare.net/jtneill/brain-and-physiological-needs Lecture slides] (Slideshare)
* Handouts
** [[Media:Brain and physiological needs 6 slides per page.pdf|Download 6 slides to a page]]: [[File:Brain and physiological needs 6 slides per page.pdf|100px]]
** [[Media:Brain and physiological needs 3 slides per page.pdf|Download 3 slides to a page]]:[[File:Brain and physiological needs 3 slides per page.pdf|100px]]
--&gt;

==See also==
;Wikiversity
* [[/Images/]]
* [[Motivation and emotion/Brain structures|Brain structures]]
* [[Motivation and emotion/Hormones|Hormones]]
* [[Motivation and emotion/Neurotransmitters|Neurotransmitters]]

;Book chapters
* [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Brain|Brain]]
* [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Hormones|Hormones]]
* [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Neurotransmitters|Neurotransmitters]]
* [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Needs/Physiological|Physiological needs]]

;Wikipedia
* [[w:Autonomic nervous system|Autonomic nervous system]]
* [[w:ERG theory|ERG theory]]
* [[w:Maslow's hierarchy of needs|Maslow's hierarchy of needs]]
* [[w:Nucleus (neuroanatomy)|Nucleus (neuroanatomy)]]
* [[w:Parasympathetic nervous system|Parasympathetic nervous system]]
* [[w:Reward system|Reward system]]
* [[w:Sympathetic nervous system|Sympathetic nervous system]]

;Lectures
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Historical development and assessment skills|Historical development and assessment skills]] (Previous lecture)
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Extrinsic motivation and psychological needs|Extrinsic motivation and psychological needs]] (Next lecture)

;Tutorials
* [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Physiological needs|Physiological needs]]
&lt;!--
==References==
{{Hanging indent|1=
Australian Bureau of Statistics (2013). [http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/4338.0~2011-13~Main%20Features~Overweight%20and%20obesity~10007 Overweight and obesity]. ''4338.0 - Profiles of Health, Australia, 2011-13''.
Eder, A. B., Elliot, A. J., &amp; Harmon-Jones, E. (2013). [http://emr.sagepub.com/content/5/3/227  Approach and avoidance motivation: Issues and advances]. ''Emotion Review'', ''5''(3), 308-311. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073913477990.}}
--&gt;

==Recording==
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/b8834e9830314aa3b804d3c6c3e7a740 Lecture 04] (2024)&lt;!--
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/546476bf547f4efd8ae55b05e4547efc Lecture 03] (2023)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/17f200f050e044da9a6571ffdf63c78c Lecture 03] (2022)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/d34da988d75c48b99df662329594cc9f Lecture 03] (2021)
--&gt;

==References==
{{Hanging indent|1=

Saper, C. B., &amp; Lowell, B. B. (2014). The hypothalamus. ''Current Biology'', ''24''(23), R1111–R1116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2014.10.023

}}

==External links==
* [https://fs.blog/knowledge-project-podcast/anna-lembke/ Between pleasure and pain] (Dr. Anna Lembke, The Knowledge Project Ep. #159)
* [https://www.iheart.com/podcast/105-stuff-you-should-know-26940277/episode/short-stuff-hangry-102038598/ Hangry] (Stuff You Should Know, Podcast, 12:30 mins)
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tZ4YnYUJnOQ&amp;list=PL9JAHwJN4qyArhEyLUgU_MoGddk2PVTeb Hormones of hunger: Leptin and ghrelin] (Corporis, 2019, YouTube, 9:33 mins) - how leptin and ghrelin work together to modulate hunger&lt;!-- As you watch the video, consider: What causes hunger and eating? --&gt;
* [https://www.ted.com/playlists/1/how_does_my_brain_work How does my brain work?] (TED Talks playlist)
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qymp_VaFo9M Let's talk about sex] (Crash Course Psychology #27; YouTube 11:35 mins)
* [http://www.ted.com/talks/david_anderson_your_brain_is_more_than_a_bag_of_chemicals.html Your brain is more than a bag of chemicals] (David Anderson, 2013, TED talk, 16 mins) - neuroscientific research into motivation and emotion using a basic animal model (fruit fly)&lt;!-- As you watch the video, some questions to think about:

1. Do animals experience emotions? If so, which emotions - and why?
2. What might pharmacological treatment of psychological disorders look like in 20, 50, 100 years? --&gt;
{{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Navigation}}

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      <contributor>
        <username>Jtneill</username>
        <id>10242</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Update for 2025</comment>
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      <text bytes="4788" sha1="ifg5l1av08fw525vrgeiha6v27zhg25" xml:space="preserve">{{Motivation and emotion/Lectures|Lecture 06: Mindsets, control, and the self|sixth}}
{{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/In development}}
&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/In development}} --&gt;
&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Complete}} --&gt;
[[File:Girl with swimming board.jpg|right|250px]]
==Overview==
This lecture discusses:
* mindsets
* personal control beliefs
* the self and its strivings

Take-home messages:
* Different mindsets lead to different goal striving strategies
* The core efficacy belief of &quot;I can do it&quot; and the outcome belief of &quot;it will work&quot; lead to competent, enthusiastic functioning
* Exerting self-control over short-term urges is needed to pursue long-term goals; but this capacity is limited and needs replenishment

==Outline==
Mindsets
* What are mindsets?
* Deliberative – Implemental
* Prevention – Promotion
* Fixed – Growth
* Dissonance – Consistency

Personal control beliefs
* Expectancy and control
* Self-efficacy
* Stress and coping
* Mastery vs helpnessness
* Reactance
* Expectancy-value model

Self
* Self strivings
* Self-concept
* Self-identity
* Agency
* Self-regulation

==Readings==
# Chapter 09: Mindsets ([[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2018|Reeve, 2018]])
# Chapter 10: Personal control beliefs ([[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2018|Reeve, 2018]])
# Chapter 11: The self and its strivings ([[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2018|Reeve, 2018]])

==Multimedia==
* [https://www.youtube.com/embed/RcGyVTAoXEU?start=61&amp;end=802 How to make stress your friend] (Kelly McGonigal, TED talk, 2013) (12:21 min) explains that changing how we think about stress can actually make it good for us.

==Slides==
* [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1910B6x2TYlnIxoTU1Iz6LT6_cgPOf2JXnOgF3OMv0g8/edit?usp=sharing Mindsets] (Google Slides)
* [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/12yhu2Z52vL3teHP3hiFrlE5aZU9_HIyNM45sLeGFCFU/edit?usp=sharing Personal control beliefs] (Google Slides)
* [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1qKeI_k0tYdTLXGOb2gn-gpsvJgzQQkCT16MgaT4_MZY/edit?usp=sharing The self and its strivings] (Google Slides)&lt;!-- 
* Handouts
** [[Media:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 06 - Mindsets, control, and the self 6slidesperpage.pdf|Download 6 slides to a page]]: [[File:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 06 - Mindsets, control, and the self 6slidesperpage.pdf|100px]]
** [[Media:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 06 - Mindsets, control, and the self 3slidesperpage.pdf|Download 3 slides to a page]]: [[File:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 06 - Mindsets, control, and the self 3slidesperpage.pdf|100px]]
--&gt;

==See also==
* [[/Images/]]

; Lectures
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Implicit motives and goals|Implicit motives and goals]] (Previous lecture)
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Nature of emotion|Nature of emotion]] (Next lecture)

; Tutorial
* [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Learned optimism|Learned optimism]]

;Wikipedia
* [[w:Learned helplessness|Learned helplessness]]
* [[w:Looking-glass self|Looking-glass self]]
* [[w:Mastery learning|Mastery learning]]
* [[w:Mindset|Mindset]]
* [[w:Self-efficacy|Self-efficacy]]
* [[w:Self-concept|Self-concept]]
* [[w:Trier social stress test|Trier social stress test]]

;Wikiversity
* [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Mindset|Mindset]] (Book chapters)
* [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Optimism|Optimism]] (Book chapters)
* [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Pessimism|Pessimism]] (Book chapters)
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2017/Reactance|Reactance]] (Book chapter, 2017)
* [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Self|Self]] (Book chapters)
* [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Self-efficacy|Self-efficacy]] (Book chapters)
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2015/Zeigarnik effect|Zeigarnik effect]] (Book chapter, 2015)

==Recording==
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/9539d2ac3c1246a3ad440fa123bd3368 Lecture 06] (2024)&lt;!--
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/4da06d5593484546b453ad3b3ccc5aa3 Lecture 06] (2023)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/7df24087e1aa44d1873b4d5518d37501 Lecture 06] (2022)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/6c1bbc62edf3451c9ba57b9bfda9f0fd Lecture 06] (2021) --&gt;
&lt;!--
==References
--&gt;

==External links==
* [http://www.ted.com/talks/joachim_de_posada_says_don_t_eat_the_marshmallow_yet.html Don't eat the marshmallow!] (Joachim de Posada, TED talk, 2009) (6 min) shows a replication of the infamous [[w:Stanford marshmallow experiment|Stanford marshmellow experiment]] by Walter Mischel which found that children who can resist temptation (delay gratification) tend to have better life outcomes.
{{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Navigation}}

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{{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/In development}}
&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/In development}} --&gt;
&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Complete}} --&gt;
[[File:Girl with swimming board.jpg|right|250px]]
==Overview==
This lecture discusses:
* mindsets
* personal control beliefs
* the self and its strivings

Take-home messages:
* Different mindsets lead to different goal striving strategies
* The core efficacy belief of &quot;I can do it&quot; and the outcome belief of &quot;it will work&quot; lead to competent, enthusiastic functioning
* Exerting self-control over short-term urges is needed to pursue long-term goals; but this capacity is limited and needs replenishment

==Outline==
Mindsets
* What are mindsets?
* Deliberative – Implemental
* Prevention – Promotion
* Fixed – Growth
* Dissonance – Consistency

Personal control beliefs
* Expectancy and control
* Self-efficacy
* Stress and coping
* Mastery vs helpnessness
* Reactance
* Expectancy-value model

Self
* Self strivings
* Self-concept
* Self-identity
* Agency
* Self-regulation

==Readings==
# TBA &lt;!-- # Chapter 09: Mindsets ([[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2018|Reeve, 2018]])
# Chapter 10: Personal control beliefs ([[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2018|Reeve, 2018]])
# Chapter 11: The self and its strivings ([[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2018|Reeve, 2018]]) --&gt;

==Multimedia==
* [https://www.youtube.com/embed/RcGyVTAoXEU?start=61&amp;end=802 How to make stress your friend] (Kelly McGonigal, TED talk, 2013) (12:21 min) explains that changing how we think about stress can actually make it good for us.

==Slides==
* [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1910B6x2TYlnIxoTU1Iz6LT6_cgPOf2JXnOgF3OMv0g8/edit?usp=sharing Mindsets] (Google Slides)
* [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/12yhu2Z52vL3teHP3hiFrlE5aZU9_HIyNM45sLeGFCFU/edit?usp=sharing Personal control beliefs] (Google Slides)
* [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1qKeI_k0tYdTLXGOb2gn-gpsvJgzQQkCT16MgaT4_MZY/edit?usp=sharing The self and its strivings] (Google Slides)&lt;!-- 
* Handouts
** [[Media:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 06 - Mindsets, control, and the self 6slidesperpage.pdf|Download 6 slides to a page]]: [[File:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 06 - Mindsets, control, and the self 6slidesperpage.pdf|100px]]
** [[Media:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 06 - Mindsets, control, and the self 3slidesperpage.pdf|Download 3 slides to a page]]: [[File:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 06 - Mindsets, control, and the self 3slidesperpage.pdf|100px]]
--&gt;

==See also==
* [[/Images/]]

; Lectures
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Implicit motives and goals|Implicit motives and goals]] (Previous lecture)
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Nature of emotion|Nature of emotion]] (Next lecture)

; Tutorial
* [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Learned optimism|Learned optimism]]

;Wikipedia
* [[w:Learned helplessness|Learned helplessness]]
* [[w:Looking-glass self|Looking-glass self]]
* [[w:Mastery learning|Mastery learning]]
* [[w:Mindset|Mindset]]
* [[w:Self-efficacy|Self-efficacy]]
* [[w:Self-concept|Self-concept]]
* [[w:Trier social stress test|Trier social stress test]]

;Wikiversity
* [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Mindset|Mindset]] (Book chapters)
* [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Optimism|Optimism]] (Book chapters)
* [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Pessimism|Pessimism]] (Book chapters)
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2017/Reactance|Reactance]] (Book chapter, 2017)
* [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Self|Self]] (Book chapters)
* [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Self-efficacy|Self-efficacy]] (Book chapters)
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2015/Zeigarnik effect|Zeigarnik effect]] (Book chapter, 2015)

==Recording==
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/9539d2ac3c1246a3ad440fa123bd3368 Lecture 06] (2024)&lt;!--
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/4da06d5593484546b453ad3b3ccc5aa3 Lecture 06] (2023)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/7df24087e1aa44d1873b4d5518d37501 Lecture 06] (2022)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/6c1bbc62edf3451c9ba57b9bfda9f0fd Lecture 06] (2021) --&gt;
&lt;!--
==References
--&gt;

==External links==
* [http://www.ted.com/talks/joachim_de_posada_says_don_t_eat_the_marshmallow_yet.html Don't eat the marshmallow!] (Joachim de Posada, TED talk, 2009) (6 min) shows a replication of the infamous [[w:Stanford marshmallow experiment|Stanford marshmellow experiment]] by Walter Mischel which found that children who can resist temptation (delay gratification) tend to have better life outcomes.
{{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Navigation}}

[[Category:Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Mindsets, control, and the self]]</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Jtneill</username>
        <id>10242</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Update for 2025</comment>
      <origin>2720509</origin>
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      <text bytes="7659" sha1="lgwv7ux2fx74ri4u0l3kzi869xq3xwl" xml:space="preserve">{{Motivation and emotion/Lectures|Lecture 07: Nature of emotion|seventh}}
{{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/In development}}
&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/In development}} --&gt;
&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Complete}} --&gt;
[[File:Mary Magdalene Crying Statue.jpg|210px|right]]
==Overview==
This lecture introduces the psychology of [[emotion]] by considering six key questions.

Take-home messages:
* Emotions involve subjective feelings, physiological and neurological change, expressive behaviour, and guide motivation 
* Emotions serve adaptative, functional purposes

==Outline==
* What is an emotion?
* What causes an emotion?
* How many emotions are there?
* What good are emotions?
* How can we control our emotions?
* What is the difference between emotion and mood?

==What is an emotion?==
[[File:Fourcomponents.png|380px|thumb|''Figure 1''. Emotions are triggered by significant life events and have at least four distinct components: feelings, bodily arousal, social expression, and goal-directed sense of purpose (Reeve, 2018)]]

Emotions are not easily defined, in part because they are integrated, multi-system experiences. There are at least four distinct aspects:
* subjective feelings (what most people think of as emotion)
* bodily arousal (distinct patterns of physiological activation e.g., blushing when ashamed)
* social expression (communicative aspects, including facial expression, body language, and speech)
* sense of purpose (emotion as a stimulation of motivated behaviour)

==What causes an emotion?==
Emotions are not random; they are functional states (i.e., state meaning temporary; emotions are short-lived) experiences that support and motivate effective adaptation to life events. However, emotions are also &quot;primitive&quot; in that they are approximate responses which may always be well calibrated (e.g., may go over-the-top or be insufficient or inaccurate).

==How many emotions are there?==
[[File:Plutchik-wheel.svg|300px|thumb|Plutchik's wheel of emotions represents the valence and intensity of core emotions using colour. [http://www.personalityresearch.org/basicemotions/plutchik.html More detail].]]

Most models of emotion identify five to eight core or basic emotions.

Reeve (2018) suggests six core emotions (4 unpleasant and 2 pleasant):
* Fear
* Anger
* Disgust
* Sadness
* Interest
* Joy

Other candidate core emotions:
* Contempt
* Surprise

==What good are emotions?==
Avoid referring to good and bad emotions because, from a psychoevolutionary point of view, all emotions evolved for a reason and serve an adaptive purpose. This is an important understanding that is part of developing emotional intelligence (i.e., to see all emotions are welcome information about how to adapt to one's current life situation).

==How can we control our emotions?==
Emotion regulation is the ability to manage one's emotion. This is part of emotional intelligence which consists of:
* Emotion recognition in self: Ability to recognise the type of emotion one is experiencing (emotional literacy)
* Emotion regulation in self: Ability to respond appropriately to one's emotional experience (e.g., if angry, to find appropriate ways of expressing the anger)
* Emotion recognition in others: Ability to recognise the nature of others' emotional experiences
* Appropriate responding to emotion in others: Capacity to respond appropriately to the emotional experiences of others

==What is the difference between emotion and mood?==
Emotions are short-lived affective responses to specific life events. Moods are more diffuse affective experiences which may last longer than emotions and are not triggered by specific events (e.g., one may just wake up in a bad mood).

==Readings==
# Chapter 12: Nature of emotion: Six perennial questions ([[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2018|Reeve, 2018]])

==Multimedia==
* [https://www.youtube.com/embed/gAMbkJk6gnE?end=121 Feeling all the feels] (CrashCourse Psychology #25, YouTube) (2:01 mins): an introduction to emotion
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xNY0AAUtH3g Emotions and the brain] (Sentis, YouTube, 2012) (2:02 mins): a simple, clear explanation of emotions, the brain, and emotion regulation
* [https://www.youtube.com/embed/nEUzQ7yL9A0?end=188 Inside out - Meet Riley's emotions] (Pixar, YouTube, 2015) (3:08 mins): Trailer for the animated movie ''Inside Out'' which provides an entertaining look at our inner emotions and memories
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gaZDLOAg_Po What is an emotion? (Paul Ekman)] (Mind with Heart, 2012, YouTube) (7:35 mins): Paul Ekman explains what emotion is, why we have emotions, and how they can be regulated
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ijcydVxCBoA Lie to me] (Quicksubs, YouTube, 2015) (2:01 mins): Trailer for a TV series about lie detection through analysis of facial expression and body language

==Slides==
* [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1P8cE3uOywK7OukK_hJKYH-aNFtuKuY-frNqScvBKRFo/edit?usp=sharing Nature of emotion] (Google Slides)&lt;!--
* Handouts
** [[Media:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 07 - Nature of emotion 6slidesperpage.pdf|Download 6 slides to a page]]: [[File:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 07 - Nature of emotion 6slidesperpage.pdf|100px]]
** [[Media:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 07 - Nature of emotion 3slidesperpage.pdf|Download 3 slides to a page]]: [[File:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 07 - Nature of emotion 3slidesperpage.pdf|100px]]
&lt;!-- * [http://www.slideshare.net/jtneill/nature-of-emotion Lecture slides] (Slideshare) --&gt;

==See also==
* [[/Images/]]

;Lectures
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Mindsets, control, and the self|Mindsets, control, &amp; the self]] (Previous lecture)
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Aspects of emotion|Aspects of emotion]] (Next lecture)

;Tutorial
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1}}/Tutorials/Core emotions|Core emotions]]

;Wikipedia
* [[w:Emotion classification|Emotion classification]]
* [[w:Inside Out (2015 film)|Inside Out]] | [[w:Inside Out 2|Inside Out 2]]
* [[w:Lie to Me|Lie to Me]]
* [[w:Paul Ekman|Paul Ekman]]
* [[w:The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals|The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals]]

==Recording==
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/68a5ca1e0ff3483dab76f4939e29c490 Lecture 07] (2024)&lt;!--
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/c8b6153ac42a4eb89724396d9e9e40a0 Lecture 07] (2023)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/c1cc29b612d04060a52684c01447baa5 Lecture 07] (2022)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/832453a6efcf4086a235877d20ac5b66 Lecture 07] (2021)
--&gt;

==References==
{{Hanging indent|1=
Ekman, P. &amp; Cordaro, D. (2011). [http://emr.sagepub.com/content/3/4/364 What is meant by calling emotions basic]. ''Emotion Review'', ''3'', 364–370. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073911410740

James, W. (1884). [http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/James/emotion.htm What is an emotion?] ''Mind'', ''9'', 188–205.
}}

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P_6vDLq64gE How to spot a liar] (Pamela Meyer, TED Talk, YouTube, 2011, 18:51 mins)
* [https://www.psypost.org/2017/06/depressed-people-medial-prefrontal-cortex-exerts-control-parts-brain-49168 In depressed people, the medial prefrontal cortex exerts more control over other parts of the brain] (PsyPost, 2017)
* [https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-06-23/inside-out-2-film-brain-changes-puberty-child-new-emotions/103995788 Inside Out 2 is a relatable film about puberty's big brain changes. Here's how to talk to your child about their new emotions] (ABC News, 2024)
{{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Navigation}}

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        <id>10242</id>
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{{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/In development}}
&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/In development}} --&gt;
&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Complete}} --&gt;
[[File:Mary Magdalene Crying Statue.jpg|210px|right]]
==Overview==
This lecture introduces the psychology of [[emotion]] by considering six key questions.

Take-home messages:
* Emotions involve subjective feelings, physiological and neurological change, expressive behaviour, and guide motivation 
* Emotions serve adaptative, functional purposes

==Outline==
* What is an emotion?
* What causes an emotion?
* How many emotions are there?
* What good are emotions?
* How can we control our emotions?
* What is the difference between emotion and mood?

==What is an emotion?==
[[File:Fourcomponents.png|380px|thumb|''Figure 1''. Emotions are triggered by significant life events and have at least four distinct components: feelings, bodily arousal, social expression, and goal-directed sense of purpose (Reeve, 2018)]]

Emotions are not easily defined, in part because they are integrated, multi-system experiences. There are at least four distinct aspects:
* subjective feelings (what most people think of as emotion)
* bodily arousal (distinct patterns of physiological activation e.g., blushing when ashamed)
* social expression (communicative aspects, including facial expression, body language, and speech)
* sense of purpose (emotion as a stimulation of motivated behaviour)

==What causes an emotion?==
Emotions are not random; they are functional states (i.e., state meaning temporary; emotions are short-lived) experiences that support and motivate effective adaptation to life events. However, emotions are also &quot;primitive&quot; in that they are approximate responses which may always be well calibrated (e.g., may go over-the-top or be insufficient or inaccurate).

==How many emotions are there?==
[[File:Plutchik-wheel.svg|300px|thumb|Plutchik's wheel of emotions represents the valence and intensity of core emotions using colour. [http://www.personalityresearch.org/basicemotions/plutchik.html More detail].]]

Most models of emotion identify five to eight core or basic emotions.

Reeve (2018) suggests six core emotions (4 unpleasant and 2 pleasant):
* Fear
* Anger
* Disgust
* Sadness
* Interest
* Joy

Other candidate core emotions:
* Contempt
* Surprise

==What good are emotions?==
Avoid referring to good and bad emotions because, from a psychoevolutionary point of view, all emotions evolved for a reason and serve an adaptive purpose. This is an important understanding that is part of developing emotional intelligence (i.e., to see all emotions are welcome information about how to adapt to one's current life situation).

==How can we control our emotions?==
Emotion regulation is the ability to manage one's emotion. This is part of emotional intelligence which consists of:
* Emotion recognition in self: Ability to recognise the type of emotion one is experiencing (emotional literacy)
* Emotion regulation in self: Ability to respond appropriately to one's emotional experience (e.g., if angry, to find appropriate ways of expressing the anger)
* Emotion recognition in others: Ability to recognise the nature of others' emotional experiences
* Appropriate responding to emotion in others: Capacity to respond appropriately to the emotional experiences of others

==What is the difference between emotion and mood?==
Emotions are short-lived affective responses to specific life events. Moods are more diffuse affective experiences which may last longer than emotions and are not triggered by specific events (e.g., one may just wake up in a bad mood).

==Readings==
# TBA &lt;!-- # Chapter 12: Nature of emotion: Six perennial questions ([[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2018|Reeve, 2018]]) --&gt;

==Multimedia==
* [https://www.youtube.com/embed/gAMbkJk6gnE?end=121 Feeling all the feels] (CrashCourse Psychology #25, YouTube) (2:01 mins): an introduction to emotion
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xNY0AAUtH3g Emotions and the brain] (Sentis, YouTube, 2012) (2:02 mins): a simple, clear explanation of emotions, the brain, and emotion regulation
* [https://www.youtube.com/embed/nEUzQ7yL9A0?end=188 Inside out - Meet Riley's emotions] (Pixar, YouTube, 2015) (3:08 mins): Trailer for the animated movie ''Inside Out'' which provides an entertaining look at our inner emotions and memories
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gaZDLOAg_Po What is an emotion? (Paul Ekman)] (Mind with Heart, 2012, YouTube) (7:35 mins): Paul Ekman explains what emotion is, why we have emotions, and how they can be regulated
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ijcydVxCBoA Lie to me] (Quicksubs, YouTube, 2015) (2:01 mins): Trailer for a TV series about lie detection through analysis of facial expression and body language

==Slides==
* [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1P8cE3uOywK7OukK_hJKYH-aNFtuKuY-frNqScvBKRFo/edit?usp=sharing Nature of emotion] (Google Slides)&lt;!--
* Handouts
** [[Media:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 07 - Nature of emotion 6slidesperpage.pdf|Download 6 slides to a page]]: [[File:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 07 - Nature of emotion 6slidesperpage.pdf|100px]]
** [[Media:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 07 - Nature of emotion 3slidesperpage.pdf|Download 3 slides to a page]]: [[File:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 07 - Nature of emotion 3slidesperpage.pdf|100px]]
&lt;!-- * [http://www.slideshare.net/jtneill/nature-of-emotion Lecture slides] (Slideshare) --&gt;

==See also==
* [[/Images/]]

;Lectures
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Mindsets, control, and the self|Mindsets, control, &amp; the self]] (Previous lecture)
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Aspects of emotion|Aspects of emotion]] (Next lecture)

;Tutorial
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1}}/Tutorials/Core emotions|Core emotions]]

;Wikipedia
* [[w:Emotion classification|Emotion classification]]
* [[w:Inside Out (2015 film)|Inside Out]] | [[w:Inside Out 2|Inside Out 2]]
* [[w:Lie to Me|Lie to Me]]
* [[w:Paul Ekman|Paul Ekman]]
* [[w:The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals|The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals]]

==Recording==
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/68a5ca1e0ff3483dab76f4939e29c490 Lecture 07] (2024)&lt;!--
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/c8b6153ac42a4eb89724396d9e9e40a0 Lecture 07] (2023)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/c1cc29b612d04060a52684c01447baa5 Lecture 07] (2022)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/832453a6efcf4086a235877d20ac5b66 Lecture 07] (2021)
--&gt;

==References==
{{Hanging indent|1=
Ekman, P. &amp; Cordaro, D. (2011). [http://emr.sagepub.com/content/3/4/364 What is meant by calling emotions basic]. ''Emotion Review'', ''3'', 364–370. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073911410740

James, W. (1884). [http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/James/emotion.htm What is an emotion?] ''Mind'', ''9'', 188–205.
}}

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P_6vDLq64gE How to spot a liar] (Pamela Meyer, TED Talk, YouTube, 2011, 18:51 mins)
* [https://www.psypost.org/2017/06/depressed-people-medial-prefrontal-cortex-exerts-control-parts-brain-49168 In depressed people, the medial prefrontal cortex exerts more control over other parts of the brain] (PsyPost, 2017)
* [https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-06-23/inside-out-2-film-brain-changes-puberty-child-new-emotions/103995788 Inside Out 2 is a relatable film about puberty's big brain changes. Here's how to talk to your child about their new emotions] (ABC News, 2024)
{{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Navigation}}

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      <text bytes="5323" sha1="qm1spkzqcsiheunfwwyvo3rm973c9qm" xml:space="preserve">{{Motivation and emotion/Lectures|Lecture 08: Aspects of emotion|eighth}}
{{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/In development}}
&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/In development}} --&gt;
&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Complete}} --&gt;

==Overview==
This lecture:
* discusses biological, cognitive, and social psychological aspects of [[emotion]] 
* considers the potential for [[w:affective computing|affective computing]]

Take-home messages:
* Biology and cognition work together to generate emotion
* Facial expressions can influence emotional state
* Other people are the source of most of our emotions
* Emotions are contagious
* Computers can increasingly detect and imitate emotion

==Outline==
* Biological
* Cognitive
* Social
* Affective computing

==Readings==
# Chapter 13: Aspects of emotion ([[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2015|Reeve, 2018]])

==Multimedia==
* [https://www.youtube.com/embed/-PFqzYoKkCc?si=e9oy7d30rVETd82h&amp;amp;start=12&amp;end=679 Emotions revealed] (KQED QUEST, 2008, YouTube) (11:01 mins): Explains Paul Ekman's work on codifying the intricate ways in which emotions are revealed through facial expressions
* [https://www.youtube.com/embed/TdsFGqhoAEo?si=slTlN00GwXbELkDM&amp;amp;start=18&amp;end=160 Why we can't not smile] (Epic Science, 2014, YouTube) (2:22 mins): Explores unconscious emotional mimicry in relation to smiling
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sq36J9pNaEo Meet Sophia, World's first AI humanoid robot] (Tony Robbins, 2020, YouTube) (Tony Robbins, 2017, YouTube) (9:55 mins): Tony Robbins interviews an AI robot about life, the universe, and everything

==Slides==
* [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1b6mSQQGASDgImEPjDt9DyU4Tm2NtT1GO1k0UdWLSSeE/edit?usp=sharing Aspects of emotion] (Google Slides)
&lt;!-- * [http://www.slideshare.net/jtneill/aspects-of-emotion Lecture slides] (Slideshare)
* Handouts
** [[Media:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 08 - Aspects of emotion 6slidesperpage.pdf|Download 6 slides to a page]]: [[File:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 08 - Aspects of emotion 6slidesperpage.pdf|100px]]
** [[Media:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 08 - Aspects of emotion 3slidesperpage.pdf|Download 3 slides to a page]]: [[File:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 08 - Aspects of emotion 3slidesperpage.pdf|100px]]
* [http://www.slideshare.net/jtneill/aspects-of-emotion Lecture slides] (Slideshare)
--&gt;

==See also==
* [[/Images/]]

; Lectures
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Nature of emotion|Nature of emotion]] (Previous lecture)
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Individual emotions|Individual emotions]] (Next lecture)

;Tutorial
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1}}/Tutorials/Measuring emotion|Measuring emotion]] (Tutorial)

;Wikiversity
* [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Affective computing|Affective computing]] (Book chapter category)
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2014/Appraisal and emotion|Appraisal and emotion]] (Book chapter, 2014)
&lt;!-- [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2024/Attribution theory and emotion|Attribution theory and emotion]] (Book chapter 2024) --&gt;
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2014/Facial Action Coding System|Facial Action Coding System]] (Book chapter, 2014)
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2023/Smiling and emotion|Smiling and emotion]] (Book chapter, 2023)

;Wikipedia

Topics
* [[w:Affective computing|Affective computing]]
* [[w:Appraisal theory|Appraisal]]
* [[w:Attribution (psychology)|Attribution]]
* [[w:James–Lange theory|James–Lange theory]]
* [[w:Sophia (robot)|Sophia (robot)]]

People
* [[w:Magda B. Arnold|Magda B. Arnold]]
* [[w:Paul Ekman|Paul Ekman]]
* [[w:Jeffrey Alan Gray|Jeffrey Gray]]
* [[w:Carroll Izard|Carroll Izard]]

==Recording==
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/9c2e9707be814a9d87cc9131d0782390 Lecture 08 recording] (2024)&lt;!--
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/4c3533d7c9294b2da8dc4aaa8aac0b93 Lecture 08 recording] (2023)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/def61ff43cfb4f0084e26aac0bc0b52f Lecture 08 recording] (2022)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/7a2b4dd5a81246c096581c3461eae997 Lecture 08 recording] (2021)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/9173da24929249c0905c62f676287d83 Lecture 08 recording] (2020)
* [https://echo360.org.au/media/00c6015a-2dd9-48c5-9d78-1f1891908d30/public Lecture 08 recording] (2019)
* [https://echo360.org.au/media/17d036bf-4c49-45a9-9dd7-6d9364a51263/public Lecture 08 recording] (2016) --&gt;

==References==
{{Hanging indent|1=

Izard, C. E. (2010). The many meanings/aspects of emotion: Definitions, functions, activation, and regulation. ''Emotion Review'', ''2''(4), 363–370. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073910374661

}}

==External links==
* [https://youtu.be/WY0j1cZtnp0 In your face] (Mind Field Ep 7, YouTube, 24:33 mins)
* [https://www.paulekman.com Paul Ekman Group] (paulekman.com)
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wjW-v0IPT_M Robots that show emotion] (David Hanson, TED talk, 7:29 mins)
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U9cGdRNMdQQ The hidden power of smiling] (Ron Gutman, TED talk; 7:26 mins)
* [https://www.bps.org.uk/research-digest/precise-meaning-emotion-words-different-around-world The precise meaning of emotion words is different around the world] (bps.org.uk)
{{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Navigation}}

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{{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/In development}}
&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/In development}} --&gt;
&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Complete}} --&gt;

==Overview==
This lecture:
* discusses biological, cognitive, and social psychological aspects of [[emotion]] 
* considers the potential for [[w:affective computing|affective computing]]

Take-home messages:
* Biology and cognition work together to generate emotion
* Facial expressions can influence emotional state
* Other people are the source of most of our emotions
* Emotions are contagious
* Computers can increasingly detect and imitate emotion

==Outline==
* Biological
* Cognitive
* Social
* Affective computing

==Readings==
# TBA &lt;!-- # Chapter 13: Aspects of emotion ([[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2015|Reeve, 2018]]) --&gt;

==Multimedia==
* [https://www.youtube.com/embed/-PFqzYoKkCc?si=e9oy7d30rVETd82h&amp;amp;start=12&amp;end=679 Emotions revealed] (KQED QUEST, 2008, YouTube) (11:01 mins): Explains Paul Ekman's work on codifying the intricate ways in which emotions are revealed through facial expressions
* [https://www.youtube.com/embed/TdsFGqhoAEo?si=slTlN00GwXbELkDM&amp;amp;start=18&amp;end=160 Why we can't not smile] (Epic Science, 2014, YouTube) (2:22 mins): Explores unconscious emotional mimicry in relation to smiling
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sq36J9pNaEo Meet Sophia, World's first AI humanoid robot] (Tony Robbins, 2020, YouTube) (Tony Robbins, 2017, YouTube) (9:55 mins): Tony Robbins interviews an AI robot about life, the universe, and everything

==Slides==
* [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1b6mSQQGASDgImEPjDt9DyU4Tm2NtT1GO1k0UdWLSSeE/edit?usp=sharing Aspects of emotion] (Google Slides)
&lt;!-- * [http://www.slideshare.net/jtneill/aspects-of-emotion Lecture slides] (Slideshare)
* Handouts
** [[Media:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 08 - Aspects of emotion 6slidesperpage.pdf|Download 6 slides to a page]]: [[File:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 08 - Aspects of emotion 6slidesperpage.pdf|100px]]
** [[Media:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 08 - Aspects of emotion 3slidesperpage.pdf|Download 3 slides to a page]]: [[File:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 08 - Aspects of emotion 3slidesperpage.pdf|100px]]
* [http://www.slideshare.net/jtneill/aspects-of-emotion Lecture slides] (Slideshare)
--&gt;

==See also==
* [[/Images/]]

; Lectures
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Nature of emotion|Nature of emotion]] (Previous lecture)
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Individual emotions|Individual emotions]] (Next lecture)

;Tutorial
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1}}/Tutorials/Measuring emotion|Measuring emotion]] (Tutorial)

;Wikiversity
* [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Affective computing|Affective computing]] (Book chapter category)
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2014/Appraisal and emotion|Appraisal and emotion]] (Book chapter, 2014)
&lt;!-- [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2024/Attribution theory and emotion|Attribution theory and emotion]] (Book chapter 2024) --&gt;
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2014/Facial Action Coding System|Facial Action Coding System]] (Book chapter, 2014)
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2023/Smiling and emotion|Smiling and emotion]] (Book chapter, 2023)

;Wikipedia

Topics
* [[w:Affective computing|Affective computing]]
* [[w:Appraisal theory|Appraisal]]
* [[w:Attribution (psychology)|Attribution]]
* [[w:James–Lange theory|James–Lange theory]]
* [[w:Sophia (robot)|Sophia (robot)]]

People
* [[w:Magda B. Arnold|Magda B. Arnold]]
* [[w:Paul Ekman|Paul Ekman]]
* [[w:Jeffrey Alan Gray|Jeffrey Gray]]
* [[w:Carroll Izard|Carroll Izard]]

==Recording==
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/9c2e9707be814a9d87cc9131d0782390 Lecture 08 recording] (2024)&lt;!--
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/4c3533d7c9294b2da8dc4aaa8aac0b93 Lecture 08 recording] (2023)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/def61ff43cfb4f0084e26aac0bc0b52f Lecture 08 recording] (2022)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/7a2b4dd5a81246c096581c3461eae997 Lecture 08 recording] (2021)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/9173da24929249c0905c62f676287d83 Lecture 08 recording] (2020)
* [https://echo360.org.au/media/00c6015a-2dd9-48c5-9d78-1f1891908d30/public Lecture 08 recording] (2019)
* [https://echo360.org.au/media/17d036bf-4c49-45a9-9dd7-6d9364a51263/public Lecture 08 recording] (2016) --&gt;

==References==
{{Hanging indent|1=

Izard, C. E. (2010). The many meanings/aspects of emotion: Definitions, functions, activation, and regulation. ''Emotion Review'', ''2''(4), 363–370. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073910374661

}}

==External links==
* [https://youtu.be/WY0j1cZtnp0 In your face] (Mind Field Ep 7, YouTube, 24:33 mins)
* [https://www.paulekman.com Paul Ekman Group] (paulekman.com)
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wjW-v0IPT_M Robots that show emotion] (David Hanson, TED talk, 7:29 mins)
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U9cGdRNMdQQ The hidden power of smiling] (Ron Gutman, TED talk; 7:26 mins)
* [https://www.bps.org.uk/research-digest/precise-meaning-emotion-words-different-around-world The precise meaning of emotion words is different around the world] (bps.org.uk)
{{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Navigation}}

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    <title>Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Unconscious motivation</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Jtneill</username>
        <id>10242</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Update for 2025</comment>
      <origin>2720513</origin>
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      <text bytes="6816" sha1="dogqy3rb117kyt72sib7905g600fnp5" xml:space="preserve">{{Motivation and emotion/Lectures|Lecture 10: Unconscious motivation|tenth}}
{{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/In development}}
&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/In development}} --&gt;
&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Complete}} --&gt;
[[File:Why books are always better than movies.jpg|right|250px]]
==Overview==
This lecture:
* discusses unconscious aspects of motivation, including historical psychoanalytic perspectives and contemporary perspectives about the adaptive unconscious, priming, and psychodynamics

Take-home message:
* Motivation often arises from, and is influenced by, sources byeond conscious awareness

[[File:FREUD'S SOFA.jpeg|thumb|250px|Freud's psychoanalytic couch – arguably the birthplace of modern psychology]]
[[File:Structural-Iceberg.svg|thumb|250px|Freud's Id, Ego, and Superego model is often depicted as an iceberg]]
==Outline==
* Psychodynamic perspective
* The unconscious
* Psychodynamics
* Ego psychology
* Object relations theory

==Multimedia==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HRAKt0GakJM&amp;t=3 Psychological priming] (Bang Goes the Theory, YouTube) (6:14 mins): shows three experiments which indicate that, when primed by handling money, people eat more chocolate, are less likely to help others, and can tolerate more pain.
* [https://www.youtube.com/embed/vcJm-y7UnLY?start=316&amp;end=1087 How your unconscious mind rules your behaviour] (Leonard Mlodinow, TEDxReset 2013, YouTube) (12:51 mins): Examples of unconscious perception and decision making from a cognitive neuroscience perspective. Note: camera work and editing is poor.

==Readings==
# Chapter 16: Unconscious motivation ([[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2018|Reeve, 2018]])

==References==
{{Hanging indent|1=
Freud, S. (1917). [Original work published 1905]. ''Wit and its relation to the unconscious''. http://www.bartleby.com/279/

Jung, C. G. (Ed.) (1964). ''[[w:Man and His Symbols|Man and his symbols]]''. Doubleday.

Lodder, P., Ong, H. H., Grasman, R. P., &amp; Wicherts, J. M. (2019). A comprehensive meta-analysis of money priming. ''Journal of Experimental Psychology: General'', ''148''(4), 688. http://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000570 https://pure.uvt.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/29126856/Lodder_et_al._2019_A_Comprehensive_Meta_analysis_of_Money_Priming.pdf

Stajkovic, A. D., Greenwald, J. M., &amp; Stajkovic, K. S. (2022). The money priming debate revisited: A review, meta‐analysis, and extension to organizations. ''Journal of Organizational Behavior'', ''43''(6), 1078–1102. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2619 https://pure.uvt.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/29126856/Lodder_et_al._2019_A_Comprehensive_Meta_analysis_of_Money_Priming.pdf
}}

==Slides==
* [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/16QBIOo1V3pl644ARxu9cPmN7Yjba6Ym-v6rPExVthg4/edit?usp=sharing Unconscious motivation] (Google Slides)
&lt;!-- * [http://www.slideshare.net/jtneill/unconscious-motivation Lecture slides] (Slideshare)
* Handouts
** [[Media:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 10 - Unconscious motivation 6slidesperpage.pdf|Download 6 slides to a page]]: [[File:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 10 - Unconscious motivation 6slidesperpage.pdf|100px]]
** [[Media:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 10 - Unconscious motivation 3slidesperpage.pdf|Download 3 slides to a page]]: [[File:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 10 - Unconscious motivation 3slidesperpage.pdf|100px]]
--&gt;

==See also==
* [[/Images/]]

; Lectures
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Individual emotions|Individual emotions]] (Previous lecture)
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Growth psychology|Growth psychology]] (Next lecture)
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Implicit motives and goals|Implicit motives and goals]] (Related lecture)

; Tutorial
* [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Time perspective|Time perspective]]

;Wikipedia
* [[w:Acceptance and commitment therapy|Acceptance and commitment therapy]]
* [[w:Checker shadow illusion|Checker shadow illusion]]
* [[w:Daniel Kahneman|Daniel Kahneman]]
* [[w:Defence mechanism|Defence mechanism]]
* [[w:Id, ego and super-ego|Id, ego and super-ego]]
* [[w:Mortality salience|Mortality salience]]
* [[w:Object relations theory|Object relations theory]]
* [[w:Priming (psychology)|Priming]]
* [[w:Psychoanalysis|Psychoanalysis]]
* [[w:Loevinger's stages of ego development|Stages of ego development]] (Loevinger)
* [[w:Stairway to Heaven#Claims of backmasking|Stairway to Heaven - Claims of backmasking]]
* [[w:Terror management theory|Terror management theory]]
* [[w:Thought suppression|Thought suppression]]

;Wikiversity
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Death anxiety|Death anxiety]] (Book chapter, 2016)
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2022/Money priming, motivation, and emotion|Money priming, motivation, and emotion]] (Book chapter, 2022)
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2014/Psychodynamic perspective of motivation|Psychodynamic perspective of motivation]] (Book chapter, 2014)
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Subliminal priming and motivation|Subliminal priming and motivation]] (Book chapter, 2020)
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Terror management theory|Terror management theory]] (Book chapter, 2020)
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Unconscious motivation|Unconscious motivation]] (Book chapter, 2020)

==Recording==
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/1944933fa16f442b996a13bad744a1d4 Lecture 10 recording] (2024)&lt;!--
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/ee0efa2d5c694ab5a1f0ee7a76d087b4 Lecture 10 recording] (2023)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/727ce65d23504207af92b684b5400be3 Lecture 10 recording] (2022)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/45e10c3dce3d45638ee3e7fad628a33c Lecture 10 recording] (2021)
* Lecture 10 recording (2020) - TBA
* [https://echo360.org.au/media/2915e96a-93b2-4f40-a6cf-87849313caa9/public Lecture 10 recording] (2019)
* [https://echo360.org.au/media/45635c5c-4a46-43ac-81a6-c93786c83207/public Lecture 10 recording] (2017)
--&gt;

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ap-22FjgoE4 New York City subway stairs] (YouTube; 1:27 mins)
* [https://www.anopticalillusion.com/2015/02/presidents-day-optical-illusion/ President's Day optical illusion] (anopticalillusion.com)
* [https://www.freud.org.uk/about-us/the-house/sigmund-freuds-famous-psychoanalytic-couch/ Sigmund Freud's famous psychoanalytic couch] (Freud Museum London)
* [https://www.theifod.com/what-stairway-to-heaven-teaches-us-about-our-brains/ What “Stairway to Heaven” teaches us about our brains] (theifod.com)
* [https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/subliminal/201205/why-touch-can-double-your-chances-getting-date Why a touch can double your chances of getting a date] (Leonard Mlodinow, Psychology Today, 2012)
{{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Navigation}}

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{{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/In development}}
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&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Complete}} --&gt;
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==Overview==
This lecture:
* discusses unconscious aspects of motivation, including historical psychoanalytic perspectives and contemporary perspectives about the adaptive unconscious, priming, and psychodynamics

Take-home message:
* Motivation often arises from, and is influenced by, sources byeond conscious awareness

[[File:FREUD'S SOFA.jpeg|thumb|250px|Freud's psychoanalytic couch – arguably the birthplace of modern psychology]]
[[File:Structural-Iceberg.svg|thumb|250px|Freud's Id, Ego, and Superego model is often depicted as an iceberg]]
==Outline==
* Psychodynamic perspective
* The unconscious
* Psychodynamics
* Ego psychology
* Object relations theory

==Multimedia==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HRAKt0GakJM&amp;t=3 Psychological priming] (Bang Goes the Theory, YouTube) (6:14 mins): shows three experiments which indicate that, when primed by handling money, people eat more chocolate, are less likely to help others, and can tolerate more pain.
* [https://www.youtube.com/embed/vcJm-y7UnLY?start=316&amp;end=1087 How your unconscious mind rules your behaviour] (Leonard Mlodinow, TEDxReset 2013, YouTube) (12:51 mins): Examples of unconscious perception and decision making from a cognitive neuroscience perspective. Note: camera work and editing is poor.

==Readings==
# TBA &lt;!-- # Chapter 16: Unconscious motivation ([[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2018|Reeve, 2018]]) --&gt;

==References==
{{Hanging indent|1=
Freud, S. (1917). [Original work published 1905]. ''Wit and its relation to the unconscious''. http://www.bartleby.com/279/

Jung, C. G. (Ed.) (1964). ''[[w:Man and His Symbols|Man and his symbols]]''. Doubleday.

Lodder, P., Ong, H. H., Grasman, R. P., &amp; Wicherts, J. M. (2019). A comprehensive meta-analysis of money priming. ''Journal of Experimental Psychology: General'', ''148''(4), 688. http://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000570 https://pure.uvt.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/29126856/Lodder_et_al._2019_A_Comprehensive_Meta_analysis_of_Money_Priming.pdf

Stajkovic, A. D., Greenwald, J. M., &amp; Stajkovic, K. S. (2022). The money priming debate revisited: A review, meta‐analysis, and extension to organizations. ''Journal of Organizational Behavior'', ''43''(6), 1078–1102. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2619 https://pure.uvt.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/29126856/Lodder_et_al._2019_A_Comprehensive_Meta_analysis_of_Money_Priming.pdf
}}

==Slides==
* [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/16QBIOo1V3pl644ARxu9cPmN7Yjba6Ym-v6rPExVthg4/edit?usp=sharing Unconscious motivation] (Google Slides)
&lt;!-- * [http://www.slideshare.net/jtneill/unconscious-motivation Lecture slides] (Slideshare)
* Handouts
** [[Media:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 10 - Unconscious motivation 6slidesperpage.pdf|Download 6 slides to a page]]: [[File:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 10 - Unconscious motivation 6slidesperpage.pdf|100px]]
** [[Media:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 10 - Unconscious motivation 3slidesperpage.pdf|Download 3 slides to a page]]: [[File:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 10 - Unconscious motivation 3slidesperpage.pdf|100px]]
--&gt;

==See also==
* [[/Images/]]

; Lectures
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Individual emotions|Individual emotions]] (Previous lecture)
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Growth psychology|Growth psychology]] (Next lecture)
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Implicit motives and goals|Implicit motives and goals]] (Related lecture)

; Tutorial
* [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Time perspective|Time perspective]]

;Wikipedia
* [[w:Acceptance and commitment therapy|Acceptance and commitment therapy]]
* [[w:Checker shadow illusion|Checker shadow illusion]]
* [[w:Daniel Kahneman|Daniel Kahneman]]
* [[w:Defence mechanism|Defence mechanism]]
* [[w:Id, ego and super-ego|Id, ego and super-ego]]
* [[w:Mortality salience|Mortality salience]]
* [[w:Object relations theory|Object relations theory]]
* [[w:Priming (psychology)|Priming]]
* [[w:Psychoanalysis|Psychoanalysis]]
* [[w:Loevinger's stages of ego development|Stages of ego development]] (Loevinger)
* [[w:Stairway to Heaven#Claims of backmasking|Stairway to Heaven - Claims of backmasking]]
* [[w:Terror management theory|Terror management theory]]
* [[w:Thought suppression|Thought suppression]]

;Wikiversity
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Death anxiety|Death anxiety]] (Book chapter, 2016)
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2022/Money priming, motivation, and emotion|Money priming, motivation, and emotion]] (Book chapter, 2022)
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2014/Psychodynamic perspective of motivation|Psychodynamic perspective of motivation]] (Book chapter, 2014)
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Subliminal priming and motivation|Subliminal priming and motivation]] (Book chapter, 2020)
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Terror management theory|Terror management theory]] (Book chapter, 2020)
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Unconscious motivation|Unconscious motivation]] (Book chapter, 2020)

==Recording==
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/1944933fa16f442b996a13bad744a1d4 Lecture 10 recording] (2024)&lt;!--
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/ee0efa2d5c694ab5a1f0ee7a76d087b4 Lecture 10 recording] (2023)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/727ce65d23504207af92b684b5400be3 Lecture 10 recording] (2022)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/45e10c3dce3d45638ee3e7fad628a33c Lecture 10 recording] (2021)
* Lecture 10 recording (2020) - TBA
* [https://echo360.org.au/media/2915e96a-93b2-4f40-a6cf-87849313caa9/public Lecture 10 recording] (2019)
* [https://echo360.org.au/media/45635c5c-4a46-43ac-81a6-c93786c83207/public Lecture 10 recording] (2017)
--&gt;

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ap-22FjgoE4 New York City subway stairs] (YouTube; 1:27 mins)
* [https://www.anopticalillusion.com/2015/02/presidents-day-optical-illusion/ President's Day optical illusion] (anopticalillusion.com)
* [https://www.freud.org.uk/about-us/the-house/sigmund-freuds-famous-psychoanalytic-couch/ Sigmund Freud's famous psychoanalytic couch] (Freud Museum London)
* [https://www.theifod.com/what-stairway-to-heaven-teaches-us-about-our-brains/ What “Stairway to Heaven” teaches us about our brains] (theifod.com)
* [https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/subliminal/201205/why-touch-can-double-your-chances-getting-date Why a touch can double your chances of getting a date] (Leonard Mlodinow, Psychology Today, 2012)
{{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Navigation}}

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      <text bytes="14838" sha1="6pm1cmlkzx038xcht1gk9knmo4vcy5y" xml:space="preserve">{{Motivation and emotion/Lectures|Lecture 11: Growth psychology|eleventh}}
{{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/In development}}
&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/In development}} --&gt;
&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Complete}} --&gt;
[[File:USA 10090 x10105 Antelope Canyon Luca Galuzzi 2007.jpg|right|250px]]

==Overview==
This lecture considers:
* psychological motivation for personal growth and self-actualisation
* [[w:Humanistic psychology|humanistic psychology]] and [[w:Positive psychology|positive psychology]]

Take-home message:
* Focusing on strengths and encouraging growth is more productive than trying to cure weakness

==Outline==
* Paradigms in psychology
* Humanistic psychology
** Self-actualisation
** Actualising tendency
&lt;!-- * Humanistic motivation --&gt;
* Positive psychology
** Happiness
** Meaning
* Criticisms

==Paradigms in psychology==
[[File:WebKit logo.svg|thumb|185px|'''Figure 1'''. The organismic valuing process (Rogers) works like an inner compass, guiding each person towards growth and alignment with their values.]]

Psychology is a young science compared, for example, to physical and medical sciences. Although psychological questions have been philosophically debated for millenia, the systematic application of modern scientific principles to psychological problems was first developed in the late 19th century.

Several paradigms of thinking have evolved since in psychology (Fleuridas &amp; Krafcik, 2019; Sutich, 1968):
* 1st force: '''Psychoanalytic''' - explains behaviour through psychodynamic processes
* 2nd force: '''Behaviourism''' - an empirical approach countering vagaries of psychoanalytics 
* 3rd force: '''Humanistic''' - addresses limitations of behaviourism with a holistic view
* Contemporary developments:
** Cognitive psychology
** Social psychology
** Neuroscience
* 4th force: '''Transpersonal''' - explores spiritual and transcendent experiences that go beyond the self
* Emerging forces:
** Ecopsychology
** Indigenous/decolonising perspectives

==Humanistic psychology==
Humanistic psychology was championed by [[w:Abraham Maslow|Abraham Maslow]], [[w:Carl Rogers|Carl Rogers]], and [[w:Category:Humanistic psychologists|many others]] during the 1950s and 1960s.

Maslow became known for his description and investigation of self-actualisation. Rogers pursued similar ideas, emphasising the fully functioning person and the organismic valuing process.

===Self-actualisation===
Self-actualisation refers to the fulfilling of one's potential and is understood as the highest motivation. A seed may have the genetic potential to grow into a large, healthy tree, but the outcome will depend on its opportunity and nurturing. Similarly, human beings have inner motivation to achieve their physical and psychological potential (e.g., manifest their unique talents and abilities).

But Maslow argued that less than 1% of people self-actualise. Why? It might be too much of a challenge to just meet basic needs, let alone higher needs. Or people might get stuck/obsessed with the lower needs and not connect to the higher meaning/purpose.

===Actualising tendency===
Rogers argued that humans have an innate will to growth that guides people to undertake new and challenging experiences.

A fully functioning person uses their organismic valuing process (like an inner compass; see Figure 1) to determine whether specific experiences will promote one's growth or not.

A person is most likely to develop full functioning when offered unconditional, rather than conditional, positive regard during their upbringing and subsequent social relations.

A fully functioning person experiences congruence between their ideal and actual self.

==Positive psychology==
Positive psychology emphasises identification and development psychological strengths and uses a scientific approach to promoting psychological wellbeing.

===Happiness===
====Types====
Originally proposed by the Ancient Greeks (Aristotle) and reiterated by Martin Seligman, happiness can be understood as consisting of three components:
* '''Hedonic pleasure''' (the good life) - these are intense, short-term pleasure, but positive affect is about 50% heritable, difficult to change (see hedonic treadmill), and subject to habituation; it is arguably the shallowest form of happiness
* '''Eudaimonia''' (the engaged life) - this is a deeper satisfaction which comes from intrinsic engagement in creative and interesting problems that drawn on strengths and talents, but also nurture learning and development. In this type of happiness, people experience psychological flow.
* '''Meaning/purpose''' (connection with values) - this is the deepest and most important aspect of happiness. It is having a reason/purpose for being, a why to live for, a passion often for something bigger, beyond the self.

====World Happiness Report====
The lecture discusses the [[w:World Happiness Report|World Happiness Report]]:
* Imagine a ladder with steps numbered from 0 at the bottom to 10 at the top
* The top of the ladder (10) represents the best possible life for you and the bottom of the ladder (0) represents the worst possible life for you
* On which step of the ladder would you say '''you personally''' feel you stand at this time?
* What do you estimate the '''global average''' satisfaction score is out of 10 (based on equal weighting of 143 countries)?
* What do you estimate the '''Australian average life satisfaction''' is out of 10? 
* Where do you think '''Australia ranks''' out of 143 countries?

Explanatory factors (descending order of importance):
* GDP per capita
* Social support
* Healthy life expectancy
* Freedom to make life choices
* Perceptions of corruption
* Generousity

===Meaning===
[[File:Viktor Frankl USD Alcalá 1972.jpg|200px|thumb|'''Figure 2'''. Viktor Frankl speaking at the University of San Diego, 1972]]

[[w:Existential psychology|Existential psychology]] emphasises the importance of meaning for motivation and wellbeing.

[[w:Viktor Frankl|Viktor Frankl]] (see Figure 2) goes as far as arguing that meaning/connection to a higher purpose is the key/essential ingredient for optimal psychological functioning and wellbeing.

[[w:Logotherapy|Logotherapy]] was developed by Frankl as a psychotherapeutic method which helps people connect with meaning in their lives.

These ideas are famously captured in Frankl's book ''[[w:Man's Search for Meaning|Man's Search for Meaning]]'' which is commonly in the top recommended psychology books.

==Criticisms==
* '''Incomplete''': Humanistic view emphasises only one part of human nature. People also have potential to harm themselves and others. 
* '''Unscientific''': Humanistic theorists use vague and ill-defined constructs (less true of positive psychology).
* '''Ambiguity of inner guides''': Origins and accuracy of actualising tendency unclear, challenging its reliability for guiding behaviour.

==Multimedia==
* [https://www.youtube.com/embed/TkqQX896WiA?si=UMHkAPoRDEcKEpaD?end=242 Maslow on peak experiences] (YouTube) (4:02 mins): An interview with Maslow about his research on peak experiences
* [https://www.youtube.com/embed/9FBxfd7DL3E?start=38&amp;end=1227 The new era of positive psychology] (Martin Seligman, TED/YouTube) (19:49 mins): Explains the origins, purpose, and promise of positive psychology
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fD1512_XJEw Viktor Frankl: Search for meaning] (YouTube) (4:22 mins): On the importance of meaning in people's lives

==Readings==
# Chapter 15: Growth motivation and positive psychology ([[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2018|Reeve, 2018]])

==Slides==
* [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1gr6_6wIbctwBABPkxUerGn2adAaOYaRbUXxmfc_fngw/edit?usp=sharing Growth psychology] (Google Slides)
&lt;!-- * [http://www.slideshare.net/jtneill/growth-motivation-and-positive-psychology Lecture slides] (Slideshare, 2016)
* Handouts
** [[Media:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 11 - Growth psychology 6slidesperpage.pdf|Download 6 slides to a page]]: [[File:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 11 - Growth psychology 6slidesperpage.pdf|100px]]
** [[Media:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 11 - Growth psychology 3slidesperpage.pdf|Download 3 slides to a page]]: [[File:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 11 - Growth psychology 3slidesperpage.pdf|100px]]
--&gt;

==See also==
* [[/Images/]]

; Lectures
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Unconscious motivation|Unconscious motivation]] (Previous lecture)
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Interventions and review|Interventions and review]] (Next lecture)

; Tutorial
* [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Positive psychology|Positive psychology]] (Tutorial)

; Wikipedia

People
* [[w:Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi|Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi]]
* [[w:Viktor Frankl|Viktor Frankl]]
* [[w:Barbara Fredrickson|Barbara Fredrickson]]
* [[w:Abraham Maslow|Abraham Maslow]]
* [[w:Carl Rogers|Carl Rogers]]
* [[w:Martin Seligman|Martin Seligman]]
* [[w:Category:Humanistic psychologists|Humanistic psychologists]] (Category)
* [[w:Category:Positive psychologists|Positive psychologists]] (Category)

Topics
* [[w:Existential psychology|Existential psychology]]
* [[w:Eudaimonia|Eudaimonia]]
* [[w:Gestalt psychology|Gestalt psychology]]
* [[w:Happiness|Happiness]]
* [[w:History of psychology|History of psychology]]
* [[w:Holism|Holism]]
* [[w:Humanistic psychology|Humanistic psychology]]
* [[w:Man's Search for Meaning|Man's Search for Meaning]]
* [[w:Paradigm shift|Paradigm shift]] - [[w:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions|The Structure of Scientific Revolutions]]
* [[w:Positive psychology|Positive psychology]]
* [[w:Self-actualization|Self-actualisation]]
* [[w:Transpersonal psychology|Transpersonal psychology]]
* [[w:World Happiness Report|World Happiness Report]]

; Wikiversity

Categories
* [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Happiness|Happiness]]
* [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Positive psychology|Positive psychology]]

Chapters
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions|Broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions]] (Book chapter, 2016)
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2011/Eudaimonic well-being|Eudaimonic well-being]] (Book chapter, 2011)
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2011/Growth through adversity|Growth through adversity]] (Book chapter, 2011)
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2011/Maslow's hierarchy of needs|Maslow's hierarchy of needs]] (Book chapter, 2011)
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2018/Mystical experiences and emotion|Mystical experiences and emotion]] (Book chapter, 2018)
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2015/National and cultural happiness|National and cultural happiness]] (Book chapter, 2015)
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2019/Peak experiences and emotion|Peak experiences and emotion]] (Book chapter, 2019)
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/PERMA model of well-being|PERMA model of well-being]] (Book chapter, 2020)
* [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Positive psychology|Positive psychology]] (Book chapter category)
* [[Motivation and emotion/Textbook/Motivation/Spiritual|Spiritual motivation]] (Book chapter, 2010)
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2011/Spiritual and religious motivation|Spiritual and religious motivation]] (Book chapter, 2011)
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions|The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions]] (Book chapter, 2016)
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2011/Trauma recovery and growth|Trauma recovery and growth]] (Book chapter, 2011)

==Recording==
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/eb88fd292a9b446fb61e55ac83b693b5 Lecture 11] (2024)&lt;!--
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/89129bb8249e47a982d271b57845a3d9 Lecture 11] (2023)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/46c1aeea4ee141c38640042a4dd093f8 Lecture 11] (2022)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/38c4a5b8493044d6843008ed920a6916 Lecture 11] (2021) --&gt;

==References==
{{Hanging indent|1=
Fleuridas, C., &amp; Krafcik, D. (2019). Beyond four forces: The evolution of psychotherapy. ''Sage Open'', ''9''(1), 2158244018824492. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244018824

Fredrickson, B. (2001). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3122271/ The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions]. ''American Psychologist'', ''56'', 218–226. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.56.3.218

Helliwell, J. F., Layard, R., Sachs, J. D., De Neve, J.-E., Aknin, L. B., &amp; Wang, S. (Eds.). (2024). ''World happiness report 2024'' (12th ed.). https://worldhappiness.report/ed/2024/

Maslow, A. H. (1954). ''Motivation and personality''. Harper &amp; Brothers.

Maslow, A. H. (1971/1976). ''Farther reaches of human nature''. Penguin.

Sutich, A. J. (1968). Transpersonal psychology: An emerging force. ''Journal of Humanistic Psychology'', ''8''(1), 77–79. https://doi.org/10.1177/002216786800800108
&lt;!-- 
Peterson, C. (2006). What is positive psychology? In ''A primer in positive psychology'' (pp. 3–24).

--&gt;Rogers, C. (1951). ''Client-centered therapy: Its current practice, implications and theory''. Constable.

Seligman, M. E. P., &amp; Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). [http://www.bdp-gus.de/gus/Positive-Psychologie-Aufruf-2000.pdf Positive psychology: An introduction]. ''American Psychologist'', ''55'', 5–14. https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066X.55.1.5

Seligman, M. E. P., Rashid, T., &amp; Parks, A. C. (2006). [https://ppc.sas.upenn.edu/sites/default/files/positivepsychotherapyarticle.pdf Positive psychotherapy]. ''American Psychologist'', ''61''(8), 774–788. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.61.8.774

Sutich, A. J. (1968). Transpersonal psychology: An emerging force. ''Journal of Humanistic Psychology'', ''8''(1), 77–79. https://doi.org/10.1177/002216786800800108
}}

==External links==
* [https://www.authentichappiness.sas.upenn.edu Authentic happiness] (University of Pennsylvania)
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6W2dsnhC18Q Happiness and why we want it] (Nancy Etcoff, TED, 20:00 mins)
* [https://ppc.sas.upenn.edu/learn-more/perma-theory-well-being-and-perma-workshops PERMA™ theory of well-being and PERMA™ workshops] (upenn.edu)
* [https://www.discovermagazine.com/mind/shiny-happy-people Shiny happy people] (Brad Lemley, Discover Magazine, 2006)
* [https://www.pushkin.fm/podcasts/the-happiness-lab-with-dr-laurie-santos The happiness lab with Dr. Laurie Santos] (podcast; pushkin.fm)
* [https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/beautiful-minds/what-does-it-mean-to-be-self-actualized-in-the-21st-century/ What does it mean to be self-actualized in the 21st century?] (Scott Barry Kaufmann, Scientific American, 2018)
* [https://worldhappiness.report/ World happiness report] (worldhappiness.report)
{{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Navigation}}

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      <text bytes="14853" sha1="46cxazkftxohz7zid50rhj5b3tqxmqn" xml:space="preserve">{{Motivation and emotion/Lectures|Lecture 11: Growth psychology|eleventh}}
{{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/In development}}
&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/In development}} --&gt;
&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Complete}} --&gt;
[[File:USA 10090 x10105 Antelope Canyon Luca Galuzzi 2007.jpg|right|250px]]

==Overview==
This lecture considers:
* psychological motivation for personal growth and self-actualisation
* [[w:Humanistic psychology|humanistic psychology]] and [[w:Positive psychology|positive psychology]]

Take-home message:
* Focusing on strengths and encouraging growth is more productive than trying to cure weakness

==Outline==
* Paradigms in psychology
* Humanistic psychology
** Self-actualisation
** Actualising tendency
&lt;!-- * Humanistic motivation --&gt;
* Positive psychology
** Happiness
** Meaning
* Criticisms

==Paradigms in psychology==
[[File:WebKit logo.svg|thumb|185px|'''Figure 1'''. The organismic valuing process (Rogers) works like an inner compass, guiding each person towards growth and alignment with their values.]]

Psychology is a young science compared, for example, to physical and medical sciences. Although psychological questions have been philosophically debated for millenia, the systematic application of modern scientific principles to psychological problems was first developed in the late 19th century.

Several paradigms of thinking have evolved since in psychology (Fleuridas &amp; Krafcik, 2019; Sutich, 1968):
* 1st force: '''Psychoanalytic''' - explains behaviour through psychodynamic processes
* 2nd force: '''Behaviourism''' - an empirical approach countering vagaries of psychoanalytics 
* 3rd force: '''Humanistic''' - addresses limitations of behaviourism with a holistic view
* Contemporary developments:
** Cognitive psychology
** Social psychology
** Neuroscience
* 4th force: '''Transpersonal''' - explores spiritual and transcendent experiences that go beyond the self
* Emerging forces:
** Ecopsychology
** Indigenous/decolonising perspectives

==Humanistic psychology==
Humanistic psychology was championed by [[w:Abraham Maslow|Abraham Maslow]], [[w:Carl Rogers|Carl Rogers]], and [[w:Category:Humanistic psychologists|many others]] during the 1950s and 1960s.

Maslow became known for his description and investigation of self-actualisation. Rogers pursued similar ideas, emphasising the fully functioning person and the organismic valuing process.

===Self-actualisation===
Self-actualisation refers to the fulfilling of one's potential and is understood as the highest motivation. A seed may have the genetic potential to grow into a large, healthy tree, but the outcome will depend on its opportunity and nurturing. Similarly, human beings have inner motivation to achieve their physical and psychological potential (e.g., manifest their unique talents and abilities).

But Maslow argued that less than 1% of people self-actualise. Why? It might be too much of a challenge to just meet basic needs, let alone higher needs. Or people might get stuck/obsessed with the lower needs and not connect to the higher meaning/purpose.

===Actualising tendency===
Rogers argued that humans have an innate will to growth that guides people to undertake new and challenging experiences.

A fully functioning person uses their organismic valuing process (like an inner compass; see Figure 1) to determine whether specific experiences will promote one's growth or not.

A person is most likely to develop full functioning when offered unconditional, rather than conditional, positive regard during their upbringing and subsequent social relations.

A fully functioning person experiences congruence between their ideal and actual self.

==Positive psychology==
Positive psychology emphasises identification and development psychological strengths and uses a scientific approach to promoting psychological wellbeing.

===Happiness===
====Types====
Originally proposed by the Ancient Greeks (Aristotle) and reiterated by Martin Seligman, happiness can be understood as consisting of three components:
* '''Hedonic pleasure''' (the good life) - these are intense, short-term pleasure, but positive affect is about 50% heritable, difficult to change (see hedonic treadmill), and subject to habituation; it is arguably the shallowest form of happiness
* '''Eudaimonia''' (the engaged life) - this is a deeper satisfaction which comes from intrinsic engagement in creative and interesting problems that drawn on strengths and talents, but also nurture learning and development. In this type of happiness, people experience psychological flow.
* '''Meaning/purpose''' (connection with values) - this is the deepest and most important aspect of happiness. It is having a reason/purpose for being, a why to live for, a passion often for something bigger, beyond the self.

====World Happiness Report====
The lecture discusses the [[w:World Happiness Report|World Happiness Report]]:
* Imagine a ladder with steps numbered from 0 at the bottom to 10 at the top
* The top of the ladder (10) represents the best possible life for you and the bottom of the ladder (0) represents the worst possible life for you
* On which step of the ladder would you say '''you personally''' feel you stand at this time?
* What do you estimate the '''global average''' satisfaction score is out of 10 (based on equal weighting of 143 countries)?
* What do you estimate the '''Australian average life satisfaction''' is out of 10? 
* Where do you think '''Australia ranks''' out of 143 countries?

Explanatory factors (descending order of importance):
* GDP per capita
* Social support
* Healthy life expectancy
* Freedom to make life choices
* Perceptions of corruption
* Generousity

===Meaning===
[[File:Viktor Frankl USD Alcalá 1972.jpg|200px|thumb|'''Figure 2'''. Viktor Frankl speaking at the University of San Diego, 1972]]

[[w:Existential psychology|Existential psychology]] emphasises the importance of meaning for motivation and wellbeing.

[[w:Viktor Frankl|Viktor Frankl]] (see Figure 2) goes as far as arguing that meaning/connection to a higher purpose is the key/essential ingredient for optimal psychological functioning and wellbeing.

[[w:Logotherapy|Logotherapy]] was developed by Frankl as a psychotherapeutic method which helps people connect with meaning in their lives.

These ideas are famously captured in Frankl's book ''[[w:Man's Search for Meaning|Man's Search for Meaning]]'' which is commonly in the top recommended psychology books.

==Criticisms==
* '''Incomplete''': Humanistic view emphasises only one part of human nature. People also have potential to harm themselves and others. 
* '''Unscientific''': Humanistic theorists use vague and ill-defined constructs (less true of positive psychology).
* '''Ambiguity of inner guides''': Origins and accuracy of actualising tendency unclear, challenging its reliability for guiding behaviour.

==Multimedia==
* [https://www.youtube.com/embed/TkqQX896WiA?si=UMHkAPoRDEcKEpaD?end=242 Maslow on peak experiences] (YouTube) (4:02 mins): An interview with Maslow about his research on peak experiences
* [https://www.youtube.com/embed/9FBxfd7DL3E?start=38&amp;end=1227 The new era of positive psychology] (Martin Seligman, TED/YouTube) (19:49 mins): Explains the origins, purpose, and promise of positive psychology
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fD1512_XJEw Viktor Frankl: Search for meaning] (YouTube) (4:22 mins): On the importance of meaning in people's lives

==Readings==
# TBA &lt;!-- # Chapter 15: Growth motivation and positive psychology ([[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2018|Reeve, 2018]]) --&gt;

==Slides==
* [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1gr6_6wIbctwBABPkxUerGn2adAaOYaRbUXxmfc_fngw/edit?usp=sharing Growth psychology] (Google Slides)
&lt;!-- * [http://www.slideshare.net/jtneill/growth-motivation-and-positive-psychology Lecture slides] (Slideshare, 2016)
* Handouts
** [[Media:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 11 - Growth psychology 6slidesperpage.pdf|Download 6 slides to a page]]: [[File:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 11 - Growth psychology 6slidesperpage.pdf|100px]]
** [[Media:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 11 - Growth psychology 3slidesperpage.pdf|Download 3 slides to a page]]: [[File:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 11 - Growth psychology 3slidesperpage.pdf|100px]]
--&gt;

==See also==
* [[/Images/]]

; Lectures
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Unconscious motivation|Unconscious motivation]] (Previous lecture)
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Interventions and review|Interventions and review]] (Next lecture)

; Tutorial
* [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Positive psychology|Positive psychology]] (Tutorial)

; Wikipedia

People
* [[w:Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi|Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi]]
* [[w:Viktor Frankl|Viktor Frankl]]
* [[w:Barbara Fredrickson|Barbara Fredrickson]]
* [[w:Abraham Maslow|Abraham Maslow]]
* [[w:Carl Rogers|Carl Rogers]]
* [[w:Martin Seligman|Martin Seligman]]
* [[w:Category:Humanistic psychologists|Humanistic psychologists]] (Category)
* [[w:Category:Positive psychologists|Positive psychologists]] (Category)

Topics
* [[w:Existential psychology|Existential psychology]]
* [[w:Eudaimonia|Eudaimonia]]
* [[w:Gestalt psychology|Gestalt psychology]]
* [[w:Happiness|Happiness]]
* [[w:History of psychology|History of psychology]]
* [[w:Holism|Holism]]
* [[w:Humanistic psychology|Humanistic psychology]]
* [[w:Man's Search for Meaning|Man's Search for Meaning]]
* [[w:Paradigm shift|Paradigm shift]] - [[w:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions|The Structure of Scientific Revolutions]]
* [[w:Positive psychology|Positive psychology]]
* [[w:Self-actualization|Self-actualisation]]
* [[w:Transpersonal psychology|Transpersonal psychology]]
* [[w:World Happiness Report|World Happiness Report]]

; Wikiversity

Categories
* [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Happiness|Happiness]]
* [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Positive psychology|Positive psychology]]

Chapters
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions|Broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions]] (Book chapter, 2016)
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2011/Eudaimonic well-being|Eudaimonic well-being]] (Book chapter, 2011)
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2011/Growth through adversity|Growth through adversity]] (Book chapter, 2011)
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2011/Maslow's hierarchy of needs|Maslow's hierarchy of needs]] (Book chapter, 2011)
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2018/Mystical experiences and emotion|Mystical experiences and emotion]] (Book chapter, 2018)
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2015/National and cultural happiness|National and cultural happiness]] (Book chapter, 2015)
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2019/Peak experiences and emotion|Peak experiences and emotion]] (Book chapter, 2019)
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/PERMA model of well-being|PERMA model of well-being]] (Book chapter, 2020)
* [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Positive psychology|Positive psychology]] (Book chapter category)
* [[Motivation and emotion/Textbook/Motivation/Spiritual|Spiritual motivation]] (Book chapter, 2010)
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2011/Spiritual and religious motivation|Spiritual and religious motivation]] (Book chapter, 2011)
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions|The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions]] (Book chapter, 2016)
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2011/Trauma recovery and growth|Trauma recovery and growth]] (Book chapter, 2011)

==Recording==
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/eb88fd292a9b446fb61e55ac83b693b5 Lecture 11] (2024)&lt;!--
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/89129bb8249e47a982d271b57845a3d9 Lecture 11] (2023)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/46c1aeea4ee141c38640042a4dd093f8 Lecture 11] (2022)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/38c4a5b8493044d6843008ed920a6916 Lecture 11] (2021) --&gt;

==References==
{{Hanging indent|1=
Fleuridas, C., &amp; Krafcik, D. (2019). Beyond four forces: The evolution of psychotherapy. ''Sage Open'', ''9''(1), 2158244018824492. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244018824

Fredrickson, B. (2001). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3122271/ The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions]. ''American Psychologist'', ''56'', 218–226. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.56.3.218

Helliwell, J. F., Layard, R., Sachs, J. D., De Neve, J.-E., Aknin, L. B., &amp; Wang, S. (Eds.). (2024). ''World happiness report 2024'' (12th ed.). https://worldhappiness.report/ed/2024/

Maslow, A. H. (1954). ''Motivation and personality''. Harper &amp; Brothers.

Maslow, A. H. (1971/1976). ''Farther reaches of human nature''. Penguin.

Sutich, A. J. (1968). Transpersonal psychology: An emerging force. ''Journal of Humanistic Psychology'', ''8''(1), 77–79. https://doi.org/10.1177/002216786800800108
&lt;!-- 
Peterson, C. (2006). What is positive psychology? In ''A primer in positive psychology'' (pp. 3–24).

--&gt;Rogers, C. (1951). ''Client-centered therapy: Its current practice, implications and theory''. Constable.

Seligman, M. E. P., &amp; Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). [http://www.bdp-gus.de/gus/Positive-Psychologie-Aufruf-2000.pdf Positive psychology: An introduction]. ''American Psychologist'', ''55'', 5–14. https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066X.55.1.5

Seligman, M. E. P., Rashid, T., &amp; Parks, A. C. (2006). [https://ppc.sas.upenn.edu/sites/default/files/positivepsychotherapyarticle.pdf Positive psychotherapy]. ''American Psychologist'', ''61''(8), 774–788. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.61.8.774

Sutich, A. J. (1968). Transpersonal psychology: An emerging force. ''Journal of Humanistic Psychology'', ''8''(1), 77–79. https://doi.org/10.1177/002216786800800108
}}

==External links==
* [https://www.authentichappiness.sas.upenn.edu Authentic happiness] (University of Pennsylvania)
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6W2dsnhC18Q Happiness and why we want it] (Nancy Etcoff, TED, 20:00 mins)
* [https://ppc.sas.upenn.edu/learn-more/perma-theory-well-being-and-perma-workshops PERMA™ theory of well-being and PERMA™ workshops] (upenn.edu)
* [https://www.discovermagazine.com/mind/shiny-happy-people Shiny happy people] (Brad Lemley, Discover Magazine, 2006)
* [https://www.pushkin.fm/podcasts/the-happiness-lab-with-dr-laurie-santos The happiness lab with Dr. Laurie Santos] (podcast; pushkin.fm)
* [https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/beautiful-minds/what-does-it-mean-to-be-self-actualized-in-the-21st-century/ What does it mean to be self-actualized in the 21st century?] (Scott Barry Kaufmann, Scientific American, 2018)
* [https://worldhappiness.report/ World happiness report] (worldhappiness.report)
{{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Navigation}}

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      <text bytes="16658" sha1="6sy1i2yqh2i2ffycpukyimmpjkzc935" xml:space="preserve">{{Motivation and emotion/Lectures|Lecture 12: Interventions and review|twelfth and final}}
{{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/In development}}
&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/In development}} --&gt;
&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Complete}} --&gt;
[[File:Childcare Development Center-Crestwood High School cheerleaders 120815-F-PG936-400.jpg|right|250px|thumb|''Figure 1''. Interventions to change motivation and emotion are commonly used in educational settings.]]

==Overview==
This lecture applies and reviews the [[motivation and emotion]] unit by discussing:
* interventions using motivation and emotion principles
* key points and wisdom gained

Take-home messages:
* Motivation guides engagement in behaviours that optimise well-being
* Emotions provide feedback about progress towards goals
* There is nothing so practical as a good theory

==Outline==
* Interventions
** Interventions
** Practical problems
** Example interventions
* Review
** Unit aims
** Nuggets of truth / Wisdom gained
** Review of key content

==Interventions==
The ultimate test of a science is whether its principles can be applied to change desired outcomes.

Motivation and emotion are malleable and can be changed and strengthened.

Interventions can develop motivational and emotional resources which promote life outcomes that people care about (e.g., engagement, learning, performance, well-being) (see Figure 1).

The key to an intervention is create and follow a plan:
# '''Explain''': Diagnose – ''why'' is this happening? What is motivating this person? (Remember: ''All'' behaviour is motivated.)
# '''Predict''': What will happen if nothing is done? What could happen if X changed? What about Y? What about Z?
# '''Intervene''': What principles or strategies could be applied? How could outcomes be measured? Implement step-by-step plan to alter existing conditions:
#* environment
#* relationships
#* motivation
#* emotion

Change is hard. Complex problems are unlikely to be fully resolved through initial attempts; persistence and adjusted strategies are likely to be needed. Evolve strategy with feedback. If an intervention doesn't work, think about why, and try a different approach.

&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+ Examples of brief experimental manipulations
! Ch
! Motivation/Emotion
! Experimental manipulation
|-
| 3
| Trust
| Squirt of oxytocin hormone via nasal spray
|-
| 4
| Sexual attraction
| Facial metrics: Large eyes, small nose, small chin
|-
| 5
| Extrinsic motivation
| Offering a scholarship for making high grades
|-
| 6
| Autonomy
| Opportunity for self-direction in pursuit of a personal goal
|-
| 7
| Power
| Election into a position of leadership
|-
| 8
| Discrepancy
| Goal to strive for
|-
| 9
| Growth mindset
| Einstein worked hard to become smart
|-
| 10
| Self-efficacy
| Exposure to a highly competent role model
|-
| 11
| Self-control depletion
| Resisting an attractive temptation for 5 minutes
|-
| 12
| Positive affect
| Receiving a small, unexpected gift
|-
| 13
| Sadness
| Viewing a film about a son at his Dad’s funeral
|-
| 14
| Embarrassment
| Committing a social blunder in front of an audience
|-
| 15
| Incongruence
| Parental negative conditional regard
|-
| 16
| Obsession
| Keep a secret from the person you are talking to
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
''Note''. Based on Reeve (2018), Table 17.1, p. 423

Use theory to help explain the cause of what is happening. All theories are (potentially) &quot;correct&quot; — our job is to find the time and place when a theory can be usefully applied.

&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+ Example mini-theories
|-
| Achievement goals || Arousal || Attribution
|-
| Broaden-and-build || Cognitive dissonance || Drive
|-
| Effectance motivation || Ego depletion || Ego development
|-
| Expectancy x Value || Facial feedback || Flow
|-
| Goal setting || Implicit motives || Learned helplessness
|-
| Mindsets || Positive affect || Psychodynamics
|-
| Reactance || Self-actualisation || Self-concordance
|-
| Self-determination || Self-efficacy || Stress and coping
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
''Note''. Based on Reeve (2018, p. 424)

What theories help predict motivational and/or emotional responses to the following conditions?
* Deprivation from food and people
* Seeing a threatening (angry) face
* Smelling rotting food
* Encountering an obstacle to one's goal
* Expecting a tangible reward (e.g., money)
* Uncontrollable environment 
* Failure in front of others
* Observing a competent role model
* Autonomy-supportive teacher

There are two basic strategies for intervening:
* Overcome: Fix what isn't working
** Repair weaknesses
** Overcome pathology
* Promote
** Amplify strengths
** Improve functioning

&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+ Basic intervention strategies
! Overcome !! Promote
|-
| Learned helplessness || Resilient self-efficacy
|-
| Hidden costs of reward || Autonomy need satisfaction
|-
| Fixed mindset || Difficult, specific, self-congruent goals
|-
| Depleted self-control || Mastery goals
|-
| Pessimistic explanatory style || Flow experience
|-
| Immature defense mechanisms || Organismic valuing process
|-
| Hubristic pride || Ego development
|-
| Malicious envy || Joy
|-
| || Gratitude
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
''Note''. Based on Reeve (2018, pp. 425–426)

==Practical problems==
Whilst these scenarios lack context, it should still be possible to generate some ideas about:
* Why? (explain)
* What will happen; but also, what could be? (predict)
* Implementation (application) of strategies

Explain → Predict → Intervene:
* Child not wanting to brush teeth
* Sales employee quota
* Elite athlete performance
* Weight loss
* Study motivation

These scenarios are explained in more detail below (based on Reeve, 2018, Box 17, p. 426)

;Child at home

A 6-year girl resists brushing her teeth every night before bed. She finds the routine boring and doesn’t understand why it’s important. When asked to brush her teeth, she plays with the water and brushes for only a few seconds. Her parents, aware of the long-term benefits of good dental hygiene, find themselves in a constant battle to get her to complete the task properly. None of their strategies seem to work. This nightly conflict drains the family’s energy and patience.

; Employee at work

A mid-level sales representative at a large company feels increasingly disillusioned with her role. Despite knowing she has the skills to sell, she faces rejection on nearly every call. Her company only measures her success through monthly quotas, providing no support for personal development or job satisfaction. She meets her quota some months, but the constant rejection and lack of recognition make her feel drained. Her confidence has eroded, and she is beginning to question whether this job aligns with her strengths and interests. She fantasises about quitting but worries about financial stability.

; Athlete or musician

A promising 18-year-old athlete (or musician) is in love with her craft. She spends hours practicing, enjoys the discipline, and consistently performs well. Despite her dedication, her growth in skill level has stagnated over the past year. While her peers are progressing rapidly, she feels stuck. Coaches and teachers praise her current ability but offer no new insights on how to break through to the next level. Frustrated, she worries that no matter how hard she works, she won't reach her goal of becoming an elite performer. Her motivation remains high, but she fears plateauing permanently.

;Medical patient

A middle-aged man has been advised by his physician to lose 15 kilograms to avoid serious health risks, including a possible heart attack. He acknowledges the logic of the advice but feels disconnected from the urgency of the situation. A long history of poor dietary habits and a sedentary lifestyle has left him with little confidence that he can make meaningful changes. Despite multiple attempts to exercise and eat healthier in the past, nothing has ever stuck. He feels overwhelmed by the prospect of overhauling his lifestyle and is pessimistic that the results would justify the effort.

;Suffering student

A university student in his third year is taking an advanced course in a subject he thought he could handle. Despite attending lectures and completing the readings, he performed poorly on the mid-term exam, far below his usual standards. The grade was a shock, leaving him feeling embarrassed and ashamed. He begins to doubt his abilities and contemplates giving up entirely. Each new lecture feels more overwhelming, and his efforts in studying feel futile. As the second half of the semester looms, his motivation plummets, and he wishes he could just drop the course.

==Nuggets of truth==
[[File:Pearl 1.svg|right|50px]]
[[File:Treasurchest.svg|right|50px]]

After a tsunami of theories and research, let's gather your pearls or wisdom or nuggets of truth about the psychology motivation and emotion:
* What are the '''greatest insights''', '''significant learnings''', or '''best ideas''' you've acquired through this unit?
* What was the '''take-home message'''(s) from the chapter and presentation you worked on?

Contribute your insights to: 
* [[Motivation and emotion/Nuggets of truth|Nuggets of truth]] (Wikiversity)
&lt;!--
Example book chapter take-home messages:
* [https://x.com/jtneill/status/1451068316131287041 X] (2021)
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2011/Pearls_of_wisdom|Wikiversity]] (2011)
--&gt;

==Wisdom gained==
{{Nutshell| Motivation and emotion fuel human behaviour, shaped by unconscious drives and conscious goals, with social relations playing a key role. While we may underestimate the power of biological urges and emotional dynamics, intrinsic motivation and clear plans unlock our best performance. Self-efficacy and self-control help balance short-term impulses with long-term aspirations. The development of emotional intelligence guides us toward growth and flourishing. Understanding the functional complexity of motivation and emotion can help us to thrive as fully functionally people.}}

Wisdom gained from a scientific study of motivation and emotion includes that:
# '''Motivation''' = behavioural energy, direction, and persistence
# '''What we don't know''' about motivation and emotion exceeds what we do know
# The '''brain''' is as much about motivation and emotion as it is about cognition and thinking
# We underestimate how powerful a motivational force '''biological urges''' can be when not experiencing them
# '''Quality''' of motivation (intrinsic vs. extrinsic) is important
# To flourish, motivation needs supportive conditions, especially '''supportive relationships'''
# '''Implicit''' (unconscious) '''motives''' predict behaviour better than explicit (conscious) motives
# We do our best when we have a specific plan of action to pursue a '''difficult, specific, and self-congruent goal'''
# People with '''different mindsets''' pursue goals in different ways
# The core '''self-efficacy beliefs''' of &quot;I can do it&quot; and &quot;it will work&quot; underlie competent functioning
# Exert '''self-control over short-term urges''' to effectively pursue long-term goals
# All '''emotions are good''' because they serve a functional purpose
# '''Other people''' are the source of most of our emotions
# The more sophisticated our '''emotional repertoire''', the more likely we are to have the right emotions in every situation
# '''Encouraging growth''' is more productive than trying to cure weakness
# Motivation often arises from outside of '''conscious awareness'''
# There is nothing so practical as a '''good theory'''

==Readings==
# Chapter 17: Interventions ([[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2018|Reeve, 2018]])

==Slides==
* [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1rpaBEkSs5p0TFT3i5JT_o0vG3wZkTJtFAdMO74h8teQ/edit?usp=sharing Interventions] (Google Slides)
* [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1kucigYPF-72cP0FAbzQZmnOUhNfilMSsbGOQnrnWRaM/edit?usp=sharing Review] (Google Slides)
&lt;!-- * [http://www.slideshare.net/jtneill/conclusion-and-review Lecture slides] (Slideshare, 2016)
* Handouts
**[[Media:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 12 - Interventions and review 6slidesperpage.pdf|Download 6 slides to a page]]: [[File:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 12 - Interventions and review 6slidesperpage.pdf|100px]]
** [[Media:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 12 - Interventions and review 3slidesperpage.pdf|Download 3 slides to a page]]: [[File:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 12 - Interventions and review 3slidesperpage.pdf|100px]]
* 2014 handouts
** [[Media:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 12 - Conclusion and review 6slidesperpage.pdf|Download 6 slides to a page]]: [[File:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 12 - Conclusion and review 6slidesperpage.pdf|100px]]
** [[Media:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 12 - Conclusion and review 3slidesperpage.pdf|Download 3 slides to a page]]: [[File:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 12 - Conclusion and review 6slidesperpage.pdf|100px]]
* 2011 handouts
** [[Media:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 12 - Conclusion and review 2011 6slidesperpage.pdf|Download 6 slides to a page]]: [[File:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 12 - Conclusion and review 2011 6slidesperpage.pdf|100px]]
** [[Media:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 12 - Conclusion and review 2011 3slidesperpage.pdf|Download 3 slides to a page]]: [[File:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 12 - Conclusion and review 2011 6slidesperpage.pdf|100px]]

==Recordings==
;13/11/2013
{{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Recording3|2013|5b4fdfbe-0073-498f-ad85-53d9c6d06e89}}
;16/11/2011
{{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Recording|2011|http://echo360access.canberra.edu.au/ess/echo/presentation/2f0f632f-3432-4422-a0d3-20db5bbea67f|http://echo360access.canberra.edu.au/ess/echo/presentation/2f0f632f-3432-4422-a0d3-20db5bbea67f/media.m4v|http://echo360access.canberra.edu.au/ess/echo/presentation/2f0f632f-3432-4422-a0d3-20db5bbea67f/media.mp3}}
&lt;!-- * [http://echo360access.canberra.edu.au/ess/echo/presentation/1939052c-feca-4ab2-8c81-4b28bb445872/media.mp3 mp3] (audio)
* [http://echo360access.canberra.edu.au/ess/echo/presentation/1939052c-feca-4ab2-8c81-4b28bb445872/media.m4v m4v] (video)
* [http://echo360access.canberra.edu.au/ess/echo/presentation/1939052c-feca-4ab2-8c81-4b28bb445872 echo360] (rich media) --&gt;

==See also==
* [[/Images/]]

; Lecture
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Growth psychology|Growth psychology]] (Previous lecture)

; Tutorial
* [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Review|Review]] (Tutorial)

==Recording==
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/daa1ba979ba045799efbe73f3226b00f Lecture 12] (2024)&lt;!--
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/8ef2ff0521b1457197d7920a93cffc99 Lecture 12] (2023)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/53b16231d9904444bac31b14bc7784f6 Lecture 12 recording] (2022)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/0bd459db9ece46b388a4b794f5751cff Lecture 12 recording] (2021)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/e810c154cfbe41189f8fb4056c871206 Lecture 12 recording] (2020)
* [https://echo360.org.au/media/ea2a5707-6be8-43fc-996c-e176ce54bc4f/public Lecture 12 recording] (2018)
* [https://echo360.org.au/media/2417e774-f589-4635-9955-9aaf73bcd3b8/public Lecture 12 recording] (2017)--&gt;

==References==
{{Hanging indent|1=
Cheon, S. H., Reeve, J., &amp; Moon, I. S. (2012). Experimentally based, longitudinally designed, teacher-focused intervention to help physical education teachers be more autonomy supportive toward their students. ''Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology'', ''34''(3), 365–396. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.34.3.365

Izard, C. E., King, K. A., Trentacosta, C. J., Morgan, J. K., Laurenceau, J.-P., Krauthamer-Ewing, S. E., &amp; Finlon, K. J. (2008). Accelerating the development of emotion competence in Head Start children: Effects on adaptive and maladaptive behavior. ''Development and Psychopathology'', ''20'', 369–397. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579408000175[https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/82060B84CF144DBC4E1AC53CEC26A494/S0954579408000175a.pdf/accelerating_the_development_of_emotion_competence_in_head_start_children_effects_on_adaptive_and_maladaptive_behavior.pdf]

Yeager, D. S., Trzesniewski, K. H., &amp; Dweck, C. S. (2013). An implicit theory of personality intervention reduces adolescent aggression in response to victimization and exclusion. ''Child Development'', ''84'', 970–988. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12003

}}
&lt;!--
==External links==
--&gt;
{{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Navigation}}

[[Category:Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Interventions and review]]</text>
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      <text bytes="16673" sha1="5a26ue4jhgbh4qk0c2qm46iuqqib6cy" xml:space="preserve">{{Motivation and emotion/Lectures|Lecture 12: Interventions and review|twelfth and final}}
{{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/In development}}
&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/In development}} --&gt;
&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Complete}} --&gt;
[[File:Childcare Development Center-Crestwood High School cheerleaders 120815-F-PG936-400.jpg|right|250px|thumb|''Figure 1''. Interventions to change motivation and emotion are commonly used in educational settings.]]

==Overview==
This lecture applies and reviews the [[motivation and emotion]] unit by discussing:
* interventions using motivation and emotion principles
* key points and wisdom gained

Take-home messages:
* Motivation guides engagement in behaviours that optimise well-being
* Emotions provide feedback about progress towards goals
* There is nothing so practical as a good theory

==Outline==
* Interventions
** Interventions
** Practical problems
** Example interventions
* Review
** Unit aims
** Nuggets of truth / Wisdom gained
** Review of key content

==Interventions==
The ultimate test of a science is whether its principles can be applied to change desired outcomes.

Motivation and emotion are malleable and can be changed and strengthened.

Interventions can develop motivational and emotional resources which promote life outcomes that people care about (e.g., engagement, learning, performance, well-being) (see Figure 1).

The key to an intervention is create and follow a plan:
# '''Explain''': Diagnose – ''why'' is this happening? What is motivating this person? (Remember: ''All'' behaviour is motivated.)
# '''Predict''': What will happen if nothing is done? What could happen if X changed? What about Y? What about Z?
# '''Intervene''': What principles or strategies could be applied? How could outcomes be measured? Implement step-by-step plan to alter existing conditions:
#* environment
#* relationships
#* motivation
#* emotion

Change is hard. Complex problems are unlikely to be fully resolved through initial attempts; persistence and adjusted strategies are likely to be needed. Evolve strategy with feedback. If an intervention doesn't work, think about why, and try a different approach.

&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+ Examples of brief experimental manipulations
! Ch
! Motivation/Emotion
! Experimental manipulation
|-
| 3
| Trust
| Squirt of oxytocin hormone via nasal spray
|-
| 4
| Sexual attraction
| Facial metrics: Large eyes, small nose, small chin
|-
| 5
| Extrinsic motivation
| Offering a scholarship for making high grades
|-
| 6
| Autonomy
| Opportunity for self-direction in pursuit of a personal goal
|-
| 7
| Power
| Election into a position of leadership
|-
| 8
| Discrepancy
| Goal to strive for
|-
| 9
| Growth mindset
| Einstein worked hard to become smart
|-
| 10
| Self-efficacy
| Exposure to a highly competent role model
|-
| 11
| Self-control depletion
| Resisting an attractive temptation for 5 minutes
|-
| 12
| Positive affect
| Receiving a small, unexpected gift
|-
| 13
| Sadness
| Viewing a film about a son at his Dad’s funeral
|-
| 14
| Embarrassment
| Committing a social blunder in front of an audience
|-
| 15
| Incongruence
| Parental negative conditional regard
|-
| 16
| Obsession
| Keep a secret from the person you are talking to
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
''Note''. Based on Reeve (2018), Table 17.1, p. 423

Use theory to help explain the cause of what is happening. All theories are (potentially) &quot;correct&quot; — our job is to find the time and place when a theory can be usefully applied.

&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+ Example mini-theories
|-
| Achievement goals || Arousal || Attribution
|-
| Broaden-and-build || Cognitive dissonance || Drive
|-
| Effectance motivation || Ego depletion || Ego development
|-
| Expectancy x Value || Facial feedback || Flow
|-
| Goal setting || Implicit motives || Learned helplessness
|-
| Mindsets || Positive affect || Psychodynamics
|-
| Reactance || Self-actualisation || Self-concordance
|-
| Self-determination || Self-efficacy || Stress and coping
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
''Note''. Based on Reeve (2018, p. 424)

What theories help predict motivational and/or emotional responses to the following conditions?
* Deprivation from food and people
* Seeing a threatening (angry) face
* Smelling rotting food
* Encountering an obstacle to one's goal
* Expecting a tangible reward (e.g., money)
* Uncontrollable environment 
* Failure in front of others
* Observing a competent role model
* Autonomy-supportive teacher

There are two basic strategies for intervening:
* Overcome: Fix what isn't working
** Repair weaknesses
** Overcome pathology
* Promote
** Amplify strengths
** Improve functioning

&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+ Basic intervention strategies
! Overcome !! Promote
|-
| Learned helplessness || Resilient self-efficacy
|-
| Hidden costs of reward || Autonomy need satisfaction
|-
| Fixed mindset || Difficult, specific, self-congruent goals
|-
| Depleted self-control || Mastery goals
|-
| Pessimistic explanatory style || Flow experience
|-
| Immature defense mechanisms || Organismic valuing process
|-
| Hubristic pride || Ego development
|-
| Malicious envy || Joy
|-
| || Gratitude
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
''Note''. Based on Reeve (2018, pp. 425–426)

==Practical problems==
Whilst these scenarios lack context, it should still be possible to generate some ideas about:
* Why? (explain)
* What will happen; but also, what could be? (predict)
* Implementation (application) of strategies

Explain → Predict → Intervene:
* Child not wanting to brush teeth
* Sales employee quota
* Elite athlete performance
* Weight loss
* Study motivation

These scenarios are explained in more detail below (based on Reeve, 2018, Box 17, p. 426)

;Child at home

A 6-year girl resists brushing her teeth every night before bed. She finds the routine boring and doesn’t understand why it’s important. When asked to brush her teeth, she plays with the water and brushes for only a few seconds. Her parents, aware of the long-term benefits of good dental hygiene, find themselves in a constant battle to get her to complete the task properly. None of their strategies seem to work. This nightly conflict drains the family’s energy and patience.

; Employee at work

A mid-level sales representative at a large company feels increasingly disillusioned with her role. Despite knowing she has the skills to sell, she faces rejection on nearly every call. Her company only measures her success through monthly quotas, providing no support for personal development or job satisfaction. She meets her quota some months, but the constant rejection and lack of recognition make her feel drained. Her confidence has eroded, and she is beginning to question whether this job aligns with her strengths and interests. She fantasises about quitting but worries about financial stability.

; Athlete or musician

A promising 18-year-old athlete (or musician) is in love with her craft. She spends hours practicing, enjoys the discipline, and consistently performs well. Despite her dedication, her growth in skill level has stagnated over the past year. While her peers are progressing rapidly, she feels stuck. Coaches and teachers praise her current ability but offer no new insights on how to break through to the next level. Frustrated, she worries that no matter how hard she works, she won't reach her goal of becoming an elite performer. Her motivation remains high, but she fears plateauing permanently.

;Medical patient

A middle-aged man has been advised by his physician to lose 15 kilograms to avoid serious health risks, including a possible heart attack. He acknowledges the logic of the advice but feels disconnected from the urgency of the situation. A long history of poor dietary habits and a sedentary lifestyle has left him with little confidence that he can make meaningful changes. Despite multiple attempts to exercise and eat healthier in the past, nothing has ever stuck. He feels overwhelmed by the prospect of overhauling his lifestyle and is pessimistic that the results would justify the effort.

;Suffering student

A university student in his third year is taking an advanced course in a subject he thought he could handle. Despite attending lectures and completing the readings, he performed poorly on the mid-term exam, far below his usual standards. The grade was a shock, leaving him feeling embarrassed and ashamed. He begins to doubt his abilities and contemplates giving up entirely. Each new lecture feels more overwhelming, and his efforts in studying feel futile. As the second half of the semester looms, his motivation plummets, and he wishes he could just drop the course.

==Nuggets of truth==
[[File:Pearl 1.svg|right|50px]]
[[File:Treasurchest.svg|right|50px]]

After a tsunami of theories and research, let's gather your pearls or wisdom or nuggets of truth about the psychology motivation and emotion:
* What are the '''greatest insights''', '''significant learnings''', or '''best ideas''' you've acquired through this unit?
* What was the '''take-home message'''(s) from the chapter and presentation you worked on?

Contribute your insights to: 
* [[Motivation and emotion/Nuggets of truth|Nuggets of truth]] (Wikiversity)
&lt;!--
Example book chapter take-home messages:
* [https://x.com/jtneill/status/1451068316131287041 X] (2021)
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2011/Pearls_of_wisdom|Wikiversity]] (2011)
--&gt;

==Wisdom gained==
{{Nutshell| Motivation and emotion fuel human behaviour, shaped by unconscious drives and conscious goals, with social relations playing a key role. While we may underestimate the power of biological urges and emotional dynamics, intrinsic motivation and clear plans unlock our best performance. Self-efficacy and self-control help balance short-term impulses with long-term aspirations. The development of emotional intelligence guides us toward growth and flourishing. Understanding the functional complexity of motivation and emotion can help us to thrive as fully functionally people.}}

Wisdom gained from a scientific study of motivation and emotion includes that:
# '''Motivation''' = behavioural energy, direction, and persistence
# '''What we don't know''' about motivation and emotion exceeds what we do know
# The '''brain''' is as much about motivation and emotion as it is about cognition and thinking
# We underestimate how powerful a motivational force '''biological urges''' can be when not experiencing them
# '''Quality''' of motivation (intrinsic vs. extrinsic) is important
# To flourish, motivation needs supportive conditions, especially '''supportive relationships'''
# '''Implicit''' (unconscious) '''motives''' predict behaviour better than explicit (conscious) motives
# We do our best when we have a specific plan of action to pursue a '''difficult, specific, and self-congruent goal'''
# People with '''different mindsets''' pursue goals in different ways
# The core '''self-efficacy beliefs''' of &quot;I can do it&quot; and &quot;it will work&quot; underlie competent functioning
# Exert '''self-control over short-term urges''' to effectively pursue long-term goals
# All '''emotions are good''' because they serve a functional purpose
# '''Other people''' are the source of most of our emotions
# The more sophisticated our '''emotional repertoire''', the more likely we are to have the right emotions in every situation
# '''Encouraging growth''' is more productive than trying to cure weakness
# Motivation often arises from outside of '''conscious awareness'''
# There is nothing so practical as a '''good theory'''

==Readings==
# TBA &lt;!-- # Chapter 17: Interventions ([[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2018|Reeve, 2018]]) --&gt;

==Slides==
* [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1rpaBEkSs5p0TFT3i5JT_o0vG3wZkTJtFAdMO74h8teQ/edit?usp=sharing Interventions] (Google Slides)
* [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1kucigYPF-72cP0FAbzQZmnOUhNfilMSsbGOQnrnWRaM/edit?usp=sharing Review] (Google Slides)
&lt;!-- * [http://www.slideshare.net/jtneill/conclusion-and-review Lecture slides] (Slideshare, 2016)
* Handouts
**[[Media:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 12 - Interventions and review 6slidesperpage.pdf|Download 6 slides to a page]]: [[File:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 12 - Interventions and review 6slidesperpage.pdf|100px]]
** [[Media:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 12 - Interventions and review 3slidesperpage.pdf|Download 3 slides to a page]]: [[File:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 12 - Interventions and review 3slidesperpage.pdf|100px]]
* 2014 handouts
** [[Media:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 12 - Conclusion and review 6slidesperpage.pdf|Download 6 slides to a page]]: [[File:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 12 - Conclusion and review 6slidesperpage.pdf|100px]]
** [[Media:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 12 - Conclusion and review 3slidesperpage.pdf|Download 3 slides to a page]]: [[File:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 12 - Conclusion and review 6slidesperpage.pdf|100px]]
* 2011 handouts
** [[Media:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 12 - Conclusion and review 2011 6slidesperpage.pdf|Download 6 slides to a page]]: [[File:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 12 - Conclusion and review 2011 6slidesperpage.pdf|100px]]
** [[Media:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 12 - Conclusion and review 2011 3slidesperpage.pdf|Download 3 slides to a page]]: [[File:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 12 - Conclusion and review 2011 6slidesperpage.pdf|100px]]

==Recordings==
;13/11/2013
{{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Recording3|2013|5b4fdfbe-0073-498f-ad85-53d9c6d06e89}}
;16/11/2011
{{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Recording|2011|http://echo360access.canberra.edu.au/ess/echo/presentation/2f0f632f-3432-4422-a0d3-20db5bbea67f|http://echo360access.canberra.edu.au/ess/echo/presentation/2f0f632f-3432-4422-a0d3-20db5bbea67f/media.m4v|http://echo360access.canberra.edu.au/ess/echo/presentation/2f0f632f-3432-4422-a0d3-20db5bbea67f/media.mp3}}
&lt;!-- * [http://echo360access.canberra.edu.au/ess/echo/presentation/1939052c-feca-4ab2-8c81-4b28bb445872/media.mp3 mp3] (audio)
* [http://echo360access.canberra.edu.au/ess/echo/presentation/1939052c-feca-4ab2-8c81-4b28bb445872/media.m4v m4v] (video)
* [http://echo360access.canberra.edu.au/ess/echo/presentation/1939052c-feca-4ab2-8c81-4b28bb445872 echo360] (rich media) --&gt;

==See also==
* [[/Images/]]

; Lecture
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Growth psychology|Growth psychology]] (Previous lecture)

; Tutorial
* [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Review|Review]] (Tutorial)

==Recording==
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/daa1ba979ba045799efbe73f3226b00f Lecture 12] (2024)&lt;!--
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/8ef2ff0521b1457197d7920a93cffc99 Lecture 12] (2023)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/53b16231d9904444bac31b14bc7784f6 Lecture 12 recording] (2022)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/0bd459db9ece46b388a4b794f5751cff Lecture 12 recording] (2021)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/e810c154cfbe41189f8fb4056c871206 Lecture 12 recording] (2020)
* [https://echo360.org.au/media/ea2a5707-6be8-43fc-996c-e176ce54bc4f/public Lecture 12 recording] (2018)
* [https://echo360.org.au/media/2417e774-f589-4635-9955-9aaf73bcd3b8/public Lecture 12 recording] (2017)--&gt;

==References==
{{Hanging indent|1=
Cheon, S. H., Reeve, J., &amp; Moon, I. S. (2012). Experimentally based, longitudinally designed, teacher-focused intervention to help physical education teachers be more autonomy supportive toward their students. ''Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology'', ''34''(3), 365–396. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.34.3.365

Izard, C. E., King, K. A., Trentacosta, C. J., Morgan, J. K., Laurenceau, J.-P., Krauthamer-Ewing, S. E., &amp; Finlon, K. J. (2008). Accelerating the development of emotion competence in Head Start children: Effects on adaptive and maladaptive behavior. ''Development and Psychopathology'', ''20'', 369–397. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579408000175[https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/82060B84CF144DBC4E1AC53CEC26A494/S0954579408000175a.pdf/accelerating_the_development_of_emotion_competence_in_head_start_children_effects_on_adaptive_and_maladaptive_behavior.pdf]

Yeager, D. S., Trzesniewski, K. H., &amp; Dweck, C. S. (2013). An implicit theory of personality intervention reduces adolescent aggression in response to victimization and exclusion. ''Child Development'', ''84'', 970–988. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12003

}}
&lt;!--
==External links==
--&gt;
{{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Navigation}}

[[Category:Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Interventions and review]]</text>
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      <comment>Update for 2025</comment>
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On successful completion of this unit, students will be able to:
#Identify the major principles of motivation and emotion;	
#Integrate theories and current research towards explaining the role of motivation and emotions in human behaviour; and	
#Critically apply knowledge of motivation or emotion to an indepth understanding of a specific topic in this field.

The learning outcomes mapped to the weighted [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment|assessment]] items:
{{center top}}
{| border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5 style=&quot;width:75%&quot;
|-
! style=&quot;width: 48%&quot; | Outcome
! style=&quot;width: 13%&quot; | [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|Topic dev.]]
! style=&quot;width: 13%&quot; | [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|Book chap.]]
! style=&quot;width: 13%&quot; | [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Exam|Exam]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|1. Identify the major principles of motivation and emotion
| 
| 
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|✔
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|2. Integrate theories and current research towards explaining the role of motivation and emotions in human behaviour
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|✔
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|✔
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|3. Critically apply knowledge of motivation or emotion to an indepth understanding of a specific topic in this field
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|✔
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|✔
|
|}
{{center bottom}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Motivation and emotion/About]]
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      <comment>Update for 2025</comment>
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      <text bytes="367" sha1="mcthv80xz7rs5xm1kogfcl02x17gawa" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;==Delivery mode==&lt;/noinclude&gt;
This unit is offered in ON-CAMPUS and ONLINE REALTIME delivery modes:
* Weekly [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures|lecture]]s are delivered online and recorded
* Weekly [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials|tutorial]]s are delivered on-campus, online, and recorded&lt;noinclude&gt;

[[Category:Motivation and emotion/About]]
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      <minor />
      <comment>/* Remedy transfers */</comment>
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      <text bytes="28434" sha1="jrix7gvgpa5na813ht6qltdtlm7o8b2" xml:space="preserve">{{Robelbox|theme=9|title=Welcome!|width=100%}}
&lt;div style=&quot;{{Robelbox/pad}}&quot;&gt;
'''Hello Marshallsumter, and [[Wikiversity:Welcome|welcome]] to [[Wikiversity:What is Wikiversity?|Wikiversity]]!''' If you need [[Help:Contents|help]], feel free to visit my talk page, or [[Wikiversity:Contact|contact us]] and [[Wikiversity:Questions|ask questions]]. After you leave a comment on a [[Wikiversity:Talk page|talk page]], remember to [[Wikiversity:Signature|sign and date]]; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon [[File:Signature icon.png]] in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our [[Wikiversity:Privacy policy|Privacy policy]], [[Wikiversity:Civility|Civility policy]], and the [[Foundation:Terms of Use|Terms of Use]] while at Wikiversity.

To [[Wikiversity:Introduction|get started]], you may
&lt;!-- The Left column --&gt;

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* [[Help:guides|Take a guided tour]] and learn [[Help:Editing|to edit]].
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* [[Wikiversity:Introduction explore|Explore]] Wikiversity with the links to your left.
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You don't need to be an educator to edit. You only need to [[Wikiversity:Be bold|be bold]] to contribute and to experiment with the [[wikiversity:sandbox|sandbox]] or [[special:mypage|your userpage]]. See you around Wikiversity! --[[User:Abd|Abd]] 04:25, 24 August 2011 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== Most Active Wikiversity User for January 2013 ==

{| style=&quot;border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #ffffff;&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; | [[Image:Learningcycle.png|100px]]
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;&quot; | '''The Learning Cycle Barnstar'''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;&quot; |  Most Active Wikiversity User for January 2013
|}

Marshallsumter, I was reviewing the list of active users for this past month and noticed you had by far the most edits in January.  Keep up the good work!  -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 00:04, 1 February 2013 (UTC)

== Barnstar for you! ==

{| style=&quot;border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #ffffff;&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; | [[Image:Star constellation.png|100px]]
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;&quot; | '''The astronomy barnstar'''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;&quot; |  Thank you for the massive edits on astronomy! [[User:Goldenburg111|Goldenburg111]] ([[User talk:Goldenburg111|talk]]|[[Special:Contributions/Goldenburg111|contribs]]) 18:49, 25 December 2013 (UTC)
|}
{| style=&quot;border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #ffffff;&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; | [[Image:Original_Barnstar.png|100px]]
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;&quot; | '''The Original Barnstar'''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;&quot; |  Thank you for your help with [[Research in programming Wikidata]]! -- [[User:AKA MBG|Andrew Krizhanovsky]] ([[User talk:AKA MBG|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/AKA MBG|contribs]]) 05:45, 30 May 2017 (UTC)
|}

==See also==
{{Archive box non-auto}}
{{clear}}

==Recent contributions from WikiJournal of Science Editorial Board==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin:auto;&quot;
 ! rowspan=2 | Editor/Associate Editor
 ! rowspan=2 | Date approved 
 ! rowspan=2 | Username
 ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Journal contributions 
 ! rowspan=2 | Current status 
 |-
 !Earliest contribution !! Latest contribution 
 |-
 !1. Editor: Guy Vandegrift 
 | 18 January 2016‎ || [[Special:Contributions/Guy_vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] || 18 January 2016 || 11 January 2025 || Honorary 
 |-
 !2. Editor: Michael L. Umbricht 
 | 18 January 2016‎ || [[Special:Contributions/Mu301|Michael L. Umbricht]] || 18 January 2016‎ || 25 March 2020 || Associate editor, Inactive 
 |-
 !3. Advisor: Mikael Häggström 
 | 21 January 2016‎ || [[Special:Contributions/Mikael_Häggström|Mikael Häggström]] || 21 January 2016‎ || 21 August 2022 || Withdrawn 
 |-
 !4. former Editor-in-Chief: Felipe Schenone 
 | 12 December 2016‎ || [[Special:Contributions/Sophivorus|Sophivorus]] || 12 December 2016‎ || 31 May 2020‎ || Withdrawn 
 |-
 !5. Editor: Henry Hoff 
 | 5 November 2017 || [[Special:Contributions/Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] || 10 January 2017‎ || 31 March 2025 || Active
 |-
 !6. former Editor-in-Chief: Thomas Shafee
 | 30 October 2017 || [[Special:Contributions/Evolution_and_evolvability|Evolution and evolvability]] || 13 October 2017‎ || 9 January 2025 || Active 
 |-
 !7. Editor: W. Brian Whalley 
 | 5 November 2017‎ || [[Special:Contributions/W.BrianWhalley|W.BrianWhalley]] || 19 October 2017‎ || 18 November 2018 || Inactive 
 |-
 !8. Editor: Markus Pössel 
 | 5 November 2017 || [[Special:Contributions/Markus_Pössel|Markus Pössel]] || 20 October 2017 || 22 March 2020 || Resigned 26 September 2022 
 |-
 !9. Editor: Ian Alexander 
 | 5 November 2017 || [[Special:Contributions/Chiswick_Chap|Chiswick Chap]] || 21 October 2017 || 24 May 2024 || Active 
 |-
 !10. Editor: Joanna Argasinska 
 | 5 November 2017 || [[Special:Contributions/Joanna_Argasinska|Joanna Argasinska]] || 24 October 2017 || 26 February 2019 || Associate editor, Inactive 
 |-
 !11. Editor: Florian Weller 
 | 24 November 2017 || [[Special:Contributions/Elmidae|Elmidae]] || 30 October 2017 || 17 December 2020 || Resigned 26 September 2022 
 |-
 !12. Editor: Marc Robinson-Rechavi 
 | 24 November 2017 || [[Special:Contributions/Marcrr|Marcrr]] || 2 November 2017 || 22 September 2022 || Withdrawn 
 |-
 !13. Editor: Daniele Pugliesi 
 | 24 November 2017 || [[Special:Contributions/Daniele_Pugliesi|Daniele Pugliesi]] || 5 November 2017 || 11 June 2018 || Withdrawn 
 |-
 !14. Editor: Sylvain Ribault 
 | 24 November 2017 || [[Special:Contributions/Sylvain_Ribault|Sylvain Ribault]] || 6 November 2017 || 30 December 2023 || Inactive 
 |-
 !15. Editor: Melanie Stefan 
 | 24 November 2017 || [[Special:Contributions/Mstefan|Mstefan]] || 7 November 2017 || Resigned 30 October 2024 || Inactive 
 |-
 !16. Editor: Jack Nunn 
 | 24 November 2017 || [[Special:Contributions/Jacknunn|Jacknunn]] || 9 November 2017 || 31 January 2024 || Inactive 
 |-
 !17. Editor: Sridhar Gutam 
 | 24 November 2017 || [[Special:Contributions/Gutam2000|Gutam2000]] || 13 November 2017 || 2 April 2025 || Active 
 |-
 !18. Editor: Shampa Ghosh 
 | 30 November 2017 || [[Special:Contributions/Shampa.ghosh|Shampa.ghosh]] || 25 November 2017 || 10 December 2017 || Withdrawn 
 |-
 !19. Editor: Jitendra Kumar Sinha 
 | 30 November 2017 || [[Special:Contributions/G10sinha|G10sinha]] || 25 November 2017 || 12 September 2022 || Withdrawn 
 |-
 !20. Editor: Thijs van Vlijmen 
 | 6 March 2018 || [[Special:Contributions/Van_Vlijmen|Van Vlijmen]] || 30 November 2017 || 7 March 2018 || Inactive 
 |-
 !21. Editor: Roger Watson 
 | 16 January 2018 || [[Special:Contributions/Parveenali|Roger Watson]] || 11 January 2018 || 11 January 2018 || Withdrawn 
 |-
 !22. Editor: Jack Brooks 
 | 15 April 2018 || [[Special:Contributions/JackBrooksDr|Jack Brooks]] || 15 March 2018 || 4 June 2018 || Withdrawn 
 |-
 !23. Editor: Kelee Pacion 
 | 21 April 2018 || [[Special:Contributions/Saguaromelee|Kelee Pacion]] || 29 March 2018 || 9 August 2021 || Inactive 
 |-
 !24. Editor: Edmund F. Palermo 
 | 21 April 2018 || [[Special:Contributions/EdPalermoRPI|EdPalermoRPI]] || 20 March 2018 || 22 November 2020 || Inactive 
 |-
 !25. Editor: Tina Qin 
 | 21 April 2018 || [[Special:Contributions/VandyChem5600|VandyChem5600]] || 30 March 2018 || 1 June 2018 || Inactive 
 |-
 !26. Editor: Loren Cobb 
 | 21 April 2018 || [[Special:Contributions/Aetheling|Aetheling]] || 30 March 2018 || 30 March 2018 || Inactive 
 |-
 !27. Editor: Paula Diaconescu 
 | 21 April 2018 || [[Special:Contributions/Pauladiaconescu|Pauladiaconescu]] || 31 March 2018 || 31 March 2018 || Inactive 
 |-
 !28. Editor-in-Chief: Andrew Leung 
 | 21 April 2018 || [[Special:Contributions/OhanaUnited|OhanaUnited]] || 31 March 2018 || 3 April 2025 || Active 
 |-
 !29. Editor: José Lages
 | 21 April 2018 || [[Special:Contributions/Joselages|Joselages]] || 31 March 2018 || 4 June 2018 || Inactive 
 |-
 !30. Editor: Muhammad Elhossary 
 | 16 April 2018 || [[Special:Contributions/Muhammad_elhossary|Muhammad elhossary]] || 4 April 2018 || 16 April 2018 || Withdrawn 
 |-
 !31. Editor: Thais C. Morata
 | 20 May 2018 || [[Special:Contributions/TMorata|TMorata]] || 5 April 2018 || 9 May 2024 || Active 
 |-
 !32. Editor: Konrad U. Förstner
 | 20 May 2018 || [[Special:Contributions/Konrad_Foerstner|Konrad Foerstner]] || 15 April 2018 || 10 December 2018 || Inactive 
 |-
 !33. Editor: Jonathan Holland
 | 20 May 2018 || [[Special:Contributions/Ensahequ|Ensahequ]] || 3 June 2018 || 13 June 2020 || Inactive, Resigned 9 January 2025 
 |-
 !34. Editor: Vinod Scaria 
 | 20 May 2018 || [[Special:Contributions/Sdoniv|Sdoniv]] || 19 June 2018 || 5 October 2018 || Inactive 
 |-
 !35. Editor: Hemachander Subramanian 
 | 15 November 2018 || [[Special:Contributions/HemachanderTBio|HemachanderTBio]] || 19 June 2018 || 10 February 2020 || Associate editor, Inactive 
 |-
 !36. Editor: Ayush Bhardwaj 
 | Declined || [[Special:Contributions/Ayushb15|Ayush Bhardwaj]] || 5 November 2018 || 7 June 2019 || Withdrawn 
 |-
 !37. Editor: Gorla Praveen 
 | Declined || [[Special:Contributions/Gorlapraveen123|Gorlapraveen123]] || 23 November 2018 || 8 August 2022 || Associate editor, Inactive 
 |-
 !38. Editor: Ed Baker 
 | 31 January 2019 || [[Special:Contributions/Edwbaker|Edwbaker]] || 5 December 2018 || 19 August 2019 || Inactive 
 |-
 !39. Editor: Karthik Muthineni 
 | Declined || [[Special:Contributions/Muthineni|Karthik Muthineni]] || 11 February 2019 || 11 February 2019 || Withdrawn 
 |-
 !40. Editor: David Wirth 
 | Declined || [[Special:Contributions/Dwirth9|David Wirth]] || 28 May 2019 || 17 June 2019 || Withdrawn 
 |-
 !41. Editor: Scott A Thomson 
 | 19 June 2019 || [[Special:Contributions/Faendalimas|Faendalimas]] || 10 June 2019 || 2 February 2024 || Inactive, Resigned 3 July 2023 
 |-
 !42. Editor: Dan Graur 
 | 29 August 2019 || [[Special:Contributions/Dogrt|Dogrt]] || 2 July 2019 || 26 August 2019 || Associate editor, Inactive 
 |-
 !43. Editor: Elizabeth Van Volkenburgh 
 | 29 August 2019 || [[Special:Contributions/2601:602:8A01:4153:E169:417E:2F9D:9436|Elizabeth Van Volkenburgh]] || 2 August 2019 || 2 August 2019 || Associate editor, Inactive 
 |-
 !44. Editor: Tony Ross-Hellauer 
 | 24 November 2019 || [[Special:Contributions/Tonyross79|Tonyross79]] || 20 September 2019 || 15 October 2019 || Associate editor, Inactive 
 |-
 !45. Editor: MGH Zaidi 
 | Declined || [[Special:Contributions/Dr.MGH_Zaidi|MGH Zaidi]] || 14 October 2019 || 14 October 2019 || Withdrawn 
 |-
 !46. Mad Ball Price 
 | 25 November 2019 || [[Special:Contributions/Mad_Price_Ball|Mad Price Ball]] || 21 November 2019 || 2 January 2020 || Inactive 
 |-
 !47. Editor: Jeff Lundeen 
 | 28 January 2020 || [[Special:Contributions/J_S_Lundeen|J S Lundeen]] || 16 December 2019 || 24 October 2021 || Inactive 
|-
 !48. Editor: Rosemary J Redfield 
 | 3 May 2020 || [[Special:Contributions/Rosieredfield|Rosieredfield]] || 30 January 2020 || 12 September 2022 || Resigned 26 September 2022 
 |-
 !49. Editor: Yulia Sevryugina 
 | 7 August 2020 || [[Special:Contributions/MLibrarian|MLibrarian]] || 17 February 2020 || 29 January 2021 || Inactive, resigned 4 July 2023 
 |-
 !50. Editor: Emanuele Natale 
 | 11 October 2020 || [[Special:Contributions/Natematic|Natematic]] || 8 April 2020 || 18 May 2023 || Inactive 
 |-
 !51. Editor: Moritz Schubotz 
 | 7 August 2020 || [[Special:Contributions/Physikerwelt|Physikerwelt]] || 3 July 2020 || 17 March 2025 || Active 
 |-
 !52. Editor: Jong Bhak 
 | 3 December 2020 || [[Special:Contributions/Jongbhak|Jongbhak]] || 28 October 2020 || 16 December 2020 || Inactive 
 |-
 !53. Editor: Fernando Pinheiro Andutta 
 | Timed out || [[Special:Contributions/49.182.51.145|Fernando Pinheiro Andutta]] || 2 November 2020 || 2 November 2020 || Withdrawn 
 |-
 !54. Editor: Roger M. Rosewall 
 | Declined || [[Special:Contributions/Rosewall2020|Rosewall2020]] || 6 January 2021 || 6 January 2021 || Inactive 
 |-
 !55. Editor: Michel Bakni 
 | 19 November 2022 || [[Special:Contributions/Michel_Bakni|Michel Bakni]] || 4 April 2021 || 2 November 2023 || Inactive 
 |-
 !56. Editor: Daniel Gliksman 
 | 22 November 2022 || [[Special:Contributions/2A02:810A:8CC0:54D0:F4A1:6610:E613:2CBE|Lucidan]] || 14 September 2022 || 6 October 2022 || Associate editor, Inactive 
 |-
 !57. Editor: Alex O. Holcombe 
 | 22 November 2022 || [[Special:Contributions/Aoholcombe|Aoholcombe]] || 11 January 2024 || 8 March 2025 || Associate editor, Active 
 |-
 !58. Editor: Kevin Moerman 
 | 19 June 2023 || [[Special:Contributions/KevinMoerman|KevinMoerman]] || 27 April 2023 || 27 April 2023 || Inactive 
 |-
 !59. Editor: Bala Zoology 
 | Withdrawn || [[Special:Contributions/Bala_Zoology|Solamuthu Balamurugan]] || 20 June 2023 || 16 June 2023 || Withdrawn 
 |-
 !60. Editor: Mariselvam 
 | Not responsive || [[Special:Contributions/Maiselvam88|Maiselvam]] || 30 June 2023 || 30 June 2023‎ || Withdrawn 
 |-
 !61. Editor: Ogunjimi Oluwole Temidayo
 | 2 April 2025 || [[Special:Contributions/Kamoranesi90|Kamoranesi90]] || 18 October 2024 || 22 November 2024 || Associate editor, Active 
|}
: Thanks for compiling this list. I just want to point out that this is solely based on contributions verifiable on-wiki. It does not take into the account of off-wiki activities (e.g. Kelee Pacion has been arranging for meetings well into May 2022 and Jack Nunn voiced his opinion of an article in the mailing list in August 2022, yet their contributions based from on-wiki history would not reveal this aspect). [[User:OhanaUnited|&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000FF;&quot;&gt;OhanaUnited&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:OhanaUnited|&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: green;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Talk page&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;]] 15:18, 19 October 2022 (UTC)
:: That's a good and valid point! I've only attended one or maybe two meetings away from Wikiversity but I do appreciate the efforts those attending these meetings have been making! I've kept Kelee and Jack as active participants even though there are few Wikiversity edits toward WikiJournals. If there are any I've listed as inactive that also are active such as at these meetings feel free to change them to active. --[[User:Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] ([[User talk:Marshallsumter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marshallsumter|contribs]]) 01:55, 20 October 2022 (UTC)
::: Updated for recent editors and results. --[[User:Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] ([[User talk:Marshallsumter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marshallsumter|contribs]]) 17:47, 12 June 2023 (UTC)
:::: Updated for recent editors and results. --[[User:Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] ([[User talk:Marshallsumter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marshallsumter|contribs]]) 18:46, 1 February 2024 (UTC)
::::: Updated for recent editors and results. --[[User:Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] ([[User talk:Marshallsumter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marshallsumter|contribs]]) 21:30, 12 May 2024 (UTC)
:::::: Updated for recent editors and results. --[[User:Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] ([[User talk:Marshallsumter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marshallsumter|contribs]]) 23:19, 1 June 2024 (UTC)
::::::: Updated for recent editors and results. --[[User:Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] ([[User talk:Marshallsumter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marshallsumter|contribs]]) 01:59, 23 July 2024 (UTC)
::: Updated for recent editors and status. --[[User:Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] ([[User talk:Marshallsumter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marshallsumter|contribs]]) 02:43, 10 January 2025 (UTC)
:::: Updated for recent editors and status. --[[User:Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] ([[User talk:Marshallsumter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marshallsumter|contribs]]) 19:46, 28 March 2025 (UTC)
::::: Updated for recent editors and status, including posted review and critique below in section Recent reviews received for posting on Discussion pages. --[[User:Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] ([[User talk:Marshallsumter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marshallsumter|contribs]]) 08:22, 14 April 2025 (UTC)

==Recent reviews received for posting on Discussion pages==

Here is my review:

Jens Staal presents a nice short overview about the evolution of CARD-CC protein family and the function of these proteins in health and disease. My only comment is that references can be slightly updated (e.g. for CARD11 PMIDs 39743591, 30170123).

Iva Hafner
Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, iva.hafner@KI.si.

Here is an additional critique:

With respect to &quot;CARD-CC family&quot; by Jens Staal,

As far as my knowledge goes this submission is factually correct, but little more than an ennumeration of items, smothered under an avalanche of acronyms (some of which are acronyms of acronyms). If the coiled-coil part of the proteins mediates oligomerization, why are the proteins shown as monomers in Figure 1? I know that the structures in Figure 1 are AlphaFold models taken from AlphaFold-DB, but their helices are too far apart to form coiled coils in the monomeric state. They would form coiled coils if their structure was computed at the correct oligomer state.

Andrei Lupas
Director, Department of Protein Evolution
Max Planck Institute for Biology
Max-Planck-Ring 5
Managing Director,
Friedrich Miescher Laboratory of the Max Planck Society
Max-Planck-Ring 9
72076 Tuebingen, Germany
andrei.lupas@tuebingen.mpg.de

==Continental shelf inhabitants during the Last Glacial Maximum==

::::I am starting to write my &quot;Adventure of the Atlantis Hypothesis&quot;.
::::I am using a lot of information about the Atlantis  Hyopothesis. I am cheating with current events and lots of things. I need YOUR advice. 
::::Can you email me at jgarner812 at gmail dot com?
::::I lost your email 
::::[[User:RAYLEIGH22|RAYLEIGH22]] ([[User talk:RAYLEIGH22|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RAYLEIGH22|contribs]]) 01:24, 4 November 2023 (UTC)
:::::Emailed today. --[[User:Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] ([[User talk:Marshallsumter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marshallsumter|contribs]]) 04:52, 16 December 2023 (UTC)

:Are you done with your review? What, if anything, do you want to change? Let me know today if you can.[[User:RAYLEIGH22|RAYLEIGH22]] ([[User talk:RAYLEIGH22|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RAYLEIGH22|contribs]]) 12:45, 15 July 2024 (UTC)
::Hi John!

I've been reading the MS using [[Draft:Location hypotheses of Atlantis]]. Here's the first set of suggested changes. These are just minor editorial corrections:

# Second paragraph, change &quot;Atlantic and Indiana Oceans&quot; to &quot;Atlantic and Indian Oceans&quot;.
# Page 20 last paragraph, third line, change &quot;resent ice age.&quot; to &quot;recent ice age.&quot;
# Page 28 last paragraph, first line, change &quot;that Libya was the limited to the Cyrene&quot; to &quot;that Libya was limited to the Cyrene&quot;.
# Page 42 second sentence, change &quot;there are two small tectonic plates this particular intersection&quot; to &quot;there are two small tectonic plates at this particular intersection&quot;.
# Page 46 second paragraph, change &quot;The digital elevation map below illustrates the the level&quot; to &quot;The digital elevation map below illustrates the level&quot;.
# Page 48 last paragraph change &quot;clear. a general subsidence&quot; to &quot;clear. A general subsidence&quot;.
# Same, change &quot;could have led to floofing of the&quot; to &quot;could have led to flooding of the&quot;.
# Page 49, change &quot;IT is possible that an earthquake along the The Hellenic Trench Subduction Zone&quot; to &quot;IT is possible that an earthquake along The Hellenic Trench Subduction Zone&quot;.
# Same, change &quot;cause a tsunami Then, it was&quot; to &quot;cause a tsunami. Then, it was&quot;.
# Same, change &quot;earthquake along the The Hellenic Trench Subduction Zone&quot; to &quot;earthquake along The Hellenic Trench Subduction Zone&quot;.
# Page 50, change &quot;location of &quot;The &quot;Great Plain&quot; of Atlantis - was it in Doggerland?&quot;]&quot; to &quot;location of &quot;The &quot;Great Plain&quot; of Atlantis - was it in Doggerland?&quot;&quot;.
# Page 52, last line, change &quot;This debate continues&quot; to &quot;This debate continues.&quot;.
# Page 53, second paragraph, change &quot;Or, has there never an Azores Plateau&quot; to &quot;Or, has there never been an Azores Plateau&quot;.
# Page 54, top paragraph, second line, change &quot;in the world. Super volcanoes occur&quot; to &quot;in the world. Supervolcanoes occur&quot;.
# Same, change &quot;present location in the Azores.[97].&quot; to &quot;present location in the Azores.[97]&quot;.
# Page 58, first full paragraph, change &quot;Mt. St. Helens in the U.S. in 1980[130] Monaco Bank&quot; to &quot;Mt. St. Helens in the U.S. in 1980[130]. Monaco Bank&quot;.
# Page 59, third paragraph, change &quot;This eruption and earthquake were the root cause of the glaciers to melt over northern hemisphere&quot; to &quot;This eruption and earthquake were the root cause of the glaciers to melt over the northern hemisphere&quot;.
# Page 59, last paragraph, change &quot;The SE Terceira Rift alone contains&quot; to &quot;The SE Terceira Rift (TR) alone contains&quot;.

More later as I finish. --[[User:Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] ([[User talk:Marshallsumter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marshallsumter|contribs]]) 13:13, 16 July 2024 (UTC)

::Hi John!

Here are the remaining editorial changes:

19. Page 60, last paragraph, change &quot;on the size of parts of the island Graciosa island on the Azores plateau&quot; to &quot;on the size of parts of Graciosa island on the Azores plateau&quot;.

20. Page 61, change &quot;In these volcanoes, when the breached magma chamber supplying the ash and pumice is leaves the caldera quickly, the caldera collapses&quot; to &quot;In these volcanoes, when the ash and pumice leaves the caldera quickly from the breached magma chamber, the caldera collapses&quot;.

21. Page 69, second paragraph, change &quot;but they discussion had been disputed.&quot; to &quot;but their discussion had been disputed.&quot;.

22. Same, change &quot;the Carolina Bays and the impact fields in an area from Northeast Florida to Southeast New Jersey.&quot; to &quot;the Carolina Bays and the impact fields are in an area from Northeast Florida to Southeast New Jersey.&quot;.

23. Same, change &quot;because of the lack oa conventional&quot; to &quot;because of the lack of conventional&quot;.

24. Last paragraph on page 69, change &quot;that is an indirect contributing to climate change&quot; to &quot;that is an indirect contribution to climate change&quot;.

25. Page 70, change &quot;DISCUSSION&quot; to the same type size as &quot;INTRODUCTION&quot;.

26. Page 74, second paragraph, change &quot;and Byrd Polar Research Center has concluded&quot; to &quot;and Byrd Polar Research Center have concluded&quot;.

27. Same, change &quot;global warming, climate change, and resulting seal level change presents a clear and present danger to humanity&quot; to &quot;global warming, climate change, and resulting seal level change present a clear and present danger to humanity&quot;.

28. Same, last paragraph, change &quot;fresh lake formation drained by damn failure&quot; to &quot;fresh lake formation drained by dam failure&quot;.

29. Page 75, top paragraph last line, change &quot;were prevalent throughout the world[189]&quot; to &quot;were prevalent throughout the world[189].&quot;.

30. Page 77, last paragraph, change &quot;which was at least a VEI 8&quot; to &quot;which was at least a volcanic explosivity index (VEI) 8&quot;.

31. Page 78, last paragraph, change &quot;(note the unconventional map appears out of scale with South superior and North inferior and East and West reversed)&quot; to &quot;(Note: the unconventional map appears out of scale with South superior and North inferior and East and West reversed.)&quot;.

32. Page 82, top paragraph, change &quot;liberating 18 trillion (18 × 1012) metric tons&quot; to &quot;liberating 18 trillion (18 × 1012) metric tons”; i.e, put 12 as an exponent.

33. Page 85, middle paragraph, last sentence, change “Mt. St. Helens in the U.S. in 1980
[130]” to “Mt. St. Helens in the U.S. in 1980[130].”.

34. Page 99, at the bottom, change “An Examination of an Unexplored &quot;European&quot; Volcano”” to “An Examination of an Unexplored &quot;European&quot; Volcano”.

35. Page 107 at the top, change “an idea how big it is go back the the website” to “an idea how big it is go back to the website”.

36. Page 108, second paragraph, change “planet Earth described as recurrent By the old” to “planet Earth described as recurrent by the old”.

37. Page 111, bottom paragraph, change “the fact that science say it will happen.” to “the fact that science says it will happen.”.

38. Page 114, bottom of the page, change “This research confirms that there have many changes in sea levels” to “This research confirms that there have been many changes in sea levels”.

39. Page 117, middle paragraph, change “be careful using old websites as references. and This document” to “be careful using old websites as references and this document”.

Cheers! --[[User:Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] ([[User talk:Marshallsumter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marshallsumter|contribs]]) 17:20, 16 July 2024 (UTC)

== Reminder to vote now to select members of the first U4C ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote reminder|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote reminder}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''

Dear Wikimedian,

You are receiving this message because you previously participated in the UCoC process.

This is a reminder that the voting period for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) ends on May 9, 2024. Read the information on the [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024|voting page on Meta-wiki]] to learn more about voting and voter eligibility.

The Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. Community members were invited to submit their applications for the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, please [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well.

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&lt;!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2024/Previous_voters_list_2&amp;oldid=26721207 --&gt;

== Remedy transfers ==

# Remedy/Plants/Rubiaceae has been completed.
# ''Scutellaria baicalensis'' from Remedy/Anti-inflammatories and Remedy/Plants has been completed.
# ''Simarouba glauca'' from Remedy/Plants has been completed.
# Remedy/Plants up to Boswellia sacra.</text>
      <sha1>jrix7gvgpa5na813ht6qltdtlm7o8b2</sha1>
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  </page>
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    <title>Template:MEBF</title>
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        <id>10242</id>
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      <comment>Update for 2025</comment>
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      <text bytes="32" sha1="s84ql16rwnu0q4wpwfszwhq4nrfthlw" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Template:MEBF/2025]]</text>
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    <title>Understanding Arithmetic Circuits</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <parentid>2720301</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-02T13:30:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Young1lim</username>
        <id>21186</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Adder */</comment>
      <origin>2720428</origin>
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      <text bytes="3044" sha1="mg9anp8ckjtjdbzwdui8mcihvjjitqq" xml:space="preserve">
== Adder ==

* Binary Adder Architecture Exploration ( [[Media:Adder.20131113.pdf|pdf]]  )
 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
!  Adder type      !! Overview !! Analysis !! VHDL Level Design  !! CMOS Level Design  
|-
| '''1. Ripple Carry Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1A.RCA.20250522.pdf|A]]||
|| [[Media:Adder.rca.20140313.pdf|pdf]]
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1D.RCA.CMOS.20211108.pdf|pdf]]
|-
| '''2. Carry Lookahead Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.CLA.20250630.pdf|A]]||
|| [[Media:Adder.cla.20140313.pdf|pdf]]||
|-
| '''3. Carry Save Adder''' 
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.CSave.20151209.pdf|A]]||
|| ||
|-
|| '''4. Carry Select Adder''' 
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.CSelA.20191002.pdf|A]]||
|| || 
|-
|| '''5. Carry Skip Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.5A.CSkip.20250405.pdf|A]]||
|| 
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.5D.CSkip.CMOS.20211108.pdf|pdf]]
|- 
|| '''6. Carry Chain Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.6A.CCA.20211109.pdf|A]]||
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.6C.CCA.VHDL.20211109.pdf|pdf]],  [[Media:Adder.cca.20140313.pdf|pdf]]
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.6D.CCA.CMOS.20211109.pdf|pdf]]
|- 
|| '''7. Kogge-Stone Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.KSA.20140315.pdf|A]]||
|| [[Media:Adder.ksa.20140409.pdf|pdf]]||
|-
|| '''8. Prefix Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.PFA.20140314.pdf|A]]||
|| || 
|-
|| '''9.1 Variable Block Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1A.VBA.20221110.pdf|A]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1B.VBA.20230911.pdf|B]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1C.VBA.20240622.pdf|C]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1C.VBA.20250218.pdf|D]]||
|| || 
|-
|| '''9.2 Multi-Level Variable Block Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.VBA-Multi.20221031.pdf|A]]||
|| || 
|}
&lt;/br&gt;
 
=== Adder Architectures Suitable for FPGA === 
* FPGA Carry-Chain Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.FPGA-CCA.20210421.pdf|pdf]])
* FPGA Carry Select Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.B.FPGA-CarrySelect.20210522.pdf|pdf]])
* FPGA Variable Block Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.C.FPGA-VariableBlock.20220125.pdf|pdf]])
* FPGA Carry Lookahead Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.D.FPGA-CLookahead.20210304.pdf|pdf]])
* Carry-Skip Adder
&lt;/br&gt;

== Barrel Shifter ==
* Barrel Shifter Architecture Exploration ([[Media:Bshift.20131105.pdf|bshfit.vhdl]], [[Media:Bshift.makefile.20131109.pdf|bshfit.makefile]])
&lt;/br&gt;

'''Mux Based Barrel Shifter'''
* Analysis  ([[Media:Arith.BShfiter.20151207.pdf|pdf]]) 
* Implementation 
&lt;/br&gt;

== Multiplier == 
=== Array Multipliers ===
* Analysis  ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.Mult.20151209.pdf|pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Tree Mulltipliers ===
* Lattice Multiplication  ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.LatticeMult.20170204.pdf|pdf]])
* Wallace Tree  ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.WallaceTree.20170204.pdf|pdf]])
* Dadda Tree  ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.DaddaTree.20170701.pdf|pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Booth Multipliers ===
* [[Media:RNS4.BoothEncode.20161005.pdf|Booth Encoding Note]]
* Booth Multiplier Note ([[Media:BoothMult.20160929.pdf|H1.pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;

== Divider == 
* Binary Divider ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.Divider.20131217.pdf|pdf]])&lt;/br&gt;

&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt; 
go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ]

[[Category:Digital Circuit Design]]
[[Category:FPGA]]</text>
      <sha1>mg9anp8ckjtjdbzwdui8mcihvjjitqq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2720430</id>
      <parentid>2720428</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-02T13:31:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Young1lim</username>
        <id>21186</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Adder */</comment>
      <origin>2720430</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3044" sha1="q6rjyhen7hf3vzu95iv425c4arp4mt7" xml:space="preserve">
== Adder ==

* Binary Adder Architecture Exploration ( [[Media:Adder.20131113.pdf|pdf]]  )
 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
!  Adder type      !! Overview !! Analysis !! VHDL Level Design  !! CMOS Level Design  
|-
| '''1. Ripple Carry Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1A.RCA.20250522.pdf|A]]||
|| [[Media:Adder.rca.20140313.pdf|pdf]]
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1D.RCA.CMOS.20211108.pdf|pdf]]
|-
| '''2. Carry Lookahead Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.CLA.20250701.pdf|A]]||
|| [[Media:Adder.cla.20140313.pdf|pdf]]||
|-
| '''3. Carry Save Adder''' 
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.CSave.20151209.pdf|A]]||
|| ||
|-
|| '''4. Carry Select Adder''' 
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.CSelA.20191002.pdf|A]]||
|| || 
|-
|| '''5. Carry Skip Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.5A.CSkip.20250405.pdf|A]]||
|| 
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.5D.CSkip.CMOS.20211108.pdf|pdf]]
|- 
|| '''6. Carry Chain Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.6A.CCA.20211109.pdf|A]]||
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.6C.CCA.VHDL.20211109.pdf|pdf]],  [[Media:Adder.cca.20140313.pdf|pdf]]
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.6D.CCA.CMOS.20211109.pdf|pdf]]
|- 
|| '''7. Kogge-Stone Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.KSA.20140315.pdf|A]]||
|| [[Media:Adder.ksa.20140409.pdf|pdf]]||
|-
|| '''8. Prefix Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.PFA.20140314.pdf|A]]||
|| || 
|-
|| '''9.1 Variable Block Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1A.VBA.20221110.pdf|A]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1B.VBA.20230911.pdf|B]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1C.VBA.20240622.pdf|C]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1C.VBA.20250218.pdf|D]]||
|| || 
|-
|| '''9.2 Multi-Level Variable Block Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.VBA-Multi.20221031.pdf|A]]||
|| || 
|}
&lt;/br&gt;
 
=== Adder Architectures Suitable for FPGA === 
* FPGA Carry-Chain Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.FPGA-CCA.20210421.pdf|pdf]])
* FPGA Carry Select Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.B.FPGA-CarrySelect.20210522.pdf|pdf]])
* FPGA Variable Block Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.C.FPGA-VariableBlock.20220125.pdf|pdf]])
* FPGA Carry Lookahead Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.D.FPGA-CLookahead.20210304.pdf|pdf]])
* Carry-Skip Adder
&lt;/br&gt;

== Barrel Shifter ==
* Barrel Shifter Architecture Exploration ([[Media:Bshift.20131105.pdf|bshfit.vhdl]], [[Media:Bshift.makefile.20131109.pdf|bshfit.makefile]])
&lt;/br&gt;

'''Mux Based Barrel Shifter'''
* Analysis  ([[Media:Arith.BShfiter.20151207.pdf|pdf]]) 
* Implementation 
&lt;/br&gt;

== Multiplier == 
=== Array Multipliers ===
* Analysis  ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.Mult.20151209.pdf|pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Tree Mulltipliers ===
* Lattice Multiplication  ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.LatticeMult.20170204.pdf|pdf]])
* Wallace Tree  ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.WallaceTree.20170204.pdf|pdf]])
* Dadda Tree  ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.DaddaTree.20170701.pdf|pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Booth Multipliers ===
* [[Media:RNS4.BoothEncode.20161005.pdf|Booth Encoding Note]]
* Booth Multiplier Note ([[Media:BoothMult.20160929.pdf|H1.pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;

== Divider == 
* Binary Divider ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.Divider.20131217.pdf|pdf]])&lt;/br&gt;

&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt; 
go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ]

[[Category:Digital Circuit Design]]
[[Category:FPGA]]</text>
      <sha1>q6rjyhen7hf3vzu95iv425c4arp4mt7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2720432</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Young1lim</username>
        <id>21186</id>
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      <comment>/* Adder */</comment>
      <origin>2720432</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3044" sha1="5jic5a1mhf7darhkhcdj0sby0ps0itc" xml:space="preserve">
== Adder ==

* Binary Adder Architecture Exploration ( [[Media:Adder.20131113.pdf|pdf]]  )
 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
!  Adder type      !! Overview !! Analysis !! VHDL Level Design  !! CMOS Level Design  
|-
| '''1. Ripple Carry Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1A.RCA.20250522.pdf|A]]||
|| [[Media:Adder.rca.20140313.pdf|pdf]]
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1D.RCA.CMOS.20211108.pdf|pdf]]
|-
| '''2. Carry Lookahead Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.CLA.20250702.pdf|A]]||
|| [[Media:Adder.cla.20140313.pdf|pdf]]||
|-
| '''3. Carry Save Adder''' 
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.CSave.20151209.pdf|A]]||
|| ||
|-
|| '''4. Carry Select Adder''' 
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.CSelA.20191002.pdf|A]]||
|| || 
|-
|| '''5. Carry Skip Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.5A.CSkip.20250405.pdf|A]]||
|| 
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.5D.CSkip.CMOS.20211108.pdf|pdf]]
|- 
|| '''6. Carry Chain Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.6A.CCA.20211109.pdf|A]]||
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.6C.CCA.VHDL.20211109.pdf|pdf]],  [[Media:Adder.cca.20140313.pdf|pdf]]
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.6D.CCA.CMOS.20211109.pdf|pdf]]
|- 
|| '''7. Kogge-Stone Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.KSA.20140315.pdf|A]]||
|| [[Media:Adder.ksa.20140409.pdf|pdf]]||
|-
|| '''8. Prefix Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.PFA.20140314.pdf|A]]||
|| || 
|-
|| '''9.1 Variable Block Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1A.VBA.20221110.pdf|A]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1B.VBA.20230911.pdf|B]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1C.VBA.20240622.pdf|C]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1C.VBA.20250218.pdf|D]]||
|| || 
|-
|| '''9.2 Multi-Level Variable Block Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.VBA-Multi.20221031.pdf|A]]||
|| || 
|}
&lt;/br&gt;
 
=== Adder Architectures Suitable for FPGA === 
* FPGA Carry-Chain Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.FPGA-CCA.20210421.pdf|pdf]])
* FPGA Carry Select Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.B.FPGA-CarrySelect.20210522.pdf|pdf]])
* FPGA Variable Block Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.C.FPGA-VariableBlock.20220125.pdf|pdf]])
* FPGA Carry Lookahead Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.D.FPGA-CLookahead.20210304.pdf|pdf]])
* Carry-Skip Adder
&lt;/br&gt;

== Barrel Shifter ==
* Barrel Shifter Architecture Exploration ([[Media:Bshift.20131105.pdf|bshfit.vhdl]], [[Media:Bshift.makefile.20131109.pdf|bshfit.makefile]])
&lt;/br&gt;

'''Mux Based Barrel Shifter'''
* Analysis  ([[Media:Arith.BShfiter.20151207.pdf|pdf]]) 
* Implementation 
&lt;/br&gt;

== Multiplier == 
=== Array Multipliers ===
* Analysis  ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.Mult.20151209.pdf|pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Tree Mulltipliers ===
* Lattice Multiplication  ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.LatticeMult.20170204.pdf|pdf]])
* Wallace Tree  ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.WallaceTree.20170204.pdf|pdf]])
* Dadda Tree  ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.DaddaTree.20170701.pdf|pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Booth Multipliers ===
* [[Media:RNS4.BoothEncode.20161005.pdf|Booth Encoding Note]]
* Booth Multiplier Note ([[Media:BoothMult.20160929.pdf|H1.pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;

== Divider == 
* Binary Divider ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.Divider.20131217.pdf|pdf]])&lt;/br&gt;

&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt; 
go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ]

[[Category:Digital Circuit Design]]
[[Category:FPGA]]</text>
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&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;''Use this page to navigate over 1,700 chapters''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/div&gt;{{RoundBoxBottom}}__NOTOC__
__NOEDITSECTION__
==Search==
&lt;inputbox&gt;	
type=search
width=20
namespaces=Main**
prefix=Motivation and emotion/Book
searchbuttonlabel=Search book chapters
bgcolor=transparent
break=no
&lt;/inputbox&gt;

==Volumes==
&lt;div p align = &quot;center&quot;&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
|[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2025|2025]]
|[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2024|2024]]
|[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2023|2023]]
|[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2022|2022]]
|[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2021|2021]]
|[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020|2020]]
|[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2019|2019]]
|[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2018|2018]]
|[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2017|2017]]
|[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016|2016]]
|[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2015|2015]]
|[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2014|2014]]
|[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2013|2013]]
|[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2011|2011]]
|[[Motivation and emotion/Textbook|2010]]
|}
&lt;/div&gt;

==Topics==
Browse by topic:

{{#categorytree:Motivation and emotion/Book|depth=0|mode=categories}}
&lt;!-- [[Special:PrefixIndex/{{PAGENAME}}/|subpages]] --&gt;

==Overview==
{{/Overview}}

[[/Overview|Continue reading ...]]

==See also==
* [[../Assessment/Chapter|Author guidelines]]
* [[/Chapters by year|Count of chapters by year]]
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/Cover|Cover]]
* [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter/Search for chapters to improve|Search for chapters to improve]]&lt;!--
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/Overview|Overview]] --&gt;

[[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book| ]]</text>
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==See also==
* [[Template:Motivation and emotion/Lectures/In development]]
* [[Template:Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Complete]]
* [[Template:Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Complete]]
* [[Template:Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Complete2]]

[[Category:Motivation and emotion/Tutorials]]
[[Category:Motivation and emotion/Admin]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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==See also==
* [[Template:Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Complete]]
* [[Template:Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/In development]]
* [[Template:Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Complete]]

[[Category:Motivation and emotion/Admin]]
[[Category:Motivation and emotion/Lectures]]
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      <contributor>
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        <id>10242</id>
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      <comment>Update for 2025</comment>
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      <text bytes="354" sha1="63o0vn4vshfwh2p0chjlhfeuidj4d3u" xml:space="preserve">{{Notice|This lecture is complete for 2025.}}&lt;noinclude&gt;

==See also==
* [[Template:Motivation and emotion/Lectures/In development]]
* [[Template:Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/In development]]
* [[Template:Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Complete]]


[[Category:Motivation and emotion/Admin]]
[[Category:Motivation and emotion/Lectures]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <title>Motivation and emotion/Modules</title>
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There are 6 x 2 week '''modules''' for this [[../|unit]].
&lt;!-- There are [[Wikiversity]] pages with notes for each module - not yet. --&gt;

Each module consists of two [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures|lectures]], two [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials|tutorials]], and one [[quizzes|practice quiz]].
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
{| border=1 cellpadding=5 class=&quot;sortable&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; width:100% background:transparent&quot;
|-
| '''Week'''
| '''Module'''
| '''Topic'''
|-
| 01, 02 
| 01 
| [[Motivation and emotion/Modules/Introduction|Introduction]]
|-
| 03, 04
| 02 
| [[Motivation and emotion/Modules/Needs|Needs]]
|-
| 05, 06
| 03 
| [[Motivation and emotion/Modules/Goals and self|Goals and self]]
|- 
| 07, 09 
| 04 
| [[Motivation and emotion/Modules/Emotion|Emotion]]
|-
| 10, 11
| 05
| [[Motivation and emotion/Modules/Individual emotions|Individual emotions]]
|-
| 12, 13
| 06
| [[Motivation and emotion/Modules/Growth and interventions|Growth and interventions]]
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;
For more information, see the [[Motivation and emotion/About/Schedule|Schedule]].

[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}| ]]</text>
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        <username>Jtneill</username>
        <id>10242</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Update for 2025</comment>
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      <text bytes="1110" sha1="sswjjrsax4spr2jjpsz71zhd6o4of8x" xml:space="preserve">{{title|Motivation and emotion - Modules}}
There are 6 x 2 week '''modules'''. Each module consists of two [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures|lectures]], two [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials|tutorials]], and one [[quizzes|practice quiz]].
&lt;!-- There are [[Wikiversity]] pages with notes for each module - not yet. --&gt;

&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
{| border=1 cellpadding=5 class=&quot;sortable&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; width:100% background:transparent&quot;
|-
| '''Week'''
| '''Module'''
| '''Topic'''
|-
| 01, 02 
| 01 
| [[Motivation and emotion/Modules/Introduction|Introduction]]
|-
| 03, 04
| 02 
| [[Motivation and emotion/Modules/Needs|Needs]]
|-
| 05, 06
| 03 
| [[Motivation and emotion/Modules/Goals and self|Goals and self]]
|- 
| 07, 09 
| 04 
| [[Motivation and emotion/Modules/Emotion|Emotion]]
|-
| 10, 11
| 05
| [[Motivation and emotion/Modules/Individual emotions|Individual emotions]]
|-
| 12, 13
| 06
| [[Motivation and emotion/Modules/Growth and interventions|Growth and interventions]]
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;
For more info, see the [[Motivation and emotion/About/Schedule|Schedule]].

[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}| ]]</text>
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    <title>Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Individual emotions</title>
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      <comment>Update for 2025</comment>
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      <text bytes="6900" sha1="e1fztr9ynmcgh1xef2a9f1soc72q1f3" xml:space="preserve">{{Motivation and emotion/Lectures|Lecture 09: Individual emotions|ninth}}
{{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/In development}}
&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/In development}} --&gt;
&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Complete}} --&gt;
[[File:Emotion collage.png|right|300px]]

==Overview==
[[File:Emotion Categories.png|right|500px]]
This lecture discusses 20 specific emotions

Take-home messages:
* Emotions are purposeful
* Emotions guide action tendencies towards adaptive functional response
* Learning about the functions of specific emotions expands our emotional repertoire and makes adaptive emotional responses in different situations more likely

==Outline==
* Basic (7)
* Self-conscious (5)
* Cognitively complex (8)

==Motivations generated by specific emotions==
Typical motivational urges generated (functions served) by specific emotions are shown in Table 1.

'''Table 1'''

Motivational Urge Generated by Specific Emotions (based on Reeve (2018, p. 340))
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|'''Emotion'''
|'''Motivational urge'''
|-
|'''Basic'''
|
|-
|[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Fear|Fear]]
|Flee; protect oneself
|-
|[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Fear|Anger]]
|Overcome obstacles; right an illegitimate wrong
|-
|[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Disgust|Disgust]]
|Reject; get rid of; get away from
|-
|[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Contempt|Contempt]]
|Maintain dominance and social hierarchy
|-
|[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Sadness|Sadness]]
|Repair a loss or failure
|-
|[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Joy|Joy]]
|Continue goal striving; play; engage in social interaction
|-
|[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Interest|Interest]]
|Explore; seek; acquire new information; learn
|-
|'''Self-conscious'''
|
|-
|[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Shame|Shame]]
|Restore the self; protect the self
|-
|[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Guilt|Guilt]]
|Make amends
|-
|[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Embarrassment|Embarrassment]]
|Appease others; communicate blunder was unintended
|-
|[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Pride|Pride]]
|Authentic: Acquire further skill; persist at challenging tasks
Hubristic: Self-inflation to boost self-esteem and social standing
|-
|[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Triumph|Triumph]]
|Display dominance and power over the defeated
|-
|'''Cognitively complex'''
|
|-
|[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Envy|Envy]]
|Benign: Move up; improve one’s position.
Malicious: Tear down; reduce another's position
|-
|[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Gratitude|Gratitude]]
|Act prosocially; grow the relationship
|-
|[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Disappointment|Disappointment]]
|Give up; helplessness
|-
|[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Regret|Regret]]
|Undo a poor decision or behaviour
|-
|[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Hope|Hope]]
|Keep engaged in pursuit of a desired goal
|-
|[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Schadenfreude|Schadenfreude]]
|Reinforce feelings of superiority
|-
|[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Empathy|Empathy]]
|Act prosocially; help the other
|-
|[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Compassion|Compassion]]
|Reduce suffering
|}
''Note''. Links go to specific [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]. For a table of these emotions with definitions and links to corresponding Wikipedia articles, see the [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/20 emotions#Individual emotions|20 emotions tutorial]].

==Readings==
# Chapter 14: Individual emotions ([[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2018|Reeve, 2018]])

==Slides==
* [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1-XdVSEAVAWahOMksgubomM75asUHHwjuyCA3k2gYEUA/edit?usp=sharing Individual emotions] (Google Slides)
&lt;!-- * [http://www.slideshare.net/jtneill/individual-emotions Lecture slides] (Slideshare)
* Handouts
** [[Media:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 09 - Individual emotions 6slidesperpage.pdf|Download 6 slides to a page]]: [[File:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 09 - Individual emotions 6slidesperpage.pdf|100px]]
** [[Media:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 09 - Individual emotions 3slidesperpage.pdf|Download 3 slides to a page]]: [[File:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 09 - Individual emotions 3slidesperpage.pdf|100px]]
--&gt;

==See also==
* [[/Images/]]

; Lectures
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Aspects of emotion|Aspects of emotion]] (Previous lecture)
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Unconscious motivation|Unconscious motivation]] (Next lecture)

; Tutorial
* [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/20 emotions|20 emotions]] (Tutorial)

==Recording==
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/9917dadac2144ffeb6a6ea773aad9ce8 Lecture 09 recording] (2024)&lt;!--
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/c61875ec86bd4258ac3f5e0ceaeded04 Lecture 09 recording] (2023)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/fb1b6680261a4a55b4ee699544c920f8 Lecture 09 recording](2022)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/6bc4d9bf00b643d7b19aff736a499f39 Lecture 09 recording] (2021)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/96e78b4252504c3193258d2e0dc2f05e Lecture 09 recording] (2020)
* [https://echo360.org.au/media/4fa588c8-f9f8-4f6f-8bc5-2a0411bbc261/public Lecture 09 recording] (2019)
* [https://echo360.org.au/media/68737326-23d4-4ceb-ad51-ef21a6855637/public Lecture 09 recording] (2018)
* [https://echo360.org.au/media/8ed1c121-f6b4-4ac1-b5a2-5130d65c38ca/public Lecture 09 recording] (2017)
--&gt;
&lt;!-- ==References==
{{Hanging indent|1=

O'Connell, B. H., O'Shea, D., &amp; Gallagher, S. (2017). Feeling thanks and saying thanks: A randomized controlled trial examining if and how socially oriented gratitude journals work. ''Journal of Clinical Psychology'', ''73''(10), 1280–1300. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22469

}}
--&gt;

==External links==
* [https://medium.com/polyamory-today/compersion-or-mudita-unlearning-jealousy-the-buddhist-way-aad804a81d7 Compersion or mudita: Unlearning jealousy the buddhist way] (Polyamory Today)
* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/12079828_Dirt_Disgust_and_Disease_Is_Hygiene_in_Our_Genes Dirt, disgust, and disease: Is hygiene in our genes] (Curtis &amp; Biran, 2001; pdf)
* [https://www.psychologytoday.com/au/blog/hide-and-seek/201505/empathy-vs-sympathy Empathy vs. sympathy] (Psychology Today)
* [http://www.rpforschools.net/articles/ASP/Tangney,%20Tracy%20&amp;%20Robins%202007%20The%20self-conscious%20emotions%20-%20Theory%20and%20Research.pdf The self-conscious emotions] (Tangney et al., 2007; pdf)
* [https://www.psychologytoday.com/au/blog/joy-and-pain/201401/what-is-the-difference-between-envy-and-jealousy What is the difference between envy and jealousy?] (Psychology Today)
{{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Navigation}}

[[Category:Motivation and emotion/Emotion/Guilt]]
[[Category:Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Individual emotions]]</text>
      <sha1>e1fztr9ynmcgh1xef2a9f1soc72q1f3</sha1>
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      <id>2720553</id>
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      <timestamp>2025-07-03T02:49:56Z</timestamp>
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        <id>10242</id>
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      <text bytes="6915" sha1="gmcle4ffg3hqm2y6bryrm9jqdc1819o" xml:space="preserve">{{Motivation and emotion/Lectures|Lecture 09: Individual emotions|ninth}}
{{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/In development}}
&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/In development}} --&gt;
&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Complete}} --&gt;
[[File:Emotion collage.png|right|300px]]

==Overview==
[[File:Emotion Categories.png|right|500px]]
This lecture discusses 20 specific emotions

Take-home messages:
* Emotions are purposeful
* Emotions guide action tendencies towards adaptive functional response
* Learning about the functions of specific emotions expands our emotional repertoire and makes adaptive emotional responses in different situations more likely

==Outline==
* Basic (7)
* Self-conscious (5)
* Cognitively complex (8)

==Motivations generated by specific emotions==
Typical motivational urges generated (functions served) by specific emotions are shown in Table 1.

'''Table 1'''

Motivational Urge Generated by Specific Emotions (based on Reeve (2018, p. 340))
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|'''Emotion'''
|'''Motivational urge'''
|-
|'''Basic'''
|
|-
|[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Fear|Fear]]
|Flee; protect oneself
|-
|[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Fear|Anger]]
|Overcome obstacles; right an illegitimate wrong
|-
|[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Disgust|Disgust]]
|Reject; get rid of; get away from
|-
|[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Contempt|Contempt]]
|Maintain dominance and social hierarchy
|-
|[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Sadness|Sadness]]
|Repair a loss or failure
|-
|[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Joy|Joy]]
|Continue goal striving; play; engage in social interaction
|-
|[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Interest|Interest]]
|Explore; seek; acquire new information; learn
|-
|'''Self-conscious'''
|
|-
|[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Shame|Shame]]
|Restore the self; protect the self
|-
|[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Guilt|Guilt]]
|Make amends
|-
|[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Embarrassment|Embarrassment]]
|Appease others; communicate blunder was unintended
|-
|[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Pride|Pride]]
|Authentic: Acquire further skill; persist at challenging tasks
Hubristic: Self-inflation to boost self-esteem and social standing
|-
|[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Triumph|Triumph]]
|Display dominance and power over the defeated
|-
|'''Cognitively complex'''
|
|-
|[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Envy|Envy]]
|Benign: Move up; improve one’s position.
Malicious: Tear down; reduce another's position
|-
|[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Gratitude|Gratitude]]
|Act prosocially; grow the relationship
|-
|[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Disappointment|Disappointment]]
|Give up; helplessness
|-
|[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Regret|Regret]]
|Undo a poor decision or behaviour
|-
|[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Hope|Hope]]
|Keep engaged in pursuit of a desired goal
|-
|[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Schadenfreude|Schadenfreude]]
|Reinforce feelings of superiority
|-
|[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Empathy|Empathy]]
|Act prosocially; help the other
|-
|[[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Compassion|Compassion]]
|Reduce suffering
|}
''Note''. Links go to specific [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]. For a table of these emotions with definitions and links to corresponding Wikipedia articles, see the [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/20 emotions#Individual emotions|20 emotions tutorial]].

==Readings==
# TBA &lt;!-- # Chapter 14: Individual emotions ([[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2018|Reeve, 2018]]) --&gt;

==Slides==
* [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1-XdVSEAVAWahOMksgubomM75asUHHwjuyCA3k2gYEUA/edit?usp=sharing Individual emotions] (Google Slides)
&lt;!-- * [http://www.slideshare.net/jtneill/individual-emotions Lecture slides] (Slideshare)
* Handouts
** [[Media:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 09 - Individual emotions 6slidesperpage.pdf|Download 6 slides to a page]]: [[File:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 09 - Individual emotions 6slidesperpage.pdf|100px]]
** [[Media:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 09 - Individual emotions 3slidesperpage.pdf|Download 3 slides to a page]]: [[File:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 09 - Individual emotions 3slidesperpage.pdf|100px]]
--&gt;

==See also==
* [[/Images/]]

; Lectures
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Aspects of emotion|Aspects of emotion]] (Previous lecture)
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Unconscious motivation|Unconscious motivation]] (Next lecture)

; Tutorial
* [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/20 emotions|20 emotions]] (Tutorial)

==Recording==
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/9917dadac2144ffeb6a6ea773aad9ce8 Lecture 09 recording] (2024)&lt;!--
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/c61875ec86bd4258ac3f5e0ceaeded04 Lecture 09 recording] (2023)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/fb1b6680261a4a55b4ee699544c920f8 Lecture 09 recording](2022)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/6bc4d9bf00b643d7b19aff736a499f39 Lecture 09 recording] (2021)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/96e78b4252504c3193258d2e0dc2f05e Lecture 09 recording] (2020)
* [https://echo360.org.au/media/4fa588c8-f9f8-4f6f-8bc5-2a0411bbc261/public Lecture 09 recording] (2019)
* [https://echo360.org.au/media/68737326-23d4-4ceb-ad51-ef21a6855637/public Lecture 09 recording] (2018)
* [https://echo360.org.au/media/8ed1c121-f6b4-4ac1-b5a2-5130d65c38ca/public Lecture 09 recording] (2017)
--&gt;
&lt;!-- ==References==
{{Hanging indent|1=

O'Connell, B. H., O'Shea, D., &amp; Gallagher, S. (2017). Feeling thanks and saying thanks: A randomized controlled trial examining if and how socially oriented gratitude journals work. ''Journal of Clinical Psychology'', ''73''(10), 1280–1300. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22469

}}
--&gt;

==External links==
* [https://medium.com/polyamory-today/compersion-or-mudita-unlearning-jealousy-the-buddhist-way-aad804a81d7 Compersion or mudita: Unlearning jealousy the buddhist way] (Polyamory Today)
* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/12079828_Dirt_Disgust_and_Disease_Is_Hygiene_in_Our_Genes Dirt, disgust, and disease: Is hygiene in our genes] (Curtis &amp; Biran, 2001; pdf)
* [https://www.psychologytoday.com/au/blog/hide-and-seek/201505/empathy-vs-sympathy Empathy vs. sympathy] (Psychology Today)
* [http://www.rpforschools.net/articles/ASP/Tangney,%20Tracy%20&amp;%20Robins%202007%20The%20self-conscious%20emotions%20-%20Theory%20and%20Research.pdf The self-conscious emotions] (Tangney et al., 2007; pdf)
* [https://www.psychologytoday.com/au/blog/joy-and-pain/201401/what-is-the-difference-between-envy-and-jealousy What is the difference between envy and jealousy?] (Psychology Today)
{{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Navigation}}

[[Category:Motivation and emotion/Emotion/Guilt]]
[[Category:Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Individual emotions]]</text>
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        <id>10242</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Update for 2025</comment>
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      <text bytes="132" sha1="fsruw3ilf3b7xhpyn3o81v40oauvpvo" xml:space="preserve">[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2025|book chapter table of contents]]&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Motivation and emotion/Admin]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <title>Motivation and emotion/About/Graduate attributes</title>
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      <text bytes="3583" sha1="c42ergc2147nwzc3rac1oh1bcgj7ux2" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{title|Graduate attributes}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
[[Motivation and emotion|This unit]] fosters these [[University of Canberra/Graduate attributes|University of Canberra graduate attributes]]:

# '''Professional''':
##communicate effectively;
##display initiative and drive, and use their organisation skills to plan and manage their workload;
##employ up-to-date and relevant knowledge and skills;
##use creativity, critical thinking, analysis and research skills to solve theoretical and real-world problems;
# '''Global citizen''':
##adopt an informed and balanced approach across professional and international boundaries; 
##communicate effectively in diverse cultural and social settings;
##make creative use of technology in their learning and professional lives;
# '''Lifelong learner''':
##adapt to complexity, ambiguity and change by being flexible and keen to engage with new ideas;
##evaluate and adopt new technology.

The graduate attributes are mapped to the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment|assessment]] items as shown in this table:
{{center top}}
{| border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5 | style=&quot;width:80%&quot;
|-
! style=&quot;width: 24%&quot; | Category
! style=&quot;width: 24%&quot; | Attribute
! style=&quot;width: 13%&quot; | [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|Topic development]]
! style=&quot;width: 13%&quot; | [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|Book chapter]]
! style=&quot;width: 13%&quot; | [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Exam|Exam]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|1. Professional
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Communicate effectively
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|✔
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|✔
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|1. Professional
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Display initiative and drive
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|✔
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|✔
| 
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|1. Professional
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Knowledge and skills up-to-date
|
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|✔
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|✔
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|1. Professional
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Solve problems via thinking
| 
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|✔
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|2. Global citizen
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Informed and balanced
|
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|✔
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|2. Global citizen
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Communicate diversely
| 
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|✔
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|2. Global citizen
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Creative use of technology
| 
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|✔
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|3. Lifelong learner
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Engage in new ideas
| 
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|✔
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|3. Lifelong learner
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Adopt new technology
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|✔
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|✔
|
|}
{{center bottom}}

Through this unit, many skills are likely to be developed which can be incorporated into resumes and professional portfolios such as:
* Demonstrated ability to use professional knowledge to address applied psychological problems.
* Confidence in written and verbal communication of ideas using collaborative, online platforms.
* Capacity to learn new technologies for addressing novel problems.

If you don't feel confident declaring such skills by the end of the unit then they could be considered targets for further skill development (e.g., through internship).

Consider including your [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|book chapter]] as a work example (artefact) in your e-portfolio.&lt;noinclude&gt;

[[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}]]
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      <text bytes="3065" sha1="11jfhtsw1e6a2hzjs3j6xv7v8h53rja" xml:space="preserve">The [[University of Canberra]] aims to facilitate the development of 19 graduate attributes in its undergraduate students.

==Graduate attributes==
# '''UC graduates are professional'''.&lt;br&gt;Because we collaborate closely with industry and other stakeholders, our graduates have the knowledge, skills and attitudes to succeed in their profession and become leaders in their field. UC graduates can:
##communicate effectively;
##display initiative and drive, and use their organisation skills to plan and manage their workload;
##employ up-to-date and relevant knowledge and skills;
##use creativity, critical thinking, analysis and research skills to solve theoretical and real-world problems;
##work collaboratively as part of a team, negotiate, and resolve conflict;
##take pride in their professional and personal integrity.
# '''UC graduates are global citizens'''.&lt;br&gt;We support students to gain the knowledge and confidence to be global citizens. UC graduates can:
##think globally about issues in their profession;
##adopt an informed and balanced  approach across professional and international boundaries; 
##understand issues in their profession from the perspective of other cultures;
##communicate effectively in diverse cultural and social settings;
##make creative use of technology in their learning and professional lives;
##behave ethically and sustainably in their professional and personal lives. 
# '''UC graduates are lifelong learners'''.&lt;br&gt;Our graduates are passionate about being at the forefront of their profession, staying in touch with the latest research, news and technology. UC graduates can:
##reflect on their own practice, updating and adapting their knowledge and skills for continual professional and academic development;
##be self-aware;
##adapt to complexity, ambiguity and change by being flexible and keen to engage with new ideas;
##evaluate and adopt new technology.
#'''UC graduates are able to demonstrate Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander ways of knowing, being and doing'''. UC graduates can:
##use local Indigenous histories and traditional ecological knowledge to develop and augment understanding of their discipline;
##communicate and engage with Indigenous Australians in ethical and culturally respectful ways;
##apply their knowledge to working with Indigenous Australians in socially just ways.

==External links==
* [https://www.canberra.edu.au/about-uc/l-and-t/graduate-attributes Graduate attributes] (University of Canberra)
* [https://policies.canberra.edu.au/document/view-current.php?id=42 Graduate Attributes Policy] (University of Canberra)
&lt;!-- 
* [http://www.canberra.edu.au/blogs/dvce/2015/07/29/graduate-attributes-for-units-outlines-in-semester-2/ Graduate Attributes for units in semester 2] (Learning at UC blog, 29 July, 2015)
* [http://www.canberra.edu.au/blogs/dvce/2015/01/27/graduate-attributes-policy-new-policy-replaces-generic-skills/ Graduate Attributes Policy – new policy replaces generic skills] (Learning at UC blog, 27 January, 2015) --&gt;

[[Category:University of Canberra]]</text>
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      <text bytes="4920" sha1="tpwzm1xbeoku6oksr1uwflr8futhbm9" xml:space="preserve">{{Motivation and emotion/Lectures|Lecture 04: Extrinsic motivation and psychological needs|fourth}}
{{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/In development}}
&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/In development}} --&gt;
&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Complete}} --&gt;
[[File:Carrot and stick motivation.svg|200px|right]]
==Overview==
This lecture discusses human motivation in terms of:
* a taxonomy of motivation which includes intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
* psychological needs according to self-determination theory (autonomy, competence, relatedness)

Key question: What is the &quot;secret sauce&quot; for unlocking &quot;intrinsic motivation&quot;?

Take-home messages:
* Intrinsic motivation usually produces better outcomes than extrinsic motivation
* The more complex the task, the more important is intrinsic motivation
* Intrinsic motivation is fostered by conditions which support autonomy, competence, and relatedness

==Outline==
Extrinsic motivation and internalisation
* Extrinsic motivation
* Incentives and rewards
* Hidden costs of reward
* Intrinsic motivation
* Cognitive evaluation theory
* Types of extrinsic motivation
* Internalisation
* Amotivation

Psychological needs
* Psychological needs
* Autonomy
* Competence
* Relatedness

==Multimedia==
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u6XAPnuFjJc The surprising science of motivation] (Dan Pink, RSA Animate, YouTube) (10:47 min): What are the psychological ingredients for harnessing motivation in the workplace? External motivators such as money are useful, up to a point, but beyond that the work needs to allow for autonomy and be meaningful to engage intrinsic motivation.
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5aH2Ppjpcho&amp;t=594 What makes us feel good about our work?] (Dan Ariely, TEDx talk, 2013) (10:32 min): Describes several eye-opening experiments which manipulate the way simple tasks are conducted and measure how this affects people's performance and reactions. The amount of control and effort we exert influences how much we value the outcome.

==Readings==
# Chapter 05: Extrinsic motivation and internalisation ([[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2018|Reeve, 2018]])
# Chapter 06: Psychological needs ([[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2018|Reeve, 2018]])

==Slides==
* [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1kHoSY6Lzd-Shr8v23F6gYvxGCr6-neN8B4_sqyKAKZM/edit?usp=sharing Extrinsic motivation and internalisation] (Google Slides)
* [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1HOjJDhp7GDQdbUMqZ6zp_vXVlgGjjXUW90nJps3__Mc/edit?usp=sharing Psychological needs] (Google Slides)
&lt;!-- ** [https://www.slideshare.net/jtneill/extrinsic-motivation-79269759 Extrinsic motivation] (Slideshare)
** [https://www.slideshare.net/jtneill/psychological-needs-79269786 Psychological needs] (Slideshare)
2016 and pre * [http://www.slideshare.net/jtneill/psychological-and-social-needs Lecture slides] (Slideshare)
* Handouts
** [[Media:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 04 - Extrinsic motivation &amp; psychological needs 6slidesperpage.pdf|Download 6 slides to a page]]: [[File:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 04 - Extrinsic motivation &amp; psychological needs 6slidesperpage.pdf|100px]]
** [[Media:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 04 - Extrinsic motivation &amp; psychological needs 3slidesperpage.pdf|Download 3 slides to a page]]: [[File:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 04 - Extrinsic motivation &amp; psychological needs 3slidesperpage.pdf|100px]]
--&gt;

==See also==
;Wikipedia
* [[w:Carrot and stick|Carrot and stick]]
* [[w:Cognitive evaluation theory|Cognitive evaluation theory]]

;Wikiversity
* [[Extrinsic motivation]]
* [[/Images/]]
* [[Intrinsic motivation]]
* [[Psychological needs]]
* [[Self-determination theory]]

;Lectures
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Brain and physiological needs|Brain and physiological needs]] (Previous lecture)
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Implicit motives and goals|Implicit motives and goals]] (Next lecture)

;Tutorial
* [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Psychological needs|Psychological needs]] (Tutorial)

==Recording==
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/33a40d59c9014ef38f6e7b767bf1bd49 Lecture 04] (2024)&lt;!--
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/95fc9e2ff7fe45148b7b1a8145816bcc Lecture 04] (2023)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/73c5999c38034ba99b4d56a6a875977f Lecture 04] (2022)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/1989aa67804d4be1a303929130a548dc Lecture 04] (2021)
--&gt;

==External links==
* [https://www.ted.com/talks/ayelet_fishbach_how_to_set_the_right_goals_and_stay_motivated How to set the right goals and stay motivated] (Ayelet Fishbach, TEDxChicago, October 2023, 17:04 mins)

* [https://selfdeterminationtheory.org/meta-theory-the-organismic-viewpoint/ Meta-theory: The organismic viewpoint] (selfdeterminationtheory.org){{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Navigation}}

[[Category:Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Extrinsic motivation and psychological needs]]</text>
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{{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/In development}}
&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/In development}} --&gt;
&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Complete}} --&gt;
[[File:Carrot and stick motivation.svg|200px|right]]
==Overview==
This lecture discusses human motivation in terms of:
* a taxonomy of motivation which includes intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
* psychological needs according to self-determination theory (autonomy, competence, relatedness)

Key question: What is the &quot;secret sauce&quot; for unlocking &quot;intrinsic motivation&quot;?

Take-home messages:
* Intrinsic motivation usually produces better outcomes than extrinsic motivation
* The more complex the task, the more important is intrinsic motivation
* Intrinsic motivation is fostered by conditions which support autonomy, competence, and relatedness

==Outline==
Extrinsic motivation and internalisation
* Extrinsic motivation
* Incentives and rewards
* Hidden costs of reward
* Intrinsic motivation
* Cognitive evaluation theory
* Types of extrinsic motivation
* Internalisation
* Amotivation

Psychological needs
* Psychological needs
* Autonomy
* Competence
* Relatedness

==Multimedia==
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u6XAPnuFjJc The surprising science of motivation] (Dan Pink, RSA Animate, YouTube) (10:47 min): What are the psychological ingredients for harnessing motivation in the workplace? External motivators such as money are useful, up to a point, but beyond that the work needs to allow for autonomy and be meaningful to engage intrinsic motivation.
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5aH2Ppjpcho&amp;t=594 What makes us feel good about our work?] (Dan Ariely, TEDx talk, 2013) (10:32 min): Describes several eye-opening experiments which manipulate the way simple tasks are conducted and measure how this affects people's performance and reactions. The amount of control and effort we exert influences how much we value the outcome.

==Readings==
# TBA &lt;!-- # Chapter 05: Extrinsic motivation and internalisation ([[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2018|Reeve, 2018]])
# Chapter 06: Psychological needs ([[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2018|Reeve, 2018]]) --&gt;

==Slides==
* [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1kHoSY6Lzd-Shr8v23F6gYvxGCr6-neN8B4_sqyKAKZM/edit?usp=sharing Extrinsic motivation and internalisation] (Google Slides)
* [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1HOjJDhp7GDQdbUMqZ6zp_vXVlgGjjXUW90nJps3__Mc/edit?usp=sharing Psychological needs] (Google Slides)
&lt;!-- ** [https://www.slideshare.net/jtneill/extrinsic-motivation-79269759 Extrinsic motivation] (Slideshare)
** [https://www.slideshare.net/jtneill/psychological-needs-79269786 Psychological needs] (Slideshare)
2016 and pre * [http://www.slideshare.net/jtneill/psychological-and-social-needs Lecture slides] (Slideshare)
* Handouts
** [[Media:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 04 - Extrinsic motivation &amp; psychological needs 6slidesperpage.pdf|Download 6 slides to a page]]: [[File:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 04 - Extrinsic motivation &amp; psychological needs 6slidesperpage.pdf|100px]]
** [[Media:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 04 - Extrinsic motivation &amp; psychological needs 3slidesperpage.pdf|Download 3 slides to a page]]: [[File:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 04 - Extrinsic motivation &amp; psychological needs 3slidesperpage.pdf|100px]]
--&gt;

==See also==
;Wikipedia
* [[w:Carrot and stick|Carrot and stick]]
* [[w:Cognitive evaluation theory|Cognitive evaluation theory]]

;Wikiversity
* [[Extrinsic motivation]]
* [[/Images/]]
* [[Intrinsic motivation]]
* [[Psychological needs]]
* [[Self-determination theory]]

;Lectures
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Brain and physiological needs|Brain and physiological needs]] (Previous lecture)
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Implicit motives and goals|Implicit motives and goals]] (Next lecture)

;Tutorial
* [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Psychological needs|Psychological needs]] (Tutorial)

==Recording==
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/33a40d59c9014ef38f6e7b767bf1bd49 Lecture 04] (2024)&lt;!--
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/95fc9e2ff7fe45148b7b1a8145816bcc Lecture 04] (2023)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/73c5999c38034ba99b4d56a6a875977f Lecture 04] (2022)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/1989aa67804d4be1a303929130a548dc Lecture 04] (2021)
--&gt;

==External links==
* [https://www.ted.com/talks/ayelet_fishbach_how_to_set_the_right_goals_and_stay_motivated How to set the right goals and stay motivated] (Ayelet Fishbach, TEDxChicago, October 2023, 17:04 mins)

* [https://selfdeterminationtheory.org/meta-theory-the-organismic-viewpoint/ Meta-theory: The organismic viewpoint] (selfdeterminationtheory.org){{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Navigation}}

[[Category:Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Extrinsic motivation and psychological needs]]</text>
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{{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/In development}}
&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/In development}} --&gt;
&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Complete}} --&gt;
[[File:Cycling_Time_Trial_effort.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Goals drive effort and perseverance.]]

==Overview==
This lecture discusses:
* implicit motives
* goal-setting and goal striving

Key questions: 
* What are implicit motives? How do they arise?
* What are the key elements for successful goal setting and goal pursuit?

Take-home messages:
* Implicit (unconscious) motives are socialised rather than innate, and include achievement, affiliation/intimacy, and power motivations.
* People perform best when they have a specific plan of action to pursue a difficult, specific, and self-congruent goal.

==Outline==
Implicit motives
* Explicit vs. implicit motives
* Achievement
* Affiliation
* Power

Goal setting and goal striving
* Corrective motivation
* Goal setting
* Goal striving

==Multimedia==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jxNhGE3gPcA David McClelland and three motivational needs] (Management Courses, YouTube) (8:12 mins): Explains the three psychological needs proposed by David McClelland using a practical scenario – building a sales team.
* [https://www.youtube.com/embed/dWOt2HyjCno?start=6&amp;end=95 Locke and Latham's Goal Setting Theory] (MindTools, YouTube) (1:29 mins): A lot of contemporary goal setting advice is derived from Locke and Latham's (1990) goal setting theory which is summarised in this video in terms of clarity, challenge, commitment, feedback and complexity.

==Activity==
{{anchor|Activity}}{{RoundBoxTop|theme=10}}
'''Activity: What's your implicit motivational profile?'''
[[File:Antu 67EF addoninstaller.0.svg|right|100px]]
# Watched the three motivational needs video
# Respond to this [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScAwgriMB4XflSusdAVv6rBaeStJmnzso3ahsc87d8zSbdY2Q/viewform 3-question survey]
# View and discuss the results
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

==Readings==
* Chapter 07: Implicit motives ([[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2018|Reeve, 2018]])
* Chapter 08: Goal setting and goal striving ([[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2018|Reeve, 2018]])

==Slides==
* [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1PeUVxi0Wb8O8H_pkzPOUvyVRK-PmErL5Y9aziW8rMJw/edit?usp=sharing Implicit motives] (Google Slides)
* [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1GIH5THeUZ_fozpCqJjqXZTASpVB0eww_EHpgQGy1OOA/edit?usp=sharing Goal setting and goal striving] (Google Slides)
&lt;!-- ** [https://www.slideshare.net/jtneill/implicit-motives Implicit motivates] (Slideshare)
** [https://www.slideshare.net/jtneill/goals-79467682 Goal setting and goal striving] (Slideshare) --&gt;
&lt;!-- * [http://www.slideshare.net/jtneill/intrinsic-extrinsic-motivation-and-goalsetting Lecture slides] (Slideshare)
* Handouts
** [[Media:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 05 - Implicit motives and goals 6slidesperpage.pdf|Download 6 slides to a page]]: [[File:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 05 - Implicit motives and goals 6slidesperpage.pdf|100px]]
** [[Media:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 05 - Implicit motives and goals 3slidesperpage.pdf|Download 3 slides to a page]]: [[File:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 05 - Implicit motives and goals 3slidesperpage.pdf|100px]]
Remove these
* 2016 handouts:
** [[Media:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 05 - Extrinsic motivation and goal setting 6slidesperpage.pdf|Download 6 slides to a page]]: [[File:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 05 - Extrinsic motivation and goal setting 6slidesperpage.pdf|100px]]
** [[Media:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 05 - Extrinsic motivation and goal setting 3slidesperpage.pdf|Download 3 slides to a page]]: [[File:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 05 - Extrinsic motivation and goal setting 3slidesperpage.pdf|100px]]
--&gt;

==See also==
* [[/Images/]]

;Lectures
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Extrinsic motivation and psychological needs|Extrinsic motivation and psychological needs]] (Previous lecture)
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Mindsets, control, and the self|Mindsets, control, and self]] (Next lecture)
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Unconscious motivation|Unconscious motivation]] (Related lecture)

;Tutorial
* [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Functionalist theory and self-tracking|Functionalist theory and self-tracking]]

;Wikiversity
* [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Achievement|Achievement]] (Book chapters)
* [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Goal pursuit|Goal pursuit]] (Book chapters)
* [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Goal setting|Goal setting]] (Book chapters)
* [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Implicit motives|Implicit motives]] (Book chapters)
* [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Power motivation|Power motivation]] (Book chapters)
* [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Social|Social]] (Book chapters)

;Wikipedia
* [[w:David McClelland|David McClelland]]
* [[w:Goal setting|Goal setting]]
* [[w:John William Atkinson|John Atkinson]]
* [[w:Need theory|Need theory]]

==Recording==
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/0abaa54a518944d6ab50d9477d1802e1 Lecture 05] (2024)&lt;!--
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/068e1b132ae943ba89f2b56e2f20e754 Lecture 05] (2023)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/93d6539cd2f4482ab6366206118f3e7a Lecture 05] (2022)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/d47120afc7a04ebcb74fed4e859b3aaf Lecture 05] (2021)
--&gt;

==References==

{{Hanging indent|1=

Hattie, J., &amp; Timperley, H. (2007). [https://insightplatform-public.sharepoint.com/SiteAssets/feedback-and-reporting/characteristics-of-effective-feedback/power_feedback.pdf The power of feedback]. ''Review of Educational Research'', 77, 81-112.

}}

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/embed/wtcq8RDDPFU?start=67&amp;end=115 BBC Interview with Rupert Murdoch] (YouTube, 1968) (0:48 min) – Example of one type of social need – the need for power
* [http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/en/derek_sivers_keep_your_goals_to_yourself.html Keep your goals to yourself] (Derek Sivers, TED talk, 2010) (3 min) – Conventional wisdom is to make our goals public to hold us accountable – but going public gives a (false) sense of satisfaction that can undermine future effort
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q6GdnQm0gSE If you could achieve one goal in 24 hours] (Brian Tracy) (2 min) – A &quot;motivational guru&quot; argues for putting everything aside to achieve one goal in 24 hours
* [https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newHTE_87.htm Locke's goal-setting theory: Setting meaningful, challenging goals] (Mind Tools)
* [http://bigthink.com/videos/adam-alter-want-to-succeed-dont-set-goals-set-systems Want to succeed? Don't set goals, set systems] (Adam Alter, Big Think) (3:50 mins) – Goal setting and goal striving can be a motivational double-edged sword
{{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Navigation}}

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      <text bytes="7039" sha1="0ce0hdnwyp9ueej82wtg1dqow1byl5k" xml:space="preserve">{{Motivation and emotion/Lectures|Lecture 05: Implicit motives and goals|fifth}}
{{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/In development}}
&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/In development}} --&gt;
&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Complete}} --&gt;
[[File:Cycling_Time_Trial_effort.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Goals drive effort and perseverance.]]

==Overview==
This lecture discusses:
* implicit motives
* goal-setting and goal striving

Key questions: 
* What are implicit motives? How do they arise?
* What are the key elements for successful goal setting and goal pursuit?

Take-home messages:
* Implicit (unconscious) motives are socialised rather than innate, and include achievement, affiliation/intimacy, and power motivations.
* People perform best when they have a specific plan of action to pursue a difficult, specific, and self-congruent goal.

==Outline==
Implicit motives
* Explicit vs. implicit motives
* Achievement
* Affiliation
* Power

Goal setting and goal striving
* Corrective motivation
* Goal setting
* Goal striving

==Multimedia==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jxNhGE3gPcA David McClelland and three motivational needs] (Management Courses, YouTube) (8:12 mins): Explains the three psychological needs proposed by David McClelland using a practical scenario – building a sales team.
* [https://www.youtube.com/embed/dWOt2HyjCno?start=6&amp;end=95 Locke and Latham's Goal Setting Theory] (MindTools, YouTube) (1:29 mins): A lot of contemporary goal setting advice is derived from Locke and Latham's (1990) goal setting theory which is summarised in this video in terms of clarity, challenge, commitment, feedback and complexity.

==Activity==
{{anchor|Activity}}{{RoundBoxTop|theme=10}}
'''Activity: What's your implicit motivational profile?'''
[[File:Antu 67EF addoninstaller.0.svg|right|100px]]
# Watched the three motivational needs video
# Respond to this [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScAwgriMB4XflSusdAVv6rBaeStJmnzso3ahsc87d8zSbdY2Q/viewform 3-question survey]
# View and discuss the results
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

==Readings==
# TBA &lt;!-- * Chapter 07: Implicit motives ([[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2018|Reeve, 2018]])
* Chapter 08: Goal setting and goal striving ([[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2018|Reeve, 2018]]) --&gt;

==Slides==
* [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1PeUVxi0Wb8O8H_pkzPOUvyVRK-PmErL5Y9aziW8rMJw/edit?usp=sharing Implicit motives] (Google Slides)
* [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1GIH5THeUZ_fozpCqJjqXZTASpVB0eww_EHpgQGy1OOA/edit?usp=sharing Goal setting and goal striving] (Google Slides)
&lt;!-- ** [https://www.slideshare.net/jtneill/implicit-motives Implicit motivates] (Slideshare)
** [https://www.slideshare.net/jtneill/goals-79467682 Goal setting and goal striving] (Slideshare) --&gt;
&lt;!-- * [http://www.slideshare.net/jtneill/intrinsic-extrinsic-motivation-and-goalsetting Lecture slides] (Slideshare)
* Handouts
** [[Media:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 05 - Implicit motives and goals 6slidesperpage.pdf|Download 6 slides to a page]]: [[File:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 05 - Implicit motives and goals 6slidesperpage.pdf|100px]]
** [[Media:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 05 - Implicit motives and goals 3slidesperpage.pdf|Download 3 slides to a page]]: [[File:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 05 - Implicit motives and goals 3slidesperpage.pdf|100px]]
Remove these
* 2016 handouts:
** [[Media:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 05 - Extrinsic motivation and goal setting 6slidesperpage.pdf|Download 6 slides to a page]]: [[File:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 05 - Extrinsic motivation and goal setting 6slidesperpage.pdf|100px]]
** [[Media:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 05 - Extrinsic motivation and goal setting 3slidesperpage.pdf|Download 3 slides to a page]]: [[File:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 05 - Extrinsic motivation and goal setting 3slidesperpage.pdf|100px]]
--&gt;

==See also==
* [[/Images/]]

;Lectures
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Extrinsic motivation and psychological needs|Extrinsic motivation and psychological needs]] (Previous lecture)
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Mindsets, control, and the self|Mindsets, control, and self]] (Next lecture)
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Unconscious motivation|Unconscious motivation]] (Related lecture)

;Tutorial
* [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Functionalist theory and self-tracking|Functionalist theory and self-tracking]]

;Wikiversity
* [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Achievement|Achievement]] (Book chapters)
* [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Goal pursuit|Goal pursuit]] (Book chapters)
* [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Goal setting|Goal setting]] (Book chapters)
* [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Implicit motives|Implicit motives]] (Book chapters)
* [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Power motivation|Power motivation]] (Book chapters)
* [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Social|Social]] (Book chapters)

;Wikipedia
* [[w:David McClelland|David McClelland]]
* [[w:Goal setting|Goal setting]]
* [[w:John William Atkinson|John Atkinson]]
* [[w:Need theory|Need theory]]

==Recording==
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/0abaa54a518944d6ab50d9477d1802e1 Lecture 05] (2024)&lt;!--
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/068e1b132ae943ba89f2b56e2f20e754 Lecture 05] (2023)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/93d6539cd2f4482ab6366206118f3e7a Lecture 05] (2022)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/d47120afc7a04ebcb74fed4e859b3aaf Lecture 05] (2021)
--&gt;

==References==

{{Hanging indent|1=

Hattie, J., &amp; Timperley, H. (2007). [https://insightplatform-public.sharepoint.com/SiteAssets/feedback-and-reporting/characteristics-of-effective-feedback/power_feedback.pdf The power of feedback]. ''Review of Educational Research'', 77, 81-112.

}}

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/embed/wtcq8RDDPFU?start=67&amp;end=115 BBC Interview with Rupert Murdoch] (YouTube, 1968) (0:48 min) – Example of one type of social need – the need for power
* [http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/en/derek_sivers_keep_your_goals_to_yourself.html Keep your goals to yourself] (Derek Sivers, TED talk, 2010) (3 min) – Conventional wisdom is to make our goals public to hold us accountable – but going public gives a (false) sense of satisfaction that can undermine future effort
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q6GdnQm0gSE If you could achieve one goal in 24 hours] (Brian Tracy) (2 min) – A &quot;motivational guru&quot; argues for putting everything aside to achieve one goal in 24 hours
* [https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newHTE_87.htm Locke's goal-setting theory: Setting meaningful, challenging goals] (Mind Tools)
* [http://bigthink.com/videos/adam-alter-want-to-succeed-dont-set-goals-set-systems Want to succeed? Don't set goals, set systems] (Adam Alter, Big Think) (3:50 mins) – Goal setting and goal striving can be a motivational double-edged sword
{{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Navigation}}

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      <text bytes="160988" sha1="p2nbw3w1r5mrqqqnnhp6nktljdnoyu0" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Leslie Ward - Vanity Fair, Newspapermen, ^Algy^, The Hon Algernon Henry Bourke, Januray 20, 1898 - B1979.14.521 - Yale Center for British Art.jpg|thumb|Hon. Algernon Bourke, ''Vanity Fair'', 1898]]

==Also Known As==
* Family name: Bourke [pronounced ''burk'']&lt;ref name=&quot;:62&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-05-07|title=Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earl_of_Mayo&amp;oldid=1222668659|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Mayo.&lt;/ref&gt;
* The Hon. Algernon Bourke
** Button Bourke&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Tory 'Reformer' at the India Office.&quot; ''India'' 10 November 1911, Friday: 4 [of 12], Col. 1b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004300/19111110/007/0004#. Print: same title, p. 228.&lt;/ref&gt;
** Algy Bourke
* Mrs. Gwendolen Bourke
** Gwendolen&lt;ref&gt;General Register Office. ''England and Wales Civil Registration Indexes''. London, England: General Register Office. FreeBMD. ''England &amp; Wales, Civil Registration Marriage Index, 1837-1915''[database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Marriage Index}} &lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt;{{rp|''Morning Post'' article about her name}} &lt;ref&gt;General Register Office. ''England and Wales Civil Registration Indexes''. London, England: General Register Office. FreeBMD. ''England &amp; Wales, Civil Registration Marriage Index, 1837-1915''[database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Electoral Register}}
** Guendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; [The National Portrait Gallery, London, uses this spelling for Lafayette's portrait of Bourke in costume for the ball.&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt;]
** Gwendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;City of Westminster Archives Centre; London, England; ''Westminster Church of England Parish Registers''; Reference: ''SPWP/PR/1/2''. Ancestry.com. ''Westminster, London, England, Church of England Births and Baptisms, 1813-1919'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Births and Baptisms}}
* Shelley Bontein and Emilie Sloane-Stanley Bontein
* See also the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|page for the Earl of Mayo]], the Hon. Algernon Bourke's father and then brother, and other Bourkes

== Overview ==

=== Algernon Bourke ===
Although the Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke was born in Dublin in 1854 and came from a family whose title is in the Peerage of Ireland,&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;1911 England Census.&lt;/ref&gt; he seems to have spent much of his adult life generally in England and especially in London. He was &quot;a noted fisherman.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London Correspondence.&quot; ''Freeman's Journal'' 21 December 1897, Tuesday: 5 [of 8], Col. 5c [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000056/18971221/027/0005. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

Because he was the son of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]], perhaps, or perhaps because he was so involved in projects that got reported on, he was mentioned a great deal in the newspapers, but after his bankruptcy, he seems to have receded in prominence, in part because he was living outside of the U.K., and apparently separately from his wife, Gwendolen Bourke.

Bourke ran as the Conservative candidate for Parliament from Clapham (population, c. 70,000) in 1885, a race he did not win. As a candidate he is described like this:&lt;blockquote&gt;Acted as a newspaper correspondent during the Zulu war. Subsequently Poor-law inspector in the West of Ireland. &quot;A loyal supporter of Church and State.&quot; Desires to reduce the School Board expenditure, and revive trade; and is opposed to Mr. Chamberlain's &quot;police of hasty and experimental reform.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Clapham (70,000).&quot; ''South London Chronicle'' 17 October 1885, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000443/18851017/113/0005. Print title ''South London Chronicle and Southwark and Lambeth Ensign'', p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The London ''Weekly Dispatch'' says he is &quot;a dashing and unscrupulous young Tory.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Political Campaign in London.&quot; ''Weekly Dispatch'' (London) 15 November 1885, Sunday: 9 [of 16], Col. 3c [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003358/18851115/069/0009. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;Algy&quot; Bourke was &quot;Man of the Day&quot; (No. DCCII [522) for ''Vanity Fair'' in 1898, caricatured by Leslie Ward (above right):&lt;blockquote&gt;Son of the great and murdered Lord Mayo, he is contemporary with the outbreak of the Crimean War, he is a Member of the London Stock Exchange, he has a beautiful wife and a daughter, and, being a very fashionable young man, he was once refused as their Member by the worthy electors of Clapham. He was an Eton boy, of course: and less naturally he went to Cambridge; where he was made President of the Beefsteak, the Amateur Dramatic, the Athenaeum, the True Blue, and the Hibernian Clubs. When he came down he tried journalism and went to Zululand as a ''Daily Telegraph'' ‘‘special”; after which he was improved into an Inspector of Workhouses [2, Col. 2c – 3, Col. 1a] in Ireland: which may account for his proficiency as a caterer. For seven years he worked under the late Mr. Chinnery on ''The Times'': being popularly supposed to look after that journal's morals. He is a good man of business, and a great organiser who has made White's Club pay even if it be less “smart&quot; than it was. He has done much for Willis’s since he took it in hand; he did well with his Battersea venture, and he thinks that he only failed with the Summer Club in Kensington Gardens because people would not go to the wrong side of the Park. Moreover, he runs a Club at Brighton, and he is Chairman of the Grand Hotel at Monte Carlo: whither he once organised a cheap trip. Altogether he is a veritable Clubman, and a very successful arranger of amusements, associations, and restaurants.

He is a popular fellow who is known to all of us; and though he is a little inclined to be quarrelsome, no one can get much the better of him. He is also a quick grasper of facts and a good talker. His favourite sports are fishing and the organising of associations for the introduction of salmon to the Thames. By way of being an art critic, he has made an interesting collection of engravings of the members of White’s Club from its foundation; but his friends say that he is not a well-dressed man. He has also written a history of White’s, and he is now writing one of Brooks's Club. He is a genial person, who looks as if the world agreed with him well.

He is an aquisition [sic] to a house party; and they call him “Algy.”&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Men of the Day.&quot; — No. DCCII [522]. The Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke.&quot; ''Vanity Fair'' 20 January 1898, Thursday: 2 [of 4], Col. 2c – 3, Col. 3a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9900020/18980120/010/0002 and https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/9900020/18980120/005/0003. Same print title, pp. 41–42. Portrait is full page, on p. 1.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The Hon. Algernon Bourke and Mr. Algernon Bourke, depending on the newspaper article, were the same person. Calling him Mr. Bourke in the newspapers, especially when considered as a businessman or (potential) member of Parliament, does not rule out the son of an earl, who would normally be accorded the honorific of ''Honorable''.

=== Gwendolen Sloane-Stanley Bourke ===

Mrs. Gwendolen Bourke exhibited at dog shows successfully and was a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Society Sportswomen|noted deerstalker]] and &quot;an appreciative listener to good music.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Vanity Fair.&quot; ''Lady of the House'' 15 June 1899, Thursday: 4 [of 44], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004836/18990615/019/0004.&lt;/ref&gt; Her personal beauty is often mentioned in reports, and ''The World'' says she was &quot;a magnificent woman.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Beauties of To-Day. From the ''World''.&quot; ''Clifton Society'' 24 June 1897, Thursday: 14 [of 16], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002164/18970624/066/0014. Same print and p.&lt;/ref&gt; She is the first listed in the ''Graphic''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s 1891 &quot;Leading Ladies of Society&quot;:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke is a daughter (Gwendoline Irene Emily) of the late Hans Sloane Stanley, Esq., of Poultons, Southampton, and 49, Cadogan Square, S.W. She married, on December 15th, 1887, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, third son of the sixth Earl of Mayo, Governor-General of India (who was assassinated in 1872), and nephew of Lord Connemara, Governor of Madras. Mr. Bourke is a member of the London Stock Exchange, and resides at 33, Cadogan Terrace, S.W.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Leading Ladies of Society.&quot; The Graphic 28 March 1891, Saturday: 6 [of 28], Col. 2c [of 3]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9000057/18910328/019/0006. Print: same title, p. 346.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;She attended many social events without her husband, especially into the 20th century, usually with an appreciative description of what she wore. She was a sponsor of Irish art needlework as well. Unlike her husband's, Gwendolen's social status seems to have risen as time passed, and she appears in stories associated with the Princess of Wales, and then later with Queen Alexandra.

=== The Sloane-Stanley Family ===
Gwendolen's family consisted of a younger brother, Cyril Sloane-Stanley, as well as her parents, Hans Sloane-Stanley and Emilie Edwards Sloane-Stanley. Exactly one year after she and Algernon Bourke married, Hans Sloane-Stanley died (in 1888), leaving an estate worth £33,704 7s. 5d.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;&gt;Principal Probate Registry; London, England; ''Calendar of the Grants of Probate and Letters of Administration made in the Probate Registries of the High Court of Justice in England''. Ancestry.com. ''England &amp; Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1995'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; (1888, 321) Her mother remarried almost exactly a year after that, to James Shelly Bontein. Bontein's father had been Gentleman Usher and Clerk of the Robes to Queen Victoria.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot;&gt;&quot;Marriages.&quot; &quot;Births, Marriages, and Deaths.&quot; ''Belfast News-Letter'' 6 December 1889, Friday: 1 [of 8], Col. 1a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000038/18891206/001/0001. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

Shortly after his death ''Truth'' described Gwendolen and Cyril's father Hans Sloane-Stanley:&lt;blockquote&gt;The death of Mr. Sloane Stanley, of Paultons Park, is much regretted in South Hants, as he was one of the most popular landlords in the county, and was greatly esteemed. Mr. Sloane Stanley was well known in yachting circles, and for many years he was Commodore of the Royal Southern Yacht Club, and owned the schooner ''Star of the West''. He was one of the very few owners who continued to keep up the old custom of giving his crew a laying-up supper at the close of each season. There were great festivities at Paultons only a few months ago, when Miss Sloane Stanley was married to Mr. Algernon Bourke.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Entre Nous.&quot; ''Truth'' 27 December 1888, Thursday: 6 [of 48], Col. 2b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18881227/023/0006# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18881227/023/0006]. Same print title, p. 1136.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;When he died in 1944, Cyril Sloane-Stanley's estate was quite a bit larger than his father's had been 50 years before. The probate was divided between what was limited to &quot;settled land&quot; and what was &quot;save and except settled land.&quot; What was not settled land totalled £356,114 12s. 10d. and went to John Everett, company director; the Hon. Elwyn Villiers Rhys, captain, H.M. army; and William Adam de Geijer, retired captain, H.M. army.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt; (1944, 430) His daughter Lavender was married to John Everett, and Diane was married to Elwyn Villiers Rhys. What was settled land totalled £168,975 and went to William Adam de Geijer, retired captain, H.M. army, and George Lawrence Stewart, solicitor.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt; (1944, 430)

The Sloane-Stanleys descend from Hans Sloane (1660–1753), whose 71,000-item collections &quot;provid[ed] the foundation of the British Museum, the British Library, and the Natural History Museum, London.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2025-01-07|title=Hans Sloane|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane|journal=Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane|language=en|via=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Much of this Hans Sloane's wealth came from his medical practice in Jamaica, where he went as physician to the Governor General of Jamaica, the 2nd Duke of Albemarle, and where he married &quot;a wealthy heiress of sugar plantations&quot; worked by enslaved Jamaicans.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot; /&gt; His great-nephew, Hans Sloane, inherited Paultons, near Romsey, &quot;and in recognition of this he adopted the additional surname of Stanley in 1821.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-10-06|title=Hans Sloane (MP)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane_(MP)|journal=Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane_(MP)|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Acquaintances, Friends and Enemies ==

=== Algernon Bourke ===

* Best man at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Wedding of Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Sloane Stanley|his wedding]]: the Hon. Michael Sandys
* [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Marcus Henry Milner]], &quot;one of the zealous assistants of that well-known firm of stockbrokers, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;&quot;Metropolitan Notes.&quot; ''Nottingham Evening Post'' 31 July 1888, Tuesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 2a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/18880731/025/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Caroline, Duchess of Montrose — her &quot;legal advisor&quot; on the day of her marriage to Marcus Henry Milner&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Metropolitan Notes.&quot; ''Nottingham Evening Post'' 31 July 1888, Tuesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 1b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/18880731/025/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gwendolen Bourke ===

* Bridesmaids at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Wedding of Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Sloane Stanley|her wedding]]: Lady Florence Bourke, Miss Nora Bourke, Miss Edwards, and Miss Ewart
* Lord and Lady Alington, Belvedere House, Scarborough
* [[Social Victorians/People/William James|Evelyn James]] 

== Organizations ==

=== Gwendolen Bourke ===

* Member, the Ladies Committee for the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Skating Club|Prince's Skating Club]], which also included [[Social Victorians/People/Princess Louise|Princess Louise]] (Duchess of Argyll), the [[Social Victorians/People/Portland|Duchess of Portland]], [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Lady Londonderry]], [[Social Victorians/People/Campbell|Lady Archibald Campbell]], [[Social Victorians/People/Ribblesdale|Lady Ribblesdale]], and [[Social Victorians/People/Asquith|Mrs. Asquith]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;&quot;What the 'World' Says.&quot; ''Northwich Guardian'' 01 November 1902, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Col. 8a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001975/19021101/134/0006. Print title: The ''Guardian'', p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt; (in 1902, at least)

=== Algernon Bourke ===
* [[Social Victorians/Schools#Eton|Eton]]
* Cambridge University, Trinity College, 1873, Michaelmas term&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;Cambridge University Alumni, 1261–1900. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Conservative Party
* 1879: Appointed a Poor Law Inspector in Ireland, Relief of Distress Act
* 1881: Partner, with 2 uncles, in Brunton, Bourke, and Co.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From Our London Correspondent.&quot; ''Manchester Courier'' 24 August 1881, Wednesday: 5 [of 8], Col. 4a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000206/18810824/030/0005. Print: ''Manchester Courier and Lancaster General Advertiser'', p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt; (one of the [[Social Victorians/British Aristocracy#Sons of Peers on the Stock Exchange|sons of peers on the Stock Exchange]])
* 1885: Office of the 7th Surrey Rifles Regiment&lt;ref&gt;&quot;7th Surrey Rifles.&quot; ''South London Press'' 08 August 1885, Saturday: 12 [of 16], Col. 4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18850808/165/0012. Print p. 12.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1886: Battersea Friendly Angling Society&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Battersea Friendly Angling Society.&quot; ''Fishing Gazette'' 17 April 1886, Saturday: 6 [of 20], Col. 2a [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002553/18860417/030/0006. Same print title, p. 218.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 27 February 1886: one of the Vice Presidents of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Bolingbroke Reading-Room and Institute|Bolingbroke Reading-Room and Institute]]
* Special Correspondent of The ''Times'' for the Zulu War, accompanying Lord Chelmsford
* Head, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys, &quot;that well-known firm of stockbrokers&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; ( – 1901 [at least])
* White's gentleman's club, St. James's,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-10-09|title=White's|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White's|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%27s.&lt;/ref&gt; Manager (1897)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Side Lights on Drinking.&quot; ''Waterford Standard'' 28 April 1897, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001678/18970428/053/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Willis's Rooms (described in 1895):&lt;blockquote&gt;... the Hon. Algernon Burke [sic], son of the 6th Earl of Mayo, has turned the place into a smart restaurant where choice dinners are served and eaten while a stringed band discourses music. Willis's Rooms are now the favourite dining place for ladies who have no club of their own, or for gentlemen who are debarred by rules from inviting ladies to one of their own clubs. The same gentleman runs a hotel in Brighton, and has promoted several clubs. He has a special faculty for organising places of the kind, without which such projects end in failure.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lenten Dullness.&quot; ''Cheltenham Looker-On'' 23 March 1895, Saturday: 11 [of 24], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000226/18950323/004/0011. Print p. 275.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
*The [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Pelican|Pelican Club]], known for its boxing (1891)

==== Boards of Directors ====
*1883: One of the directors, the Franco-English Tunisian Esparto Fibre Supply Company, Ltd.&lt;ref&gt;''Money Market Review'', 20 Jan 1883 (Vol 46): 124.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1891: One of the founders, the Discount Banking Company, Ltd., which says Algernon Bourke is a director of District Messenger Services and News Company, Ltd.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Public Company.&quot; ''Nottingham Journal'' 31 October 1891, Saturday: 4 [of 8], Col. 8a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001896/18911031/099/0004. Print title: ''The Nottingham Daily Express'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1894: One of the directors, the Frozen Lake, Ltd., with Admiral Maxse, Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Marcus Beresford]], [[Social Victorians/People/Williams|Hwfa Williams]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Frozen Lake, Limited.&quot; ''St James's Gazette'' 08 June 1894, Friday: 15 [of 16], Col. 4a [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001485/18940608/085/0015. Print p. 15.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;London is to have new amusement this winter, for which Mr Algernon Bourke, who has taught us that it is possible to eat as well in St. James’s as on the Boulevards, and Mr Hwfa Williams, of Sandown fame, are jointly responsible. The &quot;Frozen Lake,&quot; under which title a real ice-skating rink is about to be constructed under their auspices, will no doubt be gladly welcomed by all skaters, and the venture is likely to prove a success.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip.&quot; ''Weston-super-Mare Gazette, and General Advertiser'' 6 June 1894, Wednesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 4b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001444/18940606/044/0004. Print title: ''Weston-super-Mare Gazette'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== Committees ====

*Member, General Committee, [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Baths|the Baths Club]] (1892)
*Member, Men's Committee of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Skating Club|Prince's Skating Club]], which also included Lord Edward Cecil, Lord Redesdale, Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Lyttelton|Alfred Lyttelton]], Sir Edgar Vincent, Sir William Hart Dyke, and Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Grenfell|W. H. Grenfell]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; (1902, at least)
*[[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#25 March 1896, Wednesday|The Sala Memorial Fund]], member of the committee (from 25 March 1896)
* Member of an &quot;influential committee&quot; headed by the Lord Mayor &quot;to restore salmon to the Thames&quot; (June 1899)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Salmon in the Thames.&quot; ''Berks and Oxon Advertiser'' 30 June 1899, Friday: 5 [of 8], Col. 4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002298/18990630/079/0005. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Timeline ==

=== 1870s ===
'''1872 February 8''', Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo was assassinated while inspecting a &quot;convict settlement at Port Blair in the Andaman Islands ... by Sher Ali Afridi, a former Afghan soldier.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-12-01|title=Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo.&lt;/ref&gt; The Hon. Algernon's brother Dermot became the 7th Earl at 19 years old.

'''1876 November 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was one of 6 men (2 students, one of whom was Bourke; 2 doctors; a tutor and another man) from Cambridge who gave evidence as witnesses in an inquest about the death from falling off a horse of a student.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Fatal Accident to a Sheffield Student at Cambridge.&quot; ''Sheffield Independent'' 25 November 1876, Saturday: 7 [of 12], Col. 5a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000181/18761125/040/0007. Print title: ''Sheffield and Rotherham Independent'', n. p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1879 December 27, Saturday – 29, Monday''', Algernon Bourke was in Kilrush as a Local Government Board Inspector:&lt;blockquote&gt;Among many distinguished visitors at the Vandeleur Arms Hotel, Kilrush this week was the Hon. Algernon Bourke Local Government Board Inspector who arrived on Saturday, and sojourned there until 2 o'clock on Monday, when the honourable gentleman left by Steamer tor Limerick.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Fashionable Intelligence.&quot; ''Kilrush Herald and Kilkee Gazette'' 01 January 1880, Thursday: 2 [of 5], Col. 3a [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003186/18800101/011/0002. Print title ''Kilrush Herald'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 1880s ===
'''4 February 1880, Wednesday''', Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880#Grand Ball at Palmerstown House Hosted by the Earl of Mayo|grand ball at Palmerstown House hosted by the Earl of Mayo]]. 

'''1880 March 30, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was working in the judicial system in Newcastle, County Limerick, possibly as Poorhouse Inspector:&lt;blockquote&gt;A sworn enquiry was held to-day at the Workhorse, Newcastle West, by the Hon Algernon Bourke, L.G.I., to enquire into charges preferred by Dr. Pierce, Medical Office, against Dr. O'Shaughnesay. The enquiry was adjourned till Thursday next. Mr Moran, sol., Rathkeale, was engaged for Dr. O'Shaughnessy.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Sworn Enquiry.&quot; &quot;Limerick County. Newcastle West Intelligence.&quot; ''Bassett's Chronicle'' 31 March 1880, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 3b–c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003471/18800331/044/0003.  Print title ''Bassett's Daily Chronicle'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1880 April 17, Saturday''', in-jokes dominate this report mentioning Algernon Bourke in the context of the Kildare and National Hunt races in Dublin:&lt;blockquote&gt;And in mopy Upper Mount-street, where young Algernon Bourke, of the Onety-oneth, had promised to call for, and afterwards spin down to the races in his mail phaeton, the Blake girls; and in fastidious Fitzwilliam-place, and exclusive &quot;Murryan-squeer,&quot; from which dashing army men, in their neatly-appointed, well horsed drags were to &quot;tool&quot; down sweet young Dublin lasses of the ''crême d la crême'' [sic], many an anxious forecasting of the weather was taken, lest by an unpropitious shower that last triumph of Mrs. Manning, or the Forrests, or Miss Sedford, or any of the ''grandes dames de la mode'' should be rendered as worthless as a Confederate &quot;greenback.&quot; But by ten o'clock all doubts were happily set aside, and up struck the lovely April day in all its spring-time glory and then the road, oh, the road!&lt;ref&gt;&quot;To Punchestown and Back by the Old Road.&quot; ''Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News'' 17 April 1880, Saturday: 6 [of 24], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001857/18800417/013/0006. Same print title, p. 102.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1881 May 10, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#1881 May 10, Tuesday|wedding of Marion Lascelles, eldest daughter of the Hon. Egremont W. Lascelles, brother of the Earl of Harewood, and Lieutenant Henry Dent Brocklehurst, of the Second Life Guards, nephew of Mr. Philip Brocklehurst, of Swithamley Park, Macclesfield]]. His gift was an &quot;old enamelled watch set in pearls.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Nuptial Rejoicings at Middlethorpe Manor. Marriage of Miss Lascelles and Lieut. Brocklehurst.&quot; ''Yorkshire Gazette'' 14 May 1881, Saturday: 9 [of 12], Cols. 3a–4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive''https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000266/18810514/057/0009. Print same title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1881 May 23, Monday, 2:00 p.m.''', Algernon Bourke is listed among the Honourables at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace|Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace]].

'''1881 July 14, Thursday afternoon, beginning about 2 p.m.''', Algernon Bourke was invited to a Garden Party at Marlborough House hosted by [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]]. Members of the family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] were also among the 1,500 or so invited guests.

'''1881 July 22, Friday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to an [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#22 July 1881, Friday|evening party at Marlborough House hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales]].

'''1881 September 17, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was reported among the company at Doncaster during race week.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;List of the Company.&quot; ''York Herald'' 17 September 1881, Saturday: 8 [of 16], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000499/18810917/183/0008. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1881 November 22, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was sued in Dublin by Henry Naylor because he &quot;had declined to pay&quot; for a £35 piano.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Henry Naylor v. the Hon. Algernon Bourke.&quot; &quot;Exchequer Division.&quot; &quot;High Court of Justice.&quot; ''Belfast Morning News'' 23 November 1881, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 8a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000428/18811123/015/0003. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1881 December 8, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke was part of a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#Battue at Palmerstown|battue at Palmerstown]], when the group bagged 172 pheasants, hares and rabbits.

'''1882 March 7, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882#7 March 1882, Tuesday|fashionable wedding of Reginald Chandos-Pole and Violet Denison]].

'''1882 March 15, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882#The Marchioness of Salisbury's Assembly|the Marchioness of Salisbury's first reception of the season]].

'''1882 July 13, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to the [[Social Victorians/1882-07-13 Marlborough House Garden Party|Garden Party at Marlborough House for Queen Victoria]] hosted by [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]]. The more than 1,000 people invited also included a number of people from the family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]].

'''1882 September 28, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882#The Wedding of John M'Donald and Georgiana Lambart|wedding of John M'Donald and Georgiana Lambart]].

'''1883 March 21, Wednesday''', the Evening Irish Times announced that Algernon Bourke &quot;has arrived at Kingstown from England.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Fashion.&quot; ''Evening Irish Times'' 21 March 1883, Wednesday: 7 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003464/18830321/086/0007. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''23 July 1883, Monday, noon''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1883#Garden Party at Marlborough House, at Noon|garden party at Marlborough House]] hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales.

'''31 October 1883, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the wedding of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1883#Wedding of Lady Cecelia Hay and Captain George Webbe|Lady Cecelia Hay and Captain George Webbe]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 February 16, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#16 February 1884, Saturday|the funeral of Thomas Chenery, editor of the ''Times'']].

'''1884 April 4, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was (may have been?) one of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#5 April 1884, Saturday|&quot;Supporters of the Pall&quot; at the funeral]] of [[Social Victorians/People/Leopold|Prince Leopold George Duncan Albert, Duke of Albany]] at St. George's, Windsor.

'''1884 April 26, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#26 April 1884, Saturday|dinner party at the Lord Mayor's Mansion House for conservatives to meet Sir Stafford Northcote]].

'''1884 May 3, Saturday''', the &quot;Rochester Conservatives&quot; announced that they would &quot;bring forward the Hon. Algernon Bourke, brother of Lord Mayo, as their second candidate,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Election Intelligence.&quot; ''Yorkshire Gazette'' 03 May 1884, Saturday: 4 [of 12], Col. 6a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000266/18840503/011/0004.&lt;/ref&gt; but because he would not be the first candidate, Bourke declined.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rochester.&quot; London ''Daily Chronicle'' 09 May 1884, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 8b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005049/18840509/049/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1884 June 18, Wednesday''', Mr. Algernon Bourke was on a committee to watch a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#18 June 1884, Wednesday|Mr. Bishop's &quot;thought-reading&quot; experiment]], which was based on a challenge by Henry Labourchere made the year before. This &quot;experiment&quot; took place before a fashionable audience.

'''1884 July 25, Friday, afternoon''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#Garden Party at Marlborough House hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales|Garden Party at Marlborough House hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales]].

'''1885 January 22, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke's gift to [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#Wedding of George Buckle and Alicia Payn|George Buckle and Alicia Payn for their wedding]] was an antique cabinet.

'''1885 July 7, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#7 July 1885, Tuesday|Eva Bourke's wedding to Windham Wyndham-Quin]] at St. Mary Abbots, Kensington.

'''1885 July 13, Monday''', Algernon Bouurke was at Victoria Station as part of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#Arrival of Lord Wolseley in London from Egypt|crowd greeting Lord Wolseley on his return from Egypt]].

'''1885 July 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/1885-07-24 Marlborough House Ball|ball at Marlborough House]] hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales.

'''1885 September 26, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke took part in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#26 September 1885, Saturday|Ealing Conservative Club fete and meeting]] supporting Salisbury's government and condemning &quot;the dictates of one man&quot; — Gladstone — for Gordon's death.

'''1885 October 3, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was named as the Conservative candidate for Clapham in the Battersea and Clapham borough after the Redistribution Bill determined the electoral districts for South London.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;South London Candidates.&quot; ''South London Press'' 03 October 1885, Saturday: 9 [of 16], Col. 5b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18851003/096/0009. Print p. 9.&lt;/ref&gt; On Sunday 15 November 1885 the London ''Weekly Dispatch'' supported Moulton, the Liberal candidate, who ultimately won the election:&lt;blockquote&gt;

Though a successful lawyer, Mr. Moulton is much more than that. He is a thorough and independent student of political science, who may be trusted to do good service to the Liberal cause with brain as well as with tongue. It will be matter for hearty congratulation if he defeats the Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke, who is a dashing and unscrupulous young Tory, and a nephew of the well-known politician with the same surname.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Political Campaign in London. VI. — The South-West Divisions.&quot; ''Weekly Dispatch'' (London) 15 November 1885, Sunday: 9 [of 16], Col. 3c [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003358/18851115/069/0009. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

On Saturday 21 November 1885 the ''South London Press'' reported on posters for Bourke's candidacy:&lt;blockquote&gt;

The Hon. Algernon Bourke, Conservative candidate for Clapham, has a very industrious billsticker, who pastes up his patron’s bills in every possible place where they can be seen to advantage. It is unfortunate, however, that choosing the flank wall of an auctioneer’s the modern &quot;Sam Slap&quot; has produced some curious combinations, such as — &quot;Vote for Bourke,&quot; &quot;Now on View;&quot; &quot;Electors of Clapham, Vote for Mr. Bourke, and&quot; &quot;Be Sold Without Reserve;&quot; &quot;Mr, Bourke will&quot; &quot;Advance Money to&quot; &quot;the Electors of Clapham;&quot; &quot;Great Conservative Meeting. The British Constitution will be&quot; &quot;Offered for Sale this Evening,&quot; &amp;c.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pick-up Notes.&quot; ''South London Press'' 21 November 1885, Saturday: 10 [of 16], Col. 1b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18851121/155/0010. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1885 November 3, Tuesday, 11:00 a.m.''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Mayo-Ponsonby Wedding 1885-11-03|wedding of his brother, Dermot, 7th  Earl of Mayo and Geraldine Ponsonby]]. He gave them 2 Sheraton secretaires.

'''1886 January 5, Tuesday, late''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Twelfth Night|Twelfth Night celebration at the Drury Lane theatre]].

'''1886 March 13, Saturday evening''', an Hon. Mr. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/1886-03-13 Reception at the French Embassy|reception at the French Embassy]], possibly Algernon Bourke or possibly [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|one of his brothers]].

'''1886 July 10, Saturday''', Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Garden Party at Marlborough House Given to the Queen|garden party at Marlborough House given to the Queen]]. Gwendolen Sloane Stanley is not mentioned but Mr. and Mrs. Hans Sloane Stanley are, as are Mr. and Mrs. F. Sloane Stanley.&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 July 21, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to the [[Social Victorians/1886-07-21 Marlborough House Ball|Ball at Marlborough House]], as were a [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#The Sloane-Stanleys 2|Mr. and Mrs. F. Sloane-Stanley]], possibly the parents of Gwendolen Sloane-Stanley (if the &quot;F&quot; is a mistake), who married Bourke on 15 December 1887. Gwendolen is not mentioned as having been invited.

'''1886 July 27, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended a service honoring a memorial at St. Paul's for his father, who had been assassinated.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Memorial to the Late Earl of Mayo.&quot; ''Northern Whig'' 28 July 1886, Wednesday: 6 [of 8], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000434/18860728/143/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1886 September 2, Thursday''', Mr. Algernon Bourke was part of a group of mostly aristocratic men taking part in [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Augustus Harris's A Run of Luck|a &quot;trial-rehearsal&quot; as part of Augustus Harris's production]] ''A Run of Luck'', about sports.

'''1886 October 2, Saturday''', the Duke of Beaufort and the Hon. Algernon Bourke arrived in Yougal: &quot;His grace has taken a residence at Lismore for a few weeks, to enjoy some salmon fishing on the Blackwater before the close of the season.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Chippenham.&quot; ''Wilts and Gloucestershire Standard'' 02 October 1886, Saturday: 8 [of 8], Col. 6a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001955/18861002/142/0008. Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1886 October 11, Monday''', Algernon Bourke may have been taking part in a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Performance of Run of Luck|performance of ''Run of Luck'' at the Drury Lane]].

'''1886 October 23, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Party at Wemyss Castle, Fife|staying at Wemyss Castle, Fife]].

'''1886 December 30, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke was back in London and attending the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Augustus Harris's The Forty Thieves|&quot;Forty Thieves&quot; pantomime at the Drury Lane Theatre]].

'''1887 January 5, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was one of the chief mourners at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Funeral of Lady Margaret Harriett Bourke|funeral of Lady Margaret Harriett Bourke]].

'''1887 March 1, 2:00 p.m.''', Algernon Bourke is listed among the Messieurs attending the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace|Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1887 May''', a &quot;signalling incident&quot; in 1907 [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#May 1887|caused the Waterford ''Evening News'' to recall a similar event]] that had occurred 20 years earlier, in which Algernon Bourke, as special correspondent for the ''Times'', caused the incident to be publicized:&lt;blockquote&gt;During the manoeuvres in connection with the 1887 Jubilee of Queen Victoria a signal was observed going up from [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles [Beresford]]]'s ship. It was a message to his wife, Lady Beresford, to the effect that, as he should be late for dinner, she was not to wait. Beyond the hilarity this domestic signal evoked, nothing more would have been heard of it, but Mr. Algernon Bourke (Lord Mayo's brother) was acting as special correspondent for the &quot;Times,&quot; and that paper the next morning contained a full and humorous report of the incident. Then there was trouble.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Signalling Incident.&quot; ''Evening News'' (Waterford) 13 November 1907, Wednesday: 1 [of 4], Col. 6c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004557/19071113/021/0001.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1887 June 15, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians Foreign Office Reception 1887-06-15|reception at the Foreign Office in honor of Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee]].

'''1887 July 6, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to and, presumably, attended the State Ball at Buckingham Palace.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The State Ball at Buckingham Palace.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 08 July 1887, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 5a–6c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18870708/013/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 1c)

'''1887 August 6, Saturday''', the ''Brighton Gazette'' says that the &quot;Hon. Mrs and Mr Algernon Bourke&quot; were staying at the Royal Crescent Hotel in Brighton, but they didn't marry until 15 December 1887.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Royal Crescent Hotel.&quot; ''Brighton Gazette'' 6 August 1887, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 5c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000938/18870806/047/0003. Print title ''Brighton Gazette and Sussex Telegraph'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt; Perhaps an elder relative, because she is mentioned first?

'''1887 November 9, Wednesday''', the ''Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper'' announced that&lt;blockquote&gt;A marriage is arranged, and will take place early in January, between Mr. Algernon Bourke, third son of the late Earl of Mayo, and Miss Guendolen Sloane Stanley, only daughter of Mr. Hans Sloane Stanley, of Paultons.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Romsey, Nov. 9.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 9 November 1887, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18871109/034/0003. Print title ''Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Shortly after, the papers announced that the wedding would not take place.

'''1887 December 15, Thursday''', Hon. [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Wedding of Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Sloane Stanley|Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Stanley were married at St. Paul's]], Knightsbridge, by Bourke's uncle the Hon. and Rev. George Bourke. Only family members attended because of &quot;the recent death of a near relative of the bride.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court Circular.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 16 December 1887, Friday: 5 [of 8], Col. 7c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18871216/066/0005.&lt;/ref&gt; Who the &quot;near relative of the bride&quot; was not in her nuclear family, and perhaps that explains the cancellation of the wedding and then the changing of the wedding date and not some problem in the couple.

'''1888 – 1899 January 1''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was &quot;proprietor&quot; of [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#White's|White's Club, St. James's Street]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;&quot;The Hon. Algernon Bourke's Affairs.&quot; ''Eastern Morning News'' 19 October 1899, Thursday: 6 [of 8], Col. 7c [of7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001152/18991019/139/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1888 January 21, Saturday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the wedding of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#Hamilton-Ewart Wedding|Florence Ewart and Henry Hamilton]].

'''1888 March 7, Wednesday''', assuming that this date is not a week after the actual date, [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lady Charles Beresford]] held a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#1888 March 7, Wednesday|notable and well-attended &quot;at home&quot;]] that Gwendolen Bourke attended, reported for being dressed in white and being among the beautiful women present.

'''6 April 1888, Friday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#6 April 1888, Friday|New Forest United Hunt ball at the New Forest Hall, Lyndhurst]].

'''1888 May 2, Wednesday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#The Marchioness of Salisbury's Reception|Marchioness of Salisbury's reception]] at the Salisbury home on Arlington-street.

'''1888 May 22, Tuesday''', the Dowager Countess of Mayo presented Gwendolen Bourke at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#Queen's Drawing Room|Queen's drawing-room]] hosted by the Princess of Wales. This is Gwendolen Bourke's dress:&lt;blockquote&gt;Empire robe de cour of white satin duchesse, lined with rich pink silk, sufficiently bright to give a beautiful shell-like tint through the satin; tulle underdress, with upper skirt, embroidered with pearl, and caught up in Greek folds with large pink Tosca roses; white satin bodice, with Josephine pink sash tied at side, Headdress, veil and plumes; ornaments, diamonds.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Dresses at the Drawing-Room.&quot; ''Epsom Journal'' 22 May 1888, Tuesday: 3 [of 6], Col. 5b–c [of 6]. ''British Newspapers Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004837/18880522/034/0003. Print: title ''Local Journal'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Another description:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke's train was of white satin lined with pink, which showed through with charmingly shell-like effect. The dress, fashioned after those of the Empire period, was of white satin embroidered with pearls. A very broad sash of pink satin made the waist seem quaintly short, a trying thing to any but the young and tall, both of which qualifications Mrs. Bourke most happily possesses. She carried a lovely posy of La France roses.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Gossip on Dress.&quot; ''Boston Spa News'' 25 May 1888, Friday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1b–2b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003395/18880525/014/0002. Print title The News, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 1c)&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1888 June 8, Friday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#Dinner and Dance Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne at Hamilton House|dinner and dance Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne at Hamilton House]] featuring Prince and Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein, and for the ball, the King of Sweden and Norway and the Prince and Princess of Wales and their daughters were present.

'''1888 June 19, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke was one of the principal guests at the wedding of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#19 June 1888, Tuesday|Captain Philip Green and Miss Mabel Emilie Scott]].

'''1888 July 26''', [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Caroline Graham Stirling-Crawford]] (known as Mr. Manton for her horse-breeding and -racing operations) and Marcus Henry Milner married.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;&quot;Hon. Caroline Agnes Horsley-Beresford.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://thepeerage.com/p6863.htm#i68622|title=Person Page|website=thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the ''Nottingham Evening Post'' of 31 July 1888,&lt;blockquote&gt;LONDON GOSSIP.

(From the ''World''.)

The marriage of &quot;Mr. Manton&quot; was the surprise as well the sensation of last week. Although some wise people noticed a certain amount of youthful ardour in the attentions paid by Mr. Marcus Henry Milner to Caroline Duchess of Montrose at '''Mrs. Oppenheim's ball''', nobody was prepared for the sudden ''dénouement''; '''and it''' were not for the accidental and unseen presence [[Social Victorians/People/Mildmay|a well-known musical amateur]] who had received permission to practice on the organ, the ceremony performed at half-past nine on Thursday morning at St. Andrew's, Fulham, by the Rev. Mr. Propert, would possibly have remained a secret for some time to come. Although the evergreen Duchess attains this year the limit of age prescribed the Psalmist, the bridegroom was only born in 1864. Mr. &quot;Harry&quot; Milner (familiarly known in the City as &quot;Millions&quot;) was one of the zealous assistants of that well-known firm of stockbrokers, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys, and Mr. Algernon Bourke, the head of the house (who, of course, takes a fatherly interest in the match) went down to Fulham to give away the Duchess. The ceremony was followed by a ''partie carrée'' luncheon at the Bristol, and the honeymoon began with a visit to the Jockey Club box at Sandown. Mr. Milner and the Duchess of Montrose have now gone to Newmarket. The marriage causes a curious reshuffling of the cards of affinity. Mr. Milner is now the stepfather of the [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Duke of Montrose]], his senior by twelve years; he is also the father-in-law of [[Social Victorians/People/Lady Violet Greville|Lord Greville]], Mr. Murray of Polnaise, and [[Social Victorians/People/Breadalbane|Lord Breadalbane]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1888 December 1st week''', according to &quot;Society Gossip&quot; from the ''World'', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was suffering from malaria, presumably which he caught when he was in South Africa:&lt;blockquote&gt;I am sorry to hear that Mr. Algernon Bourke, who married Miss Sloane-Stanley a short time ago, has been very dangerously ill. Certain complications followed an attack of malarian fever, and last week his mother, the Dowager Lady Mayo, and his brother, Lord Mayo, were hastily summoned to Brighton. Since then a change for the better has taken place, and he is now out of danger.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip. What the ''World'' Says.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 08 December 1888, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18881208/037/0002. Print title: ''The Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper''; print p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1888 December 20, Thursday''', the Sloane-Stanley family, including Gwendolen Bourke, attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#20 December 1888, Thursday|funeral of Hans Sloane Stanley]]. Algernon Bourke did not attend because he was still too ill.

'''1889 January 22, 2:30 p.m., Tuesday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke sent a gift for the [[Social Victorians/Cecil Lambton Wedding 1889 January 22|wedding of Lady Eleanor Lambton and Lord Robert]] Cecil, a pair of antique mirrors.

'''1889 May 18, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#18 May 1889, Saturday|opening of the Italian Opera season at Covent Garden]].

'''1889 May 27, Monday, 11 p.m.''', the dancing commenced at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#The Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace|the Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace]], with both the Hon. Algernon and the Hon. Gwendolen Bourke present.

'''1889 June 8, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke contributed some art he owned to the collection of the Royal Institute of Painters in Water-Colours' [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#8 June 1889, Saturday|exhibition of &quot;the works of the 'English Humourists in Art.'&quot;]]

'''1889 July 2, Tuesday''', Gwendolen and Algernon Bourke sat in the Muriettas' box at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#The Shah at a Covent Garden Opera Performance|gala performance at Covent Garden also attended by the Prince and Princess of Wales, a number of other royals and the Shah]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1889 27 July, Saturday''', Gwendolen and Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#Garden Party Hosted by Mr. and Mrs. Augustus Harris|garden party hosted by Mr. and Mrs. Augustus Harris]], which was attended by a people from the theatre and arts worlds.&lt;p&gt;

'''1889 December 2, Monday''', Gwendolen Bourk's mother, Emilie Sloane-Stanley, married James Shelly Bontein:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

BONTEIN—STANLEY — December 2, at St. George's, Hanover Square, London, by the Rev. G. S. de Sansmarez, James Shelly, only son of the late James Bontein, Gentleman Usher and Clerk of the Robes to the Queen, to Emilie Josephine, widow of Hans Sloane Stanley, of Paultons.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1889 December 17, Tuesday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke gave a gift to [[Dangan-Neville Wedding|Lady Violet Nevill for her wedding to Henry Wellesley, Viscount Dangan]] and so were probably in attendance.

=== 1890s ===
'''1890 January 9, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#The York Hunt Ball|fancy-dress Hunt Ball in York]]. She&lt;blockquote&gt;looked a picture in a Gainsborough gown. The white satin skirt was flounced with sable and veiled with ''chiffon'', the setuage of which was left to show without being hemmed up. There was a broad sash of rose-pink silk and each buttonhole was filled round with crimped lisse.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Our London Letter.&quot; ''Irish Society'' (Dublin) 11 January 1890, Saturday: 17 [of 24], Col. 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001939/18900111/042/0017. Same print title, p. 29.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1890 February''' '''12, Wednesday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Lady Constance Leslie's Reception|Lady Constance Leslie's reception]] at her house in Stratford-place.

'''1890 April 9, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#The New Forest United Hunt Ball|the New Forest United Hunt Ball]].

'''1890 June 3, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the 2:30 p.m. [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Münster-Hay Wedding|wedding of Count Alexander Münster and Lady Muriel Henrietta Constance Hay]]. She is also listed as having attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Dinner and Concert Hosted by Mrs. Arthur Williams and Ball by Mrs. Menzies|ball hosted by Mrs. J. Menzies (daughter of Mrs. Arthur Wilson)]] that Prince Eddie, the Duke of Clarence and Avondale, also attended, that night.  

'''1890 July 4, Friday, 11 p.m.''', the Hon. Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#The Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace|the Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace]]. The dancing commenced shortly after 11:00. 

'''1890 July 15, Tuesday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke were invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Garden Party at Marlborough House to Meet the Queen|garden party at Marlborough House to meet the Queen]]. 

'''1890 July 19, Saturday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Wedding of James Francis Harry St. Clair-Erskine and Violet Aline Vyner|wedding of James Francis Harry St. Clair-Erskine and Violet Aline Vyner]], the two of them giving &quot;four small silver dessert dishes&quot; and Gwendolen giving an &quot;enamel and diamond pin.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marriage of Lord Loughborough with Miss Vyner.&quot; ''Fife Free Press'' 26 July 1890, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1a–2b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001110/18900726/015/0002. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 2b)

'''1890 July 24, Thursday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Dinner and Dance Hosted by Lord Alington|dance hosted by Lord Alington]] attended also by the Prince and Princess of Wales and Princesses Victoria and Maud.

'''1890 September 6, Saturday''', the ''Country Gentleman'' (as it was called at the time) reported that &quot;Muckross, the only deer forest in Ireland, it may be said, has this year been rented by Mr. Algernon Bourke, who will next week be joined there for the stalking season by his brother, Lord Mayo.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Shooting. Moors, Forests, and Fishings.&quot; ''Sporting Gazette'' 06 September 1890, Saturday: 11 [of 38], Col. 1c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002525/18900906/065/0011. Print: ''Country Gentleman'', p. 1251.&lt;/ref&gt; On 11 October 1890 the ''St. James's Gazette'' says,&lt;blockquote&gt;The Earl of Durham has been staying at Muchross, county Kerry, on a visit to the Hon. A. Bourke, who has rented the celebrated shootings and fishings on that estate for the autumn.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Society.&quot; ''St James's Gazette'' 11 October 1890, Saturday: 12 [of 16], Col. 1b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001485/18901011/064/0012. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1890 October 25, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke gave a gold-mounted box to [[Social Victorians/Loder De Vere Beauclerk Wedding|Lady Louise De Vere Beauclerk on her wedding to Gerald Loder, M.P.]], so they were probably present at the wedding, or at least the reception. Mrs. Bontein [sic Bontine], Gwendolen's mother, gave a silver box, suggesting the relationship was through the women.

'''1890 November 29, 11:30 Saturday morning''', Algernon Bourke's gift for the [[Social Victorians/Dudley-Beckwith Wedding 1890-11-29|wedding of the Hon. Francis Dudley and Miss Forbes Beckwith]] was some cases of a Bordeaux wine: &quot;three dozen Cantenac, 1875 vintage.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marriage of Lord Leigh's Heir. Descriptive Sketch of the Ceremony, and Full List of Guests and Presents.&quot; ''Leamington Spa Courier'' 6 December 1890, Saturday: 6 [of 10], Cols. 1a–4a. ''British Newspaper Archive''  https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000319/18901206/021/0006. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 3b}} Gwendolen Bourke is not listed as having been invited to the reception, but this list from the ''Leamington Spa Courier'' has some gaps.

'''1890 December 4, Thursday''', Gwendolen and Algernon Bourke attended the [[Mure-Portal Wedding 1890-12-04|wedding of Miss Mure and Mr. S. J. Portal]]. Their gift is not recorded.

'''1891 January''', Algernon Bourke took party in a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Shooting Party in Kallarnet, Totton|shooting party in Kallarnet, Totton]].

'''1891 June 24, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Dinner and Ball Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne|dinner and ball Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne]] featuring Princess Mary Adelaide, the Duke of Teck, and Princess Victoria.

'''1891 July 9, Thursday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke were invited to a [[Social Victorians/1891-07-09 Garden Party|large Garden Party at Marlborough House]] hosted by the [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]] in honor of Queen Victoria and the German Emperor and Empress. The more than 3,000 people invited also included a number of people from the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|family of the Earl of Mayo]].

'''1891 July 22, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Dinner and Dance at Alington House|dance at the Earl and Countess Alington]]'s that also included the Prince and Princess of Wales.

'''1891 October 22, Thursday''', Hon. and Mrs. Bourke attended at least the reception of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Le Strange Astley Wedding|Le Strange—Astley Wedding]], although perhaps the couple is not the Algernon Bourkes.

'''1891 November 22, Sunday''', the London ''Weekly Dispatch'' reports a performance by American &quot;Lady Magnet&quot; Mrs. Abbott, who claimed to be able to lift anybody using only her magnetic properties. An enthusiastic &quot;committee of some fifteen gentlemen presented a written and signed testimonial&quot; supporting Mrs. Abbott, &quot;the Hon. Algernon Bourke, Professor Atkinson, Dr. Hides, and three other doctors who prefer to remain incog., being among the signatories. All the medical gentlemen concerned assured the ''Evening News and Post'' reporter of their complete and unconditional surrender. One of them went so far as to say that he had come with the full determination of disbelieving, but had been quite able to act up to his resolve.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Lady Magnet. Draws Crowds of People Who Divide in Opinion about Her.&quot; ''Weekly Dispatch'' (London) 22 November 1891, Sunday: 16 [of 16], Cols. 3a–4b [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003358/18911122/203/0016. Print: same title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1892''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke privately published his ''The History of White's'', the exclusive gentleman's club.

'''1892 January 27, Saturday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended the very fashionable [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892#The Wedding of Lord Henry Cavendish Bentinck, M.P., and Lady Olivia Taylour|wedding of Lord Henry Cavendish Bentinck, M.P., and Lady Olivia Taylour]]. Their gift was not noted in the list.

'''1892 February''' '''10, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1892-02-10 Alington Leigh Wedding|very fashionable wedding of Henry, Lord Alington and Evelyn Henriette Leigh]] [[Social Victorians/1892-02-10 Alington Leigh Wedding|in St. Paul's, Knightsbridge]]

'''1892 April''' '''10, Wednesday, about 2:30 p.m.''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/1892-02-10 Alington Leigh Wedding|the very fashionable wedding between Henry Sturt, Lord Alington and Evelyn Leigh]]. Her gift was a &quot;tortoiseshell and gold heart-shaped tray.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;&quot;Lord Alington to Miss Leigh.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 20 February 1892, Saturday: 21 [of 46], Cols. 1a–3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18920220/092/0021. Same print title, p. 237.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 3a) 

'''1892 June 25, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird&quot; says &quot;That pretty Mrs. Algernon Bourke has been staying here, but returned to England in time for Ascot.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Little Bird, The. &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 25 June 1892, Saturday: 32 [of 60], Col. 3b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18920625/157/0032. Same print title, p. 860.&lt;/ref&gt; 

'''1892 December 13, Tuesday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' says Gwendolen Bourke is lovely in its coverage of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892#Wedding of Miss Eleanor M. Ewart and Captain Guy Withington|Eleanor M. Ewart and Captain Guy Withington's wedding]]. 

'''1892 December 22, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892#22 December 1892, Thursday|monthly meeting of the Zoological Society in Hanover-square]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 February 11, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke opened Willis's Restaurant:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Algernon Bourke has in his time done many things, and has generally done them well. His recently published history of White's Club is now a standard work. White's Club itself was a few years ago in its agony when Mr. Bourke stepped in and gave it a renewed lease of life. Under Mr. Bourke's auspices &quot;Willis's Restaurant&quot; opened its doors to the public on Tuesday last in a portion of the premises formerly so well known as Willis's Rooms. This new venture is to rival the Amphitryon in the matter of cuisine and wines; but it is not, like the Amphitryon, a club, but open to the public generally. Besides the restaurant proper, there are several ''cabinets particuliers'', and these are decorated with the very best of taste, and contain some fine portraits of the Georges.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marmaduke.&quot; &quot;Letter from the Linkman.&quot; ''Truth'' 20 April 1893, Thursday: 25 [of 56], Col. 1a [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18930420/075/0025# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18930420/075/0025]. Print p. 855.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1893 February 7, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#1893 February 7, Tuesday|the reception after Lady Emily Cadogan's wedding]].

'''1893 February 20, Monday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke is listed as having attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace|Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace]] held by the Prince of Wales; because wives generally are not listed, it seems likely Gwendolen Bourke attended as well.

'''1893 February 28, Tuesday, 3:00 p.m.''', Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Queens Drawing Room 1893-02-28|Queen's Drawing Room at Buckingham Palace]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 March 22, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#22 March 1893, Wednesday|Lady Wimborne's reception]].

'''1893 April 1, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke published a letter to the editor of the ''Times'', reprinted in the ''Kildare Observer'', arguing against Gladstone's Home Rule bill on the grounds that Ireland would not be able to take out a loan on its own behalf because of its obligations to the U.K., including what was called its share of the national debt.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Irish Unionist Alliance.&quot; ''Kildare Observer and Eastern Counties Advertiser'' 01 April 1893, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001870/18930401/062/0006. Print: The ''Kildare Observer'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1893 May 13, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was seen at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#13 May 1893, Saturday|exhibitions of art and furniture for sale by Christie's and on display by Lord Clifden]].

'''1893 July 13, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#The Countess of Listowel's Garden Party|Countess of Listowel's Garden Party]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#The Countess of Listowel's Garden Party|at her residence, Kingston House, Princes-gate]], accompanied by Miss Adeane.

'''1893 July 14, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Sandown Races 1893-07-14|the races at Sandown]] wearing a dark-blue-and-white outfit and black hat that got described in the newspaper.

'''1893 August 1, Tuesday – August 4, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke, at least, was at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#1 August 1893, Tuesday – 4 August 1893, Friday|the Goodwood races]], mentioned in the ''Gentlewoman'' for her beauty, although none of the dresses were noted.

'''1893 November 4–11, Wednesday–Saturday''', Gwendolen Bourke was at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#Ralph and Mary Sneyd Hosted a Shooting Party|shooting party at Keele Hall hosted by Ralph and Mary Sneyd]].

'''1893 November 30, Thursday''', with Sir Walter Gilbey the Hon. Algernon Bourke &quot;assisted&quot; in &quot;forming [a] collection&quot; of engravings by George Morland that was exhibited at Messrs. J. and W. Vokins’s, Great Portland-street.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The George Morland Exhibition at Vokins's.&quot; ''Sporting Life'' 30 November 1893, Thursday: 4 [of 4], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000893/18931130/058/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1893 December 14, Thursday, afternoon''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1893-12-14 Wedding Adele Grant and George, 7th Earl of Essex|wedding of American Adele Grant and George, 7th Earl of Essex]] and gave a &quot;pearl and gold box.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;&quot;Wedding of the Earl of Essex.&quot; ''Herts Advertiser'' 16 December 1893, Saturday; 8 [of 8], Col. 1a–4b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000415/18931216/125/0008. Print title: ''The Herts Advertiser and St Albans Times'', p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 3c}} Mr. and Mrs. Shelley Bontein also attended, and Mrs. Bontein gave a &quot;green leather bag and purse, with coronet and monogram in gold.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;{{rp|3b}}

'''1894 January 27, Saturday''', Psyche in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; in the ''Gentlewoman'' reported on a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#27 January 1894, Saturday|ball hosted by Lord and Lady Dunraven at Adare Manor]] that Gwendolen Bourke attended.

'''1894 January 31, Wednesday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke, who was dressed more stylishly than most, attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Also 31 January 1894, Wednesday|Kildare Hunt Ball]] hosted by Dermot, [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] and Geraldine, Countess of Mayo.

'''1894 February 24, Saturday''', ''The Field'' reported on a series of tennis matches; Algernon Bourke attended the one played at the Prince's Club.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Tennis.&quot; ''Field'' 24 February 1894, Saturday: 39 [of 72], Col. 1c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002446/18940224/349/0039. Print title ''The Field, The Country Gentleman's Newspaper'', p. 249.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1894 March 31, Saturday''', Psyche, in the &quot;Social Peepshow&quot; column in the ''Gentlewoman'', says that &quot;Mr. Algernon Bourke has still further embellished Willis's restaurant hard by [the St. James's Theatre], by the addition of some valuable old tapestry that lately came to the hammer at Christie's.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 31 March 1894, Saturday: 16 [of 56], Col. 2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18940331/081/0016. Same print title, p. 408.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1894 April 13, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke set sail on the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#P. and O. Line S.S. Rome for Gibraltar|P. and O. Line ''S.S. Rome'' for Gibraltar]] along with her stepfather, Mr. Shelley Bontein, and her brother, Mr. Sloane Stanley.

'''31 May 1894, Thursday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Reception at Devonshire House|Duchess of Devonshire's reception at Devonshire House]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 June 18, Monday''', the London ''Echo'' reported that Algernon Bourke was [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Brooks'|writing a history of Brooks' Club]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 June 20, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Princess Louise, Marchioness of Lorne Opened the Annual Sale of the Scottish Home Industries|Annual Sale of the Scottish Home Industries]]; her outfit was described in the article in ''Lady's Pictorial''.

'''1894 August 2, Thursday''', the column &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird&quot; says, &quot;At Willis' [restaurant] — 'What a smart cotillon Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave on Thursday evening.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Bird, The Little. &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 04 August 1894, Saturday: 30 [of 56], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18940804/148/0030. Print title same, p. 144.&lt;/ref&gt; Willis's Restaurant, King-street, St. James's, was a restaurant Algernon Bourke opened in 1893.&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 September 7, Saturday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke were at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#7 September 1894, Saturday|shooting party at Witley]], which had been loaned to one of his brothers by William Ward, 2nd Earl of Dudley.&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 October 22, Thursday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Wedding of Lord Connemara and Mrs. Coleman|luncheon after the wedding of Lord Connemara and Mrs. Coleman]].

'''1894 November 3, Saturday''', Psyche, in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; for the Gentlewoman, reported that Gwendolen Bourke had been [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#3 November 1894, Saturday|seen shopping in London]].

'''1895 January 5, Saturday, 2:00 p.m.''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke gave an old mother-of-pearl workbox to [[Wolverton-Ward Wedding 1895-01-05|Lady Edith Ward for her wedding to Frederick Glyn, Lord Wolverton]] and presumably attended the wedding and reception afterwards.&lt;p&gt;

'''1895 February 23, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#23 February 1895, Saturday|fashionable wedding of Laurence Currie and Edith Sibyl Mary Finch]]. Gwendolen Bourke is not listed as having attended, but she is not noted as absent, either. Daphne Bourke was born on 5 April 1895, probably explaining Gwendolen's absence.

'''1895 March 24, Sunday – 30 March, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#24, Sunday – 30 March 1895, Saturday|enjoying the sunny weather in Brighton]].

'''1895 April 27, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#1895 April 27, Saturday|wedding of Norah Bourke and Henry E. A. Lindsay]]. Again, Gwendolen Bourke is not listed as having attended. Daphne Bourke was born on 5 April 1895, and Psyche, writing the &quot;Social Peepshow&quot; column in the Gentlewoman, says,&lt;blockquote&gt;

I regret to hear of the serious illness of Mrs. Algernon Bourke, whose first child was born a fortnight ago. It is feared that the attack is of the nature of typhoid, but happily the patient's strength keeps up. Mrs. Bourke is at her mother's house in Clarges-street.&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 27 April 1895, Saturday: 28 [of 84], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18950427/147/0028. Same print title, p. 506.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1895 July 13, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke donated 10s. to the ''Daily Telegraph'' National Shilling Testimonial to W. G. Grace.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;''Daily Telegraph'' National Shilling Testimonial to W. G. Grace.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London) 13 July 1895, Saturday: 7 [of 12], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/18950713/079/0007. Print: ''Daily Telegraph'', p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1895 August 24, Saturday''', &quot;Marmaduke&quot; in the ''Graphic'' says that Algernon Bourke &quot;opened a cyclists' club in Chelsea.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marmaduke.&quot; &quot;Court and Club.&quot; The ''Graphic'' 24 August 1895, Saturday: 11 [of 32], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9000057/18950824/017/0011. Print p. 223.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1895 October''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#24 October 1902, Friday|opened the Prince's ice-skating rink for the]] season.if the newspapers were right that 1902 was the 7th season. He also was planning a bicycling club for Kensington Gardens to open the following season.&lt;ref&gt;Mackenzie, Ethel Morell (Miss). &quot;Pins and Needles.&quot; ''Hull Daily News'' 12 October 1895, Saturday: 24 [of 40], Col. 1a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003443/18951012/024/0024. Print title: ''Hull News Supplement'', p. 1[6? 8?].&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1895 October 7, Monday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#Adeane-Cator Wedding|Maud Adeane–John Cator wedding]].

'''1895 December 11, Wednesday''', Gwendolen and Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#Sneyd Party to Meet the Duke of Coburg|shooting party at the Sneyds' to meet the Duke of Coburg]].

'''1895 December 18, Wednesday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#Wedding of Lady Albreda Fitzwilliam and the Hon. Charles Bourke|wedding of Lady Albreda Fitzwilliam and the Hon. Charles Bourke]]. Their gift is not noted in the newspaper account.

'''1896 March 17, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#17 March 1896, Tuesday|annual dinner of the Cymmrodorion, or the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion]], a society for Welsh culture and history.

'''1896 April 21, Monday''', Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke sent a gift — a &quot;box for miniature&quot; — for [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Monday, 1896 April 27|the wedding of Lady Angela St. Clair Erskine and James Stewart Forbes]].

'''1896 May 21, Thursday''', the Hon. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Mrs. C. H. Wilson's Ball|Mrs. C. H. Wilson's ball in Grosvenor-square, London]].

'''1896 May 26, Tuesday,  through 28 May, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Coming of Age of Mr Sloane Stanley|3-day celebration in honor of the coming of age of her brother, Cyril Sloane Stanley]].

'''1896 June 15, Monday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Dinner and Dance Hosted by the Countess of Huntingdon|dance hosted by the Earl and Countess of Huntingdon]] after their dinner party.

'''1896 July 13, Monday''', Algernon Bourke (listed among the &quot;Honourables&quot;) and Mrs. A. Bourke (Listed among the &quot;Honourable Ladies&quot;) were invited to the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Queen's Garden Party at Buckingham Palace|Queen's Garden Party at Buckingham Palace]].

'''1896 June 29, Monday''', the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Cadogan-Scott Wedding 1896-06-29|wedding and reception of Lady Sophie Cadogan and Sir Samuel Scott]]. Algernon Bourke published a letter to the editor of the ''Daily Telegraph'' about White's Club — and thus Bourke's — &quot;[[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Summer Club|Summer Club]]&quot; in Kensington Park, the subject of a little controversy.

'''1896 July 21, Tuesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Dinner Hosted by Sir Horace and Lady Farquhar|dinner hosted by Sir Horace and Lady Farquhar in Grosvenor-square]].

'''1896 August 5, Wednesday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#5 August 1896|wedding of the Hon. Terence Bourke and Miss Eveline Haines]] and gave the bride an &quot;enamel muff chain.&quot;&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 August 10, Monday''', the Morning Leader reported that the Hon. Algernon Bourke, for the Foreign Office, received Li Hung Chang at St. Paul's:&lt;blockquote&gt;At St. Paul's Li Hung was received by Field-Marshal Simmons, Colonel Lane, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, of the Foreign Office (who made the necessary arrangements for the visit) and Canon Newbolt, on behalf of the Dean and Chapter. A crowd greeted Li with a cheer as he drove up in Lord Lonsdale’s striking equipage, and his Excellency was carried up the steps in an invalid chair by two stalwart constables. He walked through the centre door with his suite, and was immediately conducted by Canon Newbolt to General Gordon’s tomb in the north aisle, where a detachment of boys from the Gordon Home received him as a guard of honor.

Li inspected the monument with marked interest, and drew the attention of his suite to the remarkable likeness to the dead hero. He laid a handsome wreath of royal purple asters, lilies, maidenhair fern, and laurel, tied with a broad band of purple silk, on the tomb.

The visit was not one of inspection of the building, but on passing the middle aisle the interpreter called the attention of His Excellency to the exquisite architecture and decoration of the chancel. Li shook hands in hearty English fashion with Canon Newbolt and the other gentlemen who had received him, and, assisted by his two sons, walked down the steps to his carriage. He returned with his suite to Carlton House-terrace by way of St. Paul’s Churchyard, Cannon-st., Queen Victoria-st., and the Embankment.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;At St. Paul's.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 10 August 1896, Monday: 7 [of 12], Col. 2b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18960810/134/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 August 19, Wednesday''', the ''Edinburgh Evening News'' reported on the catering that White's Club and Mr Algernon Bourke arranged for the visiting Li Hung Chang:&lt;blockquote&gt;It is probably not generally known (says the &quot;Chef&quot;) that Mr Algernon Bourke, manager of White's Club, London, has undertaken to the whole of the catering for our illustrious visitor front the Flowery Land. Li Hung Chang has five native cooks in his retinue, and the greatest good fellowship exists between them and their English ''confreres'', although considerable difficulty is experienced in conversation in understanding one another's meaning. There are between 40 and and 50 to cater for daily, besides a staff about 30; that Mr Lemaire finds his time fully occupied. The dishes for his Excellency are varied and miscellaneous, and from 14 to 20 courses are served at each meal. The bills of fare contain such items as bird's-nest soup, pigs' kidneys stewed in cream, boiled ducks and green ginger, sharks' fins, shrimps and prawns stewed with leeks and muscatel grapes, fat pork saute with peas and kidney beans. The meal usually winds with fruit and sponge cake, and freshly-picked green tea as liqueur.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Li Hung Chang's Diet.&quot; ''Edinburgh Evening News'' 19 August 1896, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 8b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000452/18960819/057/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 November 6, Friday''', both Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke were on the committee for the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Skating Club|Prince's Club ice-skating rink]], which [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Opening of the Prince's Club Skating Rink|opened on this day]].

'''1896 November 22, week of''', Mrs. Algernon Bourke was part of a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Shooting Party at the Charles Wilsons' Warter Priory, Yorkshire|shooting party at the Charles Wilsons' Warter Priory, Yorkshire]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 November 25, Wednesday''', Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bouke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Lord and Lady Burton Hosted a Party for Derby Day|Lord and Lady Burton's party for Derby Day]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 December 4, Friday''', the Orleans Club at Brighton was robbed:&lt;blockquote&gt;The old building of the Orleans Club at Brighton, which opens its new club house at 33, Brunswick-terrace to-day, was the scene of a very ingenious burglary during the small hours of yesterday morning. The greater portion of the club property had already been removed to the new premises, but Mr Algernon Bourke, his private secretary, and some of the officials of the club, still occupied bed-rooms at the house in the King’s-road. The corner shop of the street front is occupied by Mr. Marx, a jeweller in a large way of business, and upon his manager arriving at nine o'clock he discovered that the place had been entered through hole in the ceiling, and a great part of a very valuable stock of jewelry extracted. An examination of the morning rooms of the club, which runs over Mr. Marx's establishment reveal a singularly neat  specimen of the burglar's art. A piece of the flooring about 15in square had been removed by a series of holes bored side by side with a centre-bit, at a spot where access to the lofty shop was rendered easy by a tall showcase which stood convemently near. A massive iron girder had been avoided by a quarter of an inch, and this circumstance and the general finish of the operation point to an artist in his profession, who had acquired an intimate knowledge of the premises. The club doors were all found locked yesterday morning, and the means of egress adopted by the thief are at present a mystery.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Burglary at Brighton.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London) 05 December 1896, Saturday: 5 [of 12], Col. 7a [of 7]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/18961205/090/0005. Print title: ''Daily Telegraph''; p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 December 10, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke was present to help staff a stall at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#10 December 1896, Thursday|Irish Industries Exhibition and Sale, Brighton]].

'''1896 December 31, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke hosted a New Year's Eve dance:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave a highly satisfactory and enjoyable dance on Thursday night, when the old year was danced out and the new one danced in. Most of the silver gilters at present in to len were to the fore.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Man about Town.&quot; ''Sporting Gazette'' 02 January 1897, Saturday: 7 [of 34], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002525/18970102/041/0007. Print title ''The County Gentleman'', p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 January 9, Saturday''', Psyche in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; says that Algernon Bourke's &quot;cheerful countenance was quite in keeping with the [Christmas] season,&quot; seen in London.&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 9 January 1897, Saturday: 22 [of 56], Col. 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970109/097/0022. Same print title, p. 40.&lt;/ref&gt; 

'''1897 January 13, Wednesday – 18, Monday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke were guests of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Warwickshire Hunt Club Ball|house party associated with the Warwickshire Hunt Ball]] at [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Warwick Castle]].

'''1897 January 30, Saturday''', Gwendolen Bourke was reported to have been out shopping in London: &quot;Another charming figure was that of Mrs. Algernon Bourke all in chinchilla, with something of pale blue in a smart toque.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 30 January 1897, Saturday: 20 [of 59]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970130/107/0020. Same print title, p. 134.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 May 31, Monday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke were present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#House Party at Warwick Castle|House Party at Warwick Castle]] hosted by the Earl and Countess of Warwick.

'''1897 June 2, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Reception at the Foreign Office|reception at the Foreign Office]].

'''1897 June 12, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' reported on Gwendolen Bourke's dress and hat at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Duchess of Albany's Bazaar at the Imperial Institute|Duchess of Albany's Bazaar at the Imperial Institute]]. 

'''1897 June 19, Saturday''', Psyche in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; column in the ''Gentlewoman'' writes that Gwendolen Bourke was seen driving in London, &quot;in blue, ... looking as usual very handsome.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 19 June 1897, Saturday: 28 [of 108], Col. 2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970619/159/0028. Same print title, p. 848.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 June 28, Monday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke were invited to the [[Social Victorians/Diamond Jubilee Garden Party|Garden Party at Buckingham Palace]], the final official event of the London Diamond Jubilee celebrations. Members of the family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] were also among the 5,000–6,000 people invited.

'''1897 July 2, Friday''', the Hon. A. and Mrs. A. Bourke and Mr. and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] at Devonshire House.

'''1897 July 8, Thursday, 11:00 p.m.''', Hon. Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke were present at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace|the Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace]]. The dancing commenced shortly after 11:00 p.m.

'''1897 July 11–16, week of''', a dog of Gwendolen Bourke's won a prize at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Ladies' Kennel Association show in the Royal Botanic Gardens in Regent's Park|Ladies' Kennel Association show in the Royal Botanic Gardens in Regent's Park]]. 

'''1897 July 23, Friday''', both the Hon. Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Bourke-Curzon Cricket Match at the Queen's Club|Bourke-Curzon cricket match at the Queen's Club]], which Algernon Bourke's team lost. 

'''1897 July 23 — or July 30, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Lady Burton's party at Chesterfield House|Lady Burton's party at Chesterfield House]]. &lt;blockquote&gt;Far the prettiest women in the room were Lady Henry Bentinck (who looked perfectly lovely in pale yellow, with a Iong blue sash; and Mrs. Algernon Bourke, who was as smart as possible in pink, with pink and white ruchings on her sleeves and a tall pink feather in her hair.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lady Burton's Party at Chesterfield House.&quot; ''Belper &amp; Alfreton Chronicle'' 30 July 1897, Friday: 7 [of 8], Col. 1c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004151/18970730/162/0007. Print title: ''Belper and Alfreton Chronicle''; n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 August 2, Monday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Warwick House Party for the Easton Lodge Cricket Week Games|Earl and Countess of Warwick's house party for Easton Lodge cricket week]].

'''1897 August 2, Monday''', Mrs. Algernon Bourke was listed as among [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Most Beautiful Women in England|the most beautiful women in England]] in an article from ''Vanity Fair'' that was reprinted elsewhere.

'''1897 September 25, Saturday''', according to the ''Pall Mall Gazette'',&lt;blockquote&gt;The [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Dowager-Countess of Mayo]] is staying with her son, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, at Bramnber, near Brighton.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pall Mall Gazette Office.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 25 September 1897, Saturday: 8 [of 10], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18970925/023/0008. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1897 October 2, Saturday''', &quot;Yenatrix&quot; in &quot;Kennel Column&quot; in the ''Gentlewoman'' reported that Gwendolen Bourke had joined the Ladies' Kennel Association.&lt;ref&gt;Yenatrix. &quot;Kennel Column.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 02 October 1897, Saturday: 39 [of 61], Col. 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18971002/182/0039. Same print title, p. 434.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 October 9, Saturday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke were at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Harrogate|Harrogate, presumably taking the waters and baths]]. Lady May was on her way to visit Algernon Bourke in Brighton:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Earl of Mayo is expected to return from Sweden on Saturday next. Lady Mayo leaves Bournemouth on Sarurday for Brighton, where she will pay a two days' visit to her brother-in-law, the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]]. The Earl and Countess will then return to Palmerstown, their seat in County Kildare.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pall Mall Gazette Office.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 7 October 1897, Thursday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18971007/022/0008. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1897 October 30, Saturday''', ''Black and White'' published '''J.P.B.'''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s &quot;The Case of Mrs. Elliott,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;J.P.B. &quot;The Case of Mrs. Elliott.&quot; ''Black &amp; White'' 30 October 1897, Saturday: 12 [of 34], Cols. 1a–2b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004617/18971030/036/0012. Print title ''Black and White'', p. 542.&lt;/ref&gt; an odd short short story in which the Honourable Algernon Bourke Herriott is &quot;rude to Mrs. Elliott,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2b}} presumably having proposed sexual relations while her husband is out. J.P.B. links to the biographical Algernon Bourke's career in the stock market in the description of Mrs. Christine Elliott not even simulating interest in her husband's bicycling: &quot;a soul is a grievous burthen for a stockbroker's wife,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2a}} suggesting that Mr. Elliott rather than Algernon Bourke Herriott is the stockbroker. The Hon. Algy&lt;blockquote&gt;was a senior member of several junior clubs. A woman had dubbed him once &quot;a rip with a taste for verses.&quot; The description was severe, but not unwarranted. His was a pretty pagan sensualism, though, singing from a wine palate to Church music. For the rest, he had just imagination enough to despise mediocrity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2a}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 November 25–26, Thursday–Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke was in Brighton, helping the Countess of Mayo at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Irish Industries' Association Annual Exhibition|bazaar of the Irish Industries' Association]].

'''1897 December 7, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#7 December 1897, Tuesday|7th annual dinner for the Actors' Benevolent Fund]].

'''1897 December 30''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Blenheim Palace Party with Amateur Theatricals|party at Blenheim Palace in which people performed tableaux vivants]] that got reported on, many of whom wearing the costumes from the Duchess of Devonshire's ball. The ''Irish Independent'' said Algernon Bourke was &quot;mainly responsible for the living pictures.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr Algernon Bourke ....&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 05 January 1898, Wednesday: 6 [of 8], Col. 2c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001985/18980105/115/0006.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1898''', Algernon Bourke called a meeting at White's Club about attempting to [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Thames Salmon Experiment|restock the Thames with salmon]]. In 1899 he was on a [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#Committees|committee led by the Lord Mayor about this topic]] as well.

'''1898 February 3, Thursday''',  Algernon Bourke was among [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#The Dundee Evening Telegraph Report on People at Monte Carlo|those visiting Monte Carlo according to the Dundee ''Evening Telegraph'']].

'''1898 March 12, Saturday''', ''The World'' reported on Algernon Bourke's upgrading of the Orleans Club at Brighton:&lt;blockquote&gt;

The Orleans Club at Brighton is flourishing exceedingly, and the new buildings which Mr. Algernon Bourke has just had erected at the back of the comfortable mansion at the corner of Lansdowne-place now provide all that was wanting to make the present habitat of the club all that its members desire. The new billiard-room is rapidly approaching completion, and the coffee-room, excellent and spacious now, was open on Saturday night, when every table was occupied by club diners and their guests, all of whom were enthusiastic over the excellence of this latest addition to the comfort of the house. All interested may be congratulated on what is practically new lease of life to the Orleans Club, than which there is no more comfortable place stay within the four seas.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From '''The World''.'&quot; ''East &amp; South Devon Advertiser'' 12 March 1898, Saturday: 6 pop 8], Col. 2b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001639/18980312/132/0006. Print title ''The East and South Devon Advertiser'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1898 March 30, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke was charged with assaulting a Mr. Potter, but it is not clear from this account what exactly happened:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Hon. Algernon H. Bourke, of Bramber, was summoned, at the instance of Mr. Walter John Potter, clerk to Mr. G. A. Flowers, solicitor, of Steyning, for assault, on the 30th March. — Mr. J. Edward Dell supported the case, and Mr. J. C. Buckwell defended, and pleaded not guilty. — The evidence was to the effect that Mr. Potter had occasion go to defendant's house on Wednesday last to serve a writ. He was going to drop the letter into [Col. 5c–6a] defendant's pocket when he turned and struck him a violent blow on the chest, making witness stagger backwards. Witness put up his hands to keep his balance, and defendant then struck him violently across the head with a weeding spud. — Richard Reed, who was at work for Mr. Bourke on the date named, and was working in garden at the time of the alleged assault, gave corroborative evidence. — Defendant, in the witness box, made a similar statement. — The magistrates differed as to whether the assault was committed, and dismissed the case.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Steyning.&quot; ''Sussex Express'' 9 April 1898, Saturday: 2 [of 12], Col. 5c–6a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000654/18980409/036/0002. Print: ''The Sussex Express, Surrey Standard, Weald of the Kent Mail, Hants and County Advertiser'', p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1898 April 12, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was among [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#1898 April 12, Tuesday|those visiting Monte Carlo according to the ''Gentlewoman'']].

'''1898 May 25, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke wore pink to [[Social Victorians/1898-05-25 Savoy Dinner Dance Hwfa|Mrs. Hwfa Williams' dinner-dance at the Savoy]].

'''1898 June 7, Tuesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. A. Bourke were invited to and probably attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#7 June 1898, Tuesday|State Ball at Buckingham Palace hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales]].

'''1898 July 4, Thursday afternoon''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke were invited to and probably attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#Garden Party at Marlborough House|Garden Party at Marlborough House given to the Queen and Shah of Persia]].

'''1898 October 29, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#Tennis Championship Game at Prince's Club, Knightsbridge|tennis match at Prince's Club, Knightsbridge]].

'''1898 November 22, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#Shooting Party Hosted by William James|shooting party hosted by Mr. William James]].

'''1898 December 3, Saturday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. A. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#The Funeral of Lady Connemara|funeral of Lady Connemara in Christ Church]], Down street, Piccadilly.&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 January 10, Tuesday''', the Brighton Championship Dog Show opened:&lt;blockquote&gt;Princess of Wales a Winner at the Ladies’ Kennel Club Show.

[Exclusive to &quot;The Leader.&quot;)

The Brighton Championship Dog Show opened in the Dome and Corn Exchange yesterday, and was very well patronised by visitors and exhibitors. Among the latter was H.R.H. the Princess of Wales, who did very well; and others included Princess Sophie Duleep Singh, Countess De Grey, Sir Edgar Boehm, the Hon Mrs. Algernon Bourke, Lady Cathcart, Lady Reid, Mr. Shirley (chairman of the Kennel Club), and the Rev. Hans Hamiiton (president of the Kennel Club).

The entry of bloodhounds is one of the best seen for some time; the Great Danes are another strong lot; deerhounds are a fine entry, all good dogs, and most of the best kennels represented; borzois are another very stylish lot. The bigger dogs are, as usual, in the Corn Exchange and the &quot;toy&quot; dogs in the Dome. To everyone's satsfaction the Princess of Wales carried off two first prizes with Alex in the borzois class.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Dogs at Brighton.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 11 January 1899, Wednesday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18990111/142/0008. Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 January 11, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#11 January 1899, Wednesday|a luncheon at Stanfield-hall, home of Mr. and Mrs. Basil Montogomery, for Princess Henry of Battenberg]], that also included the Countess of Dudley (sister of Mrs. Montgomery), General Oliphant, and the Mayor and Mayoress of Romsey.

'''1899 January 17–18, Tuesday and Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Ladies' Kennel Association in Brighton|Ladies' Kennel Association in Brighton]], where she showed an Italian greyhound named Brenda.

'''1899 February 7, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke was a member of the very high-ranking committee organizing the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Gordon Memorial College Ball|Gordon Memorial College Ball at the Hotel Cecil on 7 February 1899]]. The committee had been planning for the ball, of course, for at least 3 weeks before.

'''1899 February 22, Wednesday – April''', Gwendolen Bourke was part of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Society in St. Moritz|Society in St. Moritz]]. 1899 March 29, Wednesday, the ''Dundee Advertiser'' says that [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#29 March 1899, Wednesday|Cyril Sloane-Stanley was spending part of the winter in St. Moritz]] with his sister Gwendolen Bourke.

'''1899 April 7, Friday, probably''', oddly, Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke are not reported to have attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Funeral of the Hon. Charles Bourke, C.B.|Funeral of the Hon. Charles Bourke, C.B.]] or even to have sent flowers.

'''1899 April 8, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' reported that Gwendolen Bourke had gone to [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#8 April 1899, Saturday|St. Moritz with her brother, Mr. Stanley, who had gotten engaged to Lady Cairns]].

'''1899 April 26, Wednesday''', according to &quot;Local and District News&quot; for Totton, Gwendolen Bourke was &quot;ill with influenza in Paris, and Mrs. Shelley Bontein, her mother, has gone out to nurse her.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Local and District News. Totton.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 26 April 1899, Wednesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 2b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18990426/037/0004. Print title ''Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1899 June 1, Thursday, or 2, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Wedding of Roger Cyril Sloane Stanley and Olivia, Countess Cairns|wedding of her brother, Sloane Stanley and Olivia Countess Cairns]] at Holy Trinity Church, Brompton.

'''1899 June 8, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke's money troubles:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Hon. Algernon Bourke, son of the Earl of Mayo, has been appearing before the official receivers in connection with a winding-up order made against Willis’ Restaurant, Limited. The companyf [sic] was formed to acquire the well known restaurant from the Hon. H. A. Bourke. The chairman reminded the creditors that on the last occasion the meeting was adjourned because Mr. Bourke said he thought he would be able in the course of a fortnight to obtain an offer for a sum sufficient to satisfy the creditors and debenture holders. He had received a letter from Mr. Bourke to the effect that he had been unable to complete arrangements. Having looked into the affairs of the company more closely, it appeared to him that Mr. Bourke was legally liable to repay the sum of £5,000 which was advanced to White's Club, and the question would arise whether Mr. Bourke was not also liable to repay the sum of £4,000.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr. Bourke Must Pay.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 8 June 1899, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 8c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001985/18990608/118/0004. Print title: ''The Irish Weekly Independent'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1899 July 1, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#1 July 1899, Saturday|meeting in London at the Duke of Westminster's Grosvenor House]] about preserving Killarney as part of the National Trust and seems to have been acting for someone who wanted to purchase the Muckross Estate.

'''1899 July 5, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Dinner and Dance at Devonshire House|dance at Devonshire House hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire]].

'''1899 July 6, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Joan Wilson and Guy Fairfax's Wedding|wedding of Joan Wilson and Guy Fairfax in St. Mark's, near Grosvenor Square]].

'''1899 July 14, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#14 July 1899, Friday|Ernest Beckett's dinner party]].

'''1899 July 18, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Ludovici Lecture on Impressionism|lecture on Impressionism by Ludovici hosted by the Countess of Mayo]].

'''1899 July 28, Friday''', [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#White's|White's Club]] was no longer under Algernon Bourke's management and was reconstituting itself after the possibility that it would have to close.

'''1889 July 31, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#Fete of the Uxbridge Habitation of the Primrose League|Fete of the Uxbridge Habitation of the Primrose League]] at Hillingdon Court and hosted by the Hon. Algernon and Lady Mary Mills.

'''1899 September 9, Saturday''', the ''Eastern Morning News'' includes Algernon Bourke (&quot;St. James's-street, London, club proprietor&quot;) in a list of men &quot;Receiving Orders,&quot; which it is reprinting from the ''London Gazette''.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Receiving Orders.&quot; ''Eastern Morning'' News 9 September 1899, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 3c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001152/18990909/074/0005. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 October 19, Thursday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke had a bankruptcy hearing:&lt;blockquote&gt;The public examination of the Hon. Algernon Bourke was held before Mr Registrar Giffard yesterday, at the London Bankruptcy Court. The debtor, described as proprietor of a St. James's-street club, furnished a statement of affairs showing unsecured debts £13,694 and debts fully secured £12,800, with assets which are estimated at £4,489 [?]. He stated, in reply to the Official Receiver, that he was formerly a member of the Stock Exchange, but had nothing to do with the firm of which he was a member during the last ten years. He severed his connection with the firm in May last, and believed he was indebted to them to the extent of £2,000 or £3,000. He repudiated a claim which they now made for £37,300. In 1889 he became proprietor of White's Club, St. James's-street, and carried it on until January 1st last, when he transferred it to a company called Recreations, Limited. One of the objects of the company was to raise money on debentures. The examination was formally adjourned.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 October 20, Friday''', the ''Morning Leader'' mentions Bourke's bankruptcy:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Algernon Bourke, whose bankruptcy is much talked about, has been connected with numerous enterprises in clubland. He raised White's from the slough into which it had sunk after the secession of the Prince of Wales. He started the Willis Restaurant, put fresh life into the Orleans Club at Brighton, arranged a big restaurant for the bicyclists in the time of the bicycle parade, and was concerned at first in the smart and short-lived Trafalgar Bicycle Club. At one time his name spelt success. Latterly his luck has left him. He is a brother of Lord Mayo, a son of the peer who was assassinated at the post of duty, and is one of the best known men about town of the day.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Club, Stage, and Salon.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 20 October 1899, Friday: 6 [of 12], Col. 5b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18991020/085/0006. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1899 November 8, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke's bankruptcy case came up again:&lt;blockquote&gt;At Bankruptcy Court, yesterday, the case the Hon. Algernon Bourke again came on for hearing before Mr. Registrar Giffard, and the examination was concluded. The debtor has at various times been proprietor of White’s Club, St. James’s-street, and the Orleans’ Club, Brighton, and also of Willis's Restaurant, King-street, St. James's. He attributed his failure to losses sustained by the conversion of White’s Club and the Orleans' Club into limited companies, to the payment of excessive Interest on borrowed money, and other causes. The liabilities amount to £26,590, of which £13,694 are stated to be unsecured, and assets £4,409.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Affairs of the Hon. A. Bourke.&quot; ''Globe'' 09 November 1899, Thursday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001652/18991109/020/0002. Print p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 December 23, Saturday''', &quot;Mr. Algernon Bourke has departed for a tour in Africa, being at present the guest of his brother in Tunis.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Society Pages.&quot; ''Walsall Advertiser'' 23 December 1899, Saturday: 7 [of 8], Col. 7b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001028/18991223/143/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1899 December 29, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke was at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Christmas Party Hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough|Christmas Party Hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 December 31''', the San Francisco newspaper ''The Wave'' wrote the following about London society:&lt;blockquote&gt;The most prominent untitled people in London may be said to be Mr. and Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Williams|Hwfa Williams]], Mr. and Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Grenfell|Willie Grenfell]] and Mr. Algy Bourke. That they are passing rich, goes without saying, and that they entertain lavishly, understood — for to be untitled, prominent and successful, argues wealth, hospitality and cleverness.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London.&quot; The (San Francisco) ''Wave'' 14 January 1899 (Vol. XIX, No. 2): 14. ''The Internet Archive'' https://archive.org/details/wave19unse/page/n20/mode/1up.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 1900s ===

'''1900 February 15, Thursday''', Daphne Bourke, the four-year-old daughter of the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke was a bridesmaid in the [[Social Victorians/Wilson Chesterfield Wedding 1900-02-15|wedding of Enid Wilson and the Earl of Chesterfield]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London Day by Day.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph'' 15 February 1900, Thursday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/19000215/175/0008. Name in British Newspaper Archive: ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London). Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt; Gwendolen Bourke, &quot;who was in grey, wore a chinchilla toque with violets.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society. Entertainments, Balls, &amp;c.&quot; ''The Queen'' 24 February 1900, Saturday: 40 [of 76], Col. 1a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/19000224/235/0040. Print: ''The Queen, The Lady's Newspaper'', p. 308.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1900 March 10, Saturday''', the ''Weekly Irish Times'' reprinted society gossip from ''The World'':&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke, who has been staying with her husband's uncle, old Connemara, during Mr. Algernon Bourke's absence abroad, has taken a new house near Portman square, and will be settling there before Easter.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip.&quot; ''Weekly Irish Times'' 10 March 1900, Saturday: 17 [of 20], Col. 1b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001684/19000310/116/0017. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1900 July''' '''17, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke took part in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#17 July 1900, Tuesday|Children's Fete in support of the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children]] on the grounds of the Royal Botanic Society. Daphe was 5 at this time, so it seems logical that she would have been there, too.

'''1900 July 30, Monday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Barber of Seville at Covent Garden|''The Barber of Seville'' at Covent Garden]].

'''1890 August 6, Friday''', &quot;[[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Beautiful Women|Beautiful Women]],&quot; an article in ''Vanity Fair'' that was reprinted elsewhere, mentions Gwendolen Bourke (&quot;Lady Algernon Bourke&quot;) as one of the most beautiful women in England.

'''1900 August 11, Saturday''', Gwendolen Bourke got&lt;blockquote&gt;the pretty little Yorkshire String, an especially tiny mite, weighing only 2&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;/&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;lb, and carrying a very promising coat, ... at the Aquarium Show.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Witchampton Kennel.&quot; &quot;Ladies Kennels.&quot; ''Ladies' Field'' 11 August 1900, Saturday: 16 [of 60], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0006043/19000811/043/0016. Print title same, p. 390.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1900 September 16''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke became the heir presumptive to the Earldom of Mayo when his older brother Captain Hon. Sir Maurice Archibald Bourke died.&lt;p&gt;

'''1900 October 06, Saturday''', the ''Weekly Irish Times'' says that Mr. Algernon Bourke, now heir presumptive to the earldom of Mayo, &quot;has been for some months lately staying with Mr. Terence Bourke in Morocco.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip.&quot; ''Weekly Irish Times'' 06 October 1900, Saturday: 14 [of 20], Col. 3b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001684/19001006/121/0014. Print p. 14.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 May 30, Thursday''', the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke attended the fashionable [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1901 May 30, Thursday|Ladies' Kennel Association Dog Show at the Botanic Garden]].

'''1901 July 2, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke — &quot;pretty Mrs. Algernon Bourke, in a mauve gown and and purple tulle toque&quot; — attended a children's party at the Botanic Gardens hosted by the Earl and Countess of Kilmorey.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Earl of Kilmorey, K.P.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 13 July 1901: Saturday, 50 [of 84], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010713/237/0050. Print: title the same, p. 60.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1901 July 4, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke — dressed &quot;in pale grey, with her pretty little girl,&quot; 6-year-old Daphne — attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Countess of Yarborough's Children's Party|children's party hosted by the Countess of Yarborough]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Countess of Yarborough ....&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 13 July 1901, Saturday: 76 [of 84], Col. 2b, 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010713/381/0076. Print p. xxxvi.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 3a}}

'''1901 July 4–6, Thursday–Saturday''', Gwendolen Bourke helped staff the Perthshire stall&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Great County Sale.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 29 June 1901, Saturday: 43 [of 72], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010629/223/0043# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010629/223/0043]. Same print title, pp. 679.&lt;/ref&gt; at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Great County Sale|Great County Sale in the Imperial Gardens of the Earl's Court Exhibition]].

'''1901 July 20, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' published the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke's portrait (identified with &quot;Perthshire&quot;) in its 3rd series of &quot;The Great County Sale at Earl's Court. Portraits of Stallholders.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Great County Sale at Earl's Court. Portraits of Stallholders.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 20 July 1901, Saturday: 31 [of 60], Col. 4b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010720/141/0031. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt; Their daughter Daphne appears in the portrait as well.

'''1901 July 23, Tuesday''', an &quot;Hon. Mrs. Bourke&quot; was in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox|party &quot;entertained by Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox]].&quot;&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 September 12, Thursday''', Mrs. Gwendolen Bourke wanted her name listed as Mrs. Algernon Bourke in the Electoral Register, apparently a frequent complaint:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Underhill, the Conservative agent, mentioned to the Revising Barrister (Mr. William F. Webster) that the name of the Hon. Mrs. Gwendolen Bourke was on the list in respect of the house, 75, Gloucester-place. The lady had written to him to say that she was the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke and that she wished that name to appear on the register. In reply to the Revising Barrister, Mr. Underhill said that “Algernon” was the name of the lady’s husband.

Mr. Cooke, the rate-collector, said that Mrs. Bourke had asked to be addressed Mrs. Algernon Bourke, but that the Town Clerk thought the address was not a correct one. The lady signed her cheques Gwendolen.”

Mr. Underhill said the agents frequently had indignant letters from ladies because they were not addressed by their husband’s Christian name.

The Revising Barrister — lf a lady gave me the name of Mrs. John Smith I should say I had not got the voter’s name. The name Gwendolen must remain.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;&quot;Ladies’ Names.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 12 September 1901, Thursday: 7 [of 10], Col. 3a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/19010912/130/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1901 October 26, Friday''', Algernon Bourke was on the Men's Committee of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Club Ice-skating Rink|Prince's Club Ice-skating Rink]], which had [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Prince's Club Ice-skating Rink Opening|its official opening on his day]]. 

'''1902 January''', Algernon Bourke is mentioned in [[Social Victorians/Schools#&quot;More of My Contemporaries at School.&quot;|reminiscences of Eton written by the &quot;Earl of X&quot;]] as being among those in the &quot;world of letters,&quot; and whose brother, later the Earl of Mayo, the Earl of X did not like. 

'''1902 January 25, Saturday''', Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave a box to Lady Helen Stewart-Vane-Tempest in honor of [[Social Victorians/Stewart-Stavordale Wedding 1902-01-25|Lady Helen's wedding to Giles Fox-Strangways, Lord Stavordale]]. 

'''1902 April 26, Saturday''', Mrs. A. Bourke is listed as being at the Norfolk Hotel in Brighton.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Guide to Visitors at Hotels and Boarding Houses.&quot; ''Brighton Gazette'' 26 April 1902, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000938/19020426/116/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt; 

'''1902 May, End of''', Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#End of May 1902|party at Blenheim Palace hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough]]. 

'''1902 June 11, Monday''', the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke had a dog entered in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Ladies' Kennel Association Show|Ladies' Kennel Association competitions in the Botanic Gardens]]. 

'''1902 September 4, Thursday''', the ''Daily Express'' reported that &quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke is staying with Lord and Lady Alington at Scarborough.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Onlooker.&quot; &quot;My Social Diary.&quot; &quot;Where People Are.&quot; ''Daily Express'' 04 September 1902, Thursday: 5 [of 8], Col. 1b? [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004848/19020904/099/0005. Print p. 4, Col. 7b [of 7].&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1902 September 22, Monday''', Gwendolen Bourke was a guest at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Earl and Countess of Mar and Kellie's House Party|large house party hosted by the Earl and Countess of Mar and Kellie]].

'''1902 October 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Annual Opening of the Prince's Ice-skating Rink|opened the Prince's ice-skating rink for the season]], which he had been doing since 1895.

'''1902 October 25, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was bequeathed £500 by his uncle [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Robert Bourke]], who had died 3 September 1902.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Will of Lord Connemara.&quot; ''Kildare Observer and Eastern Counties Advertiser'' 25 October 1902, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 4b–c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001870/19021025/037/0002. Print title the ''Kildare Observer'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 October 31, Friday''', the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Annual Opening of the Prince's Ice-skating Rink|7th opening of the Prince's Skating Club]]. Guendoline Bourke was on the Women's Committee and Algernon Bourke was on the Men's.&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 November 8, Friday, beginning, perhaps''', Gwendolen Bourke was part of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#8 November 1902, Saturday|Earl and Countess of Warwick's shooting party at Easton Lodge]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 December 9, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#9 December 1902, Tuesday|Lady Eva Wyndham-Quin's &quot;at home,&quot; held at the Welch Industrial depot]] for the sale Welsh-made Christmas gifts and cards. Bourke wore &quot;a fur coat and a black picture hat.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Lady Correspondent.&quot; &quot;Society in London.&quot; ''South Wales Daily News'' 11 December 1902, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000919/19021211/082/0004. Print p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1903 February 6, Friday''', Hon. Mrs A. Bourke was present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Dinner Party Hosted by Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and the Countess of Dudley|dinner party Hosted by Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and the Countess of Dudley]]. &lt;p&gt;

'''1903 February 9, Monday''', Gwendolen Bourke was present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Dinner Party Hosted by Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and the Countess of Dudley|house party at Dublin Castle hosted by the Lord Lieutenant and Countess of Dudley that began the Viceregal season]].

'''1903 March 17, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke staffed a booth at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1903 March 17, Tuesday|sale of the Irish Industries Association]] on St. Patrick's Day with [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Lady Mayo]], [[Social Victorians/People/Dudley|Georgina Lady Dudley]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Miss Beresford]]. A number of other aristocratic women were also present at the sale in other booths, including [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Lady Londonderry]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Lucan|Lady Lucan]].

'''1903 June 19, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke was invited to the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Grand Ball in the Waterloo Chamber at Windsor Castle|grand ball at Windsor Castle]], the end of the Ascot-week festivities.

'''1903 June 23, Tuesday''', Gwendolen and Daphne Bourke were invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1903 June 23, Tuesday|children's party at Buckingham Palace for Prince Eddie's birthday]].

'''1903 July 10, Friday, or so''', Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Party Hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough|party hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough]].

'''1904 May 17, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke had agreed to let Daphne appear in the tableaux vivants arranged by Sir Philip Burne-Jones for the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Countess Cadogan's Great Bazaar|Countess of Cadogan's great bazaar]]. Some mothers had had to decline because of the outbreaks of measles and chicken pox.&lt;p&gt;

'''1904 June 30, Thursday''', Gwendolen and Daphne Bourke attended another birthday party for Prince Eddie at Buckingham Palace, and the ''Gentlewoman'' says, &quot;No prettier little girl was to be seen that day than little Miss Daphne Bourke, the daughter of the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke, with her wonderful Irish eyes and colouring, her pretty white frock being relieved with a rose pink sash.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Prince Eddie's Birthday.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 02 July 1904, Saturday: 68 [of 92]. Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19040702/360/0068. Print: title the same, p. 42.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1904 September 15, Thursday''', according to what was at the time called the ''Irish Daily Independent and Nation'', Algernon Bourke was living in Venice and not in the UK at this point:&lt;blockquote&gt;Algernon Bourke, who usually lives in Venice, has spent some time in England during the present summer, and has now gone on a fishing expedition to Sweden, accompanied by his brother, Lord Mayo. Lady Mayo has been staying meanwhile in Ireland, and has had a visit from her mother, Lady Maria Ponsonby, who is a sister of Lend Obventry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;&quot;Society Notes.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 15 September 1904, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001986/19040915/131/0004. Print title: ''Irish Daily Independent and Nation'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1904 October 22, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' reported that &quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke is paying a visit to Venice, which Mr. Bourke has made his headquarters for several years past, as he is connected with some very artistic stone and marble works situated near the Grand Canal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 22 October 1904, Saturday: 24 [of 6ths 8], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19041022/112/0024. Print title same, p. 672.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1905 February 17, Friday''', the Dundee ''Evening Post'' reported that Algernon Bourke &quot;set up a shop in Venice for the sale of art treasures and old furniture.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social News.&quot; Dundee ''Evening Post'' 17 February 1905, Friday: 6 [of 6], Col. 7b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000582/19050217/105/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1905 April 26, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#New Forest United Hunt Ball|New Forest United Hunt Ball]], as did her brother Captain R. C. H. Sloane Stanley and his wife Olivia Countess Cairns.&lt;p&gt;

'''1905 June 5, Monday''', Algernon Bourke wrote to the ''Times'' from Venice that &quot;The Venetian wits have suggested a motto for Admiral Togo, Togo Tenga Tutto (Togo takes the lot).&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr. Algernon Bourke.&quot; ''Hull Daily Mail'' 08 June 1905, Thursday: 2 [of 6], Col. 6a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000324/19050608/008/0002. Print title ''Daily Mail'', p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1905, last week of July''', Gwendolen Bourke and daughter Daphne Bourke — who was 10 years old — attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Last week of July, 1905|Lady Cadogan's children's party at Chelsea House]]. Daphne was &quot;One of loveliest little girls present.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Social News.&quot; ''Belfast News-Letter'' 01 August 1905, Tuesday: 7 [of 10], Col. 6b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000038/19050801/157/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1906 March 9, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke was a reference for Mr. Frances Burgess, who taught piano, singing, voice production, organ and music theory. Burgess was &quot;Organist and Choirmaster of St. Columbs', North Kensington, Director of the Plainsong and Medieval Music Society's Choir, etc., etc.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot;&gt;&quot;Mr. Francis Burgess.&quot; ''Kilburn Times'' 9 March 1906, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001813/19060309/086/0003. Print title: ''Kilburn Times Hampstead and North-western Press'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1906 December 10, Monday''', Gwendolen Bourke was seen in the tea room, possibly with Lady Grosvenor, at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1906 December 10, Monday|Lady Dudley's sale of Irish needlework]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1907 May''', a &quot;naval signalling incident&quot; [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#May 1887|caused the Waterford ''Evening News'' to recall a similar event]] that had occurred 20 years earlier, in which Algernon Bourke, as special correspondent for the ''Times'', publicized [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles Beresford]]'s use of his ship's signalling capabilities to send a message to his wife about being late for dinner:&lt;blockquote&gt;

The naval signalling incident is still in the air. It is expected that the matter will not be threshed out until Emperor William leaves England. A story of a former signalling incident in which [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles Beresford]] was concerned is going the rounds at the moment.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1907 August 24, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was present at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Polo Week at Eaton Hall, Duke and Duchess of Westminster|Polo Week at Eaton Hall, hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Westminster]].

'''1908 July 30, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke was at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Glorious Goodwood. Cup Day and Dresses.|Cup Day at the Goodwood races]], wearing salmon-pink with a matching hat.

'''1909 April 20, Tuesday''', Lady Rosemary Cairns — daughter of Olivia Sloan-Stanley, Countess Cairns and Cyril Sloane-Stanley — and Wyndham Portal were [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#20 April 1909, Tuesday|married in St. Margaret's, Westminster]]. Lavender and Diane Sloane-Stanley were bridesmaids.&lt;p&gt;

'''1909 May 22, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke appears to have been living in Pisa. A columnist for the ''Queen'' reported on the Royal School of Art Needlework:&lt;blockquote&gt;Lady Leconfield [?] was there, also her sister-in-law, the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Dowager Lady Mayo]], only just back from her winter on the Continent, when she spent most of the time at Pisa, where her son Mr Algernon Bourke has also been staying. The latter is a great connoisseur as regards [art?] notably in what is really good in the way of old Italian sculpture and carving. He and his handsome wife have a place near to Putney, and this winter again Mr Bourke, as the result of his Italian travels, has been sending home such relics of the old Italian palace gardens as as stone and marble carved vases, garden seats, and what-not of the kind — not all for himself and his own gardens by any means, I fancy; but his friends, relying on his knowledge in such matters, get him when abroad to choose for [them?] the adornment of their English terraces and gardens.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;My Social Diary.&quot; The ''Queen'' 22 May 1909, Saturday: 31 [of 86], Col. 1b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/19090522/203/0031. Print p. 871.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1909 September''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was among the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Visitors in Venice from the U.K.|many visitors from &quot;England&quot; in Venice]] in September.

=== 1910s ===
'''1910 April 20, Wednesday''', the ''Tatler'' printed an &quot;open letter&quot; to Geraldine, Countess of Mayo, as part of its &quot;The Searchlight in Society&quot; series and mentioned Algernon Bourke, saying he had been keeping &quot;a curiosity shop at Venice&quot;:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Bourkes have brains, and a good example is afforded by Mr. Algernon Bourke, next brother to Lord Mayo and heir-presumptive to the title. He is a good-looking man who used to be known as Buttons Bourke, and he married well, as his wife was the rich and pretty Miss Guendolen Sloane Stanley. He may be described as a &quot;Jack of all trades,&quot; but it is not I who will say that he is a master of none. He was once in the Stock Exchange, then he took White's Club in hand and restored it to much of its former prestige. After that he dabbled in smart hotels and restaurants, and the last thing I heard of him was that he kept a curiosity shop at Venice.&lt;ref&gt;Candida. &quot;The Searchlight in Society. Our Open Letter. No. CII. The Countess of Mayo.&quot; The ''Tatler'' 20 April 1910, Wednesday: 18 [of 42], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001852/19100420/023/0018. Print title same, p. 72.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1911 November 21, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke assisted the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#21 November 1911, Tuesday|Duchess of Marlborough at her at-home]] that included a sale of work by the wives of prisoners.&lt;p&gt;

'''1912 September 27, Friday''', Gwendolen and Daphne Bourke were visiting Mr. and Mrs. Shelley Bontein, her mother and stepfather.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From 'The World.'&quot; ''Berks and Oxon Advertiser'' 27 September 1912, Friday: 2 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002298/19120927/014/0002. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1913 April 23, Wednesday''', the Irish Independent reported that Gwendolen and Daphne Bourke had arrived in London for the season:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke and Miss Bourke have arrived for the season at 75 Gloucester place, Portman square, London.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social and Personal.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 23 April 1913, Wednesday: 4 [of 10], Col. 5b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001715/19130423/081/0004. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1913 May 7, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke presented her daughter Daphne Bourke at court:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke presented her daughter, and wore blue and gold broché with a gold lace train.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social and Personal.&quot; London ''Daily Chronicle'' 08 May 1913, Thursday: 6 [of 12], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005049/19130508/120/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

The ''Pall Mall Gazette'' has a description of Daphne Bourke's dress, but what exactly &quot;chiffon [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hoops|paniers]]&quot; means in 1913 is not clear:&lt;blockquote&gt;Court dressmakers appear to have surpassed all previous records in their efforts to make the dresses for to-night’s Court as beautiful as possible. Noticeable among these is the dainty presentation gown to be worn by Miss Bourke, who will be presented by her mother, the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke. This has a skirt of soft white satin draped with chiffon [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hoops|paniers]] and a bodice veiled with chiffon and trimmed with diamanté and crystal embroidery. Miss Bourke’s train, gracefully hung from the shoulders, is of white satin lined with pale rose pink chiffon and embroidered with crystal and diamanté.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Fashion Day by Day. Lovely Gowns for To-night's Court.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 07 May 1913, Wednesday: 13 [of 18], Col. 1a [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/19130507/199/0013. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The ''London Evening Standard'' describes Gwendolen and Daphne Bourke the same way except with differences in editing:&lt;blockquote&gt;Miss Bourke: Presented by her mother, the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke. Dainty presentation gown of white satin, the skirt draped with chiffon paniers, bodice veiled chiffon and trimmed with diamanté and crystal embroidery. Train gracefully hung from shoulder of white satin embroidered with crystal and diamanté, lined with pale rose pink chiffon.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Some of the Dresses.&quot; &quot;The King and Queen. Third Court. Most Brilliant of the Year.&quot; ''London Evening Standard'' 08 May 1913, Thursday: 11 [of 18], Col. 4b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/19130508/237/0011. Print title ''The Standard'', p. 11.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

According to the ''Lady's Pictorial'', Daphne Bourke's dress was designed and constructed by [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Messrs Russell and Allen|Messrs. Russell and Allen]], Old Bond-street, W., and the description is identical (except for a couple of commas).&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Their Majesties' Court.&quot; ''Lady's Pictorial'' 17 May 1913, Saturday: 35 [of 64], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005980/19130517/296/0035. Same print title, p. 787.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1914 May 11, Monday''', Gwendolen and Daphne Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#Dance at the Ritz Hosted by Mrs. George Marjoribanks|dance at the Ritz hosted by Mrs. George Marjoribanks]].

'''1915 January 1, Friday''', Algernon Bourke is listed as being on the Executive Committee of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#1915 January 1, Friday|National Food Fund, publicized by the ''Conservative and Unionist Women's Franchise Review'']].

'''1916 August 25, Friday''', Daphne Bourke's and John Fortescue's engagement was announced:&lt;blockquote&gt;A most attractive prospective bride (says the &quot;Star&quot;) is Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke's only daughter, Miss Daphne Bourke, whose engagement has just taken place to Mr. Fortescue, of the Coldstream Guards. Miss Bourke is tall, dark, and very beautiful; and Mr. Fortescue is one of the family of Boconoc, Cornwall, and Dropmore, Maidenhead. At the latter place the two families have been neighbours, for Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke have a charming country residence at Taplow, while Dropmore is famous for its magnificent gardens.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Personalia.&quot; ''Uxbridge &amp; W. Drayton Gazette'' 25 August 1916, Friday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002285/19160825/043/0004. Print title ''The Advertiser'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''1917 June 7, Thursday''', Daphne Bourke and John Grenville Fortescue [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#7 June 1917, Thursday|married in the Coldstream Guards' chapel]].

== Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball ==
According to both the ''Morning Post'' and the ''Times'', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was among the Suite of Men in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#&quot;Oriental&quot; Procession|&quot;Oriental&quot; procession]] at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&quot;Fancy Dress Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; ''Morning Post'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 4a–8 Col. 2b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970703/054/0007.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;&quot;Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; The ''Times'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 12, Cols. 1a–4c ''The Times Digital Archive''. Web. 28 Nov. 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Based on the people they were dressed as, Gwendolen Bourke was probably in this procession but it seems unlikely that Algernone Bourke was.

[[File:Guendoline-Irene-Emily-Bourke-ne-Sloane-Stanley-as-Salammb.jpg|thumb|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a standing woman richly dressed in an historical costume with a headdress and a very large fan|Hon. '''Guendoline''' Bourke as Salammbô. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]
=== Hon. Guendoline Bourke ===
[[File:Alfons Mucha - 1896 - Salammbô.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Highly stylized orange-and-yellow painting of a bare-chested woman with a man playing a harp at her feet|Alfons Mucha's 1896 ''Salammbô''.]]
Lafayette's portrait (right) of &quot;Guendoline Irene Emily Bourke (née Sloane-Stanley) as Salammbô&quot; in costume is photogravure #128 in the '''Album''' presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;&quot;Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball (1897): photogravures by Walker &amp; Boutall after various photographers.&quot; 1899. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait-list.php?set=515.&lt;/ref&gt; The printing on the portrait says, &quot;The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke as Salammbo.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;&quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke as Salammbo.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158491/Guendoline-Irene-Emily-Bourke-ne-Sloane-Stanley-as-Salammb.&lt;/ref&gt;

The Lafayette Archive has 2 additional poses from the same session on 5 July 1897 as the one chosen for the Album:

* Same image as the Album photograph but higher resolution than the one the National Portrait Gallery, London, gives permission to post (Neg. No. GP [L] ).
* Standing with fan behind head, includes close-up of skirt fabric and left hand (Neg. No. GP [L] [http://lafayette.org.uk/bou1368-444.html 1368-444]).
* Reclining on pillows and furs, includes close-up of face and headdress (Neg. No. GP [L] [http://lafayette.org.uk/bou1368-442.html 1368-442]).

==== Newspaper Accounts ====
The Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke was dressed as Salambo in the Oriental procession&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; in a costume made by [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Mrs. Mason|Mrs. Mason]].

Besides the two that mention her — the ''Morning Post'' and the ''Times'' — only two describe her costume, the London ''Evening Standard'' and the ''Gentlewoman'':
* &quot;Mrs. A. Bourke, as an Egyptian Princess, with the Salambo coiffure, wore a flowing gown of white and silver gauze covered with embroidery of lotus flowers. The top of the gown was ornamented with old green satin embroidered with blue turquoise and gold, and studded with rubies. The train was of old green broché with sides of orange and gold embroidery, and from the ceinture depended long bullion fringe and an embroidered ibis.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“The Ball at Devonshire House. Magnificent Spectacle. Description of the Dresses.” London ''Evening Standard'' 3 July 1897 Saturday: 3 [of 12], Cols. 1a–5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/18970703/015/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 3, Col. 3b}}
* &quot;(Egyptian Princess), drapery gown of white and silver gauze, covered with embroidery of lotus flowers; the top of gown appliqué with old green satin embroidered blue turquoise and gold, studded rubies; train of old green broché.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 40, Col. 3a}}

==== Commentary ====

*

==== Salammbô ====
Salammbô is the fictitious protagonist in Gustave Flaubert's 1862 novel ''Salammbô'', set during the Roman war against Carthage.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-04-29|title=Salammbô|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salammb%C3%B4&amp;oldid=1221352216|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salammb%C3%B4.&lt;/ref&gt; Salammbô is a Carthaginian priestess of the lunar goddess Tanit. Matho, a Roman mercenary, breaks into Tanit's temple and steals her sacred veil — the spiritual guardian of Carthage. Salammbô sneaks into the enemy encampment to steal the veil back. She meets Matho in his tent, and &quot;believing each other to be divine apparitions,&quot; they make love,&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; although it is also a defilement. Salammbô succceds in getting the veil back, but Matho is tortured and executed, which causes her to die of shock, the effect of both having touched the veil.

What Gwendolen Bourke saw as representative of herself in Salammbo is difficult to discern, unless her costume contains references to particular images or productions. A production of Ernest Reyer's opera ''Salammbô'', based on Flaubert's novel and published in Paris in 1890, opened at the Paris Opéra on 16 May 1892,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-04-11|title=Ernest Reyer|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Reyer&amp;oldid=1218353215|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Reyer.&lt;/ref&gt; starring Madame Rose Caron, with Mademoiselle Lucienne Bréval as her understudy.&lt;ref&gt;Jullienn, Adolphe. &quot;Mademoiselle Lucienne Bréval de L'Académie Nationale de Musique [or de l'Opéra in the Table of Contents].&quot; ''Le Théatre'' April 1898 (No. 4). Google Books https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/_oxRAQAAMAAJ. Pp. 8–10.&lt;/ref&gt; (8, Col. 2c) This production was widely reviewed and discussed in the papers in the UK, and its production design seems to have been notable, especially the sets and the very scale of the production. So Bourke or her costumier may have seen the opera, images of the performers or its posters, influencing the design of her costume.

* Rose Caron in her Salammbo costume is here: 
* A headshot of Bréval in costume is here: https://books.google.com/books/content?id=_oxRAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=RA3-PP7&amp;img=1&amp;zoom=3&amp;hl=en&amp;bul=1&amp;sig=ACfU3U2Gv8Os_rEmx2gM9SakJkYLJ9hW7g&amp;ci=6%2C1%2C988%2C1371&amp;edge=0.)

Salammbo figured in paintings, sculptures and illustrations of editions of Flaubert's novel before Ernest Reyer's 1890 opera. She is often depicted as nude and highly sexual or sexualized (kissing a huge snake, for example, that she holds aloft).

Gwendolen Bourke's costume and her social life as reported in the newspapers do not suggest that she was a big risk-taker like, for example, the eccentric la Comptesse de Castiglione, who appeared at a ball in a Salammbo costume in 1886, 4 years after Flaubert's novel was first published. In 1889 the ''Edinburgh Evening News'' says,&lt;blockquote&gt;The late Countess Castiglione, whose death in Paris is recorded yesterday, made her first appearance at the Imperial Court in 1866, where her extraordinary beauty made a great impression on Napoleon III., and eventually led to the Empress Eugenie’s undertaking an unexpected and much-talked-of visit to Scotland. The Countess had a face and complexion which would have enchanted Rubens, and her lovely golden hair touched her feet. Even at the present day Paris has not forgotten her costume, or rather absence of costume as Salammbo, in which character she figured at a certain memorable ball at the Tuileries, wearing her hair, her jewels, and very little else. The Empress Eugenie, when she was presented to her thus lightly arrayed, declared that she must be cold, and insisted upon her there and then donning a mantle. Mme. de Castiglione was never again invited to an entertainment over which the Empress Eugenie presided.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Countess’ Queer Ball Costume.&quot; ''Edinburgh Evening News'' 2 December 1899, Saturday: 2 [of 6], Col. 7b [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000452/18991202/024/0002. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Given how widely this incident was discussed at the time of the death of la Comptesse in 1889, Gwendolen Bourke might easily have known about it. But she was developing relationships with people like the Princess of Wales, and what Countess Castigiolone did does not sound at all like her.

The ''Louth and North Lincolnshire Advertiser'' says, &lt;blockquote&gt;

In Reyer's opera of &quot;Salammbo,&quot; lately produced at the Grand Opera in Paris, there were 1,400 persons on the stage in the last act.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Facts and Fancies.&quot; ''Louth and North Lincolnshire Advertiser'' 9 July 1892, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 6c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000313/18920709/038/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Rose Caron's productions were influential, including for the costumes she wore. The 1892 ''Lohengrin'' she starred in was the source of the costumes worn by [[Social Victorians/People/Stonor#Julia Caroline Stonor, Marquise of Hautpoul|Julia Stonor, Marquise of Hautpoul]] and her brother, [[Social Victorians/People/Stonor#Hon. Harry Stonor|Hon. Harry Stonor]].

Both Modest Mussorgsky and Sergei Rachmaninoff had attempted but not completed operas based on the novel as well.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Alfons Mucha's 1896 lithograph of Salammbô (above left) was published the year before the ball.

Reyer's opera was first produced in 1890 in Brussels. 

[[File:Algernon Henry Bourke Vanity Fair 20 January 1898.jpg|thumb|alt=Old colored drawing of an elegant elderly man dressed in a 19th-century tuxedo with a cloak, top hat and formal pointed shoes with bows, standing facing 1/4 to his right|''Algy'' — Algernon Henry Bourke — by &quot;Spy,&quot; ''Vanity Fair'' 20 January 1898]]
=== Hon. Algernon Bourke ===
[[File:Hon-Algernon-Henry-Bourke-as-Izaak-Walton.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a man richly dressed in an historical costume sitting in a fireplace that does not have a fire and holding a tankard|Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke as Izaak Walton. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]
'''Lafayette's portrait''' (left) of &quot;Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke as Izaak Walton&quot; in costume is photogravure #129 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; The printing on the portrait says, &quot;The Hon. Algernon Bourke as Izaak Walton.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hon. Algernon Bourke as Izaak Walton.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158492/Hon-Algernon-Henry-Bourke-as-Izaak-Walton.&lt;/ref&gt;

This portrait is amazing and unusual: Algernon Bourke is not using a photographer's set with theatrical flats and props, certainly not one used by anyone else at the ball itself. Isaak Walton (baptised 21 September 1593 – 15 December 1683) wrote ''The Compleat Angler''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2021-09-15|title=Izaak Walton|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Izaak_Walton&amp;oldid=1044447858|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izaak_Walton.&lt;/ref&gt; A cottage Walton lived in and willed to the people of Stafford was photographed in 1888, suggesting that its relationship to Walton was known in 1897, raising a question about whether Bourke could have used the fireplace in the cottage for his portrait. (This same cottage still exists, as the [https://www.staffordbc.gov.uk/izaak-waltons-cottage Isaak Walton Cottage] museum.)

A caricature portrait (right) of the Hon. Algernon Bourke, called &quot;Algy,&quot; by Leslie Ward (&quot;Spy&quot;) was published in the 20 January 1898 issue of ''Vanity Fair'' as Number 702 in its &quot;Men of the Day&quot; series,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-01-14|title=List of Vanity Fair (British magazine) caricatures (1895–1899)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)_caricatures_(1895%E2%80%931899)&amp;oldid=1195518024|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)_caricatures_(1895%E2%80%931899).&lt;/ref&gt; giving an indication of what he looked like out of costume.

=== Mr. and Mrs. Bourke ===
The ''Times'' made a distinction between the Hon. Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke and Mr. and Mrs. Bourke, including both in the article.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Occasionally this same article mentions the same people more than once in different contexts and parts of the article, so they may be the same couple. (See [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#Notes and Question|Notes and Question]] #2, below.)

== Demographics ==

=== The Bourkes ===
*Nationality: Anglo-Irish&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020-11-14|title=Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo&amp;oldid=988654078|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Occupation: journalist. 1895: restaurant, hotel and club owner and manager&lt;ref&gt;''Cheltenham Looker-On'', 23 March 1895. Via Ancestry but taken from the BNA.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Residences ====
*Ireland: 1873: Palmerston House, Straffan, Co. Kildare.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; Not Co. Mayo?
*1888–1891: 33 Cadogan Terrace, S.W., Kensington and Chelsea, a dwelling house&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970, Register of Voters, 1891.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1894: 181 Pavilion Road, Kensington and Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970. Register of Voters, 1894. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1900: 181 Pavilion Road, Kensington and Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970. Register of Voters, 1900. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1904: Algernon Bourke was &quot;usually liv[ing] in Venice&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;
*1906: 75, Gloucester-place, W.&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot; /&gt;
*Gwendolen Bourke
*1911: 1911 Fulham, London&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
*20 Eaton Square, S.W. (in 1897)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pl0oAAAAYAAJ|title=Who's who|date=1897|publisher=A. &amp; C. Black|language=en}} 712, Col. 1b.&lt;/ref&gt; (London home of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]])

=== The Sloane-Stanleys ===

==== Residences ====

* 1871: Chester Street, St George Hanover Square (Census), with 5 servants, including a cook and a footman.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;The National Archives; Kew, London, England; ''1871 England Census''; Class: ''RG10''; Piece: ''104''; Folio: ''21''; Page: ''37''; GSU roll: ''838763''. Ancestry.com. ''1871 England Census'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1881–1885&lt;ref&gt;''UK, City and County Directories, 1600s-1900s''. Ancestry.com. ''UK, City and County Directories, 1766 - 1946'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; [at least]: 14 Halkin Street, W., St. Georges, 14 servants, including a governess, a house steward, an under butler, a footman and a cook.&lt;ref&gt;''Census Returns of England and Wales, 1881''. Kew, Surrey, England: The National Archives of the UK (TNA): Public Record Office (PRO), 1881. Class: ''RG11''; Piece: ''98''; Folio: ''66''; Page: ''37''; GSU roll: ''1341022''. Ancestry.com and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. ''1881 England Census'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1888: 49, Cadogan-square, St. Luke, Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Ancestry.com. ''London, England, Overseer Returns, 1863-1894'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1899, Roger Cyril Sloane-Stanley: 4 Down St., St George, Hanover Square&lt;ref&gt;London Metropolitan Archives; London, England; ''Electoral Registers''. Ancestry.com. ''London, England, Electoral Registers, 1832-1965'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1911, Roger Cyril Sloane-Stanley: Paultons, Ower, Romsey

== Family ==
*Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke (31 December 1854 – 7 April 1922)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p29657.htm#i296561|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Gwendolen Irene Emily Sloane-Stanley Bourke (c. 1869 – 30 December 1967)&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&quot;Guendoline Irene Emily Stanley.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p51525.htm#i515247|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
#Daphne Marjory Bourke (5 April 1895 – 22 May 1962)

=== Relations ===
*Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke (the 3rd son of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|6th Earl of Mayo]]) was the older brother of Lady Florence Bourke.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
*Wilfred Blunt was a cousin of Algernon Bourke: his mother's &quot;mother was one of the Blunts of Crabbet Park, Sussex, which makes them kinswomen of Mr. Alfred Scawen Blunt, poet, Egyptophil and counsel for Arabi Pasha in his trial.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From ''Truth''.&quot; ''Mid-Lothian Journal'' 23 August 1912, Friday: 8 [of 8], 2c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002721/19120823/147/0008. Print title and p. same.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Other Bourkes ====
*Hubert Edward Madden Bourke (after 1925, Bourke-Borrowes)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hubert Edward Madden Bourke-Borrowes.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p52401.htm#i524004|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2021-08-25}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p52401.htm#i524004.&lt;/ref&gt;
*Lady Eva Constance Aline Bourke, who married [[Social Victorians/People/Dunraven|Windham Henry Wyndham-Quin]] on 7 July 1885;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lady Eva Constance Aline Bourke.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p2575.htm#i25747|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-02}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p2575.htm#i25747.&lt;/ref&gt; he became 5th Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl on 14 June 1926.

=== The Sloane-Stanleys ===
* Emilie Josephine S Stanley ( 21 December 1848 [baptism]&lt;ref&gt;London Metropolitan Archives; &quot;London, England, UK&quot; ; ''London Church of England Parish Registers''; Reference Number: ''P87/Tri/001''. Ancestry.com. ''London, England, Church of England Births and Baptisms, 1813-1923'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;  – October 1945)
* Hans T Sloane Stanley (11 May 1840 [baptism]&lt;ref&gt;Ancestry.com. ''England, Select Births and Christenings, 1538-1975'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; – 15 December 1888&lt;ref&gt;Ancestry.com. ''UK and Ireland, Find a Grave® Index, 1300s-Current'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;)
* James Shell[e?]y Bontein ()
*# Gwendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt; Irene Emily G Stanley (c. 1870&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt; – )
*# '''Roger Cyril Hans Sloane Stanley''' (29 April 1875&lt;ref&gt;The National Archives; Kew, Surrey, England; ''WO 42 War Office: Officers' Birth Certificates, Wills and Personal Papers 1755-1908''; Reference: ''WO 42/72''. Ancestry.com. ''UK, Officers' Birth Certificates, Wills and Personal Papers, 1755-1908'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; – 18 November 1944&lt;ref&gt;''Find a Grave''. Find a Grave®. http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi. Ancestry.com. ''UK and Ireland, Find a Grave® Index, 1300s-Current'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;)


* Olivia Elizabeth Berens, Countess Cairns&lt;ref&gt;The National Archives of the UK (TNA); Kew, Surrey, England; ''Census Returns of England and Wales, 1911''. Ancestry.com. ''1911 England Census'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; (c. 1871 – 20 June 1951&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Olivia Elizabeth Berens.&quot; Person Page 3908; person #39077. ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as well as the Royal Families of Europe''. https://www.thepeerage.com/p3908.htm#i39077.

&lt;/ref&gt;)
* Arthur William Cairns, 2nd Earl Cairns (21 December 1861 – 14 January 1890)&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot;&gt;&quot;Arthur William Cairns, 2nd Earl Cairns.&quot; Person Page 3908; Person #39076. ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as well as the Royal Families of Europe''. https://www.thepeerage.com/p3908.htm#i39076.&lt;/ref&gt;
*# Lady Louise Rosemary Kathleen Virginia Cairns (10 March 1889 – 17 May 1962)&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot; /&gt;
* Roger Cyril Hans Sloane Stanley (1875 – 18 November 1944)
*# Lavender Elizabeth (20 May 1900 [baptism]&lt;ref&gt;Hampshire Archives and Local Studies; Winchester, England, UK; ''Anglican Parish Registers''; Reference: ''35M76/PR3''. Ancestry.com. ''Hampshire, England, Church of England Baptisms, 1813-1921''[database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; – )
*# Diane Sloane Stanley (c. 1905 – )


* Lavender Elizabeth (20 May 1900 [baptism] – )
* John Everett ()


* Diane Sloane Stanley (c. 1905 – )
* Elwyn Villiers Rhys ()

== Writings, Memoirs, Biographies, Papers ==

=== Writings ===
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon. ''The History of White's''. London: Algernon Bourke [privately published], 1892.
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon, ed., &quot;with a brief Memoir.&quot; ''Correspondence of Mr Joseph Jekyll with His Sister-in-Law, Lady Gertrude Sloane Stanley, 1818–1838''. John Murray, 1893.
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon, ed. ''Correspondence of Mr Joseph Jekyll''. John Murray, 1894.

=== Papers ===
* Where are the papers for the Earl of Mayo family? Are Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke's papers with them?

== Notes and Questions ==
#The portrait of Algernon Bourke in costume as Isaac Walton is really an amazing portrait with a very interesting setting, far more specific than any of the other Lafayette portraits of these people in their costumes. Where was it shot? Lafayette is given credit, but it's not one of his usual backdrops. If this portrait was taken the night of the ball, then this fireplace was in Devonshire House; if not, then whose fireplace is it?
#The ''Times'' lists Hon. A. Bourke (at 325) and Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke (at 236) as members of a the &quot;Oriental&quot; procession, Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke (in the general list of attendees), and then a small distance down Mr. and Mrs. Bourke (now at 511 and 512, respectively). This last couple with no honorifics is also mentioned in the report in the London ''Evening Standard'', which means the Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke, so the ''Times'' may have repeated the Bourkes, who otherwise are not obviously anyone recognizable. If they are not the Hon. Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke, then they are unidentified. It seems likely that they are the same, however, as the newspapers were not perfectly consistent in naming people with their honorifics, even in a single story, especially a very long and detailed one in which people could be named more than once.
#Three slightly difficult-to-identify men were among the Suite of Men in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#&quot;Oriental&quot; Procession|&quot;Oriental&quot; procession]]: [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax|Gordon Wood]], [[Social Victorians/People/Portman|Arthur B. Portman]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Wilfred Wilson]]. The identification of Gordon Wood and Wilfred Wilson is high because of contemporary newspaper accounts. The Hon. Algernon Bourke, who was also in the Suite of Men, is not difficult to identify at all. Arthur Portman appears in a number of similar newspaper accounts, but none of them mentions his family of origin.
#[http://thepeerage.com The Peerage] has no other Algernon Bourkes.
#The Hon Algernon Bourke is #235 on the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball#List of People Who Attended|list of people who were present]]; the Hon. Guendoline Bourke is #236; a Mr. Bourke is #703; a Mrs. Bourke is #704.
#Hans Stanley-Sloane's estate was £33,704 7s. 5d. in the final probate in December 1889,&lt;ref&gt;Principal Probate Registry; London, England; ''Calendar of the Grants of Probate and Letters of Administration made in the Probate Registries of the High Court of Justice in England''. Ancestry.com. ''England &amp; Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1995'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; which might lead his widow to consider remarrying.
== Footnotes ==
{{reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>p2nbw3w1r5mrqqqnnhp6nktljdnoyu0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2720458</id>
      <parentid>2720457</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-02T20:29:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Scogdill</username>
        <id>1331941</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Salammbô */</comment>
      <origin>2720458</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="161598" sha1="392mao3n2mhw0mjc6f9gj0qcc2akuvo" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Leslie Ward - Vanity Fair, Newspapermen, ^Algy^, The Hon Algernon Henry Bourke, Januray 20, 1898 - B1979.14.521 - Yale Center for British Art.jpg|thumb|Hon. Algernon Bourke, ''Vanity Fair'', 1898]]

==Also Known As==
* Family name: Bourke [pronounced ''burk'']&lt;ref name=&quot;:62&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-05-07|title=Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earl_of_Mayo&amp;oldid=1222668659|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Mayo.&lt;/ref&gt;
* The Hon. Algernon Bourke
** Button Bourke&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Tory 'Reformer' at the India Office.&quot; ''India'' 10 November 1911, Friday: 4 [of 12], Col. 1b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004300/19111110/007/0004#. Print: same title, p. 228.&lt;/ref&gt;
** Algy Bourke
* Mrs. Gwendolen Bourke
** Gwendolen&lt;ref&gt;General Register Office. ''England and Wales Civil Registration Indexes''. London, England: General Register Office. FreeBMD. ''England &amp; Wales, Civil Registration Marriage Index, 1837-1915''[database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Marriage Index}} &lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt;{{rp|''Morning Post'' article about her name}} &lt;ref&gt;General Register Office. ''England and Wales Civil Registration Indexes''. London, England: General Register Office. FreeBMD. ''England &amp; Wales, Civil Registration Marriage Index, 1837-1915''[database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Electoral Register}}
** Guendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; [The National Portrait Gallery, London, uses this spelling for Lafayette's portrait of Bourke in costume for the ball.&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt;]
** Gwendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;City of Westminster Archives Centre; London, England; ''Westminster Church of England Parish Registers''; Reference: ''SPWP/PR/1/2''. Ancestry.com. ''Westminster, London, England, Church of England Births and Baptisms, 1813-1919'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Births and Baptisms}}
* Shelley Bontein and Emilie Sloane-Stanley Bontein
* See also the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|page for the Earl of Mayo]], the Hon. Algernon Bourke's father and then brother, and other Bourkes

== Overview ==

=== Algernon Bourke ===
Although the Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke was born in Dublin in 1854 and came from a family whose title is in the Peerage of Ireland,&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;1911 England Census.&lt;/ref&gt; he seems to have spent much of his adult life generally in England and especially in London. He was &quot;a noted fisherman.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London Correspondence.&quot; ''Freeman's Journal'' 21 December 1897, Tuesday: 5 [of 8], Col. 5c [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000056/18971221/027/0005. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

Because he was the son of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]], perhaps, or perhaps because he was so involved in projects that got reported on, he was mentioned a great deal in the newspapers, but after his bankruptcy, he seems to have receded in prominence, in part because he was living outside of the U.K., and apparently separately from his wife, Gwendolen Bourke.

Bourke ran as the Conservative candidate for Parliament from Clapham (population, c. 70,000) in 1885, a race he did not win. As a candidate he is described like this:&lt;blockquote&gt;Acted as a newspaper correspondent during the Zulu war. Subsequently Poor-law inspector in the West of Ireland. &quot;A loyal supporter of Church and State.&quot; Desires to reduce the School Board expenditure, and revive trade; and is opposed to Mr. Chamberlain's &quot;police of hasty and experimental reform.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Clapham (70,000).&quot; ''South London Chronicle'' 17 October 1885, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000443/18851017/113/0005. Print title ''South London Chronicle and Southwark and Lambeth Ensign'', p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The London ''Weekly Dispatch'' says he is &quot;a dashing and unscrupulous young Tory.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Political Campaign in London.&quot; ''Weekly Dispatch'' (London) 15 November 1885, Sunday: 9 [of 16], Col. 3c [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003358/18851115/069/0009. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;Algy&quot; Bourke was &quot;Man of the Day&quot; (No. DCCII [522) for ''Vanity Fair'' in 1898, caricatured by Leslie Ward (above right):&lt;blockquote&gt;Son of the great and murdered Lord Mayo, he is contemporary with the outbreak of the Crimean War, he is a Member of the London Stock Exchange, he has a beautiful wife and a daughter, and, being a very fashionable young man, he was once refused as their Member by the worthy electors of Clapham. He was an Eton boy, of course: and less naturally he went to Cambridge; where he was made President of the Beefsteak, the Amateur Dramatic, the Athenaeum, the True Blue, and the Hibernian Clubs. When he came down he tried journalism and went to Zululand as a ''Daily Telegraph'' ‘‘special”; after which he was improved into an Inspector of Workhouses [2, Col. 2c – 3, Col. 1a] in Ireland: which may account for his proficiency as a caterer. For seven years he worked under the late Mr. Chinnery on ''The Times'': being popularly supposed to look after that journal's morals. He is a good man of business, and a great organiser who has made White's Club pay even if it be less “smart&quot; than it was. He has done much for Willis’s since he took it in hand; he did well with his Battersea venture, and he thinks that he only failed with the Summer Club in Kensington Gardens because people would not go to the wrong side of the Park. Moreover, he runs a Club at Brighton, and he is Chairman of the Grand Hotel at Monte Carlo: whither he once organised a cheap trip. Altogether he is a veritable Clubman, and a very successful arranger of amusements, associations, and restaurants.

He is a popular fellow who is known to all of us; and though he is a little inclined to be quarrelsome, no one can get much the better of him. He is also a quick grasper of facts and a good talker. His favourite sports are fishing and the organising of associations for the introduction of salmon to the Thames. By way of being an art critic, he has made an interesting collection of engravings of the members of White’s Club from its foundation; but his friends say that he is not a well-dressed man. He has also written a history of White’s, and he is now writing one of Brooks's Club. He is a genial person, who looks as if the world agreed with him well.

He is an aquisition [sic] to a house party; and they call him “Algy.”&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Men of the Day.&quot; — No. DCCII [522]. The Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke.&quot; ''Vanity Fair'' 20 January 1898, Thursday: 2 [of 4], Col. 2c – 3, Col. 3a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9900020/18980120/010/0002 and https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/9900020/18980120/005/0003. Same print title, pp. 41–42. Portrait is full page, on p. 1.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The Hon. Algernon Bourke and Mr. Algernon Bourke, depending on the newspaper article, were the same person. Calling him Mr. Bourke in the newspapers, especially when considered as a businessman or (potential) member of Parliament, does not rule out the son of an earl, who would normally be accorded the honorific of ''Honorable''.

=== Gwendolen Sloane-Stanley Bourke ===

Mrs. Gwendolen Bourke exhibited at dog shows successfully and was a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Society Sportswomen|noted deerstalker]] and &quot;an appreciative listener to good music.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Vanity Fair.&quot; ''Lady of the House'' 15 June 1899, Thursday: 4 [of 44], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004836/18990615/019/0004.&lt;/ref&gt; Her personal beauty is often mentioned in reports, and ''The World'' says she was &quot;a magnificent woman.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Beauties of To-Day. From the ''World''.&quot; ''Clifton Society'' 24 June 1897, Thursday: 14 [of 16], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002164/18970624/066/0014. Same print and p.&lt;/ref&gt; She is the first listed in the ''Graphic''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s 1891 &quot;Leading Ladies of Society&quot;:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke is a daughter (Gwendoline Irene Emily) of the late Hans Sloane Stanley, Esq., of Poultons, Southampton, and 49, Cadogan Square, S.W. She married, on December 15th, 1887, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, third son of the sixth Earl of Mayo, Governor-General of India (who was assassinated in 1872), and nephew of Lord Connemara, Governor of Madras. Mr. Bourke is a member of the London Stock Exchange, and resides at 33, Cadogan Terrace, S.W.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Leading Ladies of Society.&quot; The Graphic 28 March 1891, Saturday: 6 [of 28], Col. 2c [of 3]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9000057/18910328/019/0006. Print: same title, p. 346.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;She attended many social events without her husband, especially into the 20th century, usually with an appreciative description of what she wore. She was a sponsor of Irish art needlework as well. Unlike her husband's, Gwendolen's social status seems to have risen as time passed, and she appears in stories associated with the Princess of Wales, and then later with Queen Alexandra.

=== The Sloane-Stanley Family ===
Gwendolen's family consisted of a younger brother, Cyril Sloane-Stanley, as well as her parents, Hans Sloane-Stanley and Emilie Edwards Sloane-Stanley. Exactly one year after she and Algernon Bourke married, Hans Sloane-Stanley died (in 1888), leaving an estate worth £33,704 7s. 5d.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;&gt;Principal Probate Registry; London, England; ''Calendar of the Grants of Probate and Letters of Administration made in the Probate Registries of the High Court of Justice in England''. Ancestry.com. ''England &amp; Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1995'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; (1888, 321) Her mother remarried almost exactly a year after that, to James Shelly Bontein. Bontein's father had been Gentleman Usher and Clerk of the Robes to Queen Victoria.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot;&gt;&quot;Marriages.&quot; &quot;Births, Marriages, and Deaths.&quot; ''Belfast News-Letter'' 6 December 1889, Friday: 1 [of 8], Col. 1a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000038/18891206/001/0001. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

Shortly after his death ''Truth'' described Gwendolen and Cyril's father Hans Sloane-Stanley:&lt;blockquote&gt;The death of Mr. Sloane Stanley, of Paultons Park, is much regretted in South Hants, as he was one of the most popular landlords in the county, and was greatly esteemed. Mr. Sloane Stanley was well known in yachting circles, and for many years he was Commodore of the Royal Southern Yacht Club, and owned the schooner ''Star of the West''. He was one of the very few owners who continued to keep up the old custom of giving his crew a laying-up supper at the close of each season. There were great festivities at Paultons only a few months ago, when Miss Sloane Stanley was married to Mr. Algernon Bourke.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Entre Nous.&quot; ''Truth'' 27 December 1888, Thursday: 6 [of 48], Col. 2b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18881227/023/0006# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18881227/023/0006]. Same print title, p. 1136.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;When he died in 1944, Cyril Sloane-Stanley's estate was quite a bit larger than his father's had been 50 years before. The probate was divided between what was limited to &quot;settled land&quot; and what was &quot;save and except settled land.&quot; What was not settled land totalled £356,114 12s. 10d. and went to John Everett, company director; the Hon. Elwyn Villiers Rhys, captain, H.M. army; and William Adam de Geijer, retired captain, H.M. army.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt; (1944, 430) His daughter Lavender was married to John Everett, and Diane was married to Elwyn Villiers Rhys. What was settled land totalled £168,975 and went to William Adam de Geijer, retired captain, H.M. army, and George Lawrence Stewart, solicitor.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt; (1944, 430)

The Sloane-Stanleys descend from Hans Sloane (1660–1753), whose 71,000-item collections &quot;provid[ed] the foundation of the British Museum, the British Library, and the Natural History Museum, London.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2025-01-07|title=Hans Sloane|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane|journal=Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane|language=en|via=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Much of this Hans Sloane's wealth came from his medical practice in Jamaica, where he went as physician to the Governor General of Jamaica, the 2nd Duke of Albemarle, and where he married &quot;a wealthy heiress of sugar plantations&quot; worked by enslaved Jamaicans.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot; /&gt; His great-nephew, Hans Sloane, inherited Paultons, near Romsey, &quot;and in recognition of this he adopted the additional surname of Stanley in 1821.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-10-06|title=Hans Sloane (MP)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane_(MP)|journal=Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane_(MP)|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Acquaintances, Friends and Enemies ==

=== Algernon Bourke ===

* Best man at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Wedding of Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Sloane Stanley|his wedding]]: the Hon. Michael Sandys
* [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Marcus Henry Milner]], &quot;one of the zealous assistants of that well-known firm of stockbrokers, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;&quot;Metropolitan Notes.&quot; ''Nottingham Evening Post'' 31 July 1888, Tuesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 2a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/18880731/025/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Caroline, Duchess of Montrose — her &quot;legal advisor&quot; on the day of her marriage to Marcus Henry Milner&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Metropolitan Notes.&quot; ''Nottingham Evening Post'' 31 July 1888, Tuesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 1b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/18880731/025/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gwendolen Bourke ===

* Bridesmaids at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Wedding of Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Sloane Stanley|her wedding]]: Lady Florence Bourke, Miss Nora Bourke, Miss Edwards, and Miss Ewart
* Lord and Lady Alington, Belvedere House, Scarborough
* [[Social Victorians/People/William James|Evelyn James]] 

== Organizations ==

=== Gwendolen Bourke ===

* Member, the Ladies Committee for the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Skating Club|Prince's Skating Club]], which also included [[Social Victorians/People/Princess Louise|Princess Louise]] (Duchess of Argyll), the [[Social Victorians/People/Portland|Duchess of Portland]], [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Lady Londonderry]], [[Social Victorians/People/Campbell|Lady Archibald Campbell]], [[Social Victorians/People/Ribblesdale|Lady Ribblesdale]], and [[Social Victorians/People/Asquith|Mrs. Asquith]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;&quot;What the 'World' Says.&quot; ''Northwich Guardian'' 01 November 1902, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Col. 8a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001975/19021101/134/0006. Print title: The ''Guardian'', p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt; (in 1902, at least)

=== Algernon Bourke ===
* [[Social Victorians/Schools#Eton|Eton]]
* Cambridge University, Trinity College, 1873, Michaelmas term&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;Cambridge University Alumni, 1261–1900. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Conservative Party
* 1879: Appointed a Poor Law Inspector in Ireland, Relief of Distress Act
* 1881: Partner, with 2 uncles, in Brunton, Bourke, and Co.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From Our London Correspondent.&quot; ''Manchester Courier'' 24 August 1881, Wednesday: 5 [of 8], Col. 4a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000206/18810824/030/0005. Print: ''Manchester Courier and Lancaster General Advertiser'', p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt; (one of the [[Social Victorians/British Aristocracy#Sons of Peers on the Stock Exchange|sons of peers on the Stock Exchange]])
* 1885: Office of the 7th Surrey Rifles Regiment&lt;ref&gt;&quot;7th Surrey Rifles.&quot; ''South London Press'' 08 August 1885, Saturday: 12 [of 16], Col. 4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18850808/165/0012. Print p. 12.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1886: Battersea Friendly Angling Society&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Battersea Friendly Angling Society.&quot; ''Fishing Gazette'' 17 April 1886, Saturday: 6 [of 20], Col. 2a [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002553/18860417/030/0006. Same print title, p. 218.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 27 February 1886: one of the Vice Presidents of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Bolingbroke Reading-Room and Institute|Bolingbroke Reading-Room and Institute]]
* Special Correspondent of The ''Times'' for the Zulu War, accompanying Lord Chelmsford
* Head, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys, &quot;that well-known firm of stockbrokers&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; ( – 1901 [at least])
* White's gentleman's club, St. James's,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-10-09|title=White's|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White's|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%27s.&lt;/ref&gt; Manager (1897)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Side Lights on Drinking.&quot; ''Waterford Standard'' 28 April 1897, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001678/18970428/053/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Willis's Rooms (described in 1895):&lt;blockquote&gt;... the Hon. Algernon Burke [sic], son of the 6th Earl of Mayo, has turned the place into a smart restaurant where choice dinners are served and eaten while a stringed band discourses music. Willis's Rooms are now the favourite dining place for ladies who have no club of their own, or for gentlemen who are debarred by rules from inviting ladies to one of their own clubs. The same gentleman runs a hotel in Brighton, and has promoted several clubs. He has a special faculty for organising places of the kind, without which such projects end in failure.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lenten Dullness.&quot; ''Cheltenham Looker-On'' 23 March 1895, Saturday: 11 [of 24], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000226/18950323/004/0011. Print p. 275.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
*The [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Pelican|Pelican Club]], known for its boxing (1891)

==== Boards of Directors ====
*1883: One of the directors, the Franco-English Tunisian Esparto Fibre Supply Company, Ltd.&lt;ref&gt;''Money Market Review'', 20 Jan 1883 (Vol 46): 124.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1891: One of the founders, the Discount Banking Company, Ltd., which says Algernon Bourke is a director of District Messenger Services and News Company, Ltd.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Public Company.&quot; ''Nottingham Journal'' 31 October 1891, Saturday: 4 [of 8], Col. 8a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001896/18911031/099/0004. Print title: ''The Nottingham Daily Express'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1894: One of the directors, the Frozen Lake, Ltd., with Admiral Maxse, Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Marcus Beresford]], [[Social Victorians/People/Williams|Hwfa Williams]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Frozen Lake, Limited.&quot; ''St James's Gazette'' 08 June 1894, Friday: 15 [of 16], Col. 4a [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001485/18940608/085/0015. Print p. 15.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;London is to have new amusement this winter, for which Mr Algernon Bourke, who has taught us that it is possible to eat as well in St. James’s as on the Boulevards, and Mr Hwfa Williams, of Sandown fame, are jointly responsible. The &quot;Frozen Lake,&quot; under which title a real ice-skating rink is about to be constructed under their auspices, will no doubt be gladly welcomed by all skaters, and the venture is likely to prove a success.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip.&quot; ''Weston-super-Mare Gazette, and General Advertiser'' 6 June 1894, Wednesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 4b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001444/18940606/044/0004. Print title: ''Weston-super-Mare Gazette'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== Committees ====

*Member, General Committee, [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Baths|the Baths Club]] (1892)
*Member, Men's Committee of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Skating Club|Prince's Skating Club]], which also included Lord Edward Cecil, Lord Redesdale, Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Lyttelton|Alfred Lyttelton]], Sir Edgar Vincent, Sir William Hart Dyke, and Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Grenfell|W. H. Grenfell]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; (1902, at least)
*[[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#25 March 1896, Wednesday|The Sala Memorial Fund]], member of the committee (from 25 March 1896)
* Member of an &quot;influential committee&quot; headed by the Lord Mayor &quot;to restore salmon to the Thames&quot; (June 1899)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Salmon in the Thames.&quot; ''Berks and Oxon Advertiser'' 30 June 1899, Friday: 5 [of 8], Col. 4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002298/18990630/079/0005. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Timeline ==

=== 1870s ===
'''1872 February 8''', Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo was assassinated while inspecting a &quot;convict settlement at Port Blair in the Andaman Islands ... by Sher Ali Afridi, a former Afghan soldier.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-12-01|title=Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo.&lt;/ref&gt; The Hon. Algernon's brother Dermot became the 7th Earl at 19 years old.

'''1876 November 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was one of 6 men (2 students, one of whom was Bourke; 2 doctors; a tutor and another man) from Cambridge who gave evidence as witnesses in an inquest about the death from falling off a horse of a student.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Fatal Accident to a Sheffield Student at Cambridge.&quot; ''Sheffield Independent'' 25 November 1876, Saturday: 7 [of 12], Col. 5a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000181/18761125/040/0007. Print title: ''Sheffield and Rotherham Independent'', n. p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1879 December 27, Saturday – 29, Monday''', Algernon Bourke was in Kilrush as a Local Government Board Inspector:&lt;blockquote&gt;Among many distinguished visitors at the Vandeleur Arms Hotel, Kilrush this week was the Hon. Algernon Bourke Local Government Board Inspector who arrived on Saturday, and sojourned there until 2 o'clock on Monday, when the honourable gentleman left by Steamer tor Limerick.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Fashionable Intelligence.&quot; ''Kilrush Herald and Kilkee Gazette'' 01 January 1880, Thursday: 2 [of 5], Col. 3a [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003186/18800101/011/0002. Print title ''Kilrush Herald'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 1880s ===
'''4 February 1880, Wednesday''', Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880#Grand Ball at Palmerstown House Hosted by the Earl of Mayo|grand ball at Palmerstown House hosted by the Earl of Mayo]]. 

'''1880 March 30, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was working in the judicial system in Newcastle, County Limerick, possibly as Poorhouse Inspector:&lt;blockquote&gt;A sworn enquiry was held to-day at the Workhorse, Newcastle West, by the Hon Algernon Bourke, L.G.I., to enquire into charges preferred by Dr. Pierce, Medical Office, against Dr. O'Shaughnesay. The enquiry was adjourned till Thursday next. Mr Moran, sol., Rathkeale, was engaged for Dr. O'Shaughnessy.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Sworn Enquiry.&quot; &quot;Limerick County. Newcastle West Intelligence.&quot; ''Bassett's Chronicle'' 31 March 1880, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 3b–c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003471/18800331/044/0003.  Print title ''Bassett's Daily Chronicle'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1880 April 17, Saturday''', in-jokes dominate this report mentioning Algernon Bourke in the context of the Kildare and National Hunt races in Dublin:&lt;blockquote&gt;And in mopy Upper Mount-street, where young Algernon Bourke, of the Onety-oneth, had promised to call for, and afterwards spin down to the races in his mail phaeton, the Blake girls; and in fastidious Fitzwilliam-place, and exclusive &quot;Murryan-squeer,&quot; from which dashing army men, in their neatly-appointed, well horsed drags were to &quot;tool&quot; down sweet young Dublin lasses of the ''crême d la crême'' [sic], many an anxious forecasting of the weather was taken, lest by an unpropitious shower that last triumph of Mrs. Manning, or the Forrests, or Miss Sedford, or any of the ''grandes dames de la mode'' should be rendered as worthless as a Confederate &quot;greenback.&quot; But by ten o'clock all doubts were happily set aside, and up struck the lovely April day in all its spring-time glory and then the road, oh, the road!&lt;ref&gt;&quot;To Punchestown and Back by the Old Road.&quot; ''Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News'' 17 April 1880, Saturday: 6 [of 24], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001857/18800417/013/0006. Same print title, p. 102.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1881 May 10, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#1881 May 10, Tuesday|wedding of Marion Lascelles, eldest daughter of the Hon. Egremont W. Lascelles, brother of the Earl of Harewood, and Lieutenant Henry Dent Brocklehurst, of the Second Life Guards, nephew of Mr. Philip Brocklehurst, of Swithamley Park, Macclesfield]]. His gift was an &quot;old enamelled watch set in pearls.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Nuptial Rejoicings at Middlethorpe Manor. Marriage of Miss Lascelles and Lieut. Brocklehurst.&quot; ''Yorkshire Gazette'' 14 May 1881, Saturday: 9 [of 12], Cols. 3a–4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive''https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000266/18810514/057/0009. Print same title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1881 May 23, Monday, 2:00 p.m.''', Algernon Bourke is listed among the Honourables at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace|Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace]].

'''1881 July 14, Thursday afternoon, beginning about 2 p.m.''', Algernon Bourke was invited to a Garden Party at Marlborough House hosted by [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]]. Members of the family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] were also among the 1,500 or so invited guests.

'''1881 July 22, Friday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to an [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#22 July 1881, Friday|evening party at Marlborough House hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales]].

'''1881 September 17, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was reported among the company at Doncaster during race week.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;List of the Company.&quot; ''York Herald'' 17 September 1881, Saturday: 8 [of 16], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000499/18810917/183/0008. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1881 November 22, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was sued in Dublin by Henry Naylor because he &quot;had declined to pay&quot; for a £35 piano.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Henry Naylor v. the Hon. Algernon Bourke.&quot; &quot;Exchequer Division.&quot; &quot;High Court of Justice.&quot; ''Belfast Morning News'' 23 November 1881, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 8a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000428/18811123/015/0003. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1881 December 8, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke was part of a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#Battue at Palmerstown|battue at Palmerstown]], when the group bagged 172 pheasants, hares and rabbits.

'''1882 March 7, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882#7 March 1882, Tuesday|fashionable wedding of Reginald Chandos-Pole and Violet Denison]].

'''1882 March 15, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882#The Marchioness of Salisbury's Assembly|the Marchioness of Salisbury's first reception of the season]].

'''1882 July 13, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to the [[Social Victorians/1882-07-13 Marlborough House Garden Party|Garden Party at Marlborough House for Queen Victoria]] hosted by [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]]. The more than 1,000 people invited also included a number of people from the family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]].

'''1882 September 28, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882#The Wedding of John M'Donald and Georgiana Lambart|wedding of John M'Donald and Georgiana Lambart]].

'''1883 March 21, Wednesday''', the Evening Irish Times announced that Algernon Bourke &quot;has arrived at Kingstown from England.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Fashion.&quot; ''Evening Irish Times'' 21 March 1883, Wednesday: 7 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003464/18830321/086/0007. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''23 July 1883, Monday, noon''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1883#Garden Party at Marlborough House, at Noon|garden party at Marlborough House]] hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales.

'''31 October 1883, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the wedding of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1883#Wedding of Lady Cecelia Hay and Captain George Webbe|Lady Cecelia Hay and Captain George Webbe]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 February 16, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#16 February 1884, Saturday|the funeral of Thomas Chenery, editor of the ''Times'']].

'''1884 April 4, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was (may have been?) one of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#5 April 1884, Saturday|&quot;Supporters of the Pall&quot; at the funeral]] of [[Social Victorians/People/Leopold|Prince Leopold George Duncan Albert, Duke of Albany]] at St. George's, Windsor.

'''1884 April 26, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#26 April 1884, Saturday|dinner party at the Lord Mayor's Mansion House for conservatives to meet Sir Stafford Northcote]].

'''1884 May 3, Saturday''', the &quot;Rochester Conservatives&quot; announced that they would &quot;bring forward the Hon. Algernon Bourke, brother of Lord Mayo, as their second candidate,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Election Intelligence.&quot; ''Yorkshire Gazette'' 03 May 1884, Saturday: 4 [of 12], Col. 6a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000266/18840503/011/0004.&lt;/ref&gt; but because he would not be the first candidate, Bourke declined.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rochester.&quot; London ''Daily Chronicle'' 09 May 1884, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 8b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005049/18840509/049/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1884 June 18, Wednesday''', Mr. Algernon Bourke was on a committee to watch a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#18 June 1884, Wednesday|Mr. Bishop's &quot;thought-reading&quot; experiment]], which was based on a challenge by Henry Labourchere made the year before. This &quot;experiment&quot; took place before a fashionable audience.

'''1884 July 25, Friday, afternoon''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#Garden Party at Marlborough House hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales|Garden Party at Marlborough House hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales]].

'''1885 January 22, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke's gift to [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#Wedding of George Buckle and Alicia Payn|George Buckle and Alicia Payn for their wedding]] was an antique cabinet.

'''1885 July 7, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#7 July 1885, Tuesday|Eva Bourke's wedding to Windham Wyndham-Quin]] at St. Mary Abbots, Kensington.

'''1885 July 13, Monday''', Algernon Bouurke was at Victoria Station as part of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#Arrival of Lord Wolseley in London from Egypt|crowd greeting Lord Wolseley on his return from Egypt]].

'''1885 July 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/1885-07-24 Marlborough House Ball|ball at Marlborough House]] hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales.

'''1885 September 26, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke took part in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#26 September 1885, Saturday|Ealing Conservative Club fete and meeting]] supporting Salisbury's government and condemning &quot;the dictates of one man&quot; — Gladstone — for Gordon's death.

'''1885 October 3, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was named as the Conservative candidate for Clapham in the Battersea and Clapham borough after the Redistribution Bill determined the electoral districts for South London.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;South London Candidates.&quot; ''South London Press'' 03 October 1885, Saturday: 9 [of 16], Col. 5b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18851003/096/0009. Print p. 9.&lt;/ref&gt; On Sunday 15 November 1885 the London ''Weekly Dispatch'' supported Moulton, the Liberal candidate, who ultimately won the election:&lt;blockquote&gt;

Though a successful lawyer, Mr. Moulton is much more than that. He is a thorough and independent student of political science, who may be trusted to do good service to the Liberal cause with brain as well as with tongue. It will be matter for hearty congratulation if he defeats the Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke, who is a dashing and unscrupulous young Tory, and a nephew of the well-known politician with the same surname.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Political Campaign in London. VI. — The South-West Divisions.&quot; ''Weekly Dispatch'' (London) 15 November 1885, Sunday: 9 [of 16], Col. 3c [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003358/18851115/069/0009. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

On Saturday 21 November 1885 the ''South London Press'' reported on posters for Bourke's candidacy:&lt;blockquote&gt;

The Hon. Algernon Bourke, Conservative candidate for Clapham, has a very industrious billsticker, who pastes up his patron’s bills in every possible place where they can be seen to advantage. It is unfortunate, however, that choosing the flank wall of an auctioneer’s the modern &quot;Sam Slap&quot; has produced some curious combinations, such as — &quot;Vote for Bourke,&quot; &quot;Now on View;&quot; &quot;Electors of Clapham, Vote for Mr. Bourke, and&quot; &quot;Be Sold Without Reserve;&quot; &quot;Mr, Bourke will&quot; &quot;Advance Money to&quot; &quot;the Electors of Clapham;&quot; &quot;Great Conservative Meeting. The British Constitution will be&quot; &quot;Offered for Sale this Evening,&quot; &amp;c.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pick-up Notes.&quot; ''South London Press'' 21 November 1885, Saturday: 10 [of 16], Col. 1b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18851121/155/0010. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1885 November 3, Tuesday, 11:00 a.m.''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Mayo-Ponsonby Wedding 1885-11-03|wedding of his brother, Dermot, 7th  Earl of Mayo and Geraldine Ponsonby]]. He gave them 2 Sheraton secretaires.

'''1886 January 5, Tuesday, late''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Twelfth Night|Twelfth Night celebration at the Drury Lane theatre]].

'''1886 March 13, Saturday evening''', an Hon. Mr. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/1886-03-13 Reception at the French Embassy|reception at the French Embassy]], possibly Algernon Bourke or possibly [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|one of his brothers]].

'''1886 July 10, Saturday''', Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Garden Party at Marlborough House Given to the Queen|garden party at Marlborough House given to the Queen]]. Gwendolen Sloane Stanley is not mentioned but Mr. and Mrs. Hans Sloane Stanley are, as are Mr. and Mrs. F. Sloane Stanley.&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 July 21, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to the [[Social Victorians/1886-07-21 Marlborough House Ball|Ball at Marlborough House]], as were a [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#The Sloane-Stanleys 2|Mr. and Mrs. F. Sloane-Stanley]], possibly the parents of Gwendolen Sloane-Stanley (if the &quot;F&quot; is a mistake), who married Bourke on 15 December 1887. Gwendolen is not mentioned as having been invited.

'''1886 July 27, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended a service honoring a memorial at St. Paul's for his father, who had been assassinated.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Memorial to the Late Earl of Mayo.&quot; ''Northern Whig'' 28 July 1886, Wednesday: 6 [of 8], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000434/18860728/143/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1886 September 2, Thursday''', Mr. Algernon Bourke was part of a group of mostly aristocratic men taking part in [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Augustus Harris's A Run of Luck|a &quot;trial-rehearsal&quot; as part of Augustus Harris's production]] ''A Run of Luck'', about sports.

'''1886 October 2, Saturday''', the Duke of Beaufort and the Hon. Algernon Bourke arrived in Yougal: &quot;His grace has taken a residence at Lismore for a few weeks, to enjoy some salmon fishing on the Blackwater before the close of the season.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Chippenham.&quot; ''Wilts and Gloucestershire Standard'' 02 October 1886, Saturday: 8 [of 8], Col. 6a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001955/18861002/142/0008. Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1886 October 11, Monday''', Algernon Bourke may have been taking part in a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Performance of Run of Luck|performance of ''Run of Luck'' at the Drury Lane]].

'''1886 October 23, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Party at Wemyss Castle, Fife|staying at Wemyss Castle, Fife]].

'''1886 December 30, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke was back in London and attending the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Augustus Harris's The Forty Thieves|&quot;Forty Thieves&quot; pantomime at the Drury Lane Theatre]].

'''1887 January 5, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was one of the chief mourners at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Funeral of Lady Margaret Harriett Bourke|funeral of Lady Margaret Harriett Bourke]].

'''1887 March 1, 2:00 p.m.''', Algernon Bourke is listed among the Messieurs attending the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace|Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1887 May''', a &quot;signalling incident&quot; in 1907 [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#May 1887|caused the Waterford ''Evening News'' to recall a similar event]] that had occurred 20 years earlier, in which Algernon Bourke, as special correspondent for the ''Times'', caused the incident to be publicized:&lt;blockquote&gt;During the manoeuvres in connection with the 1887 Jubilee of Queen Victoria a signal was observed going up from [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles [Beresford]]]'s ship. It was a message to his wife, Lady Beresford, to the effect that, as he should be late for dinner, she was not to wait. Beyond the hilarity this domestic signal evoked, nothing more would have been heard of it, but Mr. Algernon Bourke (Lord Mayo's brother) was acting as special correspondent for the &quot;Times,&quot; and that paper the next morning contained a full and humorous report of the incident. Then there was trouble.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Signalling Incident.&quot; ''Evening News'' (Waterford) 13 November 1907, Wednesday: 1 [of 4], Col. 6c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004557/19071113/021/0001.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1887 June 15, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians Foreign Office Reception 1887-06-15|reception at the Foreign Office in honor of Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee]].

'''1887 July 6, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to and, presumably, attended the State Ball at Buckingham Palace.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The State Ball at Buckingham Palace.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 08 July 1887, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 5a–6c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18870708/013/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 1c)

'''1887 August 6, Saturday''', the ''Brighton Gazette'' says that the &quot;Hon. Mrs and Mr Algernon Bourke&quot; were staying at the Royal Crescent Hotel in Brighton, but they didn't marry until 15 December 1887.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Royal Crescent Hotel.&quot; ''Brighton Gazette'' 6 August 1887, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 5c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000938/18870806/047/0003. Print title ''Brighton Gazette and Sussex Telegraph'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt; Perhaps an elder relative, because she is mentioned first?

'''1887 November 9, Wednesday''', the ''Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper'' announced that&lt;blockquote&gt;A marriage is arranged, and will take place early in January, between Mr. Algernon Bourke, third son of the late Earl of Mayo, and Miss Guendolen Sloane Stanley, only daughter of Mr. Hans Sloane Stanley, of Paultons.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Romsey, Nov. 9.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 9 November 1887, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18871109/034/0003. Print title ''Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Shortly after, the papers announced that the wedding would not take place.

'''1887 December 15, Thursday''', Hon. [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Wedding of Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Sloane Stanley|Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Stanley were married at St. Paul's]], Knightsbridge, by Bourke's uncle the Hon. and Rev. George Bourke. Only family members attended because of &quot;the recent death of a near relative of the bride.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court Circular.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 16 December 1887, Friday: 5 [of 8], Col. 7c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18871216/066/0005.&lt;/ref&gt; Who the &quot;near relative of the bride&quot; was not in her nuclear family, and perhaps that explains the cancellation of the wedding and then the changing of the wedding date and not some problem in the couple.

'''1888 – 1899 January 1''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was &quot;proprietor&quot; of [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#White's|White's Club, St. James's Street]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;&quot;The Hon. Algernon Bourke's Affairs.&quot; ''Eastern Morning News'' 19 October 1899, Thursday: 6 [of 8], Col. 7c [of7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001152/18991019/139/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1888 January 21, Saturday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the wedding of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#Hamilton-Ewart Wedding|Florence Ewart and Henry Hamilton]].

'''1888 March 7, Wednesday''', assuming that this date is not a week after the actual date, [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lady Charles Beresford]] held a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#1888 March 7, Wednesday|notable and well-attended &quot;at home&quot;]] that Gwendolen Bourke attended, reported for being dressed in white and being among the beautiful women present.

'''6 April 1888, Friday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#6 April 1888, Friday|New Forest United Hunt ball at the New Forest Hall, Lyndhurst]].

'''1888 May 2, Wednesday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#The Marchioness of Salisbury's Reception|Marchioness of Salisbury's reception]] at the Salisbury home on Arlington-street.

'''1888 May 22, Tuesday''', the Dowager Countess of Mayo presented Gwendolen Bourke at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#Queen's Drawing Room|Queen's drawing-room]] hosted by the Princess of Wales. This is Gwendolen Bourke's dress:&lt;blockquote&gt;Empire robe de cour of white satin duchesse, lined with rich pink silk, sufficiently bright to give a beautiful shell-like tint through the satin; tulle underdress, with upper skirt, embroidered with pearl, and caught up in Greek folds with large pink Tosca roses; white satin bodice, with Josephine pink sash tied at side, Headdress, veil and plumes; ornaments, diamonds.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Dresses at the Drawing-Room.&quot; ''Epsom Journal'' 22 May 1888, Tuesday: 3 [of 6], Col. 5b–c [of 6]. ''British Newspapers Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004837/18880522/034/0003. Print: title ''Local Journal'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Another description:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke's train was of white satin lined with pink, which showed through with charmingly shell-like effect. The dress, fashioned after those of the Empire period, was of white satin embroidered with pearls. A very broad sash of pink satin made the waist seem quaintly short, a trying thing to any but the young and tall, both of which qualifications Mrs. Bourke most happily possesses. She carried a lovely posy of La France roses.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Gossip on Dress.&quot; ''Boston Spa News'' 25 May 1888, Friday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1b–2b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003395/18880525/014/0002. Print title The News, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 1c)&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1888 June 8, Friday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#Dinner and Dance Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne at Hamilton House|dinner and dance Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne at Hamilton House]] featuring Prince and Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein, and for the ball, the King of Sweden and Norway and the Prince and Princess of Wales and their daughters were present.

'''1888 June 19, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke was one of the principal guests at the wedding of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#19 June 1888, Tuesday|Captain Philip Green and Miss Mabel Emilie Scott]].

'''1888 July 26''', [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Caroline Graham Stirling-Crawford]] (known as Mr. Manton for her horse-breeding and -racing operations) and Marcus Henry Milner married.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;&quot;Hon. Caroline Agnes Horsley-Beresford.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://thepeerage.com/p6863.htm#i68622|title=Person Page|website=thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the ''Nottingham Evening Post'' of 31 July 1888,&lt;blockquote&gt;LONDON GOSSIP.

(From the ''World''.)

The marriage of &quot;Mr. Manton&quot; was the surprise as well the sensation of last week. Although some wise people noticed a certain amount of youthful ardour in the attentions paid by Mr. Marcus Henry Milner to Caroline Duchess of Montrose at '''Mrs. Oppenheim's ball''', nobody was prepared for the sudden ''dénouement''; '''and it''' were not for the accidental and unseen presence [[Social Victorians/People/Mildmay|a well-known musical amateur]] who had received permission to practice on the organ, the ceremony performed at half-past nine on Thursday morning at St. Andrew's, Fulham, by the Rev. Mr. Propert, would possibly have remained a secret for some time to come. Although the evergreen Duchess attains this year the limit of age prescribed the Psalmist, the bridegroom was only born in 1864. Mr. &quot;Harry&quot; Milner (familiarly known in the City as &quot;Millions&quot;) was one of the zealous assistants of that well-known firm of stockbrokers, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys, and Mr. Algernon Bourke, the head of the house (who, of course, takes a fatherly interest in the match) went down to Fulham to give away the Duchess. The ceremony was followed by a ''partie carrée'' luncheon at the Bristol, and the honeymoon began with a visit to the Jockey Club box at Sandown. Mr. Milner and the Duchess of Montrose have now gone to Newmarket. The marriage causes a curious reshuffling of the cards of affinity. Mr. Milner is now the stepfather of the [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Duke of Montrose]], his senior by twelve years; he is also the father-in-law of [[Social Victorians/People/Lady Violet Greville|Lord Greville]], Mr. Murray of Polnaise, and [[Social Victorians/People/Breadalbane|Lord Breadalbane]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1888 December 1st week''', according to &quot;Society Gossip&quot; from the ''World'', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was suffering from malaria, presumably which he caught when he was in South Africa:&lt;blockquote&gt;I am sorry to hear that Mr. Algernon Bourke, who married Miss Sloane-Stanley a short time ago, has been very dangerously ill. Certain complications followed an attack of malarian fever, and last week his mother, the Dowager Lady Mayo, and his brother, Lord Mayo, were hastily summoned to Brighton. Since then a change for the better has taken place, and he is now out of danger.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip. What the ''World'' Says.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 08 December 1888, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18881208/037/0002. Print title: ''The Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper''; print p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1888 December 20, Thursday''', the Sloane-Stanley family, including Gwendolen Bourke, attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#20 December 1888, Thursday|funeral of Hans Sloane Stanley]]. Algernon Bourke did not attend because he was still too ill.

'''1889 January 22, 2:30 p.m., Tuesday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke sent a gift for the [[Social Victorians/Cecil Lambton Wedding 1889 January 22|wedding of Lady Eleanor Lambton and Lord Robert]] Cecil, a pair of antique mirrors.

'''1889 May 18, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#18 May 1889, Saturday|opening of the Italian Opera season at Covent Garden]].

'''1889 May 27, Monday, 11 p.m.''', the dancing commenced at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#The Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace|the Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace]], with both the Hon. Algernon and the Hon. Gwendolen Bourke present.

'''1889 June 8, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke contributed some art he owned to the collection of the Royal Institute of Painters in Water-Colours' [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#8 June 1889, Saturday|exhibition of &quot;the works of the 'English Humourists in Art.'&quot;]]

'''1889 July 2, Tuesday''', Gwendolen and Algernon Bourke sat in the Muriettas' box at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#The Shah at a Covent Garden Opera Performance|gala performance at Covent Garden also attended by the Prince and Princess of Wales, a number of other royals and the Shah]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1889 27 July, Saturday''', Gwendolen and Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#Garden Party Hosted by Mr. and Mrs. Augustus Harris|garden party hosted by Mr. and Mrs. Augustus Harris]], which was attended by a people from the theatre and arts worlds.&lt;p&gt;

'''1889 December 2, Monday''', Gwendolen Bourk's mother, Emilie Sloane-Stanley, married James Shelly Bontein:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

BONTEIN—STANLEY — December 2, at St. George's, Hanover Square, London, by the Rev. G. S. de Sansmarez, James Shelly, only son of the late James Bontein, Gentleman Usher and Clerk of the Robes to the Queen, to Emilie Josephine, widow of Hans Sloane Stanley, of Paultons.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1889 December 17, Tuesday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke gave a gift to [[Dangan-Neville Wedding|Lady Violet Nevill for her wedding to Henry Wellesley, Viscount Dangan]] and so were probably in attendance.

=== 1890s ===
'''1890 January 9, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#The York Hunt Ball|fancy-dress Hunt Ball in York]]. She&lt;blockquote&gt;looked a picture in a Gainsborough gown. The white satin skirt was flounced with sable and veiled with ''chiffon'', the setuage of which was left to show without being hemmed up. There was a broad sash of rose-pink silk and each buttonhole was filled round with crimped lisse.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Our London Letter.&quot; ''Irish Society'' (Dublin) 11 January 1890, Saturday: 17 [of 24], Col. 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001939/18900111/042/0017. Same print title, p. 29.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1890 February''' '''12, Wednesday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Lady Constance Leslie's Reception|Lady Constance Leslie's reception]] at her house in Stratford-place.

'''1890 April 9, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#The New Forest United Hunt Ball|the New Forest United Hunt Ball]].

'''1890 June 3, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the 2:30 p.m. [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Münster-Hay Wedding|wedding of Count Alexander Münster and Lady Muriel Henrietta Constance Hay]]. She is also listed as having attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Dinner and Concert Hosted by Mrs. Arthur Williams and Ball by Mrs. Menzies|ball hosted by Mrs. J. Menzies (daughter of Mrs. Arthur Wilson)]] that Prince Eddie, the Duke of Clarence and Avondale, also attended, that night.  

'''1890 July 4, Friday, 11 p.m.''', the Hon. Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#The Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace|the Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace]]. The dancing commenced shortly after 11:00. 

'''1890 July 15, Tuesday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke were invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Garden Party at Marlborough House to Meet the Queen|garden party at Marlborough House to meet the Queen]]. 

'''1890 July 19, Saturday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Wedding of James Francis Harry St. Clair-Erskine and Violet Aline Vyner|wedding of James Francis Harry St. Clair-Erskine and Violet Aline Vyner]], the two of them giving &quot;four small silver dessert dishes&quot; and Gwendolen giving an &quot;enamel and diamond pin.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marriage of Lord Loughborough with Miss Vyner.&quot; ''Fife Free Press'' 26 July 1890, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1a–2b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001110/18900726/015/0002. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 2b)

'''1890 July 24, Thursday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Dinner and Dance Hosted by Lord Alington|dance hosted by Lord Alington]] attended also by the Prince and Princess of Wales and Princesses Victoria and Maud.

'''1890 September 6, Saturday''', the ''Country Gentleman'' (as it was called at the time) reported that &quot;Muckross, the only deer forest in Ireland, it may be said, has this year been rented by Mr. Algernon Bourke, who will next week be joined there for the stalking season by his brother, Lord Mayo.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Shooting. Moors, Forests, and Fishings.&quot; ''Sporting Gazette'' 06 September 1890, Saturday: 11 [of 38], Col. 1c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002525/18900906/065/0011. Print: ''Country Gentleman'', p. 1251.&lt;/ref&gt; On 11 October 1890 the ''St. James's Gazette'' says,&lt;blockquote&gt;The Earl of Durham has been staying at Muchross, county Kerry, on a visit to the Hon. A. Bourke, who has rented the celebrated shootings and fishings on that estate for the autumn.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Society.&quot; ''St James's Gazette'' 11 October 1890, Saturday: 12 [of 16], Col. 1b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001485/18901011/064/0012. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1890 October 25, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke gave a gold-mounted box to [[Social Victorians/Loder De Vere Beauclerk Wedding|Lady Louise De Vere Beauclerk on her wedding to Gerald Loder, M.P.]], so they were probably present at the wedding, or at least the reception. Mrs. Bontein [sic Bontine], Gwendolen's mother, gave a silver box, suggesting the relationship was through the women.

'''1890 November 29, 11:30 Saturday morning''', Algernon Bourke's gift for the [[Social Victorians/Dudley-Beckwith Wedding 1890-11-29|wedding of the Hon. Francis Dudley and Miss Forbes Beckwith]] was some cases of a Bordeaux wine: &quot;three dozen Cantenac, 1875 vintage.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marriage of Lord Leigh's Heir. Descriptive Sketch of the Ceremony, and Full List of Guests and Presents.&quot; ''Leamington Spa Courier'' 6 December 1890, Saturday: 6 [of 10], Cols. 1a–4a. ''British Newspaper Archive''  https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000319/18901206/021/0006. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 3b}} Gwendolen Bourke is not listed as having been invited to the reception, but this list from the ''Leamington Spa Courier'' has some gaps.

'''1890 December 4, Thursday''', Gwendolen and Algernon Bourke attended the [[Mure-Portal Wedding 1890-12-04|wedding of Miss Mure and Mr. S. J. Portal]]. Their gift is not recorded.

'''1891 January''', Algernon Bourke took party in a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Shooting Party in Kallarnet, Totton|shooting party in Kallarnet, Totton]].

'''1891 June 24, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Dinner and Ball Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne|dinner and ball Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne]] featuring Princess Mary Adelaide, the Duke of Teck, and Princess Victoria.

'''1891 July 9, Thursday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke were invited to a [[Social Victorians/1891-07-09 Garden Party|large Garden Party at Marlborough House]] hosted by the [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]] in honor of Queen Victoria and the German Emperor and Empress. The more than 3,000 people invited also included a number of people from the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|family of the Earl of Mayo]].

'''1891 July 22, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Dinner and Dance at Alington House|dance at the Earl and Countess Alington]]'s that also included the Prince and Princess of Wales.

'''1891 October 22, Thursday''', Hon. and Mrs. Bourke attended at least the reception of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Le Strange Astley Wedding|Le Strange—Astley Wedding]], although perhaps the couple is not the Algernon Bourkes.

'''1891 November 22, Sunday''', the London ''Weekly Dispatch'' reports a performance by American &quot;Lady Magnet&quot; Mrs. Abbott, who claimed to be able to lift anybody using only her magnetic properties. An enthusiastic &quot;committee of some fifteen gentlemen presented a written and signed testimonial&quot; supporting Mrs. Abbott, &quot;the Hon. Algernon Bourke, Professor Atkinson, Dr. Hides, and three other doctors who prefer to remain incog., being among the signatories. All the medical gentlemen concerned assured the ''Evening News and Post'' reporter of their complete and unconditional surrender. One of them went so far as to say that he had come with the full determination of disbelieving, but had been quite able to act up to his resolve.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Lady Magnet. Draws Crowds of People Who Divide in Opinion about Her.&quot; ''Weekly Dispatch'' (London) 22 November 1891, Sunday: 16 [of 16], Cols. 3a–4b [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003358/18911122/203/0016. Print: same title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1892''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke privately published his ''The History of White's'', the exclusive gentleman's club.

'''1892 January 27, Saturday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended the very fashionable [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892#The Wedding of Lord Henry Cavendish Bentinck, M.P., and Lady Olivia Taylour|wedding of Lord Henry Cavendish Bentinck, M.P., and Lady Olivia Taylour]]. Their gift was not noted in the list.

'''1892 February''' '''10, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1892-02-10 Alington Leigh Wedding|very fashionable wedding of Henry, Lord Alington and Evelyn Henriette Leigh]] [[Social Victorians/1892-02-10 Alington Leigh Wedding|in St. Paul's, Knightsbridge]]

'''1892 April''' '''10, Wednesday, about 2:30 p.m.''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/1892-02-10 Alington Leigh Wedding|the very fashionable wedding between Henry Sturt, Lord Alington and Evelyn Leigh]]. Her gift was a &quot;tortoiseshell and gold heart-shaped tray.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;&quot;Lord Alington to Miss Leigh.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 20 February 1892, Saturday: 21 [of 46], Cols. 1a–3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18920220/092/0021. Same print title, p. 237.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 3a) 

'''1892 June 25, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird&quot; says &quot;That pretty Mrs. Algernon Bourke has been staying here, but returned to England in time for Ascot.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Little Bird, The. &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 25 June 1892, Saturday: 32 [of 60], Col. 3b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18920625/157/0032. Same print title, p. 860.&lt;/ref&gt; 

'''1892 December 13, Tuesday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' says Gwendolen Bourke is lovely in its coverage of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892#Wedding of Miss Eleanor M. Ewart and Captain Guy Withington|Eleanor M. Ewart and Captain Guy Withington's wedding]]. 

'''1892 December 22, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892#22 December 1892, Thursday|monthly meeting of the Zoological Society in Hanover-square]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 February 11, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke opened Willis's Restaurant:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Algernon Bourke has in his time done many things, and has generally done them well. His recently published history of White's Club is now a standard work. White's Club itself was a few years ago in its agony when Mr. Bourke stepped in and gave it a renewed lease of life. Under Mr. Bourke's auspices &quot;Willis's Restaurant&quot; opened its doors to the public on Tuesday last in a portion of the premises formerly so well known as Willis's Rooms. This new venture is to rival the Amphitryon in the matter of cuisine and wines; but it is not, like the Amphitryon, a club, but open to the public generally. Besides the restaurant proper, there are several ''cabinets particuliers'', and these are decorated with the very best of taste, and contain some fine portraits of the Georges.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marmaduke.&quot; &quot;Letter from the Linkman.&quot; ''Truth'' 20 April 1893, Thursday: 25 [of 56], Col. 1a [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18930420/075/0025# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18930420/075/0025]. Print p. 855.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1893 February 7, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#1893 February 7, Tuesday|the reception after Lady Emily Cadogan's wedding]].

'''1893 February 20, Monday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke is listed as having attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace|Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace]] held by the Prince of Wales; because wives generally are not listed, it seems likely Gwendolen Bourke attended as well.

'''1893 February 28, Tuesday, 3:00 p.m.''', Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Queens Drawing Room 1893-02-28|Queen's Drawing Room at Buckingham Palace]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 March 22, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#22 March 1893, Wednesday|Lady Wimborne's reception]].

'''1893 April 1, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke published a letter to the editor of the ''Times'', reprinted in the ''Kildare Observer'', arguing against Gladstone's Home Rule bill on the grounds that Ireland would not be able to take out a loan on its own behalf because of its obligations to the U.K., including what was called its share of the national debt.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Irish Unionist Alliance.&quot; ''Kildare Observer and Eastern Counties Advertiser'' 01 April 1893, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001870/18930401/062/0006. Print: The ''Kildare Observer'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1893 May 13, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was seen at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#13 May 1893, Saturday|exhibitions of art and furniture for sale by Christie's and on display by Lord Clifden]].

'''1893 July 13, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#The Countess of Listowel's Garden Party|Countess of Listowel's Garden Party]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#The Countess of Listowel's Garden Party|at her residence, Kingston House, Princes-gate]], accompanied by Miss Adeane.

'''1893 July 14, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Sandown Races 1893-07-14|the races at Sandown]] wearing a dark-blue-and-white outfit and black hat that got described in the newspaper.

'''1893 August 1, Tuesday – August 4, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke, at least, was at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#1 August 1893, Tuesday – 4 August 1893, Friday|the Goodwood races]], mentioned in the ''Gentlewoman'' for her beauty, although none of the dresses were noted.

'''1893 November 4–11, Wednesday–Saturday''', Gwendolen Bourke was at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#Ralph and Mary Sneyd Hosted a Shooting Party|shooting party at Keele Hall hosted by Ralph and Mary Sneyd]].

'''1893 November 30, Thursday''', with Sir Walter Gilbey the Hon. Algernon Bourke &quot;assisted&quot; in &quot;forming [a] collection&quot; of engravings by George Morland that was exhibited at Messrs. J. and W. Vokins’s, Great Portland-street.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The George Morland Exhibition at Vokins's.&quot; ''Sporting Life'' 30 November 1893, Thursday: 4 [of 4], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000893/18931130/058/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1893 December 14, Thursday, afternoon''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1893-12-14 Wedding Adele Grant and George, 7th Earl of Essex|wedding of American Adele Grant and George, 7th Earl of Essex]] and gave a &quot;pearl and gold box.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;&quot;Wedding of the Earl of Essex.&quot; ''Herts Advertiser'' 16 December 1893, Saturday; 8 [of 8], Col. 1a–4b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000415/18931216/125/0008. Print title: ''The Herts Advertiser and St Albans Times'', p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 3c}} Mr. and Mrs. Shelley Bontein also attended, and Mrs. Bontein gave a &quot;green leather bag and purse, with coronet and monogram in gold.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;{{rp|3b}}

'''1894 January 27, Saturday''', Psyche in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; in the ''Gentlewoman'' reported on a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#27 January 1894, Saturday|ball hosted by Lord and Lady Dunraven at Adare Manor]] that Gwendolen Bourke attended.

'''1894 January 31, Wednesday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke, who was dressed more stylishly than most, attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Also 31 January 1894, Wednesday|Kildare Hunt Ball]] hosted by Dermot, [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] and Geraldine, Countess of Mayo.

'''1894 February 24, Saturday''', ''The Field'' reported on a series of tennis matches; Algernon Bourke attended the one played at the Prince's Club.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Tennis.&quot; ''Field'' 24 February 1894, Saturday: 39 [of 72], Col. 1c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002446/18940224/349/0039. Print title ''The Field, The Country Gentleman's Newspaper'', p. 249.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1894 March 31, Saturday''', Psyche, in the &quot;Social Peepshow&quot; column in the ''Gentlewoman'', says that &quot;Mr. Algernon Bourke has still further embellished Willis's restaurant hard by [the St. James's Theatre], by the addition of some valuable old tapestry that lately came to the hammer at Christie's.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 31 March 1894, Saturday: 16 [of 56], Col. 2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18940331/081/0016. Same print title, p. 408.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1894 April 13, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke set sail on the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#P. and O. Line S.S. Rome for Gibraltar|P. and O. Line ''S.S. Rome'' for Gibraltar]] along with her stepfather, Mr. Shelley Bontein, and her brother, Mr. Sloane Stanley.

'''31 May 1894, Thursday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Reception at Devonshire House|Duchess of Devonshire's reception at Devonshire House]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 June 18, Monday''', the London ''Echo'' reported that Algernon Bourke was [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Brooks'|writing a history of Brooks' Club]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 June 20, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Princess Louise, Marchioness of Lorne Opened the Annual Sale of the Scottish Home Industries|Annual Sale of the Scottish Home Industries]]; her outfit was described in the article in ''Lady's Pictorial''.

'''1894 August 2, Thursday''', the column &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird&quot; says, &quot;At Willis' [restaurant] — 'What a smart cotillon Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave on Thursday evening.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Bird, The Little. &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 04 August 1894, Saturday: 30 [of 56], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18940804/148/0030. Print title same, p. 144.&lt;/ref&gt; Willis's Restaurant, King-street, St. James's, was a restaurant Algernon Bourke opened in 1893.&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 September 7, Saturday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke were at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#7 September 1894, Saturday|shooting party at Witley]], which had been loaned to one of his brothers by William Ward, 2nd Earl of Dudley.&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 October 22, Thursday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Wedding of Lord Connemara and Mrs. Coleman|luncheon after the wedding of Lord Connemara and Mrs. Coleman]].

'''1894 November 3, Saturday''', Psyche, in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; for the Gentlewoman, reported that Gwendolen Bourke had been [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#3 November 1894, Saturday|seen shopping in London]].

'''1895 January 5, Saturday, 2:00 p.m.''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke gave an old mother-of-pearl workbox to [[Wolverton-Ward Wedding 1895-01-05|Lady Edith Ward for her wedding to Frederick Glyn, Lord Wolverton]] and presumably attended the wedding and reception afterwards.&lt;p&gt;

'''1895 February 23, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#23 February 1895, Saturday|fashionable wedding of Laurence Currie and Edith Sibyl Mary Finch]]. Gwendolen Bourke is not listed as having attended, but she is not noted as absent, either. Daphne Bourke was born on 5 April 1895, probably explaining Gwendolen's absence.

'''1895 March 24, Sunday – 30 March, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#24, Sunday – 30 March 1895, Saturday|enjoying the sunny weather in Brighton]].

'''1895 April 27, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#1895 April 27, Saturday|wedding of Norah Bourke and Henry E. A. Lindsay]]. Again, Gwendolen Bourke is not listed as having attended. Daphne Bourke was born on 5 April 1895, and Psyche, writing the &quot;Social Peepshow&quot; column in the Gentlewoman, says,&lt;blockquote&gt;

I regret to hear of the serious illness of Mrs. Algernon Bourke, whose first child was born a fortnight ago. It is feared that the attack is of the nature of typhoid, but happily the patient's strength keeps up. Mrs. Bourke is at her mother's house in Clarges-street.&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 27 April 1895, Saturday: 28 [of 84], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18950427/147/0028. Same print title, p. 506.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1895 July 13, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke donated 10s. to the ''Daily Telegraph'' National Shilling Testimonial to W. G. Grace.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;''Daily Telegraph'' National Shilling Testimonial to W. G. Grace.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London) 13 July 1895, Saturday: 7 [of 12], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/18950713/079/0007. Print: ''Daily Telegraph'', p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1895 August 24, Saturday''', &quot;Marmaduke&quot; in the ''Graphic'' says that Algernon Bourke &quot;opened a cyclists' club in Chelsea.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marmaduke.&quot; &quot;Court and Club.&quot; The ''Graphic'' 24 August 1895, Saturday: 11 [of 32], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9000057/18950824/017/0011. Print p. 223.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1895 October''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#24 October 1902, Friday|opened the Prince's ice-skating rink for the]] season.if the newspapers were right that 1902 was the 7th season. He also was planning a bicycling club for Kensington Gardens to open the following season.&lt;ref&gt;Mackenzie, Ethel Morell (Miss). &quot;Pins and Needles.&quot; ''Hull Daily News'' 12 October 1895, Saturday: 24 [of 40], Col. 1a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003443/18951012/024/0024. Print title: ''Hull News Supplement'', p. 1[6? 8?].&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1895 October 7, Monday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#Adeane-Cator Wedding|Maud Adeane–John Cator wedding]].

'''1895 December 11, Wednesday''', Gwendolen and Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#Sneyd Party to Meet the Duke of Coburg|shooting party at the Sneyds' to meet the Duke of Coburg]].

'''1895 December 18, Wednesday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#Wedding of Lady Albreda Fitzwilliam and the Hon. Charles Bourke|wedding of Lady Albreda Fitzwilliam and the Hon. Charles Bourke]]. Their gift is not noted in the newspaper account.

'''1896 March 17, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#17 March 1896, Tuesday|annual dinner of the Cymmrodorion, or the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion]], a society for Welsh culture and history.

'''1896 April 21, Monday''', Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke sent a gift — a &quot;box for miniature&quot; — for [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Monday, 1896 April 27|the wedding of Lady Angela St. Clair Erskine and James Stewart Forbes]].

'''1896 May 21, Thursday''', the Hon. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Mrs. C. H. Wilson's Ball|Mrs. C. H. Wilson's ball in Grosvenor-square, London]].

'''1896 May 26, Tuesday,  through 28 May, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Coming of Age of Mr Sloane Stanley|3-day celebration in honor of the coming of age of her brother, Cyril Sloane Stanley]].

'''1896 June 15, Monday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Dinner and Dance Hosted by the Countess of Huntingdon|dance hosted by the Earl and Countess of Huntingdon]] after their dinner party.

'''1896 July 13, Monday''', Algernon Bourke (listed among the &quot;Honourables&quot;) and Mrs. A. Bourke (Listed among the &quot;Honourable Ladies&quot;) were invited to the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Queen's Garden Party at Buckingham Palace|Queen's Garden Party at Buckingham Palace]].

'''1896 June 29, Monday''', the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Cadogan-Scott Wedding 1896-06-29|wedding and reception of Lady Sophie Cadogan and Sir Samuel Scott]]. Algernon Bourke published a letter to the editor of the ''Daily Telegraph'' about White's Club — and thus Bourke's — &quot;[[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Summer Club|Summer Club]]&quot; in Kensington Park, the subject of a little controversy.

'''1896 July 21, Tuesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Dinner Hosted by Sir Horace and Lady Farquhar|dinner hosted by Sir Horace and Lady Farquhar in Grosvenor-square]].

'''1896 August 5, Wednesday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#5 August 1896|wedding of the Hon. Terence Bourke and Miss Eveline Haines]] and gave the bride an &quot;enamel muff chain.&quot;&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 August 10, Monday''', the Morning Leader reported that the Hon. Algernon Bourke, for the Foreign Office, received Li Hung Chang at St. Paul's:&lt;blockquote&gt;At St. Paul's Li Hung was received by Field-Marshal Simmons, Colonel Lane, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, of the Foreign Office (who made the necessary arrangements for the visit) and Canon Newbolt, on behalf of the Dean and Chapter. A crowd greeted Li with a cheer as he drove up in Lord Lonsdale’s striking equipage, and his Excellency was carried up the steps in an invalid chair by two stalwart constables. He walked through the centre door with his suite, and was immediately conducted by Canon Newbolt to General Gordon’s tomb in the north aisle, where a detachment of boys from the Gordon Home received him as a guard of honor.

Li inspected the monument with marked interest, and drew the attention of his suite to the remarkable likeness to the dead hero. He laid a handsome wreath of royal purple asters, lilies, maidenhair fern, and laurel, tied with a broad band of purple silk, on the tomb.

The visit was not one of inspection of the building, but on passing the middle aisle the interpreter called the attention of His Excellency to the exquisite architecture and decoration of the chancel. Li shook hands in hearty English fashion with Canon Newbolt and the other gentlemen who had received him, and, assisted by his two sons, walked down the steps to his carriage. He returned with his suite to Carlton House-terrace by way of St. Paul’s Churchyard, Cannon-st., Queen Victoria-st., and the Embankment.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;At St. Paul's.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 10 August 1896, Monday: 7 [of 12], Col. 2b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18960810/134/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 August 19, Wednesday''', the ''Edinburgh Evening News'' reported on the catering that White's Club and Mr Algernon Bourke arranged for the visiting Li Hung Chang:&lt;blockquote&gt;It is probably not generally known (says the &quot;Chef&quot;) that Mr Algernon Bourke, manager of White's Club, London, has undertaken to the whole of the catering for our illustrious visitor front the Flowery Land. Li Hung Chang has five native cooks in his retinue, and the greatest good fellowship exists between them and their English ''confreres'', although considerable difficulty is experienced in conversation in understanding one another's meaning. There are between 40 and and 50 to cater for daily, besides a staff about 30; that Mr Lemaire finds his time fully occupied. The dishes for his Excellency are varied and miscellaneous, and from 14 to 20 courses are served at each meal. The bills of fare contain such items as bird's-nest soup, pigs' kidneys stewed in cream, boiled ducks and green ginger, sharks' fins, shrimps and prawns stewed with leeks and muscatel grapes, fat pork saute with peas and kidney beans. The meal usually winds with fruit and sponge cake, and freshly-picked green tea as liqueur.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Li Hung Chang's Diet.&quot; ''Edinburgh Evening News'' 19 August 1896, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 8b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000452/18960819/057/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 November 6, Friday''', both Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke were on the committee for the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Skating Club|Prince's Club ice-skating rink]], which [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Opening of the Prince's Club Skating Rink|opened on this day]].

'''1896 November 22, week of''', Mrs. Algernon Bourke was part of a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Shooting Party at the Charles Wilsons' Warter Priory, Yorkshire|shooting party at the Charles Wilsons' Warter Priory, Yorkshire]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 November 25, Wednesday''', Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bouke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Lord and Lady Burton Hosted a Party for Derby Day|Lord and Lady Burton's party for Derby Day]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 December 4, Friday''', the Orleans Club at Brighton was robbed:&lt;blockquote&gt;The old building of the Orleans Club at Brighton, which opens its new club house at 33, Brunswick-terrace to-day, was the scene of a very ingenious burglary during the small hours of yesterday morning. The greater portion of the club property had already been removed to the new premises, but Mr Algernon Bourke, his private secretary, and some of the officials of the club, still occupied bed-rooms at the house in the King’s-road. The corner shop of the street front is occupied by Mr. Marx, a jeweller in a large way of business, and upon his manager arriving at nine o'clock he discovered that the place had been entered through hole in the ceiling, and a great part of a very valuable stock of jewelry extracted. An examination of the morning rooms of the club, which runs over Mr. Marx's establishment reveal a singularly neat  specimen of the burglar's art. A piece of the flooring about 15in square had been removed by a series of holes bored side by side with a centre-bit, at a spot where access to the lofty shop was rendered easy by a tall showcase which stood convemently near. A massive iron girder had been avoided by a quarter of an inch, and this circumstance and the general finish of the operation point to an artist in his profession, who had acquired an intimate knowledge of the premises. The club doors were all found locked yesterday morning, and the means of egress adopted by the thief are at present a mystery.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Burglary at Brighton.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London) 05 December 1896, Saturday: 5 [of 12], Col. 7a [of 7]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/18961205/090/0005. Print title: ''Daily Telegraph''; p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 December 10, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke was present to help staff a stall at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#10 December 1896, Thursday|Irish Industries Exhibition and Sale, Brighton]].

'''1896 December 31, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke hosted a New Year's Eve dance:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave a highly satisfactory and enjoyable dance on Thursday night, when the old year was danced out and the new one danced in. Most of the silver gilters at present in to len were to the fore.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Man about Town.&quot; ''Sporting Gazette'' 02 January 1897, Saturday: 7 [of 34], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002525/18970102/041/0007. Print title ''The County Gentleman'', p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 January 9, Saturday''', Psyche in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; says that Algernon Bourke's &quot;cheerful countenance was quite in keeping with the [Christmas] season,&quot; seen in London.&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 9 January 1897, Saturday: 22 [of 56], Col. 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970109/097/0022. Same print title, p. 40.&lt;/ref&gt; 

'''1897 January 13, Wednesday – 18, Monday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke were guests of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Warwickshire Hunt Club Ball|house party associated with the Warwickshire Hunt Ball]] at [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Warwick Castle]].

'''1897 January 30, Saturday''', Gwendolen Bourke was reported to have been out shopping in London: &quot;Another charming figure was that of Mrs. Algernon Bourke all in chinchilla, with something of pale blue in a smart toque.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 30 January 1897, Saturday: 20 [of 59]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970130/107/0020. Same print title, p. 134.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 May 31, Monday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke were present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#House Party at Warwick Castle|House Party at Warwick Castle]] hosted by the Earl and Countess of Warwick.

'''1897 June 2, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Reception at the Foreign Office|reception at the Foreign Office]].

'''1897 June 12, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' reported on Gwendolen Bourke's dress and hat at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Duchess of Albany's Bazaar at the Imperial Institute|Duchess of Albany's Bazaar at the Imperial Institute]]. 

'''1897 June 19, Saturday''', Psyche in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; column in the ''Gentlewoman'' writes that Gwendolen Bourke was seen driving in London, &quot;in blue, ... looking as usual very handsome.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 19 June 1897, Saturday: 28 [of 108], Col. 2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970619/159/0028. Same print title, p. 848.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 June 28, Monday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke were invited to the [[Social Victorians/Diamond Jubilee Garden Party|Garden Party at Buckingham Palace]], the final official event of the London Diamond Jubilee celebrations. Members of the family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] were also among the 5,000–6,000 people invited.

'''1897 July 2, Friday''', the Hon. A. and Mrs. A. Bourke and Mr. and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] at Devonshire House.

'''1897 July 8, Thursday, 11:00 p.m.''', Hon. Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke were present at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace|the Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace]]. The dancing commenced shortly after 11:00 p.m.

'''1897 July 11–16, week of''', a dog of Gwendolen Bourke's won a prize at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Ladies' Kennel Association show in the Royal Botanic Gardens in Regent's Park|Ladies' Kennel Association show in the Royal Botanic Gardens in Regent's Park]]. 

'''1897 July 23, Friday''', both the Hon. Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Bourke-Curzon Cricket Match at the Queen's Club|Bourke-Curzon cricket match at the Queen's Club]], which Algernon Bourke's team lost. 

'''1897 July 23 — or July 30, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Lady Burton's party at Chesterfield House|Lady Burton's party at Chesterfield House]]. &lt;blockquote&gt;Far the prettiest women in the room were Lady Henry Bentinck (who looked perfectly lovely in pale yellow, with a Iong blue sash; and Mrs. Algernon Bourke, who was as smart as possible in pink, with pink and white ruchings on her sleeves and a tall pink feather in her hair.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lady Burton's Party at Chesterfield House.&quot; ''Belper &amp; Alfreton Chronicle'' 30 July 1897, Friday: 7 [of 8], Col. 1c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004151/18970730/162/0007. Print title: ''Belper and Alfreton Chronicle''; n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 August 2, Monday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Warwick House Party for the Easton Lodge Cricket Week Games|Earl and Countess of Warwick's house party for Easton Lodge cricket week]].

'''1897 August 2, Monday''', Mrs. Algernon Bourke was listed as among [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Most Beautiful Women in England|the most beautiful women in England]] in an article from ''Vanity Fair'' that was reprinted elsewhere.

'''1897 September 25, Saturday''', according to the ''Pall Mall Gazette'',&lt;blockquote&gt;The [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Dowager-Countess of Mayo]] is staying with her son, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, at Bramnber, near Brighton.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pall Mall Gazette Office.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 25 September 1897, Saturday: 8 [of 10], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18970925/023/0008. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1897 October 2, Saturday''', &quot;Yenatrix&quot; in &quot;Kennel Column&quot; in the ''Gentlewoman'' reported that Gwendolen Bourke had joined the Ladies' Kennel Association.&lt;ref&gt;Yenatrix. &quot;Kennel Column.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 02 October 1897, Saturday: 39 [of 61], Col. 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18971002/182/0039. Same print title, p. 434.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 October 9, Saturday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke were at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Harrogate|Harrogate, presumably taking the waters and baths]]. Lady May was on her way to visit Algernon Bourke in Brighton:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Earl of Mayo is expected to return from Sweden on Saturday next. Lady Mayo leaves Bournemouth on Sarurday for Brighton, where she will pay a two days' visit to her brother-in-law, the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]]. The Earl and Countess will then return to Palmerstown, their seat in County Kildare.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pall Mall Gazette Office.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 7 October 1897, Thursday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18971007/022/0008. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1897 October 30, Saturday''', ''Black and White'' published '''J.P.B.'''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s &quot;The Case of Mrs. Elliott,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;J.P.B. &quot;The Case of Mrs. Elliott.&quot; ''Black &amp; White'' 30 October 1897, Saturday: 12 [of 34], Cols. 1a–2b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004617/18971030/036/0012. Print title ''Black and White'', p. 542.&lt;/ref&gt; an odd short short story in which the Honourable Algernon Bourke Herriott is &quot;rude to Mrs. Elliott,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2b}} presumably having proposed sexual relations while her husband is out. J.P.B. links to the biographical Algernon Bourke's career in the stock market in the description of Mrs. Christine Elliott not even simulating interest in her husband's bicycling: &quot;a soul is a grievous burthen for a stockbroker's wife,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2a}} suggesting that Mr. Elliott rather than Algernon Bourke Herriott is the stockbroker. The Hon. Algy&lt;blockquote&gt;was a senior member of several junior clubs. A woman had dubbed him once &quot;a rip with a taste for verses.&quot; The description was severe, but not unwarranted. His was a pretty pagan sensualism, though, singing from a wine palate to Church music. For the rest, he had just imagination enough to despise mediocrity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2a}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 November 25–26, Thursday–Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke was in Brighton, helping the Countess of Mayo at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Irish Industries' Association Annual Exhibition|bazaar of the Irish Industries' Association]].

'''1897 December 7, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#7 December 1897, Tuesday|7th annual dinner for the Actors' Benevolent Fund]].

'''1897 December 30''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Blenheim Palace Party with Amateur Theatricals|party at Blenheim Palace in which people performed tableaux vivants]] that got reported on, many of whom wearing the costumes from the Duchess of Devonshire's ball. The ''Irish Independent'' said Algernon Bourke was &quot;mainly responsible for the living pictures.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr Algernon Bourke ....&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 05 January 1898, Wednesday: 6 [of 8], Col. 2c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001985/18980105/115/0006.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1898''', Algernon Bourke called a meeting at White's Club about attempting to [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Thames Salmon Experiment|restock the Thames with salmon]]. In 1899 he was on a [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#Committees|committee led by the Lord Mayor about this topic]] as well.

'''1898 February 3, Thursday''',  Algernon Bourke was among [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#The Dundee Evening Telegraph Report on People at Monte Carlo|those visiting Monte Carlo according to the Dundee ''Evening Telegraph'']].

'''1898 March 12, Saturday''', ''The World'' reported on Algernon Bourke's upgrading of the Orleans Club at Brighton:&lt;blockquote&gt;

The Orleans Club at Brighton is flourishing exceedingly, and the new buildings which Mr. Algernon Bourke has just had erected at the back of the comfortable mansion at the corner of Lansdowne-place now provide all that was wanting to make the present habitat of the club all that its members desire. The new billiard-room is rapidly approaching completion, and the coffee-room, excellent and spacious now, was open on Saturday night, when every table was occupied by club diners and their guests, all of whom were enthusiastic over the excellence of this latest addition to the comfort of the house. All interested may be congratulated on what is practically new lease of life to the Orleans Club, than which there is no more comfortable place stay within the four seas.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From '''The World''.'&quot; ''East &amp; South Devon Advertiser'' 12 March 1898, Saturday: 6 pop 8], Col. 2b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001639/18980312/132/0006. Print title ''The East and South Devon Advertiser'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1898 March 30, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke was charged with assaulting a Mr. Potter, but it is not clear from this account what exactly happened:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Hon. Algernon H. Bourke, of Bramber, was summoned, at the instance of Mr. Walter John Potter, clerk to Mr. G. A. Flowers, solicitor, of Steyning, for assault, on the 30th March. — Mr. J. Edward Dell supported the case, and Mr. J. C. Buckwell defended, and pleaded not guilty. — The evidence was to the effect that Mr. Potter had occasion go to defendant's house on Wednesday last to serve a writ. He was going to drop the letter into [Col. 5c–6a] defendant's pocket when he turned and struck him a violent blow on the chest, making witness stagger backwards. Witness put up his hands to keep his balance, and defendant then struck him violently across the head with a weeding spud. — Richard Reed, who was at work for Mr. Bourke on the date named, and was working in garden at the time of the alleged assault, gave corroborative evidence. — Defendant, in the witness box, made a similar statement. — The magistrates differed as to whether the assault was committed, and dismissed the case.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Steyning.&quot; ''Sussex Express'' 9 April 1898, Saturday: 2 [of 12], Col. 5c–6a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000654/18980409/036/0002. Print: ''The Sussex Express, Surrey Standard, Weald of the Kent Mail, Hants and County Advertiser'', p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1898 April 12, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was among [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#1898 April 12, Tuesday|those visiting Monte Carlo according to the ''Gentlewoman'']].

'''1898 May 25, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke wore pink to [[Social Victorians/1898-05-25 Savoy Dinner Dance Hwfa|Mrs. Hwfa Williams' dinner-dance at the Savoy]].

'''1898 June 7, Tuesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. A. Bourke were invited to and probably attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#7 June 1898, Tuesday|State Ball at Buckingham Palace hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales]].

'''1898 July 4, Thursday afternoon''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke were invited to and probably attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#Garden Party at Marlborough House|Garden Party at Marlborough House given to the Queen and Shah of Persia]].

'''1898 October 29, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#Tennis Championship Game at Prince's Club, Knightsbridge|tennis match at Prince's Club, Knightsbridge]].

'''1898 November 22, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#Shooting Party Hosted by William James|shooting party hosted by Mr. William James]].

'''1898 December 3, Saturday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. A. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#The Funeral of Lady Connemara|funeral of Lady Connemara in Christ Church]], Down street, Piccadilly.&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 January 10, Tuesday''', the Brighton Championship Dog Show opened:&lt;blockquote&gt;Princess of Wales a Winner at the Ladies’ Kennel Club Show.

[Exclusive to &quot;The Leader.&quot;)

The Brighton Championship Dog Show opened in the Dome and Corn Exchange yesterday, and was very well patronised by visitors and exhibitors. Among the latter was H.R.H. the Princess of Wales, who did very well; and others included Princess Sophie Duleep Singh, Countess De Grey, Sir Edgar Boehm, the Hon Mrs. Algernon Bourke, Lady Cathcart, Lady Reid, Mr. Shirley (chairman of the Kennel Club), and the Rev. Hans Hamiiton (president of the Kennel Club).

The entry of bloodhounds is one of the best seen for some time; the Great Danes are another strong lot; deerhounds are a fine entry, all good dogs, and most of the best kennels represented; borzois are another very stylish lot. The bigger dogs are, as usual, in the Corn Exchange and the &quot;toy&quot; dogs in the Dome. To everyone's satsfaction the Princess of Wales carried off two first prizes with Alex in the borzois class.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Dogs at Brighton.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 11 January 1899, Wednesday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18990111/142/0008. Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 January 11, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#11 January 1899, Wednesday|a luncheon at Stanfield-hall, home of Mr. and Mrs. Basil Montogomery, for Princess Henry of Battenberg]], that also included the Countess of Dudley (sister of Mrs. Montgomery), General Oliphant, and the Mayor and Mayoress of Romsey.

'''1899 January 17–18, Tuesday and Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Ladies' Kennel Association in Brighton|Ladies' Kennel Association in Brighton]], where she showed an Italian greyhound named Brenda.

'''1899 February 7, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke was a member of the very high-ranking committee organizing the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Gordon Memorial College Ball|Gordon Memorial College Ball at the Hotel Cecil on 7 February 1899]]. The committee had been planning for the ball, of course, for at least 3 weeks before.

'''1899 February 22, Wednesday – April''', Gwendolen Bourke was part of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Society in St. Moritz|Society in St. Moritz]]. 1899 March 29, Wednesday, the ''Dundee Advertiser'' says that [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#29 March 1899, Wednesday|Cyril Sloane-Stanley was spending part of the winter in St. Moritz]] with his sister Gwendolen Bourke.

'''1899 April 7, Friday, probably''', oddly, Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke are not reported to have attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Funeral of the Hon. Charles Bourke, C.B.|Funeral of the Hon. Charles Bourke, C.B.]] or even to have sent flowers.

'''1899 April 8, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' reported that Gwendolen Bourke had gone to [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#8 April 1899, Saturday|St. Moritz with her brother, Mr. Stanley, who had gotten engaged to Lady Cairns]].

'''1899 April 26, Wednesday''', according to &quot;Local and District News&quot; for Totton, Gwendolen Bourke was &quot;ill with influenza in Paris, and Mrs. Shelley Bontein, her mother, has gone out to nurse her.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Local and District News. Totton.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 26 April 1899, Wednesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 2b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18990426/037/0004. Print title ''Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1899 June 1, Thursday, or 2, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Wedding of Roger Cyril Sloane Stanley and Olivia, Countess Cairns|wedding of her brother, Sloane Stanley and Olivia Countess Cairns]] at Holy Trinity Church, Brompton.

'''1899 June 8, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke's money troubles:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Hon. Algernon Bourke, son of the Earl of Mayo, has been appearing before the official receivers in connection with a winding-up order made against Willis’ Restaurant, Limited. The companyf [sic] was formed to acquire the well known restaurant from the Hon. H. A. Bourke. The chairman reminded the creditors that on the last occasion the meeting was adjourned because Mr. Bourke said he thought he would be able in the course of a fortnight to obtain an offer for a sum sufficient to satisfy the creditors and debenture holders. He had received a letter from Mr. Bourke to the effect that he had been unable to complete arrangements. Having looked into the affairs of the company more closely, it appeared to him that Mr. Bourke was legally liable to repay the sum of £5,000 which was advanced to White's Club, and the question would arise whether Mr. Bourke was not also liable to repay the sum of £4,000.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr. Bourke Must Pay.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 8 June 1899, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 8c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001985/18990608/118/0004. Print title: ''The Irish Weekly Independent'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1899 July 1, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#1 July 1899, Saturday|meeting in London at the Duke of Westminster's Grosvenor House]] about preserving Killarney as part of the National Trust and seems to have been acting for someone who wanted to purchase the Muckross Estate.

'''1899 July 5, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Dinner and Dance at Devonshire House|dance at Devonshire House hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire]].

'''1899 July 6, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Joan Wilson and Guy Fairfax's Wedding|wedding of Joan Wilson and Guy Fairfax in St. Mark's, near Grosvenor Square]].

'''1899 July 14, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#14 July 1899, Friday|Ernest Beckett's dinner party]].

'''1899 July 18, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Ludovici Lecture on Impressionism|lecture on Impressionism by Ludovici hosted by the Countess of Mayo]].

'''1899 July 28, Friday''', [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#White's|White's Club]] was no longer under Algernon Bourke's management and was reconstituting itself after the possibility that it would have to close.

'''1889 July 31, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#Fete of the Uxbridge Habitation of the Primrose League|Fete of the Uxbridge Habitation of the Primrose League]] at Hillingdon Court and hosted by the Hon. Algernon and Lady Mary Mills.

'''1899 September 9, Saturday''', the ''Eastern Morning News'' includes Algernon Bourke (&quot;St. James's-street, London, club proprietor&quot;) in a list of men &quot;Receiving Orders,&quot; which it is reprinting from the ''London Gazette''.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Receiving Orders.&quot; ''Eastern Morning'' News 9 September 1899, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 3c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001152/18990909/074/0005. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 October 19, Thursday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke had a bankruptcy hearing:&lt;blockquote&gt;The public examination of the Hon. Algernon Bourke was held before Mr Registrar Giffard yesterday, at the London Bankruptcy Court. The debtor, described as proprietor of a St. James's-street club, furnished a statement of affairs showing unsecured debts £13,694 and debts fully secured £12,800, with assets which are estimated at £4,489 [?]. He stated, in reply to the Official Receiver, that he was formerly a member of the Stock Exchange, but had nothing to do with the firm of which he was a member during the last ten years. He severed his connection with the firm in May last, and believed he was indebted to them to the extent of £2,000 or £3,000. He repudiated a claim which they now made for £37,300. In 1889 he became proprietor of White's Club, St. James's-street, and carried it on until January 1st last, when he transferred it to a company called Recreations, Limited. One of the objects of the company was to raise money on debentures. The examination was formally adjourned.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 October 20, Friday''', the ''Morning Leader'' mentions Bourke's bankruptcy:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Algernon Bourke, whose bankruptcy is much talked about, has been connected with numerous enterprises in clubland. He raised White's from the slough into which it had sunk after the secession of the Prince of Wales. He started the Willis Restaurant, put fresh life into the Orleans Club at Brighton, arranged a big restaurant for the bicyclists in the time of the bicycle parade, and was concerned at first in the smart and short-lived Trafalgar Bicycle Club. At one time his name spelt success. Latterly his luck has left him. He is a brother of Lord Mayo, a son of the peer who was assassinated at the post of duty, and is one of the best known men about town of the day.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Club, Stage, and Salon.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 20 October 1899, Friday: 6 [of 12], Col. 5b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18991020/085/0006. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1899 November 8, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke's bankruptcy case came up again:&lt;blockquote&gt;At Bankruptcy Court, yesterday, the case the Hon. Algernon Bourke again came on for hearing before Mr. Registrar Giffard, and the examination was concluded. The debtor has at various times been proprietor of White’s Club, St. James’s-street, and the Orleans’ Club, Brighton, and also of Willis's Restaurant, King-street, St. James's. He attributed his failure to losses sustained by the conversion of White’s Club and the Orleans' Club into limited companies, to the payment of excessive Interest on borrowed money, and other causes. The liabilities amount to £26,590, of which £13,694 are stated to be unsecured, and assets £4,409.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Affairs of the Hon. A. Bourke.&quot; ''Globe'' 09 November 1899, Thursday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001652/18991109/020/0002. Print p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 December 23, Saturday''', &quot;Mr. Algernon Bourke has departed for a tour in Africa, being at present the guest of his brother in Tunis.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Society Pages.&quot; ''Walsall Advertiser'' 23 December 1899, Saturday: 7 [of 8], Col. 7b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001028/18991223/143/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1899 December 29, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke was at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Christmas Party Hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough|Christmas Party Hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 December 31''', the San Francisco newspaper ''The Wave'' wrote the following about London society:&lt;blockquote&gt;The most prominent untitled people in London may be said to be Mr. and Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Williams|Hwfa Williams]], Mr. and Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Grenfell|Willie Grenfell]] and Mr. Algy Bourke. That they are passing rich, goes without saying, and that they entertain lavishly, understood — for to be untitled, prominent and successful, argues wealth, hospitality and cleverness.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London.&quot; The (San Francisco) ''Wave'' 14 January 1899 (Vol. XIX, No. 2): 14. ''The Internet Archive'' https://archive.org/details/wave19unse/page/n20/mode/1up.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 1900s ===

'''1900 February 15, Thursday''', Daphne Bourke, the four-year-old daughter of the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke was a bridesmaid in the [[Social Victorians/Wilson Chesterfield Wedding 1900-02-15|wedding of Enid Wilson and the Earl of Chesterfield]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London Day by Day.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph'' 15 February 1900, Thursday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/19000215/175/0008. Name in British Newspaper Archive: ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London). Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt; Gwendolen Bourke, &quot;who was in grey, wore a chinchilla toque with violets.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society. Entertainments, Balls, &amp;c.&quot; ''The Queen'' 24 February 1900, Saturday: 40 [of 76], Col. 1a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/19000224/235/0040. Print: ''The Queen, The Lady's Newspaper'', p. 308.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1900 March 10, Saturday''', the ''Weekly Irish Times'' reprinted society gossip from ''The World'':&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke, who has been staying with her husband's uncle, old Connemara, during Mr. Algernon Bourke's absence abroad, has taken a new house near Portman square, and will be settling there before Easter.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip.&quot; ''Weekly Irish Times'' 10 March 1900, Saturday: 17 [of 20], Col. 1b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001684/19000310/116/0017. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1900 July''' '''17, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke took part in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#17 July 1900, Tuesday|Children's Fete in support of the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children]] on the grounds of the Royal Botanic Society. Daphe was 5 at this time, so it seems logical that she would have been there, too.

'''1900 July 30, Monday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Barber of Seville at Covent Garden|''The Barber of Seville'' at Covent Garden]].

'''1890 August 6, Friday''', &quot;[[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Beautiful Women|Beautiful Women]],&quot; an article in ''Vanity Fair'' that was reprinted elsewhere, mentions Gwendolen Bourke (&quot;Lady Algernon Bourke&quot;) as one of the most beautiful women in England.

'''1900 August 11, Saturday''', Gwendolen Bourke got&lt;blockquote&gt;the pretty little Yorkshire String, an especially tiny mite, weighing only 2&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;/&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;lb, and carrying a very promising coat, ... at the Aquarium Show.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Witchampton Kennel.&quot; &quot;Ladies Kennels.&quot; ''Ladies' Field'' 11 August 1900, Saturday: 16 [of 60], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0006043/19000811/043/0016. Print title same, p. 390.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1900 September 16''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke became the heir presumptive to the Earldom of Mayo when his older brother Captain Hon. Sir Maurice Archibald Bourke died.&lt;p&gt;

'''1900 October 06, Saturday''', the ''Weekly Irish Times'' says that Mr. Algernon Bourke, now heir presumptive to the earldom of Mayo, &quot;has been for some months lately staying with Mr. Terence Bourke in Morocco.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip.&quot; ''Weekly Irish Times'' 06 October 1900, Saturday: 14 [of 20], Col. 3b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001684/19001006/121/0014. Print p. 14.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 May 30, Thursday''', the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke attended the fashionable [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1901 May 30, Thursday|Ladies' Kennel Association Dog Show at the Botanic Garden]].

'''1901 July 2, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke — &quot;pretty Mrs. Algernon Bourke, in a mauve gown and and purple tulle toque&quot; — attended a children's party at the Botanic Gardens hosted by the Earl and Countess of Kilmorey.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Earl of Kilmorey, K.P.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 13 July 1901: Saturday, 50 [of 84], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010713/237/0050. Print: title the same, p. 60.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1901 July 4, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke — dressed &quot;in pale grey, with her pretty little girl,&quot; 6-year-old Daphne — attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Countess of Yarborough's Children's Party|children's party hosted by the Countess of Yarborough]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Countess of Yarborough ....&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 13 July 1901, Saturday: 76 [of 84], Col. 2b, 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010713/381/0076. Print p. xxxvi.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 3a}}

'''1901 July 4–6, Thursday–Saturday''', Gwendolen Bourke helped staff the Perthshire stall&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Great County Sale.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 29 June 1901, Saturday: 43 [of 72], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010629/223/0043# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010629/223/0043]. Same print title, pp. 679.&lt;/ref&gt; at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Great County Sale|Great County Sale in the Imperial Gardens of the Earl's Court Exhibition]].

'''1901 July 20, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' published the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke's portrait (identified with &quot;Perthshire&quot;) in its 3rd series of &quot;The Great County Sale at Earl's Court. Portraits of Stallholders.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Great County Sale at Earl's Court. Portraits of Stallholders.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 20 July 1901, Saturday: 31 [of 60], Col. 4b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010720/141/0031. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt; Their daughter Daphne appears in the portrait as well.

'''1901 July 23, Tuesday''', an &quot;Hon. Mrs. Bourke&quot; was in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox|party &quot;entertained by Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox]].&quot;&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 September 12, Thursday''', Mrs. Gwendolen Bourke wanted her name listed as Mrs. Algernon Bourke in the Electoral Register, apparently a frequent complaint:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Underhill, the Conservative agent, mentioned to the Revising Barrister (Mr. William F. Webster) that the name of the Hon. Mrs. Gwendolen Bourke was on the list in respect of the house, 75, Gloucester-place. The lady had written to him to say that she was the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke and that she wished that name to appear on the register. In reply to the Revising Barrister, Mr. Underhill said that “Algernon” was the name of the lady’s husband.

Mr. Cooke, the rate-collector, said that Mrs. Bourke had asked to be addressed Mrs. Algernon Bourke, but that the Town Clerk thought the address was not a correct one. The lady signed her cheques Gwendolen.”

Mr. Underhill said the agents frequently had indignant letters from ladies because they were not addressed by their husband’s Christian name.

The Revising Barrister — lf a lady gave me the name of Mrs. John Smith I should say I had not got the voter’s name. The name Gwendolen must remain.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;&quot;Ladies’ Names.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 12 September 1901, Thursday: 7 [of 10], Col. 3a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/19010912/130/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1901 October 26, Friday''', Algernon Bourke was on the Men's Committee of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Club Ice-skating Rink|Prince's Club Ice-skating Rink]], which had [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Prince's Club Ice-skating Rink Opening|its official opening on his day]]. 

'''1902 January''', Algernon Bourke is mentioned in [[Social Victorians/Schools#&quot;More of My Contemporaries at School.&quot;|reminiscences of Eton written by the &quot;Earl of X&quot;]] as being among those in the &quot;world of letters,&quot; and whose brother, later the Earl of Mayo, the Earl of X did not like. 

'''1902 January 25, Saturday''', Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave a box to Lady Helen Stewart-Vane-Tempest in honor of [[Social Victorians/Stewart-Stavordale Wedding 1902-01-25|Lady Helen's wedding to Giles Fox-Strangways, Lord Stavordale]]. 

'''1902 April 26, Saturday''', Mrs. A. Bourke is listed as being at the Norfolk Hotel in Brighton.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Guide to Visitors at Hotels and Boarding Houses.&quot; ''Brighton Gazette'' 26 April 1902, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000938/19020426/116/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt; 

'''1902 May, End of''', Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#End of May 1902|party at Blenheim Palace hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough]]. 

'''1902 June 11, Monday''', the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke had a dog entered in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Ladies' Kennel Association Show|Ladies' Kennel Association competitions in the Botanic Gardens]]. 

'''1902 September 4, Thursday''', the ''Daily Express'' reported that &quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke is staying with Lord and Lady Alington at Scarborough.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Onlooker.&quot; &quot;My Social Diary.&quot; &quot;Where People Are.&quot; ''Daily Express'' 04 September 1902, Thursday: 5 [of 8], Col. 1b? [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004848/19020904/099/0005. Print p. 4, Col. 7b [of 7].&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1902 September 22, Monday''', Gwendolen Bourke was a guest at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Earl and Countess of Mar and Kellie's House Party|large house party hosted by the Earl and Countess of Mar and Kellie]].

'''1902 October 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Annual Opening of the Prince's Ice-skating Rink|opened the Prince's ice-skating rink for the season]], which he had been doing since 1895.

'''1902 October 25, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was bequeathed £500 by his uncle [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Robert Bourke]], who had died 3 September 1902.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Will of Lord Connemara.&quot; ''Kildare Observer and Eastern Counties Advertiser'' 25 October 1902, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 4b–c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001870/19021025/037/0002. Print title the ''Kildare Observer'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 October 31, Friday''', the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Annual Opening of the Prince's Ice-skating Rink|7th opening of the Prince's Skating Club]]. Guendoline Bourke was on the Women's Committee and Algernon Bourke was on the Men's.&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 November 8, Friday, beginning, perhaps''', Gwendolen Bourke was part of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#8 November 1902, Saturday|Earl and Countess of Warwick's shooting party at Easton Lodge]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 December 9, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#9 December 1902, Tuesday|Lady Eva Wyndham-Quin's &quot;at home,&quot; held at the Welch Industrial depot]] for the sale Welsh-made Christmas gifts and cards. Bourke wore &quot;a fur coat and a black picture hat.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Lady Correspondent.&quot; &quot;Society in London.&quot; ''South Wales Daily News'' 11 December 1902, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000919/19021211/082/0004. Print p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1903 February 6, Friday''', Hon. Mrs A. Bourke was present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Dinner Party Hosted by Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and the Countess of Dudley|dinner party Hosted by Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and the Countess of Dudley]]. &lt;p&gt;

'''1903 February 9, Monday''', Gwendolen Bourke was present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Dinner Party Hosted by Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and the Countess of Dudley|house party at Dublin Castle hosted by the Lord Lieutenant and Countess of Dudley that began the Viceregal season]].

'''1903 March 17, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke staffed a booth at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1903 March 17, Tuesday|sale of the Irish Industries Association]] on St. Patrick's Day with [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Lady Mayo]], [[Social Victorians/People/Dudley|Georgina Lady Dudley]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Miss Beresford]]. A number of other aristocratic women were also present at the sale in other booths, including [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Lady Londonderry]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Lucan|Lady Lucan]].

'''1903 June 19, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke was invited to the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Grand Ball in the Waterloo Chamber at Windsor Castle|grand ball at Windsor Castle]], the end of the Ascot-week festivities.

'''1903 June 23, Tuesday''', Gwendolen and Daphne Bourke were invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1903 June 23, Tuesday|children's party at Buckingham Palace for Prince Eddie's birthday]].

'''1903 July 10, Friday, or so''', Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Party Hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough|party hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough]].

'''1904 May 17, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke had agreed to let Daphne appear in the tableaux vivants arranged by Sir Philip Burne-Jones for the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Countess Cadogan's Great Bazaar|Countess of Cadogan's great bazaar]]. Some mothers had had to decline because of the outbreaks of measles and chicken pox.&lt;p&gt;

'''1904 June 30, Thursday''', Gwendolen and Daphne Bourke attended another birthday party for Prince Eddie at Buckingham Palace, and the ''Gentlewoman'' says, &quot;No prettier little girl was to be seen that day than little Miss Daphne Bourke, the daughter of the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke, with her wonderful Irish eyes and colouring, her pretty white frock being relieved with a rose pink sash.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Prince Eddie's Birthday.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 02 July 1904, Saturday: 68 [of 92]. Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19040702/360/0068. Print: title the same, p. 42.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1904 September 15, Thursday''', according to what was at the time called the ''Irish Daily Independent and Nation'', Algernon Bourke was living in Venice and not in the UK at this point:&lt;blockquote&gt;Algernon Bourke, who usually lives in Venice, has spent some time in England during the present summer, and has now gone on a fishing expedition to Sweden, accompanied by his brother, Lord Mayo. Lady Mayo has been staying meanwhile in Ireland, and has had a visit from her mother, Lady Maria Ponsonby, who is a sister of Lend Obventry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;&quot;Society Notes.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 15 September 1904, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001986/19040915/131/0004. Print title: ''Irish Daily Independent and Nation'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1904 October 22, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' reported that &quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke is paying a visit to Venice, which Mr. Bourke has made his headquarters for several years past, as he is connected with some very artistic stone and marble works situated near the Grand Canal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 22 October 1904, Saturday: 24 [of 6ths 8], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19041022/112/0024. Print title same, p. 672.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1905 February 17, Friday''', the Dundee ''Evening Post'' reported that Algernon Bourke &quot;set up a shop in Venice for the sale of art treasures and old furniture.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social News.&quot; Dundee ''Evening Post'' 17 February 1905, Friday: 6 [of 6], Col. 7b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000582/19050217/105/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1905 April 26, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#New Forest United Hunt Ball|New Forest United Hunt Ball]], as did her brother Captain R. C. H. Sloane Stanley and his wife Olivia Countess Cairns.&lt;p&gt;

'''1905 June 5, Monday''', Algernon Bourke wrote to the ''Times'' from Venice that &quot;The Venetian wits have suggested a motto for Admiral Togo, Togo Tenga Tutto (Togo takes the lot).&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr. Algernon Bourke.&quot; ''Hull Daily Mail'' 08 June 1905, Thursday: 2 [of 6], Col. 6a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000324/19050608/008/0002. Print title ''Daily Mail'', p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1905, last week of July''', Gwendolen Bourke and daughter Daphne Bourke — who was 10 years old — attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Last week of July, 1905|Lady Cadogan's children's party at Chelsea House]]. Daphne was &quot;One of loveliest little girls present.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Social News.&quot; ''Belfast News-Letter'' 01 August 1905, Tuesday: 7 [of 10], Col. 6b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000038/19050801/157/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1906 March 9, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke was a reference for Mr. Frances Burgess, who taught piano, singing, voice production, organ and music theory. Burgess was &quot;Organist and Choirmaster of St. Columbs', North Kensington, Director of the Plainsong and Medieval Music Society's Choir, etc., etc.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot;&gt;&quot;Mr. Francis Burgess.&quot; ''Kilburn Times'' 9 March 1906, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001813/19060309/086/0003. Print title: ''Kilburn Times Hampstead and North-western Press'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1906 December 10, Monday''', Gwendolen Bourke was seen in the tea room, possibly with Lady Grosvenor, at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1906 December 10, Monday|Lady Dudley's sale of Irish needlework]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1907 May''', a &quot;naval signalling incident&quot; [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#May 1887|caused the Waterford ''Evening News'' to recall a similar event]] that had occurred 20 years earlier, in which Algernon Bourke, as special correspondent for the ''Times'', publicized [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles Beresford]]'s use of his ship's signalling capabilities to send a message to his wife about being late for dinner:&lt;blockquote&gt;

The naval signalling incident is still in the air. It is expected that the matter will not be threshed out until Emperor William leaves England. A story of a former signalling incident in which [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles Beresford]] was concerned is going the rounds at the moment.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1907 August 24, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was present at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Polo Week at Eaton Hall, Duke and Duchess of Westminster|Polo Week at Eaton Hall, hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Westminster]].

'''1908 July 30, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke was at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Glorious Goodwood. Cup Day and Dresses.|Cup Day at the Goodwood races]], wearing salmon-pink with a matching hat.

'''1909 April 20, Tuesday''', Lady Rosemary Cairns — daughter of Olivia Sloan-Stanley, Countess Cairns and Cyril Sloane-Stanley — and Wyndham Portal were [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#20 April 1909, Tuesday|married in St. Margaret's, Westminster]]. Lavender and Diane Sloane-Stanley were bridesmaids.&lt;p&gt;

'''1909 May 22, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke appears to have been living in Pisa. A columnist for the ''Queen'' reported on the Royal School of Art Needlework:&lt;blockquote&gt;Lady Leconfield [?] was there, also her sister-in-law, the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Dowager Lady Mayo]], only just back from her winter on the Continent, when she spent most of the time at Pisa, where her son Mr Algernon Bourke has also been staying. The latter is a great connoisseur as regards [art?] notably in what is really good in the way of old Italian sculpture and carving. He and his handsome wife have a place near to Putney, and this winter again Mr Bourke, as the result of his Italian travels, has been sending home such relics of the old Italian palace gardens as as stone and marble carved vases, garden seats, and what-not of the kind — not all for himself and his own gardens by any means, I fancy; but his friends, relying on his knowledge in such matters, get him when abroad to choose for [them?] the adornment of their English terraces and gardens.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;My Social Diary.&quot; The ''Queen'' 22 May 1909, Saturday: 31 [of 86], Col. 1b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/19090522/203/0031. Print p. 871.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1909 September''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was among the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Visitors in Venice from the U.K.|many visitors from &quot;England&quot; in Venice]] in September.

=== 1910s ===
'''1910 April 20, Wednesday''', the ''Tatler'' printed an &quot;open letter&quot; to Geraldine, Countess of Mayo, as part of its &quot;The Searchlight in Society&quot; series and mentioned Algernon Bourke, saying he had been keeping &quot;a curiosity shop at Venice&quot;:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Bourkes have brains, and a good example is afforded by Mr. Algernon Bourke, next brother to Lord Mayo and heir-presumptive to the title. He is a good-looking man who used to be known as Buttons Bourke, and he married well, as his wife was the rich and pretty Miss Guendolen Sloane Stanley. He may be described as a &quot;Jack of all trades,&quot; but it is not I who will say that he is a master of none. He was once in the Stock Exchange, then he took White's Club in hand and restored it to much of its former prestige. After that he dabbled in smart hotels and restaurants, and the last thing I heard of him was that he kept a curiosity shop at Venice.&lt;ref&gt;Candida. &quot;The Searchlight in Society. Our Open Letter. No. CII. The Countess of Mayo.&quot; The ''Tatler'' 20 April 1910, Wednesday: 18 [of 42], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001852/19100420/023/0018. Print title same, p. 72.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1911 November 21, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke assisted the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#21 November 1911, Tuesday|Duchess of Marlborough at her at-home]] that included a sale of work by the wives of prisoners.&lt;p&gt;

'''1912 September 27, Friday''', Gwendolen and Daphne Bourke were visiting Mr. and Mrs. Shelley Bontein, her mother and stepfather.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From 'The World.'&quot; ''Berks and Oxon Advertiser'' 27 September 1912, Friday: 2 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002298/19120927/014/0002. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1913 April 23, Wednesday''', the Irish Independent reported that Gwendolen and Daphne Bourke had arrived in London for the season:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke and Miss Bourke have arrived for the season at 75 Gloucester place, Portman square, London.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social and Personal.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 23 April 1913, Wednesday: 4 [of 10], Col. 5b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001715/19130423/081/0004. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1913 May 7, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke presented her daughter Daphne Bourke at court:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke presented her daughter, and wore blue and gold broché with a gold lace train.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social and Personal.&quot; London ''Daily Chronicle'' 08 May 1913, Thursday: 6 [of 12], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005049/19130508/120/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

The ''Pall Mall Gazette'' has a description of Daphne Bourke's dress, but what exactly &quot;chiffon [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hoops|paniers]]&quot; means in 1913 is not clear:&lt;blockquote&gt;Court dressmakers appear to have surpassed all previous records in their efforts to make the dresses for to-night’s Court as beautiful as possible. Noticeable among these is the dainty presentation gown to be worn by Miss Bourke, who will be presented by her mother, the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke. This has a skirt of soft white satin draped with chiffon [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hoops|paniers]] and a bodice veiled with chiffon and trimmed with diamanté and crystal embroidery. Miss Bourke’s train, gracefully hung from the shoulders, is of white satin lined with pale rose pink chiffon and embroidered with crystal and diamanté.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Fashion Day by Day. Lovely Gowns for To-night's Court.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 07 May 1913, Wednesday: 13 [of 18], Col. 1a [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/19130507/199/0013. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The ''London Evening Standard'' describes Gwendolen and Daphne Bourke the same way except with differences in editing:&lt;blockquote&gt;Miss Bourke: Presented by her mother, the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke. Dainty presentation gown of white satin, the skirt draped with chiffon paniers, bodice veiled chiffon and trimmed with diamanté and crystal embroidery. Train gracefully hung from shoulder of white satin embroidered with crystal and diamanté, lined with pale rose pink chiffon.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Some of the Dresses.&quot; &quot;The King and Queen. Third Court. Most Brilliant of the Year.&quot; ''London Evening Standard'' 08 May 1913, Thursday: 11 [of 18], Col. 4b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/19130508/237/0011. Print title ''The Standard'', p. 11.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

According to the ''Lady's Pictorial'', Daphne Bourke's dress was designed and constructed by [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Messrs Russell and Allen|Messrs. Russell and Allen]], Old Bond-street, W., and the description is identical (except for a couple of commas).&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Their Majesties' Court.&quot; ''Lady's Pictorial'' 17 May 1913, Saturday: 35 [of 64], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005980/19130517/296/0035. Same print title, p. 787.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1914 May 11, Monday''', Gwendolen and Daphne Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#Dance at the Ritz Hosted by Mrs. George Marjoribanks|dance at the Ritz hosted by Mrs. George Marjoribanks]].

'''1915 January 1, Friday''', Algernon Bourke is listed as being on the Executive Committee of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#1915 January 1, Friday|National Food Fund, publicized by the ''Conservative and Unionist Women's Franchise Review'']].

'''1916 August 25, Friday''', Daphne Bourke's and John Fortescue's engagement was announced:&lt;blockquote&gt;A most attractive prospective bride (says the &quot;Star&quot;) is Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke's only daughter, Miss Daphne Bourke, whose engagement has just taken place to Mr. Fortescue, of the Coldstream Guards. Miss Bourke is tall, dark, and very beautiful; and Mr. Fortescue is one of the family of Boconoc, Cornwall, and Dropmore, Maidenhead. At the latter place the two families have been neighbours, for Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke have a charming country residence at Taplow, while Dropmore is famous for its magnificent gardens.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Personalia.&quot; ''Uxbridge &amp; W. Drayton Gazette'' 25 August 1916, Friday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002285/19160825/043/0004. Print title ''The Advertiser'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''1917 June 7, Thursday''', Daphne Bourke and John Grenville Fortescue [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#7 June 1917, Thursday|married in the Coldstream Guards' chapel]].

== Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball ==
According to both the ''Morning Post'' and the ''Times'', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was among the Suite of Men in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#&quot;Oriental&quot; Procession|&quot;Oriental&quot; procession]] at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&quot;Fancy Dress Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; ''Morning Post'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 4a–8 Col. 2b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970703/054/0007.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;&quot;Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; The ''Times'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 12, Cols. 1a–4c ''The Times Digital Archive''. Web. 28 Nov. 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Based on the people they were dressed as, Gwendolen Bourke was probably in this procession but it seems unlikely that Algernone Bourke was.

[[File:Guendoline-Irene-Emily-Bourke-ne-Sloane-Stanley-as-Salammb.jpg|thumb|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a standing woman richly dressed in an historical costume with a headdress and a very large fan|Hon. '''Guendoline''' Bourke as Salammbô. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]
=== Hon. Guendoline Bourke ===
[[File:Alfons Mucha - 1896 - Salammbô.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Highly stylized orange-and-yellow painting of a bare-chested woman with a man playing a harp at her feet|Alfons Mucha's 1896 ''Salammbô''.]]
Lafayette's portrait (right) of &quot;Guendoline Irene Emily Bourke (née Sloane-Stanley) as Salammbô&quot; in costume is photogravure #128 in the '''Album''' presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;&quot;Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball (1897): photogravures by Walker &amp; Boutall after various photographers.&quot; 1899. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait-list.php?set=515.&lt;/ref&gt; The printing on the portrait says, &quot;The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke as Salammbo.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;&quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke as Salammbo.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158491/Guendoline-Irene-Emily-Bourke-ne-Sloane-Stanley-as-Salammb.&lt;/ref&gt;

The Lafayette Archive has 2 additional poses from the same session on 5 July 1897 as the one chosen for the Album:

* Same image as the Album photograph but higher resolution than the one the National Portrait Gallery, London, gives permission to post (Neg. No. GP [L] ).
* Standing with fan behind head, includes close-up of skirt fabric and left hand (Neg. No. GP [L] [http://lafayette.org.uk/bou1368-444.html 1368-444]).
* Reclining on pillows and furs, includes close-up of face and headdress (Neg. No. GP [L] [http://lafayette.org.uk/bou1368-442.html 1368-442]).

==== Newspaper Accounts ====
The Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke was dressed as Salambo in the Oriental procession&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; in a costume made by [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Mrs. Mason|Mrs. Mason]].

Besides the two that mention her — the ''Morning Post'' and the ''Times'' — only two describe her costume, the London ''Evening Standard'' and the ''Gentlewoman'':
* &quot;Mrs. A. Bourke, as an Egyptian Princess, with the Salambo coiffure, wore a flowing gown of white and silver gauze covered with embroidery of lotus flowers. The top of the gown was ornamented with old green satin embroidered with blue turquoise and gold, and studded with rubies. The train was of old green broché with sides of orange and gold embroidery, and from the ceinture depended long bullion fringe and an embroidered ibis.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“The Ball at Devonshire House. Magnificent Spectacle. Description of the Dresses.” London ''Evening Standard'' 3 July 1897 Saturday: 3 [of 12], Cols. 1a–5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/18970703/015/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 3, Col. 3b}}
* &quot;(Egyptian Princess), drapery gown of white and silver gauze, covered with embroidery of lotus flowers; the top of gown appliqué with old green satin embroidered blue turquoise and gold, studded rubies; train of old green broché.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 40, Col. 3a}}

==== Commentary ====

*

==== Salammbô ====
Salammbô is the fictitious protagonist in Gustave Flaubert's 1862 novel ''Salammbô'', set during the Roman war against Carthage.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-04-29|title=Salammbô|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salammb%C3%B4&amp;oldid=1221352216|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salammb%C3%B4.&lt;/ref&gt; Salammbô is a Carthaginian priestess of the lunar goddess Tanit. Matho, a Roman mercenary, breaks into Tanit's temple and steals her sacred veil — the spiritual guardian of Carthage. Salammbô sneaks into the enemy encampment to steal the veil back. She meets Matho in his tent, and &quot;believing each other to be divine apparitions,&quot; they make love,&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; although it is also a defilement. Salammbô succceds in getting the veil back, but Matho is tortured and executed, which causes her to die of shock, the effect of both having touched the veil.

What Gwendolen Bourke saw as representative of herself in Salammbo is difficult to discern, unless her costume contains references to particular images or productions. A production of Ernest Reyer's opera ''Salammbô'', based on Flaubert's novel and published in Paris in 1890, opened at the Paris Opéra on 16 May 1892,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-04-11|title=Ernest Reyer|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Reyer&amp;oldid=1218353215|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Reyer.&lt;/ref&gt; starring Madame Rose Caron, with Mademoiselle Lucienne Bréval as her understudy.&lt;ref&gt;Jullienn, Adolphe. &quot;Mademoiselle Lucienne Bréval de L'Académie Nationale de Musique [or de l'Opéra in the Table of Contents].&quot; ''Le Théatre'' April 1898 (No. 4). Google Books https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/_oxRAQAAMAAJ. Pp. 8–10.&lt;/ref&gt; (8, Col. 2c) This production was widely reviewed and discussed in the papers in the UK, and its production design seems to have been notable, especially the sets and the very scale of the production. So Bourke or her costumier may have seen the opera, images of the performers or its posters, influencing the design of her costume.

* Rose Caron in her Salammbo costume is here: &lt;a id='KZak3-pvS0Bwd9aNmETwjg' class='gie-single' href='http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/1439485238' target='_blank' style='color:#a7a7a7;text-decoration:none;font-weight:normal !important;border:none;display:inline-block;'&gt;Embed from Getty Images&lt;/a&gt;&lt;script&gt;window.gie=window.gie||function(c){(gie.q=gie.q||[]).push(c)};gie(function(){gie.widgets.load({id:'KZak3-pvS0Bwd9aNmETwjg',sig:'WCMH-0mrQL-Pq88kiCjXv_LD6CEvqfmg6Ck3eNYcSZU=',w:'396px',h:'594px',items:'1439485238',caption: true ,tld:'com',is360: false })});&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script src='//embed-cdn.gettyimages.com/widgets.js' charset='utf-8' async&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
* A headshot of Bréval in costume is here: https://books.google.com/books/content?id=_oxRAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=RA3-PP7&amp;img=1&amp;zoom=3&amp;hl=en&amp;bul=1&amp;sig=ACfU3U2Gv8Os_rEmx2gM9SakJkYLJ9hW7g&amp;ci=6%2C1%2C988%2C1371&amp;edge=0.)

Salammbo figured in paintings, sculptures and illustrations of editions of Flaubert's novel before Ernest Reyer's 1890 opera. She is often depicted as nude and highly sexual or sexualized (kissing a huge snake, for example, that she holds aloft).

Gwendolen Bourke's costume and her social life as reported in the newspapers do not suggest that she was a big risk-taker like, for example, the eccentric la Comptesse de Castiglione, who appeared at a ball in a Salammbo costume in 1886, 4 years after Flaubert's novel was first published. In 1889 the ''Edinburgh Evening News'' says,&lt;blockquote&gt;The late Countess Castiglione, whose death in Paris is recorded yesterday, made her first appearance at the Imperial Court in 1866, where her extraordinary beauty made a great impression on Napoleon III., and eventually led to the Empress Eugenie’s undertaking an unexpected and much-talked-of visit to Scotland. The Countess had a face and complexion which would have enchanted Rubens, and her lovely golden hair touched her feet. Even at the present day Paris has not forgotten her costume, or rather absence of costume as Salammbo, in which character she figured at a certain memorable ball at the Tuileries, wearing her hair, her jewels, and very little else. The Empress Eugenie, when she was presented to her thus lightly arrayed, declared that she must be cold, and insisted upon her there and then donning a mantle. Mme. de Castiglione was never again invited to an entertainment over which the Empress Eugenie presided.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Countess’ Queer Ball Costume.&quot; ''Edinburgh Evening News'' 2 December 1899, Saturday: 2 [of 6], Col. 7b [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000452/18991202/024/0002. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Given how widely this incident was discussed at the time of the death of la Comptesse in 1889, Gwendolen Bourke might easily have known about it. But she was developing relationships with people like the Princess of Wales, and what Countess Castigiolone did does not sound at all like her.

The ''Louth and North Lincolnshire Advertiser'' says, &lt;blockquote&gt;

In Reyer's opera of &quot;Salammbo,&quot; lately produced at the Grand Opera in Paris, there were 1,400 persons on the stage in the last act.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Facts and Fancies.&quot; ''Louth and North Lincolnshire Advertiser'' 9 July 1892, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 6c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000313/18920709/038/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Rose Caron's productions were influential, including for the costumes she wore. The 1892 ''Lohengrin'' she starred in was the source of the costumes worn by [[Social Victorians/People/Stonor#Julia Caroline Stonor, Marquise of Hautpoul|Julia Stonor, Marquise of Hautpoul]] and her brother, [[Social Victorians/People/Stonor#Hon. Harry Stonor|Hon. Harry Stonor]].

Both Modest Mussorgsky and Sergei Rachmaninoff had attempted but not completed operas based on the novel as well.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Alfons Mucha's 1896 lithograph of Salammbô (above left) was published the year before the ball.

Reyer's opera was first produced in 1890 in Brussels. 

[[File:Algernon Henry Bourke Vanity Fair 20 January 1898.jpg|thumb|alt=Old colored drawing of an elegant elderly man dressed in a 19th-century tuxedo with a cloak, top hat and formal pointed shoes with bows, standing facing 1/4 to his right|''Algy'' — Algernon Henry Bourke — by &quot;Spy,&quot; ''Vanity Fair'' 20 January 1898]]

=== Hon. Algernon Bourke ===
[[File:Hon-Algernon-Henry-Bourke-as-Izaak-Walton.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a man richly dressed in an historical costume sitting in a fireplace that does not have a fire and holding a tankard|Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke as Izaak Walton. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]
'''Lafayette's portrait''' (left) of &quot;Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke as Izaak Walton&quot; in costume is photogravure #129 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; The printing on the portrait says, &quot;The Hon. Algernon Bourke as Izaak Walton.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hon. Algernon Bourke as Izaak Walton.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158492/Hon-Algernon-Henry-Bourke-as-Izaak-Walton.&lt;/ref&gt;

This portrait is amazing and unusual: Algernon Bourke is not using a photographer's set with theatrical flats and props, certainly not one used by anyone else at the ball itself. Isaak Walton (baptised 21 September 1593 – 15 December 1683) wrote ''The Compleat Angler''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2021-09-15|title=Izaak Walton|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Izaak_Walton&amp;oldid=1044447858|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izaak_Walton.&lt;/ref&gt; A cottage Walton lived in and willed to the people of Stafford was photographed in 1888, suggesting that its relationship to Walton was known in 1897, raising a question about whether Bourke could have used the fireplace in the cottage for his portrait. (This same cottage still exists, as the [https://www.staffordbc.gov.uk/izaak-waltons-cottage Isaak Walton Cottage] museum.)

A caricature portrait (right) of the Hon. Algernon Bourke, called &quot;Algy,&quot; by Leslie Ward (&quot;Spy&quot;) was published in the 20 January 1898 issue of ''Vanity Fair'' as Number 702 in its &quot;Men of the Day&quot; series,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-01-14|title=List of Vanity Fair (British magazine) caricatures (1895–1899)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)_caricatures_(1895%E2%80%931899)&amp;oldid=1195518024|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)_caricatures_(1895%E2%80%931899).&lt;/ref&gt; giving an indication of what he looked like out of costume.

=== Mr. and Mrs. Bourke ===
The ''Times'' made a distinction between the Hon. Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke and Mr. and Mrs. Bourke, including both in the article.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Occasionally this same article mentions the same people more than once in different contexts and parts of the article, so they may be the same couple. (See [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#Notes and Question|Notes and Question]] #2, below.)

== Demographics ==

=== The Bourkes ===
*Nationality: Anglo-Irish&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020-11-14|title=Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo&amp;oldid=988654078|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Occupation: journalist. 1895: restaurant, hotel and club owner and manager&lt;ref&gt;''Cheltenham Looker-On'', 23 March 1895. Via Ancestry but taken from the BNA.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Residences ====
*Ireland: 1873: Palmerston House, Straffan, Co. Kildare.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; Not Co. Mayo?
*1888–1891: 33 Cadogan Terrace, S.W., Kensington and Chelsea, a dwelling house&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970, Register of Voters, 1891.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1894: 181 Pavilion Road, Kensington and Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970. Register of Voters, 1894. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1900: 181 Pavilion Road, Kensington and Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970. Register of Voters, 1900. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1904: Algernon Bourke was &quot;usually liv[ing] in Venice&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;
*1906: 75, Gloucester-place, W.&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot; /&gt;
*Gwendolen Bourke
*1911: 1911 Fulham, London&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
*20 Eaton Square, S.W. (in 1897)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pl0oAAAAYAAJ|title=Who's who|date=1897|publisher=A. &amp; C. Black|language=en}} 712, Col. 1b.&lt;/ref&gt; (London home of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]])

=== The Sloane-Stanleys ===

==== Residences ====

* 1871: Chester Street, St George Hanover Square (Census), with 5 servants, including a cook and a footman.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;The National Archives; Kew, London, England; ''1871 England Census''; Class: ''RG10''; Piece: ''104''; Folio: ''21''; Page: ''37''; GSU roll: ''838763''. Ancestry.com. ''1871 England Census'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1881–1885&lt;ref&gt;''UK, City and County Directories, 1600s-1900s''. Ancestry.com. ''UK, City and County Directories, 1766 - 1946'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; [at least]: 14 Halkin Street, W., St. Georges, 14 servants, including a governess, a house steward, an under butler, a footman and a cook.&lt;ref&gt;''Census Returns of England and Wales, 1881''. Kew, Surrey, England: The National Archives of the UK (TNA): Public Record Office (PRO), 1881. Class: ''RG11''; Piece: ''98''; Folio: ''66''; Page: ''37''; GSU roll: ''1341022''. Ancestry.com and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. ''1881 England Census'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1888: 49, Cadogan-square, St. Luke, Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Ancestry.com. ''London, England, Overseer Returns, 1863-1894'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1899, Roger Cyril Sloane-Stanley: 4 Down St., St George, Hanover Square&lt;ref&gt;London Metropolitan Archives; London, England; ''Electoral Registers''. Ancestry.com. ''London, England, Electoral Registers, 1832-1965'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1911, Roger Cyril Sloane-Stanley: Paultons, Ower, Romsey

== Family ==
*Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke (31 December 1854 – 7 April 1922)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p29657.htm#i296561|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Gwendolen Irene Emily Sloane-Stanley Bourke (c. 1869 – 30 December 1967)&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&quot;Guendoline Irene Emily Stanley.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p51525.htm#i515247|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
#Daphne Marjory Bourke (5 April 1895 – 22 May 1962)

=== Relations ===
*Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke (the 3rd son of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|6th Earl of Mayo]]) was the older brother of Lady Florence Bourke.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
*Wilfred Blunt was a cousin of Algernon Bourke: his mother's &quot;mother was one of the Blunts of Crabbet Park, Sussex, which makes them kinswomen of Mr. Alfred Scawen Blunt, poet, Egyptophil and counsel for Arabi Pasha in his trial.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From ''Truth''.&quot; ''Mid-Lothian Journal'' 23 August 1912, Friday: 8 [of 8], 2c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002721/19120823/147/0008. Print title and p. same.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Other Bourkes ====
*Hubert Edward Madden Bourke (after 1925, Bourke-Borrowes)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hubert Edward Madden Bourke-Borrowes.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p52401.htm#i524004|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2021-08-25}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p52401.htm#i524004.&lt;/ref&gt;
*Lady Eva Constance Aline Bourke, who married [[Social Victorians/People/Dunraven|Windham Henry Wyndham-Quin]] on 7 July 1885;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lady Eva Constance Aline Bourke.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p2575.htm#i25747|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-02}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p2575.htm#i25747.&lt;/ref&gt; he became 5th Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl on 14 June 1926.

=== The Sloane-Stanleys ===
* Emilie Josephine S Stanley ( 21 December 1848 [baptism]&lt;ref&gt;London Metropolitan Archives; &quot;London, England, UK&quot; ; ''London Church of England Parish Registers''; Reference Number: ''P87/Tri/001''. Ancestry.com. ''London, England, Church of England Births and Baptisms, 1813-1923'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;  – October 1945)
* Hans T Sloane Stanley (11 May 1840 [baptism]&lt;ref&gt;Ancestry.com. ''England, Select Births and Christenings, 1538-1975'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; – 15 December 1888&lt;ref&gt;Ancestry.com. ''UK and Ireland, Find a Grave® Index, 1300s-Current'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;)
* James Shell[e?]y Bontein ()
*# Gwendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt; Irene Emily G Stanley (c. 1870&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt; – )
*# '''Roger Cyril Hans Sloane Stanley''' (29 April 1875&lt;ref&gt;The National Archives; Kew, Surrey, England; ''WO 42 War Office: Officers' Birth Certificates, Wills and Personal Papers 1755-1908''; Reference: ''WO 42/72''. Ancestry.com. ''UK, Officers' Birth Certificates, Wills and Personal Papers, 1755-1908'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; – 18 November 1944&lt;ref&gt;''Find a Grave''. Find a Grave®. http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi. Ancestry.com. ''UK and Ireland, Find a Grave® Index, 1300s-Current'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;)


* Olivia Elizabeth Berens, Countess Cairns&lt;ref&gt;The National Archives of the UK (TNA); Kew, Surrey, England; ''Census Returns of England and Wales, 1911''. Ancestry.com. ''1911 England Census'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; (c. 1871 – 20 June 1951&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Olivia Elizabeth Berens.&quot; Person Page 3908; person #39077. ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as well as the Royal Families of Europe''. https://www.thepeerage.com/p3908.htm#i39077.

&lt;/ref&gt;)
* Arthur William Cairns, 2nd Earl Cairns (21 December 1861 – 14 January 1890)&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot;&gt;&quot;Arthur William Cairns, 2nd Earl Cairns.&quot; Person Page 3908; Person #39076. ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as well as the Royal Families of Europe''. https://www.thepeerage.com/p3908.htm#i39076.&lt;/ref&gt;
*# Lady Louise Rosemary Kathleen Virginia Cairns (10 March 1889 – 17 May 1962)&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot; /&gt;
* Roger Cyril Hans Sloane Stanley (1875 – 18 November 1944)
*# Lavender Elizabeth (20 May 1900 [baptism]&lt;ref&gt;Hampshire Archives and Local Studies; Winchester, England, UK; ''Anglican Parish Registers''; Reference: ''35M76/PR3''. Ancestry.com. ''Hampshire, England, Church of England Baptisms, 1813-1921''[database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; – )
*# Diane Sloane Stanley (c. 1905 – )


* Lavender Elizabeth (20 May 1900 [baptism] – )
* John Everett ()


* Diane Sloane Stanley (c. 1905 – )
* Elwyn Villiers Rhys ()

== Writings, Memoirs, Biographies, Papers ==

=== Writings ===
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon. ''The History of White's''. London: Algernon Bourke [privately published], 1892.
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon, ed., &quot;with a brief Memoir.&quot; ''Correspondence of Mr Joseph Jekyll with His Sister-in-Law, Lady Gertrude Sloane Stanley, 1818–1838''. John Murray, 1893.
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon, ed. ''Correspondence of Mr Joseph Jekyll''. John Murray, 1894.

=== Papers ===
* Where are the papers for the Earl of Mayo family? Are Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke's papers with them?

== Notes and Questions ==
#The portrait of Algernon Bourke in costume as Isaac Walton is really an amazing portrait with a very interesting setting, far more specific than any of the other Lafayette portraits of these people in their costumes. Where was it shot? Lafayette is given credit, but it's not one of his usual backdrops. If this portrait was taken the night of the ball, then this fireplace was in Devonshire House; if not, then whose fireplace is it?
#The ''Times'' lists Hon. A. Bourke (at 325) and Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke (at 236) as members of a the &quot;Oriental&quot; procession, Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke (in the general list of attendees), and then a small distance down Mr. and Mrs. Bourke (now at 511 and 512, respectively). This last couple with no honorifics is also mentioned in the report in the London ''Evening Standard'', which means the Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke, so the ''Times'' may have repeated the Bourkes, who otherwise are not obviously anyone recognizable. If they are not the Hon. Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke, then they are unidentified. It seems likely that they are the same, however, as the newspapers were not perfectly consistent in naming people with their honorifics, even in a single story, especially a very long and detailed one in which people could be named more than once.
#Three slightly difficult-to-identify men were among the Suite of Men in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#&quot;Oriental&quot; Procession|&quot;Oriental&quot; procession]]: [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax|Gordon Wood]], [[Social Victorians/People/Portman|Arthur B. Portman]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Wilfred Wilson]]. The identification of Gordon Wood and Wilfred Wilson is high because of contemporary newspaper accounts. The Hon. Algernon Bourke, who was also in the Suite of Men, is not difficult to identify at all. Arthur Portman appears in a number of similar newspaper accounts, but none of them mentions his family of origin.
#[http://thepeerage.com The Peerage] has no other Algernon Bourkes.
#The Hon Algernon Bourke is #235 on the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball#List of People Who Attended|list of people who were present]]; the Hon. Guendoline Bourke is #236; a Mr. Bourke is #703; a Mrs. Bourke is #704.
#Hans Stanley-Sloane's estate was £33,704 7s. 5d. in the final probate in December 1889,&lt;ref&gt;Principal Probate Registry; London, England; ''Calendar of the Grants of Probate and Letters of Administration made in the Probate Registries of the High Court of Justice in England''. Ancestry.com. ''England &amp; Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1995'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; which might lead his widow to consider remarrying.
== Footnotes ==
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      <sha1>392mao3n2mhw0mjc6f9gj0qcc2akuvo</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>2720459</id>
      <parentid>2720458</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-02T20:30:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Scogdill</username>
        <id>1331941</id>
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      <text bytes="160989" sha1="l5g5gxwipx4te2m33zzicsowvuvc4ow" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Leslie Ward - Vanity Fair, Newspapermen, ^Algy^, The Hon Algernon Henry Bourke, Januray 20, 1898 - B1979.14.521 - Yale Center for British Art.jpg|thumb|Hon. Algernon Bourke, ''Vanity Fair'', 1898]]

==Also Known As==
* Family name: Bourke [pronounced ''burk'']&lt;ref name=&quot;:62&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-05-07|title=Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earl_of_Mayo&amp;oldid=1222668659|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Mayo.&lt;/ref&gt;
* The Hon. Algernon Bourke
** Button Bourke&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Tory 'Reformer' at the India Office.&quot; ''India'' 10 November 1911, Friday: 4 [of 12], Col. 1b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004300/19111110/007/0004#. Print: same title, p. 228.&lt;/ref&gt;
** Algy Bourke
* Mrs. Gwendolen Bourke
** Gwendolen&lt;ref&gt;General Register Office. ''England and Wales Civil Registration Indexes''. London, England: General Register Office. FreeBMD. ''England &amp; Wales, Civil Registration Marriage Index, 1837-1915''[database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Marriage Index}} &lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt;{{rp|''Morning Post'' article about her name}} &lt;ref&gt;General Register Office. ''England and Wales Civil Registration Indexes''. London, England: General Register Office. FreeBMD. ''England &amp; Wales, Civil Registration Marriage Index, 1837-1915''[database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Electoral Register}}
** Guendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; [The National Portrait Gallery, London, uses this spelling for Lafayette's portrait of Bourke in costume for the ball.&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt;]
** Gwendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;City of Westminster Archives Centre; London, England; ''Westminster Church of England Parish Registers''; Reference: ''SPWP/PR/1/2''. Ancestry.com. ''Westminster, London, England, Church of England Births and Baptisms, 1813-1919'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Births and Baptisms}}
* Shelley Bontein and Emilie Sloane-Stanley Bontein
* See also the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|page for the Earl of Mayo]], the Hon. Algernon Bourke's father and then brother, and other Bourkes

== Overview ==

=== Algernon Bourke ===
Although the Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke was born in Dublin in 1854 and came from a family whose title is in the Peerage of Ireland,&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;1911 England Census.&lt;/ref&gt; he seems to have spent much of his adult life generally in England and especially in London. He was &quot;a noted fisherman.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London Correspondence.&quot; ''Freeman's Journal'' 21 December 1897, Tuesday: 5 [of 8], Col. 5c [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000056/18971221/027/0005. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

Because he was the son of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]], perhaps, or perhaps because he was so involved in projects that got reported on, he was mentioned a great deal in the newspapers, but after his bankruptcy, he seems to have receded in prominence, in part because he was living outside of the U.K., and apparently separately from his wife, Gwendolen Bourke.

Bourke ran as the Conservative candidate for Parliament from Clapham (population, c. 70,000) in 1885, a race he did not win. As a candidate he is described like this:&lt;blockquote&gt;Acted as a newspaper correspondent during the Zulu war. Subsequently Poor-law inspector in the West of Ireland. &quot;A loyal supporter of Church and State.&quot; Desires to reduce the School Board expenditure, and revive trade; and is opposed to Mr. Chamberlain's &quot;police of hasty and experimental reform.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Clapham (70,000).&quot; ''South London Chronicle'' 17 October 1885, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000443/18851017/113/0005. Print title ''South London Chronicle and Southwark and Lambeth Ensign'', p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The London ''Weekly Dispatch'' says he is &quot;a dashing and unscrupulous young Tory.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Political Campaign in London.&quot; ''Weekly Dispatch'' (London) 15 November 1885, Sunday: 9 [of 16], Col. 3c [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003358/18851115/069/0009. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;Algy&quot; Bourke was &quot;Man of the Day&quot; (No. DCCII [522) for ''Vanity Fair'' in 1898, caricatured by Leslie Ward (above right):&lt;blockquote&gt;Son of the great and murdered Lord Mayo, he is contemporary with the outbreak of the Crimean War, he is a Member of the London Stock Exchange, he has a beautiful wife and a daughter, and, being a very fashionable young man, he was once refused as their Member by the worthy electors of Clapham. He was an Eton boy, of course: and less naturally he went to Cambridge; where he was made President of the Beefsteak, the Amateur Dramatic, the Athenaeum, the True Blue, and the Hibernian Clubs. When he came down he tried journalism and went to Zululand as a ''Daily Telegraph'' ‘‘special”; after which he was improved into an Inspector of Workhouses [2, Col. 2c – 3, Col. 1a] in Ireland: which may account for his proficiency as a caterer. For seven years he worked under the late Mr. Chinnery on ''The Times'': being popularly supposed to look after that journal's morals. He is a good man of business, and a great organiser who has made White's Club pay even if it be less “smart&quot; than it was. He has done much for Willis’s since he took it in hand; he did well with his Battersea venture, and he thinks that he only failed with the Summer Club in Kensington Gardens because people would not go to the wrong side of the Park. Moreover, he runs a Club at Brighton, and he is Chairman of the Grand Hotel at Monte Carlo: whither he once organised a cheap trip. Altogether he is a veritable Clubman, and a very successful arranger of amusements, associations, and restaurants.

He is a popular fellow who is known to all of us; and though he is a little inclined to be quarrelsome, no one can get much the better of him. He is also a quick grasper of facts and a good talker. His favourite sports are fishing and the organising of associations for the introduction of salmon to the Thames. By way of being an art critic, he has made an interesting collection of engravings of the members of White’s Club from its foundation; but his friends say that he is not a well-dressed man. He has also written a history of White’s, and he is now writing one of Brooks's Club. He is a genial person, who looks as if the world agreed with him well.

He is an aquisition [sic] to a house party; and they call him “Algy.”&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Men of the Day.&quot; — No. DCCII [522]. The Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke.&quot; ''Vanity Fair'' 20 January 1898, Thursday: 2 [of 4], Col. 2c – 3, Col. 3a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9900020/18980120/010/0002 and https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/9900020/18980120/005/0003. Same print title, pp. 41–42. Portrait is full page, on p. 1.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The Hon. Algernon Bourke and Mr. Algernon Bourke, depending on the newspaper article, were the same person. Calling him Mr. Bourke in the newspapers, especially when considered as a businessman or (potential) member of Parliament, does not rule out the son of an earl, who would normally be accorded the honorific of ''Honorable''.

=== Gwendolen Sloane-Stanley Bourke ===

Mrs. Gwendolen Bourke exhibited at dog shows successfully and was a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Society Sportswomen|noted deerstalker]] and &quot;an appreciative listener to good music.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Vanity Fair.&quot; ''Lady of the House'' 15 June 1899, Thursday: 4 [of 44], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004836/18990615/019/0004.&lt;/ref&gt; Her personal beauty is often mentioned in reports, and ''The World'' says she was &quot;a magnificent woman.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Beauties of To-Day. From the ''World''.&quot; ''Clifton Society'' 24 June 1897, Thursday: 14 [of 16], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002164/18970624/066/0014. Same print and p.&lt;/ref&gt; She is the first listed in the ''Graphic''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s 1891 &quot;Leading Ladies of Society&quot;:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke is a daughter (Gwendoline Irene Emily) of the late Hans Sloane Stanley, Esq., of Poultons, Southampton, and 49, Cadogan Square, S.W. She married, on December 15th, 1887, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, third son of the sixth Earl of Mayo, Governor-General of India (who was assassinated in 1872), and nephew of Lord Connemara, Governor of Madras. Mr. Bourke is a member of the London Stock Exchange, and resides at 33, Cadogan Terrace, S.W.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Leading Ladies of Society.&quot; The Graphic 28 March 1891, Saturday: 6 [of 28], Col. 2c [of 3]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9000057/18910328/019/0006. Print: same title, p. 346.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;She attended many social events without her husband, especially into the 20th century, usually with an appreciative description of what she wore. She was a sponsor of Irish art needlework as well. Unlike her husband's, Gwendolen's social status seems to have risen as time passed, and she appears in stories associated with the Princess of Wales, and then later with Queen Alexandra.

=== The Sloane-Stanley Family ===
Gwendolen's family consisted of a younger brother, Cyril Sloane-Stanley, as well as her parents, Hans Sloane-Stanley and Emilie Edwards Sloane-Stanley. Exactly one year after she and Algernon Bourke married, Hans Sloane-Stanley died (in 1888), leaving an estate worth £33,704 7s. 5d.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;&gt;Principal Probate Registry; London, England; ''Calendar of the Grants of Probate and Letters of Administration made in the Probate Registries of the High Court of Justice in England''. Ancestry.com. ''England &amp; Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1995'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; (1888, 321) Her mother remarried almost exactly a year after that, to James Shelly Bontein. Bontein's father had been Gentleman Usher and Clerk of the Robes to Queen Victoria.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot;&gt;&quot;Marriages.&quot; &quot;Births, Marriages, and Deaths.&quot; ''Belfast News-Letter'' 6 December 1889, Friday: 1 [of 8], Col. 1a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000038/18891206/001/0001. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

Shortly after his death ''Truth'' described Gwendolen and Cyril's father Hans Sloane-Stanley:&lt;blockquote&gt;The death of Mr. Sloane Stanley, of Paultons Park, is much regretted in South Hants, as he was one of the most popular landlords in the county, and was greatly esteemed. Mr. Sloane Stanley was well known in yachting circles, and for many years he was Commodore of the Royal Southern Yacht Club, and owned the schooner ''Star of the West''. He was one of the very few owners who continued to keep up the old custom of giving his crew a laying-up supper at the close of each season. There were great festivities at Paultons only a few months ago, when Miss Sloane Stanley was married to Mr. Algernon Bourke.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Entre Nous.&quot; ''Truth'' 27 December 1888, Thursday: 6 [of 48], Col. 2b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18881227/023/0006# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18881227/023/0006]. Same print title, p. 1136.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;When he died in 1944, Cyril Sloane-Stanley's estate was quite a bit larger than his father's had been 50 years before. The probate was divided between what was limited to &quot;settled land&quot; and what was &quot;save and except settled land.&quot; What was not settled land totalled £356,114 12s. 10d. and went to John Everett, company director; the Hon. Elwyn Villiers Rhys, captain, H.M. army; and William Adam de Geijer, retired captain, H.M. army.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt; (1944, 430) His daughter Lavender was married to John Everett, and Diane was married to Elwyn Villiers Rhys. What was settled land totalled £168,975 and went to William Adam de Geijer, retired captain, H.M. army, and George Lawrence Stewart, solicitor.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt; (1944, 430)

The Sloane-Stanleys descend from Hans Sloane (1660–1753), whose 71,000-item collections &quot;provid[ed] the foundation of the British Museum, the British Library, and the Natural History Museum, London.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2025-01-07|title=Hans Sloane|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane|journal=Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane|language=en|via=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Much of this Hans Sloane's wealth came from his medical practice in Jamaica, where he went as physician to the Governor General of Jamaica, the 2nd Duke of Albemarle, and where he married &quot;a wealthy heiress of sugar plantations&quot; worked by enslaved Jamaicans.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot; /&gt; His great-nephew, Hans Sloane, inherited Paultons, near Romsey, &quot;and in recognition of this he adopted the additional surname of Stanley in 1821.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-10-06|title=Hans Sloane (MP)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane_(MP)|journal=Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane_(MP)|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Acquaintances, Friends and Enemies ==

=== Algernon Bourke ===

* Best man at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Wedding of Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Sloane Stanley|his wedding]]: the Hon. Michael Sandys
* [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Marcus Henry Milner]], &quot;one of the zealous assistants of that well-known firm of stockbrokers, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;&quot;Metropolitan Notes.&quot; ''Nottingham Evening Post'' 31 July 1888, Tuesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 2a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/18880731/025/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Caroline, Duchess of Montrose — her &quot;legal advisor&quot; on the day of her marriage to Marcus Henry Milner&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Metropolitan Notes.&quot; ''Nottingham Evening Post'' 31 July 1888, Tuesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 1b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/18880731/025/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gwendolen Bourke ===

* Bridesmaids at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Wedding of Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Sloane Stanley|her wedding]]: Lady Florence Bourke, Miss Nora Bourke, Miss Edwards, and Miss Ewart
* Lord and Lady Alington, Belvedere House, Scarborough
* [[Social Victorians/People/William James|Evelyn James]] 

== Organizations ==

=== Gwendolen Bourke ===

* Member, the Ladies Committee for the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Skating Club|Prince's Skating Club]], which also included [[Social Victorians/People/Princess Louise|Princess Louise]] (Duchess of Argyll), the [[Social Victorians/People/Portland|Duchess of Portland]], [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Lady Londonderry]], [[Social Victorians/People/Campbell|Lady Archibald Campbell]], [[Social Victorians/People/Ribblesdale|Lady Ribblesdale]], and [[Social Victorians/People/Asquith|Mrs. Asquith]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;&quot;What the 'World' Says.&quot; ''Northwich Guardian'' 01 November 1902, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Col. 8a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001975/19021101/134/0006. Print title: The ''Guardian'', p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt; (in 1902, at least)

=== Algernon Bourke ===
* [[Social Victorians/Schools#Eton|Eton]]
* Cambridge University, Trinity College, 1873, Michaelmas term&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;Cambridge University Alumni, 1261–1900. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Conservative Party
* 1879: Appointed a Poor Law Inspector in Ireland, Relief of Distress Act
* 1881: Partner, with 2 uncles, in Brunton, Bourke, and Co.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From Our London Correspondent.&quot; ''Manchester Courier'' 24 August 1881, Wednesday: 5 [of 8], Col. 4a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000206/18810824/030/0005. Print: ''Manchester Courier and Lancaster General Advertiser'', p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt; (one of the [[Social Victorians/British Aristocracy#Sons of Peers on the Stock Exchange|sons of peers on the Stock Exchange]])
* 1885: Office of the 7th Surrey Rifles Regiment&lt;ref&gt;&quot;7th Surrey Rifles.&quot; ''South London Press'' 08 August 1885, Saturday: 12 [of 16], Col. 4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18850808/165/0012. Print p. 12.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1886: Battersea Friendly Angling Society&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Battersea Friendly Angling Society.&quot; ''Fishing Gazette'' 17 April 1886, Saturday: 6 [of 20], Col. 2a [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002553/18860417/030/0006. Same print title, p. 218.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 27 February 1886: one of the Vice Presidents of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Bolingbroke Reading-Room and Institute|Bolingbroke Reading-Room and Institute]]
* Special Correspondent of The ''Times'' for the Zulu War, accompanying Lord Chelmsford
* Head, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys, &quot;that well-known firm of stockbrokers&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; ( – 1901 [at least])
* White's gentleman's club, St. James's,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-10-09|title=White's|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White's|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%27s.&lt;/ref&gt; Manager (1897)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Side Lights on Drinking.&quot; ''Waterford Standard'' 28 April 1897, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001678/18970428/053/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Willis's Rooms (described in 1895):&lt;blockquote&gt;... the Hon. Algernon Burke [sic], son of the 6th Earl of Mayo, has turned the place into a smart restaurant where choice dinners are served and eaten while a stringed band discourses music. Willis's Rooms are now the favourite dining place for ladies who have no club of their own, or for gentlemen who are debarred by rules from inviting ladies to one of their own clubs. The same gentleman runs a hotel in Brighton, and has promoted several clubs. He has a special faculty for organising places of the kind, without which such projects end in failure.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lenten Dullness.&quot; ''Cheltenham Looker-On'' 23 March 1895, Saturday: 11 [of 24], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000226/18950323/004/0011. Print p. 275.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
*The [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Pelican|Pelican Club]], known for its boxing (1891)

==== Boards of Directors ====
*1883: One of the directors, the Franco-English Tunisian Esparto Fibre Supply Company, Ltd.&lt;ref&gt;''Money Market Review'', 20 Jan 1883 (Vol 46): 124.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1891: One of the founders, the Discount Banking Company, Ltd., which says Algernon Bourke is a director of District Messenger Services and News Company, Ltd.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Public Company.&quot; ''Nottingham Journal'' 31 October 1891, Saturday: 4 [of 8], Col. 8a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001896/18911031/099/0004. Print title: ''The Nottingham Daily Express'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1894: One of the directors, the Frozen Lake, Ltd., with Admiral Maxse, Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Marcus Beresford]], [[Social Victorians/People/Williams|Hwfa Williams]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Frozen Lake, Limited.&quot; ''St James's Gazette'' 08 June 1894, Friday: 15 [of 16], Col. 4a [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001485/18940608/085/0015. Print p. 15.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;London is to have new amusement this winter, for which Mr Algernon Bourke, who has taught us that it is possible to eat as well in St. James’s as on the Boulevards, and Mr Hwfa Williams, of Sandown fame, are jointly responsible. The &quot;Frozen Lake,&quot; under which title a real ice-skating rink is about to be constructed under their auspices, will no doubt be gladly welcomed by all skaters, and the venture is likely to prove a success.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip.&quot; ''Weston-super-Mare Gazette, and General Advertiser'' 6 June 1894, Wednesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 4b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001444/18940606/044/0004. Print title: ''Weston-super-Mare Gazette'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== Committees ====

*Member, General Committee, [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Baths|the Baths Club]] (1892)
*Member, Men's Committee of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Skating Club|Prince's Skating Club]], which also included Lord Edward Cecil, Lord Redesdale, Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Lyttelton|Alfred Lyttelton]], Sir Edgar Vincent, Sir William Hart Dyke, and Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Grenfell|W. H. Grenfell]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; (1902, at least)
*[[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#25 March 1896, Wednesday|The Sala Memorial Fund]], member of the committee (from 25 March 1896)
* Member of an &quot;influential committee&quot; headed by the Lord Mayor &quot;to restore salmon to the Thames&quot; (June 1899)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Salmon in the Thames.&quot; ''Berks and Oxon Advertiser'' 30 June 1899, Friday: 5 [of 8], Col. 4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002298/18990630/079/0005. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Timeline ==

=== 1870s ===
'''1872 February 8''', Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo was assassinated while inspecting a &quot;convict settlement at Port Blair in the Andaman Islands ... by Sher Ali Afridi, a former Afghan soldier.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-12-01|title=Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo.&lt;/ref&gt; The Hon. Algernon's brother Dermot became the 7th Earl at 19 years old.

'''1876 November 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was one of 6 men (2 students, one of whom was Bourke; 2 doctors; a tutor and another man) from Cambridge who gave evidence as witnesses in an inquest about the death from falling off a horse of a student.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Fatal Accident to a Sheffield Student at Cambridge.&quot; ''Sheffield Independent'' 25 November 1876, Saturday: 7 [of 12], Col. 5a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000181/18761125/040/0007. Print title: ''Sheffield and Rotherham Independent'', n. p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1879 December 27, Saturday – 29, Monday''', Algernon Bourke was in Kilrush as a Local Government Board Inspector:&lt;blockquote&gt;Among many distinguished visitors at the Vandeleur Arms Hotel, Kilrush this week was the Hon. Algernon Bourke Local Government Board Inspector who arrived on Saturday, and sojourned there until 2 o'clock on Monday, when the honourable gentleman left by Steamer tor Limerick.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Fashionable Intelligence.&quot; ''Kilrush Herald and Kilkee Gazette'' 01 January 1880, Thursday: 2 [of 5], Col. 3a [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003186/18800101/011/0002. Print title ''Kilrush Herald'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 1880s ===
'''4 February 1880, Wednesday''', Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880#Grand Ball at Palmerstown House Hosted by the Earl of Mayo|grand ball at Palmerstown House hosted by the Earl of Mayo]]. 

'''1880 March 30, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was working in the judicial system in Newcastle, County Limerick, possibly as Poorhouse Inspector:&lt;blockquote&gt;A sworn enquiry was held to-day at the Workhorse, Newcastle West, by the Hon Algernon Bourke, L.G.I., to enquire into charges preferred by Dr. Pierce, Medical Office, against Dr. O'Shaughnesay. The enquiry was adjourned till Thursday next. Mr Moran, sol., Rathkeale, was engaged for Dr. O'Shaughnessy.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Sworn Enquiry.&quot; &quot;Limerick County. Newcastle West Intelligence.&quot; ''Bassett's Chronicle'' 31 March 1880, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 3b–c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003471/18800331/044/0003.  Print title ''Bassett's Daily Chronicle'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1880 April 17, Saturday''', in-jokes dominate this report mentioning Algernon Bourke in the context of the Kildare and National Hunt races in Dublin:&lt;blockquote&gt;And in mopy Upper Mount-street, where young Algernon Bourke, of the Onety-oneth, had promised to call for, and afterwards spin down to the races in his mail phaeton, the Blake girls; and in fastidious Fitzwilliam-place, and exclusive &quot;Murryan-squeer,&quot; from which dashing army men, in their neatly-appointed, well horsed drags were to &quot;tool&quot; down sweet young Dublin lasses of the ''crême d la crême'' [sic], many an anxious forecasting of the weather was taken, lest by an unpropitious shower that last triumph of Mrs. Manning, or the Forrests, or Miss Sedford, or any of the ''grandes dames de la mode'' should be rendered as worthless as a Confederate &quot;greenback.&quot; But by ten o'clock all doubts were happily set aside, and up struck the lovely April day in all its spring-time glory and then the road, oh, the road!&lt;ref&gt;&quot;To Punchestown and Back by the Old Road.&quot; ''Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News'' 17 April 1880, Saturday: 6 [of 24], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001857/18800417/013/0006. Same print title, p. 102.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1881 May 10, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#1881 May 10, Tuesday|wedding of Marion Lascelles, eldest daughter of the Hon. Egremont W. Lascelles, brother of the Earl of Harewood, and Lieutenant Henry Dent Brocklehurst, of the Second Life Guards, nephew of Mr. Philip Brocklehurst, of Swithamley Park, Macclesfield]]. His gift was an &quot;old enamelled watch set in pearls.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Nuptial Rejoicings at Middlethorpe Manor. Marriage of Miss Lascelles and Lieut. Brocklehurst.&quot; ''Yorkshire Gazette'' 14 May 1881, Saturday: 9 [of 12], Cols. 3a–4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive''https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000266/18810514/057/0009. Print same title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1881 May 23, Monday, 2:00 p.m.''', Algernon Bourke is listed among the Honourables at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace|Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace]].

'''1881 July 14, Thursday afternoon, beginning about 2 p.m.''', Algernon Bourke was invited to a Garden Party at Marlborough House hosted by [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]]. Members of the family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] were also among the 1,500 or so invited guests.

'''1881 July 22, Friday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to an [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#22 July 1881, Friday|evening party at Marlborough House hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales]].

'''1881 September 17, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was reported among the company at Doncaster during race week.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;List of the Company.&quot; ''York Herald'' 17 September 1881, Saturday: 8 [of 16], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000499/18810917/183/0008. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1881 November 22, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was sued in Dublin by Henry Naylor because he &quot;had declined to pay&quot; for a £35 piano.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Henry Naylor v. the Hon. Algernon Bourke.&quot; &quot;Exchequer Division.&quot; &quot;High Court of Justice.&quot; ''Belfast Morning News'' 23 November 1881, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 8a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000428/18811123/015/0003. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1881 December 8, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke was part of a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#Battue at Palmerstown|battue at Palmerstown]], when the group bagged 172 pheasants, hares and rabbits.

'''1882 March 7, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882#7 March 1882, Tuesday|fashionable wedding of Reginald Chandos-Pole and Violet Denison]].

'''1882 March 15, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882#The Marchioness of Salisbury's Assembly|the Marchioness of Salisbury's first reception of the season]].

'''1882 July 13, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to the [[Social Victorians/1882-07-13 Marlborough House Garden Party|Garden Party at Marlborough House for Queen Victoria]] hosted by [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]]. The more than 1,000 people invited also included a number of people from the family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]].

'''1882 September 28, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882#The Wedding of John M'Donald and Georgiana Lambart|wedding of John M'Donald and Georgiana Lambart]].

'''1883 March 21, Wednesday''', the Evening Irish Times announced that Algernon Bourke &quot;has arrived at Kingstown from England.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Fashion.&quot; ''Evening Irish Times'' 21 March 1883, Wednesday: 7 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003464/18830321/086/0007. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''23 July 1883, Monday, noon''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1883#Garden Party at Marlborough House, at Noon|garden party at Marlborough House]] hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales.

'''31 October 1883, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the wedding of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1883#Wedding of Lady Cecelia Hay and Captain George Webbe|Lady Cecelia Hay and Captain George Webbe]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 February 16, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#16 February 1884, Saturday|the funeral of Thomas Chenery, editor of the ''Times'']].

'''1884 April 4, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was (may have been?) one of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#5 April 1884, Saturday|&quot;Supporters of the Pall&quot; at the funeral]] of [[Social Victorians/People/Leopold|Prince Leopold George Duncan Albert, Duke of Albany]] at St. George's, Windsor.

'''1884 April 26, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#26 April 1884, Saturday|dinner party at the Lord Mayor's Mansion House for conservatives to meet Sir Stafford Northcote]].

'''1884 May 3, Saturday''', the &quot;Rochester Conservatives&quot; announced that they would &quot;bring forward the Hon. Algernon Bourke, brother of Lord Mayo, as their second candidate,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Election Intelligence.&quot; ''Yorkshire Gazette'' 03 May 1884, Saturday: 4 [of 12], Col. 6a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000266/18840503/011/0004.&lt;/ref&gt; but because he would not be the first candidate, Bourke declined.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rochester.&quot; London ''Daily Chronicle'' 09 May 1884, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 8b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005049/18840509/049/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1884 June 18, Wednesday''', Mr. Algernon Bourke was on a committee to watch a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#18 June 1884, Wednesday|Mr. Bishop's &quot;thought-reading&quot; experiment]], which was based on a challenge by Henry Labourchere made the year before. This &quot;experiment&quot; took place before a fashionable audience.

'''1884 July 25, Friday, afternoon''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#Garden Party at Marlborough House hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales|Garden Party at Marlborough House hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales]].

'''1885 January 22, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke's gift to [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#Wedding of George Buckle and Alicia Payn|George Buckle and Alicia Payn for their wedding]] was an antique cabinet.

'''1885 July 7, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#7 July 1885, Tuesday|Eva Bourke's wedding to Windham Wyndham-Quin]] at St. Mary Abbots, Kensington.

'''1885 July 13, Monday''', Algernon Bouurke was at Victoria Station as part of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#Arrival of Lord Wolseley in London from Egypt|crowd greeting Lord Wolseley on his return from Egypt]].

'''1885 July 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/1885-07-24 Marlborough House Ball|ball at Marlborough House]] hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales.

'''1885 September 26, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke took part in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#26 September 1885, Saturday|Ealing Conservative Club fete and meeting]] supporting Salisbury's government and condemning &quot;the dictates of one man&quot; — Gladstone — for Gordon's death.

'''1885 October 3, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was named as the Conservative candidate for Clapham in the Battersea and Clapham borough after the Redistribution Bill determined the electoral districts for South London.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;South London Candidates.&quot; ''South London Press'' 03 October 1885, Saturday: 9 [of 16], Col. 5b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18851003/096/0009. Print p. 9.&lt;/ref&gt; On Sunday 15 November 1885 the London ''Weekly Dispatch'' supported Moulton, the Liberal candidate, who ultimately won the election:&lt;blockquote&gt;

Though a successful lawyer, Mr. Moulton is much more than that. He is a thorough and independent student of political science, who may be trusted to do good service to the Liberal cause with brain as well as with tongue. It will be matter for hearty congratulation if he defeats the Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke, who is a dashing and unscrupulous young Tory, and a nephew of the well-known politician with the same surname.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Political Campaign in London. VI. — The South-West Divisions.&quot; ''Weekly Dispatch'' (London) 15 November 1885, Sunday: 9 [of 16], Col. 3c [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003358/18851115/069/0009. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

On Saturday 21 November 1885 the ''South London Press'' reported on posters for Bourke's candidacy:&lt;blockquote&gt;

The Hon. Algernon Bourke, Conservative candidate for Clapham, has a very industrious billsticker, who pastes up his patron’s bills in every possible place where they can be seen to advantage. It is unfortunate, however, that choosing the flank wall of an auctioneer’s the modern &quot;Sam Slap&quot; has produced some curious combinations, such as — &quot;Vote for Bourke,&quot; &quot;Now on View;&quot; &quot;Electors of Clapham, Vote for Mr. Bourke, and&quot; &quot;Be Sold Without Reserve;&quot; &quot;Mr, Bourke will&quot; &quot;Advance Money to&quot; &quot;the Electors of Clapham;&quot; &quot;Great Conservative Meeting. The British Constitution will be&quot; &quot;Offered for Sale this Evening,&quot; &amp;c.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pick-up Notes.&quot; ''South London Press'' 21 November 1885, Saturday: 10 [of 16], Col. 1b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18851121/155/0010. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1885 November 3, Tuesday, 11:00 a.m.''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Mayo-Ponsonby Wedding 1885-11-03|wedding of his brother, Dermot, 7th  Earl of Mayo and Geraldine Ponsonby]]. He gave them 2 Sheraton secretaires.

'''1886 January 5, Tuesday, late''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Twelfth Night|Twelfth Night celebration at the Drury Lane theatre]].

'''1886 March 13, Saturday evening''', an Hon. Mr. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/1886-03-13 Reception at the French Embassy|reception at the French Embassy]], possibly Algernon Bourke or possibly [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|one of his brothers]].

'''1886 July 10, Saturday''', Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Garden Party at Marlborough House Given to the Queen|garden party at Marlborough House given to the Queen]]. Gwendolen Sloane Stanley is not mentioned but Mr. and Mrs. Hans Sloane Stanley are, as are Mr. and Mrs. F. Sloane Stanley.&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 July 21, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to the [[Social Victorians/1886-07-21 Marlborough House Ball|Ball at Marlborough House]], as were a [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#The Sloane-Stanleys 2|Mr. and Mrs. F. Sloane-Stanley]], possibly the parents of Gwendolen Sloane-Stanley (if the &quot;F&quot; is a mistake), who married Bourke on 15 December 1887. Gwendolen is not mentioned as having been invited.

'''1886 July 27, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended a service honoring a memorial at St. Paul's for his father, who had been assassinated.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Memorial to the Late Earl of Mayo.&quot; ''Northern Whig'' 28 July 1886, Wednesday: 6 [of 8], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000434/18860728/143/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1886 September 2, Thursday''', Mr. Algernon Bourke was part of a group of mostly aristocratic men taking part in [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Augustus Harris's A Run of Luck|a &quot;trial-rehearsal&quot; as part of Augustus Harris's production]] ''A Run of Luck'', about sports.

'''1886 October 2, Saturday''', the Duke of Beaufort and the Hon. Algernon Bourke arrived in Yougal: &quot;His grace has taken a residence at Lismore for a few weeks, to enjoy some salmon fishing on the Blackwater before the close of the season.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Chippenham.&quot; ''Wilts and Gloucestershire Standard'' 02 October 1886, Saturday: 8 [of 8], Col. 6a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001955/18861002/142/0008. Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1886 October 11, Monday''', Algernon Bourke may have been taking part in a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Performance of Run of Luck|performance of ''Run of Luck'' at the Drury Lane]].

'''1886 October 23, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Party at Wemyss Castle, Fife|staying at Wemyss Castle, Fife]].

'''1886 December 30, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke was back in London and attending the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Augustus Harris's The Forty Thieves|&quot;Forty Thieves&quot; pantomime at the Drury Lane Theatre]].

'''1887 January 5, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was one of the chief mourners at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Funeral of Lady Margaret Harriett Bourke|funeral of Lady Margaret Harriett Bourke]].

'''1887 March 1, 2:00 p.m.''', Algernon Bourke is listed among the Messieurs attending the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace|Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1887 May''', a &quot;signalling incident&quot; in 1907 [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#May 1887|caused the Waterford ''Evening News'' to recall a similar event]] that had occurred 20 years earlier, in which Algernon Bourke, as special correspondent for the ''Times'', caused the incident to be publicized:&lt;blockquote&gt;During the manoeuvres in connection with the 1887 Jubilee of Queen Victoria a signal was observed going up from [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles [Beresford]]]'s ship. It was a message to his wife, Lady Beresford, to the effect that, as he should be late for dinner, she was not to wait. Beyond the hilarity this domestic signal evoked, nothing more would have been heard of it, but Mr. Algernon Bourke (Lord Mayo's brother) was acting as special correspondent for the &quot;Times,&quot; and that paper the next morning contained a full and humorous report of the incident. Then there was trouble.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Signalling Incident.&quot; ''Evening News'' (Waterford) 13 November 1907, Wednesday: 1 [of 4], Col. 6c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004557/19071113/021/0001.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1887 June 15, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians Foreign Office Reception 1887-06-15|reception at the Foreign Office in honor of Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee]].

'''1887 July 6, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to and, presumably, attended the State Ball at Buckingham Palace.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The State Ball at Buckingham Palace.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 08 July 1887, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 5a–6c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18870708/013/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 1c)

'''1887 August 6, Saturday''', the ''Brighton Gazette'' says that the &quot;Hon. Mrs and Mr Algernon Bourke&quot; were staying at the Royal Crescent Hotel in Brighton, but they didn't marry until 15 December 1887.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Royal Crescent Hotel.&quot; ''Brighton Gazette'' 6 August 1887, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 5c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000938/18870806/047/0003. Print title ''Brighton Gazette and Sussex Telegraph'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt; Perhaps an elder relative, because she is mentioned first?

'''1887 November 9, Wednesday''', the ''Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper'' announced that&lt;blockquote&gt;A marriage is arranged, and will take place early in January, between Mr. Algernon Bourke, third son of the late Earl of Mayo, and Miss Guendolen Sloane Stanley, only daughter of Mr. Hans Sloane Stanley, of Paultons.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Romsey, Nov. 9.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 9 November 1887, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18871109/034/0003. Print title ''Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Shortly after, the papers announced that the wedding would not take place.

'''1887 December 15, Thursday''', Hon. [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Wedding of Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Sloane Stanley|Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Stanley were married at St. Paul's]], Knightsbridge, by Bourke's uncle the Hon. and Rev. George Bourke. Only family members attended because of &quot;the recent death of a near relative of the bride.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court Circular.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 16 December 1887, Friday: 5 [of 8], Col. 7c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18871216/066/0005.&lt;/ref&gt; Who the &quot;near relative of the bride&quot; was not in her nuclear family, and perhaps that explains the cancellation of the wedding and then the changing of the wedding date and not some problem in the couple.

'''1888 – 1899 January 1''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was &quot;proprietor&quot; of [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#White's|White's Club, St. James's Street]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;&quot;The Hon. Algernon Bourke's Affairs.&quot; ''Eastern Morning News'' 19 October 1899, Thursday: 6 [of 8], Col. 7c [of7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001152/18991019/139/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1888 January 21, Saturday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the wedding of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#Hamilton-Ewart Wedding|Florence Ewart and Henry Hamilton]].

'''1888 March 7, Wednesday''', assuming that this date is not a week after the actual date, [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lady Charles Beresford]] held a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#1888 March 7, Wednesday|notable and well-attended &quot;at home&quot;]] that Gwendolen Bourke attended, reported for being dressed in white and being among the beautiful women present.

'''6 April 1888, Friday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#6 April 1888, Friday|New Forest United Hunt ball at the New Forest Hall, Lyndhurst]].

'''1888 May 2, Wednesday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#The Marchioness of Salisbury's Reception|Marchioness of Salisbury's reception]] at the Salisbury home on Arlington-street.

'''1888 May 22, Tuesday''', the Dowager Countess of Mayo presented Gwendolen Bourke at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#Queen's Drawing Room|Queen's drawing-room]] hosted by the Princess of Wales. This is Gwendolen Bourke's dress:&lt;blockquote&gt;Empire robe de cour of white satin duchesse, lined with rich pink silk, sufficiently bright to give a beautiful shell-like tint through the satin; tulle underdress, with upper skirt, embroidered with pearl, and caught up in Greek folds with large pink Tosca roses; white satin bodice, with Josephine pink sash tied at side, Headdress, veil and plumes; ornaments, diamonds.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Dresses at the Drawing-Room.&quot; ''Epsom Journal'' 22 May 1888, Tuesday: 3 [of 6], Col. 5b–c [of 6]. ''British Newspapers Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004837/18880522/034/0003. Print: title ''Local Journal'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Another description:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke's train was of white satin lined with pink, which showed through with charmingly shell-like effect. The dress, fashioned after those of the Empire period, was of white satin embroidered with pearls. A very broad sash of pink satin made the waist seem quaintly short, a trying thing to any but the young and tall, both of which qualifications Mrs. Bourke most happily possesses. She carried a lovely posy of La France roses.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Gossip on Dress.&quot; ''Boston Spa News'' 25 May 1888, Friday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1b–2b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003395/18880525/014/0002. Print title The News, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 1c)&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1888 June 8, Friday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#Dinner and Dance Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne at Hamilton House|dinner and dance Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne at Hamilton House]] featuring Prince and Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein, and for the ball, the King of Sweden and Norway and the Prince and Princess of Wales and their daughters were present.

'''1888 June 19, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke was one of the principal guests at the wedding of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#19 June 1888, Tuesday|Captain Philip Green and Miss Mabel Emilie Scott]].

'''1888 July 26''', [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Caroline Graham Stirling-Crawford]] (known as Mr. Manton for her horse-breeding and -racing operations) and Marcus Henry Milner married.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;&quot;Hon. Caroline Agnes Horsley-Beresford.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://thepeerage.com/p6863.htm#i68622|title=Person Page|website=thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the ''Nottingham Evening Post'' of 31 July 1888,&lt;blockquote&gt;LONDON GOSSIP.

(From the ''World''.)

The marriage of &quot;Mr. Manton&quot; was the surprise as well the sensation of last week. Although some wise people noticed a certain amount of youthful ardour in the attentions paid by Mr. Marcus Henry Milner to Caroline Duchess of Montrose at '''Mrs. Oppenheim's ball''', nobody was prepared for the sudden ''dénouement''; '''and it''' were not for the accidental and unseen presence [[Social Victorians/People/Mildmay|a well-known musical amateur]] who had received permission to practice on the organ, the ceremony performed at half-past nine on Thursday morning at St. Andrew's, Fulham, by the Rev. Mr. Propert, would possibly have remained a secret for some time to come. Although the evergreen Duchess attains this year the limit of age prescribed the Psalmist, the bridegroom was only born in 1864. Mr. &quot;Harry&quot; Milner (familiarly known in the City as &quot;Millions&quot;) was one of the zealous assistants of that well-known firm of stockbrokers, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys, and Mr. Algernon Bourke, the head of the house (who, of course, takes a fatherly interest in the match) went down to Fulham to give away the Duchess. The ceremony was followed by a ''partie carrée'' luncheon at the Bristol, and the honeymoon began with a visit to the Jockey Club box at Sandown. Mr. Milner and the Duchess of Montrose have now gone to Newmarket. The marriage causes a curious reshuffling of the cards of affinity. Mr. Milner is now the stepfather of the [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Duke of Montrose]], his senior by twelve years; he is also the father-in-law of [[Social Victorians/People/Lady Violet Greville|Lord Greville]], Mr. Murray of Polnaise, and [[Social Victorians/People/Breadalbane|Lord Breadalbane]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1888 December 1st week''', according to &quot;Society Gossip&quot; from the ''World'', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was suffering from malaria, presumably which he caught when he was in South Africa:&lt;blockquote&gt;I am sorry to hear that Mr. Algernon Bourke, who married Miss Sloane-Stanley a short time ago, has been very dangerously ill. Certain complications followed an attack of malarian fever, and last week his mother, the Dowager Lady Mayo, and his brother, Lord Mayo, were hastily summoned to Brighton. Since then a change for the better has taken place, and he is now out of danger.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip. What the ''World'' Says.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 08 December 1888, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18881208/037/0002. Print title: ''The Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper''; print p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1888 December 20, Thursday''', the Sloane-Stanley family, including Gwendolen Bourke, attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#20 December 1888, Thursday|funeral of Hans Sloane Stanley]]. Algernon Bourke did not attend because he was still too ill.

'''1889 January 22, 2:30 p.m., Tuesday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke sent a gift for the [[Social Victorians/Cecil Lambton Wedding 1889 January 22|wedding of Lady Eleanor Lambton and Lord Robert]] Cecil, a pair of antique mirrors.

'''1889 May 18, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#18 May 1889, Saturday|opening of the Italian Opera season at Covent Garden]].

'''1889 May 27, Monday, 11 p.m.''', the dancing commenced at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#The Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace|the Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace]], with both the Hon. Algernon and the Hon. Gwendolen Bourke present.

'''1889 June 8, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke contributed some art he owned to the collection of the Royal Institute of Painters in Water-Colours' [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#8 June 1889, Saturday|exhibition of &quot;the works of the 'English Humourists in Art.'&quot;]]

'''1889 July 2, Tuesday''', Gwendolen and Algernon Bourke sat in the Muriettas' box at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#The Shah at a Covent Garden Opera Performance|gala performance at Covent Garden also attended by the Prince and Princess of Wales, a number of other royals and the Shah]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1889 27 July, Saturday''', Gwendolen and Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#Garden Party Hosted by Mr. and Mrs. Augustus Harris|garden party hosted by Mr. and Mrs. Augustus Harris]], which was attended by a people from the theatre and arts worlds.&lt;p&gt;

'''1889 December 2, Monday''', Gwendolen Bourk's mother, Emilie Sloane-Stanley, married James Shelly Bontein:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

BONTEIN—STANLEY — December 2, at St. George's, Hanover Square, London, by the Rev. G. S. de Sansmarez, James Shelly, only son of the late James Bontein, Gentleman Usher and Clerk of the Robes to the Queen, to Emilie Josephine, widow of Hans Sloane Stanley, of Paultons.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1889 December 17, Tuesday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke gave a gift to [[Dangan-Neville Wedding|Lady Violet Nevill for her wedding to Henry Wellesley, Viscount Dangan]] and so were probably in attendance.

=== 1890s ===
'''1890 January 9, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#The York Hunt Ball|fancy-dress Hunt Ball in York]]. She&lt;blockquote&gt;looked a picture in a Gainsborough gown. The white satin skirt was flounced with sable and veiled with ''chiffon'', the setuage of which was left to show without being hemmed up. There was a broad sash of rose-pink silk and each buttonhole was filled round with crimped lisse.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Our London Letter.&quot; ''Irish Society'' (Dublin) 11 January 1890, Saturday: 17 [of 24], Col. 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001939/18900111/042/0017. Same print title, p. 29.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1890 February''' '''12, Wednesday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Lady Constance Leslie's Reception|Lady Constance Leslie's reception]] at her house in Stratford-place.

'''1890 April 9, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#The New Forest United Hunt Ball|the New Forest United Hunt Ball]].

'''1890 June 3, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the 2:30 p.m. [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Münster-Hay Wedding|wedding of Count Alexander Münster and Lady Muriel Henrietta Constance Hay]]. She is also listed as having attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Dinner and Concert Hosted by Mrs. Arthur Williams and Ball by Mrs. Menzies|ball hosted by Mrs. J. Menzies (daughter of Mrs. Arthur Wilson)]] that Prince Eddie, the Duke of Clarence and Avondale, also attended, that night.  

'''1890 July 4, Friday, 11 p.m.''', the Hon. Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#The Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace|the Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace]]. The dancing commenced shortly after 11:00. 

'''1890 July 15, Tuesday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke were invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Garden Party at Marlborough House to Meet the Queen|garden party at Marlborough House to meet the Queen]]. 

'''1890 July 19, Saturday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Wedding of James Francis Harry St. Clair-Erskine and Violet Aline Vyner|wedding of James Francis Harry St. Clair-Erskine and Violet Aline Vyner]], the two of them giving &quot;four small silver dessert dishes&quot; and Gwendolen giving an &quot;enamel and diamond pin.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marriage of Lord Loughborough with Miss Vyner.&quot; ''Fife Free Press'' 26 July 1890, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1a–2b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001110/18900726/015/0002. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 2b)

'''1890 July 24, Thursday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Dinner and Dance Hosted by Lord Alington|dance hosted by Lord Alington]] attended also by the Prince and Princess of Wales and Princesses Victoria and Maud.

'''1890 September 6, Saturday''', the ''Country Gentleman'' (as it was called at the time) reported that &quot;Muckross, the only deer forest in Ireland, it may be said, has this year been rented by Mr. Algernon Bourke, who will next week be joined there for the stalking season by his brother, Lord Mayo.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Shooting. Moors, Forests, and Fishings.&quot; ''Sporting Gazette'' 06 September 1890, Saturday: 11 [of 38], Col. 1c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002525/18900906/065/0011. Print: ''Country Gentleman'', p. 1251.&lt;/ref&gt; On 11 October 1890 the ''St. James's Gazette'' says,&lt;blockquote&gt;The Earl of Durham has been staying at Muchross, county Kerry, on a visit to the Hon. A. Bourke, who has rented the celebrated shootings and fishings on that estate for the autumn.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Society.&quot; ''St James's Gazette'' 11 October 1890, Saturday: 12 [of 16], Col. 1b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001485/18901011/064/0012. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1890 October 25, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke gave a gold-mounted box to [[Social Victorians/Loder De Vere Beauclerk Wedding|Lady Louise De Vere Beauclerk on her wedding to Gerald Loder, M.P.]], so they were probably present at the wedding, or at least the reception. Mrs. Bontein [sic Bontine], Gwendolen's mother, gave a silver box, suggesting the relationship was through the women.

'''1890 November 29, 11:30 Saturday morning''', Algernon Bourke's gift for the [[Social Victorians/Dudley-Beckwith Wedding 1890-11-29|wedding of the Hon. Francis Dudley and Miss Forbes Beckwith]] was some cases of a Bordeaux wine: &quot;three dozen Cantenac, 1875 vintage.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marriage of Lord Leigh's Heir. Descriptive Sketch of the Ceremony, and Full List of Guests and Presents.&quot; ''Leamington Spa Courier'' 6 December 1890, Saturday: 6 [of 10], Cols. 1a–4a. ''British Newspaper Archive''  https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000319/18901206/021/0006. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 3b}} Gwendolen Bourke is not listed as having been invited to the reception, but this list from the ''Leamington Spa Courier'' has some gaps.

'''1890 December 4, Thursday''', Gwendolen and Algernon Bourke attended the [[Mure-Portal Wedding 1890-12-04|wedding of Miss Mure and Mr. S. J. Portal]]. Their gift is not recorded.

'''1891 January''', Algernon Bourke took party in a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Shooting Party in Kallarnet, Totton|shooting party in Kallarnet, Totton]].

'''1891 June 24, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Dinner and Ball Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne|dinner and ball Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne]] featuring Princess Mary Adelaide, the Duke of Teck, and Princess Victoria.

'''1891 July 9, Thursday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke were invited to a [[Social Victorians/1891-07-09 Garden Party|large Garden Party at Marlborough House]] hosted by the [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]] in honor of Queen Victoria and the German Emperor and Empress. The more than 3,000 people invited also included a number of people from the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|family of the Earl of Mayo]].

'''1891 July 22, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Dinner and Dance at Alington House|dance at the Earl and Countess Alington]]'s that also included the Prince and Princess of Wales.

'''1891 October 22, Thursday''', Hon. and Mrs. Bourke attended at least the reception of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Le Strange Astley Wedding|Le Strange—Astley Wedding]], although perhaps the couple is not the Algernon Bourkes.

'''1891 November 22, Sunday''', the London ''Weekly Dispatch'' reports a performance by American &quot;Lady Magnet&quot; Mrs. Abbott, who claimed to be able to lift anybody using only her magnetic properties. An enthusiastic &quot;committee of some fifteen gentlemen presented a written and signed testimonial&quot; supporting Mrs. Abbott, &quot;the Hon. Algernon Bourke, Professor Atkinson, Dr. Hides, and three other doctors who prefer to remain incog., being among the signatories. All the medical gentlemen concerned assured the ''Evening News and Post'' reporter of their complete and unconditional surrender. One of them went so far as to say that he had come with the full determination of disbelieving, but had been quite able to act up to his resolve.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Lady Magnet. Draws Crowds of People Who Divide in Opinion about Her.&quot; ''Weekly Dispatch'' (London) 22 November 1891, Sunday: 16 [of 16], Cols. 3a–4b [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003358/18911122/203/0016. Print: same title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1892''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke privately published his ''The History of White's'', the exclusive gentleman's club.

'''1892 January 27, Saturday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended the very fashionable [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892#The Wedding of Lord Henry Cavendish Bentinck, M.P., and Lady Olivia Taylour|wedding of Lord Henry Cavendish Bentinck, M.P., and Lady Olivia Taylour]]. Their gift was not noted in the list.

'''1892 February''' '''10, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1892-02-10 Alington Leigh Wedding|very fashionable wedding of Henry, Lord Alington and Evelyn Henriette Leigh]] [[Social Victorians/1892-02-10 Alington Leigh Wedding|in St. Paul's, Knightsbridge]]

'''1892 April''' '''10, Wednesday, about 2:30 p.m.''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/1892-02-10 Alington Leigh Wedding|the very fashionable wedding between Henry Sturt, Lord Alington and Evelyn Leigh]]. Her gift was a &quot;tortoiseshell and gold heart-shaped tray.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;&quot;Lord Alington to Miss Leigh.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 20 February 1892, Saturday: 21 [of 46], Cols. 1a–3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18920220/092/0021. Same print title, p. 237.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 3a) 

'''1892 June 25, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird&quot; says &quot;That pretty Mrs. Algernon Bourke has been staying here, but returned to England in time for Ascot.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Little Bird, The. &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 25 June 1892, Saturday: 32 [of 60], Col. 3b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18920625/157/0032. Same print title, p. 860.&lt;/ref&gt; 

'''1892 December 13, Tuesday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' says Gwendolen Bourke is lovely in its coverage of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892#Wedding of Miss Eleanor M. Ewart and Captain Guy Withington|Eleanor M. Ewart and Captain Guy Withington's wedding]]. 

'''1892 December 22, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892#22 December 1892, Thursday|monthly meeting of the Zoological Society in Hanover-square]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 February 11, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke opened Willis's Restaurant:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Algernon Bourke has in his time done many things, and has generally done them well. His recently published history of White's Club is now a standard work. White's Club itself was a few years ago in its agony when Mr. Bourke stepped in and gave it a renewed lease of life. Under Mr. Bourke's auspices &quot;Willis's Restaurant&quot; opened its doors to the public on Tuesday last in a portion of the premises formerly so well known as Willis's Rooms. This new venture is to rival the Amphitryon in the matter of cuisine and wines; but it is not, like the Amphitryon, a club, but open to the public generally. Besides the restaurant proper, there are several ''cabinets particuliers'', and these are decorated with the very best of taste, and contain some fine portraits of the Georges.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marmaduke.&quot; &quot;Letter from the Linkman.&quot; ''Truth'' 20 April 1893, Thursday: 25 [of 56], Col. 1a [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18930420/075/0025# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18930420/075/0025]. Print p. 855.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1893 February 7, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#1893 February 7, Tuesday|the reception after Lady Emily Cadogan's wedding]].

'''1893 February 20, Monday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke is listed as having attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace|Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace]] held by the Prince of Wales; because wives generally are not listed, it seems likely Gwendolen Bourke attended as well.

'''1893 February 28, Tuesday, 3:00 p.m.''', Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Queens Drawing Room 1893-02-28|Queen's Drawing Room at Buckingham Palace]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 March 22, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#22 March 1893, Wednesday|Lady Wimborne's reception]].

'''1893 April 1, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke published a letter to the editor of the ''Times'', reprinted in the ''Kildare Observer'', arguing against Gladstone's Home Rule bill on the grounds that Ireland would not be able to take out a loan on its own behalf because of its obligations to the U.K., including what was called its share of the national debt.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Irish Unionist Alliance.&quot; ''Kildare Observer and Eastern Counties Advertiser'' 01 April 1893, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001870/18930401/062/0006. Print: The ''Kildare Observer'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1893 May 13, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was seen at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#13 May 1893, Saturday|exhibitions of art and furniture for sale by Christie's and on display by Lord Clifden]].

'''1893 July 13, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#The Countess of Listowel's Garden Party|Countess of Listowel's Garden Party]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#The Countess of Listowel's Garden Party|at her residence, Kingston House, Princes-gate]], accompanied by Miss Adeane.

'''1893 July 14, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Sandown Races 1893-07-14|the races at Sandown]] wearing a dark-blue-and-white outfit and black hat that got described in the newspaper.

'''1893 August 1, Tuesday – August 4, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke, at least, was at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#1 August 1893, Tuesday – 4 August 1893, Friday|the Goodwood races]], mentioned in the ''Gentlewoman'' for her beauty, although none of the dresses were noted.

'''1893 November 4–11, Wednesday–Saturday''', Gwendolen Bourke was at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#Ralph and Mary Sneyd Hosted a Shooting Party|shooting party at Keele Hall hosted by Ralph and Mary Sneyd]].

'''1893 November 30, Thursday''', with Sir Walter Gilbey the Hon. Algernon Bourke &quot;assisted&quot; in &quot;forming [a] collection&quot; of engravings by George Morland that was exhibited at Messrs. J. and W. Vokins’s, Great Portland-street.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The George Morland Exhibition at Vokins's.&quot; ''Sporting Life'' 30 November 1893, Thursday: 4 [of 4], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000893/18931130/058/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1893 December 14, Thursday, afternoon''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1893-12-14 Wedding Adele Grant and George, 7th Earl of Essex|wedding of American Adele Grant and George, 7th Earl of Essex]] and gave a &quot;pearl and gold box.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;&quot;Wedding of the Earl of Essex.&quot; ''Herts Advertiser'' 16 December 1893, Saturday; 8 [of 8], Col. 1a–4b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000415/18931216/125/0008. Print title: ''The Herts Advertiser and St Albans Times'', p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 3c}} Mr. and Mrs. Shelley Bontein also attended, and Mrs. Bontein gave a &quot;green leather bag and purse, with coronet and monogram in gold.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;{{rp|3b}}

'''1894 January 27, Saturday''', Psyche in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; in the ''Gentlewoman'' reported on a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#27 January 1894, Saturday|ball hosted by Lord and Lady Dunraven at Adare Manor]] that Gwendolen Bourke attended.

'''1894 January 31, Wednesday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke, who was dressed more stylishly than most, attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Also 31 January 1894, Wednesday|Kildare Hunt Ball]] hosted by Dermot, [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] and Geraldine, Countess of Mayo.

'''1894 February 24, Saturday''', ''The Field'' reported on a series of tennis matches; Algernon Bourke attended the one played at the Prince's Club.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Tennis.&quot; ''Field'' 24 February 1894, Saturday: 39 [of 72], Col. 1c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002446/18940224/349/0039. Print title ''The Field, The Country Gentleman's Newspaper'', p. 249.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1894 March 31, Saturday''', Psyche, in the &quot;Social Peepshow&quot; column in the ''Gentlewoman'', says that &quot;Mr. Algernon Bourke has still further embellished Willis's restaurant hard by [the St. James's Theatre], by the addition of some valuable old tapestry that lately came to the hammer at Christie's.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 31 March 1894, Saturday: 16 [of 56], Col. 2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18940331/081/0016. Same print title, p. 408.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1894 April 13, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke set sail on the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#P. and O. Line S.S. Rome for Gibraltar|P. and O. Line ''S.S. Rome'' for Gibraltar]] along with her stepfather, Mr. Shelley Bontein, and her brother, Mr. Sloane Stanley.

'''31 May 1894, Thursday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Reception at Devonshire House|Duchess of Devonshire's reception at Devonshire House]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 June 18, Monday''', the London ''Echo'' reported that Algernon Bourke was [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Brooks'|writing a history of Brooks' Club]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 June 20, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Princess Louise, Marchioness of Lorne Opened the Annual Sale of the Scottish Home Industries|Annual Sale of the Scottish Home Industries]]; her outfit was described in the article in ''Lady's Pictorial''.

'''1894 August 2, Thursday''', the column &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird&quot; says, &quot;At Willis' [restaurant] — 'What a smart cotillon Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave on Thursday evening.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Bird, The Little. &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 04 August 1894, Saturday: 30 [of 56], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18940804/148/0030. Print title same, p. 144.&lt;/ref&gt; Willis's Restaurant, King-street, St. James's, was a restaurant Algernon Bourke opened in 1893.&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 September 7, Saturday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke were at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#7 September 1894, Saturday|shooting party at Witley]], which had been loaned to one of his brothers by William Ward, 2nd Earl of Dudley.&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 October 22, Thursday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Wedding of Lord Connemara and Mrs. Coleman|luncheon after the wedding of Lord Connemara and Mrs. Coleman]].

'''1894 November 3, Saturday''', Psyche, in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; for the Gentlewoman, reported that Gwendolen Bourke had been [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#3 November 1894, Saturday|seen shopping in London]].

'''1895 January 5, Saturday, 2:00 p.m.''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke gave an old mother-of-pearl workbox to [[Wolverton-Ward Wedding 1895-01-05|Lady Edith Ward for her wedding to Frederick Glyn, Lord Wolverton]] and presumably attended the wedding and reception afterwards.&lt;p&gt;

'''1895 February 23, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#23 February 1895, Saturday|fashionable wedding of Laurence Currie and Edith Sibyl Mary Finch]]. Gwendolen Bourke is not listed as having attended, but she is not noted as absent, either. Daphne Bourke was born on 5 April 1895, probably explaining Gwendolen's absence.

'''1895 March 24, Sunday – 30 March, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#24, Sunday – 30 March 1895, Saturday|enjoying the sunny weather in Brighton]].

'''1895 April 27, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#1895 April 27, Saturday|wedding of Norah Bourke and Henry E. A. Lindsay]]. Again, Gwendolen Bourke is not listed as having attended. Daphne Bourke was born on 5 April 1895, and Psyche, writing the &quot;Social Peepshow&quot; column in the Gentlewoman, says,&lt;blockquote&gt;

I regret to hear of the serious illness of Mrs. Algernon Bourke, whose first child was born a fortnight ago. It is feared that the attack is of the nature of typhoid, but happily the patient's strength keeps up. Mrs. Bourke is at her mother's house in Clarges-street.&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 27 April 1895, Saturday: 28 [of 84], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18950427/147/0028. Same print title, p. 506.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1895 July 13, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke donated 10s. to the ''Daily Telegraph'' National Shilling Testimonial to W. G. Grace.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;''Daily Telegraph'' National Shilling Testimonial to W. G. Grace.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London) 13 July 1895, Saturday: 7 [of 12], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/18950713/079/0007. Print: ''Daily Telegraph'', p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1895 August 24, Saturday''', &quot;Marmaduke&quot; in the ''Graphic'' says that Algernon Bourke &quot;opened a cyclists' club in Chelsea.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marmaduke.&quot; &quot;Court and Club.&quot; The ''Graphic'' 24 August 1895, Saturday: 11 [of 32], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9000057/18950824/017/0011. Print p. 223.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1895 October''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#24 October 1902, Friday|opened the Prince's ice-skating rink for the]] season.if the newspapers were right that 1902 was the 7th season. He also was planning a bicycling club for Kensington Gardens to open the following season.&lt;ref&gt;Mackenzie, Ethel Morell (Miss). &quot;Pins and Needles.&quot; ''Hull Daily News'' 12 October 1895, Saturday: 24 [of 40], Col. 1a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003443/18951012/024/0024. Print title: ''Hull News Supplement'', p. 1[6? 8?].&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1895 October 7, Monday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#Adeane-Cator Wedding|Maud Adeane–John Cator wedding]].

'''1895 December 11, Wednesday''', Gwendolen and Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#Sneyd Party to Meet the Duke of Coburg|shooting party at the Sneyds' to meet the Duke of Coburg]].

'''1895 December 18, Wednesday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#Wedding of Lady Albreda Fitzwilliam and the Hon. Charles Bourke|wedding of Lady Albreda Fitzwilliam and the Hon. Charles Bourke]]. Their gift is not noted in the newspaper account.

'''1896 March 17, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#17 March 1896, Tuesday|annual dinner of the Cymmrodorion, or the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion]], a society for Welsh culture and history.

'''1896 April 21, Monday''', Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke sent a gift — a &quot;box for miniature&quot; — for [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Monday, 1896 April 27|the wedding of Lady Angela St. Clair Erskine and James Stewart Forbes]].

'''1896 May 21, Thursday''', the Hon. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Mrs. C. H. Wilson's Ball|Mrs. C. H. Wilson's ball in Grosvenor-square, London]].

'''1896 May 26, Tuesday,  through 28 May, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Coming of Age of Mr Sloane Stanley|3-day celebration in honor of the coming of age of her brother, Cyril Sloane Stanley]].

'''1896 June 15, Monday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Dinner and Dance Hosted by the Countess of Huntingdon|dance hosted by the Earl and Countess of Huntingdon]] after their dinner party.

'''1896 July 13, Monday''', Algernon Bourke (listed among the &quot;Honourables&quot;) and Mrs. A. Bourke (Listed among the &quot;Honourable Ladies&quot;) were invited to the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Queen's Garden Party at Buckingham Palace|Queen's Garden Party at Buckingham Palace]].

'''1896 June 29, Monday''', the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Cadogan-Scott Wedding 1896-06-29|wedding and reception of Lady Sophie Cadogan and Sir Samuel Scott]]. Algernon Bourke published a letter to the editor of the ''Daily Telegraph'' about White's Club — and thus Bourke's — &quot;[[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Summer Club|Summer Club]]&quot; in Kensington Park, the subject of a little controversy.

'''1896 July 21, Tuesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Dinner Hosted by Sir Horace and Lady Farquhar|dinner hosted by Sir Horace and Lady Farquhar in Grosvenor-square]].

'''1896 August 5, Wednesday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#5 August 1896|wedding of the Hon. Terence Bourke and Miss Eveline Haines]] and gave the bride an &quot;enamel muff chain.&quot;&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 August 10, Monday''', the Morning Leader reported that the Hon. Algernon Bourke, for the Foreign Office, received Li Hung Chang at St. Paul's:&lt;blockquote&gt;At St. Paul's Li Hung was received by Field-Marshal Simmons, Colonel Lane, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, of the Foreign Office (who made the necessary arrangements for the visit) and Canon Newbolt, on behalf of the Dean and Chapter. A crowd greeted Li with a cheer as he drove up in Lord Lonsdale’s striking equipage, and his Excellency was carried up the steps in an invalid chair by two stalwart constables. He walked through the centre door with his suite, and was immediately conducted by Canon Newbolt to General Gordon’s tomb in the north aisle, where a detachment of boys from the Gordon Home received him as a guard of honor.

Li inspected the monument with marked interest, and drew the attention of his suite to the remarkable likeness to the dead hero. He laid a handsome wreath of royal purple asters, lilies, maidenhair fern, and laurel, tied with a broad band of purple silk, on the tomb.

The visit was not one of inspection of the building, but on passing the middle aisle the interpreter called the attention of His Excellency to the exquisite architecture and decoration of the chancel. Li shook hands in hearty English fashion with Canon Newbolt and the other gentlemen who had received him, and, assisted by his two sons, walked down the steps to his carriage. He returned with his suite to Carlton House-terrace by way of St. Paul’s Churchyard, Cannon-st., Queen Victoria-st., and the Embankment.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;At St. Paul's.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 10 August 1896, Monday: 7 [of 12], Col. 2b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18960810/134/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 August 19, Wednesday''', the ''Edinburgh Evening News'' reported on the catering that White's Club and Mr Algernon Bourke arranged for the visiting Li Hung Chang:&lt;blockquote&gt;It is probably not generally known (says the &quot;Chef&quot;) that Mr Algernon Bourke, manager of White's Club, London, has undertaken to the whole of the catering for our illustrious visitor front the Flowery Land. Li Hung Chang has five native cooks in his retinue, and the greatest good fellowship exists between them and their English ''confreres'', although considerable difficulty is experienced in conversation in understanding one another's meaning. There are between 40 and and 50 to cater for daily, besides a staff about 30; that Mr Lemaire finds his time fully occupied. The dishes for his Excellency are varied and miscellaneous, and from 14 to 20 courses are served at each meal. The bills of fare contain such items as bird's-nest soup, pigs' kidneys stewed in cream, boiled ducks and green ginger, sharks' fins, shrimps and prawns stewed with leeks and muscatel grapes, fat pork saute with peas and kidney beans. The meal usually winds with fruit and sponge cake, and freshly-picked green tea as liqueur.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Li Hung Chang's Diet.&quot; ''Edinburgh Evening News'' 19 August 1896, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 8b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000452/18960819/057/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 November 6, Friday''', both Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke were on the committee for the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Skating Club|Prince's Club ice-skating rink]], which [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Opening of the Prince's Club Skating Rink|opened on this day]].

'''1896 November 22, week of''', Mrs. Algernon Bourke was part of a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Shooting Party at the Charles Wilsons' Warter Priory, Yorkshire|shooting party at the Charles Wilsons' Warter Priory, Yorkshire]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 November 25, Wednesday''', Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bouke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Lord and Lady Burton Hosted a Party for Derby Day|Lord and Lady Burton's party for Derby Day]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 December 4, Friday''', the Orleans Club at Brighton was robbed:&lt;blockquote&gt;The old building of the Orleans Club at Brighton, which opens its new club house at 33, Brunswick-terrace to-day, was the scene of a very ingenious burglary during the small hours of yesterday morning. The greater portion of the club property had already been removed to the new premises, but Mr Algernon Bourke, his private secretary, and some of the officials of the club, still occupied bed-rooms at the house in the King’s-road. The corner shop of the street front is occupied by Mr. Marx, a jeweller in a large way of business, and upon his manager arriving at nine o'clock he discovered that the place had been entered through hole in the ceiling, and a great part of a very valuable stock of jewelry extracted. An examination of the morning rooms of the club, which runs over Mr. Marx's establishment reveal a singularly neat  specimen of the burglar's art. A piece of the flooring about 15in square had been removed by a series of holes bored side by side with a centre-bit, at a spot where access to the lofty shop was rendered easy by a tall showcase which stood convemently near. A massive iron girder had been avoided by a quarter of an inch, and this circumstance and the general finish of the operation point to an artist in his profession, who had acquired an intimate knowledge of the premises. The club doors were all found locked yesterday morning, and the means of egress adopted by the thief are at present a mystery.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Burglary at Brighton.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London) 05 December 1896, Saturday: 5 [of 12], Col. 7a [of 7]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/18961205/090/0005. Print title: ''Daily Telegraph''; p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 December 10, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke was present to help staff a stall at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#10 December 1896, Thursday|Irish Industries Exhibition and Sale, Brighton]].

'''1896 December 31, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke hosted a New Year's Eve dance:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave a highly satisfactory and enjoyable dance on Thursday night, when the old year was danced out and the new one danced in. Most of the silver gilters at present in to len were to the fore.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Man about Town.&quot; ''Sporting Gazette'' 02 January 1897, Saturday: 7 [of 34], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002525/18970102/041/0007. Print title ''The County Gentleman'', p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 January 9, Saturday''', Psyche in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; says that Algernon Bourke's &quot;cheerful countenance was quite in keeping with the [Christmas] season,&quot; seen in London.&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 9 January 1897, Saturday: 22 [of 56], Col. 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970109/097/0022. Same print title, p. 40.&lt;/ref&gt; 

'''1897 January 13, Wednesday – 18, Monday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke were guests of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Warwickshire Hunt Club Ball|house party associated with the Warwickshire Hunt Ball]] at [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Warwick Castle]].

'''1897 January 30, Saturday''', Gwendolen Bourke was reported to have been out shopping in London: &quot;Another charming figure was that of Mrs. Algernon Bourke all in chinchilla, with something of pale blue in a smart toque.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 30 January 1897, Saturday: 20 [of 59]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970130/107/0020. Same print title, p. 134.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 May 31, Monday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke were present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#House Party at Warwick Castle|House Party at Warwick Castle]] hosted by the Earl and Countess of Warwick.

'''1897 June 2, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Reception at the Foreign Office|reception at the Foreign Office]].

'''1897 June 12, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' reported on Gwendolen Bourke's dress and hat at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Duchess of Albany's Bazaar at the Imperial Institute|Duchess of Albany's Bazaar at the Imperial Institute]]. 

'''1897 June 19, Saturday''', Psyche in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; column in the ''Gentlewoman'' writes that Gwendolen Bourke was seen driving in London, &quot;in blue, ... looking as usual very handsome.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 19 June 1897, Saturday: 28 [of 108], Col. 2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970619/159/0028. Same print title, p. 848.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 June 28, Monday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke were invited to the [[Social Victorians/Diamond Jubilee Garden Party|Garden Party at Buckingham Palace]], the final official event of the London Diamond Jubilee celebrations. Members of the family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] were also among the 5,000–6,000 people invited.

'''1897 July 2, Friday''', the Hon. A. and Mrs. A. Bourke and Mr. and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] at Devonshire House.

'''1897 July 8, Thursday, 11:00 p.m.''', Hon. Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke were present at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace|the Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace]]. The dancing commenced shortly after 11:00 p.m.

'''1897 July 11–16, week of''', a dog of Gwendolen Bourke's won a prize at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Ladies' Kennel Association show in the Royal Botanic Gardens in Regent's Park|Ladies' Kennel Association show in the Royal Botanic Gardens in Regent's Park]]. 

'''1897 July 23, Friday''', both the Hon. Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Bourke-Curzon Cricket Match at the Queen's Club|Bourke-Curzon cricket match at the Queen's Club]], which Algernon Bourke's team lost. 

'''1897 July 23 — or July 30, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Lady Burton's party at Chesterfield House|Lady Burton's party at Chesterfield House]]. &lt;blockquote&gt;Far the prettiest women in the room were Lady Henry Bentinck (who looked perfectly lovely in pale yellow, with a Iong blue sash; and Mrs. Algernon Bourke, who was as smart as possible in pink, with pink and white ruchings on her sleeves and a tall pink feather in her hair.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lady Burton's Party at Chesterfield House.&quot; ''Belper &amp; Alfreton Chronicle'' 30 July 1897, Friday: 7 [of 8], Col. 1c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004151/18970730/162/0007. Print title: ''Belper and Alfreton Chronicle''; n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 August 2, Monday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Warwick House Party for the Easton Lodge Cricket Week Games|Earl and Countess of Warwick's house party for Easton Lodge cricket week]].

'''1897 August 2, Monday''', Mrs. Algernon Bourke was listed as among [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Most Beautiful Women in England|the most beautiful women in England]] in an article from ''Vanity Fair'' that was reprinted elsewhere.

'''1897 September 25, Saturday''', according to the ''Pall Mall Gazette'',&lt;blockquote&gt;The [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Dowager-Countess of Mayo]] is staying with her son, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, at Bramnber, near Brighton.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pall Mall Gazette Office.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 25 September 1897, Saturday: 8 [of 10], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18970925/023/0008. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1897 October 2, Saturday''', &quot;Yenatrix&quot; in &quot;Kennel Column&quot; in the ''Gentlewoman'' reported that Gwendolen Bourke had joined the Ladies' Kennel Association.&lt;ref&gt;Yenatrix. &quot;Kennel Column.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 02 October 1897, Saturday: 39 [of 61], Col. 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18971002/182/0039. Same print title, p. 434.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 October 9, Saturday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke were at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Harrogate|Harrogate, presumably taking the waters and baths]]. Lady May was on her way to visit Algernon Bourke in Brighton:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Earl of Mayo is expected to return from Sweden on Saturday next. Lady Mayo leaves Bournemouth on Sarurday for Brighton, where she will pay a two days' visit to her brother-in-law, the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]]. The Earl and Countess will then return to Palmerstown, their seat in County Kildare.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pall Mall Gazette Office.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 7 October 1897, Thursday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18971007/022/0008. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1897 October 30, Saturday''', ''Black and White'' published '''J.P.B.'''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s &quot;The Case of Mrs. Elliott,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;J.P.B. &quot;The Case of Mrs. Elliott.&quot; ''Black &amp; White'' 30 October 1897, Saturday: 12 [of 34], Cols. 1a–2b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004617/18971030/036/0012. Print title ''Black and White'', p. 542.&lt;/ref&gt; an odd short short story in which the Honourable Algernon Bourke Herriott is &quot;rude to Mrs. Elliott,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2b}} presumably having proposed sexual relations while her husband is out. J.P.B. links to the biographical Algernon Bourke's career in the stock market in the description of Mrs. Christine Elliott not even simulating interest in her husband's bicycling: &quot;a soul is a grievous burthen for a stockbroker's wife,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2a}} suggesting that Mr. Elliott rather than Algernon Bourke Herriott is the stockbroker. The Hon. Algy&lt;blockquote&gt;was a senior member of several junior clubs. A woman had dubbed him once &quot;a rip with a taste for verses.&quot; The description was severe, but not unwarranted. His was a pretty pagan sensualism, though, singing from a wine palate to Church music. For the rest, he had just imagination enough to despise mediocrity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2a}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 November 25–26, Thursday–Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke was in Brighton, helping the Countess of Mayo at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Irish Industries' Association Annual Exhibition|bazaar of the Irish Industries' Association]].

'''1897 December 7, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#7 December 1897, Tuesday|7th annual dinner for the Actors' Benevolent Fund]].

'''1897 December 30''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Blenheim Palace Party with Amateur Theatricals|party at Blenheim Palace in which people performed tableaux vivants]] that got reported on, many of whom wearing the costumes from the Duchess of Devonshire's ball. The ''Irish Independent'' said Algernon Bourke was &quot;mainly responsible for the living pictures.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr Algernon Bourke ....&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 05 January 1898, Wednesday: 6 [of 8], Col. 2c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001985/18980105/115/0006.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1898''', Algernon Bourke called a meeting at White's Club about attempting to [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Thames Salmon Experiment|restock the Thames with salmon]]. In 1899 he was on a [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#Committees|committee led by the Lord Mayor about this topic]] as well.

'''1898 February 3, Thursday''',  Algernon Bourke was among [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#The Dundee Evening Telegraph Report on People at Monte Carlo|those visiting Monte Carlo according to the Dundee ''Evening Telegraph'']].

'''1898 March 12, Saturday''', ''The World'' reported on Algernon Bourke's upgrading of the Orleans Club at Brighton:&lt;blockquote&gt;

The Orleans Club at Brighton is flourishing exceedingly, and the new buildings which Mr. Algernon Bourke has just had erected at the back of the comfortable mansion at the corner of Lansdowne-place now provide all that was wanting to make the present habitat of the club all that its members desire. The new billiard-room is rapidly approaching completion, and the coffee-room, excellent and spacious now, was open on Saturday night, when every table was occupied by club diners and their guests, all of whom were enthusiastic over the excellence of this latest addition to the comfort of the house. All interested may be congratulated on what is practically new lease of life to the Orleans Club, than which there is no more comfortable place stay within the four seas.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From '''The World''.'&quot; ''East &amp; South Devon Advertiser'' 12 March 1898, Saturday: 6 pop 8], Col. 2b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001639/18980312/132/0006. Print title ''The East and South Devon Advertiser'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1898 March 30, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke was charged with assaulting a Mr. Potter, but it is not clear from this account what exactly happened:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Hon. Algernon H. Bourke, of Bramber, was summoned, at the instance of Mr. Walter John Potter, clerk to Mr. G. A. Flowers, solicitor, of Steyning, for assault, on the 30th March. — Mr. J. Edward Dell supported the case, and Mr. J. C. Buckwell defended, and pleaded not guilty. — The evidence was to the effect that Mr. Potter had occasion go to defendant's house on Wednesday last to serve a writ. He was going to drop the letter into [Col. 5c–6a] defendant's pocket when he turned and struck him a violent blow on the chest, making witness stagger backwards. Witness put up his hands to keep his balance, and defendant then struck him violently across the head with a weeding spud. — Richard Reed, who was at work for Mr. Bourke on the date named, and was working in garden at the time of the alleged assault, gave corroborative evidence. — Defendant, in the witness box, made a similar statement. — The magistrates differed as to whether the assault was committed, and dismissed the case.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Steyning.&quot; ''Sussex Express'' 9 April 1898, Saturday: 2 [of 12], Col. 5c–6a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000654/18980409/036/0002. Print: ''The Sussex Express, Surrey Standard, Weald of the Kent Mail, Hants and County Advertiser'', p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1898 April 12, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was among [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#1898 April 12, Tuesday|those visiting Monte Carlo according to the ''Gentlewoman'']].

'''1898 May 25, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke wore pink to [[Social Victorians/1898-05-25 Savoy Dinner Dance Hwfa|Mrs. Hwfa Williams' dinner-dance at the Savoy]].

'''1898 June 7, Tuesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. A. Bourke were invited to and probably attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#7 June 1898, Tuesday|State Ball at Buckingham Palace hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales]].

'''1898 July 4, Thursday afternoon''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke were invited to and probably attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#Garden Party at Marlborough House|Garden Party at Marlborough House given to the Queen and Shah of Persia]].

'''1898 October 29, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#Tennis Championship Game at Prince's Club, Knightsbridge|tennis match at Prince's Club, Knightsbridge]].

'''1898 November 22, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#Shooting Party Hosted by William James|shooting party hosted by Mr. William James]].

'''1898 December 3, Saturday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. A. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#The Funeral of Lady Connemara|funeral of Lady Connemara in Christ Church]], Down street, Piccadilly.&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 January 10, Tuesday''', the Brighton Championship Dog Show opened:&lt;blockquote&gt;Princess of Wales a Winner at the Ladies’ Kennel Club Show.

[Exclusive to &quot;The Leader.&quot;)

The Brighton Championship Dog Show opened in the Dome and Corn Exchange yesterday, and was very well patronised by visitors and exhibitors. Among the latter was H.R.H. the Princess of Wales, who did very well; and others included Princess Sophie Duleep Singh, Countess De Grey, Sir Edgar Boehm, the Hon Mrs. Algernon Bourke, Lady Cathcart, Lady Reid, Mr. Shirley (chairman of the Kennel Club), and the Rev. Hans Hamiiton (president of the Kennel Club).

The entry of bloodhounds is one of the best seen for some time; the Great Danes are another strong lot; deerhounds are a fine entry, all good dogs, and most of the best kennels represented; borzois are another very stylish lot. The bigger dogs are, as usual, in the Corn Exchange and the &quot;toy&quot; dogs in the Dome. To everyone's satsfaction the Princess of Wales carried off two first prizes with Alex in the borzois class.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Dogs at Brighton.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 11 January 1899, Wednesday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18990111/142/0008. Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 January 11, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#11 January 1899, Wednesday|a luncheon at Stanfield-hall, home of Mr. and Mrs. Basil Montogomery, for Princess Henry of Battenberg]], that also included the Countess of Dudley (sister of Mrs. Montgomery), General Oliphant, and the Mayor and Mayoress of Romsey.

'''1899 January 17–18, Tuesday and Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Ladies' Kennel Association in Brighton|Ladies' Kennel Association in Brighton]], where she showed an Italian greyhound named Brenda.

'''1899 February 7, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke was a member of the very high-ranking committee organizing the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Gordon Memorial College Ball|Gordon Memorial College Ball at the Hotel Cecil on 7 February 1899]]. The committee had been planning for the ball, of course, for at least 3 weeks before.

'''1899 February 22, Wednesday – April''', Gwendolen Bourke was part of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Society in St. Moritz|Society in St. Moritz]]. 1899 March 29, Wednesday, the ''Dundee Advertiser'' says that [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#29 March 1899, Wednesday|Cyril Sloane-Stanley was spending part of the winter in St. Moritz]] with his sister Gwendolen Bourke.

'''1899 April 7, Friday, probably''', oddly, Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke are not reported to have attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Funeral of the Hon. Charles Bourke, C.B.|Funeral of the Hon. Charles Bourke, C.B.]] or even to have sent flowers.

'''1899 April 8, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' reported that Gwendolen Bourke had gone to [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#8 April 1899, Saturday|St. Moritz with her brother, Mr. Stanley, who had gotten engaged to Lady Cairns]].

'''1899 April 26, Wednesday''', according to &quot;Local and District News&quot; for Totton, Gwendolen Bourke was &quot;ill with influenza in Paris, and Mrs. Shelley Bontein, her mother, has gone out to nurse her.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Local and District News. Totton.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 26 April 1899, Wednesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 2b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18990426/037/0004. Print title ''Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1899 June 1, Thursday, or 2, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Wedding of Roger Cyril Sloane Stanley and Olivia, Countess Cairns|wedding of her brother, Sloane Stanley and Olivia Countess Cairns]] at Holy Trinity Church, Brompton.

'''1899 June 8, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke's money troubles:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Hon. Algernon Bourke, son of the Earl of Mayo, has been appearing before the official receivers in connection with a winding-up order made against Willis’ Restaurant, Limited. The companyf [sic] was formed to acquire the well known restaurant from the Hon. H. A. Bourke. The chairman reminded the creditors that on the last occasion the meeting was adjourned because Mr. Bourke said he thought he would be able in the course of a fortnight to obtain an offer for a sum sufficient to satisfy the creditors and debenture holders. He had received a letter from Mr. Bourke to the effect that he had been unable to complete arrangements. Having looked into the affairs of the company more closely, it appeared to him that Mr. Bourke was legally liable to repay the sum of £5,000 which was advanced to White's Club, and the question would arise whether Mr. Bourke was not also liable to repay the sum of £4,000.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr. Bourke Must Pay.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 8 June 1899, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 8c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001985/18990608/118/0004. Print title: ''The Irish Weekly Independent'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1899 July 1, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#1 July 1899, Saturday|meeting in London at the Duke of Westminster's Grosvenor House]] about preserving Killarney as part of the National Trust and seems to have been acting for someone who wanted to purchase the Muckross Estate.

'''1899 July 5, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Dinner and Dance at Devonshire House|dance at Devonshire House hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire]].

'''1899 July 6, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Joan Wilson and Guy Fairfax's Wedding|wedding of Joan Wilson and Guy Fairfax in St. Mark's, near Grosvenor Square]].

'''1899 July 14, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#14 July 1899, Friday|Ernest Beckett's dinner party]].

'''1899 July 18, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Ludovici Lecture on Impressionism|lecture on Impressionism by Ludovici hosted by the Countess of Mayo]].

'''1899 July 28, Friday''', [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#White's|White's Club]] was no longer under Algernon Bourke's management and was reconstituting itself after the possibility that it would have to close.

'''1889 July 31, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#Fete of the Uxbridge Habitation of the Primrose League|Fete of the Uxbridge Habitation of the Primrose League]] at Hillingdon Court and hosted by the Hon. Algernon and Lady Mary Mills.

'''1899 September 9, Saturday''', the ''Eastern Morning News'' includes Algernon Bourke (&quot;St. James's-street, London, club proprietor&quot;) in a list of men &quot;Receiving Orders,&quot; which it is reprinting from the ''London Gazette''.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Receiving Orders.&quot; ''Eastern Morning'' News 9 September 1899, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 3c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001152/18990909/074/0005. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 October 19, Thursday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke had a bankruptcy hearing:&lt;blockquote&gt;The public examination of the Hon. Algernon Bourke was held before Mr Registrar Giffard yesterday, at the London Bankruptcy Court. The debtor, described as proprietor of a St. James's-street club, furnished a statement of affairs showing unsecured debts £13,694 and debts fully secured £12,800, with assets which are estimated at £4,489 [?]. He stated, in reply to the Official Receiver, that he was formerly a member of the Stock Exchange, but had nothing to do with the firm of which he was a member during the last ten years. He severed his connection with the firm in May last, and believed he was indebted to them to the extent of £2,000 or £3,000. He repudiated a claim which they now made for £37,300. In 1889 he became proprietor of White's Club, St. James's-street, and carried it on until January 1st last, when he transferred it to a company called Recreations, Limited. One of the objects of the company was to raise money on debentures. The examination was formally adjourned.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 October 20, Friday''', the ''Morning Leader'' mentions Bourke's bankruptcy:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Algernon Bourke, whose bankruptcy is much talked about, has been connected with numerous enterprises in clubland. He raised White's from the slough into which it had sunk after the secession of the Prince of Wales. He started the Willis Restaurant, put fresh life into the Orleans Club at Brighton, arranged a big restaurant for the bicyclists in the time of the bicycle parade, and was concerned at first in the smart and short-lived Trafalgar Bicycle Club. At one time his name spelt success. Latterly his luck has left him. He is a brother of Lord Mayo, a son of the peer who was assassinated at the post of duty, and is one of the best known men about town of the day.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Club, Stage, and Salon.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 20 October 1899, Friday: 6 [of 12], Col. 5b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18991020/085/0006. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1899 November 8, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke's bankruptcy case came up again:&lt;blockquote&gt;At Bankruptcy Court, yesterday, the case the Hon. Algernon Bourke again came on for hearing before Mr. Registrar Giffard, and the examination was concluded. The debtor has at various times been proprietor of White’s Club, St. James’s-street, and the Orleans’ Club, Brighton, and also of Willis's Restaurant, King-street, St. James's. He attributed his failure to losses sustained by the conversion of White’s Club and the Orleans' Club into limited companies, to the payment of excessive Interest on borrowed money, and other causes. The liabilities amount to £26,590, of which £13,694 are stated to be unsecured, and assets £4,409.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Affairs of the Hon. A. Bourke.&quot; ''Globe'' 09 November 1899, Thursday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001652/18991109/020/0002. Print p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 December 23, Saturday''', &quot;Mr. Algernon Bourke has departed for a tour in Africa, being at present the guest of his brother in Tunis.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Society Pages.&quot; ''Walsall Advertiser'' 23 December 1899, Saturday: 7 [of 8], Col. 7b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001028/18991223/143/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1899 December 29, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke was at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Christmas Party Hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough|Christmas Party Hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 December 31''', the San Francisco newspaper ''The Wave'' wrote the following about London society:&lt;blockquote&gt;The most prominent untitled people in London may be said to be Mr. and Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Williams|Hwfa Williams]], Mr. and Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Grenfell|Willie Grenfell]] and Mr. Algy Bourke. That they are passing rich, goes without saying, and that they entertain lavishly, understood — for to be untitled, prominent and successful, argues wealth, hospitality and cleverness.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London.&quot; The (San Francisco) ''Wave'' 14 January 1899 (Vol. XIX, No. 2): 14. ''The Internet Archive'' https://archive.org/details/wave19unse/page/n20/mode/1up.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 1900s ===

'''1900 February 15, Thursday''', Daphne Bourke, the four-year-old daughter of the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke was a bridesmaid in the [[Social Victorians/Wilson Chesterfield Wedding 1900-02-15|wedding of Enid Wilson and the Earl of Chesterfield]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London Day by Day.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph'' 15 February 1900, Thursday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/19000215/175/0008. Name in British Newspaper Archive: ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London). Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt; Gwendolen Bourke, &quot;who was in grey, wore a chinchilla toque with violets.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society. Entertainments, Balls, &amp;c.&quot; ''The Queen'' 24 February 1900, Saturday: 40 [of 76], Col. 1a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/19000224/235/0040. Print: ''The Queen, The Lady's Newspaper'', p. 308.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1900 March 10, Saturday''', the ''Weekly Irish Times'' reprinted society gossip from ''The World'':&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke, who has been staying with her husband's uncle, old Connemara, during Mr. Algernon Bourke's absence abroad, has taken a new house near Portman square, and will be settling there before Easter.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip.&quot; ''Weekly Irish Times'' 10 March 1900, Saturday: 17 [of 20], Col. 1b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001684/19000310/116/0017. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1900 July''' '''17, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke took part in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#17 July 1900, Tuesday|Children's Fete in support of the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children]] on the grounds of the Royal Botanic Society. Daphe was 5 at this time, so it seems logical that she would have been there, too.

'''1900 July 30, Monday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Barber of Seville at Covent Garden|''The Barber of Seville'' at Covent Garden]].

'''1890 August 6, Friday''', &quot;[[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Beautiful Women|Beautiful Women]],&quot; an article in ''Vanity Fair'' that was reprinted elsewhere, mentions Gwendolen Bourke (&quot;Lady Algernon Bourke&quot;) as one of the most beautiful women in England.

'''1900 August 11, Saturday''', Gwendolen Bourke got&lt;blockquote&gt;the pretty little Yorkshire String, an especially tiny mite, weighing only 2&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;/&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;lb, and carrying a very promising coat, ... at the Aquarium Show.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Witchampton Kennel.&quot; &quot;Ladies Kennels.&quot; ''Ladies' Field'' 11 August 1900, Saturday: 16 [of 60], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0006043/19000811/043/0016. Print title same, p. 390.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1900 September 16''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke became the heir presumptive to the Earldom of Mayo when his older brother Captain Hon. Sir Maurice Archibald Bourke died.&lt;p&gt;

'''1900 October 06, Saturday''', the ''Weekly Irish Times'' says that Mr. Algernon Bourke, now heir presumptive to the earldom of Mayo, &quot;has been for some months lately staying with Mr. Terence Bourke in Morocco.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip.&quot; ''Weekly Irish Times'' 06 October 1900, Saturday: 14 [of 20], Col. 3b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001684/19001006/121/0014. Print p. 14.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 May 30, Thursday''', the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke attended the fashionable [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1901 May 30, Thursday|Ladies' Kennel Association Dog Show at the Botanic Garden]].

'''1901 July 2, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke — &quot;pretty Mrs. Algernon Bourke, in a mauve gown and and purple tulle toque&quot; — attended a children's party at the Botanic Gardens hosted by the Earl and Countess of Kilmorey.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Earl of Kilmorey, K.P.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 13 July 1901: Saturday, 50 [of 84], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010713/237/0050. Print: title the same, p. 60.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1901 July 4, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke — dressed &quot;in pale grey, with her pretty little girl,&quot; 6-year-old Daphne — attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Countess of Yarborough's Children's Party|children's party hosted by the Countess of Yarborough]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Countess of Yarborough ....&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 13 July 1901, Saturday: 76 [of 84], Col. 2b, 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010713/381/0076. Print p. xxxvi.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 3a}}

'''1901 July 4–6, Thursday–Saturday''', Gwendolen Bourke helped staff the Perthshire stall&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Great County Sale.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 29 June 1901, Saturday: 43 [of 72], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010629/223/0043# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010629/223/0043]. Same print title, pp. 679.&lt;/ref&gt; at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Great County Sale|Great County Sale in the Imperial Gardens of the Earl's Court Exhibition]].

'''1901 July 20, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' published the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke's portrait (identified with &quot;Perthshire&quot;) in its 3rd series of &quot;The Great County Sale at Earl's Court. Portraits of Stallholders.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Great County Sale at Earl's Court. Portraits of Stallholders.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 20 July 1901, Saturday: 31 [of 60], Col. 4b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010720/141/0031. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt; Their daughter Daphne appears in the portrait as well.

'''1901 July 23, Tuesday''', an &quot;Hon. Mrs. Bourke&quot; was in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox|party &quot;entertained by Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox]].&quot;&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 September 12, Thursday''', Mrs. Gwendolen Bourke wanted her name listed as Mrs. Algernon Bourke in the Electoral Register, apparently a frequent complaint:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Underhill, the Conservative agent, mentioned to the Revising Barrister (Mr. William F. Webster) that the name of the Hon. Mrs. Gwendolen Bourke was on the list in respect of the house, 75, Gloucester-place. The lady had written to him to say that she was the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke and that she wished that name to appear on the register. In reply to the Revising Barrister, Mr. Underhill said that “Algernon” was the name of the lady’s husband.

Mr. Cooke, the rate-collector, said that Mrs. Bourke had asked to be addressed Mrs. Algernon Bourke, but that the Town Clerk thought the address was not a correct one. The lady signed her cheques Gwendolen.”

Mr. Underhill said the agents frequently had indignant letters from ladies because they were not addressed by their husband’s Christian name.

The Revising Barrister — lf a lady gave me the name of Mrs. John Smith I should say I had not got the voter’s name. The name Gwendolen must remain.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;&quot;Ladies’ Names.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 12 September 1901, Thursday: 7 [of 10], Col. 3a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/19010912/130/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1901 October 26, Friday''', Algernon Bourke was on the Men's Committee of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Club Ice-skating Rink|Prince's Club Ice-skating Rink]], which had [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Prince's Club Ice-skating Rink Opening|its official opening on his day]]. 

'''1902 January''', Algernon Bourke is mentioned in [[Social Victorians/Schools#&quot;More of My Contemporaries at School.&quot;|reminiscences of Eton written by the &quot;Earl of X&quot;]] as being among those in the &quot;world of letters,&quot; and whose brother, later the Earl of Mayo, the Earl of X did not like. 

'''1902 January 25, Saturday''', Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave a box to Lady Helen Stewart-Vane-Tempest in honor of [[Social Victorians/Stewart-Stavordale Wedding 1902-01-25|Lady Helen's wedding to Giles Fox-Strangways, Lord Stavordale]]. 

'''1902 April 26, Saturday''', Mrs. A. Bourke is listed as being at the Norfolk Hotel in Brighton.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Guide to Visitors at Hotels and Boarding Houses.&quot; ''Brighton Gazette'' 26 April 1902, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000938/19020426/116/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt; 

'''1902 May, End of''', Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#End of May 1902|party at Blenheim Palace hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough]]. 

'''1902 June 11, Monday''', the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke had a dog entered in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Ladies' Kennel Association Show|Ladies' Kennel Association competitions in the Botanic Gardens]]. 

'''1902 September 4, Thursday''', the ''Daily Express'' reported that &quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke is staying with Lord and Lady Alington at Scarborough.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Onlooker.&quot; &quot;My Social Diary.&quot; &quot;Where People Are.&quot; ''Daily Express'' 04 September 1902, Thursday: 5 [of 8], Col. 1b? [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004848/19020904/099/0005. Print p. 4, Col. 7b [of 7].&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1902 September 22, Monday''', Gwendolen Bourke was a guest at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Earl and Countess of Mar and Kellie's House Party|large house party hosted by the Earl and Countess of Mar and Kellie]].

'''1902 October 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Annual Opening of the Prince's Ice-skating Rink|opened the Prince's ice-skating rink for the season]], which he had been doing since 1895.

'''1902 October 25, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was bequeathed £500 by his uncle [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Robert Bourke]], who had died 3 September 1902.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Will of Lord Connemara.&quot; ''Kildare Observer and Eastern Counties Advertiser'' 25 October 1902, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 4b–c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001870/19021025/037/0002. Print title the ''Kildare Observer'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 October 31, Friday''', the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Annual Opening of the Prince's Ice-skating Rink|7th opening of the Prince's Skating Club]]. Guendoline Bourke was on the Women's Committee and Algernon Bourke was on the Men's.&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 November 8, Friday, beginning, perhaps''', Gwendolen Bourke was part of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#8 November 1902, Saturday|Earl and Countess of Warwick's shooting party at Easton Lodge]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 December 9, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#9 December 1902, Tuesday|Lady Eva Wyndham-Quin's &quot;at home,&quot; held at the Welch Industrial depot]] for the sale Welsh-made Christmas gifts and cards. Bourke wore &quot;a fur coat and a black picture hat.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Lady Correspondent.&quot; &quot;Society in London.&quot; ''South Wales Daily News'' 11 December 1902, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000919/19021211/082/0004. Print p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1903 February 6, Friday''', Hon. Mrs A. Bourke was present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Dinner Party Hosted by Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and the Countess of Dudley|dinner party Hosted by Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and the Countess of Dudley]]. &lt;p&gt;

'''1903 February 9, Monday''', Gwendolen Bourke was present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Dinner Party Hosted by Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and the Countess of Dudley|house party at Dublin Castle hosted by the Lord Lieutenant and Countess of Dudley that began the Viceregal season]].

'''1903 March 17, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke staffed a booth at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1903 March 17, Tuesday|sale of the Irish Industries Association]] on St. Patrick's Day with [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Lady Mayo]], [[Social Victorians/People/Dudley|Georgina Lady Dudley]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Miss Beresford]]. A number of other aristocratic women were also present at the sale in other booths, including [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Lady Londonderry]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Lucan|Lady Lucan]].

'''1903 June 19, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke was invited to the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Grand Ball in the Waterloo Chamber at Windsor Castle|grand ball at Windsor Castle]], the end of the Ascot-week festivities.

'''1903 June 23, Tuesday''', Gwendolen and Daphne Bourke were invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1903 June 23, Tuesday|children's party at Buckingham Palace for Prince Eddie's birthday]].

'''1903 July 10, Friday, or so''', Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Party Hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough|party hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough]].

'''1904 May 17, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke had agreed to let Daphne appear in the tableaux vivants arranged by Sir Philip Burne-Jones for the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Countess Cadogan's Great Bazaar|Countess of Cadogan's great bazaar]]. Some mothers had had to decline because of the outbreaks of measles and chicken pox.&lt;p&gt;

'''1904 June 30, Thursday''', Gwendolen and Daphne Bourke attended another birthday party for Prince Eddie at Buckingham Palace, and the ''Gentlewoman'' says, &quot;No prettier little girl was to be seen that day than little Miss Daphne Bourke, the daughter of the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke, with her wonderful Irish eyes and colouring, her pretty white frock being relieved with a rose pink sash.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Prince Eddie's Birthday.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 02 July 1904, Saturday: 68 [of 92]. Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19040702/360/0068. Print: title the same, p. 42.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1904 September 15, Thursday''', according to what was at the time called the ''Irish Daily Independent and Nation'', Algernon Bourke was living in Venice and not in the UK at this point:&lt;blockquote&gt;Algernon Bourke, who usually lives in Venice, has spent some time in England during the present summer, and has now gone on a fishing expedition to Sweden, accompanied by his brother, Lord Mayo. Lady Mayo has been staying meanwhile in Ireland, and has had a visit from her mother, Lady Maria Ponsonby, who is a sister of Lend Obventry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;&quot;Society Notes.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 15 September 1904, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001986/19040915/131/0004. Print title: ''Irish Daily Independent and Nation'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1904 October 22, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' reported that &quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke is paying a visit to Venice, which Mr. Bourke has made his headquarters for several years past, as he is connected with some very artistic stone and marble works situated near the Grand Canal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 22 October 1904, Saturday: 24 [of 6ths 8], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19041022/112/0024. Print title same, p. 672.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1905 February 17, Friday''', the Dundee ''Evening Post'' reported that Algernon Bourke &quot;set up a shop in Venice for the sale of art treasures and old furniture.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social News.&quot; Dundee ''Evening Post'' 17 February 1905, Friday: 6 [of 6], Col. 7b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000582/19050217/105/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1905 April 26, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#New Forest United Hunt Ball|New Forest United Hunt Ball]], as did her brother Captain R. C. H. Sloane Stanley and his wife Olivia Countess Cairns.&lt;p&gt;

'''1905 June 5, Monday''', Algernon Bourke wrote to the ''Times'' from Venice that &quot;The Venetian wits have suggested a motto for Admiral Togo, Togo Tenga Tutto (Togo takes the lot).&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr. Algernon Bourke.&quot; ''Hull Daily Mail'' 08 June 1905, Thursday: 2 [of 6], Col. 6a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000324/19050608/008/0002. Print title ''Daily Mail'', p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1905, last week of July''', Gwendolen Bourke and daughter Daphne Bourke — who was 10 years old — attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Last week of July, 1905|Lady Cadogan's children's party at Chelsea House]]. Daphne was &quot;One of loveliest little girls present.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Social News.&quot; ''Belfast News-Letter'' 01 August 1905, Tuesday: 7 [of 10], Col. 6b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000038/19050801/157/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1906 March 9, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke was a reference for Mr. Frances Burgess, who taught piano, singing, voice production, organ and music theory. Burgess was &quot;Organist and Choirmaster of St. Columbs', North Kensington, Director of the Plainsong and Medieval Music Society's Choir, etc., etc.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot;&gt;&quot;Mr. Francis Burgess.&quot; ''Kilburn Times'' 9 March 1906, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001813/19060309/086/0003. Print title: ''Kilburn Times Hampstead and North-western Press'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1906 December 10, Monday''', Gwendolen Bourke was seen in the tea room, possibly with Lady Grosvenor, at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1906 December 10, Monday|Lady Dudley's sale of Irish needlework]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1907 May''', a &quot;naval signalling incident&quot; [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#May 1887|caused the Waterford ''Evening News'' to recall a similar event]] that had occurred 20 years earlier, in which Algernon Bourke, as special correspondent for the ''Times'', publicized [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles Beresford]]'s use of his ship's signalling capabilities to send a message to his wife about being late for dinner:&lt;blockquote&gt;

The naval signalling incident is still in the air. It is expected that the matter will not be threshed out until Emperor William leaves England. A story of a former signalling incident in which [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles Beresford]] was concerned is going the rounds at the moment.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1907 August 24, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was present at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Polo Week at Eaton Hall, Duke and Duchess of Westminster|Polo Week at Eaton Hall, hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Westminster]].

'''1908 July 30, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke was at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Glorious Goodwood. Cup Day and Dresses.|Cup Day at the Goodwood races]], wearing salmon-pink with a matching hat.

'''1909 April 20, Tuesday''', Lady Rosemary Cairns — daughter of Olivia Sloan-Stanley, Countess Cairns and Cyril Sloane-Stanley — and Wyndham Portal were [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#20 April 1909, Tuesday|married in St. Margaret's, Westminster]]. Lavender and Diane Sloane-Stanley were bridesmaids.&lt;p&gt;

'''1909 May 22, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke appears to have been living in Pisa. A columnist for the ''Queen'' reported on the Royal School of Art Needlework:&lt;blockquote&gt;Lady Leconfield [?] was there, also her sister-in-law, the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Dowager Lady Mayo]], only just back from her winter on the Continent, when she spent most of the time at Pisa, where her son Mr Algernon Bourke has also been staying. The latter is a great connoisseur as regards [art?] notably in what is really good in the way of old Italian sculpture and carving. He and his handsome wife have a place near to Putney, and this winter again Mr Bourke, as the result of his Italian travels, has been sending home such relics of the old Italian palace gardens as as stone and marble carved vases, garden seats, and what-not of the kind — not all for himself and his own gardens by any means, I fancy; but his friends, relying on his knowledge in such matters, get him when abroad to choose for [them?] the adornment of their English terraces and gardens.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;My Social Diary.&quot; The ''Queen'' 22 May 1909, Saturday: 31 [of 86], Col. 1b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/19090522/203/0031. Print p. 871.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1909 September''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was among the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Visitors in Venice from the U.K.|many visitors from &quot;England&quot; in Venice]] in September.

=== 1910s ===
'''1910 April 20, Wednesday''', the ''Tatler'' printed an &quot;open letter&quot; to Geraldine, Countess of Mayo, as part of its &quot;The Searchlight in Society&quot; series and mentioned Algernon Bourke, saying he had been keeping &quot;a curiosity shop at Venice&quot;:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Bourkes have brains, and a good example is afforded by Mr. Algernon Bourke, next brother to Lord Mayo and heir-presumptive to the title. He is a good-looking man who used to be known as Buttons Bourke, and he married well, as his wife was the rich and pretty Miss Guendolen Sloane Stanley. He may be described as a &quot;Jack of all trades,&quot; but it is not I who will say that he is a master of none. He was once in the Stock Exchange, then he took White's Club in hand and restored it to much of its former prestige. After that he dabbled in smart hotels and restaurants, and the last thing I heard of him was that he kept a curiosity shop at Venice.&lt;ref&gt;Candida. &quot;The Searchlight in Society. Our Open Letter. No. CII. The Countess of Mayo.&quot; The ''Tatler'' 20 April 1910, Wednesday: 18 [of 42], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001852/19100420/023/0018. Print title same, p. 72.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1911 November 21, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke assisted the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#21 November 1911, Tuesday|Duchess of Marlborough at her at-home]] that included a sale of work by the wives of prisoners.&lt;p&gt;

'''1912 September 27, Friday''', Gwendolen and Daphne Bourke were visiting Mr. and Mrs. Shelley Bontein, her mother and stepfather.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From 'The World.'&quot; ''Berks and Oxon Advertiser'' 27 September 1912, Friday: 2 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002298/19120927/014/0002. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1913 April 23, Wednesday''', the Irish Independent reported that Gwendolen and Daphne Bourke had arrived in London for the season:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke and Miss Bourke have arrived for the season at 75 Gloucester place, Portman square, London.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social and Personal.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 23 April 1913, Wednesday: 4 [of 10], Col. 5b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001715/19130423/081/0004. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1913 May 7, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke presented her daughter Daphne Bourke at court:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke presented her daughter, and wore blue and gold broché with a gold lace train.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social and Personal.&quot; London ''Daily Chronicle'' 08 May 1913, Thursday: 6 [of 12], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005049/19130508/120/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

The ''Pall Mall Gazette'' has a description of Daphne Bourke's dress, but what exactly &quot;chiffon [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hoops|paniers]]&quot; means in 1913 is not clear:&lt;blockquote&gt;Court dressmakers appear to have surpassed all previous records in their efforts to make the dresses for to-night’s Court as beautiful as possible. Noticeable among these is the dainty presentation gown to be worn by Miss Bourke, who will be presented by her mother, the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke. This has a skirt of soft white satin draped with chiffon [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hoops|paniers]] and a bodice veiled with chiffon and trimmed with diamanté and crystal embroidery. Miss Bourke’s train, gracefully hung from the shoulders, is of white satin lined with pale rose pink chiffon and embroidered with crystal and diamanté.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Fashion Day by Day. Lovely Gowns for To-night's Court.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 07 May 1913, Wednesday: 13 [of 18], Col. 1a [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/19130507/199/0013. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The ''London Evening Standard'' describes Gwendolen and Daphne Bourke the same way except with differences in editing:&lt;blockquote&gt;Miss Bourke: Presented by her mother, the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke. Dainty presentation gown of white satin, the skirt draped with chiffon paniers, bodice veiled chiffon and trimmed with diamanté and crystal embroidery. Train gracefully hung from shoulder of white satin embroidered with crystal and diamanté, lined with pale rose pink chiffon.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Some of the Dresses.&quot; &quot;The King and Queen. Third Court. Most Brilliant of the Year.&quot; ''London Evening Standard'' 08 May 1913, Thursday: 11 [of 18], Col. 4b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/19130508/237/0011. Print title ''The Standard'', p. 11.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

According to the ''Lady's Pictorial'', Daphne Bourke's dress was designed and constructed by [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Messrs Russell and Allen|Messrs. Russell and Allen]], Old Bond-street, W., and the description is identical (except for a couple of commas).&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Their Majesties' Court.&quot; ''Lady's Pictorial'' 17 May 1913, Saturday: 35 [of 64], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005980/19130517/296/0035. Same print title, p. 787.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1914 May 11, Monday''', Gwendolen and Daphne Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#Dance at the Ritz Hosted by Mrs. George Marjoribanks|dance at the Ritz hosted by Mrs. George Marjoribanks]].

'''1915 January 1, Friday''', Algernon Bourke is listed as being on the Executive Committee of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#1915 January 1, Friday|National Food Fund, publicized by the ''Conservative and Unionist Women's Franchise Review'']].

'''1916 August 25, Friday''', Daphne Bourke's and John Fortescue's engagement was announced:&lt;blockquote&gt;A most attractive prospective bride (says the &quot;Star&quot;) is Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke's only daughter, Miss Daphne Bourke, whose engagement has just taken place to Mr. Fortescue, of the Coldstream Guards. Miss Bourke is tall, dark, and very beautiful; and Mr. Fortescue is one of the family of Boconoc, Cornwall, and Dropmore, Maidenhead. At the latter place the two families have been neighbours, for Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke have a charming country residence at Taplow, while Dropmore is famous for its magnificent gardens.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Personalia.&quot; ''Uxbridge &amp; W. Drayton Gazette'' 25 August 1916, Friday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002285/19160825/043/0004. Print title ''The Advertiser'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''1917 June 7, Thursday''', Daphne Bourke and John Grenville Fortescue [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#7 June 1917, Thursday|married in the Coldstream Guards' chapel]].

== Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball ==
According to both the ''Morning Post'' and the ''Times'', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was among the Suite of Men in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#&quot;Oriental&quot; Procession|&quot;Oriental&quot; procession]] at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&quot;Fancy Dress Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; ''Morning Post'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 4a–8 Col. 2b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970703/054/0007.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;&quot;Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; The ''Times'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 12, Cols. 1a–4c ''The Times Digital Archive''. Web. 28 Nov. 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Based on the people they were dressed as, Gwendolen Bourke was probably in this procession but it seems unlikely that Algernone Bourke was.

[[File:Guendoline-Irene-Emily-Bourke-ne-Sloane-Stanley-as-Salammb.jpg|thumb|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a standing woman richly dressed in an historical costume with a headdress and a very large fan|Hon. '''Guendoline''' Bourke as Salammbô. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]
=== Hon. Guendoline Bourke ===
[[File:Alfons Mucha - 1896 - Salammbô.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Highly stylized orange-and-yellow painting of a bare-chested woman with a man playing a harp at her feet|Alfons Mucha's 1896 ''Salammbô''.]]
Lafayette's portrait (right) of &quot;Guendoline Irene Emily Bourke (née Sloane-Stanley) as Salammbô&quot; in costume is photogravure #128 in the '''Album''' presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;&quot;Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball (1897): photogravures by Walker &amp; Boutall after various photographers.&quot; 1899. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait-list.php?set=515.&lt;/ref&gt; The printing on the portrait says, &quot;The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke as Salammbo.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;&quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke as Salammbo.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158491/Guendoline-Irene-Emily-Bourke-ne-Sloane-Stanley-as-Salammb.&lt;/ref&gt;

The Lafayette Archive has 2 additional poses from the same session on 5 July 1897 as the one chosen for the Album:

* Same image as the Album photograph but higher resolution than the one the National Portrait Gallery, London, gives permission to post (Neg. No. GP [L] ).
* Standing with fan behind head, includes close-up of skirt fabric and left hand (Neg. No. GP [L] [http://lafayette.org.uk/bou1368-444.html 1368-444]).
* Reclining on pillows and furs, includes close-up of face and headdress (Neg. No. GP [L] [http://lafayette.org.uk/bou1368-442.html 1368-442]).

==== Newspaper Accounts ====
The Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke was dressed as Salambo in the Oriental procession&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; in a costume made by [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Mrs. Mason|Mrs. Mason]].

Besides the two that mention her — the ''Morning Post'' and the ''Times'' — only two describe her costume, the London ''Evening Standard'' and the ''Gentlewoman'':
* &quot;Mrs. A. Bourke, as an Egyptian Princess, with the Salambo coiffure, wore a flowing gown of white and silver gauze covered with embroidery of lotus flowers. The top of the gown was ornamented with old green satin embroidered with blue turquoise and gold, and studded with rubies. The train was of old green broché with sides of orange and gold embroidery, and from the ceinture depended long bullion fringe and an embroidered ibis.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“The Ball at Devonshire House. Magnificent Spectacle. Description of the Dresses.” London ''Evening Standard'' 3 July 1897 Saturday: 3 [of 12], Cols. 1a–5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/18970703/015/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 3, Col. 3b}}
* &quot;(Egyptian Princess), drapery gown of white and silver gauze, covered with embroidery of lotus flowers; the top of gown appliqué with old green satin embroidered blue turquoise and gold, studded rubies; train of old green broché.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 40, Col. 3a}}

==== Commentary ====

*

==== Salammbô ====
Salammbô is the fictitious protagonist in Gustave Flaubert's 1862 novel ''Salammbô'', set during the Roman war against Carthage.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-04-29|title=Salammbô|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salammb%C3%B4&amp;oldid=1221352216|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salammb%C3%B4.&lt;/ref&gt; Salammbô is a Carthaginian priestess of the lunar goddess Tanit. Matho, a Roman mercenary, breaks into Tanit's temple and steals her sacred veil — the spiritual guardian of Carthage. Salammbô sneaks into the enemy encampment to steal the veil back. She meets Matho in his tent, and &quot;believing each other to be divine apparitions,&quot; they make love,&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; although it is also a defilement. Salammbô succceds in getting the veil back, but Matho is tortured and executed, which causes her to die of shock, the effect of both having touched the veil.

What Gwendolen Bourke saw as representative of herself in Salammbo is difficult to discern, unless her costume contains references to particular images or productions. A production of Ernest Reyer's opera ''Salammbô'', based on Flaubert's novel and published in Paris in 1890, opened at the Paris Opéra on 16 May 1892,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-04-11|title=Ernest Reyer|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Reyer&amp;oldid=1218353215|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Reyer.&lt;/ref&gt; starring Madame Rose Caron, with Mademoiselle Lucienne Bréval as her understudy.&lt;ref&gt;Jullienn, Adolphe. &quot;Mademoiselle Lucienne Bréval de L'Académie Nationale de Musique [or de l'Opéra in the Table of Contents].&quot; ''Le Théatre'' April 1898 (No. 4). Google Books https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/_oxRAQAAMAAJ. Pp. 8–10.&lt;/ref&gt; (8, Col. 2c) This production was widely reviewed and discussed in the papers in the UK, and its production design seems to have been notable, especially the sets and the very scale of the production. So Bourke or her costumier may have seen the opera, images of the performers or its posters, influencing the design of her costume.

* Rose Caron in her Salammbo costume is here: 
* A headshot of Bréval in costume is here: https://books.google.com/books/content?id=_oxRAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=RA3-PP7&amp;img=1&amp;zoom=3&amp;hl=en&amp;bul=1&amp;sig=ACfU3U2Gv8Os_rEmx2gM9SakJkYLJ9hW7g&amp;ci=6%2C1%2C988%2C1371&amp;edge=0.)

Salammbo figured in paintings, sculptures and illustrations of editions of Flaubert's novel before Ernest Reyer's 1890 opera. She is often depicted as nude and highly sexual or sexualized (kissing a huge snake, for example, that she holds aloft).

Gwendolen Bourke's costume and her social life as reported in the newspapers do not suggest that she was a big risk-taker like, for example, the eccentric la Comptesse de Castiglione, who appeared at a ball in a Salammbo costume in 1886, 4 years after Flaubert's novel was first published. In 1889 the ''Edinburgh Evening News'' says,&lt;blockquote&gt;The late Countess Castiglione, whose death in Paris is recorded yesterday, made her first appearance at the Imperial Court in 1866, where her extraordinary beauty made a great impression on Napoleon III., and eventually led to the Empress Eugenie’s undertaking an unexpected and much-talked-of visit to Scotland. The Countess had a face and complexion which would have enchanted Rubens, and her lovely golden hair touched her feet. Even at the present day Paris has not forgotten her costume, or rather absence of costume as Salammbo, in which character she figured at a certain memorable ball at the Tuileries, wearing her hair, her jewels, and very little else. The Empress Eugenie, when she was presented to her thus lightly arrayed, declared that she must be cold, and insisted upon her there and then donning a mantle. Mme. de Castiglione was never again invited to an entertainment over which the Empress Eugenie presided.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Countess’ Queer Ball Costume.&quot; ''Edinburgh Evening News'' 2 December 1899, Saturday: 2 [of 6], Col. 7b [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000452/18991202/024/0002. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Given how widely this incident was discussed at the time of the death of la Comptesse in 1889, Gwendolen Bourke might easily have known about it. But she was developing relationships with people like the Princess of Wales, and what Countess Castigiolone did does not sound at all like her.

The ''Louth and North Lincolnshire Advertiser'' says, &lt;blockquote&gt;

In Reyer's opera of &quot;Salammbo,&quot; lately produced at the Grand Opera in Paris, there were 1,400 persons on the stage in the last act.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Facts and Fancies.&quot; ''Louth and North Lincolnshire Advertiser'' 9 July 1892, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 6c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000313/18920709/038/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Rose Caron's productions were influential, including for the costumes she wore. The 1892 ''Lohengrin'' she starred in was the source of the costumes worn by [[Social Victorians/People/Stonor#Julia Caroline Stonor, Marquise of Hautpoul|Julia Stonor, Marquise of Hautpoul]] and her brother, [[Social Victorians/People/Stonor#Hon. Harry Stonor|Hon. Harry Stonor]].

Both Modest Mussorgsky and Sergei Rachmaninoff had attempted but not completed operas based on the novel as well.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Alfons Mucha's 1896 lithograph of Salammbô (above left) was published the year before the ball.

Reyer's opera was first produced in 1890 in Brussels. 

[[File:Algernon Henry Bourke Vanity Fair 20 January 1898.jpg|thumb|alt=Old colored drawing of an elegant elderly man dressed in a 19th-century tuxedo with a cloak, top hat and formal pointed shoes with bows, standing facing 1/4 to his right|''Algy'' — Algernon Henry Bourke — by &quot;Spy,&quot; ''Vanity Fair'' 20 January 1898]]

=== Hon. Algernon Bourke ===
[[File:Hon-Algernon-Henry-Bourke-as-Izaak-Walton.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a man richly dressed in an historical costume sitting in a fireplace that does not have a fire and holding a tankard|Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke as Izaak Walton. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]
'''Lafayette's portrait''' (left) of &quot;Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke as Izaak Walton&quot; in costume is photogravure #129 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; The printing on the portrait says, &quot;The Hon. Algernon Bourke as Izaak Walton.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hon. Algernon Bourke as Izaak Walton.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158492/Hon-Algernon-Henry-Bourke-as-Izaak-Walton.&lt;/ref&gt;

This portrait is amazing and unusual: Algernon Bourke is not using a photographer's set with theatrical flats and props, certainly not one used by anyone else at the ball itself. Isaak Walton (baptised 21 September 1593 – 15 December 1683) wrote ''The Compleat Angler''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2021-09-15|title=Izaak Walton|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Izaak_Walton&amp;oldid=1044447858|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izaak_Walton.&lt;/ref&gt; A cottage Walton lived in and willed to the people of Stafford was photographed in 1888, suggesting that its relationship to Walton was known in 1897, raising a question about whether Bourke could have used the fireplace in the cottage for his portrait. (This same cottage still exists, as the [https://www.staffordbc.gov.uk/izaak-waltons-cottage Isaak Walton Cottage] museum.)

A caricature portrait (right) of the Hon. Algernon Bourke, called &quot;Algy,&quot; by Leslie Ward (&quot;Spy&quot;) was published in the 20 January 1898 issue of ''Vanity Fair'' as Number 702 in its &quot;Men of the Day&quot; series,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-01-14|title=List of Vanity Fair (British magazine) caricatures (1895–1899)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)_caricatures_(1895%E2%80%931899)&amp;oldid=1195518024|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)_caricatures_(1895%E2%80%931899).&lt;/ref&gt; giving an indication of what he looked like out of costume.

=== Mr. and Mrs. Bourke ===
The ''Times'' made a distinction between the Hon. Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke and Mr. and Mrs. Bourke, including both in the article.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Occasionally this same article mentions the same people more than once in different contexts and parts of the article, so they may be the same couple. (See [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#Notes and Question|Notes and Question]] #2, below.)

== Demographics ==

=== The Bourkes ===
*Nationality: Anglo-Irish&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020-11-14|title=Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo&amp;oldid=988654078|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Occupation: journalist. 1895: restaurant, hotel and club owner and manager&lt;ref&gt;''Cheltenham Looker-On'', 23 March 1895. Via Ancestry but taken from the BNA.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Residences ====
*Ireland: 1873: Palmerston House, Straffan, Co. Kildare.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; Not Co. Mayo?
*1888–1891: 33 Cadogan Terrace, S.W., Kensington and Chelsea, a dwelling house&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970, Register of Voters, 1891.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1894: 181 Pavilion Road, Kensington and Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970. Register of Voters, 1894. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1900: 181 Pavilion Road, Kensington and Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970. Register of Voters, 1900. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1904: Algernon Bourke was &quot;usually liv[ing] in Venice&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;
*1906: 75, Gloucester-place, W.&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot; /&gt;
*Gwendolen Bourke
*1911: 1911 Fulham, London&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
*20 Eaton Square, S.W. (in 1897)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pl0oAAAAYAAJ|title=Who's who|date=1897|publisher=A. &amp; C. Black|language=en}} 712, Col. 1b.&lt;/ref&gt; (London home of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]])

=== The Sloane-Stanleys ===

==== Residences ====

* 1871: Chester Street, St George Hanover Square (Census), with 5 servants, including a cook and a footman.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;The National Archives; Kew, London, England; ''1871 England Census''; Class: ''RG10''; Piece: ''104''; Folio: ''21''; Page: ''37''; GSU roll: ''838763''. Ancestry.com. ''1871 England Census'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1881–1885&lt;ref&gt;''UK, City and County Directories, 1600s-1900s''. Ancestry.com. ''UK, City and County Directories, 1766 - 1946'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; [at least]: 14 Halkin Street, W., St. Georges, 14 servants, including a governess, a house steward, an under butler, a footman and a cook.&lt;ref&gt;''Census Returns of England and Wales, 1881''. Kew, Surrey, England: The National Archives of the UK (TNA): Public Record Office (PRO), 1881. Class: ''RG11''; Piece: ''98''; Folio: ''66''; Page: ''37''; GSU roll: ''1341022''. Ancestry.com and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. ''1881 England Census'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1888: 49, Cadogan-square, St. Luke, Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Ancestry.com. ''London, England, Overseer Returns, 1863-1894'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1899, Roger Cyril Sloane-Stanley: 4 Down St., St George, Hanover Square&lt;ref&gt;London Metropolitan Archives; London, England; ''Electoral Registers''. Ancestry.com. ''London, England, Electoral Registers, 1832-1965'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1911, Roger Cyril Sloane-Stanley: Paultons, Ower, Romsey

== Family ==
*Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke (31 December 1854 – 7 April 1922)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p29657.htm#i296561|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Gwendolen Irene Emily Sloane-Stanley Bourke (c. 1869 – 30 December 1967)&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&quot;Guendoline Irene Emily Stanley.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p51525.htm#i515247|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
#Daphne Marjory Bourke (5 April 1895 – 22 May 1962)

=== Relations ===
*Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke (the 3rd son of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|6th Earl of Mayo]]) was the older brother of Lady Florence Bourke.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
*Wilfred Blunt was a cousin of Algernon Bourke: his mother's &quot;mother was one of the Blunts of Crabbet Park, Sussex, which makes them kinswomen of Mr. Alfred Scawen Blunt, poet, Egyptophil and counsel for Arabi Pasha in his trial.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From ''Truth''.&quot; ''Mid-Lothian Journal'' 23 August 1912, Friday: 8 [of 8], 2c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002721/19120823/147/0008. Print title and p. same.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Other Bourkes ====
*Hubert Edward Madden Bourke (after 1925, Bourke-Borrowes)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hubert Edward Madden Bourke-Borrowes.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p52401.htm#i524004|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2021-08-25}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p52401.htm#i524004.&lt;/ref&gt;
*Lady Eva Constance Aline Bourke, who married [[Social Victorians/People/Dunraven|Windham Henry Wyndham-Quin]] on 7 July 1885;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lady Eva Constance Aline Bourke.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p2575.htm#i25747|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-02}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p2575.htm#i25747.&lt;/ref&gt; he became 5th Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl on 14 June 1926.

=== The Sloane-Stanleys ===
* Emilie Josephine S Stanley ( 21 December 1848 [baptism]&lt;ref&gt;London Metropolitan Archives; &quot;London, England, UK&quot; ; ''London Church of England Parish Registers''; Reference Number: ''P87/Tri/001''. Ancestry.com. ''London, England, Church of England Births and Baptisms, 1813-1923'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;  – October 1945)
* Hans T Sloane Stanley (11 May 1840 [baptism]&lt;ref&gt;Ancestry.com. ''England, Select Births and Christenings, 1538-1975'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; – 15 December 1888&lt;ref&gt;Ancestry.com. ''UK and Ireland, Find a Grave® Index, 1300s-Current'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;)
* James Shell[e?]y Bontein ()
*# Gwendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt; Irene Emily G Stanley (c. 1870&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt; – )
*# '''Roger Cyril Hans Sloane Stanley''' (29 April 1875&lt;ref&gt;The National Archives; Kew, Surrey, England; ''WO 42 War Office: Officers' Birth Certificates, Wills and Personal Papers 1755-1908''; Reference: ''WO 42/72''. Ancestry.com. ''UK, Officers' Birth Certificates, Wills and Personal Papers, 1755-1908'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; – 18 November 1944&lt;ref&gt;''Find a Grave''. Find a Grave®. http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi. Ancestry.com. ''UK and Ireland, Find a Grave® Index, 1300s-Current'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;)


* Olivia Elizabeth Berens, Countess Cairns&lt;ref&gt;The National Archives of the UK (TNA); Kew, Surrey, England; ''Census Returns of England and Wales, 1911''. Ancestry.com. ''1911 England Census'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; (c. 1871 – 20 June 1951&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Olivia Elizabeth Berens.&quot; Person Page 3908; person #39077. ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as well as the Royal Families of Europe''. https://www.thepeerage.com/p3908.htm#i39077.

&lt;/ref&gt;)
* Arthur William Cairns, 2nd Earl Cairns (21 December 1861 – 14 January 1890)&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot;&gt;&quot;Arthur William Cairns, 2nd Earl Cairns.&quot; Person Page 3908; Person #39076. ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as well as the Royal Families of Europe''. https://www.thepeerage.com/p3908.htm#i39076.&lt;/ref&gt;
*# Lady Louise Rosemary Kathleen Virginia Cairns (10 March 1889 – 17 May 1962)&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot; /&gt;
* Roger Cyril Hans Sloane Stanley (1875 – 18 November 1944)
*# Lavender Elizabeth (20 May 1900 [baptism]&lt;ref&gt;Hampshire Archives and Local Studies; Winchester, England, UK; ''Anglican Parish Registers''; Reference: ''35M76/PR3''. Ancestry.com. ''Hampshire, England, Church of England Baptisms, 1813-1921''[database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; – )
*# Diane Sloane Stanley (c. 1905 – )


* Lavender Elizabeth (20 May 1900 [baptism] – )
* John Everett ()


* Diane Sloane Stanley (c. 1905 – )
* Elwyn Villiers Rhys ()

== Writings, Memoirs, Biographies, Papers ==

=== Writings ===
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon. ''The History of White's''. London: Algernon Bourke [privately published], 1892.
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon, ed., &quot;with a brief Memoir.&quot; ''Correspondence of Mr Joseph Jekyll with His Sister-in-Law, Lady Gertrude Sloane Stanley, 1818–1838''. John Murray, 1893.
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon, ed. ''Correspondence of Mr Joseph Jekyll''. John Murray, 1894.

=== Papers ===
* Where are the papers for the Earl of Mayo family? Are Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke's papers with them?

== Notes and Questions ==
#The portrait of Algernon Bourke in costume as Isaac Walton is really an amazing portrait with a very interesting setting, far more specific than any of the other Lafayette portraits of these people in their costumes. Where was it shot? Lafayette is given credit, but it's not one of his usual backdrops. If this portrait was taken the night of the ball, then this fireplace was in Devonshire House; if not, then whose fireplace is it?
#The ''Times'' lists Hon. A. Bourke (at 325) and Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke (at 236) as members of a the &quot;Oriental&quot; procession, Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke (in the general list of attendees), and then a small distance down Mr. and Mrs. Bourke (now at 511 and 512, respectively). This last couple with no honorifics is also mentioned in the report in the London ''Evening Standard'', which means the Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke, so the ''Times'' may have repeated the Bourkes, who otherwise are not obviously anyone recognizable. If they are not the Hon. Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke, then they are unidentified. It seems likely that they are the same, however, as the newspapers were not perfectly consistent in naming people with their honorifics, even in a single story, especially a very long and detailed one in which people could be named more than once.
#Three slightly difficult-to-identify men were among the Suite of Men in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#&quot;Oriental&quot; Procession|&quot;Oriental&quot; procession]]: [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax|Gordon Wood]], [[Social Victorians/People/Portman|Arthur B. Portman]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Wilfred Wilson]]. The identification of Gordon Wood and Wilfred Wilson is high because of contemporary newspaper accounts. The Hon. Algernon Bourke, who was also in the Suite of Men, is not difficult to identify at all. Arthur Portman appears in a number of similar newspaper accounts, but none of them mentions his family of origin.
#[http://thepeerage.com The Peerage] has no other Algernon Bourkes.
#The Hon Algernon Bourke is #235 on the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball#List of People Who Attended|list of people who were present]]; the Hon. Guendoline Bourke is #236; a Mr. Bourke is #703; a Mrs. Bourke is #704.
#Hans Stanley-Sloane's estate was £33,704 7s. 5d. in the final probate in December 1889,&lt;ref&gt;Principal Probate Registry; London, England; ''Calendar of the Grants of Probate and Letters of Administration made in the Probate Registries of the High Court of Justice in England''. Ancestry.com. ''England &amp; Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1995'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; which might lead his widow to consider remarrying.
== Footnotes ==
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      <text bytes="161131" sha1="dxcnmoedgw40xltxlsksqj53ny0g661" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Leslie Ward - Vanity Fair, Newspapermen, ^Algy^, The Hon Algernon Henry Bourke, Januray 20, 1898 - B1979.14.521 - Yale Center for British Art.jpg|thumb|Hon. Algernon Bourke, ''Vanity Fair'', 1898]]

==Also Known As==
* Family name: Bourke [pronounced ''burk'']&lt;ref name=&quot;:62&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-05-07|title=Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earl_of_Mayo&amp;oldid=1222668659|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Mayo.&lt;/ref&gt;
* The Hon. Algernon Bourke
** Button Bourke&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Tory 'Reformer' at the India Office.&quot; ''India'' 10 November 1911, Friday: 4 [of 12], Col. 1b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004300/19111110/007/0004#. Print: same title, p. 228.&lt;/ref&gt;
** Algy Bourke
* Mrs. Gwendolen Bourke
** Gwendolen&lt;ref&gt;General Register Office. ''England and Wales Civil Registration Indexes''. London, England: General Register Office. FreeBMD. ''England &amp; Wales, Civil Registration Marriage Index, 1837-1915''[database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Marriage Index}} &lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt;{{rp|''Morning Post'' article about her name}} &lt;ref&gt;General Register Office. ''England and Wales Civil Registration Indexes''. London, England: General Register Office. FreeBMD. ''England &amp; Wales, Civil Registration Marriage Index, 1837-1915''[database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Electoral Register}}
** Guendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; [The National Portrait Gallery, London, uses this spelling for Lafayette's portrait of Bourke in costume for the ball.&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt;]
** Gwendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;City of Westminster Archives Centre; London, England; ''Westminster Church of England Parish Registers''; Reference: ''SPWP/PR/1/2''. Ancestry.com. ''Westminster, London, England, Church of England Births and Baptisms, 1813-1919'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Births and Baptisms}}
* Shelley Bontein and Emilie Sloane-Stanley Bontein
* See also the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|page for the Earl of Mayo]], the Hon. Algernon Bourke's father and then brother, and other Bourkes

== Overview ==

=== Algernon Bourke ===
Although the Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke was born in Dublin in 1854 and came from a family whose title is in the Peerage of Ireland,&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;1911 England Census.&lt;/ref&gt; he seems to have spent much of his adult life generally in England and especially in London. He was &quot;a noted fisherman.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London Correspondence.&quot; ''Freeman's Journal'' 21 December 1897, Tuesday: 5 [of 8], Col. 5c [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000056/18971221/027/0005. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

Because he was the son of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]], perhaps, or perhaps because he was so involved in projects that got reported on, he was mentioned a great deal in the newspapers, but after his bankruptcy, he seems to have receded in prominence, in part because he was living outside of the U.K., and apparently separately from his wife, Gwendolen Bourke.

Bourke ran as the Conservative candidate for Parliament from Clapham (population, c. 70,000) in 1885, a race he did not win. As a candidate he is described like this:&lt;blockquote&gt;Acted as a newspaper correspondent during the Zulu war. Subsequently Poor-law inspector in the West of Ireland. &quot;A loyal supporter of Church and State.&quot; Desires to reduce the School Board expenditure, and revive trade; and is opposed to Mr. Chamberlain's &quot;police of hasty and experimental reform.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Clapham (70,000).&quot; ''South London Chronicle'' 17 October 1885, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000443/18851017/113/0005. Print title ''South London Chronicle and Southwark and Lambeth Ensign'', p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The London ''Weekly Dispatch'' says he is &quot;a dashing and unscrupulous young Tory.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Political Campaign in London.&quot; ''Weekly Dispatch'' (London) 15 November 1885, Sunday: 9 [of 16], Col. 3c [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003358/18851115/069/0009. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;Algy&quot; Bourke was &quot;Man of the Day&quot; (No. DCCII [522) for ''Vanity Fair'' in 1898, caricatured by Leslie Ward (above right):&lt;blockquote&gt;Son of the great and murdered Lord Mayo, he is contemporary with the outbreak of the Crimean War, he is a Member of the London Stock Exchange, he has a beautiful wife and a daughter, and, being a very fashionable young man, he was once refused as their Member by the worthy electors of Clapham. He was an Eton boy, of course: and less naturally he went to Cambridge; where he was made President of the Beefsteak, the Amateur Dramatic, the Athenaeum, the True Blue, and the Hibernian Clubs. When he came down he tried journalism and went to Zululand as a ''Daily Telegraph'' ‘‘special”; after which he was improved into an Inspector of Workhouses [2, Col. 2c – 3, Col. 1a] in Ireland: which may account for his proficiency as a caterer. For seven years he worked under the late Mr. Chinnery on ''The Times'': being popularly supposed to look after that journal's morals. He is a good man of business, and a great organiser who has made White's Club pay even if it be less “smart&quot; than it was. He has done much for Willis’s since he took it in hand; he did well with his Battersea venture, and he thinks that he only failed with the Summer Club in Kensington Gardens because people would not go to the wrong side of the Park. Moreover, he runs a Club at Brighton, and he is Chairman of the Grand Hotel at Monte Carlo: whither he once organised a cheap trip. Altogether he is a veritable Clubman, and a very successful arranger of amusements, associations, and restaurants.

He is a popular fellow who is known to all of us; and though he is a little inclined to be quarrelsome, no one can get much the better of him. He is also a quick grasper of facts and a good talker. His favourite sports are fishing and the organising of associations for the introduction of salmon to the Thames. By way of being an art critic, he has made an interesting collection of engravings of the members of White’s Club from its foundation; but his friends say that he is not a well-dressed man. He has also written a history of White’s, and he is now writing one of Brooks's Club. He is a genial person, who looks as if the world agreed with him well.

He is an aquisition [sic] to a house party; and they call him “Algy.”&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Men of the Day.&quot; — No. DCCII [522]. The Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke.&quot; ''Vanity Fair'' 20 January 1898, Thursday: 2 [of 4], Col. 2c – 3, Col. 3a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9900020/18980120/010/0002 and https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/9900020/18980120/005/0003. Same print title, pp. 41–42. Portrait is full page, on p. 1.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The Hon. Algernon Bourke and Mr. Algernon Bourke, depending on the newspaper article, were the same person. Calling him Mr. Bourke in the newspapers, especially when considered as a businessman or (potential) member of Parliament, does not rule out the son of an earl, who would normally be accorded the honorific of ''Honorable''.

=== Gwendolen Sloane-Stanley Bourke ===

Mrs. Gwendolen Bourke exhibited at dog shows successfully and was a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Society Sportswomen|noted deerstalker]] and &quot;an appreciative listener to good music.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Vanity Fair.&quot; ''Lady of the House'' 15 June 1899, Thursday: 4 [of 44], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004836/18990615/019/0004.&lt;/ref&gt; Her personal beauty is often mentioned in reports, and ''The World'' says she was &quot;a magnificent woman.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Beauties of To-Day. From the ''World''.&quot; ''Clifton Society'' 24 June 1897, Thursday: 14 [of 16], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002164/18970624/066/0014. Same print and p.&lt;/ref&gt; She is the first listed in the ''Graphic''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s 1891 &quot;Leading Ladies of Society&quot;:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke is a daughter (Gwendoline Irene Emily) of the late Hans Sloane Stanley, Esq., of Poultons, Southampton, and 49, Cadogan Square, S.W. She married, on December 15th, 1887, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, third son of the sixth Earl of Mayo, Governor-General of India (who was assassinated in 1872), and nephew of Lord Connemara, Governor of Madras. Mr. Bourke is a member of the London Stock Exchange, and resides at 33, Cadogan Terrace, S.W.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Leading Ladies of Society.&quot; The Graphic 28 March 1891, Saturday: 6 [of 28], Col. 2c [of 3]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9000057/18910328/019/0006. Print: same title, p. 346.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;She attended many social events without her husband, especially into the 20th century, usually with an appreciative description of what she wore. She was a sponsor of Irish art needlework as well. Unlike her husband's, Gwendolen's social status seems to have risen as time passed, and she appears in stories associated with the Princess of Wales, and then later with Queen Alexandra.

=== The Sloane-Stanley Family ===
Gwendolen's family consisted of a younger brother, Cyril Sloane-Stanley, as well as her parents, Hans Sloane-Stanley and Emilie Edwards Sloane-Stanley. Exactly one year after she and Algernon Bourke married, Hans Sloane-Stanley died (in 1888), leaving an estate worth £33,704 7s. 5d.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;&gt;Principal Probate Registry; London, England; ''Calendar of the Grants of Probate and Letters of Administration made in the Probate Registries of the High Court of Justice in England''. Ancestry.com. ''England &amp; Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1995'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; (1888, 321) Her mother remarried almost exactly a year after that, to James Shelly Bontein. Bontein's father had been Gentleman Usher and Clerk of the Robes to Queen Victoria.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot;&gt;&quot;Marriages.&quot; &quot;Births, Marriages, and Deaths.&quot; ''Belfast News-Letter'' 6 December 1889, Friday: 1 [of 8], Col. 1a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000038/18891206/001/0001. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

Shortly after his death ''Truth'' described Gwendolen and Cyril's father Hans Sloane-Stanley:&lt;blockquote&gt;The death of Mr. Sloane Stanley, of Paultons Park, is much regretted in South Hants, as he was one of the most popular landlords in the county, and was greatly esteemed. Mr. Sloane Stanley was well known in yachting circles, and for many years he was Commodore of the Royal Southern Yacht Club, and owned the schooner ''Star of the West''. He was one of the very few owners who continued to keep up the old custom of giving his crew a laying-up supper at the close of each season. There were great festivities at Paultons only a few months ago, when Miss Sloane Stanley was married to Mr. Algernon Bourke.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Entre Nous.&quot; ''Truth'' 27 December 1888, Thursday: 6 [of 48], Col. 2b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18881227/023/0006# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18881227/023/0006]. Same print title, p. 1136.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;When he died in 1944, Cyril Sloane-Stanley's estate was quite a bit larger than his father's had been 50 years before. The probate was divided between what was limited to &quot;settled land&quot; and what was &quot;save and except settled land.&quot; What was not settled land totalled £356,114 12s. 10d. and went to John Everett, company director; the Hon. Elwyn Villiers Rhys, captain, H.M. army; and William Adam de Geijer, retired captain, H.M. army.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt; (1944, 430) His daughter Lavender was married to John Everett, and Diane was married to Elwyn Villiers Rhys. What was settled land totalled £168,975 and went to William Adam de Geijer, retired captain, H.M. army, and George Lawrence Stewart, solicitor.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt; (1944, 430)

The Sloane-Stanleys descend from Hans Sloane (1660–1753), whose 71,000-item collections &quot;provid[ed] the foundation of the British Museum, the British Library, and the Natural History Museum, London.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2025-01-07|title=Hans Sloane|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane|journal=Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane|language=en|via=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Much of this Hans Sloane's wealth came from his medical practice in Jamaica, where he went as physician to the Governor General of Jamaica, the 2nd Duke of Albemarle, and where he married &quot;a wealthy heiress of sugar plantations&quot; worked by enslaved Jamaicans.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot; /&gt; His great-nephew, Hans Sloane, inherited Paultons, near Romsey, &quot;and in recognition of this he adopted the additional surname of Stanley in 1821.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-10-06|title=Hans Sloane (MP)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane_(MP)|journal=Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane_(MP)|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Acquaintances, Friends and Enemies ==

=== Algernon Bourke ===

* Best man at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Wedding of Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Sloane Stanley|his wedding]]: the Hon. Michael Sandys
* [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Marcus Henry Milner]], &quot;one of the zealous assistants of that well-known firm of stockbrokers, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;&quot;Metropolitan Notes.&quot; ''Nottingham Evening Post'' 31 July 1888, Tuesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 2a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/18880731/025/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Caroline, Duchess of Montrose — her &quot;legal advisor&quot; on the day of her marriage to Marcus Henry Milner&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Metropolitan Notes.&quot; ''Nottingham Evening Post'' 31 July 1888, Tuesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 1b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/18880731/025/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gwendolen Bourke ===

* Bridesmaids at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Wedding of Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Sloane Stanley|her wedding]]: Lady Florence Bourke, Miss Nora Bourke, Miss Edwards, and Miss Ewart
* Lord and Lady Alington, Belvedere House, Scarborough
* [[Social Victorians/People/William James|Evelyn James]] 

== Organizations ==

=== Gwendolen Bourke ===

* Member, the Ladies Committee for the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Skating Club|Prince's Skating Club]], which also included [[Social Victorians/People/Princess Louise|Princess Louise]] (Duchess of Argyll), the [[Social Victorians/People/Portland|Duchess of Portland]], [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Lady Londonderry]], [[Social Victorians/People/Campbell|Lady Archibald Campbell]], [[Social Victorians/People/Ribblesdale|Lady Ribblesdale]], and [[Social Victorians/People/Asquith|Mrs. Asquith]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;&quot;What the 'World' Says.&quot; ''Northwich Guardian'' 01 November 1902, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Col. 8a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001975/19021101/134/0006. Print title: The ''Guardian'', p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt; (in 1902, at least)

=== Algernon Bourke ===
* [[Social Victorians/Schools#Eton|Eton]]
* Cambridge University, Trinity College, 1873, Michaelmas term&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;Cambridge University Alumni, 1261–1900. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Conservative Party
* 1879: Appointed a Poor Law Inspector in Ireland, Relief of Distress Act
* 1881: Partner, with 2 uncles, in Brunton, Bourke, and Co.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From Our London Correspondent.&quot; ''Manchester Courier'' 24 August 1881, Wednesday: 5 [of 8], Col. 4a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000206/18810824/030/0005. Print: ''Manchester Courier and Lancaster General Advertiser'', p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt; (one of the [[Social Victorians/British Aristocracy#Sons of Peers on the Stock Exchange|sons of peers on the Stock Exchange]])
* 1885: Office of the 7th Surrey Rifles Regiment&lt;ref&gt;&quot;7th Surrey Rifles.&quot; ''South London Press'' 08 August 1885, Saturday: 12 [of 16], Col. 4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18850808/165/0012. Print p. 12.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1886: Battersea Friendly Angling Society&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Battersea Friendly Angling Society.&quot; ''Fishing Gazette'' 17 April 1886, Saturday: 6 [of 20], Col. 2a [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002553/18860417/030/0006. Same print title, p. 218.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 27 February 1886: one of the Vice Presidents of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Bolingbroke Reading-Room and Institute|Bolingbroke Reading-Room and Institute]]
* Special Correspondent of The ''Times'' for the Zulu War, accompanying Lord Chelmsford
* Head, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys, &quot;that well-known firm of stockbrokers&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; ( – 1901 [at least])
* White's gentleman's club, St. James's,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-10-09|title=White's|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White's|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%27s.&lt;/ref&gt; Manager (1897)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Side Lights on Drinking.&quot; ''Waterford Standard'' 28 April 1897, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001678/18970428/053/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Willis's Rooms (described in 1895):&lt;blockquote&gt;... the Hon. Algernon Burke [sic], son of the 6th Earl of Mayo, has turned the place into a smart restaurant where choice dinners are served and eaten while a stringed band discourses music. Willis's Rooms are now the favourite dining place for ladies who have no club of their own, or for gentlemen who are debarred by rules from inviting ladies to one of their own clubs. The same gentleman runs a hotel in Brighton, and has promoted several clubs. He has a special faculty for organising places of the kind, without which such projects end in failure.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lenten Dullness.&quot; ''Cheltenham Looker-On'' 23 March 1895, Saturday: 11 [of 24], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000226/18950323/004/0011. Print p. 275.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
*The [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Pelican|Pelican Club]], known for its boxing (1891)

==== Boards of Directors ====
*1883: One of the directors, the Franco-English Tunisian Esparto Fibre Supply Company, Ltd.&lt;ref&gt;''Money Market Review'', 20 Jan 1883 (Vol 46): 124.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1891: One of the founders, the Discount Banking Company, Ltd., which says Algernon Bourke is a director of District Messenger Services and News Company, Ltd.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Public Company.&quot; ''Nottingham Journal'' 31 October 1891, Saturday: 4 [of 8], Col. 8a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001896/18911031/099/0004. Print title: ''The Nottingham Daily Express'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1894: One of the directors, the Frozen Lake, Ltd., with Admiral Maxse, Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Marcus Beresford]], [[Social Victorians/People/Williams|Hwfa Williams]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Frozen Lake, Limited.&quot; ''St James's Gazette'' 08 June 1894, Friday: 15 [of 16], Col. 4a [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001485/18940608/085/0015. Print p. 15.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;London is to have new amusement this winter, for which Mr Algernon Bourke, who has taught us that it is possible to eat as well in St. James’s as on the Boulevards, and Mr Hwfa Williams, of Sandown fame, are jointly responsible. The &quot;Frozen Lake,&quot; under which title a real ice-skating rink is about to be constructed under their auspices, will no doubt be gladly welcomed by all skaters, and the venture is likely to prove a success.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip.&quot; ''Weston-super-Mare Gazette, and General Advertiser'' 6 June 1894, Wednesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 4b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001444/18940606/044/0004. Print title: ''Weston-super-Mare Gazette'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== Committees ====

*Member, General Committee, [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Baths|the Baths Club]] (1892)
*Member, Men's Committee of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Skating Club|Prince's Skating Club]], which also included Lord Edward Cecil, Lord Redesdale, Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Lyttelton|Alfred Lyttelton]], Sir Edgar Vincent, Sir William Hart Dyke, and Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Grenfell|W. H. Grenfell]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; (1902, at least)
*[[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#25 March 1896, Wednesday|The Sala Memorial Fund]], member of the committee (from 25 March 1896)
* Member of an &quot;influential committee&quot; headed by the Lord Mayor &quot;to restore salmon to the Thames&quot; (June 1899)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Salmon in the Thames.&quot; ''Berks and Oxon Advertiser'' 30 June 1899, Friday: 5 [of 8], Col. 4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002298/18990630/079/0005. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Timeline ==

=== 1870s ===
'''1872 February 8''', Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo was assassinated while inspecting a &quot;convict settlement at Port Blair in the Andaman Islands ... by Sher Ali Afridi, a former Afghan soldier.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-12-01|title=Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo.&lt;/ref&gt; The Hon. Algernon's brother Dermot became the 7th Earl at 19 years old.

'''1876 November 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was one of 6 men (2 students, one of whom was Bourke; 2 doctors; a tutor and another man) from Cambridge who gave evidence as witnesses in an inquest about the death from falling off a horse of a student.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Fatal Accident to a Sheffield Student at Cambridge.&quot; ''Sheffield Independent'' 25 November 1876, Saturday: 7 [of 12], Col. 5a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000181/18761125/040/0007. Print title: ''Sheffield and Rotherham Independent'', n. p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1879 December 27, Saturday – 29, Monday''', Algernon Bourke was in Kilrush as a Local Government Board Inspector:&lt;blockquote&gt;Among many distinguished visitors at the Vandeleur Arms Hotel, Kilrush this week was the Hon. Algernon Bourke Local Government Board Inspector who arrived on Saturday, and sojourned there until 2 o'clock on Monday, when the honourable gentleman left by Steamer tor Limerick.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Fashionable Intelligence.&quot; ''Kilrush Herald and Kilkee Gazette'' 01 January 1880, Thursday: 2 [of 5], Col. 3a [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003186/18800101/011/0002. Print title ''Kilrush Herald'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 1880s ===
'''4 February 1880, Wednesday''', Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880#Grand Ball at Palmerstown House Hosted by the Earl of Mayo|grand ball at Palmerstown House hosted by the Earl of Mayo]]. 

'''1880 March 30, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was working in the judicial system in Newcastle, County Limerick, possibly as Poorhouse Inspector:&lt;blockquote&gt;A sworn enquiry was held to-day at the Workhorse, Newcastle West, by the Hon Algernon Bourke, L.G.I., to enquire into charges preferred by Dr. Pierce, Medical Office, against Dr. O'Shaughnesay. The enquiry was adjourned till Thursday next. Mr Moran, sol., Rathkeale, was engaged for Dr. O'Shaughnessy.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Sworn Enquiry.&quot; &quot;Limerick County. Newcastle West Intelligence.&quot; ''Bassett's Chronicle'' 31 March 1880, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 3b–c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003471/18800331/044/0003.  Print title ''Bassett's Daily Chronicle'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1880 April 17, Saturday''', in-jokes dominate this report mentioning Algernon Bourke in the context of the Kildare and National Hunt races in Dublin:&lt;blockquote&gt;And in mopy Upper Mount-street, where young Algernon Bourke, of the Onety-oneth, had promised to call for, and afterwards spin down to the races in his mail phaeton, the Blake girls; and in fastidious Fitzwilliam-place, and exclusive &quot;Murryan-squeer,&quot; from which dashing army men, in their neatly-appointed, well horsed drags were to &quot;tool&quot; down sweet young Dublin lasses of the ''crême d la crême'' [sic], many an anxious forecasting of the weather was taken, lest by an unpropitious shower that last triumph of Mrs. Manning, or the Forrests, or Miss Sedford, or any of the ''grandes dames de la mode'' should be rendered as worthless as a Confederate &quot;greenback.&quot; But by ten o'clock all doubts were happily set aside, and up struck the lovely April day in all its spring-time glory and then the road, oh, the road!&lt;ref&gt;&quot;To Punchestown and Back by the Old Road.&quot; ''Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News'' 17 April 1880, Saturday: 6 [of 24], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001857/18800417/013/0006. Same print title, p. 102.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1881 May 10, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#1881 May 10, Tuesday|wedding of Marion Lascelles, eldest daughter of the Hon. Egremont W. Lascelles, brother of the Earl of Harewood, and Lieutenant Henry Dent Brocklehurst, of the Second Life Guards, nephew of Mr. Philip Brocklehurst, of Swithamley Park, Macclesfield]]. His gift was an &quot;old enamelled watch set in pearls.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Nuptial Rejoicings at Middlethorpe Manor. Marriage of Miss Lascelles and Lieut. Brocklehurst.&quot; ''Yorkshire Gazette'' 14 May 1881, Saturday: 9 [of 12], Cols. 3a–4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive''https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000266/18810514/057/0009. Print same title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1881 May 23, Monday, 2:00 p.m.''', Algernon Bourke is listed among the Honourables at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace|Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace]].

'''1881 July 14, Thursday afternoon, beginning about 2 p.m.''', Algernon Bourke was invited to a Garden Party at Marlborough House hosted by [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]]. Members of the family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] were also among the 1,500 or so invited guests.

'''1881 July 22, Friday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to an [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#22 July 1881, Friday|evening party at Marlborough House hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales]].

'''1881 September 17, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was reported among the company at Doncaster during race week.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;List of the Company.&quot; ''York Herald'' 17 September 1881, Saturday: 8 [of 16], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000499/18810917/183/0008. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1881 November 22, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was sued in Dublin by Henry Naylor because he &quot;had declined to pay&quot; for a £35 piano.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Henry Naylor v. the Hon. Algernon Bourke.&quot; &quot;Exchequer Division.&quot; &quot;High Court of Justice.&quot; ''Belfast Morning News'' 23 November 1881, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 8a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000428/18811123/015/0003. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1881 December 8, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke was part of a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#Battue at Palmerstown|battue at Palmerstown]], when the group bagged 172 pheasants, hares and rabbits.

'''1882 March 7, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882#7 March 1882, Tuesday|fashionable wedding of Reginald Chandos-Pole and Violet Denison]].

'''1882 March 15, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882#The Marchioness of Salisbury's Assembly|the Marchioness of Salisbury's first reception of the season]].

'''1882 July 13, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to the [[Social Victorians/1882-07-13 Marlborough House Garden Party|Garden Party at Marlborough House for Queen Victoria]] hosted by [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]]. The more than 1,000 people invited also included a number of people from the family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]].

'''1882 September 28, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882#The Wedding of John M'Donald and Georgiana Lambart|wedding of John M'Donald and Georgiana Lambart]].

'''1883 March 21, Wednesday''', the Evening Irish Times announced that Algernon Bourke &quot;has arrived at Kingstown from England.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Fashion.&quot; ''Evening Irish Times'' 21 March 1883, Wednesday: 7 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003464/18830321/086/0007. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''23 July 1883, Monday, noon''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1883#Garden Party at Marlborough House, at Noon|garden party at Marlborough House]] hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales.

'''31 October 1883, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the wedding of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1883#Wedding of Lady Cecelia Hay and Captain George Webbe|Lady Cecelia Hay and Captain George Webbe]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 February 16, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#16 February 1884, Saturday|the funeral of Thomas Chenery, editor of the ''Times'']].

'''1884 April 4, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was (may have been?) one of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#5 April 1884, Saturday|&quot;Supporters of the Pall&quot; at the funeral]] of [[Social Victorians/People/Leopold|Prince Leopold George Duncan Albert, Duke of Albany]] at St. George's, Windsor.

'''1884 April 26, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#26 April 1884, Saturday|dinner party at the Lord Mayor's Mansion House for conservatives to meet Sir Stafford Northcote]].

'''1884 May 3, Saturday''', the &quot;Rochester Conservatives&quot; announced that they would &quot;bring forward the Hon. Algernon Bourke, brother of Lord Mayo, as their second candidate,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Election Intelligence.&quot; ''Yorkshire Gazette'' 03 May 1884, Saturday: 4 [of 12], Col. 6a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000266/18840503/011/0004.&lt;/ref&gt; but because he would not be the first candidate, Bourke declined.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rochester.&quot; London ''Daily Chronicle'' 09 May 1884, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 8b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005049/18840509/049/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1884 June 18, Wednesday''', Mr. Algernon Bourke was on a committee to watch a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#18 June 1884, Wednesday|Mr. Bishop's &quot;thought-reading&quot; experiment]], which was based on a challenge by Henry Labourchere made the year before. This &quot;experiment&quot; took place before a fashionable audience.

'''1884 July 25, Friday, afternoon''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#Garden Party at Marlborough House hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales|Garden Party at Marlborough House hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales]].

'''1885 January 22, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke's gift to [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#Wedding of George Buckle and Alicia Payn|George Buckle and Alicia Payn for their wedding]] was an antique cabinet.

'''1885 July 7, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#7 July 1885, Tuesday|Eva Bourke's wedding to Windham Wyndham-Quin]] at St. Mary Abbots, Kensington.

'''1885 July 13, Monday''', Algernon Bouurke was at Victoria Station as part of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#Arrival of Lord Wolseley in London from Egypt|crowd greeting Lord Wolseley on his return from Egypt]].

'''1885 July 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/1885-07-24 Marlborough House Ball|ball at Marlborough House]] hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales.

'''1885 September 26, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke took part in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#26 September 1885, Saturday|Ealing Conservative Club fete and meeting]] supporting Salisbury's government and condemning &quot;the dictates of one man&quot; — Gladstone — for Gordon's death.

'''1885 October 3, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was named as the Conservative candidate for Clapham in the Battersea and Clapham borough after the Redistribution Bill determined the electoral districts for South London.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;South London Candidates.&quot; ''South London Press'' 03 October 1885, Saturday: 9 [of 16], Col. 5b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18851003/096/0009. Print p. 9.&lt;/ref&gt; On Sunday 15 November 1885 the London ''Weekly Dispatch'' supported Moulton, the Liberal candidate, who ultimately won the election:&lt;blockquote&gt;

Though a successful lawyer, Mr. Moulton is much more than that. He is a thorough and independent student of political science, who may be trusted to do good service to the Liberal cause with brain as well as with tongue. It will be matter for hearty congratulation if he defeats the Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke, who is a dashing and unscrupulous young Tory, and a nephew of the well-known politician with the same surname.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Political Campaign in London. VI. — The South-West Divisions.&quot; ''Weekly Dispatch'' (London) 15 November 1885, Sunday: 9 [of 16], Col. 3c [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003358/18851115/069/0009. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

On Saturday 21 November 1885 the ''South London Press'' reported on posters for Bourke's candidacy:&lt;blockquote&gt;

The Hon. Algernon Bourke, Conservative candidate for Clapham, has a very industrious billsticker, who pastes up his patron’s bills in every possible place where they can be seen to advantage. It is unfortunate, however, that choosing the flank wall of an auctioneer’s the modern &quot;Sam Slap&quot; has produced some curious combinations, such as — &quot;Vote for Bourke,&quot; &quot;Now on View;&quot; &quot;Electors of Clapham, Vote for Mr. Bourke, and&quot; &quot;Be Sold Without Reserve;&quot; &quot;Mr, Bourke will&quot; &quot;Advance Money to&quot; &quot;the Electors of Clapham;&quot; &quot;Great Conservative Meeting. The British Constitution will be&quot; &quot;Offered for Sale this Evening,&quot; &amp;c.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pick-up Notes.&quot; ''South London Press'' 21 November 1885, Saturday: 10 [of 16], Col. 1b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18851121/155/0010. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1885 November 3, Tuesday, 11:00 a.m.''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Mayo-Ponsonby Wedding 1885-11-03|wedding of his brother, Dermot, 7th  Earl of Mayo and Geraldine Ponsonby]]. He gave them 2 Sheraton secretaires.

'''1886 January 5, Tuesday, late''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Twelfth Night|Twelfth Night celebration at the Drury Lane theatre]].

'''1886 March 13, Saturday evening''', an Hon. Mr. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/1886-03-13 Reception at the French Embassy|reception at the French Embassy]], possibly Algernon Bourke or possibly [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|one of his brothers]].

'''1886 July 10, Saturday''', Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Garden Party at Marlborough House Given to the Queen|garden party at Marlborough House given to the Queen]]. Gwendolen Sloane Stanley is not mentioned but Mr. and Mrs. Hans Sloane Stanley are, as are Mr. and Mrs. F. Sloane Stanley.&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 July 21, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to the [[Social Victorians/1886-07-21 Marlborough House Ball|Ball at Marlborough House]], as were a [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#The Sloane-Stanleys 2|Mr. and Mrs. F. Sloane-Stanley]], possibly the parents of Gwendolen Sloane-Stanley (if the &quot;F&quot; is a mistake), who married Bourke on 15 December 1887. Gwendolen is not mentioned as having been invited.

'''1886 July 27, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended a service honoring a memorial at St. Paul's for his father, who had been assassinated.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Memorial to the Late Earl of Mayo.&quot; ''Northern Whig'' 28 July 1886, Wednesday: 6 [of 8], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000434/18860728/143/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1886 September 2, Thursday''', Mr. Algernon Bourke was part of a group of mostly aristocratic men taking part in [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Augustus Harris's A Run of Luck|a &quot;trial-rehearsal&quot; as part of Augustus Harris's production]] ''A Run of Luck'', about sports.

'''1886 October 2, Saturday''', the Duke of Beaufort and the Hon. Algernon Bourke arrived in Yougal: &quot;His grace has taken a residence at Lismore for a few weeks, to enjoy some salmon fishing on the Blackwater before the close of the season.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Chippenham.&quot; ''Wilts and Gloucestershire Standard'' 02 October 1886, Saturday: 8 [of 8], Col. 6a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001955/18861002/142/0008. Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1886 October 11, Monday''', Algernon Bourke may have been taking part in a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Performance of Run of Luck|performance of ''Run of Luck'' at the Drury Lane]].

'''1886 October 23, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Party at Wemyss Castle, Fife|staying at Wemyss Castle, Fife]].

'''1886 December 30, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke was back in London and attending the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Augustus Harris's The Forty Thieves|&quot;Forty Thieves&quot; pantomime at the Drury Lane Theatre]].

'''1887 January 5, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was one of the chief mourners at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Funeral of Lady Margaret Harriett Bourke|funeral of Lady Margaret Harriett Bourke]].

'''1887 March 1, 2:00 p.m.''', Algernon Bourke is listed among the Messieurs attending the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace|Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1887 May''', a &quot;signalling incident&quot; in 1907 [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#May 1887|caused the Waterford ''Evening News'' to recall a similar event]] that had occurred 20 years earlier, in which Algernon Bourke, as special correspondent for the ''Times'', caused the incident to be publicized:&lt;blockquote&gt;During the manoeuvres in connection with the 1887 Jubilee of Queen Victoria a signal was observed going up from [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles [Beresford]]]'s ship. It was a message to his wife, Lady Beresford, to the effect that, as he should be late for dinner, she was not to wait. Beyond the hilarity this domestic signal evoked, nothing more would have been heard of it, but Mr. Algernon Bourke (Lord Mayo's brother) was acting as special correspondent for the &quot;Times,&quot; and that paper the next morning contained a full and humorous report of the incident. Then there was trouble.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Signalling Incident.&quot; ''Evening News'' (Waterford) 13 November 1907, Wednesday: 1 [of 4], Col. 6c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004557/19071113/021/0001.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1887 June 15, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians Foreign Office Reception 1887-06-15|reception at the Foreign Office in honor of Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee]].

'''1887 July 6, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to and, presumably, attended the State Ball at Buckingham Palace.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The State Ball at Buckingham Palace.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 08 July 1887, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 5a–6c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18870708/013/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 1c)

'''1887 August 6, Saturday''', the ''Brighton Gazette'' says that the &quot;Hon. Mrs and Mr Algernon Bourke&quot; were staying at the Royal Crescent Hotel in Brighton, but they didn't marry until 15 December 1887.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Royal Crescent Hotel.&quot; ''Brighton Gazette'' 6 August 1887, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 5c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000938/18870806/047/0003. Print title ''Brighton Gazette and Sussex Telegraph'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt; Perhaps an elder relative, because she is mentioned first?

'''1887 November 9, Wednesday''', the ''Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper'' announced that&lt;blockquote&gt;A marriage is arranged, and will take place early in January, between Mr. Algernon Bourke, third son of the late Earl of Mayo, and Miss Guendolen Sloane Stanley, only daughter of Mr. Hans Sloane Stanley, of Paultons.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Romsey, Nov. 9.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 9 November 1887, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18871109/034/0003. Print title ''Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Shortly after, the papers announced that the wedding would not take place.

'''1887 December 15, Thursday''', Hon. [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Wedding of Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Sloane Stanley|Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Stanley were married at St. Paul's]], Knightsbridge, by Bourke's uncle the Hon. and Rev. George Bourke. Only family members attended because of &quot;the recent death of a near relative of the bride.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court Circular.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 16 December 1887, Friday: 5 [of 8], Col. 7c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18871216/066/0005.&lt;/ref&gt; Who the &quot;near relative of the bride&quot; was not in her nuclear family, and perhaps that explains the cancellation of the wedding and then the changing of the wedding date and not some problem in the couple.

'''1888 – 1899 January 1''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was &quot;proprietor&quot; of [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#White's|White's Club, St. James's Street]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;&quot;The Hon. Algernon Bourke's Affairs.&quot; ''Eastern Morning News'' 19 October 1899, Thursday: 6 [of 8], Col. 7c [of7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001152/18991019/139/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1888 January 21, Saturday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the wedding of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#Hamilton-Ewart Wedding|Florence Ewart and Henry Hamilton]].

'''1888 March 7, Wednesday''', assuming that this date is not a week after the actual date, [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lady Charles Beresford]] held a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#1888 March 7, Wednesday|notable and well-attended &quot;at home&quot;]] that Gwendolen Bourke attended, reported for being dressed in white and being among the beautiful women present.

'''6 April 1888, Friday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#6 April 1888, Friday|New Forest United Hunt ball at the New Forest Hall, Lyndhurst]].

'''1888 May 2, Wednesday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#The Marchioness of Salisbury's Reception|Marchioness of Salisbury's reception]] at the Salisbury home on Arlington-street.

'''1888 May 22, Tuesday''', the Dowager Countess of Mayo presented Gwendolen Bourke at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#Queen's Drawing Room|Queen's drawing-room]] hosted by the Princess of Wales. This is Gwendolen Bourke's dress:&lt;blockquote&gt;Empire robe de cour of white satin duchesse, lined with rich pink silk, sufficiently bright to give a beautiful shell-like tint through the satin; tulle underdress, with upper skirt, embroidered with pearl, and caught up in Greek folds with large pink Tosca roses; white satin bodice, with Josephine pink sash tied at side, Headdress, veil and plumes; ornaments, diamonds.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Dresses at the Drawing-Room.&quot; ''Epsom Journal'' 22 May 1888, Tuesday: 3 [of 6], Col. 5b–c [of 6]. ''British Newspapers Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004837/18880522/034/0003. Print: title ''Local Journal'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Another description:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke's train was of white satin lined with pink, which showed through with charmingly shell-like effect. The dress, fashioned after those of the Empire period, was of white satin embroidered with pearls. A very broad sash of pink satin made the waist seem quaintly short, a trying thing to any but the young and tall, both of which qualifications Mrs. Bourke most happily possesses. She carried a lovely posy of La France roses.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Gossip on Dress.&quot; ''Boston Spa News'' 25 May 1888, Friday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1b–2b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003395/18880525/014/0002. Print title The News, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 1c)&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1888 June 8, Friday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#Dinner and Dance Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne at Hamilton House|dinner and dance Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne at Hamilton House]] featuring Prince and Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein, and for the ball, the King of Sweden and Norway and the Prince and Princess of Wales and their daughters were present.

'''1888 June 19, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke was one of the principal guests at the wedding of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#19 June 1888, Tuesday|Captain Philip Green and Miss Mabel Emilie Scott]].

'''1888 July 26''', [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Caroline Graham Stirling-Crawford]] (known as Mr. Manton for her horse-breeding and -racing operations) and Marcus Henry Milner married.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;&quot;Hon. Caroline Agnes Horsley-Beresford.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://thepeerage.com/p6863.htm#i68622|title=Person Page|website=thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the ''Nottingham Evening Post'' of 31 July 1888,&lt;blockquote&gt;LONDON GOSSIP.

(From the ''World''.)

The marriage of &quot;Mr. Manton&quot; was the surprise as well the sensation of last week. Although some wise people noticed a certain amount of youthful ardour in the attentions paid by Mr. Marcus Henry Milner to Caroline Duchess of Montrose at '''Mrs. Oppenheim's ball''', nobody was prepared for the sudden ''dénouement''; '''and it''' were not for the accidental and unseen presence [[Social Victorians/People/Mildmay|a well-known musical amateur]] who had received permission to practice on the organ, the ceremony performed at half-past nine on Thursday morning at St. Andrew's, Fulham, by the Rev. Mr. Propert, would possibly have remained a secret for some time to come. Although the evergreen Duchess attains this year the limit of age prescribed the Psalmist, the bridegroom was only born in 1864. Mr. &quot;Harry&quot; Milner (familiarly known in the City as &quot;Millions&quot;) was one of the zealous assistants of that well-known firm of stockbrokers, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys, and Mr. Algernon Bourke, the head of the house (who, of course, takes a fatherly interest in the match) went down to Fulham to give away the Duchess. The ceremony was followed by a ''partie carrée'' luncheon at the Bristol, and the honeymoon began with a visit to the Jockey Club box at Sandown. Mr. Milner and the Duchess of Montrose have now gone to Newmarket. The marriage causes a curious reshuffling of the cards of affinity. Mr. Milner is now the stepfather of the [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Duke of Montrose]], his senior by twelve years; he is also the father-in-law of [[Social Victorians/People/Lady Violet Greville|Lord Greville]], Mr. Murray of Polnaise, and [[Social Victorians/People/Breadalbane|Lord Breadalbane]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1888 December 1st week''', according to &quot;Society Gossip&quot; from the ''World'', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was suffering from malaria, presumably which he caught when he was in South Africa:&lt;blockquote&gt;I am sorry to hear that Mr. Algernon Bourke, who married Miss Sloane-Stanley a short time ago, has been very dangerously ill. Certain complications followed an attack of malarian fever, and last week his mother, the Dowager Lady Mayo, and his brother, Lord Mayo, were hastily summoned to Brighton. Since then a change for the better has taken place, and he is now out of danger.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip. What the ''World'' Says.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 08 December 1888, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18881208/037/0002. Print title: ''The Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper''; print p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1888 December 20, Thursday''', the Sloane-Stanley family, including Gwendolen Bourke, attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#20 December 1888, Thursday|funeral of Hans Sloane Stanley]]. Algernon Bourke did not attend because he was still too ill.

'''1889 January 22, 2:30 p.m., Tuesday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke sent a gift for the [[Social Victorians/Cecil Lambton Wedding 1889 January 22|wedding of Lady Eleanor Lambton and Lord Robert]] Cecil, a pair of antique mirrors.

'''1889 May 18, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#18 May 1889, Saturday|opening of the Italian Opera season at Covent Garden]].

'''1889 May 27, Monday, 11 p.m.''', the dancing commenced at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#The Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace|the Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace]], with both the Hon. Algernon and the Hon. Gwendolen Bourke present.

'''1889 June 8, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke contributed some art he owned to the collection of the Royal Institute of Painters in Water-Colours' [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#8 June 1889, Saturday|exhibition of &quot;the works of the 'English Humourists in Art.'&quot;]]

'''1889 July 2, Tuesday''', Gwendolen and Algernon Bourke sat in the Muriettas' box at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#The Shah at a Covent Garden Opera Performance|gala performance at Covent Garden also attended by the Prince and Princess of Wales, a number of other royals and the Shah]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1889 27 July, Saturday''', Gwendolen and Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#Garden Party Hosted by Mr. and Mrs. Augustus Harris|garden party hosted by Mr. and Mrs. Augustus Harris]], which was attended by a people from the theatre and arts worlds.&lt;p&gt;

'''1889 December 2, Monday''', Gwendolen Bourk's mother, Emilie Sloane-Stanley, married James Shelly Bontein:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

BONTEIN—STANLEY — December 2, at St. George's, Hanover Square, London, by the Rev. G. S. de Sansmarez, James Shelly, only son of the late James Bontein, Gentleman Usher and Clerk of the Robes to the Queen, to Emilie Josephine, widow of Hans Sloane Stanley, of Paultons.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1889 December 17, Tuesday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke gave a gift to [[Dangan-Neville Wedding|Lady Violet Nevill for her wedding to Henry Wellesley, Viscount Dangan]] and so were probably in attendance.

=== 1890s ===
'''1890 January 9, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#The York Hunt Ball|fancy-dress Hunt Ball in York]]. She&lt;blockquote&gt;looked a picture in a Gainsborough gown. The white satin skirt was flounced with sable and veiled with ''chiffon'', the setuage of which was left to show without being hemmed up. There was a broad sash of rose-pink silk and each buttonhole was filled round with crimped lisse.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Our London Letter.&quot; ''Irish Society'' (Dublin) 11 January 1890, Saturday: 17 [of 24], Col. 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001939/18900111/042/0017. Same print title, p. 29.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1890 February''' '''12, Wednesday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Lady Constance Leslie's Reception|Lady Constance Leslie's reception]] at her house in Stratford-place.

'''1890 April 9, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#The New Forest United Hunt Ball|the New Forest United Hunt Ball]].

'''1890 June 3, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the 2:30 p.m. [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Münster-Hay Wedding|wedding of Count Alexander Münster and Lady Muriel Henrietta Constance Hay]]. She is also listed as having attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Dinner and Concert Hosted by Mrs. Arthur Williams and Ball by Mrs. Menzies|ball hosted by Mrs. J. Menzies (daughter of Mrs. Arthur Wilson)]] that Prince Eddie, the Duke of Clarence and Avondale, also attended, that night.  

'''1890 July 4, Friday, 11 p.m.''', the Hon. Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#The Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace|the Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace]]. The dancing commenced shortly after 11:00. 

'''1890 July 15, Tuesday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke were invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Garden Party at Marlborough House to Meet the Queen|garden party at Marlborough House to meet the Queen]]. 

'''1890 July 19, Saturday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Wedding of James Francis Harry St. Clair-Erskine and Violet Aline Vyner|wedding of James Francis Harry St. Clair-Erskine and Violet Aline Vyner]], the two of them giving &quot;four small silver dessert dishes&quot; and Gwendolen giving an &quot;enamel and diamond pin.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marriage of Lord Loughborough with Miss Vyner.&quot; ''Fife Free Press'' 26 July 1890, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1a–2b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001110/18900726/015/0002. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 2b)

'''1890 July 24, Thursday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Dinner and Dance Hosted by Lord Alington|dance hosted by Lord Alington]] attended also by the Prince and Princess of Wales and Princesses Victoria and Maud.

'''1890 September 6, Saturday''', the ''Country Gentleman'' (as it was called at the time) reported that &quot;Muckross, the only deer forest in Ireland, it may be said, has this year been rented by Mr. Algernon Bourke, who will next week be joined there for the stalking season by his brother, Lord Mayo.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Shooting. Moors, Forests, and Fishings.&quot; ''Sporting Gazette'' 06 September 1890, Saturday: 11 [of 38], Col. 1c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002525/18900906/065/0011. Print: ''Country Gentleman'', p. 1251.&lt;/ref&gt; On 11 October 1890 the ''St. James's Gazette'' says,&lt;blockquote&gt;The Earl of Durham has been staying at Muchross, county Kerry, on a visit to the Hon. A. Bourke, who has rented the celebrated shootings and fishings on that estate for the autumn.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Society.&quot; ''St James's Gazette'' 11 October 1890, Saturday: 12 [of 16], Col. 1b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001485/18901011/064/0012. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1890 October 25, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke gave a gold-mounted box to [[Social Victorians/Loder De Vere Beauclerk Wedding|Lady Louise De Vere Beauclerk on her wedding to Gerald Loder, M.P.]], so they were probably present at the wedding, or at least the reception. Mrs. Bontein [sic Bontine], Gwendolen's mother, gave a silver box, suggesting the relationship was through the women.

'''1890 November 29, 11:30 Saturday morning''', Algernon Bourke's gift for the [[Social Victorians/Dudley-Beckwith Wedding 1890-11-29|wedding of the Hon. Francis Dudley and Miss Forbes Beckwith]] was some cases of a Bordeaux wine: &quot;three dozen Cantenac, 1875 vintage.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marriage of Lord Leigh's Heir. Descriptive Sketch of the Ceremony, and Full List of Guests and Presents.&quot; ''Leamington Spa Courier'' 6 December 1890, Saturday: 6 [of 10], Cols. 1a–4a. ''British Newspaper Archive''  https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000319/18901206/021/0006. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 3b}} Gwendolen Bourke is not listed as having been invited to the reception, but this list from the ''Leamington Spa Courier'' has some gaps.

'''1890 December 4, Thursday''', Gwendolen and Algernon Bourke attended the [[Mure-Portal Wedding 1890-12-04|wedding of Miss Mure and Mr. S. J. Portal]]. Their gift is not recorded.

'''1891 January''', Algernon Bourke took party in a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Shooting Party in Kallarnet, Totton|shooting party in Kallarnet, Totton]].

'''1891 June 24, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Dinner and Ball Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne|dinner and ball Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne]] featuring Princess Mary Adelaide, the Duke of Teck, and Princess Victoria.

'''1891 July 9, Thursday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke were invited to a [[Social Victorians/1891-07-09 Garden Party|large Garden Party at Marlborough House]] hosted by the [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]] in honor of Queen Victoria and the German Emperor and Empress. The more than 3,000 people invited also included a number of people from the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|family of the Earl of Mayo]].

'''1891 July 22, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Dinner and Dance at Alington House|dance at the Earl and Countess Alington]]'s that also included the Prince and Princess of Wales.

'''1891 October 22, Thursday''', Hon. and Mrs. Bourke attended at least the reception of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Le Strange Astley Wedding|Le Strange—Astley Wedding]], although perhaps the couple is not the Algernon Bourkes.

'''1891 November 22, Sunday''', the London ''Weekly Dispatch'' reports a performance by American &quot;Lady Magnet&quot; Mrs. Abbott, who claimed to be able to lift anybody using only her magnetic properties. An enthusiastic &quot;committee of some fifteen gentlemen presented a written and signed testimonial&quot; supporting Mrs. Abbott, &quot;the Hon. Algernon Bourke, Professor Atkinson, Dr. Hides, and three other doctors who prefer to remain incog., being among the signatories. All the medical gentlemen concerned assured the ''Evening News and Post'' reporter of their complete and unconditional surrender. One of them went so far as to say that he had come with the full determination of disbelieving, but had been quite able to act up to his resolve.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Lady Magnet. Draws Crowds of People Who Divide in Opinion about Her.&quot; ''Weekly Dispatch'' (London) 22 November 1891, Sunday: 16 [of 16], Cols. 3a–4b [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003358/18911122/203/0016. Print: same title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1892''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke privately published his ''The History of White's'', the exclusive gentleman's club.

'''1892 January 27, Saturday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended the very fashionable [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892#The Wedding of Lord Henry Cavendish Bentinck, M.P., and Lady Olivia Taylour|wedding of Lord Henry Cavendish Bentinck, M.P., and Lady Olivia Taylour]]. Their gift was not noted in the list.

'''1892 February''' '''10, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1892-02-10 Alington Leigh Wedding|very fashionable wedding of Henry, Lord Alington and Evelyn Henriette Leigh]] [[Social Victorians/1892-02-10 Alington Leigh Wedding|in St. Paul's, Knightsbridge]]

'''1892 April''' '''10, Wednesday, about 2:30 p.m.''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/1892-02-10 Alington Leigh Wedding|the very fashionable wedding between Henry Sturt, Lord Alington and Evelyn Leigh]]. Her gift was a &quot;tortoiseshell and gold heart-shaped tray.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;&quot;Lord Alington to Miss Leigh.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 20 February 1892, Saturday: 21 [of 46], Cols. 1a–3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18920220/092/0021. Same print title, p. 237.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 3a) 

'''1892 June 25, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird&quot; says &quot;That pretty Mrs. Algernon Bourke has been staying here, but returned to England in time for Ascot.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Little Bird, The. &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 25 June 1892, Saturday: 32 [of 60], Col. 3b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18920625/157/0032. Same print title, p. 860.&lt;/ref&gt; 

'''1892 December 13, Tuesday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' says Gwendolen Bourke is lovely in its coverage of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892#Wedding of Miss Eleanor M. Ewart and Captain Guy Withington|Eleanor M. Ewart and Captain Guy Withington's wedding]]. 

'''1892 December 22, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892#22 December 1892, Thursday|monthly meeting of the Zoological Society in Hanover-square]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 February 11, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke opened Willis's Restaurant:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Algernon Bourke has in his time done many things, and has generally done them well. His recently published history of White's Club is now a standard work. White's Club itself was a few years ago in its agony when Mr. Bourke stepped in and gave it a renewed lease of life. Under Mr. Bourke's auspices &quot;Willis's Restaurant&quot; opened its doors to the public on Tuesday last in a portion of the premises formerly so well known as Willis's Rooms. This new venture is to rival the Amphitryon in the matter of cuisine and wines; but it is not, like the Amphitryon, a club, but open to the public generally. Besides the restaurant proper, there are several ''cabinets particuliers'', and these are decorated with the very best of taste, and contain some fine portraits of the Georges.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marmaduke.&quot; &quot;Letter from the Linkman.&quot; ''Truth'' 20 April 1893, Thursday: 25 [of 56], Col. 1a [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18930420/075/0025# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18930420/075/0025]. Print p. 855.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1893 February 7, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#1893 February 7, Tuesday|the reception after Lady Emily Cadogan's wedding]].

'''1893 February 20, Monday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke is listed as having attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace|Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace]] held by the Prince of Wales; because wives generally are not listed, it seems likely Gwendolen Bourke attended as well.

'''1893 February 28, Tuesday, 3:00 p.m.''', Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Queens Drawing Room 1893-02-28|Queen's Drawing Room at Buckingham Palace]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 March 22, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#22 March 1893, Wednesday|Lady Wimborne's reception]].

'''1893 April 1, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke published a letter to the editor of the ''Times'', reprinted in the ''Kildare Observer'', arguing against Gladstone's Home Rule bill on the grounds that Ireland would not be able to take out a loan on its own behalf because of its obligations to the U.K., including what was called its share of the national debt.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Irish Unionist Alliance.&quot; ''Kildare Observer and Eastern Counties Advertiser'' 01 April 1893, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001870/18930401/062/0006. Print: The ''Kildare Observer'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1893 May 13, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was seen at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#13 May 1893, Saturday|exhibitions of art and furniture for sale by Christie's and on display by Lord Clifden]].

'''1893 July 13, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#The Countess of Listowel's Garden Party|Countess of Listowel's Garden Party]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#The Countess of Listowel's Garden Party|at her residence, Kingston House, Princes-gate]], accompanied by Miss Adeane.

'''1893 July 14, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Sandown Races 1893-07-14|the races at Sandown]] wearing a dark-blue-and-white outfit and black hat that got described in the newspaper.

'''1893 August 1, Tuesday – August 4, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke, at least, was at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#1 August 1893, Tuesday – 4 August 1893, Friday|the Goodwood races]], mentioned in the ''Gentlewoman'' for her beauty, although none of the dresses were noted.

'''1893 November 4–11, Wednesday–Saturday''', Gwendolen Bourke was at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#Ralph and Mary Sneyd Hosted a Shooting Party|shooting party at Keele Hall hosted by Ralph and Mary Sneyd]].

'''1893 November 30, Thursday''', with Sir Walter Gilbey the Hon. Algernon Bourke &quot;assisted&quot; in &quot;forming [a] collection&quot; of engravings by George Morland that was exhibited at Messrs. J. and W. Vokins’s, Great Portland-street.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The George Morland Exhibition at Vokins's.&quot; ''Sporting Life'' 30 November 1893, Thursday: 4 [of 4], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000893/18931130/058/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1893 December 14, Thursday, afternoon''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1893-12-14 Wedding Adele Grant and George, 7th Earl of Essex|wedding of American Adele Grant and George, 7th Earl of Essex]] and gave a &quot;pearl and gold box.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;&quot;Wedding of the Earl of Essex.&quot; ''Herts Advertiser'' 16 December 1893, Saturday; 8 [of 8], Col. 1a–4b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000415/18931216/125/0008. Print title: ''The Herts Advertiser and St Albans Times'', p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 3c}} Mr. and Mrs. Shelley Bontein also attended, and Mrs. Bontein gave a &quot;green leather bag and purse, with coronet and monogram in gold.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;{{rp|3b}}

'''1894 January 27, Saturday''', Psyche in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; in the ''Gentlewoman'' reported on a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#27 January 1894, Saturday|ball hosted by Lord and Lady Dunraven at Adare Manor]] that Gwendolen Bourke attended.

'''1894 January 31, Wednesday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke, who was dressed more stylishly than most, attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Also 31 January 1894, Wednesday|Kildare Hunt Ball]] hosted by Dermot, [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] and Geraldine, Countess of Mayo.

'''1894 February 24, Saturday''', ''The Field'' reported on a series of tennis matches; Algernon Bourke attended the one played at the Prince's Club.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Tennis.&quot; ''Field'' 24 February 1894, Saturday: 39 [of 72], Col. 1c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002446/18940224/349/0039. Print title ''The Field, The Country Gentleman's Newspaper'', p. 249.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1894 March 31, Saturday''', Psyche, in the &quot;Social Peepshow&quot; column in the ''Gentlewoman'', says that &quot;Mr. Algernon Bourke has still further embellished Willis's restaurant hard by [the St. James's Theatre], by the addition of some valuable old tapestry that lately came to the hammer at Christie's.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 31 March 1894, Saturday: 16 [of 56], Col. 2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18940331/081/0016. Same print title, p. 408.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1894 April 13, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke set sail on the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#P. and O. Line S.S. Rome for Gibraltar|P. and O. Line ''S.S. Rome'' for Gibraltar]] along with her stepfather, Mr. Shelley Bontein, and her brother, Mr. Sloane Stanley.

'''31 May 1894, Thursday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Reception at Devonshire House|Duchess of Devonshire's reception at Devonshire House]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 June 18, Monday''', the London ''Echo'' reported that Algernon Bourke was [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Brooks'|writing a history of Brooks' Club]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 June 20, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Princess Louise, Marchioness of Lorne Opened the Annual Sale of the Scottish Home Industries|Annual Sale of the Scottish Home Industries]]; her outfit was described in the article in ''Lady's Pictorial''.

'''1894 August 2, Thursday''', the column &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird&quot; says, &quot;At Willis' [restaurant] — 'What a smart cotillon Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave on Thursday evening.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Bird, The Little. &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 04 August 1894, Saturday: 30 [of 56], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18940804/148/0030. Print title same, p. 144.&lt;/ref&gt; Willis's Restaurant, King-street, St. James's, was a restaurant Algernon Bourke opened in 1893.&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 September 7, Saturday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke were at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#7 September 1894, Saturday|shooting party at Witley]], which had been loaned to one of his brothers by William Ward, 2nd Earl of Dudley.&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 October 22, Thursday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Wedding of Lord Connemara and Mrs. Coleman|luncheon after the wedding of Lord Connemara and Mrs. Coleman]].

'''1894 November 3, Saturday''', Psyche, in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; for the Gentlewoman, reported that Gwendolen Bourke had been [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#3 November 1894, Saturday|seen shopping in London]].

'''1895 January 5, Saturday, 2:00 p.m.''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke gave an old mother-of-pearl workbox to [[Wolverton-Ward Wedding 1895-01-05|Lady Edith Ward for her wedding to Frederick Glyn, Lord Wolverton]] and presumably attended the wedding and reception afterwards.&lt;p&gt;

'''1895 February 23, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#23 February 1895, Saturday|fashionable wedding of Laurence Currie and Edith Sibyl Mary Finch]]. Gwendolen Bourke is not listed as having attended, but she is not noted as absent, either. Daphne Bourke was born on 5 April 1895, probably explaining Gwendolen's absence.

'''1895 March 24, Sunday – 30 March, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#24, Sunday – 30 March 1895, Saturday|enjoying the sunny weather in Brighton]].

'''1895 April 27, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#1895 April 27, Saturday|wedding of Norah Bourke and Henry E. A. Lindsay]]. Again, Gwendolen Bourke is not listed as having attended. Daphne Bourke was born on 5 April 1895, and Psyche, writing the &quot;Social Peepshow&quot; column in the Gentlewoman, says,&lt;blockquote&gt;

I regret to hear of the serious illness of Mrs. Algernon Bourke, whose first child was born a fortnight ago. It is feared that the attack is of the nature of typhoid, but happily the patient's strength keeps up. Mrs. Bourke is at her mother's house in Clarges-street.&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 27 April 1895, Saturday: 28 [of 84], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18950427/147/0028. Same print title, p. 506.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1895 July 13, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke donated 10s. to the ''Daily Telegraph'' National Shilling Testimonial to W. G. Grace.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;''Daily Telegraph'' National Shilling Testimonial to W. G. Grace.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London) 13 July 1895, Saturday: 7 [of 12], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/18950713/079/0007. Print: ''Daily Telegraph'', p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1895 August 24, Saturday''', &quot;Marmaduke&quot; in the ''Graphic'' says that Algernon Bourke &quot;opened a cyclists' club in Chelsea.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marmaduke.&quot; &quot;Court and Club.&quot; The ''Graphic'' 24 August 1895, Saturday: 11 [of 32], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9000057/18950824/017/0011. Print p. 223.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1895 October''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#24 October 1902, Friday|opened the Prince's ice-skating rink for the]] season.if the newspapers were right that 1902 was the 7th season. He also was planning a bicycling club for Kensington Gardens to open the following season.&lt;ref&gt;Mackenzie, Ethel Morell (Miss). &quot;Pins and Needles.&quot; ''Hull Daily News'' 12 October 1895, Saturday: 24 [of 40], Col. 1a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003443/18951012/024/0024. Print title: ''Hull News Supplement'', p. 1[6? 8?].&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1895 October 7, Monday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#Adeane-Cator Wedding|Maud Adeane–John Cator wedding]].

'''1895 December 11, Wednesday''', Gwendolen and Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#Sneyd Party to Meet the Duke of Coburg|shooting party at the Sneyds' to meet the Duke of Coburg]].

'''1895 December 18, Wednesday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#Wedding of Lady Albreda Fitzwilliam and the Hon. Charles Bourke|wedding of Lady Albreda Fitzwilliam and the Hon. Charles Bourke]]. Their gift is not noted in the newspaper account.

'''1896 March 17, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#17 March 1896, Tuesday|annual dinner of the Cymmrodorion, or the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion]], a society for Welsh culture and history.

'''1896 April 21, Monday''', Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke sent a gift — a &quot;box for miniature&quot; — for [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Monday, 1896 April 27|the wedding of Lady Angela St. Clair Erskine and James Stewart Forbes]].

'''1896 May 21, Thursday''', the Hon. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Mrs. C. H. Wilson's Ball|Mrs. C. H. Wilson's ball in Grosvenor-square, London]].

'''1896 May 26, Tuesday,  through 28 May, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Coming of Age of Mr Sloane Stanley|3-day celebration in honor of the coming of age of her brother, Cyril Sloane Stanley]].

'''1896 June 15, Monday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Dinner and Dance Hosted by the Countess of Huntingdon|dance hosted by the Earl and Countess of Huntingdon]] after their dinner party.

'''1896 July 13, Monday''', Algernon Bourke (listed among the &quot;Honourables&quot;) and Mrs. A. Bourke (Listed among the &quot;Honourable Ladies&quot;) were invited to the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Queen's Garden Party at Buckingham Palace|Queen's Garden Party at Buckingham Palace]].

'''1896 June 29, Monday''', the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Cadogan-Scott Wedding 1896-06-29|wedding and reception of Lady Sophie Cadogan and Sir Samuel Scott]]. Algernon Bourke published a letter to the editor of the ''Daily Telegraph'' about White's Club — and thus Bourke's — &quot;[[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Summer Club|Summer Club]]&quot; in Kensington Park, the subject of a little controversy.

'''1896 July 21, Tuesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Dinner Hosted by Sir Horace and Lady Farquhar|dinner hosted by Sir Horace and Lady Farquhar in Grosvenor-square]].

'''1896 August 5, Wednesday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#5 August 1896|wedding of the Hon. Terence Bourke and Miss Eveline Haines]] and gave the bride an &quot;enamel muff chain.&quot;&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 August 10, Monday''', the Morning Leader reported that the Hon. Algernon Bourke, for the Foreign Office, received Li Hung Chang at St. Paul's:&lt;blockquote&gt;At St. Paul's Li Hung was received by Field-Marshal Simmons, Colonel Lane, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, of the Foreign Office (who made the necessary arrangements for the visit) and Canon Newbolt, on behalf of the Dean and Chapter. A crowd greeted Li with a cheer as he drove up in Lord Lonsdale’s striking equipage, and his Excellency was carried up the steps in an invalid chair by two stalwart constables. He walked through the centre door with his suite, and was immediately conducted by Canon Newbolt to General Gordon’s tomb in the north aisle, where a detachment of boys from the Gordon Home received him as a guard of honor.

Li inspected the monument with marked interest, and drew the attention of his suite to the remarkable likeness to the dead hero. He laid a handsome wreath of royal purple asters, lilies, maidenhair fern, and laurel, tied with a broad band of purple silk, on the tomb.

The visit was not one of inspection of the building, but on passing the middle aisle the interpreter called the attention of His Excellency to the exquisite architecture and decoration of the chancel. Li shook hands in hearty English fashion with Canon Newbolt and the other gentlemen who had received him, and, assisted by his two sons, walked down the steps to his carriage. He returned with his suite to Carlton House-terrace by way of St. Paul’s Churchyard, Cannon-st., Queen Victoria-st., and the Embankment.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;At St. Paul's.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 10 August 1896, Monday: 7 [of 12], Col. 2b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18960810/134/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 August 19, Wednesday''', the ''Edinburgh Evening News'' reported on the catering that White's Club and Mr Algernon Bourke arranged for the visiting Li Hung Chang:&lt;blockquote&gt;It is probably not generally known (says the &quot;Chef&quot;) that Mr Algernon Bourke, manager of White's Club, London, has undertaken to the whole of the catering for our illustrious visitor front the Flowery Land. Li Hung Chang has five native cooks in his retinue, and the greatest good fellowship exists between them and their English ''confreres'', although considerable difficulty is experienced in conversation in understanding one another's meaning. There are between 40 and and 50 to cater for daily, besides a staff about 30; that Mr Lemaire finds his time fully occupied. The dishes for his Excellency are varied and miscellaneous, and from 14 to 20 courses are served at each meal. The bills of fare contain such items as bird's-nest soup, pigs' kidneys stewed in cream, boiled ducks and green ginger, sharks' fins, shrimps and prawns stewed with leeks and muscatel grapes, fat pork saute with peas and kidney beans. The meal usually winds with fruit and sponge cake, and freshly-picked green tea as liqueur.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Li Hung Chang's Diet.&quot; ''Edinburgh Evening News'' 19 August 1896, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 8b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000452/18960819/057/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 November 6, Friday''', both Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke were on the committee for the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Skating Club|Prince's Club ice-skating rink]], which [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Opening of the Prince's Club Skating Rink|opened on this day]].

'''1896 November 22, week of''', Mrs. Algernon Bourke was part of a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Shooting Party at the Charles Wilsons' Warter Priory, Yorkshire|shooting party at the Charles Wilsons' Warter Priory, Yorkshire]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 November 25, Wednesday''', Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bouke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Lord and Lady Burton Hosted a Party for Derby Day|Lord and Lady Burton's party for Derby Day]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 December 4, Friday''', the Orleans Club at Brighton was robbed:&lt;blockquote&gt;The old building of the Orleans Club at Brighton, which opens its new club house at 33, Brunswick-terrace to-day, was the scene of a very ingenious burglary during the small hours of yesterday morning. The greater portion of the club property had already been removed to the new premises, but Mr Algernon Bourke, his private secretary, and some of the officials of the club, still occupied bed-rooms at the house in the King’s-road. The corner shop of the street front is occupied by Mr. Marx, a jeweller in a large way of business, and upon his manager arriving at nine o'clock he discovered that the place had been entered through hole in the ceiling, and a great part of a very valuable stock of jewelry extracted. An examination of the morning rooms of the club, which runs over Mr. Marx's establishment reveal a singularly neat  specimen of the burglar's art. A piece of the flooring about 15in square had been removed by a series of holes bored side by side with a centre-bit, at a spot where access to the lofty shop was rendered easy by a tall showcase which stood convemently near. A massive iron girder had been avoided by a quarter of an inch, and this circumstance and the general finish of the operation point to an artist in his profession, who had acquired an intimate knowledge of the premises. The club doors were all found locked yesterday morning, and the means of egress adopted by the thief are at present a mystery.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Burglary at Brighton.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London) 05 December 1896, Saturday: 5 [of 12], Col. 7a [of 7]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/18961205/090/0005. Print title: ''Daily Telegraph''; p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 December 10, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke was present to help staff a stall at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#10 December 1896, Thursday|Irish Industries Exhibition and Sale, Brighton]].

'''1896 December 31, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke hosted a New Year's Eve dance:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave a highly satisfactory and enjoyable dance on Thursday night, when the old year was danced out and the new one danced in. Most of the silver gilters at present in to len were to the fore.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Man about Town.&quot; ''Sporting Gazette'' 02 January 1897, Saturday: 7 [of 34], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002525/18970102/041/0007. Print title ''The County Gentleman'', p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 January 9, Saturday''', Psyche in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; says that Algernon Bourke's &quot;cheerful countenance was quite in keeping with the [Christmas] season,&quot; seen in London.&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 9 January 1897, Saturday: 22 [of 56], Col. 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970109/097/0022. Same print title, p. 40.&lt;/ref&gt; 

'''1897 January 13, Wednesday – 18, Monday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke were guests of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Warwickshire Hunt Club Ball|house party associated with the Warwickshire Hunt Ball]] at [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Warwick Castle]].

'''1897 January 30, Saturday''', Gwendolen Bourke was reported to have been out shopping in London: &quot;Another charming figure was that of Mrs. Algernon Bourke all in chinchilla, with something of pale blue in a smart toque.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 30 January 1897, Saturday: 20 [of 59]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970130/107/0020. Same print title, p. 134.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 May 31, Monday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke were present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#House Party at Warwick Castle|House Party at Warwick Castle]] hosted by the Earl and Countess of Warwick.

'''1897 June 2, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Reception at the Foreign Office|reception at the Foreign Office]].

'''1897 June 12, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' reported on Gwendolen Bourke's dress and hat at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Duchess of Albany's Bazaar at the Imperial Institute|Duchess of Albany's Bazaar at the Imperial Institute]]. 

'''1897 June 19, Saturday''', Psyche in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; column in the ''Gentlewoman'' writes that Gwendolen Bourke was seen driving in London, &quot;in blue, ... looking as usual very handsome.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 19 June 1897, Saturday: 28 [of 108], Col. 2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970619/159/0028. Same print title, p. 848.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 June 28, Monday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke were invited to the [[Social Victorians/Diamond Jubilee Garden Party|Garden Party at Buckingham Palace]], the final official event of the London Diamond Jubilee celebrations. Members of the family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] were also among the 5,000–6,000 people invited.

'''1897 July 2, Friday''', the Hon. A. and Mrs. A. Bourke and Mr. and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] at Devonshire House.

'''1897 July 8, Thursday, 11:00 p.m.''', Hon. Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke were present at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace|the Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace]]. The dancing commenced shortly after 11:00 p.m.

'''1897 July 11–16, week of''', a dog of Gwendolen Bourke's won a prize at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Ladies' Kennel Association show in the Royal Botanic Gardens in Regent's Park|Ladies' Kennel Association show in the Royal Botanic Gardens in Regent's Park]]. 

'''1897 July 23, Friday''', both the Hon. Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Bourke-Curzon Cricket Match at the Queen's Club|Bourke-Curzon cricket match at the Queen's Club]], which Algernon Bourke's team lost. 

'''1897 July 23 — or July 30, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Lady Burton's party at Chesterfield House|Lady Burton's party at Chesterfield House]]. &lt;blockquote&gt;Far the prettiest women in the room were Lady Henry Bentinck (who looked perfectly lovely in pale yellow, with a Iong blue sash; and Mrs. Algernon Bourke, who was as smart as possible in pink, with pink and white ruchings on her sleeves and a tall pink feather in her hair.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lady Burton's Party at Chesterfield House.&quot; ''Belper &amp; Alfreton Chronicle'' 30 July 1897, Friday: 7 [of 8], Col. 1c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004151/18970730/162/0007. Print title: ''Belper and Alfreton Chronicle''; n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 August 2, Monday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Warwick House Party for the Easton Lodge Cricket Week Games|Earl and Countess of Warwick's house party for Easton Lodge cricket week]].

'''1897 August 2, Monday''', Mrs. Algernon Bourke was listed as among [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Most Beautiful Women in England|the most beautiful women in England]] in an article from ''Vanity Fair'' that was reprinted elsewhere.

'''1897 September 25, Saturday''', according to the ''Pall Mall Gazette'',&lt;blockquote&gt;The [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Dowager-Countess of Mayo]] is staying with her son, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, at Bramnber, near Brighton.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pall Mall Gazette Office.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 25 September 1897, Saturday: 8 [of 10], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18970925/023/0008. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1897 October 2, Saturday''', &quot;Yenatrix&quot; in &quot;Kennel Column&quot; in the ''Gentlewoman'' reported that Gwendolen Bourke had joined the Ladies' Kennel Association.&lt;ref&gt;Yenatrix. &quot;Kennel Column.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 02 October 1897, Saturday: 39 [of 61], Col. 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18971002/182/0039. Same print title, p. 434.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 October 9, Saturday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke were at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Harrogate|Harrogate, presumably taking the waters and baths]]. Lady May was on her way to visit Algernon Bourke in Brighton:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Earl of Mayo is expected to return from Sweden on Saturday next. Lady Mayo leaves Bournemouth on Sarurday for Brighton, where she will pay a two days' visit to her brother-in-law, the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]]. The Earl and Countess will then return to Palmerstown, their seat in County Kildare.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pall Mall Gazette Office.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 7 October 1897, Thursday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18971007/022/0008. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1897 October 30, Saturday''', ''Black and White'' published '''J.P.B.'''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s &quot;The Case of Mrs. Elliott,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;J.P.B. &quot;The Case of Mrs. Elliott.&quot; ''Black &amp; White'' 30 October 1897, Saturday: 12 [of 34], Cols. 1a–2b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004617/18971030/036/0012. Print title ''Black and White'', p. 542.&lt;/ref&gt; an odd short short story in which the Honourable Algernon Bourke Herriott is &quot;rude to Mrs. Elliott,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2b}} presumably having proposed sexual relations while her husband is out. J.P.B. links to the biographical Algernon Bourke's career in the stock market in the description of Mrs. Christine Elliott not even simulating interest in her husband's bicycling: &quot;a soul is a grievous burthen for a stockbroker's wife,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2a}} suggesting that Mr. Elliott rather than Algernon Bourke Herriott is the stockbroker. The Hon. Algy&lt;blockquote&gt;was a senior member of several junior clubs. A woman had dubbed him once &quot;a rip with a taste for verses.&quot; The description was severe, but not unwarranted. His was a pretty pagan sensualism, though, singing from a wine palate to Church music. For the rest, he had just imagination enough to despise mediocrity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2a}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 November 25–26, Thursday–Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke was in Brighton, helping the Countess of Mayo at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Irish Industries' Association Annual Exhibition|bazaar of the Irish Industries' Association]].

'''1897 December 7, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#7 December 1897, Tuesday|7th annual dinner for the Actors' Benevolent Fund]].

'''1897 December 30''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Blenheim Palace Party with Amateur Theatricals|party at Blenheim Palace in which people performed tableaux vivants]] that got reported on, many of whom wearing the costumes from the Duchess of Devonshire's ball. The ''Irish Independent'' said Algernon Bourke was &quot;mainly responsible for the living pictures.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr Algernon Bourke ....&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 05 January 1898, Wednesday: 6 [of 8], Col. 2c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001985/18980105/115/0006.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1898''', Algernon Bourke called a meeting at White's Club about attempting to [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Thames Salmon Experiment|restock the Thames with salmon]]. In 1899 he was on a [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#Committees|committee led by the Lord Mayor about this topic]] as well.

'''1898 February 3, Thursday''',  Algernon Bourke was among [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#The Dundee Evening Telegraph Report on People at Monte Carlo|those visiting Monte Carlo according to the Dundee ''Evening Telegraph'']].

'''1898 March 12, Saturday''', ''The World'' reported on Algernon Bourke's upgrading of the Orleans Club at Brighton:&lt;blockquote&gt;

The Orleans Club at Brighton is flourishing exceedingly, and the new buildings which Mr. Algernon Bourke has just had erected at the back of the comfortable mansion at the corner of Lansdowne-place now provide all that was wanting to make the present habitat of the club all that its members desire. The new billiard-room is rapidly approaching completion, and the coffee-room, excellent and spacious now, was open on Saturday night, when every table was occupied by club diners and their guests, all of whom were enthusiastic over the excellence of this latest addition to the comfort of the house. All interested may be congratulated on what is practically new lease of life to the Orleans Club, than which there is no more comfortable place stay within the four seas.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From '''The World''.'&quot; ''East &amp; South Devon Advertiser'' 12 March 1898, Saturday: 6 pop 8], Col. 2b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001639/18980312/132/0006. Print title ''The East and South Devon Advertiser'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1898 March 30, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke was charged with assaulting a Mr. Potter, but it is not clear from this account what exactly happened:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Hon. Algernon H. Bourke, of Bramber, was summoned, at the instance of Mr. Walter John Potter, clerk to Mr. G. A. Flowers, solicitor, of Steyning, for assault, on the 30th March. — Mr. J. Edward Dell supported the case, and Mr. J. C. Buckwell defended, and pleaded not guilty. — The evidence was to the effect that Mr. Potter had occasion go to defendant's house on Wednesday last to serve a writ. He was going to drop the letter into [Col. 5c–6a] defendant's pocket when he turned and struck him a violent blow on the chest, making witness stagger backwards. Witness put up his hands to keep his balance, and defendant then struck him violently across the head with a weeding spud. — Richard Reed, who was at work for Mr. Bourke on the date named, and was working in garden at the time of the alleged assault, gave corroborative evidence. — Defendant, in the witness box, made a similar statement. — The magistrates differed as to whether the assault was committed, and dismissed the case.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Steyning.&quot; ''Sussex Express'' 9 April 1898, Saturday: 2 [of 12], Col. 5c–6a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000654/18980409/036/0002. Print: ''The Sussex Express, Surrey Standard, Weald of the Kent Mail, Hants and County Advertiser'', p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1898 April 12, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was among [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#1898 April 12, Tuesday|those visiting Monte Carlo according to the ''Gentlewoman'']].

'''1898 May 25, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke wore pink to [[Social Victorians/1898-05-25 Savoy Dinner Dance Hwfa|Mrs. Hwfa Williams' dinner-dance at the Savoy]].

'''1898 June 7, Tuesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. A. Bourke were invited to and probably attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#7 June 1898, Tuesday|State Ball at Buckingham Palace hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales]].

'''1898 July 4, Thursday afternoon''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke were invited to and probably attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#Garden Party at Marlborough House|Garden Party at Marlborough House given to the Queen and Shah of Persia]].

'''1898 October 29, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#Tennis Championship Game at Prince's Club, Knightsbridge|tennis match at Prince's Club, Knightsbridge]].

'''1898 November 22, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#Shooting Party Hosted by William James|shooting party hosted by Mr. William James]].

'''1898 December 3, Saturday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. A. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#The Funeral of Lady Connemara|funeral of Lady Connemara in Christ Church]], Down street, Piccadilly.&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 January 10, Tuesday''', the Brighton Championship Dog Show opened:&lt;blockquote&gt;Princess of Wales a Winner at the Ladies’ Kennel Club Show.

[Exclusive to &quot;The Leader.&quot;)

The Brighton Championship Dog Show opened in the Dome and Corn Exchange yesterday, and was very well patronised by visitors and exhibitors. Among the latter was H.R.H. the Princess of Wales, who did very well; and others included Princess Sophie Duleep Singh, Countess De Grey, Sir Edgar Boehm, the Hon Mrs. Algernon Bourke, Lady Cathcart, Lady Reid, Mr. Shirley (chairman of the Kennel Club), and the Rev. Hans Hamiiton (president of the Kennel Club).

The entry of bloodhounds is one of the best seen for some time; the Great Danes are another strong lot; deerhounds are a fine entry, all good dogs, and most of the best kennels represented; borzois are another very stylish lot. The bigger dogs are, as usual, in the Corn Exchange and the &quot;toy&quot; dogs in the Dome. To everyone's satsfaction the Princess of Wales carried off two first prizes with Alex in the borzois class.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Dogs at Brighton.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 11 January 1899, Wednesday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18990111/142/0008. Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 January 11, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#11 January 1899, Wednesday|a luncheon at Stanfield-hall, home of Mr. and Mrs. Basil Montogomery, for Princess Henry of Battenberg]], that also included the Countess of Dudley (sister of Mrs. Montgomery), General Oliphant, and the Mayor and Mayoress of Romsey.

'''1899 January 17–18, Tuesday and Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Ladies' Kennel Association in Brighton|Ladies' Kennel Association in Brighton]], where she showed an Italian greyhound named Brenda.

'''1899 February 7, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke was a member of the very high-ranking committee organizing the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Gordon Memorial College Ball|Gordon Memorial College Ball at the Hotel Cecil on 7 February 1899]]. The committee had been planning for the ball, of course, for at least 3 weeks before.

'''1899 February 22, Wednesday – April''', Gwendolen Bourke was part of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Society in St. Moritz|Society in St. Moritz]]. 1899 March 29, Wednesday, the ''Dundee Advertiser'' says that [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#29 March 1899, Wednesday|Cyril Sloane-Stanley was spending part of the winter in St. Moritz]] with his sister Gwendolen Bourke.

'''1899 April 7, Friday, probably''', oddly, Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke are not reported to have attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Funeral of the Hon. Charles Bourke, C.B.|Funeral of the Hon. Charles Bourke, C.B.]] or even to have sent flowers.

'''1899 April 8, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' reported that Gwendolen Bourke had gone to [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#8 April 1899, Saturday|St. Moritz with her brother, Mr. Stanley, who had gotten engaged to Lady Cairns]].

'''1899 April 26, Wednesday''', according to &quot;Local and District News&quot; for Totton, Gwendolen Bourke was &quot;ill with influenza in Paris, and Mrs. Shelley Bontein, her mother, has gone out to nurse her.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Local and District News. Totton.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 26 April 1899, Wednesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 2b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18990426/037/0004. Print title ''Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1899 June 1, Thursday, or 2, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Wedding of Roger Cyril Sloane Stanley and Olivia, Countess Cairns|wedding of her brother, Sloane Stanley and Olivia Countess Cairns]] at Holy Trinity Church, Brompton.

'''1899 June 8, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke's money troubles:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Hon. Algernon Bourke, son of the Earl of Mayo, has been appearing before the official receivers in connection with a winding-up order made against Willis’ Restaurant, Limited. The companyf [sic] was formed to acquire the well known restaurant from the Hon. H. A. Bourke. The chairman reminded the creditors that on the last occasion the meeting was adjourned because Mr. Bourke said he thought he would be able in the course of a fortnight to obtain an offer for a sum sufficient to satisfy the creditors and debenture holders. He had received a letter from Mr. Bourke to the effect that he had been unable to complete arrangements. Having looked into the affairs of the company more closely, it appeared to him that Mr. Bourke was legally liable to repay the sum of £5,000 which was advanced to White's Club, and the question would arise whether Mr. Bourke was not also liable to repay the sum of £4,000.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr. Bourke Must Pay.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 8 June 1899, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 8c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001985/18990608/118/0004. Print title: ''The Irish Weekly Independent'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1899 July 1, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#1 July 1899, Saturday|meeting in London at the Duke of Westminster's Grosvenor House]] about preserving Killarney as part of the National Trust and seems to have been acting for someone who wanted to purchase the Muckross Estate.

'''1899 July 5, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Dinner and Dance at Devonshire House|dance at Devonshire House hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire]].

'''1899 July 6, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Joan Wilson and Guy Fairfax's Wedding|wedding of Joan Wilson and Guy Fairfax in St. Mark's, near Grosvenor Square]].

'''1899 July 14, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#14 July 1899, Friday|Ernest Beckett's dinner party]].

'''1899 July 18, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Ludovici Lecture on Impressionism|lecture on Impressionism by Ludovici hosted by the Countess of Mayo]].

'''1899 July 28, Friday''', [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#White's|White's Club]] was no longer under Algernon Bourke's management and was reconstituting itself after the possibility that it would have to close.

'''1889 July 31, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#Fete of the Uxbridge Habitation of the Primrose League|Fete of the Uxbridge Habitation of the Primrose League]] at Hillingdon Court and hosted by the Hon. Algernon and Lady Mary Mills.

'''1899 September 9, Saturday''', the ''Eastern Morning News'' includes Algernon Bourke (&quot;St. James's-street, London, club proprietor&quot;) in a list of men &quot;Receiving Orders,&quot; which it is reprinting from the ''London Gazette''.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Receiving Orders.&quot; ''Eastern Morning'' News 9 September 1899, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 3c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001152/18990909/074/0005. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 October 19, Thursday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke had a bankruptcy hearing:&lt;blockquote&gt;The public examination of the Hon. Algernon Bourke was held before Mr Registrar Giffard yesterday, at the London Bankruptcy Court. The debtor, described as proprietor of a St. James's-street club, furnished a statement of affairs showing unsecured debts £13,694 and debts fully secured £12,800, with assets which are estimated at £4,489 [?]. He stated, in reply to the Official Receiver, that he was formerly a member of the Stock Exchange, but had nothing to do with the firm of which he was a member during the last ten years. He severed his connection with the firm in May last, and believed he was indebted to them to the extent of £2,000 or £3,000. He repudiated a claim which they now made for £37,300. In 1889 he became proprietor of White's Club, St. James's-street, and carried it on until January 1st last, when he transferred it to a company called Recreations, Limited. One of the objects of the company was to raise money on debentures. The examination was formally adjourned.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 October 20, Friday''', the ''Morning Leader'' mentions Bourke's bankruptcy:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Algernon Bourke, whose bankruptcy is much talked about, has been connected with numerous enterprises in clubland. He raised White's from the slough into which it had sunk after the secession of the Prince of Wales. He started the Willis Restaurant, put fresh life into the Orleans Club at Brighton, arranged a big restaurant for the bicyclists in the time of the bicycle parade, and was concerned at first in the smart and short-lived Trafalgar Bicycle Club. At one time his name spelt success. Latterly his luck has left him. He is a brother of Lord Mayo, a son of the peer who was assassinated at the post of duty, and is one of the best known men about town of the day.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Club, Stage, and Salon.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 20 October 1899, Friday: 6 [of 12], Col. 5b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18991020/085/0006. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1899 November 8, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke's bankruptcy case came up again:&lt;blockquote&gt;At Bankruptcy Court, yesterday, the case the Hon. Algernon Bourke again came on for hearing before Mr. Registrar Giffard, and the examination was concluded. The debtor has at various times been proprietor of White’s Club, St. James’s-street, and the Orleans’ Club, Brighton, and also of Willis's Restaurant, King-street, St. James's. He attributed his failure to losses sustained by the conversion of White’s Club and the Orleans' Club into limited companies, to the payment of excessive Interest on borrowed money, and other causes. The liabilities amount to £26,590, of which £13,694 are stated to be unsecured, and assets £4,409.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Affairs of the Hon. A. Bourke.&quot; ''Globe'' 09 November 1899, Thursday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001652/18991109/020/0002. Print p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 December 23, Saturday''', &quot;Mr. Algernon Bourke has departed for a tour in Africa, being at present the guest of his brother in Tunis.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Society Pages.&quot; ''Walsall Advertiser'' 23 December 1899, Saturday: 7 [of 8], Col. 7b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001028/18991223/143/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1899 December 29, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke was at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Christmas Party Hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough|Christmas Party Hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 December 31''', the San Francisco newspaper ''The Wave'' wrote the following about London society:&lt;blockquote&gt;The most prominent untitled people in London may be said to be Mr. and Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Williams|Hwfa Williams]], Mr. and Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Grenfell|Willie Grenfell]] and Mr. Algy Bourke. That they are passing rich, goes without saying, and that they entertain lavishly, understood — for to be untitled, prominent and successful, argues wealth, hospitality and cleverness.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London.&quot; The (San Francisco) ''Wave'' 14 January 1899 (Vol. XIX, No. 2): 14. ''The Internet Archive'' https://archive.org/details/wave19unse/page/n20/mode/1up.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 1900s ===

'''1900 February 15, Thursday''', Daphne Bourke, the four-year-old daughter of the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke was a bridesmaid in the [[Social Victorians/Wilson Chesterfield Wedding 1900-02-15|wedding of Enid Wilson and the Earl of Chesterfield]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London Day by Day.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph'' 15 February 1900, Thursday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/19000215/175/0008. Name in British Newspaper Archive: ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London). Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt; Gwendolen Bourke, &quot;who was in grey, wore a chinchilla toque with violets.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society. Entertainments, Balls, &amp;c.&quot; ''The Queen'' 24 February 1900, Saturday: 40 [of 76], Col. 1a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/19000224/235/0040. Print: ''The Queen, The Lady's Newspaper'', p. 308.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1900 March 10, Saturday''', the ''Weekly Irish Times'' reprinted society gossip from ''The World'':&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke, who has been staying with her husband's uncle, old Connemara, during Mr. Algernon Bourke's absence abroad, has taken a new house near Portman square, and will be settling there before Easter.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip.&quot; ''Weekly Irish Times'' 10 March 1900, Saturday: 17 [of 20], Col. 1b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001684/19000310/116/0017. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1900 July''' '''17, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke took part in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#17 July 1900, Tuesday|Children's Fete in support of the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children]] on the grounds of the Royal Botanic Society. Daphe was 5 at this time, so it seems logical that she would have been there, too.

'''1900 July 30, Monday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Barber of Seville at Covent Garden|''The Barber of Seville'' at Covent Garden]].

'''1890 August 6, Friday''', &quot;[[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Beautiful Women|Beautiful Women]],&quot; an article in ''Vanity Fair'' that was reprinted elsewhere, mentions Gwendolen Bourke (&quot;Lady Algernon Bourke&quot;) as one of the most beautiful women in England.

'''1900 August 11, Saturday''', Gwendolen Bourke got&lt;blockquote&gt;the pretty little Yorkshire String, an especially tiny mite, weighing only 2&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;/&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;lb, and carrying a very promising coat, ... at the Aquarium Show.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Witchampton Kennel.&quot; &quot;Ladies Kennels.&quot; ''Ladies' Field'' 11 August 1900, Saturday: 16 [of 60], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0006043/19000811/043/0016. Print title same, p. 390.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1900 September 16''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke became the heir presumptive to the Earldom of Mayo when his older brother Captain Hon. Sir Maurice Archibald Bourke died.&lt;p&gt;

'''1900 October 06, Saturday''', the ''Weekly Irish Times'' says that Mr. Algernon Bourke, now heir presumptive to the earldom of Mayo, &quot;has been for some months lately staying with Mr. Terence Bourke in Morocco.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip.&quot; ''Weekly Irish Times'' 06 October 1900, Saturday: 14 [of 20], Col. 3b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001684/19001006/121/0014. Print p. 14.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 May 30, Thursday''', the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke attended the fashionable [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1901 May 30, Thursday|Ladies' Kennel Association Dog Show at the Botanic Garden]].

'''1901 July 2, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke — &quot;pretty Mrs. Algernon Bourke, in a mauve gown and and purple tulle toque&quot; — attended a children's party at the Botanic Gardens hosted by the Earl and Countess of Kilmorey.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Earl of Kilmorey, K.P.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 13 July 1901: Saturday, 50 [of 84], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010713/237/0050. Print: title the same, p. 60.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1901 July 4, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke — dressed &quot;in pale grey, with her pretty little girl,&quot; 6-year-old Daphne — attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Countess of Yarborough's Children's Party|children's party hosted by the Countess of Yarborough]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Countess of Yarborough ....&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 13 July 1901, Saturday: 76 [of 84], Col. 2b, 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010713/381/0076. Print p. xxxvi.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 3a}}

'''1901 July 4–6, Thursday–Saturday''', Gwendolen Bourke helped staff the Perthshire stall&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Great County Sale.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 29 June 1901, Saturday: 43 [of 72], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010629/223/0043# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010629/223/0043]. Same print title, pp. 679.&lt;/ref&gt; at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Great County Sale|Great County Sale in the Imperial Gardens of the Earl's Court Exhibition]].

'''1901 July 20, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' published the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke's portrait (identified with &quot;Perthshire&quot;) in its 3rd series of &quot;The Great County Sale at Earl's Court. Portraits of Stallholders.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Great County Sale at Earl's Court. Portraits of Stallholders.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 20 July 1901, Saturday: 31 [of 60], Col. 4b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010720/141/0031. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt; Their daughter Daphne appears in the portrait as well.

'''1901 July 23, Tuesday''', an &quot;Hon. Mrs. Bourke&quot; was in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox|party &quot;entertained by Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox]].&quot;&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 September 12, Thursday''', Mrs. Gwendolen Bourke wanted her name listed as Mrs. Algernon Bourke in the Electoral Register, apparently a frequent complaint:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Underhill, the Conservative agent, mentioned to the Revising Barrister (Mr. William F. Webster) that the name of the Hon. Mrs. Gwendolen Bourke was on the list in respect of the house, 75, Gloucester-place. The lady had written to him to say that she was the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke and that she wished that name to appear on the register. In reply to the Revising Barrister, Mr. Underhill said that “Algernon” was the name of the lady’s husband.

Mr. Cooke, the rate-collector, said that Mrs. Bourke had asked to be addressed Mrs. Algernon Bourke, but that the Town Clerk thought the address was not a correct one. The lady signed her cheques Gwendolen.”

Mr. Underhill said the agents frequently had indignant letters from ladies because they were not addressed by their husband’s Christian name.

The Revising Barrister — lf a lady gave me the name of Mrs. John Smith I should say I had not got the voter’s name. The name Gwendolen must remain.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;&quot;Ladies’ Names.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 12 September 1901, Thursday: 7 [of 10], Col. 3a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/19010912/130/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1901 October 26, Friday''', Algernon Bourke was on the Men's Committee of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Club Ice-skating Rink|Prince's Club Ice-skating Rink]], which had [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Prince's Club Ice-skating Rink Opening|its official opening on his day]]. 

'''1902 January''', Algernon Bourke is mentioned in [[Social Victorians/Schools#&quot;More of My Contemporaries at School.&quot;|reminiscences of Eton written by the &quot;Earl of X&quot;]] as being among those in the &quot;world of letters,&quot; and whose brother, later the Earl of Mayo, the Earl of X did not like. 

'''1902 January 25, Saturday''', Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave a box to Lady Helen Stewart-Vane-Tempest in honor of [[Social Victorians/Stewart-Stavordale Wedding 1902-01-25|Lady Helen's wedding to Giles Fox-Strangways, Lord Stavordale]]. 

'''1902 April 26, Saturday''', Mrs. A. Bourke is listed as being at the Norfolk Hotel in Brighton.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Guide to Visitors at Hotels and Boarding Houses.&quot; ''Brighton Gazette'' 26 April 1902, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000938/19020426/116/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt; 

'''1902 May, End of''', Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#End of May 1902|party at Blenheim Palace hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough]]. 

'''1902 June 11, Monday''', the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke had a dog entered in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Ladies' Kennel Association Show|Ladies' Kennel Association competitions in the Botanic Gardens]]. 

'''1902 September 4, Thursday''', the ''Daily Express'' reported that &quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke is staying with Lord and Lady Alington at Scarborough.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Onlooker.&quot; &quot;My Social Diary.&quot; &quot;Where People Are.&quot; ''Daily Express'' 04 September 1902, Thursday: 5 [of 8], Col. 1b? [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004848/19020904/099/0005. Print p. 4, Col. 7b [of 7].&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1902 September 22, Monday''', Gwendolen Bourke was a guest at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Earl and Countess of Mar and Kellie's House Party|large house party hosted by the Earl and Countess of Mar and Kellie]].

'''1902 October 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Annual Opening of the Prince's Ice-skating Rink|opened the Prince's ice-skating rink for the season]], which he had been doing since 1895.

'''1902 October 25, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was bequeathed £500 by his uncle [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Robert Bourke]], who had died 3 September 1902.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Will of Lord Connemara.&quot; ''Kildare Observer and Eastern Counties Advertiser'' 25 October 1902, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 4b–c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001870/19021025/037/0002. Print title the ''Kildare Observer'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 October 31, Friday''', the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Annual Opening of the Prince's Ice-skating Rink|7th opening of the Prince's Skating Club]]. Guendoline Bourke was on the Women's Committee and Algernon Bourke was on the Men's.&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 November 8, Friday, beginning, perhaps''', Gwendolen Bourke was part of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#8 November 1902, Saturday|Earl and Countess of Warwick's shooting party at Easton Lodge]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 December 9, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#9 December 1902, Tuesday|Lady Eva Wyndham-Quin's &quot;at home,&quot; held at the Welch Industrial depot]] for the sale Welsh-made Christmas gifts and cards. Bourke wore &quot;a fur coat and a black picture hat.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Lady Correspondent.&quot; &quot;Society in London.&quot; ''South Wales Daily News'' 11 December 1902, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000919/19021211/082/0004. Print p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1903 February 6, Friday''', Hon. Mrs A. Bourke was present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Dinner Party Hosted by Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and the Countess of Dudley|dinner party Hosted by Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and the Countess of Dudley]]. &lt;p&gt;

'''1903 February 9, Monday''', Gwendolen Bourke was present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Dinner Party Hosted by Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and the Countess of Dudley|house party at Dublin Castle hosted by the Lord Lieutenant and Countess of Dudley that began the Viceregal season]].

'''1903 March 17, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke staffed a booth at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1903 March 17, Tuesday|sale of the Irish Industries Association]] on St. Patrick's Day with [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Lady Mayo]], [[Social Victorians/People/Dudley|Georgina Lady Dudley]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Miss Beresford]]. A number of other aristocratic women were also present at the sale in other booths, including [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Lady Londonderry]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Lucan|Lady Lucan]].

'''1903 June 19, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke was invited to the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Grand Ball in the Waterloo Chamber at Windsor Castle|grand ball at Windsor Castle]], the end of the Ascot-week festivities.

'''1903 June 23, Tuesday''', Gwendolen and Daphne Bourke were invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1903 June 23, Tuesday|children's party at Buckingham Palace for Prince Eddie's birthday]].

'''1903 July 10, Friday, or so''', Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Party Hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough|party hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough]].

'''1904 May 17, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke had agreed to let Daphne appear in the tableaux vivants arranged by Sir Philip Burne-Jones for the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Countess Cadogan's Great Bazaar|Countess of Cadogan's great bazaar]]. Some mothers had had to decline because of the outbreaks of measles and chicken pox.&lt;p&gt;

'''1904 June 30, Thursday''', Gwendolen and Daphne Bourke attended another birthday party for Prince Eddie at Buckingham Palace, and the ''Gentlewoman'' says, &quot;No prettier little girl was to be seen that day than little Miss Daphne Bourke, the daughter of the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke, with her wonderful Irish eyes and colouring, her pretty white frock being relieved with a rose pink sash.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Prince Eddie's Birthday.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 02 July 1904, Saturday: 68 [of 92]. Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19040702/360/0068. Print: title the same, p. 42.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1904 September 15, Thursday''', according to what was at the time called the ''Irish Daily Independent and Nation'', Algernon Bourke was living in Venice and not in the UK at this point:&lt;blockquote&gt;Algernon Bourke, who usually lives in Venice, has spent some time in England during the present summer, and has now gone on a fishing expedition to Sweden, accompanied by his brother, Lord Mayo. Lady Mayo has been staying meanwhile in Ireland, and has had a visit from her mother, Lady Maria Ponsonby, who is a sister of Lend Obventry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;&quot;Society Notes.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 15 September 1904, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001986/19040915/131/0004. Print title: ''Irish Daily Independent and Nation'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1904 October 22, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' reported that &quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke is paying a visit to Venice, which Mr. Bourke has made his headquarters for several years past, as he is connected with some very artistic stone and marble works situated near the Grand Canal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 22 October 1904, Saturday: 24 [of 6ths 8], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19041022/112/0024. Print title same, p. 672.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1905 February 17, Friday''', the Dundee ''Evening Post'' reported that Algernon Bourke &quot;set up a shop in Venice for the sale of art treasures and old furniture.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social News.&quot; Dundee ''Evening Post'' 17 February 1905, Friday: 6 [of 6], Col. 7b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000582/19050217/105/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1905 April 26, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#New Forest United Hunt Ball|New Forest United Hunt Ball]], as did her brother Captain R. C. H. Sloane Stanley and his wife Olivia Countess Cairns.&lt;p&gt;

'''1905 June 5, Monday''', Algernon Bourke wrote to the ''Times'' from Venice that &quot;The Venetian wits have suggested a motto for Admiral Togo, Togo Tenga Tutto (Togo takes the lot).&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr. Algernon Bourke.&quot; ''Hull Daily Mail'' 08 June 1905, Thursday: 2 [of 6], Col. 6a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000324/19050608/008/0002. Print title ''Daily Mail'', p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1905, last week of July''', Gwendolen Bourke and daughter Daphne Bourke — who was 10 years old — attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Last week of July, 1905|Lady Cadogan's children's party at Chelsea House]]. Daphne was &quot;One of loveliest little girls present.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Social News.&quot; ''Belfast News-Letter'' 01 August 1905, Tuesday: 7 [of 10], Col. 6b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000038/19050801/157/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1906 March 9, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke was a reference for Mr. Frances Burgess, who taught piano, singing, voice production, organ and music theory. Burgess was &quot;Organist and Choirmaster of St. Columbs', North Kensington, Director of the Plainsong and Medieval Music Society's Choir, etc., etc.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot;&gt;&quot;Mr. Francis Burgess.&quot; ''Kilburn Times'' 9 March 1906, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001813/19060309/086/0003. Print title: ''Kilburn Times Hampstead and North-western Press'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1906 December 10, Monday''', Gwendolen Bourke was seen in the tea room, possibly with Lady Grosvenor, at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1906 December 10, Monday|Lady Dudley's sale of Irish needlework]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1907 May''', a &quot;naval signalling incident&quot; [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#May 1887|caused the Waterford ''Evening News'' to recall a similar event]] that had occurred 20 years earlier, in which Algernon Bourke, as special correspondent for the ''Times'', publicized [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles Beresford]]'s use of his ship's signalling capabilities to send a message to his wife about being late for dinner:&lt;blockquote&gt;

The naval signalling incident is still in the air. It is expected that the matter will not be threshed out until Emperor William leaves England. A story of a former signalling incident in which [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles Beresford]] was concerned is going the rounds at the moment.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1907 August 24, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was present at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Polo Week at Eaton Hall, Duke and Duchess of Westminster|Polo Week at Eaton Hall, hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Westminster]].

'''1908 July 30, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke was at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Glorious Goodwood. Cup Day and Dresses.|Cup Day at the Goodwood races]], wearing salmon-pink with a matching hat.

'''1909 April 20, Tuesday''', Lady Rosemary Cairns — daughter of Olivia Sloan-Stanley, Countess Cairns and Cyril Sloane-Stanley — and Wyndham Portal were [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#20 April 1909, Tuesday|married in St. Margaret's, Westminster]]. Lavender and Diane Sloane-Stanley were bridesmaids.&lt;p&gt;

'''1909 May 22, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke appears to have been living in Pisa. A columnist for the ''Queen'' reported on the Royal School of Art Needlework:&lt;blockquote&gt;Lady Leconfield [?] was there, also her sister-in-law, the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Dowager Lady Mayo]], only just back from her winter on the Continent, when she spent most of the time at Pisa, where her son Mr Algernon Bourke has also been staying. The latter is a great connoisseur as regards [art?] notably in what is really good in the way of old Italian sculpture and carving. He and his handsome wife have a place near to Putney, and this winter again Mr Bourke, as the result of his Italian travels, has been sending home such relics of the old Italian palace gardens as as stone and marble carved vases, garden seats, and what-not of the kind — not all for himself and his own gardens by any means, I fancy; but his friends, relying on his knowledge in such matters, get him when abroad to choose for [them?] the adornment of their English terraces and gardens.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;My Social Diary.&quot; The ''Queen'' 22 May 1909, Saturday: 31 [of 86], Col. 1b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/19090522/203/0031. Print p. 871.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1909 September''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was among the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Visitors in Venice from the U.K.|many visitors from &quot;England&quot; in Venice]] in September.

=== 1910s ===
'''1910 April 20, Wednesday''', the ''Tatler'' printed an &quot;open letter&quot; to Geraldine, Countess of Mayo, as part of its &quot;The Searchlight in Society&quot; series and mentioned Algernon Bourke, saying he had been keeping &quot;a curiosity shop at Venice&quot;:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Bourkes have brains, and a good example is afforded by Mr. Algernon Bourke, next brother to Lord Mayo and heir-presumptive to the title. He is a good-looking man who used to be known as Buttons Bourke, and he married well, as his wife was the rich and pretty Miss Guendolen Sloane Stanley. He may be described as a &quot;Jack of all trades,&quot; but it is not I who will say that he is a master of none. He was once in the Stock Exchange, then he took White's Club in hand and restored it to much of its former prestige. After that he dabbled in smart hotels and restaurants, and the last thing I heard of him was that he kept a curiosity shop at Venice.&lt;ref&gt;Candida. &quot;The Searchlight in Society. Our Open Letter. No. CII. The Countess of Mayo.&quot; The ''Tatler'' 20 April 1910, Wednesday: 18 [of 42], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001852/19100420/023/0018. Print title same, p. 72.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1911 November 21, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke assisted the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#21 November 1911, Tuesday|Duchess of Marlborough at her at-home]] that included a sale of work by the wives of prisoners.&lt;p&gt;

'''1912 September 27, Friday''', Gwendolen and Daphne Bourke were visiting Mr. and Mrs. Shelley Bontein, her mother and stepfather.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From 'The World.'&quot; ''Berks and Oxon Advertiser'' 27 September 1912, Friday: 2 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002298/19120927/014/0002. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1913 April 23, Wednesday''', the Irish Independent reported that Gwendolen and Daphne Bourke had arrived in London for the season:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke and Miss Bourke have arrived for the season at 75 Gloucester place, Portman square, London.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social and Personal.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 23 April 1913, Wednesday: 4 [of 10], Col. 5b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001715/19130423/081/0004. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1913 May 7, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke presented her daughter Daphne Bourke at court:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke presented her daughter, and wore blue and gold broché with a gold lace train.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social and Personal.&quot; London ''Daily Chronicle'' 08 May 1913, Thursday: 6 [of 12], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005049/19130508/120/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

The ''Pall Mall Gazette'' has a description of Daphne Bourke's dress, but what exactly &quot;chiffon [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hoops|paniers]]&quot; means in 1913 is not clear:&lt;blockquote&gt;Court dressmakers appear to have surpassed all previous records in their efforts to make the dresses for to-night’s Court as beautiful as possible. Noticeable among these is the dainty presentation gown to be worn by Miss Bourke, who will be presented by her mother, the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke. This has a skirt of soft white satin draped with chiffon [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hoops|paniers]] and a bodice veiled with chiffon and trimmed with diamanté and crystal embroidery. Miss Bourke’s train, gracefully hung from the shoulders, is of white satin lined with pale rose pink chiffon and embroidered with crystal and diamanté.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Fashion Day by Day. Lovely Gowns for To-night's Court.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 07 May 1913, Wednesday: 13 [of 18], Col. 1a [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/19130507/199/0013. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The ''London Evening Standard'' describes Gwendolen and Daphne Bourke the same way except with differences in editing:&lt;blockquote&gt;Miss Bourke: Presented by her mother, the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke. Dainty presentation gown of white satin, the skirt draped with chiffon paniers, bodice veiled chiffon and trimmed with diamanté and crystal embroidery. Train gracefully hung from shoulder of white satin embroidered with crystal and diamanté, lined with pale rose pink chiffon.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Some of the Dresses.&quot; &quot;The King and Queen. Third Court. Most Brilliant of the Year.&quot; ''London Evening Standard'' 08 May 1913, Thursday: 11 [of 18], Col. 4b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/19130508/237/0011. Print title ''The Standard'', p. 11.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

According to the ''Lady's Pictorial'', Daphne Bourke's dress was designed and constructed by [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Messrs Russell and Allen|Messrs. Russell and Allen]], Old Bond-street, W., and the description is identical (except for a couple of commas).&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Their Majesties' Court.&quot; ''Lady's Pictorial'' 17 May 1913, Saturday: 35 [of 64], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005980/19130517/296/0035. Same print title, p. 787.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1914 May 11, Monday''', Gwendolen and Daphne Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#Dance at the Ritz Hosted by Mrs. George Marjoribanks|dance at the Ritz hosted by Mrs. George Marjoribanks]].

'''1915 January 1, Friday''', Algernon Bourke is listed as being on the Executive Committee of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#1915 January 1, Friday|National Food Fund, publicized by the ''Conservative and Unionist Women's Franchise Review'']].

'''1916 August 25, Friday''', Daphne Bourke's and John Fortescue's engagement was announced:&lt;blockquote&gt;A most attractive prospective bride (says the &quot;Star&quot;) is Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke's only daughter, Miss Daphne Bourke, whose engagement has just taken place to Mr. Fortescue, of the Coldstream Guards. Miss Bourke is tall, dark, and very beautiful; and Mr. Fortescue is one of the family of Boconoc, Cornwall, and Dropmore, Maidenhead. At the latter place the two families have been neighbours, for Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke have a charming country residence at Taplow, while Dropmore is famous for its magnificent gardens.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Personalia.&quot; ''Uxbridge &amp; W. Drayton Gazette'' 25 August 1916, Friday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002285/19160825/043/0004. Print title ''The Advertiser'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''1917 June 7, Thursday''', Daphne Bourke and John Grenville Fortescue [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#7 June 1917, Thursday|married in the Coldstream Guards' chapel]].

== Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball ==
According to both the ''Morning Post'' and the ''Times'', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was among the Suite of Men in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#&quot;Oriental&quot; Procession|&quot;Oriental&quot; procession]] at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&quot;Fancy Dress Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; ''Morning Post'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 4a–8 Col. 2b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970703/054/0007.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;&quot;Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; The ''Times'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 12, Cols. 1a–4c ''The Times Digital Archive''. Web. 28 Nov. 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Based on the people they were dressed as, Gwendolen Bourke was probably in this procession but it seems unlikely that Algernone Bourke was.

[[File:Guendoline-Irene-Emily-Bourke-ne-Sloane-Stanley-as-Salammb.jpg|thumb|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a standing woman richly dressed in an historical costume with a headdress and a very large fan|Hon. '''Guendoline''' Bourke as Salammbô. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]
=== Hon. Guendoline Bourke ===
[[File:Alfons Mucha - 1896 - Salammbô.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Highly stylized orange-and-yellow painting of a bare-chested woman with a man playing a harp at her feet|Alfons Mucha's 1896 ''Salammbô''.]]
Lafayette's portrait (right) of &quot;Guendoline Irene Emily Bourke (née Sloane-Stanley) as Salammbô&quot; in costume is photogravure #128 in the '''Album''' presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;&quot;Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball (1897): photogravures by Walker &amp; Boutall after various photographers.&quot; 1899. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait-list.php?set=515.&lt;/ref&gt; The printing on the portrait says, &quot;The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke as Salammbo.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;&quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke as Salammbo.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158491/Guendoline-Irene-Emily-Bourke-ne-Sloane-Stanley-as-Salammb.&lt;/ref&gt;

The Lafayette Archive has 2 additional poses from the same session on 5 July 1897 as the one chosen for the Album:

* Same image as the Album photograph but higher resolution than the one the National Portrait Gallery, London, gives permission to post (Neg. No. GP [L] ).
* Standing with fan behind head, includes close-up of skirt fabric and left hand (Neg. No. GP [L] [http://lafayette.org.uk/bou1368-444.html 1368-444]).
* Reclining on pillows and furs, includes close-up of face and headdress (Neg. No. GP [L] [http://lafayette.org.uk/bou1368-442.html 1368-442]).

==== Newspaper Accounts ====
The Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke was dressed as Salambo in the Oriental procession&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; in a costume made by [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Mrs. Mason|Mrs. Mason]].

Besides the two that mention her — the ''Morning Post'' and the ''Times'' — only two describe her costume, the London ''Evening Standard'' and the ''Gentlewoman'':
* &quot;Mrs. A. Bourke, as an Egyptian Princess, with the Salambo coiffure, wore a flowing gown of white and silver gauze covered with embroidery of lotus flowers. The top of the gown was ornamented with old green satin embroidered with blue turquoise and gold, and studded with rubies. The train was of old green broché with sides of orange and gold embroidery, and from the ceinture depended long bullion fringe and an embroidered ibis.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“The Ball at Devonshire House. Magnificent Spectacle. Description of the Dresses.” London ''Evening Standard'' 3 July 1897 Saturday: 3 [of 12], Cols. 1a–5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/18970703/015/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 3, Col. 3b}}
* &quot;(Egyptian Princess), drapery gown of white and silver gauze, covered with embroidery of lotus flowers; the top of gown appliqué with old green satin embroidered blue turquoise and gold, studded rubies; train of old green broché.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 40, Col. 3a}}

==== Commentary ====

*

==== Salammbô ====
Salammbô is the fictitious protagonist in Gustave Flaubert's 1862 novel ''Salammbô'', set during the Roman war against Carthage.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-04-29|title=Salammbô|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salammb%C3%B4&amp;oldid=1221352216|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salammb%C3%B4.&lt;/ref&gt; Salammbô is a Carthaginian priestess of the lunar goddess Tanit. Matho, a Roman mercenary, breaks into Tanit's temple and steals her sacred veil — the spiritual guardian of Carthage. Salammbô sneaks into the enemy encampment to steal the veil back. She meets Matho in his tent, and &quot;believing each other to be divine apparitions,&quot; they make love,&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; although it is also a defilement. Salammbô succceds in getting the veil back, but Matho is tortured and executed, which causes her to die of shock, the effect of both having touched the veil.

What Gwendolen Bourke saw as representative of herself in Salammbo is difficult to discern, unless her costume contains references to particular images or productions. A production of Ernest Reyer's opera ''Salammbô'', based on Flaubert's novel and published in Paris in 1890, opened at the Paris Opéra on 16 May 1892,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-04-11|title=Ernest Reyer|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Reyer&amp;oldid=1218353215|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Reyer.&lt;/ref&gt; starring Madame Rose Caron, with Mademoiselle Lucienne Bréval as her understudy.&lt;ref&gt;Jullienn, Adolphe. &quot;Mademoiselle Lucienne Bréval de L'Académie Nationale de Musique [or de l'Opéra in the Table of Contents].&quot; ''Le Théatre'' April 1898 (No. 4). Google Books https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/_oxRAQAAMAAJ. Pp. 8–10.&lt;/ref&gt; (8, Col. 2c) This production was widely reviewed and discussed in the papers in the UK, and its production design seems to have been notable, especially the sets and the very scale of the production. So Bourke or her costumier may have seen the opera, images of the performers or its posters, influencing the design of her costume.

* Rose Caron in her Salammbo costume is here: &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/rose-caron-french-soprano-in-costume-in-the-title-role-of-news-photo/1439485238&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* A headshot of Bréval in costume is here: https://books.google.com/books/content?id=_oxRAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=RA3-PP7&amp;img=1&amp;zoom=3&amp;hl=en&amp;bul=1&amp;sig=ACfU3U2Gv8Os_rEmx2gM9SakJkYLJ9hW7g&amp;ci=6%2C1%2C988%2C1371&amp;edge=0.)

Salammbo figured in paintings, sculptures and illustrations of editions of Flaubert's novel before Ernest Reyer's 1890 opera. She is often depicted as nude and highly sexual or sexualized (kissing a huge snake, for example, that she holds aloft).

Gwendolen Bourke's costume and her social life as reported in the newspapers do not suggest that she was a big risk-taker like, for example, the eccentric la Comptesse de Castiglione, who appeared at a ball in a Salammbo costume in 1886, 4 years after Flaubert's novel was first published. In 1889 the ''Edinburgh Evening News'' says,&lt;blockquote&gt;The late Countess Castiglione, whose death in Paris is recorded yesterday, made her first appearance at the Imperial Court in 1866, where her extraordinary beauty made a great impression on Napoleon III., and eventually led to the Empress Eugenie’s undertaking an unexpected and much-talked-of visit to Scotland. The Countess had a face and complexion which would have enchanted Rubens, and her lovely golden hair touched her feet. Even at the present day Paris has not forgotten her costume, or rather absence of costume as Salammbo, in which character she figured at a certain memorable ball at the Tuileries, wearing her hair, her jewels, and very little else. The Empress Eugenie, when she was presented to her thus lightly arrayed, declared that she must be cold, and insisted upon her there and then donning a mantle. Mme. de Castiglione was never again invited to an entertainment over which the Empress Eugenie presided.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Countess’ Queer Ball Costume.&quot; ''Edinburgh Evening News'' 2 December 1899, Saturday: 2 [of 6], Col. 7b [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000452/18991202/024/0002. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Given how widely this incident was discussed at the time of the death of la Comptesse in 1889, Gwendolen Bourke might easily have known about it. But she was developing relationships with people like the Princess of Wales, and what Countess Castigiolone did does not sound at all like her.

The ''Louth and North Lincolnshire Advertiser'' says, &lt;blockquote&gt;

In Reyer's opera of &quot;Salammbo,&quot; lately produced at the Grand Opera in Paris, there were 1,400 persons on the stage in the last act.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Facts and Fancies.&quot; ''Louth and North Lincolnshire Advertiser'' 9 July 1892, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 6c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000313/18920709/038/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Rose Caron's productions were influential, including for the costumes she wore. The 1892 ''Lohengrin'' she starred in was the source of the costumes worn by [[Social Victorians/People/Stonor#Julia Caroline Stonor, Marquise of Hautpoul|Julia Stonor, Marquise of Hautpoul]] and her brother, [[Social Victorians/People/Stonor#Hon. Harry Stonor|Hon. Harry Stonor]].

Both Modest Mussorgsky and Sergei Rachmaninoff had attempted but not completed operas based on the novel as well.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Alfons Mucha's 1896 lithograph of Salammbô (above left) was published the year before the ball.

Reyer's opera was first produced in 1890 in Brussels. 

[[File:Algernon Henry Bourke Vanity Fair 20 January 1898.jpg|thumb|alt=Old colored drawing of an elegant elderly man dressed in a 19th-century tuxedo with a cloak, top hat and formal pointed shoes with bows, standing facing 1/4 to his right|''Algy'' — Algernon Henry Bourke — by &quot;Spy,&quot; ''Vanity Fair'' 20 January 1898]]

=== Hon. Algernon Bourke ===
[[File:Hon-Algernon-Henry-Bourke-as-Izaak-Walton.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a man richly dressed in an historical costume sitting in a fireplace that does not have a fire and holding a tankard|Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke as Izaak Walton. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]
'''Lafayette's portrait''' (left) of &quot;Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke as Izaak Walton&quot; in costume is photogravure #129 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; The printing on the portrait says, &quot;The Hon. Algernon Bourke as Izaak Walton.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hon. Algernon Bourke as Izaak Walton.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158492/Hon-Algernon-Henry-Bourke-as-Izaak-Walton.&lt;/ref&gt;

This portrait is amazing and unusual: Algernon Bourke is not using a photographer's set with theatrical flats and props, certainly not one used by anyone else at the ball itself. Isaak Walton (baptised 21 September 1593 – 15 December 1683) wrote ''The Compleat Angler''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2021-09-15|title=Izaak Walton|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Izaak_Walton&amp;oldid=1044447858|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izaak_Walton.&lt;/ref&gt; A cottage Walton lived in and willed to the people of Stafford was photographed in 1888, suggesting that its relationship to Walton was known in 1897, raising a question about whether Bourke could have used the fireplace in the cottage for his portrait. (This same cottage still exists, as the [https://www.staffordbc.gov.uk/izaak-waltons-cottage Isaak Walton Cottage] museum.)

A caricature portrait (right) of the Hon. Algernon Bourke, called &quot;Algy,&quot; by Leslie Ward (&quot;Spy&quot;) was published in the 20 January 1898 issue of ''Vanity Fair'' as Number 702 in its &quot;Men of the Day&quot; series,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-01-14|title=List of Vanity Fair (British magazine) caricatures (1895–1899)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)_caricatures_(1895%E2%80%931899)&amp;oldid=1195518024|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)_caricatures_(1895%E2%80%931899).&lt;/ref&gt; giving an indication of what he looked like out of costume.

=== Mr. and Mrs. Bourke ===
The ''Times'' made a distinction between the Hon. Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke and Mr. and Mrs. Bourke, including both in the article.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Occasionally this same article mentions the same people more than once in different contexts and parts of the article, so they may be the same couple. (See [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#Notes and Question|Notes and Question]] #2, below.)

== Demographics ==

=== The Bourkes ===
*Nationality: Anglo-Irish&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020-11-14|title=Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo&amp;oldid=988654078|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Occupation: journalist. 1895: restaurant, hotel and club owner and manager&lt;ref&gt;''Cheltenham Looker-On'', 23 March 1895. Via Ancestry but taken from the BNA.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Residences ====
*Ireland: 1873: Palmerston House, Straffan, Co. Kildare.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; Not Co. Mayo?
*1888–1891: 33 Cadogan Terrace, S.W., Kensington and Chelsea, a dwelling house&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970, Register of Voters, 1891.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1894: 181 Pavilion Road, Kensington and Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970. Register of Voters, 1894. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1900: 181 Pavilion Road, Kensington and Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970. Register of Voters, 1900. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1904: Algernon Bourke was &quot;usually liv[ing] in Venice&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;
*1906: 75, Gloucester-place, W.&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot; /&gt;
*Gwendolen Bourke
*1911: 1911 Fulham, London&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
*20 Eaton Square, S.W. (in 1897)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pl0oAAAAYAAJ|title=Who's who|date=1897|publisher=A. &amp; C. Black|language=en}} 712, Col. 1b.&lt;/ref&gt; (London home of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]])

=== The Sloane-Stanleys ===

==== Residences ====

* 1871: Chester Street, St George Hanover Square (Census), with 5 servants, including a cook and a footman.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;The National Archives; Kew, London, England; ''1871 England Census''; Class: ''RG10''; Piece: ''104''; Folio: ''21''; Page: ''37''; GSU roll: ''838763''. Ancestry.com. ''1871 England Census'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1881–1885&lt;ref&gt;''UK, City and County Directories, 1600s-1900s''. Ancestry.com. ''UK, City and County Directories, 1766 - 1946'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; [at least]: 14 Halkin Street, W., St. Georges, 14 servants, including a governess, a house steward, an under butler, a footman and a cook.&lt;ref&gt;''Census Returns of England and Wales, 1881''. Kew, Surrey, England: The National Archives of the UK (TNA): Public Record Office (PRO), 1881. Class: ''RG11''; Piece: ''98''; Folio: ''66''; Page: ''37''; GSU roll: ''1341022''. Ancestry.com and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. ''1881 England Census'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1888: 49, Cadogan-square, St. Luke, Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Ancestry.com. ''London, England, Overseer Returns, 1863-1894'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1899, Roger Cyril Sloane-Stanley: 4 Down St., St George, Hanover Square&lt;ref&gt;London Metropolitan Archives; London, England; ''Electoral Registers''. Ancestry.com. ''London, England, Electoral Registers, 1832-1965'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1911, Roger Cyril Sloane-Stanley: Paultons, Ower, Romsey

== Family ==
*Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke (31 December 1854 – 7 April 1922)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p29657.htm#i296561|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Gwendolen Irene Emily Sloane-Stanley Bourke (c. 1869 – 30 December 1967)&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&quot;Guendoline Irene Emily Stanley.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p51525.htm#i515247|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
#Daphne Marjory Bourke (5 April 1895 – 22 May 1962)

=== Relations ===
*Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke (the 3rd son of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|6th Earl of Mayo]]) was the older brother of Lady Florence Bourke.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
*Wilfred Blunt was a cousin of Algernon Bourke: his mother's &quot;mother was one of the Blunts of Crabbet Park, Sussex, which makes them kinswomen of Mr. Alfred Scawen Blunt, poet, Egyptophil and counsel for Arabi Pasha in his trial.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From ''Truth''.&quot; ''Mid-Lothian Journal'' 23 August 1912, Friday: 8 [of 8], 2c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002721/19120823/147/0008. Print title and p. same.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Other Bourkes ====
*Hubert Edward Madden Bourke (after 1925, Bourke-Borrowes)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hubert Edward Madden Bourke-Borrowes.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p52401.htm#i524004|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2021-08-25}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p52401.htm#i524004.&lt;/ref&gt;
*Lady Eva Constance Aline Bourke, who married [[Social Victorians/People/Dunraven|Windham Henry Wyndham-Quin]] on 7 July 1885;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lady Eva Constance Aline Bourke.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p2575.htm#i25747|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-02}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p2575.htm#i25747.&lt;/ref&gt; he became 5th Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl on 14 June 1926.

=== The Sloane-Stanleys ===
* Emilie Josephine S Stanley ( 21 December 1848 [baptism]&lt;ref&gt;London Metropolitan Archives; &quot;London, England, UK&quot; ; ''London Church of England Parish Registers''; Reference Number: ''P87/Tri/001''. Ancestry.com. ''London, England, Church of England Births and Baptisms, 1813-1923'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;  – October 1945)
* Hans T Sloane Stanley (11 May 1840 [baptism]&lt;ref&gt;Ancestry.com. ''England, Select Births and Christenings, 1538-1975'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; – 15 December 1888&lt;ref&gt;Ancestry.com. ''UK and Ireland, Find a Grave® Index, 1300s-Current'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;)
* James Shell[e?]y Bontein ()
*# Gwendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt; Irene Emily G Stanley (c. 1870&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt; – )
*# '''Roger Cyril Hans Sloane Stanley''' (29 April 1875&lt;ref&gt;The National Archives; Kew, Surrey, England; ''WO 42 War Office: Officers' Birth Certificates, Wills and Personal Papers 1755-1908''; Reference: ''WO 42/72''. Ancestry.com. ''UK, Officers' Birth Certificates, Wills and Personal Papers, 1755-1908'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; – 18 November 1944&lt;ref&gt;''Find a Grave''. Find a Grave®. http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi. Ancestry.com. ''UK and Ireland, Find a Grave® Index, 1300s-Current'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;)


* Olivia Elizabeth Berens, Countess Cairns&lt;ref&gt;The National Archives of the UK (TNA); Kew, Surrey, England; ''Census Returns of England and Wales, 1911''. Ancestry.com. ''1911 England Census'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; (c. 1871 – 20 June 1951&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Olivia Elizabeth Berens.&quot; Person Page 3908; person #39077. ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as well as the Royal Families of Europe''. https://www.thepeerage.com/p3908.htm#i39077.

&lt;/ref&gt;)
* Arthur William Cairns, 2nd Earl Cairns (21 December 1861 – 14 January 1890)&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot;&gt;&quot;Arthur William Cairns, 2nd Earl Cairns.&quot; Person Page 3908; Person #39076. ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as well as the Royal Families of Europe''. https://www.thepeerage.com/p3908.htm#i39076.&lt;/ref&gt;
*# Lady Louise Rosemary Kathleen Virginia Cairns (10 March 1889 – 17 May 1962)&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot; /&gt;
* Roger Cyril Hans Sloane Stanley (1875 – 18 November 1944)
*# Lavender Elizabeth (20 May 1900 [baptism]&lt;ref&gt;Hampshire Archives and Local Studies; Winchester, England, UK; ''Anglican Parish Registers''; Reference: ''35M76/PR3''. Ancestry.com. ''Hampshire, England, Church of England Baptisms, 1813-1921''[database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; – )
*# Diane Sloane Stanley (c. 1905 – )


* Lavender Elizabeth (20 May 1900 [baptism] – )
* John Everett ()


* Diane Sloane Stanley (c. 1905 – )
* Elwyn Villiers Rhys ()

== Writings, Memoirs, Biographies, Papers ==

=== Writings ===
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon. ''The History of White's''. London: Algernon Bourke [privately published], 1892.
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon, ed., &quot;with a brief Memoir.&quot; ''Correspondence of Mr Joseph Jekyll with His Sister-in-Law, Lady Gertrude Sloane Stanley, 1818–1838''. John Murray, 1893.
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon, ed. ''Correspondence of Mr Joseph Jekyll''. John Murray, 1894.

=== Papers ===
* Where are the papers for the Earl of Mayo family? Are Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke's papers with them?

== Notes and Questions ==
#The portrait of Algernon Bourke in costume as Isaac Walton is really an amazing portrait with a very interesting setting, far more specific than any of the other Lafayette portraits of these people in their costumes. Where was it shot? Lafayette is given credit, but it's not one of his usual backdrops. If this portrait was taken the night of the ball, then this fireplace was in Devonshire House; if not, then whose fireplace is it?
#The ''Times'' lists Hon. A. Bourke (at 325) and Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke (at 236) as members of a the &quot;Oriental&quot; procession, Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke (in the general list of attendees), and then a small distance down Mr. and Mrs. Bourke (now at 511 and 512, respectively). This last couple with no honorifics is also mentioned in the report in the London ''Evening Standard'', which means the Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke, so the ''Times'' may have repeated the Bourkes, who otherwise are not obviously anyone recognizable. If they are not the Hon. Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke, then they are unidentified. It seems likely that they are the same, however, as the newspapers were not perfectly consistent in naming people with their honorifics, even in a single story, especially a very long and detailed one in which people could be named more than once.
#Three slightly difficult-to-identify men were among the Suite of Men in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#&quot;Oriental&quot; Procession|&quot;Oriental&quot; procession]]: [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax|Gordon Wood]], [[Social Victorians/People/Portman|Arthur B. Portman]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Wilfred Wilson]]. The identification of Gordon Wood and Wilfred Wilson is high because of contemporary newspaper accounts. The Hon. Algernon Bourke, who was also in the Suite of Men, is not difficult to identify at all. Arthur Portman appears in a number of similar newspaper accounts, but none of them mentions his family of origin.
#[http://thepeerage.com The Peerage] has no other Algernon Bourkes.
#The Hon Algernon Bourke is #235 on the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball#List of People Who Attended|list of people who were present]]; the Hon. Guendoline Bourke is #236; a Mr. Bourke is #703; a Mrs. Bourke is #704.
#Hans Stanley-Sloane's estate was £33,704 7s. 5d. in the final probate in December 1889,&lt;ref&gt;Principal Probate Registry; London, England; ''Calendar of the Grants of Probate and Letters of Administration made in the Probate Registries of the High Court of Justice in England''. Ancestry.com. ''England &amp; Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1995'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; which might lead his widow to consider remarrying.
== Footnotes ==
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      <text bytes="161115" sha1="qv2e6tvyy2ytasufds8r06qdf8o9eo5" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Leslie Ward - Vanity Fair, Newspapermen, ^Algy^, The Hon Algernon Henry Bourke, Januray 20, 1898 - B1979.14.521 - Yale Center for British Art.jpg|thumb|Hon. Algernon Bourke, ''Vanity Fair'', 1898]]

==Also Known As==
* Family name: Bourke [pronounced ''burk'']&lt;ref name=&quot;:62&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-05-07|title=Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earl_of_Mayo&amp;oldid=1222668659|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Mayo.&lt;/ref&gt;
* The Hon. Algernon Bourke
** Button Bourke&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Tory 'Reformer' at the India Office.&quot; ''India'' 10 November 1911, Friday: 4 [of 12], Col. 1b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004300/19111110/007/0004#. Print: same title, p. 228.&lt;/ref&gt;
** Algy Bourke
* Mrs. Gwendolen Bourke
** Gwendolen&lt;ref&gt;General Register Office. ''England and Wales Civil Registration Indexes''. London, England: General Register Office. FreeBMD. ''England &amp; Wales, Civil Registration Marriage Index, 1837-1915''[database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Marriage Index}} &lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt;{{rp|''Morning Post'' article about her name}} &lt;ref&gt;General Register Office. ''England and Wales Civil Registration Indexes''. London, England: General Register Office. FreeBMD. ''England &amp; Wales, Civil Registration Marriage Index, 1837-1915''[database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Electoral Register}}
** Guendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; [The National Portrait Gallery, London, uses this spelling for Lafayette's portrait of Bourke in costume for the ball.&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt;]
** Gwendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;City of Westminster Archives Centre; London, England; ''Westminster Church of England Parish Registers''; Reference: ''SPWP/PR/1/2''. Ancestry.com. ''Westminster, London, England, Church of England Births and Baptisms, 1813-1919'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Births and Baptisms}}
* Shelley Bontein and Emilie Sloane-Stanley Bontein
* See also the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|page for the Earl of Mayo]], the Hon. Algernon Bourke's father and then brother, and other Bourkes

== Overview ==

=== Algernon Bourke ===
Although the Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke was born in Dublin in 1854 and came from a family whose title is in the Peerage of Ireland,&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;1911 England Census.&lt;/ref&gt; he seems to have spent much of his adult life generally in England and especially in London. He was &quot;a noted fisherman.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London Correspondence.&quot; ''Freeman's Journal'' 21 December 1897, Tuesday: 5 [of 8], Col. 5c [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000056/18971221/027/0005. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

Because he was the son of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]], perhaps, or perhaps because he was so involved in projects that got reported on, he was mentioned a great deal in the newspapers, but after his bankruptcy, he seems to have receded in prominence, in part because he was living outside of the U.K., and apparently separately from his wife, Gwendolen Bourke.

Bourke ran as the Conservative candidate for Parliament from Clapham (population, c. 70,000) in 1885, a race he did not win. As a candidate he is described like this:&lt;blockquote&gt;Acted as a newspaper correspondent during the Zulu war. Subsequently Poor-law inspector in the West of Ireland. &quot;A loyal supporter of Church and State.&quot; Desires to reduce the School Board expenditure, and revive trade; and is opposed to Mr. Chamberlain's &quot;police of hasty and experimental reform.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Clapham (70,000).&quot; ''South London Chronicle'' 17 October 1885, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000443/18851017/113/0005. Print title ''South London Chronicle and Southwark and Lambeth Ensign'', p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The London ''Weekly Dispatch'' says he is &quot;a dashing and unscrupulous young Tory.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Political Campaign in London.&quot; ''Weekly Dispatch'' (London) 15 November 1885, Sunday: 9 [of 16], Col. 3c [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003358/18851115/069/0009. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;Algy&quot; Bourke was &quot;Man of the Day&quot; (No. DCCII [522) for ''Vanity Fair'' in 1898, caricatured by Leslie Ward (above right):&lt;blockquote&gt;Son of the great and murdered Lord Mayo, he is contemporary with the outbreak of the Crimean War, he is a Member of the London Stock Exchange, he has a beautiful wife and a daughter, and, being a very fashionable young man, he was once refused as their Member by the worthy electors of Clapham. He was an Eton boy, of course: and less naturally he went to Cambridge; where he was made President of the Beefsteak, the Amateur Dramatic, the Athenaeum, the True Blue, and the Hibernian Clubs. When he came down he tried journalism and went to Zululand as a ''Daily Telegraph'' ‘‘special”; after which he was improved into an Inspector of Workhouses [2, Col. 2c – 3, Col. 1a] in Ireland: which may account for his proficiency as a caterer. For seven years he worked under the late Mr. Chinnery on ''The Times'': being popularly supposed to look after that journal's morals. He is a good man of business, and a great organiser who has made White's Club pay even if it be less “smart&quot; than it was. He has done much for Willis’s since he took it in hand; he did well with his Battersea venture, and he thinks that he only failed with the Summer Club in Kensington Gardens because people would not go to the wrong side of the Park. Moreover, he runs a Club at Brighton, and he is Chairman of the Grand Hotel at Monte Carlo: whither he once organised a cheap trip. Altogether he is a veritable Clubman, and a very successful arranger of amusements, associations, and restaurants.

He is a popular fellow who is known to all of us; and though he is a little inclined to be quarrelsome, no one can get much the better of him. He is also a quick grasper of facts and a good talker. His favourite sports are fishing and the organising of associations for the introduction of salmon to the Thames. By way of being an art critic, he has made an interesting collection of engravings of the members of White’s Club from its foundation; but his friends say that he is not a well-dressed man. He has also written a history of White’s, and he is now writing one of Brooks's Club. He is a genial person, who looks as if the world agreed with him well.

He is an aquisition [sic] to a house party; and they call him “Algy.”&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Men of the Day.&quot; — No. DCCII [522]. The Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke.&quot; ''Vanity Fair'' 20 January 1898, Thursday: 2 [of 4], Col. 2c – 3, Col. 3a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9900020/18980120/010/0002 and https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/9900020/18980120/005/0003. Same print title, pp. 41–42. Portrait is full page, on p. 1.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The Hon. Algernon Bourke and Mr. Algernon Bourke, depending on the newspaper article, were the same person. Calling him Mr. Bourke in the newspapers, especially when considered as a businessman or (potential) member of Parliament, does not rule out the son of an earl, who would normally be accorded the honorific of ''Honorable''.

=== Gwendolen Sloane-Stanley Bourke ===

Mrs. Gwendolen Bourke exhibited at dog shows successfully and was a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Society Sportswomen|noted deerstalker]] and &quot;an appreciative listener to good music.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Vanity Fair.&quot; ''Lady of the House'' 15 June 1899, Thursday: 4 [of 44], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004836/18990615/019/0004.&lt;/ref&gt; Her personal beauty is often mentioned in reports, and ''The World'' says she was &quot;a magnificent woman.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Beauties of To-Day. From the ''World''.&quot; ''Clifton Society'' 24 June 1897, Thursday: 14 [of 16], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002164/18970624/066/0014. Same print and p.&lt;/ref&gt; She is the first listed in the ''Graphic''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s 1891 &quot;Leading Ladies of Society&quot;:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke is a daughter (Gwendoline Irene Emily) of the late Hans Sloane Stanley, Esq., of Poultons, Southampton, and 49, Cadogan Square, S.W. She married, on December 15th, 1887, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, third son of the sixth Earl of Mayo, Governor-General of India (who was assassinated in 1872), and nephew of Lord Connemara, Governor of Madras. Mr. Bourke is a member of the London Stock Exchange, and resides at 33, Cadogan Terrace, S.W.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Leading Ladies of Society.&quot; The Graphic 28 March 1891, Saturday: 6 [of 28], Col. 2c [of 3]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9000057/18910328/019/0006. Print: same title, p. 346.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;She attended many social events without her husband, especially into the 20th century, usually with an appreciative description of what she wore. She was a sponsor of Irish art needlework as well. Unlike her husband's, Gwendolen's social status seems to have risen as time passed, and she appears in stories associated with the Princess of Wales, and then later with Queen Alexandra.

=== The Sloane-Stanley Family ===
Gwendolen's family consisted of a younger brother, Cyril Sloane-Stanley, as well as her parents, Hans Sloane-Stanley and Emilie Edwards Sloane-Stanley. Exactly one year after she and Algernon Bourke married, Hans Sloane-Stanley died (in 1888), leaving an estate worth £33,704 7s. 5d.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;&gt;Principal Probate Registry; London, England; ''Calendar of the Grants of Probate and Letters of Administration made in the Probate Registries of the High Court of Justice in England''. Ancestry.com. ''England &amp; Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1995'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; (1888, 321) Her mother remarried almost exactly a year after that, to James Shelly Bontein. Bontein's father had been Gentleman Usher and Clerk of the Robes to Queen Victoria.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot;&gt;&quot;Marriages.&quot; &quot;Births, Marriages, and Deaths.&quot; ''Belfast News-Letter'' 6 December 1889, Friday: 1 [of 8], Col. 1a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000038/18891206/001/0001. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

Shortly after his death ''Truth'' described Gwendolen and Cyril's father Hans Sloane-Stanley:&lt;blockquote&gt;The death of Mr. Sloane Stanley, of Paultons Park, is much regretted in South Hants, as he was one of the most popular landlords in the county, and was greatly esteemed. Mr. Sloane Stanley was well known in yachting circles, and for many years he was Commodore of the Royal Southern Yacht Club, and owned the schooner ''Star of the West''. He was one of the very few owners who continued to keep up the old custom of giving his crew a laying-up supper at the close of each season. There were great festivities at Paultons only a few months ago, when Miss Sloane Stanley was married to Mr. Algernon Bourke.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Entre Nous.&quot; ''Truth'' 27 December 1888, Thursday: 6 [of 48], Col. 2b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18881227/023/0006# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18881227/023/0006]. Same print title, p. 1136.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;When he died in 1944, Cyril Sloane-Stanley's estate was quite a bit larger than his father's had been 50 years before. The probate was divided between what was limited to &quot;settled land&quot; and what was &quot;save and except settled land.&quot; What was not settled land totalled £356,114 12s. 10d. and went to John Everett, company director; the Hon. Elwyn Villiers Rhys, captain, H.M. army; and William Adam de Geijer, retired captain, H.M. army.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt; (1944, 430) His daughter Lavender was married to John Everett, and Diane was married to Elwyn Villiers Rhys. What was settled land totalled £168,975 and went to William Adam de Geijer, retired captain, H.M. army, and George Lawrence Stewart, solicitor.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt; (1944, 430)

The Sloane-Stanleys descend from Hans Sloane (1660–1753), whose 71,000-item collections &quot;provid[ed] the foundation of the British Museum, the British Library, and the Natural History Museum, London.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2025-01-07|title=Hans Sloane|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane|journal=Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane|language=en|via=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Much of this Hans Sloane's wealth came from his medical practice in Jamaica, where he went as physician to the Governor General of Jamaica, the 2nd Duke of Albemarle, and where he married &quot;a wealthy heiress of sugar plantations&quot; worked by enslaved Jamaicans.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot; /&gt; His great-nephew, Hans Sloane, inherited Paultons, near Romsey, &quot;and in recognition of this he adopted the additional surname of Stanley in 1821.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-10-06|title=Hans Sloane (MP)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane_(MP)|journal=Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane_(MP)|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Acquaintances, Friends and Enemies ==

=== Algernon Bourke ===

* Best man at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Wedding of Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Sloane Stanley|his wedding]]: the Hon. Michael Sandys
* [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Marcus Henry Milner]], &quot;one of the zealous assistants of that well-known firm of stockbrokers, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;&quot;Metropolitan Notes.&quot; ''Nottingham Evening Post'' 31 July 1888, Tuesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 2a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/18880731/025/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Caroline, Duchess of Montrose — her &quot;legal advisor&quot; on the day of her marriage to Marcus Henry Milner&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Metropolitan Notes.&quot; ''Nottingham Evening Post'' 31 July 1888, Tuesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 1b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/18880731/025/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gwendolen Bourke ===

* Bridesmaids at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Wedding of Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Sloane Stanley|her wedding]]: Lady Florence Bourke, Miss Nora Bourke, Miss Edwards, and Miss Ewart
* Lord and Lady Alington, Belvedere House, Scarborough
* [[Social Victorians/People/William James|Evelyn James]] 

== Organizations ==

=== Gwendolen Bourke ===

* Member, the Ladies Committee for the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Skating Club|Prince's Skating Club]], which also included [[Social Victorians/People/Princess Louise|Princess Louise]] (Duchess of Argyll), the [[Social Victorians/People/Portland|Duchess of Portland]], [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Lady Londonderry]], [[Social Victorians/People/Campbell|Lady Archibald Campbell]], [[Social Victorians/People/Ribblesdale|Lady Ribblesdale]], and [[Social Victorians/People/Asquith|Mrs. Asquith]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;&quot;What the 'World' Says.&quot; ''Northwich Guardian'' 01 November 1902, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Col. 8a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001975/19021101/134/0006. Print title: The ''Guardian'', p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt; (in 1902, at least)

=== Algernon Bourke ===
* [[Social Victorians/Schools#Eton|Eton]]
* Cambridge University, Trinity College, 1873, Michaelmas term&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;Cambridge University Alumni, 1261–1900. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Conservative Party
* 1879: Appointed a Poor Law Inspector in Ireland, Relief of Distress Act
* 1881: Partner, with 2 uncles, in Brunton, Bourke, and Co.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From Our London Correspondent.&quot; ''Manchester Courier'' 24 August 1881, Wednesday: 5 [of 8], Col. 4a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000206/18810824/030/0005. Print: ''Manchester Courier and Lancaster General Advertiser'', p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt; (one of the [[Social Victorians/British Aristocracy#Sons of Peers on the Stock Exchange|sons of peers on the Stock Exchange]])
* 1885: Office of the 7th Surrey Rifles Regiment&lt;ref&gt;&quot;7th Surrey Rifles.&quot; ''South London Press'' 08 August 1885, Saturday: 12 [of 16], Col. 4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18850808/165/0012. Print p. 12.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1886: Battersea Friendly Angling Society&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Battersea Friendly Angling Society.&quot; ''Fishing Gazette'' 17 April 1886, Saturday: 6 [of 20], Col. 2a [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002553/18860417/030/0006. Same print title, p. 218.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 27 February 1886: one of the Vice Presidents of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Bolingbroke Reading-Room and Institute|Bolingbroke Reading-Room and Institute]]
* Special Correspondent of The ''Times'' for the Zulu War, accompanying Lord Chelmsford
* Head, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys, &quot;that well-known firm of stockbrokers&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; ( – 1901 [at least])
* White's gentleman's club, St. James's,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-10-09|title=White's|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White's|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%27s.&lt;/ref&gt; Manager (1897)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Side Lights on Drinking.&quot; ''Waterford Standard'' 28 April 1897, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001678/18970428/053/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Willis's Rooms (described in 1895):&lt;blockquote&gt;... the Hon. Algernon Burke [sic], son of the 6th Earl of Mayo, has turned the place into a smart restaurant where choice dinners are served and eaten while a stringed band discourses music. Willis's Rooms are now the favourite dining place for ladies who have no club of their own, or for gentlemen who are debarred by rules from inviting ladies to one of their own clubs. The same gentleman runs a hotel in Brighton, and has promoted several clubs. He has a special faculty for organising places of the kind, without which such projects end in failure.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lenten Dullness.&quot; ''Cheltenham Looker-On'' 23 March 1895, Saturday: 11 [of 24], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000226/18950323/004/0011. Print p. 275.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
*The [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Pelican|Pelican Club]], known for its boxing (1891)

==== Boards of Directors ====
*1883: One of the directors, the Franco-English Tunisian Esparto Fibre Supply Company, Ltd.&lt;ref&gt;''Money Market Review'', 20 Jan 1883 (Vol 46): 124.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1891: One of the founders, the Discount Banking Company, Ltd., which says Algernon Bourke is a director of District Messenger Services and News Company, Ltd.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Public Company.&quot; ''Nottingham Journal'' 31 October 1891, Saturday: 4 [of 8], Col. 8a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001896/18911031/099/0004. Print title: ''The Nottingham Daily Express'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1894: One of the directors, the Frozen Lake, Ltd., with Admiral Maxse, Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Marcus Beresford]], [[Social Victorians/People/Williams|Hwfa Williams]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Frozen Lake, Limited.&quot; ''St James's Gazette'' 08 June 1894, Friday: 15 [of 16], Col. 4a [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001485/18940608/085/0015. Print p. 15.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;London is to have new amusement this winter, for which Mr Algernon Bourke, who has taught us that it is possible to eat as well in St. James’s as on the Boulevards, and Mr Hwfa Williams, of Sandown fame, are jointly responsible. The &quot;Frozen Lake,&quot; under which title a real ice-skating rink is about to be constructed under their auspices, will no doubt be gladly welcomed by all skaters, and the venture is likely to prove a success.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip.&quot; ''Weston-super-Mare Gazette, and General Advertiser'' 6 June 1894, Wednesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 4b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001444/18940606/044/0004. Print title: ''Weston-super-Mare Gazette'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== Committees ====

*Member, General Committee, [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Baths|the Baths Club]] (1892)
*Member, Men's Committee of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Skating Club|Prince's Skating Club]], which also included Lord Edward Cecil, Lord Redesdale, Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Lyttelton|Alfred Lyttelton]], Sir Edgar Vincent, Sir William Hart Dyke, and Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Grenfell|W. H. Grenfell]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; (1902, at least)
*[[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#25 March 1896, Wednesday|The Sala Memorial Fund]], member of the committee (from 25 March 1896)
* Member of an &quot;influential committee&quot; headed by the Lord Mayor &quot;to restore salmon to the Thames&quot; (June 1899)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Salmon in the Thames.&quot; ''Berks and Oxon Advertiser'' 30 June 1899, Friday: 5 [of 8], Col. 4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002298/18990630/079/0005. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Timeline ==

=== 1870s ===
'''1872 February 8''', Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo was assassinated while inspecting a &quot;convict settlement at Port Blair in the Andaman Islands ... by Sher Ali Afridi, a former Afghan soldier.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-12-01|title=Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo.&lt;/ref&gt; The Hon. Algernon's brother Dermot became the 7th Earl at 19 years old.

'''1876 November 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was one of 6 men (2 students, one of whom was Bourke; 2 doctors; a tutor and another man) from Cambridge who gave evidence as witnesses in an inquest about the death from falling off a horse of a student.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Fatal Accident to a Sheffield Student at Cambridge.&quot; ''Sheffield Independent'' 25 November 1876, Saturday: 7 [of 12], Col. 5a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000181/18761125/040/0007. Print title: ''Sheffield and Rotherham Independent'', n. p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1879 December 27, Saturday – 29, Monday''', Algernon Bourke was in Kilrush as a Local Government Board Inspector:&lt;blockquote&gt;Among many distinguished visitors at the Vandeleur Arms Hotel, Kilrush this week was the Hon. Algernon Bourke Local Government Board Inspector who arrived on Saturday, and sojourned there until 2 o'clock on Monday, when the honourable gentleman left by Steamer tor Limerick.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Fashionable Intelligence.&quot; ''Kilrush Herald and Kilkee Gazette'' 01 January 1880, Thursday: 2 [of 5], Col. 3a [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003186/18800101/011/0002. Print title ''Kilrush Herald'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 1880s ===
'''4 February 1880, Wednesday''', Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880#Grand Ball at Palmerstown House Hosted by the Earl of Mayo|grand ball at Palmerstown House hosted by the Earl of Mayo]]. 

'''1880 March 30, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was working in the judicial system in Newcastle, County Limerick, possibly as Poorhouse Inspector:&lt;blockquote&gt;A sworn enquiry was held to-day at the Workhorse, Newcastle West, by the Hon Algernon Bourke, L.G.I., to enquire into charges preferred by Dr. Pierce, Medical Office, against Dr. O'Shaughnesay. The enquiry was adjourned till Thursday next. Mr Moran, sol., Rathkeale, was engaged for Dr. O'Shaughnessy.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Sworn Enquiry.&quot; &quot;Limerick County. Newcastle West Intelligence.&quot; ''Bassett's Chronicle'' 31 March 1880, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 3b–c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003471/18800331/044/0003.  Print title ''Bassett's Daily Chronicle'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1880 April 17, Saturday''', in-jokes dominate this report mentioning Algernon Bourke in the context of the Kildare and National Hunt races in Dublin:&lt;blockquote&gt;And in mopy Upper Mount-street, where young Algernon Bourke, of the Onety-oneth, had promised to call for, and afterwards spin down to the races in his mail phaeton, the Blake girls; and in fastidious Fitzwilliam-place, and exclusive &quot;Murryan-squeer,&quot; from which dashing army men, in their neatly-appointed, well horsed drags were to &quot;tool&quot; down sweet young Dublin lasses of the ''crême d la crême'' [sic], many an anxious forecasting of the weather was taken, lest by an unpropitious shower that last triumph of Mrs. Manning, or the Forrests, or Miss Sedford, or any of the ''grandes dames de la mode'' should be rendered as worthless as a Confederate &quot;greenback.&quot; But by ten o'clock all doubts were happily set aside, and up struck the lovely April day in all its spring-time glory and then the road, oh, the road!&lt;ref&gt;&quot;To Punchestown and Back by the Old Road.&quot; ''Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News'' 17 April 1880, Saturday: 6 [of 24], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001857/18800417/013/0006. Same print title, p. 102.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1881 May 10, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#1881 May 10, Tuesday|wedding of Marion Lascelles, eldest daughter of the Hon. Egremont W. Lascelles, brother of the Earl of Harewood, and Lieutenant Henry Dent Brocklehurst, of the Second Life Guards, nephew of Mr. Philip Brocklehurst, of Swithamley Park, Macclesfield]]. His gift was an &quot;old enamelled watch set in pearls.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Nuptial Rejoicings at Middlethorpe Manor. Marriage of Miss Lascelles and Lieut. Brocklehurst.&quot; ''Yorkshire Gazette'' 14 May 1881, Saturday: 9 [of 12], Cols. 3a–4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive''https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000266/18810514/057/0009. Print same title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1881 May 23, Monday, 2:00 p.m.''', Algernon Bourke is listed among the Honourables at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace|Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace]].

'''1881 July 14, Thursday afternoon, beginning about 2 p.m.''', Algernon Bourke was invited to a Garden Party at Marlborough House hosted by [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]]. Members of the family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] were also among the 1,500 or so invited guests.

'''1881 July 22, Friday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to an [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#22 July 1881, Friday|evening party at Marlborough House hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales]].

'''1881 September 17, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was reported among the company at Doncaster during race week.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;List of the Company.&quot; ''York Herald'' 17 September 1881, Saturday: 8 [of 16], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000499/18810917/183/0008. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1881 November 22, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was sued in Dublin by Henry Naylor because he &quot;had declined to pay&quot; for a £35 piano.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Henry Naylor v. the Hon. Algernon Bourke.&quot; &quot;Exchequer Division.&quot; &quot;High Court of Justice.&quot; ''Belfast Morning News'' 23 November 1881, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 8a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000428/18811123/015/0003. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1881 December 8, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke was part of a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#Battue at Palmerstown|battue at Palmerstown]], when the group bagged 172 pheasants, hares and rabbits.

'''1882 March 7, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882#7 March 1882, Tuesday|fashionable wedding of Reginald Chandos-Pole and Violet Denison]].

'''1882 March 15, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882#The Marchioness of Salisbury's Assembly|the Marchioness of Salisbury's first reception of the season]].

'''1882 July 13, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to the [[Social Victorians/1882-07-13 Marlborough House Garden Party|Garden Party at Marlborough House for Queen Victoria]] hosted by [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]]. The more than 1,000 people invited also included a number of people from the family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]].

'''1882 September 28, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882#The Wedding of John M'Donald and Georgiana Lambart|wedding of John M'Donald and Georgiana Lambart]].

'''1883 March 21, Wednesday''', the Evening Irish Times announced that Algernon Bourke &quot;has arrived at Kingstown from England.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Fashion.&quot; ''Evening Irish Times'' 21 March 1883, Wednesday: 7 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003464/18830321/086/0007. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''23 July 1883, Monday, noon''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1883#Garden Party at Marlborough House, at Noon|garden party at Marlborough House]] hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales.

'''31 October 1883, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the wedding of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1883#Wedding of Lady Cecelia Hay and Captain George Webbe|Lady Cecelia Hay and Captain George Webbe]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 February 16, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#16 February 1884, Saturday|the funeral of Thomas Chenery, editor of the ''Times'']].

'''1884 April 4, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was (may have been?) one of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#5 April 1884, Saturday|&quot;Supporters of the Pall&quot; at the funeral]] of [[Social Victorians/People/Leopold|Prince Leopold George Duncan Albert, Duke of Albany]] at St. George's, Windsor.

'''1884 April 26, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#26 April 1884, Saturday|dinner party at the Lord Mayor's Mansion House for conservatives to meet Sir Stafford Northcote]].

'''1884 May 3, Saturday''', the &quot;Rochester Conservatives&quot; announced that they would &quot;bring forward the Hon. Algernon Bourke, brother of Lord Mayo, as their second candidate,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Election Intelligence.&quot; ''Yorkshire Gazette'' 03 May 1884, Saturday: 4 [of 12], Col. 6a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000266/18840503/011/0004.&lt;/ref&gt; but because he would not be the first candidate, Bourke declined.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rochester.&quot; London ''Daily Chronicle'' 09 May 1884, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 8b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005049/18840509/049/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1884 June 18, Wednesday''', Mr. Algernon Bourke was on a committee to watch a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#18 June 1884, Wednesday|Mr. Bishop's &quot;thought-reading&quot; experiment]], which was based on a challenge by Henry Labourchere made the year before. This &quot;experiment&quot; took place before a fashionable audience.

'''1884 July 25, Friday, afternoon''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#Garden Party at Marlborough House hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales|Garden Party at Marlborough House hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales]].

'''1885 January 22, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke's gift to [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#Wedding of George Buckle and Alicia Payn|George Buckle and Alicia Payn for their wedding]] was an antique cabinet.

'''1885 July 7, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#7 July 1885, Tuesday|Eva Bourke's wedding to Windham Wyndham-Quin]] at St. Mary Abbots, Kensington.

'''1885 July 13, Monday''', Algernon Bouurke was at Victoria Station as part of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#Arrival of Lord Wolseley in London from Egypt|crowd greeting Lord Wolseley on his return from Egypt]].

'''1885 July 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/1885-07-24 Marlborough House Ball|ball at Marlborough House]] hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales.

'''1885 September 26, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke took part in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#26 September 1885, Saturday|Ealing Conservative Club fete and meeting]] supporting Salisbury's government and condemning &quot;the dictates of one man&quot; — Gladstone — for Gordon's death.

'''1885 October 3, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was named as the Conservative candidate for Clapham in the Battersea and Clapham borough after the Redistribution Bill determined the electoral districts for South London.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;South London Candidates.&quot; ''South London Press'' 03 October 1885, Saturday: 9 [of 16], Col. 5b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18851003/096/0009. Print p. 9.&lt;/ref&gt; On Sunday 15 November 1885 the London ''Weekly Dispatch'' supported Moulton, the Liberal candidate, who ultimately won the election:&lt;blockquote&gt;

Though a successful lawyer, Mr. Moulton is much more than that. He is a thorough and independent student of political science, who may be trusted to do good service to the Liberal cause with brain as well as with tongue. It will be matter for hearty congratulation if he defeats the Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke, who is a dashing and unscrupulous young Tory, and a nephew of the well-known politician with the same surname.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Political Campaign in London. VI. — The South-West Divisions.&quot; ''Weekly Dispatch'' (London) 15 November 1885, Sunday: 9 [of 16], Col. 3c [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003358/18851115/069/0009. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

On Saturday 21 November 1885 the ''South London Press'' reported on posters for Bourke's candidacy:&lt;blockquote&gt;

The Hon. Algernon Bourke, Conservative candidate for Clapham, has a very industrious billsticker, who pastes up his patron’s bills in every possible place where they can be seen to advantage. It is unfortunate, however, that choosing the flank wall of an auctioneer’s the modern &quot;Sam Slap&quot; has produced some curious combinations, such as — &quot;Vote for Bourke,&quot; &quot;Now on View;&quot; &quot;Electors of Clapham, Vote for Mr. Bourke, and&quot; &quot;Be Sold Without Reserve;&quot; &quot;Mr, Bourke will&quot; &quot;Advance Money to&quot; &quot;the Electors of Clapham;&quot; &quot;Great Conservative Meeting. The British Constitution will be&quot; &quot;Offered for Sale this Evening,&quot; &amp;c.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pick-up Notes.&quot; ''South London Press'' 21 November 1885, Saturday: 10 [of 16], Col. 1b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18851121/155/0010. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1885 November 3, Tuesday, 11:00 a.m.''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Mayo-Ponsonby Wedding 1885-11-03|wedding of his brother, Dermot, 7th  Earl of Mayo and Geraldine Ponsonby]]. He gave them 2 Sheraton secretaires.

'''1886 January 5, Tuesday, late''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Twelfth Night|Twelfth Night celebration at the Drury Lane theatre]].

'''1886 March 13, Saturday evening''', an Hon. Mr. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/1886-03-13 Reception at the French Embassy|reception at the French Embassy]], possibly Algernon Bourke or possibly [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|one of his brothers]].

'''1886 July 10, Saturday''', Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Garden Party at Marlborough House Given to the Queen|garden party at Marlborough House given to the Queen]]. Gwendolen Sloane Stanley is not mentioned but Mr. and Mrs. Hans Sloane Stanley are, as are Mr. and Mrs. F. Sloane Stanley.&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 July 21, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to the [[Social Victorians/1886-07-21 Marlborough House Ball|Ball at Marlborough House]], as were a [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#The Sloane-Stanleys 2|Mr. and Mrs. F. Sloane-Stanley]], possibly the parents of Gwendolen Sloane-Stanley (if the &quot;F&quot; is a mistake), who married Bourke on 15 December 1887. Gwendolen is not mentioned as having been invited.

'''1886 July 27, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended a service honoring a memorial at St. Paul's for his father, who had been assassinated.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Memorial to the Late Earl of Mayo.&quot; ''Northern Whig'' 28 July 1886, Wednesday: 6 [of 8], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000434/18860728/143/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1886 September 2, Thursday''', Mr. Algernon Bourke was part of a group of mostly aristocratic men taking part in [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Augustus Harris's A Run of Luck|a &quot;trial-rehearsal&quot; as part of Augustus Harris's production]] ''A Run of Luck'', about sports.

'''1886 October 2, Saturday''', the Duke of Beaufort and the Hon. Algernon Bourke arrived in Yougal: &quot;His grace has taken a residence at Lismore for a few weeks, to enjoy some salmon fishing on the Blackwater before the close of the season.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Chippenham.&quot; ''Wilts and Gloucestershire Standard'' 02 October 1886, Saturday: 8 [of 8], Col. 6a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001955/18861002/142/0008. Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1886 October 11, Monday''', Algernon Bourke may have been taking part in a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Performance of Run of Luck|performance of ''Run of Luck'' at the Drury Lane]].

'''1886 October 23, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Party at Wemyss Castle, Fife|staying at Wemyss Castle, Fife]].

'''1886 December 30, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke was back in London and attending the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Augustus Harris's The Forty Thieves|&quot;Forty Thieves&quot; pantomime at the Drury Lane Theatre]].

'''1887 January 5, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was one of the chief mourners at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Funeral of Lady Margaret Harriett Bourke|funeral of Lady Margaret Harriett Bourke]].

'''1887 March 1, 2:00 p.m.''', Algernon Bourke is listed among the Messieurs attending the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace|Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1887 May''', a &quot;signalling incident&quot; in 1907 [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#May 1887|caused the Waterford ''Evening News'' to recall a similar event]] that had occurred 20 years earlier, in which Algernon Bourke, as special correspondent for the ''Times'', caused the incident to be publicized:&lt;blockquote&gt;During the manoeuvres in connection with the 1887 Jubilee of Queen Victoria a signal was observed going up from [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles [Beresford]]]'s ship. It was a message to his wife, Lady Beresford, to the effect that, as he should be late for dinner, she was not to wait. Beyond the hilarity this domestic signal evoked, nothing more would have been heard of it, but Mr. Algernon Bourke (Lord Mayo's brother) was acting as special correspondent for the &quot;Times,&quot; and that paper the next morning contained a full and humorous report of the incident. Then there was trouble.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Signalling Incident.&quot; ''Evening News'' (Waterford) 13 November 1907, Wednesday: 1 [of 4], Col. 6c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004557/19071113/021/0001.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1887 June 15, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians Foreign Office Reception 1887-06-15|reception at the Foreign Office in honor of Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee]].

'''1887 July 6, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to and, presumably, attended the State Ball at Buckingham Palace.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The State Ball at Buckingham Palace.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 08 July 1887, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 5a–6c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18870708/013/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 1c)

'''1887 August 6, Saturday''', the ''Brighton Gazette'' says that the &quot;Hon. Mrs and Mr Algernon Bourke&quot; were staying at the Royal Crescent Hotel in Brighton, but they didn't marry until 15 December 1887.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Royal Crescent Hotel.&quot; ''Brighton Gazette'' 6 August 1887, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 5c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000938/18870806/047/0003. Print title ''Brighton Gazette and Sussex Telegraph'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt; Perhaps an elder relative, because she is mentioned first?

'''1887 November 9, Wednesday''', the ''Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper'' announced that&lt;blockquote&gt;A marriage is arranged, and will take place early in January, between Mr. Algernon Bourke, third son of the late Earl of Mayo, and Miss Guendolen Sloane Stanley, only daughter of Mr. Hans Sloane Stanley, of Paultons.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Romsey, Nov. 9.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 9 November 1887, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18871109/034/0003. Print title ''Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Shortly after, the papers announced that the wedding would not take place.

'''1887 December 15, Thursday''', Hon. [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Wedding of Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Sloane Stanley|Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Stanley were married at St. Paul's]], Knightsbridge, by Bourke's uncle the Hon. and Rev. George Bourke. Only family members attended because of &quot;the recent death of a near relative of the bride.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court Circular.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 16 December 1887, Friday: 5 [of 8], Col. 7c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18871216/066/0005.&lt;/ref&gt; Who the &quot;near relative of the bride&quot; was not in her nuclear family, and perhaps that explains the cancellation of the wedding and then the changing of the wedding date and not some problem in the couple.

'''1888 – 1899 January 1''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was &quot;proprietor&quot; of [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#White's|White's Club, St. James's Street]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;&quot;The Hon. Algernon Bourke's Affairs.&quot; ''Eastern Morning News'' 19 October 1899, Thursday: 6 [of 8], Col. 7c [of7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001152/18991019/139/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1888 January 21, Saturday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the wedding of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#Hamilton-Ewart Wedding|Florence Ewart and Henry Hamilton]].

'''1888 March 7, Wednesday''', assuming that this date is not a week after the actual date, [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lady Charles Beresford]] held a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#1888 March 7, Wednesday|notable and well-attended &quot;at home&quot;]] that Gwendolen Bourke attended, reported for being dressed in white and being among the beautiful women present.

'''6 April 1888, Friday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#6 April 1888, Friday|New Forest United Hunt ball at the New Forest Hall, Lyndhurst]].

'''1888 May 2, Wednesday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#The Marchioness of Salisbury's Reception|Marchioness of Salisbury's reception]] at the Salisbury home on Arlington-street.

'''1888 May 22, Tuesday''', the Dowager Countess of Mayo presented Gwendolen Bourke at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#Queen's Drawing Room|Queen's drawing-room]] hosted by the Princess of Wales. This is Gwendolen Bourke's dress:&lt;blockquote&gt;Empire robe de cour of white satin duchesse, lined with rich pink silk, sufficiently bright to give a beautiful shell-like tint through the satin; tulle underdress, with upper skirt, embroidered with pearl, and caught up in Greek folds with large pink Tosca roses; white satin bodice, with Josephine pink sash tied at side, Headdress, veil and plumes; ornaments, diamonds.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Dresses at the Drawing-Room.&quot; ''Epsom Journal'' 22 May 1888, Tuesday: 3 [of 6], Col. 5b–c [of 6]. ''British Newspapers Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004837/18880522/034/0003. Print: title ''Local Journal'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Another description:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke's train was of white satin lined with pink, which showed through with charmingly shell-like effect. The dress, fashioned after those of the Empire period, was of white satin embroidered with pearls. A very broad sash of pink satin made the waist seem quaintly short, a trying thing to any but the young and tall, both of which qualifications Mrs. Bourke most happily possesses. She carried a lovely posy of La France roses.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Gossip on Dress.&quot; ''Boston Spa News'' 25 May 1888, Friday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1b–2b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003395/18880525/014/0002. Print title The News, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 1c)&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1888 June 8, Friday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#Dinner and Dance Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne at Hamilton House|dinner and dance Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne at Hamilton House]] featuring Prince and Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein, and for the ball, the King of Sweden and Norway and the Prince and Princess of Wales and their daughters were present.

'''1888 June 19, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke was one of the principal guests at the wedding of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#19 June 1888, Tuesday|Captain Philip Green and Miss Mabel Emilie Scott]].

'''1888 July 26''', [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Caroline Graham Stirling-Crawford]] (known as Mr. Manton for her horse-breeding and -racing operations) and Marcus Henry Milner married.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;&quot;Hon. Caroline Agnes Horsley-Beresford.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://thepeerage.com/p6863.htm#i68622|title=Person Page|website=thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the ''Nottingham Evening Post'' of 31 July 1888,&lt;blockquote&gt;LONDON GOSSIP.

(From the ''World''.)

The marriage of &quot;Mr. Manton&quot; was the surprise as well the sensation of last week. Although some wise people noticed a certain amount of youthful ardour in the attentions paid by Mr. Marcus Henry Milner to Caroline Duchess of Montrose at '''Mrs. Oppenheim's ball''', nobody was prepared for the sudden ''dénouement''; '''and it''' were not for the accidental and unseen presence [[Social Victorians/People/Mildmay|a well-known musical amateur]] who had received permission to practice on the organ, the ceremony performed at half-past nine on Thursday morning at St. Andrew's, Fulham, by the Rev. Mr. Propert, would possibly have remained a secret for some time to come. Although the evergreen Duchess attains this year the limit of age prescribed the Psalmist, the bridegroom was only born in 1864. Mr. &quot;Harry&quot; Milner (familiarly known in the City as &quot;Millions&quot;) was one of the zealous assistants of that well-known firm of stockbrokers, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys, and Mr. Algernon Bourke, the head of the house (who, of course, takes a fatherly interest in the match) went down to Fulham to give away the Duchess. The ceremony was followed by a ''partie carrée'' luncheon at the Bristol, and the honeymoon began with a visit to the Jockey Club box at Sandown. Mr. Milner and the Duchess of Montrose have now gone to Newmarket. The marriage causes a curious reshuffling of the cards of affinity. Mr. Milner is now the stepfather of the [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Duke of Montrose]], his senior by twelve years; he is also the father-in-law of [[Social Victorians/People/Lady Violet Greville|Lord Greville]], Mr. Murray of Polnaise, and [[Social Victorians/People/Breadalbane|Lord Breadalbane]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1888 December 1st week''', according to &quot;Society Gossip&quot; from the ''World'', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was suffering from malaria, presumably which he caught when he was in South Africa:&lt;blockquote&gt;I am sorry to hear that Mr. Algernon Bourke, who married Miss Sloane-Stanley a short time ago, has been very dangerously ill. Certain complications followed an attack of malarian fever, and last week his mother, the Dowager Lady Mayo, and his brother, Lord Mayo, were hastily summoned to Brighton. Since then a change for the better has taken place, and he is now out of danger.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip. What the ''World'' Says.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 08 December 1888, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18881208/037/0002. Print title: ''The Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper''; print p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1888 December 20, Thursday''', the Sloane-Stanley family, including Gwendolen Bourke, attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#20 December 1888, Thursday|funeral of Hans Sloane Stanley]]. Algernon Bourke did not attend because he was still too ill.

'''1889 January 22, 2:30 p.m., Tuesday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke sent a gift for the [[Social Victorians/Cecil Lambton Wedding 1889 January 22|wedding of Lady Eleanor Lambton and Lord Robert]] Cecil, a pair of antique mirrors.

'''1889 May 18, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#18 May 1889, Saturday|opening of the Italian Opera season at Covent Garden]].

'''1889 May 27, Monday, 11 p.m.''', the dancing commenced at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#The Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace|the Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace]], with both the Hon. Algernon and the Hon. Gwendolen Bourke present.

'''1889 June 8, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke contributed some art he owned to the collection of the Royal Institute of Painters in Water-Colours' [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#8 June 1889, Saturday|exhibition of &quot;the works of the 'English Humourists in Art.'&quot;]]

'''1889 July 2, Tuesday''', Gwendolen and Algernon Bourke sat in the Muriettas' box at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#The Shah at a Covent Garden Opera Performance|gala performance at Covent Garden also attended by the Prince and Princess of Wales, a number of other royals and the Shah]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1889 27 July, Saturday''', Gwendolen and Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#Garden Party Hosted by Mr. and Mrs. Augustus Harris|garden party hosted by Mr. and Mrs. Augustus Harris]], which was attended by a people from the theatre and arts worlds.&lt;p&gt;

'''1889 December 2, Monday''', Gwendolen Bourk's mother, Emilie Sloane-Stanley, married James Shelly Bontein:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

BONTEIN—STANLEY — December 2, at St. George's, Hanover Square, London, by the Rev. G. S. de Sansmarez, James Shelly, only son of the late James Bontein, Gentleman Usher and Clerk of the Robes to the Queen, to Emilie Josephine, widow of Hans Sloane Stanley, of Paultons.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1889 December 17, Tuesday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke gave a gift to [[Dangan-Neville Wedding|Lady Violet Nevill for her wedding to Henry Wellesley, Viscount Dangan]] and so were probably in attendance.

=== 1890s ===
'''1890 January 9, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#The York Hunt Ball|fancy-dress Hunt Ball in York]]. She&lt;blockquote&gt;looked a picture in a Gainsborough gown. The white satin skirt was flounced with sable and veiled with ''chiffon'', the setuage of which was left to show without being hemmed up. There was a broad sash of rose-pink silk and each buttonhole was filled round with crimped lisse.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Our London Letter.&quot; ''Irish Society'' (Dublin) 11 January 1890, Saturday: 17 [of 24], Col. 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001939/18900111/042/0017. Same print title, p. 29.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1890 February''' '''12, Wednesday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Lady Constance Leslie's Reception|Lady Constance Leslie's reception]] at her house in Stratford-place.

'''1890 April 9, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#The New Forest United Hunt Ball|the New Forest United Hunt Ball]].

'''1890 June 3, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the 2:30 p.m. [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Münster-Hay Wedding|wedding of Count Alexander Münster and Lady Muriel Henrietta Constance Hay]]. She is also listed as having attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Dinner and Concert Hosted by Mrs. Arthur Williams and Ball by Mrs. Menzies|ball hosted by Mrs. J. Menzies (daughter of Mrs. Arthur Wilson)]] that Prince Eddie, the Duke of Clarence and Avondale, also attended, that night.  

'''1890 July 4, Friday, 11 p.m.''', the Hon. Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#The Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace|the Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace]]. The dancing commenced shortly after 11:00. 

'''1890 July 15, Tuesday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke were invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Garden Party at Marlborough House to Meet the Queen|garden party at Marlborough House to meet the Queen]]. 

'''1890 July 19, Saturday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Wedding of James Francis Harry St. Clair-Erskine and Violet Aline Vyner|wedding of James Francis Harry St. Clair-Erskine and Violet Aline Vyner]], the two of them giving &quot;four small silver dessert dishes&quot; and Gwendolen giving an &quot;enamel and diamond pin.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marriage of Lord Loughborough with Miss Vyner.&quot; ''Fife Free Press'' 26 July 1890, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1a–2b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001110/18900726/015/0002. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 2b)

'''1890 July 24, Thursday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Dinner and Dance Hosted by Lord Alington|dance hosted by Lord Alington]] attended also by the Prince and Princess of Wales and Princesses Victoria and Maud.

'''1890 September 6, Saturday''', the ''Country Gentleman'' (as it was called at the time) reported that &quot;Muckross, the only deer forest in Ireland, it may be said, has this year been rented by Mr. Algernon Bourke, who will next week be joined there for the stalking season by his brother, Lord Mayo.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Shooting. Moors, Forests, and Fishings.&quot; ''Sporting Gazette'' 06 September 1890, Saturday: 11 [of 38], Col. 1c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002525/18900906/065/0011. Print: ''Country Gentleman'', p. 1251.&lt;/ref&gt; On 11 October 1890 the ''St. James's Gazette'' says,&lt;blockquote&gt;The Earl of Durham has been staying at Muchross, county Kerry, on a visit to the Hon. A. Bourke, who has rented the celebrated shootings and fishings on that estate for the autumn.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Society.&quot; ''St James's Gazette'' 11 October 1890, Saturday: 12 [of 16], Col. 1b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001485/18901011/064/0012. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1890 October 25, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke gave a gold-mounted box to [[Social Victorians/Loder De Vere Beauclerk Wedding|Lady Louise De Vere Beauclerk on her wedding to Gerald Loder, M.P.]], so they were probably present at the wedding, or at least the reception. Mrs. Bontein [sic Bontine], Gwendolen's mother, gave a silver box, suggesting the relationship was through the women.

'''1890 November 29, 11:30 Saturday morning''', Algernon Bourke's gift for the [[Social Victorians/Dudley-Beckwith Wedding 1890-11-29|wedding of the Hon. Francis Dudley and Miss Forbes Beckwith]] was some cases of a Bordeaux wine: &quot;three dozen Cantenac, 1875 vintage.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marriage of Lord Leigh's Heir. Descriptive Sketch of the Ceremony, and Full List of Guests and Presents.&quot; ''Leamington Spa Courier'' 6 December 1890, Saturday: 6 [of 10], Cols. 1a–4a. ''British Newspaper Archive''  https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000319/18901206/021/0006. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 3b}} Gwendolen Bourke is not listed as having been invited to the reception, but this list from the ''Leamington Spa Courier'' has some gaps.

'''1890 December 4, Thursday''', Gwendolen and Algernon Bourke attended the [[Mure-Portal Wedding 1890-12-04|wedding of Miss Mure and Mr. S. J. Portal]]. Their gift is not recorded.

'''1891 January''', Algernon Bourke took party in a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Shooting Party in Kallarnet, Totton|shooting party in Kallarnet, Totton]].

'''1891 June 24, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Dinner and Ball Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne|dinner and ball Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne]] featuring Princess Mary Adelaide, the Duke of Teck, and Princess Victoria.

'''1891 July 9, Thursday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke were invited to a [[Social Victorians/1891-07-09 Garden Party|large Garden Party at Marlborough House]] hosted by the [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]] in honor of Queen Victoria and the German Emperor and Empress. The more than 3,000 people invited also included a number of people from the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|family of the Earl of Mayo]].

'''1891 July 22, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Dinner and Dance at Alington House|dance at the Earl and Countess Alington]]'s that also included the Prince and Princess of Wales.

'''1891 October 22, Thursday''', Hon. and Mrs. Bourke attended at least the reception of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Le Strange Astley Wedding|Le Strange—Astley Wedding]], although perhaps the couple is not the Algernon Bourkes.

'''1891 November 22, Sunday''', the London ''Weekly Dispatch'' reports a performance by American &quot;Lady Magnet&quot; Mrs. Abbott, who claimed to be able to lift anybody using only her magnetic properties. An enthusiastic &quot;committee of some fifteen gentlemen presented a written and signed testimonial&quot; supporting Mrs. Abbott, &quot;the Hon. Algernon Bourke, Professor Atkinson, Dr. Hides, and three other doctors who prefer to remain incog., being among the signatories. All the medical gentlemen concerned assured the ''Evening News and Post'' reporter of their complete and unconditional surrender. One of them went so far as to say that he had come with the full determination of disbelieving, but had been quite able to act up to his resolve.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Lady Magnet. Draws Crowds of People Who Divide in Opinion about Her.&quot; ''Weekly Dispatch'' (London) 22 November 1891, Sunday: 16 [of 16], Cols. 3a–4b [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003358/18911122/203/0016. Print: same title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1892''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke privately published his ''The History of White's'', the exclusive gentleman's club.

'''1892 January 27, Saturday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended the very fashionable [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892#The Wedding of Lord Henry Cavendish Bentinck, M.P., and Lady Olivia Taylour|wedding of Lord Henry Cavendish Bentinck, M.P., and Lady Olivia Taylour]]. Their gift was not noted in the list.

'''1892 February''' '''10, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1892-02-10 Alington Leigh Wedding|very fashionable wedding of Henry, Lord Alington and Evelyn Henriette Leigh]] [[Social Victorians/1892-02-10 Alington Leigh Wedding|in St. Paul's, Knightsbridge]]

'''1892 April''' '''10, Wednesday, about 2:30 p.m.''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/1892-02-10 Alington Leigh Wedding|the very fashionable wedding between Henry Sturt, Lord Alington and Evelyn Leigh]]. Her gift was a &quot;tortoiseshell and gold heart-shaped tray.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;&quot;Lord Alington to Miss Leigh.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 20 February 1892, Saturday: 21 [of 46], Cols. 1a–3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18920220/092/0021. Same print title, p. 237.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 3a) 

'''1892 June 25, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird&quot; says &quot;That pretty Mrs. Algernon Bourke has been staying here, but returned to England in time for Ascot.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Little Bird, The. &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 25 June 1892, Saturday: 32 [of 60], Col. 3b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18920625/157/0032. Same print title, p. 860.&lt;/ref&gt; 

'''1892 December 13, Tuesday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' says Gwendolen Bourke is lovely in its coverage of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892#Wedding of Miss Eleanor M. Ewart and Captain Guy Withington|Eleanor M. Ewart and Captain Guy Withington's wedding]]. 

'''1892 December 22, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892#22 December 1892, Thursday|monthly meeting of the Zoological Society in Hanover-square]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 February 11, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke opened Willis's Restaurant:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Algernon Bourke has in his time done many things, and has generally done them well. His recently published history of White's Club is now a standard work. White's Club itself was a few years ago in its agony when Mr. Bourke stepped in and gave it a renewed lease of life. Under Mr. Bourke's auspices &quot;Willis's Restaurant&quot; opened its doors to the public on Tuesday last in a portion of the premises formerly so well known as Willis's Rooms. This new venture is to rival the Amphitryon in the matter of cuisine and wines; but it is not, like the Amphitryon, a club, but open to the public generally. Besides the restaurant proper, there are several ''cabinets particuliers'', and these are decorated with the very best of taste, and contain some fine portraits of the Georges.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marmaduke.&quot; &quot;Letter from the Linkman.&quot; ''Truth'' 20 April 1893, Thursday: 25 [of 56], Col. 1a [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18930420/075/0025# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18930420/075/0025]. Print p. 855.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1893 February 7, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#1893 February 7, Tuesday|the reception after Lady Emily Cadogan's wedding]].

'''1893 February 20, Monday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke is listed as having attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace|Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace]] held by the Prince of Wales; because wives generally are not listed, it seems likely Gwendolen Bourke attended as well.

'''1893 February 28, Tuesday, 3:00 p.m.''', Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Queens Drawing Room 1893-02-28|Queen's Drawing Room at Buckingham Palace]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 March 22, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#22 March 1893, Wednesday|Lady Wimborne's reception]].

'''1893 April 1, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke published a letter to the editor of the ''Times'', reprinted in the ''Kildare Observer'', arguing against Gladstone's Home Rule bill on the grounds that Ireland would not be able to take out a loan on its own behalf because of its obligations to the U.K., including what was called its share of the national debt.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Irish Unionist Alliance.&quot; ''Kildare Observer and Eastern Counties Advertiser'' 01 April 1893, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001870/18930401/062/0006. Print: The ''Kildare Observer'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1893 May 13, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was seen at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#13 May 1893, Saturday|exhibitions of art and furniture for sale by Christie's and on display by Lord Clifden]].

'''1893 July 13, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#The Countess of Listowel's Garden Party|Countess of Listowel's Garden Party]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#The Countess of Listowel's Garden Party|at her residence, Kingston House, Princes-gate]], accompanied by Miss Adeane.

'''1893 July 14, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Sandown Races 1893-07-14|the races at Sandown]] wearing a dark-blue-and-white outfit and black hat that got described in the newspaper.

'''1893 August 1, Tuesday – August 4, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke, at least, was at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#1 August 1893, Tuesday – 4 August 1893, Friday|the Goodwood races]], mentioned in the ''Gentlewoman'' for her beauty, although none of the dresses were noted.

'''1893 November 4–11, Wednesday–Saturday''', Gwendolen Bourke was at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#Ralph and Mary Sneyd Hosted a Shooting Party|shooting party at Keele Hall hosted by Ralph and Mary Sneyd]].

'''1893 November 30, Thursday''', with Sir Walter Gilbey the Hon. Algernon Bourke &quot;assisted&quot; in &quot;forming [a] collection&quot; of engravings by George Morland that was exhibited at Messrs. J. and W. Vokins’s, Great Portland-street.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The George Morland Exhibition at Vokins's.&quot; ''Sporting Life'' 30 November 1893, Thursday: 4 [of 4], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000893/18931130/058/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1893 December 14, Thursday, afternoon''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1893-12-14 Wedding Adele Grant and George, 7th Earl of Essex|wedding of American Adele Grant and George, 7th Earl of Essex]] and gave a &quot;pearl and gold box.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;&quot;Wedding of the Earl of Essex.&quot; ''Herts Advertiser'' 16 December 1893, Saturday; 8 [of 8], Col. 1a–4b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000415/18931216/125/0008. Print title: ''The Herts Advertiser and St Albans Times'', p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 3c}} Mr. and Mrs. Shelley Bontein also attended, and Mrs. Bontein gave a &quot;green leather bag and purse, with coronet and monogram in gold.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;{{rp|3b}}

'''1894 January 27, Saturday''', Psyche in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; in the ''Gentlewoman'' reported on a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#27 January 1894, Saturday|ball hosted by Lord and Lady Dunraven at Adare Manor]] that Gwendolen Bourke attended.

'''1894 January 31, Wednesday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke, who was dressed more stylishly than most, attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Also 31 January 1894, Wednesday|Kildare Hunt Ball]] hosted by Dermot, [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] and Geraldine, Countess of Mayo.

'''1894 February 24, Saturday''', ''The Field'' reported on a series of tennis matches; Algernon Bourke attended the one played at the Prince's Club.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Tennis.&quot; ''Field'' 24 February 1894, Saturday: 39 [of 72], Col. 1c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002446/18940224/349/0039. Print title ''The Field, The Country Gentleman's Newspaper'', p. 249.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1894 March 31, Saturday''', Psyche, in the &quot;Social Peepshow&quot; column in the ''Gentlewoman'', says that &quot;Mr. Algernon Bourke has still further embellished Willis's restaurant hard by [the St. James's Theatre], by the addition of some valuable old tapestry that lately came to the hammer at Christie's.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 31 March 1894, Saturday: 16 [of 56], Col. 2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18940331/081/0016. Same print title, p. 408.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1894 April 13, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke set sail on the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#P. and O. Line S.S. Rome for Gibraltar|P. and O. Line ''S.S. Rome'' for Gibraltar]] along with her stepfather, Mr. Shelley Bontein, and her brother, Mr. Sloane Stanley.

'''31 May 1894, Thursday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Reception at Devonshire House|Duchess of Devonshire's reception at Devonshire House]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 June 18, Monday''', the London ''Echo'' reported that Algernon Bourke was [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Brooks'|writing a history of Brooks' Club]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 June 20, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Princess Louise, Marchioness of Lorne Opened the Annual Sale of the Scottish Home Industries|Annual Sale of the Scottish Home Industries]]; her outfit was described in the article in ''Lady's Pictorial''.

'''1894 August 2, Thursday''', the column &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird&quot; says, &quot;At Willis' [restaurant] — 'What a smart cotillon Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave on Thursday evening.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Bird, The Little. &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 04 August 1894, Saturday: 30 [of 56], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18940804/148/0030. Print title same, p. 144.&lt;/ref&gt; Willis's Restaurant, King-street, St. James's, was a restaurant Algernon Bourke opened in 1893.&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 September 7, Saturday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke were at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#7 September 1894, Saturday|shooting party at Witley]], which had been loaned to one of his brothers by William Ward, 2nd Earl of Dudley.&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 October 22, Thursday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Wedding of Lord Connemara and Mrs. Coleman|luncheon after the wedding of Lord Connemara and Mrs. Coleman]].

'''1894 November 3, Saturday''', Psyche, in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; for the Gentlewoman, reported that Gwendolen Bourke had been [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#3 November 1894, Saturday|seen shopping in London]].

'''1895 January 5, Saturday, 2:00 p.m.''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke gave an old mother-of-pearl workbox to [[Wolverton-Ward Wedding 1895-01-05|Lady Edith Ward for her wedding to Frederick Glyn, Lord Wolverton]] and presumably attended the wedding and reception afterwards.&lt;p&gt;

'''1895 February 23, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#23 February 1895, Saturday|fashionable wedding of Laurence Currie and Edith Sibyl Mary Finch]]. Gwendolen Bourke is not listed as having attended, but she is not noted as absent, either. Daphne Bourke was born on 5 April 1895, probably explaining Gwendolen's absence.

'''1895 March 24, Sunday – 30 March, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#24, Sunday – 30 March 1895, Saturday|enjoying the sunny weather in Brighton]].

'''1895 April 27, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#1895 April 27, Saturday|wedding of Norah Bourke and Henry E. A. Lindsay]]. Again, Gwendolen Bourke is not listed as having attended. Daphne Bourke was born on 5 April 1895, and Psyche, writing the &quot;Social Peepshow&quot; column in the Gentlewoman, says,&lt;blockquote&gt;

I regret to hear of the serious illness of Mrs. Algernon Bourke, whose first child was born a fortnight ago. It is feared that the attack is of the nature of typhoid, but happily the patient's strength keeps up. Mrs. Bourke is at her mother's house in Clarges-street.&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 27 April 1895, Saturday: 28 [of 84], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18950427/147/0028. Same print title, p. 506.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1895 July 13, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke donated 10s. to the ''Daily Telegraph'' National Shilling Testimonial to W. G. Grace.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;''Daily Telegraph'' National Shilling Testimonial to W. G. Grace.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London) 13 July 1895, Saturday: 7 [of 12], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/18950713/079/0007. Print: ''Daily Telegraph'', p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1895 August 24, Saturday''', &quot;Marmaduke&quot; in the ''Graphic'' says that Algernon Bourke &quot;opened a cyclists' club in Chelsea.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marmaduke.&quot; &quot;Court and Club.&quot; The ''Graphic'' 24 August 1895, Saturday: 11 [of 32], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9000057/18950824/017/0011. Print p. 223.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1895 October''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#24 October 1902, Friday|opened the Prince's ice-skating rink for the]] season.if the newspapers were right that 1902 was the 7th season. He also was planning a bicycling club for Kensington Gardens to open the following season.&lt;ref&gt;Mackenzie, Ethel Morell (Miss). &quot;Pins and Needles.&quot; ''Hull Daily News'' 12 October 1895, Saturday: 24 [of 40], Col. 1a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003443/18951012/024/0024. Print title: ''Hull News Supplement'', p. 1[6? 8?].&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1895 October 7, Monday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#Adeane-Cator Wedding|Maud Adeane–John Cator wedding]].

'''1895 December 11, Wednesday''', Gwendolen and Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#Sneyd Party to Meet the Duke of Coburg|shooting party at the Sneyds' to meet the Duke of Coburg]].

'''1895 December 18, Wednesday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#Wedding of Lady Albreda Fitzwilliam and the Hon. Charles Bourke|wedding of Lady Albreda Fitzwilliam and the Hon. Charles Bourke]]. Their gift is not noted in the newspaper account.

'''1896 March 17, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#17 March 1896, Tuesday|annual dinner of the Cymmrodorion, or the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion]], a society for Welsh culture and history.

'''1896 April 21, Monday''', Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke sent a gift — a &quot;box for miniature&quot; — for [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Monday, 1896 April 27|the wedding of Lady Angela St. Clair Erskine and James Stewart Forbes]].

'''1896 May 21, Thursday''', the Hon. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Mrs. C. H. Wilson's Ball|Mrs. C. H. Wilson's ball in Grosvenor-square, London]].

'''1896 May 26, Tuesday,  through 28 May, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Coming of Age of Mr Sloane Stanley|3-day celebration in honor of the coming of age of her brother, Cyril Sloane Stanley]].

'''1896 June 15, Monday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Dinner and Dance Hosted by the Countess of Huntingdon|dance hosted by the Earl and Countess of Huntingdon]] after their dinner party.

'''1896 July 13, Monday''', Algernon Bourke (listed among the &quot;Honourables&quot;) and Mrs. A. Bourke (Listed among the &quot;Honourable Ladies&quot;) were invited to the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Queen's Garden Party at Buckingham Palace|Queen's Garden Party at Buckingham Palace]].

'''1896 June 29, Monday''', the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Cadogan-Scott Wedding 1896-06-29|wedding and reception of Lady Sophie Cadogan and Sir Samuel Scott]]. Algernon Bourke published a letter to the editor of the ''Daily Telegraph'' about White's Club — and thus Bourke's — &quot;[[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Summer Club|Summer Club]]&quot; in Kensington Park, the subject of a little controversy.

'''1896 July 21, Tuesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Dinner Hosted by Sir Horace and Lady Farquhar|dinner hosted by Sir Horace and Lady Farquhar in Grosvenor-square]].

'''1896 August 5, Wednesday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#5 August 1896|wedding of the Hon. Terence Bourke and Miss Eveline Haines]] and gave the bride an &quot;enamel muff chain.&quot;&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 August 10, Monday''', the Morning Leader reported that the Hon. Algernon Bourke, for the Foreign Office, received Li Hung Chang at St. Paul's:&lt;blockquote&gt;At St. Paul's Li Hung was received by Field-Marshal Simmons, Colonel Lane, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, of the Foreign Office (who made the necessary arrangements for the visit) and Canon Newbolt, on behalf of the Dean and Chapter. A crowd greeted Li with a cheer as he drove up in Lord Lonsdale’s striking equipage, and his Excellency was carried up the steps in an invalid chair by two stalwart constables. He walked through the centre door with his suite, and was immediately conducted by Canon Newbolt to General Gordon’s tomb in the north aisle, where a detachment of boys from the Gordon Home received him as a guard of honor.

Li inspected the monument with marked interest, and drew the attention of his suite to the remarkable likeness to the dead hero. He laid a handsome wreath of royal purple asters, lilies, maidenhair fern, and laurel, tied with a broad band of purple silk, on the tomb.

The visit was not one of inspection of the building, but on passing the middle aisle the interpreter called the attention of His Excellency to the exquisite architecture and decoration of the chancel. Li shook hands in hearty English fashion with Canon Newbolt and the other gentlemen who had received him, and, assisted by his two sons, walked down the steps to his carriage. He returned with his suite to Carlton House-terrace by way of St. Paul’s Churchyard, Cannon-st., Queen Victoria-st., and the Embankment.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;At St. Paul's.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 10 August 1896, Monday: 7 [of 12], Col. 2b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18960810/134/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 August 19, Wednesday''', the ''Edinburgh Evening News'' reported on the catering that White's Club and Mr Algernon Bourke arranged for the visiting Li Hung Chang:&lt;blockquote&gt;It is probably not generally known (says the &quot;Chef&quot;) that Mr Algernon Bourke, manager of White's Club, London, has undertaken to the whole of the catering for our illustrious visitor front the Flowery Land. Li Hung Chang has five native cooks in his retinue, and the greatest good fellowship exists between them and their English ''confreres'', although considerable difficulty is experienced in conversation in understanding one another's meaning. There are between 40 and and 50 to cater for daily, besides a staff about 30; that Mr Lemaire finds his time fully occupied. The dishes for his Excellency are varied and miscellaneous, and from 14 to 20 courses are served at each meal. The bills of fare contain such items as bird's-nest soup, pigs' kidneys stewed in cream, boiled ducks and green ginger, sharks' fins, shrimps and prawns stewed with leeks and muscatel grapes, fat pork saute with peas and kidney beans. The meal usually winds with fruit and sponge cake, and freshly-picked green tea as liqueur.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Li Hung Chang's Diet.&quot; ''Edinburgh Evening News'' 19 August 1896, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 8b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000452/18960819/057/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 November 6, Friday''', both Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke were on the committee for the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Skating Club|Prince's Club ice-skating rink]], which [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Opening of the Prince's Club Skating Rink|opened on this day]].

'''1896 November 22, week of''', Mrs. Algernon Bourke was part of a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Shooting Party at the Charles Wilsons' Warter Priory, Yorkshire|shooting party at the Charles Wilsons' Warter Priory, Yorkshire]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 November 25, Wednesday''', Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bouke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Lord and Lady Burton Hosted a Party for Derby Day|Lord and Lady Burton's party for Derby Day]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 December 4, Friday''', the Orleans Club at Brighton was robbed:&lt;blockquote&gt;The old building of the Orleans Club at Brighton, which opens its new club house at 33, Brunswick-terrace to-day, was the scene of a very ingenious burglary during the small hours of yesterday morning. The greater portion of the club property had already been removed to the new premises, but Mr Algernon Bourke, his private secretary, and some of the officials of the club, still occupied bed-rooms at the house in the King’s-road. The corner shop of the street front is occupied by Mr. Marx, a jeweller in a large way of business, and upon his manager arriving at nine o'clock he discovered that the place had been entered through hole in the ceiling, and a great part of a very valuable stock of jewelry extracted. An examination of the morning rooms of the club, which runs over Mr. Marx's establishment reveal a singularly neat  specimen of the burglar's art. A piece of the flooring about 15in square had been removed by a series of holes bored side by side with a centre-bit, at a spot where access to the lofty shop was rendered easy by a tall showcase which stood convemently near. A massive iron girder had been avoided by a quarter of an inch, and this circumstance and the general finish of the operation point to an artist in his profession, who had acquired an intimate knowledge of the premises. The club doors were all found locked yesterday morning, and the means of egress adopted by the thief are at present a mystery.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Burglary at Brighton.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London) 05 December 1896, Saturday: 5 [of 12], Col. 7a [of 7]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/18961205/090/0005. Print title: ''Daily Telegraph''; p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 December 10, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke was present to help staff a stall at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#10 December 1896, Thursday|Irish Industries Exhibition and Sale, Brighton]].

'''1896 December 31, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke hosted a New Year's Eve dance:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave a highly satisfactory and enjoyable dance on Thursday night, when the old year was danced out and the new one danced in. Most of the silver gilters at present in to len were to the fore.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Man about Town.&quot; ''Sporting Gazette'' 02 January 1897, Saturday: 7 [of 34], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002525/18970102/041/0007. Print title ''The County Gentleman'', p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 January 9, Saturday''', Psyche in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; says that Algernon Bourke's &quot;cheerful countenance was quite in keeping with the [Christmas] season,&quot; seen in London.&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 9 January 1897, Saturday: 22 [of 56], Col. 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970109/097/0022. Same print title, p. 40.&lt;/ref&gt; 

'''1897 January 13, Wednesday – 18, Monday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke were guests of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Warwickshire Hunt Club Ball|house party associated with the Warwickshire Hunt Ball]] at [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Warwick Castle]].

'''1897 January 30, Saturday''', Gwendolen Bourke was reported to have been out shopping in London: &quot;Another charming figure was that of Mrs. Algernon Bourke all in chinchilla, with something of pale blue in a smart toque.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 30 January 1897, Saturday: 20 [of 59]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970130/107/0020. Same print title, p. 134.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 May 31, Monday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke were present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#House Party at Warwick Castle|House Party at Warwick Castle]] hosted by the Earl and Countess of Warwick.

'''1897 June 2, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Reception at the Foreign Office|reception at the Foreign Office]].

'''1897 June 12, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' reported on Gwendolen Bourke's dress and hat at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Duchess of Albany's Bazaar at the Imperial Institute|Duchess of Albany's Bazaar at the Imperial Institute]]. 

'''1897 June 19, Saturday''', Psyche in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; column in the ''Gentlewoman'' writes that Gwendolen Bourke was seen driving in London, &quot;in blue, ... looking as usual very handsome.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 19 June 1897, Saturday: 28 [of 108], Col. 2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970619/159/0028. Same print title, p. 848.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 June 28, Monday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke were invited to the [[Social Victorians/Diamond Jubilee Garden Party|Garden Party at Buckingham Palace]], the final official event of the London Diamond Jubilee celebrations. Members of the family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] were also among the 5,000–6,000 people invited.

'''1897 July 2, Friday''', the Hon. A. and Mrs. A. Bourke and Mr. and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] at Devonshire House.

'''1897 July 8, Thursday, 11:00 p.m.''', Hon. Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke were present at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace|the Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace]]. The dancing commenced shortly after 11:00 p.m.

'''1897 July 11–16, week of''', a dog of Gwendolen Bourke's won a prize at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Ladies' Kennel Association show in the Royal Botanic Gardens in Regent's Park|Ladies' Kennel Association show in the Royal Botanic Gardens in Regent's Park]]. 

'''1897 July 23, Friday''', both the Hon. Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Bourke-Curzon Cricket Match at the Queen's Club|Bourke-Curzon cricket match at the Queen's Club]], which Algernon Bourke's team lost. 

'''1897 July 23 — or July 30, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Lady Burton's party at Chesterfield House|Lady Burton's party at Chesterfield House]]. &lt;blockquote&gt;Far the prettiest women in the room were Lady Henry Bentinck (who looked perfectly lovely in pale yellow, with a Iong blue sash; and Mrs. Algernon Bourke, who was as smart as possible in pink, with pink and white ruchings on her sleeves and a tall pink feather in her hair.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lady Burton's Party at Chesterfield House.&quot; ''Belper &amp; Alfreton Chronicle'' 30 July 1897, Friday: 7 [of 8], Col. 1c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004151/18970730/162/0007. Print title: ''Belper and Alfreton Chronicle''; n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 August 2, Monday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Warwick House Party for the Easton Lodge Cricket Week Games|Earl and Countess of Warwick's house party for Easton Lodge cricket week]].

'''1897 August 2, Monday''', Mrs. Algernon Bourke was listed as among [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Most Beautiful Women in England|the most beautiful women in England]] in an article from ''Vanity Fair'' that was reprinted elsewhere.

'''1897 September 25, Saturday''', according to the ''Pall Mall Gazette'',&lt;blockquote&gt;The [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Dowager-Countess of Mayo]] is staying with her son, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, at Bramnber, near Brighton.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pall Mall Gazette Office.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 25 September 1897, Saturday: 8 [of 10], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18970925/023/0008. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1897 October 2, Saturday''', &quot;Yenatrix&quot; in &quot;Kennel Column&quot; in the ''Gentlewoman'' reported that Gwendolen Bourke had joined the Ladies' Kennel Association.&lt;ref&gt;Yenatrix. &quot;Kennel Column.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 02 October 1897, Saturday: 39 [of 61], Col. 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18971002/182/0039. Same print title, p. 434.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 October 9, Saturday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke were at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Harrogate|Harrogate, presumably taking the waters and baths]]. Lady May was on her way to visit Algernon Bourke in Brighton:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Earl of Mayo is expected to return from Sweden on Saturday next. Lady Mayo leaves Bournemouth on Sarurday for Brighton, where she will pay a two days' visit to her brother-in-law, the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]]. The Earl and Countess will then return to Palmerstown, their seat in County Kildare.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pall Mall Gazette Office.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 7 October 1897, Thursday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18971007/022/0008. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1897 October 30, Saturday''', ''Black and White'' published '''J.P.B.'''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s &quot;The Case of Mrs. Elliott,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;J.P.B. &quot;The Case of Mrs. Elliott.&quot; ''Black &amp; White'' 30 October 1897, Saturday: 12 [of 34], Cols. 1a–2b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004617/18971030/036/0012. Print title ''Black and White'', p. 542.&lt;/ref&gt; an odd short short story in which the Honourable Algernon Bourke Herriott is &quot;rude to Mrs. Elliott,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2b}} presumably having proposed sexual relations while her husband is out. J.P.B. links to the biographical Algernon Bourke's career in the stock market in the description of Mrs. Christine Elliott not even simulating interest in her husband's bicycling: &quot;a soul is a grievous burthen for a stockbroker's wife,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2a}} suggesting that Mr. Elliott rather than Algernon Bourke Herriott is the stockbroker. The Hon. Algy&lt;blockquote&gt;was a senior member of several junior clubs. A woman had dubbed him once &quot;a rip with a taste for verses.&quot; The description was severe, but not unwarranted. His was a pretty pagan sensualism, though, singing from a wine palate to Church music. For the rest, he had just imagination enough to despise mediocrity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2a}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 November 25–26, Thursday–Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke was in Brighton, helping the Countess of Mayo at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Irish Industries' Association Annual Exhibition|bazaar of the Irish Industries' Association]].

'''1897 December 7, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#7 December 1897, Tuesday|7th annual dinner for the Actors' Benevolent Fund]].

'''1897 December 30''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Blenheim Palace Party with Amateur Theatricals|party at Blenheim Palace in which people performed tableaux vivants]] that got reported on, many of whom wearing the costumes from the Duchess of Devonshire's ball. The ''Irish Independent'' said Algernon Bourke was &quot;mainly responsible for the living pictures.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr Algernon Bourke ....&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 05 January 1898, Wednesday: 6 [of 8], Col. 2c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001985/18980105/115/0006.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1898''', Algernon Bourke called a meeting at White's Club about attempting to [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Thames Salmon Experiment|restock the Thames with salmon]]. In 1899 he was on a [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#Committees|committee led by the Lord Mayor about this topic]] as well.

'''1898 February 3, Thursday''',  Algernon Bourke was among [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#The Dundee Evening Telegraph Report on People at Monte Carlo|those visiting Monte Carlo according to the Dundee ''Evening Telegraph'']].

'''1898 March 12, Saturday''', ''The World'' reported on Algernon Bourke's upgrading of the Orleans Club at Brighton:&lt;blockquote&gt;

The Orleans Club at Brighton is flourishing exceedingly, and the new buildings which Mr. Algernon Bourke has just had erected at the back of the comfortable mansion at the corner of Lansdowne-place now provide all that was wanting to make the present habitat of the club all that its members desire. The new billiard-room is rapidly approaching completion, and the coffee-room, excellent and spacious now, was open on Saturday night, when every table was occupied by club diners and their guests, all of whom were enthusiastic over the excellence of this latest addition to the comfort of the house. All interested may be congratulated on what is practically new lease of life to the Orleans Club, than which there is no more comfortable place stay within the four seas.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From '''The World''.'&quot; ''East &amp; South Devon Advertiser'' 12 March 1898, Saturday: 6 pop 8], Col. 2b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001639/18980312/132/0006. Print title ''The East and South Devon Advertiser'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1898 March 30, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke was charged with assaulting a Mr. Potter, but it is not clear from this account what exactly happened:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Hon. Algernon H. Bourke, of Bramber, was summoned, at the instance of Mr. Walter John Potter, clerk to Mr. G. A. Flowers, solicitor, of Steyning, for assault, on the 30th March. — Mr. J. Edward Dell supported the case, and Mr. J. C. Buckwell defended, and pleaded not guilty. — The evidence was to the effect that Mr. Potter had occasion go to defendant's house on Wednesday last to serve a writ. He was going to drop the letter into [Col. 5c–6a] defendant's pocket when he turned and struck him a violent blow on the chest, making witness stagger backwards. Witness put up his hands to keep his balance, and defendant then struck him violently across the head with a weeding spud. — Richard Reed, who was at work for Mr. Bourke on the date named, and was working in garden at the time of the alleged assault, gave corroborative evidence. — Defendant, in the witness box, made a similar statement. — The magistrates differed as to whether the assault was committed, and dismissed the case.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Steyning.&quot; ''Sussex Express'' 9 April 1898, Saturday: 2 [of 12], Col. 5c–6a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000654/18980409/036/0002. Print: ''The Sussex Express, Surrey Standard, Weald of the Kent Mail, Hants and County Advertiser'', p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1898 April 12, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was among [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#1898 April 12, Tuesday|those visiting Monte Carlo according to the ''Gentlewoman'']].

'''1898 May 25, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke wore pink to [[Social Victorians/1898-05-25 Savoy Dinner Dance Hwfa|Mrs. Hwfa Williams' dinner-dance at the Savoy]].

'''1898 June 7, Tuesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. A. Bourke were invited to and probably attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#7 June 1898, Tuesday|State Ball at Buckingham Palace hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales]].

'''1898 July 4, Thursday afternoon''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke were invited to and probably attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#Garden Party at Marlborough House|Garden Party at Marlborough House given to the Queen and Shah of Persia]].

'''1898 October 29, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#Tennis Championship Game at Prince's Club, Knightsbridge|tennis match at Prince's Club, Knightsbridge]].

'''1898 November 22, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#Shooting Party Hosted by William James|shooting party hosted by Mr. William James]].

'''1898 December 3, Saturday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. A. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#The Funeral of Lady Connemara|funeral of Lady Connemara in Christ Church]], Down street, Piccadilly.&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 January 10, Tuesday''', the Brighton Championship Dog Show opened:&lt;blockquote&gt;Princess of Wales a Winner at the Ladies’ Kennel Club Show.

[Exclusive to &quot;The Leader.&quot;)

The Brighton Championship Dog Show opened in the Dome and Corn Exchange yesterday, and was very well patronised by visitors and exhibitors. Among the latter was H.R.H. the Princess of Wales, who did very well; and others included Princess Sophie Duleep Singh, Countess De Grey, Sir Edgar Boehm, the Hon Mrs. Algernon Bourke, Lady Cathcart, Lady Reid, Mr. Shirley (chairman of the Kennel Club), and the Rev. Hans Hamiiton (president of the Kennel Club).

The entry of bloodhounds is one of the best seen for some time; the Great Danes are another strong lot; deerhounds are a fine entry, all good dogs, and most of the best kennels represented; borzois are another very stylish lot. The bigger dogs are, as usual, in the Corn Exchange and the &quot;toy&quot; dogs in the Dome. To everyone's satsfaction the Princess of Wales carried off two first prizes with Alex in the borzois class.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Dogs at Brighton.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 11 January 1899, Wednesday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18990111/142/0008. Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 January 11, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#11 January 1899, Wednesday|a luncheon at Stanfield-hall, home of Mr. and Mrs. Basil Montogomery, for Princess Henry of Battenberg]], that also included the Countess of Dudley (sister of Mrs. Montgomery), General Oliphant, and the Mayor and Mayoress of Romsey.

'''1899 January 17–18, Tuesday and Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Ladies' Kennel Association in Brighton|Ladies' Kennel Association in Brighton]], where she showed an Italian greyhound named Brenda.

'''1899 February 7, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke was a member of the very high-ranking committee organizing the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Gordon Memorial College Ball|Gordon Memorial College Ball at the Hotel Cecil on 7 February 1899]]. The committee had been planning for the ball, of course, for at least 3 weeks before.

'''1899 February 22, Wednesday – April''', Gwendolen Bourke was part of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Society in St. Moritz|Society in St. Moritz]]. 1899 March 29, Wednesday, the ''Dundee Advertiser'' says that [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#29 March 1899, Wednesday|Cyril Sloane-Stanley was spending part of the winter in St. Moritz]] with his sister Gwendolen Bourke.

'''1899 April 7, Friday, probably''', oddly, Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke are not reported to have attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Funeral of the Hon. Charles Bourke, C.B.|Funeral of the Hon. Charles Bourke, C.B.]] or even to have sent flowers.

'''1899 April 8, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' reported that Gwendolen Bourke had gone to [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#8 April 1899, Saturday|St. Moritz with her brother, Mr. Stanley, who had gotten engaged to Lady Cairns]].

'''1899 April 26, Wednesday''', according to &quot;Local and District News&quot; for Totton, Gwendolen Bourke was &quot;ill with influenza in Paris, and Mrs. Shelley Bontein, her mother, has gone out to nurse her.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Local and District News. Totton.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 26 April 1899, Wednesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 2b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18990426/037/0004. Print title ''Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1899 June 1, Thursday, or 2, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Wedding of Roger Cyril Sloane Stanley and Olivia, Countess Cairns|wedding of her brother, Sloane Stanley and Olivia Countess Cairns]] at Holy Trinity Church, Brompton.

'''1899 June 8, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke's money troubles:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Hon. Algernon Bourke, son of the Earl of Mayo, has been appearing before the official receivers in connection with a winding-up order made against Willis’ Restaurant, Limited. The companyf [sic] was formed to acquire the well known restaurant from the Hon. H. A. Bourke. The chairman reminded the creditors that on the last occasion the meeting was adjourned because Mr. Bourke said he thought he would be able in the course of a fortnight to obtain an offer for a sum sufficient to satisfy the creditors and debenture holders. He had received a letter from Mr. Bourke to the effect that he had been unable to complete arrangements. Having looked into the affairs of the company more closely, it appeared to him that Mr. Bourke was legally liable to repay the sum of £5,000 which was advanced to White's Club, and the question would arise whether Mr. Bourke was not also liable to repay the sum of £4,000.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr. Bourke Must Pay.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 8 June 1899, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 8c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001985/18990608/118/0004. Print title: ''The Irish Weekly Independent'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1899 July 1, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#1 July 1899, Saturday|meeting in London at the Duke of Westminster's Grosvenor House]] about preserving Killarney as part of the National Trust and seems to have been acting for someone who wanted to purchase the Muckross Estate.

'''1899 July 5, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Dinner and Dance at Devonshire House|dance at Devonshire House hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire]].

'''1899 July 6, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Joan Wilson and Guy Fairfax's Wedding|wedding of Joan Wilson and Guy Fairfax in St. Mark's, near Grosvenor Square]].

'''1899 July 14, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#14 July 1899, Friday|Ernest Beckett's dinner party]].

'''1899 July 18, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Ludovici Lecture on Impressionism|lecture on Impressionism by Ludovici hosted by the Countess of Mayo]].

'''1899 July 28, Friday''', [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#White's|White's Club]] was no longer under Algernon Bourke's management and was reconstituting itself after the possibility that it would have to close.

'''1889 July 31, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#Fete of the Uxbridge Habitation of the Primrose League|Fete of the Uxbridge Habitation of the Primrose League]] at Hillingdon Court and hosted by the Hon. Algernon and Lady Mary Mills.

'''1899 September 9, Saturday''', the ''Eastern Morning News'' includes Algernon Bourke (&quot;St. James's-street, London, club proprietor&quot;) in a list of men &quot;Receiving Orders,&quot; which it is reprinting from the ''London Gazette''.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Receiving Orders.&quot; ''Eastern Morning'' News 9 September 1899, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 3c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001152/18990909/074/0005. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 October 19, Thursday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke had a bankruptcy hearing:&lt;blockquote&gt;The public examination of the Hon. Algernon Bourke was held before Mr Registrar Giffard yesterday, at the London Bankruptcy Court. The debtor, described as proprietor of a St. James's-street club, furnished a statement of affairs showing unsecured debts £13,694 and debts fully secured £12,800, with assets which are estimated at £4,489 [?]. He stated, in reply to the Official Receiver, that he was formerly a member of the Stock Exchange, but had nothing to do with the firm of which he was a member during the last ten years. He severed his connection with the firm in May last, and believed he was indebted to them to the extent of £2,000 or £3,000. He repudiated a claim which they now made for £37,300. In 1889 he became proprietor of White's Club, St. James's-street, and carried it on until January 1st last, when he transferred it to a company called Recreations, Limited. One of the objects of the company was to raise money on debentures. The examination was formally adjourned.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 October 20, Friday''', the ''Morning Leader'' mentions Bourke's bankruptcy:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Algernon Bourke, whose bankruptcy is much talked about, has been connected with numerous enterprises in clubland. He raised White's from the slough into which it had sunk after the secession of the Prince of Wales. He started the Willis Restaurant, put fresh life into the Orleans Club at Brighton, arranged a big restaurant for the bicyclists in the time of the bicycle parade, and was concerned at first in the smart and short-lived Trafalgar Bicycle Club. At one time his name spelt success. Latterly his luck has left him. He is a brother of Lord Mayo, a son of the peer who was assassinated at the post of duty, and is one of the best known men about town of the day.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Club, Stage, and Salon.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 20 October 1899, Friday: 6 [of 12], Col. 5b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18991020/085/0006. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1899 November 8, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke's bankruptcy case came up again:&lt;blockquote&gt;At Bankruptcy Court, yesterday, the case the Hon. Algernon Bourke again came on for hearing before Mr. Registrar Giffard, and the examination was concluded. The debtor has at various times been proprietor of White’s Club, St. James’s-street, and the Orleans’ Club, Brighton, and also of Willis's Restaurant, King-street, St. James's. He attributed his failure to losses sustained by the conversion of White’s Club and the Orleans' Club into limited companies, to the payment of excessive Interest on borrowed money, and other causes. The liabilities amount to £26,590, of which £13,694 are stated to be unsecured, and assets £4,409.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Affairs of the Hon. A. Bourke.&quot; ''Globe'' 09 November 1899, Thursday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001652/18991109/020/0002. Print p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 December 23, Saturday''', &quot;Mr. Algernon Bourke has departed for a tour in Africa, being at present the guest of his brother in Tunis.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Society Pages.&quot; ''Walsall Advertiser'' 23 December 1899, Saturday: 7 [of 8], Col. 7b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001028/18991223/143/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1899 December 29, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke was at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Christmas Party Hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough|Christmas Party Hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 December 31''', the San Francisco newspaper ''The Wave'' wrote the following about London society:&lt;blockquote&gt;The most prominent untitled people in London may be said to be Mr. and Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Williams|Hwfa Williams]], Mr. and Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Grenfell|Willie Grenfell]] and Mr. Algy Bourke. That they are passing rich, goes without saying, and that they entertain lavishly, understood — for to be untitled, prominent and successful, argues wealth, hospitality and cleverness.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London.&quot; The (San Francisco) ''Wave'' 14 January 1899 (Vol. XIX, No. 2): 14. ''The Internet Archive'' https://archive.org/details/wave19unse/page/n20/mode/1up.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 1900s ===

'''1900 February 15, Thursday''', Daphne Bourke, the four-year-old daughter of the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke was a bridesmaid in the [[Social Victorians/Wilson Chesterfield Wedding 1900-02-15|wedding of Enid Wilson and the Earl of Chesterfield]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London Day by Day.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph'' 15 February 1900, Thursday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/19000215/175/0008. Name in British Newspaper Archive: ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London). Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt; Gwendolen Bourke, &quot;who was in grey, wore a chinchilla toque with violets.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society. Entertainments, Balls, &amp;c.&quot; ''The Queen'' 24 February 1900, Saturday: 40 [of 76], Col. 1a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/19000224/235/0040. Print: ''The Queen, The Lady's Newspaper'', p. 308.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1900 March 10, Saturday''', the ''Weekly Irish Times'' reprinted society gossip from ''The World'':&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke, who has been staying with her husband's uncle, old Connemara, during Mr. Algernon Bourke's absence abroad, has taken a new house near Portman square, and will be settling there before Easter.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip.&quot; ''Weekly Irish Times'' 10 March 1900, Saturday: 17 [of 20], Col. 1b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001684/19000310/116/0017. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1900 July''' '''17, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke took part in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#17 July 1900, Tuesday|Children's Fete in support of the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children]] on the grounds of the Royal Botanic Society. Daphe was 5 at this time, so it seems logical that she would have been there, too.

'''1900 July 30, Monday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Barber of Seville at Covent Garden|''The Barber of Seville'' at Covent Garden]].

'''1890 August 6, Friday''', &quot;[[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Beautiful Women|Beautiful Women]],&quot; an article in ''Vanity Fair'' that was reprinted elsewhere, mentions Gwendolen Bourke (&quot;Lady Algernon Bourke&quot;) as one of the most beautiful women in England.

'''1900 August 11, Saturday''', Gwendolen Bourke got&lt;blockquote&gt;the pretty little Yorkshire String, an especially tiny mite, weighing only 2&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;/&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;lb, and carrying a very promising coat, ... at the Aquarium Show.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Witchampton Kennel.&quot; &quot;Ladies Kennels.&quot; ''Ladies' Field'' 11 August 1900, Saturday: 16 [of 60], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0006043/19000811/043/0016. Print title same, p. 390.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1900 September 16''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke became the heir presumptive to the Earldom of Mayo when his older brother Captain Hon. Sir Maurice Archibald Bourke died.&lt;p&gt;

'''1900 October 06, Saturday''', the ''Weekly Irish Times'' says that Mr. Algernon Bourke, now heir presumptive to the earldom of Mayo, &quot;has been for some months lately staying with Mr. Terence Bourke in Morocco.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip.&quot; ''Weekly Irish Times'' 06 October 1900, Saturday: 14 [of 20], Col. 3b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001684/19001006/121/0014. Print p. 14.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 May 30, Thursday''', the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke attended the fashionable [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1901 May 30, Thursday|Ladies' Kennel Association Dog Show at the Botanic Garden]].

'''1901 July 2, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke — &quot;pretty Mrs. Algernon Bourke, in a mauve gown and and purple tulle toque&quot; — attended a children's party at the Botanic Gardens hosted by the Earl and Countess of Kilmorey.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Earl of Kilmorey, K.P.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 13 July 1901: Saturday, 50 [of 84], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010713/237/0050. Print: title the same, p. 60.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1901 July 4, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke — dressed &quot;in pale grey, with her pretty little girl,&quot; 6-year-old Daphne — attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Countess of Yarborough's Children's Party|children's party hosted by the Countess of Yarborough]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Countess of Yarborough ....&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 13 July 1901, Saturday: 76 [of 84], Col. 2b, 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010713/381/0076. Print p. xxxvi.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 3a}}

'''1901 July 4–6, Thursday–Saturday''', Gwendolen Bourke helped staff the Perthshire stall&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Great County Sale.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 29 June 1901, Saturday: 43 [of 72], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010629/223/0043# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010629/223/0043]. Same print title, pp. 679.&lt;/ref&gt; at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Great County Sale|Great County Sale in the Imperial Gardens of the Earl's Court Exhibition]].

'''1901 July 20, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' published the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke's portrait (identified with &quot;Perthshire&quot;) in its 3rd series of &quot;The Great County Sale at Earl's Court. Portraits of Stallholders.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Great County Sale at Earl's Court. Portraits of Stallholders.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 20 July 1901, Saturday: 31 [of 60], Col. 4b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010720/141/0031. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt; Their daughter Daphne appears in the portrait as well.

'''1901 July 23, Tuesday''', an &quot;Hon. Mrs. Bourke&quot; was in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox|party &quot;entertained by Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox]].&quot;&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 September 12, Thursday''', Mrs. Gwendolen Bourke wanted her name listed as Mrs. Algernon Bourke in the Electoral Register, apparently a frequent complaint:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Underhill, the Conservative agent, mentioned to the Revising Barrister (Mr. William F. Webster) that the name of the Hon. Mrs. Gwendolen Bourke was on the list in respect of the house, 75, Gloucester-place. The lady had written to him to say that she was the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke and that she wished that name to appear on the register. In reply to the Revising Barrister, Mr. Underhill said that “Algernon” was the name of the lady’s husband.

Mr. Cooke, the rate-collector, said that Mrs. Bourke had asked to be addressed Mrs. Algernon Bourke, but that the Town Clerk thought the address was not a correct one. The lady signed her cheques Gwendolen.”

Mr. Underhill said the agents frequently had indignant letters from ladies because they were not addressed by their husband’s Christian name.

The Revising Barrister — lf a lady gave me the name of Mrs. John Smith I should say I had not got the voter’s name. The name Gwendolen must remain.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;&quot;Ladies’ Names.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 12 September 1901, Thursday: 7 [of 10], Col. 3a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/19010912/130/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1901 October 26, Friday''', Algernon Bourke was on the Men's Committee of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Club Ice-skating Rink|Prince's Club Ice-skating Rink]], which had [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Prince's Club Ice-skating Rink Opening|its official opening on his day]]. 

'''1902 January''', Algernon Bourke is mentioned in [[Social Victorians/Schools#&quot;More of My Contemporaries at School.&quot;|reminiscences of Eton written by the &quot;Earl of X&quot;]] as being among those in the &quot;world of letters,&quot; and whose brother, later the Earl of Mayo, the Earl of X did not like. 

'''1902 January 25, Saturday''', Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave a box to Lady Helen Stewart-Vane-Tempest in honor of [[Social Victorians/Stewart-Stavordale Wedding 1902-01-25|Lady Helen's wedding to Giles Fox-Strangways, Lord Stavordale]]. 

'''1902 April 26, Saturday''', Mrs. A. Bourke is listed as being at the Norfolk Hotel in Brighton.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Guide to Visitors at Hotels and Boarding Houses.&quot; ''Brighton Gazette'' 26 April 1902, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000938/19020426/116/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt; 

'''1902 May, End of''', Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#End of May 1902|party at Blenheim Palace hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough]]. 

'''1902 June 11, Monday''', the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke had a dog entered in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Ladies' Kennel Association Show|Ladies' Kennel Association competitions in the Botanic Gardens]]. 

'''1902 September 4, Thursday''', the ''Daily Express'' reported that &quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke is staying with Lord and Lady Alington at Scarborough.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Onlooker.&quot; &quot;My Social Diary.&quot; &quot;Where People Are.&quot; ''Daily Express'' 04 September 1902, Thursday: 5 [of 8], Col. 1b? [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004848/19020904/099/0005. Print p. 4, Col. 7b [of 7].&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1902 September 22, Monday''', Gwendolen Bourke was a guest at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Earl and Countess of Mar and Kellie's House Party|large house party hosted by the Earl and Countess of Mar and Kellie]].

'''1902 October 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Annual Opening of the Prince's Ice-skating Rink|opened the Prince's ice-skating rink for the season]], which he had been doing since 1895.

'''1902 October 25, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was bequeathed £500 by his uncle [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Robert Bourke]], who had died 3 September 1902.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Will of Lord Connemara.&quot; ''Kildare Observer and Eastern Counties Advertiser'' 25 October 1902, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 4b–c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001870/19021025/037/0002. Print title the ''Kildare Observer'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 October 31, Friday''', the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Annual Opening of the Prince's Ice-skating Rink|7th opening of the Prince's Skating Club]]. Guendoline Bourke was on the Women's Committee and Algernon Bourke was on the Men's.&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 November 8, Friday, beginning, perhaps''', Gwendolen Bourke was part of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#8 November 1902, Saturday|Earl and Countess of Warwick's shooting party at Easton Lodge]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 December 9, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#9 December 1902, Tuesday|Lady Eva Wyndham-Quin's &quot;at home,&quot; held at the Welch Industrial depot]] for the sale Welsh-made Christmas gifts and cards. Bourke wore &quot;a fur coat and a black picture hat.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Lady Correspondent.&quot; &quot;Society in London.&quot; ''South Wales Daily News'' 11 December 1902, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000919/19021211/082/0004. Print p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1903 February 6, Friday''', Hon. Mrs A. Bourke was present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Dinner Party Hosted by Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and the Countess of Dudley|dinner party Hosted by Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and the Countess of Dudley]]. &lt;p&gt;

'''1903 February 9, Monday''', Gwendolen Bourke was present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Dinner Party Hosted by Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and the Countess of Dudley|house party at Dublin Castle hosted by the Lord Lieutenant and Countess of Dudley that began the Viceregal season]].

'''1903 March 17, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke staffed a booth at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1903 March 17, Tuesday|sale of the Irish Industries Association]] on St. Patrick's Day with [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Lady Mayo]], [[Social Victorians/People/Dudley|Georgina Lady Dudley]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Miss Beresford]]. A number of other aristocratic women were also present at the sale in other booths, including [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Lady Londonderry]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Lucan|Lady Lucan]].

'''1903 June 19, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke was invited to the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Grand Ball in the Waterloo Chamber at Windsor Castle|grand ball at Windsor Castle]], the end of the Ascot-week festivities.

'''1903 June 23, Tuesday''', Gwendolen and Daphne Bourke were invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1903 June 23, Tuesday|children's party at Buckingham Palace for Prince Eddie's birthday]].

'''1903 July 10, Friday, or so''', Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Party Hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough|party hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough]].

'''1904 May 17, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke had agreed to let Daphne appear in the tableaux vivants arranged by Sir Philip Burne-Jones for the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Countess Cadogan's Great Bazaar|Countess of Cadogan's great bazaar]]. Some mothers had had to decline because of the outbreaks of measles and chicken pox.&lt;p&gt;

'''1904 June 30, Thursday''', Gwendolen and Daphne Bourke attended another birthday party for Prince Eddie at Buckingham Palace, and the ''Gentlewoman'' says, &quot;No prettier little girl was to be seen that day than little Miss Daphne Bourke, the daughter of the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke, with her wonderful Irish eyes and colouring, her pretty white frock being relieved with a rose pink sash.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Prince Eddie's Birthday.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 02 July 1904, Saturday: 68 [of 92]. Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19040702/360/0068. Print: title the same, p. 42.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1904 September 15, Thursday''', according to what was at the time called the ''Irish Daily Independent and Nation'', Algernon Bourke was living in Venice and not in the UK at this point:&lt;blockquote&gt;Algernon Bourke, who usually lives in Venice, has spent some time in England during the present summer, and has now gone on a fishing expedition to Sweden, accompanied by his brother, Lord Mayo. Lady Mayo has been staying meanwhile in Ireland, and has had a visit from her mother, Lady Maria Ponsonby, who is a sister of Lend Obventry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;&quot;Society Notes.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 15 September 1904, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001986/19040915/131/0004. Print title: ''Irish Daily Independent and Nation'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1904 October 22, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' reported that &quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke is paying a visit to Venice, which Mr. Bourke has made his headquarters for several years past, as he is connected with some very artistic stone and marble works situated near the Grand Canal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 22 October 1904, Saturday: 24 [of 6ths 8], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19041022/112/0024. Print title same, p. 672.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1905 February 17, Friday''', the Dundee ''Evening Post'' reported that Algernon Bourke &quot;set up a shop in Venice for the sale of art treasures and old furniture.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social News.&quot; Dundee ''Evening Post'' 17 February 1905, Friday: 6 [of 6], Col. 7b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000582/19050217/105/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1905 April 26, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#New Forest United Hunt Ball|New Forest United Hunt Ball]], as did her brother Captain R. C. H. Sloane Stanley and his wife Olivia Countess Cairns.&lt;p&gt;

'''1905 June 5, Monday''', Algernon Bourke wrote to the ''Times'' from Venice that &quot;The Venetian wits have suggested a motto for Admiral Togo, Togo Tenga Tutto (Togo takes the lot).&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr. Algernon Bourke.&quot; ''Hull Daily Mail'' 08 June 1905, Thursday: 2 [of 6], Col. 6a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000324/19050608/008/0002. Print title ''Daily Mail'', p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1905, last week of July''', Gwendolen Bourke and daughter Daphne Bourke — who was 10 years old — attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Last week of July, 1905|Lady Cadogan's children's party at Chelsea House]]. Daphne was &quot;One of loveliest little girls present.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Social News.&quot; ''Belfast News-Letter'' 01 August 1905, Tuesday: 7 [of 10], Col. 6b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000038/19050801/157/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1906 March 9, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke was a reference for Mr. Frances Burgess, who taught piano, singing, voice production, organ and music theory. Burgess was &quot;Organist and Choirmaster of St. Columbs', North Kensington, Director of the Plainsong and Medieval Music Society's Choir, etc., etc.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot;&gt;&quot;Mr. Francis Burgess.&quot; ''Kilburn Times'' 9 March 1906, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001813/19060309/086/0003. Print title: ''Kilburn Times Hampstead and North-western Press'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1906 December 10, Monday''', Gwendolen Bourke was seen in the tea room, possibly with Lady Grosvenor, at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1906 December 10, Monday|Lady Dudley's sale of Irish needlework]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1907 May''', a &quot;naval signalling incident&quot; [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#May 1887|caused the Waterford ''Evening News'' to recall a similar event]] that had occurred 20 years earlier, in which Algernon Bourke, as special correspondent for the ''Times'', publicized [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles Beresford]]'s use of his ship's signalling capabilities to send a message to his wife about being late for dinner:&lt;blockquote&gt;

The naval signalling incident is still in the air. It is expected that the matter will not be threshed out until Emperor William leaves England. A story of a former signalling incident in which [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles Beresford]] was concerned is going the rounds at the moment.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1907 August 24, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was present at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Polo Week at Eaton Hall, Duke and Duchess of Westminster|Polo Week at Eaton Hall, hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Westminster]].

'''1908 July 30, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke was at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Glorious Goodwood. Cup Day and Dresses.|Cup Day at the Goodwood races]], wearing salmon-pink with a matching hat.

'''1909 April 20, Tuesday''', Lady Rosemary Cairns — daughter of Olivia Sloan-Stanley, Countess Cairns and Cyril Sloane-Stanley — and Wyndham Portal were [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#20 April 1909, Tuesday|married in St. Margaret's, Westminster]]. Lavender and Diane Sloane-Stanley were bridesmaids.&lt;p&gt;

'''1909 May 22, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke appears to have been living in Pisa. A columnist for the ''Queen'' reported on the Royal School of Art Needlework:&lt;blockquote&gt;Lady Leconfield [?] was there, also her sister-in-law, the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Dowager Lady Mayo]], only just back from her winter on the Continent, when she spent most of the time at Pisa, where her son Mr Algernon Bourke has also been staying. The latter is a great connoisseur as regards [art?] notably in what is really good in the way of old Italian sculpture and carving. He and his handsome wife have a place near to Putney, and this winter again Mr Bourke, as the result of his Italian travels, has been sending home such relics of the old Italian palace gardens as as stone and marble carved vases, garden seats, and what-not of the kind — not all for himself and his own gardens by any means, I fancy; but his friends, relying on his knowledge in such matters, get him when abroad to choose for [them?] the adornment of their English terraces and gardens.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;My Social Diary.&quot; The ''Queen'' 22 May 1909, Saturday: 31 [of 86], Col. 1b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/19090522/203/0031. Print p. 871.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1909 September''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was among the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Visitors in Venice from the U.K.|many visitors from &quot;England&quot; in Venice]] in September.

=== 1910s ===
'''1910 April 20, Wednesday''', the ''Tatler'' printed an &quot;open letter&quot; to Geraldine, Countess of Mayo, as part of its &quot;The Searchlight in Society&quot; series and mentioned Algernon Bourke, saying he had been keeping &quot;a curiosity shop at Venice&quot;:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Bourkes have brains, and a good example is afforded by Mr. Algernon Bourke, next brother to Lord Mayo and heir-presumptive to the title. He is a good-looking man who used to be known as Buttons Bourke, and he married well, as his wife was the rich and pretty Miss Guendolen Sloane Stanley. He may be described as a &quot;Jack of all trades,&quot; but it is not I who will say that he is a master of none. He was once in the Stock Exchange, then he took White's Club in hand and restored it to much of its former prestige. After that he dabbled in smart hotels and restaurants, and the last thing I heard of him was that he kept a curiosity shop at Venice.&lt;ref&gt;Candida. &quot;The Searchlight in Society. Our Open Letter. No. CII. The Countess of Mayo.&quot; The ''Tatler'' 20 April 1910, Wednesday: 18 [of 42], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001852/19100420/023/0018. Print title same, p. 72.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1911 November 21, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke assisted the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#21 November 1911, Tuesday|Duchess of Marlborough at her at-home]] that included a sale of work by the wives of prisoners.&lt;p&gt;

'''1912 September 27, Friday''', Gwendolen and Daphne Bourke were visiting Mr. and Mrs. Shelley Bontein, her mother and stepfather.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From 'The World.'&quot; ''Berks and Oxon Advertiser'' 27 September 1912, Friday: 2 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002298/19120927/014/0002. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1913 April 23, Wednesday''', the Irish Independent reported that Gwendolen and Daphne Bourke had arrived in London for the season:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke and Miss Bourke have arrived for the season at 75 Gloucester place, Portman square, London.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social and Personal.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 23 April 1913, Wednesday: 4 [of 10], Col. 5b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001715/19130423/081/0004. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1913 May 7, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke presented her daughter Daphne Bourke at court:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke presented her daughter, and wore blue and gold broché with a gold lace train.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social and Personal.&quot; London ''Daily Chronicle'' 08 May 1913, Thursday: 6 [of 12], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005049/19130508/120/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

The ''Pall Mall Gazette'' has a description of Daphne Bourke's dress, but what exactly &quot;chiffon [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hoops|paniers]]&quot; means in 1913 is not clear:&lt;blockquote&gt;Court dressmakers appear to have surpassed all previous records in their efforts to make the dresses for to-night’s Court as beautiful as possible. Noticeable among these is the dainty presentation gown to be worn by Miss Bourke, who will be presented by her mother, the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke. This has a skirt of soft white satin draped with chiffon [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hoops|paniers]] and a bodice veiled with chiffon and trimmed with diamanté and crystal embroidery. Miss Bourke’s train, gracefully hung from the shoulders, is of white satin lined with pale rose pink chiffon and embroidered with crystal and diamanté.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Fashion Day by Day. Lovely Gowns for To-night's Court.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 07 May 1913, Wednesday: 13 [of 18], Col. 1a [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/19130507/199/0013. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The ''London Evening Standard'' describes Gwendolen and Daphne Bourke the same way except with differences in editing:&lt;blockquote&gt;Miss Bourke: Presented by her mother, the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke. Dainty presentation gown of white satin, the skirt draped with chiffon paniers, bodice veiled chiffon and trimmed with diamanté and crystal embroidery. Train gracefully hung from shoulder of white satin embroidered with crystal and diamanté, lined with pale rose pink chiffon.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Some of the Dresses.&quot; &quot;The King and Queen. Third Court. Most Brilliant of the Year.&quot; ''London Evening Standard'' 08 May 1913, Thursday: 11 [of 18], Col. 4b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/19130508/237/0011. Print title ''The Standard'', p. 11.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

According to the ''Lady's Pictorial'', Daphne Bourke's dress was designed and constructed by [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Messrs Russell and Allen|Messrs. Russell and Allen]], Old Bond-street, W., and the description is identical (except for a couple of commas).&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Their Majesties' Court.&quot; ''Lady's Pictorial'' 17 May 1913, Saturday: 35 [of 64], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005980/19130517/296/0035. Same print title, p. 787.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1914 May 11, Monday''', Gwendolen and Daphne Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#Dance at the Ritz Hosted by Mrs. George Marjoribanks|dance at the Ritz hosted by Mrs. George Marjoribanks]].

'''1915 January 1, Friday''', Algernon Bourke is listed as being on the Executive Committee of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#1915 January 1, Friday|National Food Fund, publicized by the ''Conservative and Unionist Women's Franchise Review'']].

'''1916 August 25, Friday''', Daphne Bourke's and John Fortescue's engagement was announced:&lt;blockquote&gt;A most attractive prospective bride (says the &quot;Star&quot;) is Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke's only daughter, Miss Daphne Bourke, whose engagement has just taken place to Mr. Fortescue, of the Coldstream Guards. Miss Bourke is tall, dark, and very beautiful; and Mr. Fortescue is one of the family of Boconoc, Cornwall, and Dropmore, Maidenhead. At the latter place the two families have been neighbours, for Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke have a charming country residence at Taplow, while Dropmore is famous for its magnificent gardens.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Personalia.&quot; ''Uxbridge &amp; W. Drayton Gazette'' 25 August 1916, Friday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002285/19160825/043/0004. Print title ''The Advertiser'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''1917 June 7, Thursday''', Daphne Bourke and John Grenville Fortescue [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#7 June 1917, Thursday|married in the Coldstream Guards' chapel]].

== Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball ==
According to both the ''Morning Post'' and the ''Times'', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was among the Suite of Men in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#&quot;Oriental&quot; Procession|&quot;Oriental&quot; procession]] at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&quot;Fancy Dress Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; ''Morning Post'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 4a–8 Col. 2b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970703/054/0007.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;&quot;Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; The ''Times'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 12, Cols. 1a–4c ''The Times Digital Archive''. Web. 28 Nov. 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Based on the people they were dressed as, Gwendolen Bourke was probably in this procession but it seems unlikely that Algernone Bourke was.

[[File:Guendoline-Irene-Emily-Bourke-ne-Sloane-Stanley-as-Salammb.jpg|thumb|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a standing woman richly dressed in an historical costume with a headdress and a very large fan|Hon. '''Guendoline''' Bourke as Salammbô. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]
=== Hon. Guendoline Bourke ===
[[File:Alfons Mucha - 1896 - Salammbô.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Highly stylized orange-and-yellow painting of a bare-chested woman with a man playing a harp at her feet|Alfons Mucha's 1896 ''Salammbô''.]]
Lafayette's portrait (right) of &quot;Guendoline Irene Emily Bourke (née Sloane-Stanley) as Salammbô&quot; in costume is photogravure #128 in the '''Album''' presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;&quot;Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball (1897): photogravures by Walker &amp; Boutall after various photographers.&quot; 1899. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait-list.php?set=515.&lt;/ref&gt; The printing on the portrait says, &quot;The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke as Salammbo.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;&quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke as Salammbo.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158491/Guendoline-Irene-Emily-Bourke-ne-Sloane-Stanley-as-Salammb.&lt;/ref&gt;

The Lafayette Archive has 2 additional poses from the same session on 5 July 1897 as the one chosen for the Album:

* Same image as the Album photograph but higher resolution than the one the National Portrait Gallery, London, gives permission to post (Neg. No. GP [L] ).
* Standing with fan behind head, includes close-up of skirt fabric and left hand (Neg. No. GP [L] [http://lafayette.org.uk/bou1368-444.html 1368-444]).
* Reclining on pillows and furs, includes close-up of face and headdress (Neg. No. GP [L] [http://lafayette.org.uk/bou1368-442.html 1368-442]).

==== Newspaper Accounts ====
The Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke was dressed as Salambo in the Oriental procession&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; in a costume made by [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Mrs. Mason|Mrs. Mason]].

Besides the two that mention her — the ''Morning Post'' and the ''Times'' — only two describe her costume, the London ''Evening Standard'' and the ''Gentlewoman'':
* &quot;Mrs. A. Bourke, as an Egyptian Princess, with the Salambo coiffure, wore a flowing gown of white and silver gauze covered with embroidery of lotus flowers. The top of the gown was ornamented with old green satin embroidered with blue turquoise and gold, and studded with rubies. The train was of old green broché with sides of orange and gold embroidery, and from the ceinture depended long bullion fringe and an embroidered ibis.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“The Ball at Devonshire House. Magnificent Spectacle. Description of the Dresses.” London ''Evening Standard'' 3 July 1897 Saturday: 3 [of 12], Cols. 1a–5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/18970703/015/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 3, Col. 3b}}
* &quot;(Egyptian Princess), drapery gown of white and silver gauze, covered with embroidery of lotus flowers; the top of gown appliqué with old green satin embroidered blue turquoise and gold, studded rubies; train of old green broché.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 40, Col. 3a}}

==== Commentary ====

*

==== Salammbô ====
Salammbô is the fictitious protagonist in Gustave Flaubert's 1862 novel ''Salammbô'', set during the Roman war against Carthage.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-04-29|title=Salammbô|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salammb%C3%B4&amp;oldid=1221352216|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salammb%C3%B4.&lt;/ref&gt; Salammbô is a Carthaginian priestess of the lunar goddess Tanit. Matho, a Roman mercenary, breaks into Tanit's temple and steals her sacred veil — the spiritual guardian of Carthage. Salammbô sneaks into the enemy encampment to steal the veil back. She meets Matho in his tent, and &quot;believing each other to be divine apparitions,&quot; they make love,&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; although it is also a defilement. Salammbô succceds in getting the veil back, but Matho is tortured and executed, which causes her to die of shock, the effect of both having touched the veil.

What Gwendolen Bourke saw as representative of herself in Salammbo is difficult to discern, unless her costume contains references to particular images or productions. A production of Ernest Reyer's opera ''Salammbô'', based on Flaubert's novel and published in Paris in 1890, opened at the Paris Opéra on 16 May 1892,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-04-11|title=Ernest Reyer|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Reyer&amp;oldid=1218353215|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Reyer.&lt;/ref&gt; starring Madame Rose Caron, with Mademoiselle Lucienne Bréval as her understudy.&lt;ref&gt;Jullienn, Adolphe. &quot;Mademoiselle Lucienne Bréval de L'Académie Nationale de Musique [or de l'Opéra in the Table of Contents].&quot; ''Le Théatre'' April 1898 (No. 4). Google Books https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/_oxRAQAAMAAJ. Pp. 8–10.&lt;/ref&gt; (8, Col. 2c) This production was widely reviewed and discussed in the papers in the UK, and its production design seems to have been notable, especially the sets and the very scale of the production. So Bourke or her costumier may have seen the opera, images of the performers or its posters, influencing the design of her costume.

* Rose Caron in her Salammbo costume is here: https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/rose-caron-french-soprano-in-costume-in-the-title-role-of-news-photo/1439485238.
* A headshot of Bréval in costume is here: https://books.google.com/books/content?id=_oxRAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=RA3-PP7&amp;img=1&amp;zoom=3&amp;hl=en&amp;bul=1&amp;sig=ACfU3U2Gv8Os_rEmx2gM9SakJkYLJ9hW7g&amp;ci=6%2C1%2C988%2C1371&amp;edge=0.)

Salammbo figured in paintings, sculptures and illustrations of editions of Flaubert's novel before Ernest Reyer's 1890 opera. She is often depicted as nude and highly sexual or sexualized (kissing a huge snake, for example, that she holds aloft).

Gwendolen Bourke's costume and her social life as reported in the newspapers do not suggest that she was a big risk-taker like, for example, the eccentric la Comptesse de Castiglione, who appeared at a ball in a Salammbo costume in 1886, 4 years after Flaubert's novel was first published. In 1889 the ''Edinburgh Evening News'' says,&lt;blockquote&gt;The late Countess Castiglione, whose death in Paris is recorded yesterday, made her first appearance at the Imperial Court in 1866, where her extraordinary beauty made a great impression on Napoleon III., and eventually led to the Empress Eugenie’s undertaking an unexpected and much-talked-of visit to Scotland. The Countess had a face and complexion which would have enchanted Rubens, and her lovely golden hair touched her feet. Even at the present day Paris has not forgotten her costume, or rather absence of costume as Salammbo, in which character she figured at a certain memorable ball at the Tuileries, wearing her hair, her jewels, and very little else. The Empress Eugenie, when she was presented to her thus lightly arrayed, declared that she must be cold, and insisted upon her there and then donning a mantle. Mme. de Castiglione was never again invited to an entertainment over which the Empress Eugenie presided.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Countess’ Queer Ball Costume.&quot; ''Edinburgh Evening News'' 2 December 1899, Saturday: 2 [of 6], Col. 7b [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000452/18991202/024/0002. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Given how widely this incident was discussed at the time of the death of la Comptesse in 1889, Gwendolen Bourke might easily have known about it. But she was developing relationships with people like the Princess of Wales, and what Countess Castigiolone did does not sound at all like her.

The ''Louth and North Lincolnshire Advertiser'' says, &lt;blockquote&gt;

In Reyer's opera of &quot;Salammbo,&quot; lately produced at the Grand Opera in Paris, there were 1,400 persons on the stage in the last act.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Facts and Fancies.&quot; ''Louth and North Lincolnshire Advertiser'' 9 July 1892, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 6c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000313/18920709/038/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Rose Caron's productions were influential, including for the costumes she wore. The 1892 ''Lohengrin'' she starred in was the source of the costumes worn by [[Social Victorians/People/Stonor#Julia Caroline Stonor, Marquise of Hautpoul|Julia Stonor, Marquise of Hautpoul]] and her brother, [[Social Victorians/People/Stonor#Hon. Harry Stonor|Hon. Harry Stonor]].

Both Modest Mussorgsky and Sergei Rachmaninoff had attempted but not completed operas based on the novel as well.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Alfons Mucha's 1896 lithograph of Salammbô (above left) was published the year before the ball.

Reyer's opera was first produced in 1890 in Brussels. 

[[File:Algernon Henry Bourke Vanity Fair 20 January 1898.jpg|thumb|alt=Old colored drawing of an elegant elderly man dressed in a 19th-century tuxedo with a cloak, top hat and formal pointed shoes with bows, standing facing 1/4 to his right|''Algy'' — Algernon Henry Bourke — by &quot;Spy,&quot; ''Vanity Fair'' 20 January 1898]]

=== Hon. Algernon Bourke ===
[[File:Hon-Algernon-Henry-Bourke-as-Izaak-Walton.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a man richly dressed in an historical costume sitting in a fireplace that does not have a fire and holding a tankard|Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke as Izaak Walton. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]
'''Lafayette's portrait''' (left) of &quot;Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke as Izaak Walton&quot; in costume is photogravure #129 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; The printing on the portrait says, &quot;The Hon. Algernon Bourke as Izaak Walton.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hon. Algernon Bourke as Izaak Walton.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158492/Hon-Algernon-Henry-Bourke-as-Izaak-Walton.&lt;/ref&gt;

This portrait is amazing and unusual: Algernon Bourke is not using a photographer's set with theatrical flats and props, certainly not one used by anyone else at the ball itself. Isaak Walton (baptised 21 September 1593 – 15 December 1683) wrote ''The Compleat Angler''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2021-09-15|title=Izaak Walton|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Izaak_Walton&amp;oldid=1044447858|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izaak_Walton.&lt;/ref&gt; A cottage Walton lived in and willed to the people of Stafford was photographed in 1888, suggesting that its relationship to Walton was known in 1897, raising a question about whether Bourke could have used the fireplace in the cottage for his portrait. (This same cottage still exists, as the [https://www.staffordbc.gov.uk/izaak-waltons-cottage Isaak Walton Cottage] museum.)

A caricature portrait (right) of the Hon. Algernon Bourke, called &quot;Algy,&quot; by Leslie Ward (&quot;Spy&quot;) was published in the 20 January 1898 issue of ''Vanity Fair'' as Number 702 in its &quot;Men of the Day&quot; series,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-01-14|title=List of Vanity Fair (British magazine) caricatures (1895–1899)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)_caricatures_(1895%E2%80%931899)&amp;oldid=1195518024|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)_caricatures_(1895%E2%80%931899).&lt;/ref&gt; giving an indication of what he looked like out of costume.

=== Mr. and Mrs. Bourke ===
The ''Times'' made a distinction between the Hon. Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke and Mr. and Mrs. Bourke, including both in the article.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Occasionally this same article mentions the same people more than once in different contexts and parts of the article, so they may be the same couple. (See [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#Notes and Question|Notes and Question]] #2, below.)

== Demographics ==

=== The Bourkes ===
*Nationality: Anglo-Irish&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020-11-14|title=Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo&amp;oldid=988654078|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Occupation: journalist. 1895: restaurant, hotel and club owner and manager&lt;ref&gt;''Cheltenham Looker-On'', 23 March 1895. Via Ancestry but taken from the BNA.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Residences ====
*Ireland: 1873: Palmerston House, Straffan, Co. Kildare.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; Not Co. Mayo?
*1888–1891: 33 Cadogan Terrace, S.W., Kensington and Chelsea, a dwelling house&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970, Register of Voters, 1891.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1894: 181 Pavilion Road, Kensington and Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970. Register of Voters, 1894. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1900: 181 Pavilion Road, Kensington and Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970. Register of Voters, 1900. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1904: Algernon Bourke was &quot;usually liv[ing] in Venice&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;
*1906: 75, Gloucester-place, W.&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot; /&gt;
*Gwendolen Bourke
*1911: 1911 Fulham, London&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
*20 Eaton Square, S.W. (in 1897)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pl0oAAAAYAAJ|title=Who's who|date=1897|publisher=A. &amp; C. Black|language=en}} 712, Col. 1b.&lt;/ref&gt; (London home of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]])

=== The Sloane-Stanleys ===

==== Residences ====

* 1871: Chester Street, St George Hanover Square (Census), with 5 servants, including a cook and a footman.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;The National Archives; Kew, London, England; ''1871 England Census''; Class: ''RG10''; Piece: ''104''; Folio: ''21''; Page: ''37''; GSU roll: ''838763''. Ancestry.com. ''1871 England Census'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1881–1885&lt;ref&gt;''UK, City and County Directories, 1600s-1900s''. Ancestry.com. ''UK, City and County Directories, 1766 - 1946'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; [at least]: 14 Halkin Street, W., St. Georges, 14 servants, including a governess, a house steward, an under butler, a footman and a cook.&lt;ref&gt;''Census Returns of England and Wales, 1881''. Kew, Surrey, England: The National Archives of the UK (TNA): Public Record Office (PRO), 1881. Class: ''RG11''; Piece: ''98''; Folio: ''66''; Page: ''37''; GSU roll: ''1341022''. Ancestry.com and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. ''1881 England Census'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1888: 49, Cadogan-square, St. Luke, Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Ancestry.com. ''London, England, Overseer Returns, 1863-1894'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1899, Roger Cyril Sloane-Stanley: 4 Down St., St George, Hanover Square&lt;ref&gt;London Metropolitan Archives; London, England; ''Electoral Registers''. Ancestry.com. ''London, England, Electoral Registers, 1832-1965'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1911, Roger Cyril Sloane-Stanley: Paultons, Ower, Romsey

== Family ==
*Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke (31 December 1854 – 7 April 1922)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p29657.htm#i296561|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Gwendolen Irene Emily Sloane-Stanley Bourke (c. 1869 – 30 December 1967)&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&quot;Guendoline Irene Emily Stanley.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p51525.htm#i515247|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
#Daphne Marjory Bourke (5 April 1895 – 22 May 1962)

=== Relations ===
*Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke (the 3rd son of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|6th Earl of Mayo]]) was the older brother of Lady Florence Bourke.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
*Wilfred Blunt was a cousin of Algernon Bourke: his mother's &quot;mother was one of the Blunts of Crabbet Park, Sussex, which makes them kinswomen of Mr. Alfred Scawen Blunt, poet, Egyptophil and counsel for Arabi Pasha in his trial.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From ''Truth''.&quot; ''Mid-Lothian Journal'' 23 August 1912, Friday: 8 [of 8], 2c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002721/19120823/147/0008. Print title and p. same.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Other Bourkes ====
*Hubert Edward Madden Bourke (after 1925, Bourke-Borrowes)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hubert Edward Madden Bourke-Borrowes.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p52401.htm#i524004|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2021-08-25}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p52401.htm#i524004.&lt;/ref&gt;
*Lady Eva Constance Aline Bourke, who married [[Social Victorians/People/Dunraven|Windham Henry Wyndham-Quin]] on 7 July 1885;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lady Eva Constance Aline Bourke.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p2575.htm#i25747|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-02}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p2575.htm#i25747.&lt;/ref&gt; he became 5th Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl on 14 June 1926.

=== The Sloane-Stanleys ===
* Emilie Josephine S Stanley ( 21 December 1848 [baptism]&lt;ref&gt;London Metropolitan Archives; &quot;London, England, UK&quot; ; ''London Church of England Parish Registers''; Reference Number: ''P87/Tri/001''. Ancestry.com. ''London, England, Church of England Births and Baptisms, 1813-1923'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;  – October 1945)
* Hans T Sloane Stanley (11 May 1840 [baptism]&lt;ref&gt;Ancestry.com. ''England, Select Births and Christenings, 1538-1975'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; – 15 December 1888&lt;ref&gt;Ancestry.com. ''UK and Ireland, Find a Grave® Index, 1300s-Current'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;)
* James Shell[e?]y Bontein ()
*# Gwendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt; Irene Emily G Stanley (c. 1870&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt; – )
*# '''Roger Cyril Hans Sloane Stanley''' (29 April 1875&lt;ref&gt;The National Archives; Kew, Surrey, England; ''WO 42 War Office: Officers' Birth Certificates, Wills and Personal Papers 1755-1908''; Reference: ''WO 42/72''. Ancestry.com. ''UK, Officers' Birth Certificates, Wills and Personal Papers, 1755-1908'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; – 18 November 1944&lt;ref&gt;''Find a Grave''. Find a Grave®. http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi. Ancestry.com. ''UK and Ireland, Find a Grave® Index, 1300s-Current'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;)


* Olivia Elizabeth Berens, Countess Cairns&lt;ref&gt;The National Archives of the UK (TNA); Kew, Surrey, England; ''Census Returns of England and Wales, 1911''. Ancestry.com. ''1911 England Census'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; (c. 1871 – 20 June 1951&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Olivia Elizabeth Berens.&quot; Person Page 3908; person #39077. ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as well as the Royal Families of Europe''. https://www.thepeerage.com/p3908.htm#i39077.

&lt;/ref&gt;)
* Arthur William Cairns, 2nd Earl Cairns (21 December 1861 – 14 January 1890)&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot;&gt;&quot;Arthur William Cairns, 2nd Earl Cairns.&quot; Person Page 3908; Person #39076. ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as well as the Royal Families of Europe''. https://www.thepeerage.com/p3908.htm#i39076.&lt;/ref&gt;
*# Lady Louise Rosemary Kathleen Virginia Cairns (10 March 1889 – 17 May 1962)&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot; /&gt;
* Roger Cyril Hans Sloane Stanley (1875 – 18 November 1944)
*# Lavender Elizabeth (20 May 1900 [baptism]&lt;ref&gt;Hampshire Archives and Local Studies; Winchester, England, UK; ''Anglican Parish Registers''; Reference: ''35M76/PR3''. Ancestry.com. ''Hampshire, England, Church of England Baptisms, 1813-1921''[database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; – )
*# Diane Sloane Stanley (c. 1905 – )


* Lavender Elizabeth (20 May 1900 [baptism] – )
* John Everett ()


* Diane Sloane Stanley (c. 1905 – )
* Elwyn Villiers Rhys ()

== Writings, Memoirs, Biographies, Papers ==

=== Writings ===
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon. ''The History of White's''. London: Algernon Bourke [privately published], 1892.
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon, ed., &quot;with a brief Memoir.&quot; ''Correspondence of Mr Joseph Jekyll with His Sister-in-Law, Lady Gertrude Sloane Stanley, 1818–1838''. John Murray, 1893.
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon, ed. ''Correspondence of Mr Joseph Jekyll''. John Murray, 1894.

=== Papers ===
* Where are the papers for the Earl of Mayo family? Are Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke's papers with them?

== Notes and Questions ==
#The portrait of Algernon Bourke in costume as Isaac Walton is really an amazing portrait with a very interesting setting, far more specific than any of the other Lafayette portraits of these people in their costumes. Where was it shot? Lafayette is given credit, but it's not one of his usual backdrops. If this portrait was taken the night of the ball, then this fireplace was in Devonshire House; if not, then whose fireplace is it?
#The ''Times'' lists Hon. A. Bourke (at 325) and Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke (at 236) as members of a the &quot;Oriental&quot; procession, Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke (in the general list of attendees), and then a small distance down Mr. and Mrs. Bourke (now at 511 and 512, respectively). This last couple with no honorifics is also mentioned in the report in the London ''Evening Standard'', which means the Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke, so the ''Times'' may have repeated the Bourkes, who otherwise are not obviously anyone recognizable. If they are not the Hon. Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke, then they are unidentified. It seems likely that they are the same, however, as the newspapers were not perfectly consistent in naming people with their honorifics, even in a single story, especially a very long and detailed one in which people could be named more than once.
#Three slightly difficult-to-identify men were among the Suite of Men in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#&quot;Oriental&quot; Procession|&quot;Oriental&quot; procession]]: [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax|Gordon Wood]], [[Social Victorians/People/Portman|Arthur B. Portman]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Wilfred Wilson]]. The identification of Gordon Wood and Wilfred Wilson is high because of contemporary newspaper accounts. The Hon. Algernon Bourke, who was also in the Suite of Men, is not difficult to identify at all. Arthur Portman appears in a number of similar newspaper accounts, but none of them mentions his family of origin.
#[http://thepeerage.com The Peerage] has no other Algernon Bourkes.
#The Hon Algernon Bourke is #235 on the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball#List of People Who Attended|list of people who were present]]; the Hon. Guendoline Bourke is #236; a Mr. Bourke is #703; a Mrs. Bourke is #704.
#Hans Stanley-Sloane's estate was £33,704 7s. 5d. in the final probate in December 1889,&lt;ref&gt;Principal Probate Registry; London, England; ''Calendar of the Grants of Probate and Letters of Administration made in the Probate Registries of the High Court of Justice in England''. Ancestry.com. ''England &amp; Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1995'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; which might lead his widow to consider remarrying.
== Footnotes ==
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      <text bytes="163497" sha1="pga8acwii3d2kw3um8sz2avd123n1i1" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Leslie Ward - Vanity Fair, Newspapermen, ^Algy^, The Hon Algernon Henry Bourke, Januray 20, 1898 - B1979.14.521 - Yale Center for British Art.jpg|thumb|Hon. Algernon Bourke, ''Vanity Fair'', 1898]]

==Also Known As==
* Family name: Bourke [pronounced ''burk'']&lt;ref name=&quot;:62&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-05-07|title=Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earl_of_Mayo&amp;oldid=1222668659|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Mayo.&lt;/ref&gt;
* The Hon. Algernon Bourke
** Button Bourke&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Tory 'Reformer' at the India Office.&quot; ''India'' 10 November 1911, Friday: 4 [of 12], Col. 1b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004300/19111110/007/0004#. Print: same title, p. 228.&lt;/ref&gt;
** Algy Bourke
* Mrs. Gwendolen Bourke
** Gwendolen&lt;ref&gt;General Register Office. ''England and Wales Civil Registration Indexes''. London, England: General Register Office. FreeBMD. ''England &amp; Wales, Civil Registration Marriage Index, 1837-1915''[database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Marriage Index}} &lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt;{{rp|''Morning Post'' article about her name}} &lt;ref&gt;General Register Office. ''England and Wales Civil Registration Indexes''. London, England: General Register Office. FreeBMD. ''England &amp; Wales, Civil Registration Marriage Index, 1837-1915''[database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Electoral Register}}
** Guendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; [The National Portrait Gallery, London, uses this spelling for Lafayette's portrait of Bourke in costume for the ball.&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt;]
** Gwendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;City of Westminster Archives Centre; London, England; ''Westminster Church of England Parish Registers''; Reference: ''SPWP/PR/1/2''. Ancestry.com. ''Westminster, London, England, Church of England Births and Baptisms, 1813-1919'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Births and Baptisms}}
* Shelley Bontein and Emilie Sloane-Stanley Bontein
* See also the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|page for the Earl of Mayo]], the Hon. Algernon Bourke's father and then brother, and other Bourkes

== Overview ==

=== Algernon Bourke ===
Although the Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke was born in Dublin in 1854 and came from a family whose title is in the Peerage of Ireland,&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;1911 England Census.&lt;/ref&gt; he seems to have spent much of his adult life generally in England and especially in London. He was &quot;a noted fisherman.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London Correspondence.&quot; ''Freeman's Journal'' 21 December 1897, Tuesday: 5 [of 8], Col. 5c [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000056/18971221/027/0005. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

Because he was the son of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]], perhaps, or perhaps because he was so involved in projects that got reported on, he was mentioned a great deal in the newspapers, but after his bankruptcy, he seems to have receded in prominence, in part because he was living outside of the U.K., and apparently separately from his wife, Gwendolen Bourke.

Bourke ran as the Conservative candidate for Parliament from Clapham (population, c. 70,000) in 1885, a race he did not win. As a candidate he is described like this:&lt;blockquote&gt;Acted as a newspaper correspondent during the Zulu war. Subsequently Poor-law inspector in the West of Ireland. &quot;A loyal supporter of Church and State.&quot; Desires to reduce the School Board expenditure, and revive trade; and is opposed to Mr. Chamberlain's &quot;police of hasty and experimental reform.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Clapham (70,000).&quot; ''South London Chronicle'' 17 October 1885, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000443/18851017/113/0005. Print title ''South London Chronicle and Southwark and Lambeth Ensign'', p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The London ''Weekly Dispatch'' says he is &quot;a dashing and unscrupulous young Tory.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Political Campaign in London.&quot; ''Weekly Dispatch'' (London) 15 November 1885, Sunday: 9 [of 16], Col. 3c [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003358/18851115/069/0009. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;Algy&quot; Bourke was &quot;Man of the Day&quot; (No. DCCII [522) for ''Vanity Fair'' in 1898, caricatured by Leslie Ward (above right):&lt;blockquote&gt;Son of the great and murdered Lord Mayo, he is contemporary with the outbreak of the Crimean War, he is a Member of the London Stock Exchange, he has a beautiful wife and a daughter, and, being a very fashionable young man, he was once refused as their Member by the worthy electors of Clapham. He was an Eton boy, of course: and less naturally he went to Cambridge; where he was made President of the Beefsteak, the Amateur Dramatic, the Athenaeum, the True Blue, and the Hibernian Clubs. When he came down he tried journalism and went to Zululand as a ''Daily Telegraph'' ‘‘special”; after which he was improved into an Inspector of Workhouses [2, Col. 2c – 3, Col. 1a] in Ireland: which may account for his proficiency as a caterer. For seven years he worked under the late Mr. Chinnery on ''The Times'': being popularly supposed to look after that journal's morals. He is a good man of business, and a great organiser who has made White's Club pay even if it be less “smart&quot; than it was. He has done much for Willis’s since he took it in hand; he did well with his Battersea venture, and he thinks that he only failed with the Summer Club in Kensington Gardens because people would not go to the wrong side of the Park. Moreover, he runs a Club at Brighton, and he is Chairman of the Grand Hotel at Monte Carlo: whither he once organised a cheap trip. Altogether he is a veritable Clubman, and a very successful arranger of amusements, associations, and restaurants.

He is a popular fellow who is known to all of us; and though he is a little inclined to be quarrelsome, no one can get much the better of him. He is also a quick grasper of facts and a good talker. His favourite sports are fishing and the organising of associations for the introduction of salmon to the Thames. By way of being an art critic, he has made an interesting collection of engravings of the members of White’s Club from its foundation; but his friends say that he is not a well-dressed man. He has also written a history of White’s, and he is now writing one of Brooks's Club. He is a genial person, who looks as if the world agreed with him well.

He is an aquisition [sic] to a house party; and they call him “Algy.”&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Men of the Day.&quot; — No. DCCII [522]. The Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke.&quot; ''Vanity Fair'' 20 January 1898, Thursday: 2 [of 4], Col. 2c – 3, Col. 3a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9900020/18980120/010/0002 and https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/9900020/18980120/005/0003. Same print title, pp. 41–42. Portrait is full page, on p. 1.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The Hon. Algernon Bourke and Mr. Algernon Bourke, depending on the newspaper article, were the same person. Calling him Mr. Bourke in the newspapers, especially when considered as a businessman or (potential) member of Parliament, does not rule out the son of an earl, who would normally be accorded the honorific of ''Honorable''.

=== Gwendolen Sloane-Stanley Bourke ===

Mrs. Gwendolen Bourke exhibited at dog shows successfully and was a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Society Sportswomen|noted deerstalker]] and &quot;an appreciative listener to good music.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Vanity Fair.&quot; ''Lady of the House'' 15 June 1899, Thursday: 4 [of 44], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004836/18990615/019/0004.&lt;/ref&gt; Her personal beauty is often mentioned in reports, and ''The World'' says she was &quot;a magnificent woman.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Beauties of To-Day. From the ''World''.&quot; ''Clifton Society'' 24 June 1897, Thursday: 14 [of 16], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002164/18970624/066/0014. Same print and p.&lt;/ref&gt; She is the first listed in the ''Graphic''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s 1891 &quot;Leading Ladies of Society&quot;:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke is a daughter (Gwendoline Irene Emily) of the late Hans Sloane Stanley, Esq., of Poultons, Southampton, and 49, Cadogan Square, S.W. She married, on December 15th, 1887, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, third son of the sixth Earl of Mayo, Governor-General of India (who was assassinated in 1872), and nephew of Lord Connemara, Governor of Madras. Mr. Bourke is a member of the London Stock Exchange, and resides at 33, Cadogan Terrace, S.W.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Leading Ladies of Society.&quot; The Graphic 28 March 1891, Saturday: 6 [of 28], Col. 2c [of 3]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9000057/18910328/019/0006. Print: same title, p. 346.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;She attended many social events without her husband, especially into the 20th century, usually with an appreciative description of what she wore. She was a sponsor of Irish art needlework as well. Unlike her husband's, Gwendolen's social status seems to have risen as time passed, and she appears in stories associated with the Princess of Wales, and then later with Queen Alexandra.

=== The Sloane-Stanley Family ===
Gwendolen's family consisted of a younger brother, Cyril Sloane-Stanley, as well as her parents, Hans Sloane-Stanley and Emilie Edwards Sloane-Stanley. Exactly one year after she and Algernon Bourke married, Hans Sloane-Stanley died (in 1888), leaving an estate worth £33,704 7s. 5d.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;&gt;Principal Probate Registry; London, England; ''Calendar of the Grants of Probate and Letters of Administration made in the Probate Registries of the High Court of Justice in England''. Ancestry.com. ''England &amp; Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1995'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; (1888, 321) Her mother remarried almost exactly a year after that, to James Shelly Bontein. Bontein's father had been Gentleman Usher and Clerk of the Robes to Queen Victoria.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot;&gt;&quot;Marriages.&quot; &quot;Births, Marriages, and Deaths.&quot; ''Belfast News-Letter'' 6 December 1889, Friday: 1 [of 8], Col. 1a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000038/18891206/001/0001. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

Shortly after his death ''Truth'' described Gwendolen and Cyril's father Hans Sloane-Stanley:&lt;blockquote&gt;The death of Mr. Sloane Stanley, of Paultons Park, is much regretted in South Hants, as he was one of the most popular landlords in the county, and was greatly esteemed. Mr. Sloane Stanley was well known in yachting circles, and for many years he was Commodore of the Royal Southern Yacht Club, and owned the schooner ''Star of the West''. He was one of the very few owners who continued to keep up the old custom of giving his crew a laying-up supper at the close of each season. There were great festivities at Paultons only a few months ago, when Miss Sloane Stanley was married to Mr. Algernon Bourke.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Entre Nous.&quot; ''Truth'' 27 December 1888, Thursday: 6 [of 48], Col. 2b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18881227/023/0006# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18881227/023/0006]. Same print title, p. 1136.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;When he died in 1944, Cyril Sloane-Stanley's estate was quite a bit larger than his father's had been 50 years before. The probate was divided between what was limited to &quot;settled land&quot; and what was &quot;save and except settled land.&quot; What was not settled land totalled £356,114 12s. 10d. and went to John Everett, company director; the Hon. Elwyn Villiers Rhys, captain, H.M. army; and William Adam de Geijer, retired captain, H.M. army.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt; (1944, 430) His daughter Lavender was married to John Everett, and Diane was married to Elwyn Villiers Rhys. What was settled land totalled £168,975 and went to William Adam de Geijer, retired captain, H.M. army, and George Lawrence Stewart, solicitor.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt; (1944, 430)

The Sloane-Stanleys descend from Hans Sloane (1660–1753), whose 71,000-item collections &quot;provid[ed] the foundation of the British Museum, the British Library, and the Natural History Museum, London.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2025-01-07|title=Hans Sloane|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane|journal=Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane|language=en|via=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Much of this Hans Sloane's wealth came from his medical practice in Jamaica, where he went as physician to the Governor General of Jamaica, the 2nd Duke of Albemarle, and where he married &quot;a wealthy heiress of sugar plantations&quot; worked by enslaved Jamaicans.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot; /&gt; His great-nephew, Hans Sloane, inherited Paultons, near Romsey, &quot;and in recognition of this he adopted the additional surname of Stanley in 1821.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-10-06|title=Hans Sloane (MP)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane_(MP)|journal=Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane_(MP)|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Acquaintances, Friends and Enemies ==

=== Algernon Bourke ===

* Best man at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Wedding of Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Sloane Stanley|his wedding]]: the Hon. Michael Sandys
* [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Marcus Henry Milner]], &quot;one of the zealous assistants of that well-known firm of stockbrokers, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;&quot;Metropolitan Notes.&quot; ''Nottingham Evening Post'' 31 July 1888, Tuesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 2a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/18880731/025/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Caroline, Duchess of Montrose — her &quot;legal advisor&quot; on the day of her marriage to Marcus Henry Milner&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Metropolitan Notes.&quot; ''Nottingham Evening Post'' 31 July 1888, Tuesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 1b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/18880731/025/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gwendolen Bourke ===

* Bridesmaids at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Wedding of Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Sloane Stanley|her wedding]]: Lady Florence Bourke, Miss Nora Bourke, Miss Edwards, and Miss Ewart
* Lord and Lady Alington, Belvedere House, Scarborough
* [[Social Victorians/People/William James|Evelyn James]] 

== Organizations ==

=== Gwendolen Bourke ===

* Member, the Ladies Committee for the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Skating Club|Prince's Skating Club]], which also included [[Social Victorians/People/Princess Louise|Princess Louise]] (Duchess of Argyll), the [[Social Victorians/People/Portland|Duchess of Portland]], [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Lady Londonderry]], [[Social Victorians/People/Campbell|Lady Archibald Campbell]], [[Social Victorians/People/Ribblesdale|Lady Ribblesdale]], and [[Social Victorians/People/Asquith|Mrs. Asquith]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;&quot;What the 'World' Says.&quot; ''Northwich Guardian'' 01 November 1902, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Col. 8a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001975/19021101/134/0006. Print title: The ''Guardian'', p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt; (in 1902, at least)

=== Algernon Bourke ===
* [[Social Victorians/Schools#Eton|Eton]]
* Cambridge University, Trinity College, 1873, Michaelmas term&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;Cambridge University Alumni, 1261–1900. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Conservative Party
* 1879: Appointed a Poor Law Inspector in Ireland, Relief of Distress Act
* 1881: Partner, with 2 uncles, in Brunton, Bourke, and Co.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From Our London Correspondent.&quot; ''Manchester Courier'' 24 August 1881, Wednesday: 5 [of 8], Col. 4a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000206/18810824/030/0005. Print: ''Manchester Courier and Lancaster General Advertiser'', p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt; (one of the [[Social Victorians/British Aristocracy#Sons of Peers on the Stock Exchange|sons of peers on the Stock Exchange]])
* 1885: Office of the 7th Surrey Rifles Regiment&lt;ref&gt;&quot;7th Surrey Rifles.&quot; ''South London Press'' 08 August 1885, Saturday: 12 [of 16], Col. 4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18850808/165/0012. Print p. 12.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1886: Battersea Friendly Angling Society&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Battersea Friendly Angling Society.&quot; ''Fishing Gazette'' 17 April 1886, Saturday: 6 [of 20], Col. 2a [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002553/18860417/030/0006. Same print title, p. 218.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 27 February 1886: one of the Vice Presidents of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Bolingbroke Reading-Room and Institute|Bolingbroke Reading-Room and Institute]]
* Special Correspondent of The ''Times'' for the Zulu War, accompanying Lord Chelmsford
* Head, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys, &quot;that well-known firm of stockbrokers&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; ( – 1901 [at least])
* White's gentleman's club, St. James's,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-10-09|title=White's|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White's|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%27s.&lt;/ref&gt; Manager (1897)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Side Lights on Drinking.&quot; ''Waterford Standard'' 28 April 1897, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001678/18970428/053/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Willis's Rooms (described in 1895):&lt;blockquote&gt;... the Hon. Algernon Burke [sic], son of the 6th Earl of Mayo, has turned the place into a smart restaurant where choice dinners are served and eaten while a stringed band discourses music. Willis's Rooms are now the favourite dining place for ladies who have no club of their own, or for gentlemen who are debarred by rules from inviting ladies to one of their own clubs. The same gentleman runs a hotel in Brighton, and has promoted several clubs. He has a special faculty for organising places of the kind, without which such projects end in failure.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lenten Dullness.&quot; ''Cheltenham Looker-On'' 23 March 1895, Saturday: 11 [of 24], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000226/18950323/004/0011. Print p. 275.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
*The [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Pelican|Pelican Club]], known for its boxing (1891)

==== Boards of Directors ====
*1883: One of the directors, the Franco-English Tunisian Esparto Fibre Supply Company, Ltd.&lt;ref&gt;''Money Market Review'', 20 Jan 1883 (Vol 46): 124.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1891: One of the founders, the Discount Banking Company, Ltd., which says Algernon Bourke is a director of District Messenger Services and News Company, Ltd.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Public Company.&quot; ''Nottingham Journal'' 31 October 1891, Saturday: 4 [of 8], Col. 8a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001896/18911031/099/0004. Print title: ''The Nottingham Daily Express'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1894: One of the directors, the Frozen Lake, Ltd., with Admiral Maxse, Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Marcus Beresford]], [[Social Victorians/People/Williams|Hwfa Williams]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Frozen Lake, Limited.&quot; ''St James's Gazette'' 08 June 1894, Friday: 15 [of 16], Col. 4a [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001485/18940608/085/0015. Print p. 15.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;London is to have new amusement this winter, for which Mr Algernon Bourke, who has taught us that it is possible to eat as well in St. James’s as on the Boulevards, and Mr Hwfa Williams, of Sandown fame, are jointly responsible. The &quot;Frozen Lake,&quot; under which title a real ice-skating rink is about to be constructed under their auspices, will no doubt be gladly welcomed by all skaters, and the venture is likely to prove a success.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip.&quot; ''Weston-super-Mare Gazette, and General Advertiser'' 6 June 1894, Wednesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 4b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001444/18940606/044/0004. Print title: ''Weston-super-Mare Gazette'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== Committees ====

*Member, General Committee, [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Baths|the Baths Club]] (1892)
*Member, Men's Committee of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Skating Club|Prince's Skating Club]], which also included Lord Edward Cecil, Lord Redesdale, Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Lyttelton|Alfred Lyttelton]], Sir Edgar Vincent, Sir William Hart Dyke, and Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Grenfell|W. H. Grenfell]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; (1902, at least)
*[[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#25 March 1896, Wednesday|The Sala Memorial Fund]], member of the committee (from 25 March 1896)
* Member of an &quot;influential committee&quot; headed by the Lord Mayor &quot;to restore salmon to the Thames&quot; (June 1899)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Salmon in the Thames.&quot; ''Berks and Oxon Advertiser'' 30 June 1899, Friday: 5 [of 8], Col. 4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002298/18990630/079/0005. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Timeline ==

=== 1870s ===
'''1872 February 8''', Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo was assassinated while inspecting a &quot;convict settlement at Port Blair in the Andaman Islands ... by Sher Ali Afridi, a former Afghan soldier.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-12-01|title=Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo.&lt;/ref&gt; The Hon. Algernon's brother Dermot became the 7th Earl at 19 years old.

'''1876 November 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was one of 6 men (2 students, one of whom was Bourke; 2 doctors; a tutor and another man) from Cambridge who gave evidence as witnesses in an inquest about the death from falling off a horse of a student.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Fatal Accident to a Sheffield Student at Cambridge.&quot; ''Sheffield Independent'' 25 November 1876, Saturday: 7 [of 12], Col. 5a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000181/18761125/040/0007. Print title: ''Sheffield and Rotherham Independent'', n. p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1879 December 27, Saturday – 29, Monday''', Algernon Bourke was in Kilrush as a Local Government Board Inspector:&lt;blockquote&gt;Among many distinguished visitors at the Vandeleur Arms Hotel, Kilrush this week was the Hon. Algernon Bourke Local Government Board Inspector who arrived on Saturday, and sojourned there until 2 o'clock on Monday, when the honourable gentleman left by Steamer tor Limerick.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Fashionable Intelligence.&quot; ''Kilrush Herald and Kilkee Gazette'' 01 January 1880, Thursday: 2 [of 5], Col. 3a [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003186/18800101/011/0002. Print title ''Kilrush Herald'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 1880s ===
'''4 February 1880, Wednesday''', Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880#Grand Ball at Palmerstown House Hosted by the Earl of Mayo|grand ball at Palmerstown House hosted by the Earl of Mayo]]. 

'''1880 March 30, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was working in the judicial system in Newcastle, County Limerick, possibly as Poorhouse Inspector:&lt;blockquote&gt;A sworn enquiry was held to-day at the Workhorse, Newcastle West, by the Hon Algernon Bourke, L.G.I., to enquire into charges preferred by Dr. Pierce, Medical Office, against Dr. O'Shaughnesay. The enquiry was adjourned till Thursday next. Mr Moran, sol., Rathkeale, was engaged for Dr. O'Shaughnessy.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Sworn Enquiry.&quot; &quot;Limerick County. Newcastle West Intelligence.&quot; ''Bassett's Chronicle'' 31 March 1880, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 3b–c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003471/18800331/044/0003.  Print title ''Bassett's Daily Chronicle'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1880 April 17, Saturday''', in-jokes dominate this report mentioning Algernon Bourke in the context of the Kildare and National Hunt races in Dublin:&lt;blockquote&gt;And in mopy Upper Mount-street, where young Algernon Bourke, of the Onety-oneth, had promised to call for, and afterwards spin down to the races in his mail phaeton, the Blake girls; and in fastidious Fitzwilliam-place, and exclusive &quot;Murryan-squeer,&quot; from which dashing army men, in their neatly-appointed, well horsed drags were to &quot;tool&quot; down sweet young Dublin lasses of the ''crême d la crême'' [sic], many an anxious forecasting of the weather was taken, lest by an unpropitious shower that last triumph of Mrs. Manning, or the Forrests, or Miss Sedford, or any of the ''grandes dames de la mode'' should be rendered as worthless as a Confederate &quot;greenback.&quot; But by ten o'clock all doubts were happily set aside, and up struck the lovely April day in all its spring-time glory and then the road, oh, the road!&lt;ref&gt;&quot;To Punchestown and Back by the Old Road.&quot; ''Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News'' 17 April 1880, Saturday: 6 [of 24], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001857/18800417/013/0006. Same print title, p. 102.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1881 May 10, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#1881 May 10, Tuesday|wedding of Marion Lascelles, eldest daughter of the Hon. Egremont W. Lascelles, brother of the Earl of Harewood, and Lieutenant Henry Dent Brocklehurst, of the Second Life Guards, nephew of Mr. Philip Brocklehurst, of Swithamley Park, Macclesfield]]. His gift was an &quot;old enamelled watch set in pearls.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Nuptial Rejoicings at Middlethorpe Manor. Marriage of Miss Lascelles and Lieut. Brocklehurst.&quot; ''Yorkshire Gazette'' 14 May 1881, Saturday: 9 [of 12], Cols. 3a–4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive''https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000266/18810514/057/0009. Print same title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1881 May 23, Monday, 2:00 p.m.''', Algernon Bourke is listed among the Honourables at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace|Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace]].

'''1881 July 14, Thursday afternoon, beginning about 2 p.m.''', Algernon Bourke was invited to a Garden Party at Marlborough House hosted by [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]]. Members of the family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] were also among the 1,500 or so invited guests.

'''1881 July 22, Friday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to an [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#22 July 1881, Friday|evening party at Marlborough House hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales]].

'''1881 September 17, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was reported among the company at Doncaster during race week.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;List of the Company.&quot; ''York Herald'' 17 September 1881, Saturday: 8 [of 16], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000499/18810917/183/0008. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1881 November 22, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was sued in Dublin by Henry Naylor because he &quot;had declined to pay&quot; for a £35 piano.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Henry Naylor v. the Hon. Algernon Bourke.&quot; &quot;Exchequer Division.&quot; &quot;High Court of Justice.&quot; ''Belfast Morning News'' 23 November 1881, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 8a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000428/18811123/015/0003. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1881 December 8, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke was part of a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#Battue at Palmerstown|battue at Palmerstown]], when the group bagged 172 pheasants, hares and rabbits.

'''1882 March 7, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882#7 March 1882, Tuesday|fashionable wedding of Reginald Chandos-Pole and Violet Denison]].

'''1882 March 15, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882#The Marchioness of Salisbury's Assembly|the Marchioness of Salisbury's first reception of the season]].

'''1882 July 13, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to the [[Social Victorians/1882-07-13 Marlborough House Garden Party|Garden Party at Marlborough House for Queen Victoria]] hosted by [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]]. The more than 1,000 people invited also included a number of people from the family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]].

'''1882 September 28, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882#The Wedding of John M'Donald and Georgiana Lambart|wedding of John M'Donald and Georgiana Lambart]].

'''1883 March 21, Wednesday''', the Evening Irish Times announced that Algernon Bourke &quot;has arrived at Kingstown from England.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Fashion.&quot; ''Evening Irish Times'' 21 March 1883, Wednesday: 7 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003464/18830321/086/0007. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''23 July 1883, Monday, noon''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1883#Garden Party at Marlborough House, at Noon|garden party at Marlborough House]] hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales.

'''31 October 1883, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the wedding of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1883#Wedding of Lady Cecelia Hay and Captain George Webbe|Lady Cecelia Hay and Captain George Webbe]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 February 16, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#16 February 1884, Saturday|the funeral of Thomas Chenery, editor of the ''Times'']].

'''1884 April 4, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was (may have been?) one of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#5 April 1884, Saturday|&quot;Supporters of the Pall&quot; at the funeral]] of [[Social Victorians/People/Leopold|Prince Leopold George Duncan Albert, Duke of Albany]] at St. George's, Windsor.

'''1884 April 26, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#26 April 1884, Saturday|dinner party at the Lord Mayor's Mansion House for conservatives to meet Sir Stafford Northcote]].

'''1884 May 3, Saturday''', the &quot;Rochester Conservatives&quot; announced that they would &quot;bring forward the Hon. Algernon Bourke, brother of Lord Mayo, as their second candidate,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Election Intelligence.&quot; ''Yorkshire Gazette'' 03 May 1884, Saturday: 4 [of 12], Col. 6a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000266/18840503/011/0004.&lt;/ref&gt; but because he would not be the first candidate, Bourke declined.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rochester.&quot; London ''Daily Chronicle'' 09 May 1884, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 8b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005049/18840509/049/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1884 June 18, Wednesday''', Mr. Algernon Bourke was on a committee to watch a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#18 June 1884, Wednesday|Mr. Bishop's &quot;thought-reading&quot; experiment]], which was based on a challenge by Henry Labourchere made the year before. This &quot;experiment&quot; took place before a fashionable audience.

'''1884 July 25, Friday, afternoon''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#Garden Party at Marlborough House hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales|Garden Party at Marlborough House hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales]].

'''1885 January 22, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke's gift to [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#Wedding of George Buckle and Alicia Payn|George Buckle and Alicia Payn for their wedding]] was an antique cabinet.

'''1885 July 7, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#7 July 1885, Tuesday|Eva Bourke's wedding to Windham Wyndham-Quin]] at St. Mary Abbots, Kensington.

'''1885 July 13, Monday''', Algernon Bouurke was at Victoria Station as part of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#Arrival of Lord Wolseley in London from Egypt|crowd greeting Lord Wolseley on his return from Egypt]].

'''1885 July 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/1885-07-24 Marlborough House Ball|ball at Marlborough House]] hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales.

'''1885 September 26, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke took part in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#26 September 1885, Saturday|Ealing Conservative Club fete and meeting]] supporting Salisbury's government and condemning &quot;the dictates of one man&quot; — Gladstone — for Gordon's death.

'''1885 October 3, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was named as the Conservative candidate for Clapham in the Battersea and Clapham borough after the Redistribution Bill determined the electoral districts for South London.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;South London Candidates.&quot; ''South London Press'' 03 October 1885, Saturday: 9 [of 16], Col. 5b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18851003/096/0009. Print p. 9.&lt;/ref&gt; On Sunday 15 November 1885 the London ''Weekly Dispatch'' supported Moulton, the Liberal candidate, who ultimately won the election:&lt;blockquote&gt;

Though a successful lawyer, Mr. Moulton is much more than that. He is a thorough and independent student of political science, who may be trusted to do good service to the Liberal cause with brain as well as with tongue. It will be matter for hearty congratulation if he defeats the Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke, who is a dashing and unscrupulous young Tory, and a nephew of the well-known politician with the same surname.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Political Campaign in London. VI. — The South-West Divisions.&quot; ''Weekly Dispatch'' (London) 15 November 1885, Sunday: 9 [of 16], Col. 3c [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003358/18851115/069/0009. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

On Saturday 21 November 1885 the ''South London Press'' reported on posters for Bourke's candidacy:&lt;blockquote&gt;

The Hon. Algernon Bourke, Conservative candidate for Clapham, has a very industrious billsticker, who pastes up his patron’s bills in every possible place where they can be seen to advantage. It is unfortunate, however, that choosing the flank wall of an auctioneer’s the modern &quot;Sam Slap&quot; has produced some curious combinations, such as — &quot;Vote for Bourke,&quot; &quot;Now on View;&quot; &quot;Electors of Clapham, Vote for Mr. Bourke, and&quot; &quot;Be Sold Without Reserve;&quot; &quot;Mr, Bourke will&quot; &quot;Advance Money to&quot; &quot;the Electors of Clapham;&quot; &quot;Great Conservative Meeting. The British Constitution will be&quot; &quot;Offered for Sale this Evening,&quot; &amp;c.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pick-up Notes.&quot; ''South London Press'' 21 November 1885, Saturday: 10 [of 16], Col. 1b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18851121/155/0010. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1885 November 3, Tuesday, 11:00 a.m.''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Mayo-Ponsonby Wedding 1885-11-03|wedding of his brother, Dermot, 7th  Earl of Mayo and Geraldine Ponsonby]]. He gave them 2 Sheraton secretaires.

'''1886 January 5, Tuesday, late''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Twelfth Night|Twelfth Night celebration at the Drury Lane theatre]].

'''1886 March 13, Saturday evening''', an Hon. Mr. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/1886-03-13 Reception at the French Embassy|reception at the French Embassy]], possibly Algernon Bourke or possibly [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|one of his brothers]].

'''1886 July 10, Saturday''', Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Garden Party at Marlborough House Given to the Queen|garden party at Marlborough House given to the Queen]]. Gwendolen Sloane Stanley is not mentioned but Mr. and Mrs. Hans Sloane Stanley are, as are Mr. and Mrs. F. Sloane Stanley.&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 July 21, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to the [[Social Victorians/1886-07-21 Marlborough House Ball|Ball at Marlborough House]], as were a [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#The Sloane-Stanleys 2|Mr. and Mrs. F. Sloane-Stanley]], possibly the parents of Gwendolen Sloane-Stanley (if the &quot;F&quot; is a mistake), who married Bourke on 15 December 1887. Gwendolen is not mentioned as having been invited.

'''1886 July 27, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended a service honoring a memorial at St. Paul's for his father, who had been assassinated.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Memorial to the Late Earl of Mayo.&quot; ''Northern Whig'' 28 July 1886, Wednesday: 6 [of 8], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000434/18860728/143/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1886 September 2, Thursday''', Mr. Algernon Bourke was part of a group of mostly aristocratic men taking part in [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Augustus Harris's A Run of Luck|a &quot;trial-rehearsal&quot; as part of Augustus Harris's production]] ''A Run of Luck'', about sports.

'''1886 October 2, Saturday''', the Duke of Beaufort and the Hon. Algernon Bourke arrived in Yougal: &quot;His grace has taken a residence at Lismore for a few weeks, to enjoy some salmon fishing on the Blackwater before the close of the season.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Chippenham.&quot; ''Wilts and Gloucestershire Standard'' 02 October 1886, Saturday: 8 [of 8], Col. 6a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001955/18861002/142/0008. Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1886 October 11, Monday''', Algernon Bourke may have been taking part in a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Performance of Run of Luck|performance of ''Run of Luck'' at the Drury Lane]].

'''1886 October 23, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Party at Wemyss Castle, Fife|staying at Wemyss Castle, Fife]].

'''1886 December 30, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke was back in London and attending the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Augustus Harris's The Forty Thieves|&quot;Forty Thieves&quot; pantomime at the Drury Lane Theatre]].

'''1887 January 5, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was one of the chief mourners at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Funeral of Lady Margaret Harriett Bourke|funeral of Lady Margaret Harriett Bourke]].

'''1887 March 1, 2:00 p.m.''', Algernon Bourke is listed among the Messieurs attending the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace|Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1887 May''', a &quot;signalling incident&quot; in 1907 [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#May 1887|caused the Waterford ''Evening News'' to recall a similar event]] that had occurred 20 years earlier, in which Algernon Bourke, as special correspondent for the ''Times'', caused the incident to be publicized:&lt;blockquote&gt;During the manoeuvres in connection with the 1887 Jubilee of Queen Victoria a signal was observed going up from [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles [Beresford]]]'s ship. It was a message to his wife, Lady Beresford, to the effect that, as he should be late for dinner, she was not to wait. Beyond the hilarity this domestic signal evoked, nothing more would have been heard of it, but Mr. Algernon Bourke (Lord Mayo's brother) was acting as special correspondent for the &quot;Times,&quot; and that paper the next morning contained a full and humorous report of the incident. Then there was trouble.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Signalling Incident.&quot; ''Evening News'' (Waterford) 13 November 1907, Wednesday: 1 [of 4], Col. 6c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004557/19071113/021/0001.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1887 June 15, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians Foreign Office Reception 1887-06-15|reception at the Foreign Office in honor of Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee]].

'''1887 July 6, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to and, presumably, attended the State Ball at Buckingham Palace.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The State Ball at Buckingham Palace.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 08 July 1887, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 5a–6c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18870708/013/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 1c)

'''1887 August 6, Saturday''', the ''Brighton Gazette'' says that the &quot;Hon. Mrs and Mr Algernon Bourke&quot; were staying at the Royal Crescent Hotel in Brighton, but they didn't marry until 15 December 1887.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Royal Crescent Hotel.&quot; ''Brighton Gazette'' 6 August 1887, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 5c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000938/18870806/047/0003. Print title ''Brighton Gazette and Sussex Telegraph'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt; Perhaps an elder relative, because she is mentioned first?

'''1887 November 9, Wednesday''', the ''Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper'' announced that&lt;blockquote&gt;A marriage is arranged, and will take place early in January, between Mr. Algernon Bourke, third son of the late Earl of Mayo, and Miss Guendolen Sloane Stanley, only daughter of Mr. Hans Sloane Stanley, of Paultons.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Romsey, Nov. 9.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 9 November 1887, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18871109/034/0003. Print title ''Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Shortly after, the papers announced that the wedding would not take place.

'''1887 December 15, Thursday''', Hon. [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Wedding of Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Sloane Stanley|Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Stanley were married at St. Paul's]], Knightsbridge, by Bourke's uncle the Hon. and Rev. George Bourke. Only family members attended because of &quot;the recent death of a near relative of the bride.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court Circular.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 16 December 1887, Friday: 5 [of 8], Col. 7c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18871216/066/0005.&lt;/ref&gt; Who the &quot;near relative of the bride&quot; was not in her nuclear family, and perhaps that explains the cancellation of the wedding and then the changing of the wedding date and not some problem in the couple.

'''1888 – 1899 January 1''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was &quot;proprietor&quot; of [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#White's|White's Club, St. James's Street]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;&quot;The Hon. Algernon Bourke's Affairs.&quot; ''Eastern Morning News'' 19 October 1899, Thursday: 6 [of 8], Col. 7c [of7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001152/18991019/139/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1888 January 21, Saturday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the wedding of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#Hamilton-Ewart Wedding|Florence Ewart and Henry Hamilton]].

'''1888 March 7, Wednesday''', assuming that this date is not a week after the actual date, [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lady Charles Beresford]] held a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#1888 March 7, Wednesday|notable and well-attended &quot;at home&quot;]] that Gwendolen Bourke attended, reported for being dressed in white and being among the beautiful women present.

'''6 April 1888, Friday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#6 April 1888, Friday|New Forest United Hunt ball at the New Forest Hall, Lyndhurst]].

'''1888 May 2, Wednesday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#The Marchioness of Salisbury's Reception|Marchioness of Salisbury's reception]] at the Salisbury home on Arlington-street.

'''1888 May 22, Tuesday''', the Dowager Countess of Mayo presented Gwendolen Bourke at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#Queen's Drawing Room|Queen's drawing-room]] hosted by the Princess of Wales. This is Gwendolen Bourke's dress:&lt;blockquote&gt;Empire robe de cour of white satin duchesse, lined with rich pink silk, sufficiently bright to give a beautiful shell-like tint through the satin; tulle underdress, with upper skirt, embroidered with pearl, and caught up in Greek folds with large pink Tosca roses; white satin bodice, with Josephine pink sash tied at side, Headdress, veil and plumes; ornaments, diamonds.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Dresses at the Drawing-Room.&quot; ''Epsom Journal'' 22 May 1888, Tuesday: 3 [of 6], Col. 5b–c [of 6]. ''British Newspapers Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004837/18880522/034/0003. Print: title ''Local Journal'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Another description:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke's train was of white satin lined with pink, which showed through with charmingly shell-like effect. The dress, fashioned after those of the Empire period, was of white satin embroidered with pearls. A very broad sash of pink satin made the waist seem quaintly short, a trying thing to any but the young and tall, both of which qualifications Mrs. Bourke most happily possesses. She carried a lovely posy of La France roses.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Gossip on Dress.&quot; ''Boston Spa News'' 25 May 1888, Friday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1b–2b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003395/18880525/014/0002. Print title The News, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 1c)&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1888 June 8, Friday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#Dinner and Dance Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne at Hamilton House|dinner and dance Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne at Hamilton House]] featuring Prince and Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein, and for the ball, the King of Sweden and Norway and the Prince and Princess of Wales and their daughters were present.

'''1888 June 19, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke was one of the principal guests at the wedding of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#19 June 1888, Tuesday|Captain Philip Green and Miss Mabel Emilie Scott]].

'''1888 July 26''', [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Caroline Graham Stirling-Crawford]] (known as Mr. Manton for her horse-breeding and -racing operations) and Marcus Henry Milner married.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;&quot;Hon. Caroline Agnes Horsley-Beresford.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://thepeerage.com/p6863.htm#i68622|title=Person Page|website=thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the ''Nottingham Evening Post'' of 31 July 1888,&lt;blockquote&gt;LONDON GOSSIP.

(From the ''World''.)

The marriage of &quot;Mr. Manton&quot; was the surprise as well the sensation of last week. Although some wise people noticed a certain amount of youthful ardour in the attentions paid by Mr. Marcus Henry Milner to Caroline Duchess of Montrose at '''Mrs. Oppenheim's ball''', nobody was prepared for the sudden ''dénouement''; '''and it''' were not for the accidental and unseen presence [[Social Victorians/People/Mildmay|a well-known musical amateur]] who had received permission to practice on the organ, the ceremony performed at half-past nine on Thursday morning at St. Andrew's, Fulham, by the Rev. Mr. Propert, would possibly have remained a secret for some time to come. Although the evergreen Duchess attains this year the limit of age prescribed the Psalmist, the bridegroom was only born in 1864. Mr. &quot;Harry&quot; Milner (familiarly known in the City as &quot;Millions&quot;) was one of the zealous assistants of that well-known firm of stockbrokers, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys, and Mr. Algernon Bourke, the head of the house (who, of course, takes a fatherly interest in the match) went down to Fulham to give away the Duchess. The ceremony was followed by a ''partie carrée'' luncheon at the Bristol, and the honeymoon began with a visit to the Jockey Club box at Sandown. Mr. Milner and the Duchess of Montrose have now gone to Newmarket. The marriage causes a curious reshuffling of the cards of affinity. Mr. Milner is now the stepfather of the [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Duke of Montrose]], his senior by twelve years; he is also the father-in-law of [[Social Victorians/People/Lady Violet Greville|Lord Greville]], Mr. Murray of Polnaise, and [[Social Victorians/People/Breadalbane|Lord Breadalbane]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1888 December 1st week''', according to &quot;Society Gossip&quot; from the ''World'', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was suffering from malaria, presumably which he caught when he was in South Africa:&lt;blockquote&gt;I am sorry to hear that Mr. Algernon Bourke, who married Miss Sloane-Stanley a short time ago, has been very dangerously ill. Certain complications followed an attack of malarian fever, and last week his mother, the Dowager Lady Mayo, and his brother, Lord Mayo, were hastily summoned to Brighton. Since then a change for the better has taken place, and he is now out of danger.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip. What the ''World'' Says.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 08 December 1888, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18881208/037/0002. Print title: ''The Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper''; print p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1888 December 20, Thursday''', the Sloane-Stanley family, including Gwendolen Bourke, attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#20 December 1888, Thursday|funeral of Hans Sloane Stanley]]. Algernon Bourke did not attend because he was still too ill.

'''1889 January 22, 2:30 p.m., Tuesday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke sent a gift for the [[Social Victorians/Cecil Lambton Wedding 1889 January 22|wedding of Lady Eleanor Lambton and Lord Robert]] Cecil, a pair of antique mirrors.

'''1889 May 18, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#18 May 1889, Saturday|opening of the Italian Opera season at Covent Garden]].

'''1889 May 27, Monday, 11 p.m.''', the dancing commenced at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#The Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace|the Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace]], with both the Hon. Algernon and the Hon. Gwendolen Bourke present.

'''1889 June 8, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke contributed some art he owned to the collection of the Royal Institute of Painters in Water-Colours' [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#8 June 1889, Saturday|exhibition of &quot;the works of the 'English Humourists in Art.'&quot;]]

'''1889 July 2, Tuesday''', Gwendolen and Algernon Bourke sat in the Muriettas' box at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#The Shah at a Covent Garden Opera Performance|gala performance at Covent Garden also attended by the Prince and Princess of Wales, a number of other royals and the Shah]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1889 27 July, Saturday''', Gwendolen and Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#Garden Party Hosted by Mr. and Mrs. Augustus Harris|garden party hosted by Mr. and Mrs. Augustus Harris]], which was attended by a people from the theatre and arts worlds.&lt;p&gt;

'''1889 December 2, Monday''', Gwendolen Bourk's mother, Emilie Sloane-Stanley, married James Shelly Bontein:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

BONTEIN—STANLEY — December 2, at St. George's, Hanover Square, London, by the Rev. G. S. de Sansmarez, James Shelly, only son of the late James Bontein, Gentleman Usher and Clerk of the Robes to the Queen, to Emilie Josephine, widow of Hans Sloane Stanley, of Paultons.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1889 December 17, Tuesday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke gave a gift to [[Dangan-Neville Wedding|Lady Violet Nevill for her wedding to Henry Wellesley, Viscount Dangan]] and so were probably in attendance.

=== 1890s ===
'''1890 January 9, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#The York Hunt Ball|fancy-dress Hunt Ball in York]]. She&lt;blockquote&gt;looked a picture in a Gainsborough gown. The white satin skirt was flounced with sable and veiled with ''chiffon'', the setuage of which was left to show without being hemmed up. There was a broad sash of rose-pink silk and each buttonhole was filled round with crimped lisse.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Our London Letter.&quot; ''Irish Society'' (Dublin) 11 January 1890, Saturday: 17 [of 24], Col. 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001939/18900111/042/0017. Same print title, p. 29.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1890 February''' '''12, Wednesday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Lady Constance Leslie's Reception|Lady Constance Leslie's reception]] at her house in Stratford-place.

'''1890 April 9, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#The New Forest United Hunt Ball|the New Forest United Hunt Ball]].

'''1890 June 3, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the 2:30 p.m. [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Münster-Hay Wedding|wedding of Count Alexander Münster and Lady Muriel Henrietta Constance Hay]]. She is also listed as having attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Dinner and Concert Hosted by Mrs. Arthur Williams and Ball by Mrs. Menzies|ball hosted by Mrs. J. Menzies (daughter of Mrs. Arthur Wilson)]] that Prince Eddie, the Duke of Clarence and Avondale, also attended, that night.  

'''1890 July 4, Friday, 11 p.m.''', the Hon. Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#The Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace|the Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace]]. The dancing commenced shortly after 11:00. 

'''1890 July 15, Tuesday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke were invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Garden Party at Marlborough House to Meet the Queen|garden party at Marlborough House to meet the Queen]]. 

'''1890 July 19, Saturday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Wedding of James Francis Harry St. Clair-Erskine and Violet Aline Vyner|wedding of James Francis Harry St. Clair-Erskine and Violet Aline Vyner]], the two of them giving &quot;four small silver dessert dishes&quot; and Gwendolen giving an &quot;enamel and diamond pin.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marriage of Lord Loughborough with Miss Vyner.&quot; ''Fife Free Press'' 26 July 1890, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1a–2b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001110/18900726/015/0002. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 2b)

'''1890 July 24, Thursday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Dinner and Dance Hosted by Lord Alington|dance hosted by Lord Alington]] attended also by the Prince and Princess of Wales and Princesses Victoria and Maud.

'''1890 September 6, Saturday''', the ''Country Gentleman'' (as it was called at the time) reported that &quot;Muckross, the only deer forest in Ireland, it may be said, has this year been rented by Mr. Algernon Bourke, who will next week be joined there for the stalking season by his brother, Lord Mayo.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Shooting. Moors, Forests, and Fishings.&quot; ''Sporting Gazette'' 06 September 1890, Saturday: 11 [of 38], Col. 1c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002525/18900906/065/0011. Print: ''Country Gentleman'', p. 1251.&lt;/ref&gt; On 11 October 1890 the ''St. James's Gazette'' says,&lt;blockquote&gt;The Earl of Durham has been staying at Muchross, county Kerry, on a visit to the Hon. A. Bourke, who has rented the celebrated shootings and fishings on that estate for the autumn.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Society.&quot; ''St James's Gazette'' 11 October 1890, Saturday: 12 [of 16], Col. 1b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001485/18901011/064/0012. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1890 October 25, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke gave a gold-mounted box to [[Social Victorians/Loder De Vere Beauclerk Wedding|Lady Louise De Vere Beauclerk on her wedding to Gerald Loder, M.P.]], so they were probably present at the wedding, or at least the reception. Mrs. Bontein [sic Bontine], Gwendolen's mother, gave a silver box, suggesting the relationship was through the women.

'''1890 November 29, 11:30 Saturday morning''', Algernon Bourke's gift for the [[Social Victorians/Dudley-Beckwith Wedding 1890-11-29|wedding of the Hon. Francis Dudley and Miss Forbes Beckwith]] was some cases of a Bordeaux wine: &quot;three dozen Cantenac, 1875 vintage.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marriage of Lord Leigh's Heir. Descriptive Sketch of the Ceremony, and Full List of Guests and Presents.&quot; ''Leamington Spa Courier'' 6 December 1890, Saturday: 6 [of 10], Cols. 1a–4a. ''British Newspaper Archive''  https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000319/18901206/021/0006. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 3b}} Gwendolen Bourke is not listed as having been invited to the reception, but this list from the ''Leamington Spa Courier'' has some gaps.

'''1890 December 4, Thursday''', Gwendolen and Algernon Bourke attended the [[Mure-Portal Wedding 1890-12-04|wedding of Miss Mure and Mr. S. J. Portal]]. Their gift is not recorded.

'''1891 January''', Algernon Bourke took party in a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Shooting Party in Kallarnet, Totton|shooting party in Kallarnet, Totton]].

'''1891 June 24, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Dinner and Ball Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne|dinner and ball Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne]] featuring Princess Mary Adelaide, the Duke of Teck, and Princess Victoria.

'''1891 July 9, Thursday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke were invited to a [[Social Victorians/1891-07-09 Garden Party|large Garden Party at Marlborough House]] hosted by the [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]] in honor of Queen Victoria and the German Emperor and Empress. The more than 3,000 people invited also included a number of people from the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|family of the Earl of Mayo]].

'''1891 July 22, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Dinner and Dance at Alington House|dance at the Earl and Countess Alington]]'s that also included the Prince and Princess of Wales.

'''1891 October 22, Thursday''', Hon. and Mrs. Bourke attended at least the reception of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Le Strange Astley Wedding|Le Strange—Astley Wedding]], although perhaps the couple is not the Algernon Bourkes.

'''1891 November 22, Sunday''', the London ''Weekly Dispatch'' reports a performance by American &quot;Lady Magnet&quot; Mrs. Abbott, who claimed to be able to lift anybody using only her magnetic properties. An enthusiastic &quot;committee of some fifteen gentlemen presented a written and signed testimonial&quot; supporting Mrs. Abbott, &quot;the Hon. Algernon Bourke, Professor Atkinson, Dr. Hides, and three other doctors who prefer to remain incog., being among the signatories. All the medical gentlemen concerned assured the ''Evening News and Post'' reporter of their complete and unconditional surrender. One of them went so far as to say that he had come with the full determination of disbelieving, but had been quite able to act up to his resolve.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Lady Magnet. Draws Crowds of People Who Divide in Opinion about Her.&quot; ''Weekly Dispatch'' (London) 22 November 1891, Sunday: 16 [of 16], Cols. 3a–4b [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003358/18911122/203/0016. Print: same title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1892''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke privately published his ''The History of White's'', the exclusive gentleman's club.

'''1892 January 27, Saturday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended the very fashionable [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892#The Wedding of Lord Henry Cavendish Bentinck, M.P., and Lady Olivia Taylour|wedding of Lord Henry Cavendish Bentinck, M.P., and Lady Olivia Taylour]]. Their gift was not noted in the list.

'''1892 February''' '''10, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1892-02-10 Alington Leigh Wedding|very fashionable wedding of Henry, Lord Alington and Evelyn Henriette Leigh]] [[Social Victorians/1892-02-10 Alington Leigh Wedding|in St. Paul's, Knightsbridge]]

'''1892 April''' '''10, Wednesday, about 2:30 p.m.''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/1892-02-10 Alington Leigh Wedding|the very fashionable wedding between Henry Sturt, Lord Alington and Evelyn Leigh]]. Her gift was a &quot;tortoiseshell and gold heart-shaped tray.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;&quot;Lord Alington to Miss Leigh.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 20 February 1892, Saturday: 21 [of 46], Cols. 1a–3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18920220/092/0021. Same print title, p. 237.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 3a) 

'''1892 June 25, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird&quot; says &quot;That pretty Mrs. Algernon Bourke has been staying here, but returned to England in time for Ascot.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Little Bird, The. &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 25 June 1892, Saturday: 32 [of 60], Col. 3b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18920625/157/0032. Same print title, p. 860.&lt;/ref&gt; 

'''1892 December 13, Tuesday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' says Gwendolen Bourke is lovely in its coverage of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892#Wedding of Miss Eleanor M. Ewart and Captain Guy Withington|Eleanor M. Ewart and Captain Guy Withington's wedding]]. 

'''1892 December 22, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892#22 December 1892, Thursday|monthly meeting of the Zoological Society in Hanover-square]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 February 11, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke opened Willis's Restaurant:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Algernon Bourke has in his time done many things, and has generally done them well. His recently published history of White's Club is now a standard work. White's Club itself was a few years ago in its agony when Mr. Bourke stepped in and gave it a renewed lease of life. Under Mr. Bourke's auspices &quot;Willis's Restaurant&quot; opened its doors to the public on Tuesday last in a portion of the premises formerly so well known as Willis's Rooms. This new venture is to rival the Amphitryon in the matter of cuisine and wines; but it is not, like the Amphitryon, a club, but open to the public generally. Besides the restaurant proper, there are several ''cabinets particuliers'', and these are decorated with the very best of taste, and contain some fine portraits of the Georges.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marmaduke.&quot; &quot;Letter from the Linkman.&quot; ''Truth'' 20 April 1893, Thursday: 25 [of 56], Col. 1a [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18930420/075/0025# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18930420/075/0025]. Print p. 855.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1893 February 7, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#1893 February 7, Tuesday|the reception after Lady Emily Cadogan's wedding]].

'''1893 February 20, Monday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke is listed as having attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace|Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace]] held by the Prince of Wales; because wives generally are not listed, it seems likely Gwendolen Bourke attended as well.

'''1893 February 28, Tuesday, 3:00 p.m.''', Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Queens Drawing Room 1893-02-28|Queen's Drawing Room at Buckingham Palace]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 March 22, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#22 March 1893, Wednesday|Lady Wimborne's reception]].

'''1893 April 1, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke published a letter to the editor of the ''Times'', reprinted in the ''Kildare Observer'', arguing against Gladstone's Home Rule bill on the grounds that Ireland would not be able to take out a loan on its own behalf because of its obligations to the U.K., including what was called its share of the national debt.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Irish Unionist Alliance.&quot; ''Kildare Observer and Eastern Counties Advertiser'' 01 April 1893, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001870/18930401/062/0006. Print: The ''Kildare Observer'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1893 May 13, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was seen at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#13 May 1893, Saturday|exhibitions of art and furniture for sale by Christie's and on display by Lord Clifden]].

'''1893 July 13, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#The Countess of Listowel's Garden Party|Countess of Listowel's Garden Party]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#The Countess of Listowel's Garden Party|at her residence, Kingston House, Princes-gate]], accompanied by Miss Adeane.

'''1893 July 14, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Sandown Races 1893-07-14|the races at Sandown]] wearing a dark-blue-and-white outfit and black hat that got described in the newspaper.

'''1893 August 1, Tuesday – August 4, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke, at least, was at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#1 August 1893, Tuesday – 4 August 1893, Friday|the Goodwood races]], mentioned in the ''Gentlewoman'' for her beauty, although none of the dresses were noted.

'''1893 November 4–11, Wednesday–Saturday''', Gwendolen Bourke was at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#Ralph and Mary Sneyd Hosted a Shooting Party|shooting party at Keele Hall hosted by Ralph and Mary Sneyd]].

'''1893 November 30, Thursday''', with Sir Walter Gilbey the Hon. Algernon Bourke &quot;assisted&quot; in &quot;forming [a] collection&quot; of engravings by George Morland that was exhibited at Messrs. J. and W. Vokins’s, Great Portland-street.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The George Morland Exhibition at Vokins's.&quot; ''Sporting Life'' 30 November 1893, Thursday: 4 [of 4], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000893/18931130/058/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1893 December 14, Thursday, afternoon''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1893-12-14 Wedding Adele Grant and George, 7th Earl of Essex|wedding of American Adele Grant and George, 7th Earl of Essex]] and gave a &quot;pearl and gold box.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;&quot;Wedding of the Earl of Essex.&quot; ''Herts Advertiser'' 16 December 1893, Saturday; 8 [of 8], Col. 1a–4b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000415/18931216/125/0008. Print title: ''The Herts Advertiser and St Albans Times'', p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 3c}} Mr. and Mrs. Shelley Bontein also attended, and Mrs. Bontein gave a &quot;green leather bag and purse, with coronet and monogram in gold.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;{{rp|3b}}

'''1894 January 27, Saturday''', Psyche in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; in the ''Gentlewoman'' reported on a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#27 January 1894, Saturday|ball hosted by Lord and Lady Dunraven at Adare Manor]] that Gwendolen Bourke attended.

'''1894 January 31, Wednesday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke, who was dressed more stylishly than most, attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Also 31 January 1894, Wednesday|Kildare Hunt Ball]] hosted by Dermot, [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] and Geraldine, Countess of Mayo.

'''1894 February 24, Saturday''', ''The Field'' reported on a series of tennis matches; Algernon Bourke attended the one played at the Prince's Club.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Tennis.&quot; ''Field'' 24 February 1894, Saturday: 39 [of 72], Col. 1c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002446/18940224/349/0039. Print title ''The Field, The Country Gentleman's Newspaper'', p. 249.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1894 March 31, Saturday''', Psyche, in the &quot;Social Peepshow&quot; column in the ''Gentlewoman'', says that &quot;Mr. Algernon Bourke has still further embellished Willis's restaurant hard by [the St. James's Theatre], by the addition of some valuable old tapestry that lately came to the hammer at Christie's.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 31 March 1894, Saturday: 16 [of 56], Col. 2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18940331/081/0016. Same print title, p. 408.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1894 April 13, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke set sail on the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#P. and O. Line S.S. Rome for Gibraltar|P. and O. Line ''S.S. Rome'' for Gibraltar]] along with her stepfather, Mr. Shelley Bontein, and her brother, Mr. Sloane Stanley.

'''31 May 1894, Thursday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Reception at Devonshire House|Duchess of Devonshire's reception at Devonshire House]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 June 18, Monday''', the London ''Echo'' reported that Algernon Bourke was [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Brooks'|writing a history of Brooks' Club]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 June 20, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Princess Louise, Marchioness of Lorne Opened the Annual Sale of the Scottish Home Industries|Annual Sale of the Scottish Home Industries]]; her outfit was described in the article in ''Lady's Pictorial''.

'''1894 August 2, Thursday''', the column &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird&quot; says, &quot;At Willis' [restaurant] — 'What a smart cotillon Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave on Thursday evening.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Bird, The Little. &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 04 August 1894, Saturday: 30 [of 56], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18940804/148/0030. Print title same, p. 144.&lt;/ref&gt; Willis's Restaurant, King-street, St. James's, was a restaurant Algernon Bourke opened in 1893.&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 September 7, Saturday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke were at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#7 September 1894, Saturday|shooting party at Witley]], which had been loaned to one of his brothers by William Ward, 2nd Earl of Dudley.&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 October 22, Thursday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Wedding of Lord Connemara and Mrs. Coleman|luncheon after the wedding of Lord Connemara and Mrs. Coleman]].

'''1894 November 3, Saturday''', Psyche, in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; for the Gentlewoman, reported that Gwendolen Bourke had been [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#3 November 1894, Saturday|seen shopping in London]].

'''1895 January 5, Saturday, 2:00 p.m.''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke gave an old mother-of-pearl workbox to [[Wolverton-Ward Wedding 1895-01-05|Lady Edith Ward for her wedding to Frederick Glyn, Lord Wolverton]] and presumably attended the wedding and reception afterwards.&lt;p&gt;

'''1895 February 23, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#23 February 1895, Saturday|fashionable wedding of Laurence Currie and Edith Sibyl Mary Finch]]. Gwendolen Bourke is not listed as having attended, but she is not noted as absent, either. Daphne Bourke was born on 5 April 1895, probably explaining Gwendolen's absence.

'''1895 March 24, Sunday – 30 March, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#24, Sunday – 30 March 1895, Saturday|enjoying the sunny weather in Brighton]].

'''1895 April 27, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#1895 April 27, Saturday|wedding of Norah Bourke and Henry E. A. Lindsay]]. Again, Gwendolen Bourke is not listed as having attended. Daphne Bourke was born on 5 April 1895, and Psyche, writing the &quot;Social Peepshow&quot; column in the Gentlewoman, says,&lt;blockquote&gt;

I regret to hear of the serious illness of Mrs. Algernon Bourke, whose first child was born a fortnight ago. It is feared that the attack is of the nature of typhoid, but happily the patient's strength keeps up. Mrs. Bourke is at her mother's house in Clarges-street.&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 27 April 1895, Saturday: 28 [of 84], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18950427/147/0028. Same print title, p. 506.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1895 July 13, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke donated 10s. to the ''Daily Telegraph'' National Shilling Testimonial to W. G. Grace.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;''Daily Telegraph'' National Shilling Testimonial to W. G. Grace.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London) 13 July 1895, Saturday: 7 [of 12], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/18950713/079/0007. Print: ''Daily Telegraph'', p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1895 August 24, Saturday''', &quot;Marmaduke&quot; in the ''Graphic'' says that Algernon Bourke &quot;opened a cyclists' club in Chelsea.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marmaduke.&quot; &quot;Court and Club.&quot; The ''Graphic'' 24 August 1895, Saturday: 11 [of 32], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9000057/18950824/017/0011. Print p. 223.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1895 October''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#24 October 1902, Friday|opened the Prince's ice-skating rink for the]] season.if the newspapers were right that 1902 was the 7th season. He also was planning a bicycling club for Kensington Gardens to open the following season.&lt;ref&gt;Mackenzie, Ethel Morell (Miss). &quot;Pins and Needles.&quot; ''Hull Daily News'' 12 October 1895, Saturday: 24 [of 40], Col. 1a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003443/18951012/024/0024. Print title: ''Hull News Supplement'', p. 1[6? 8?].&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1895 October 7, Monday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#Adeane-Cator Wedding|Maud Adeane–John Cator wedding]].

'''1895 December 11, Wednesday''', Gwendolen and Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#Sneyd Party to Meet the Duke of Coburg|shooting party at the Sneyds' to meet the Duke of Coburg]].

'''1895 December 18, Wednesday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#Wedding of Lady Albreda Fitzwilliam and the Hon. Charles Bourke|wedding of Lady Albreda Fitzwilliam and the Hon. Charles Bourke]]. Their gift is not noted in the newspaper account.

'''1896 March 17, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#17 March 1896, Tuesday|annual dinner of the Cymmrodorion, or the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion]], a society for Welsh culture and history.

'''1896 April 21, Monday''', Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke sent a gift — a &quot;box for miniature&quot; — for [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Monday, 1896 April 27|the wedding of Lady Angela St. Clair Erskine and James Stewart Forbes]].

'''1896 May 21, Thursday''', the Hon. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Mrs. C. H. Wilson's Ball|Mrs. C. H. Wilson's ball in Grosvenor-square, London]].

'''1896 May 26, Tuesday,  through 28 May, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Coming of Age of Mr Sloane Stanley|3-day celebration in honor of the coming of age of her brother, Cyril Sloane Stanley]].

'''1896 June 15, Monday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Dinner and Dance Hosted by the Countess of Huntingdon|dance hosted by the Earl and Countess of Huntingdon]] after their dinner party.

'''1896 July 13, Monday''', Algernon Bourke (listed among the &quot;Honourables&quot;) and Mrs. A. Bourke (Listed among the &quot;Honourable Ladies&quot;) were invited to the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Queen's Garden Party at Buckingham Palace|Queen's Garden Party at Buckingham Palace]].

'''1896 June 29, Monday''', the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Cadogan-Scott Wedding 1896-06-29|wedding and reception of Lady Sophie Cadogan and Sir Samuel Scott]]. Algernon Bourke published a letter to the editor of the ''Daily Telegraph'' about White's Club — and thus Bourke's — &quot;[[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Summer Club|Summer Club]]&quot; in Kensington Park, the subject of a little controversy.

'''1896 July 21, Tuesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Dinner Hosted by Sir Horace and Lady Farquhar|dinner hosted by Sir Horace and Lady Farquhar in Grosvenor-square]].

'''1896 August 5, Wednesday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#5 August 1896|wedding of the Hon. Terence Bourke and Miss Eveline Haines]] and gave the bride an &quot;enamel muff chain.&quot;&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 August 10, Monday''', the Morning Leader reported that the Hon. Algernon Bourke, for the Foreign Office, received Li Hung Chang at St. Paul's:&lt;blockquote&gt;At St. Paul's Li Hung was received by Field-Marshal Simmons, Colonel Lane, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, of the Foreign Office (who made the necessary arrangements for the visit) and Canon Newbolt, on behalf of the Dean and Chapter. A crowd greeted Li with a cheer as he drove up in Lord Lonsdale’s striking equipage, and his Excellency was carried up the steps in an invalid chair by two stalwart constables. He walked through the centre door with his suite, and was immediately conducted by Canon Newbolt to General Gordon’s tomb in the north aisle, where a detachment of boys from the Gordon Home received him as a guard of honor.

Li inspected the monument with marked interest, and drew the attention of his suite to the remarkable likeness to the dead hero. He laid a handsome wreath of royal purple asters, lilies, maidenhair fern, and laurel, tied with a broad band of purple silk, on the tomb.

The visit was not one of inspection of the building, but on passing the middle aisle the interpreter called the attention of His Excellency to the exquisite architecture and decoration of the chancel. Li shook hands in hearty English fashion with Canon Newbolt and the other gentlemen who had received him, and, assisted by his two sons, walked down the steps to his carriage. He returned with his suite to Carlton House-terrace by way of St. Paul’s Churchyard, Cannon-st., Queen Victoria-st., and the Embankment.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;At St. Paul's.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 10 August 1896, Monday: 7 [of 12], Col. 2b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18960810/134/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 August 19, Wednesday''', the ''Edinburgh Evening News'' reported on the catering that White's Club and Mr Algernon Bourke arranged for the visiting Li Hung Chang:&lt;blockquote&gt;It is probably not generally known (says the &quot;Chef&quot;) that Mr Algernon Bourke, manager of White's Club, London, has undertaken to the whole of the catering for our illustrious visitor front the Flowery Land. Li Hung Chang has five native cooks in his retinue, and the greatest good fellowship exists between them and their English ''confreres'', although considerable difficulty is experienced in conversation in understanding one another's meaning. There are between 40 and and 50 to cater for daily, besides a staff about 30; that Mr Lemaire finds his time fully occupied. The dishes for his Excellency are varied and miscellaneous, and from 14 to 20 courses are served at each meal. The bills of fare contain such items as bird's-nest soup, pigs' kidneys stewed in cream, boiled ducks and green ginger, sharks' fins, shrimps and prawns stewed with leeks and muscatel grapes, fat pork saute with peas and kidney beans. The meal usually winds with fruit and sponge cake, and freshly-picked green tea as liqueur.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Li Hung Chang's Diet.&quot; ''Edinburgh Evening News'' 19 August 1896, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 8b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000452/18960819/057/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 November 6, Friday''', both Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke were on the committee for the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Skating Club|Prince's Club ice-skating rink]], which [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Opening of the Prince's Club Skating Rink|opened on this day]].

'''1896 November 22, week of''', Mrs. Algernon Bourke was part of a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Shooting Party at the Charles Wilsons' Warter Priory, Yorkshire|shooting party at the Charles Wilsons' Warter Priory, Yorkshire]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 November 25, Wednesday''', Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bouke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Lord and Lady Burton Hosted a Party for Derby Day|Lord and Lady Burton's party for Derby Day]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 December 4, Friday''', the Orleans Club at Brighton was robbed:&lt;blockquote&gt;The old building of the Orleans Club at Brighton, which opens its new club house at 33, Brunswick-terrace to-day, was the scene of a very ingenious burglary during the small hours of yesterday morning. The greater portion of the club property had already been removed to the new premises, but Mr Algernon Bourke, his private secretary, and some of the officials of the club, still occupied bed-rooms at the house in the King’s-road. The corner shop of the street front is occupied by Mr. Marx, a jeweller in a large way of business, and upon his manager arriving at nine o'clock he discovered that the place had been entered through hole in the ceiling, and a great part of a very valuable stock of jewelry extracted. An examination of the morning rooms of the club, which runs over Mr. Marx's establishment reveal a singularly neat  specimen of the burglar's art. A piece of the flooring about 15in square had been removed by a series of holes bored side by side with a centre-bit, at a spot where access to the lofty shop was rendered easy by a tall showcase which stood convemently near. A massive iron girder had been avoided by a quarter of an inch, and this circumstance and the general finish of the operation point to an artist in his profession, who had acquired an intimate knowledge of the premises. The club doors were all found locked yesterday morning, and the means of egress adopted by the thief are at present a mystery.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Burglary at Brighton.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London) 05 December 1896, Saturday: 5 [of 12], Col. 7a [of 7]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/18961205/090/0005. Print title: ''Daily Telegraph''; p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 December 10, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke was present to help staff a stall at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#10 December 1896, Thursday|Irish Industries Exhibition and Sale, Brighton]].

'''1896 December 31, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke hosted a New Year's Eve dance:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave a highly satisfactory and enjoyable dance on Thursday night, when the old year was danced out and the new one danced in. Most of the silver gilters at present in to len were to the fore.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Man about Town.&quot; ''Sporting Gazette'' 02 January 1897, Saturday: 7 [of 34], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002525/18970102/041/0007. Print title ''The County Gentleman'', p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 January 9, Saturday''', Psyche in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; says that Algernon Bourke's &quot;cheerful countenance was quite in keeping with the [Christmas] season,&quot; seen in London.&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 9 January 1897, Saturday: 22 [of 56], Col. 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970109/097/0022. Same print title, p. 40.&lt;/ref&gt; 

'''1897 January 13, Wednesday – 18, Monday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke were guests of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Warwickshire Hunt Club Ball|house party associated with the Warwickshire Hunt Ball]] at [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Warwick Castle]].

'''1897 January 30, Saturday''', Gwendolen Bourke was reported to have been out shopping in London: &quot;Another charming figure was that of Mrs. Algernon Bourke all in chinchilla, with something of pale blue in a smart toque.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 30 January 1897, Saturday: 20 [of 59]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970130/107/0020. Same print title, p. 134.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 May 31, Monday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke were present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#House Party at Warwick Castle|House Party at Warwick Castle]] hosted by the Earl and Countess of Warwick.

'''1897 June 2, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Reception at the Foreign Office|reception at the Foreign Office]].

'''1897 June 12, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' reported on Gwendolen Bourke's dress and hat at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Duchess of Albany's Bazaar at the Imperial Institute|Duchess of Albany's Bazaar at the Imperial Institute]]. 

'''1897 June 19, Saturday''', Psyche in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; column in the ''Gentlewoman'' writes that Gwendolen Bourke was seen driving in London, &quot;in blue, ... looking as usual very handsome.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 19 June 1897, Saturday: 28 [of 108], Col. 2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970619/159/0028. Same print title, p. 848.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 June 28, Monday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke were invited to the [[Social Victorians/Diamond Jubilee Garden Party|Garden Party at Buckingham Palace]], the final official event of the London Diamond Jubilee celebrations. Members of the family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] were also among the 5,000–6,000 people invited.

'''1897 July 2, Friday''', the Hon. A. and Mrs. A. Bourke and Mr. and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] at Devonshire House.

'''1897 July 8, Thursday, 11:00 p.m.''', Hon. Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke were present at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace|the Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace]]. The dancing commenced shortly after 11:00 p.m.

'''1897 July 11–16, week of''', a dog of Gwendolen Bourke's won a prize at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Ladies' Kennel Association show in the Royal Botanic Gardens in Regent's Park|Ladies' Kennel Association show in the Royal Botanic Gardens in Regent's Park]]. 

'''1897 July 23, Friday''', both the Hon. Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Bourke-Curzon Cricket Match at the Queen's Club|Bourke-Curzon cricket match at the Queen's Club]], which Algernon Bourke's team lost. 

'''1897 July 23 — or July 30, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Lady Burton's party at Chesterfield House|Lady Burton's party at Chesterfield House]]. &lt;blockquote&gt;Far the prettiest women in the room were Lady Henry Bentinck (who looked perfectly lovely in pale yellow, with a Iong blue sash; and Mrs. Algernon Bourke, who was as smart as possible in pink, with pink and white ruchings on her sleeves and a tall pink feather in her hair.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lady Burton's Party at Chesterfield House.&quot; ''Belper &amp; Alfreton Chronicle'' 30 July 1897, Friday: 7 [of 8], Col. 1c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004151/18970730/162/0007. Print title: ''Belper and Alfreton Chronicle''; n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 August 2, Monday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Warwick House Party for the Easton Lodge Cricket Week Games|Earl and Countess of Warwick's house party for Easton Lodge cricket week]].

'''1897 August 2, Monday''', Mrs. Algernon Bourke was listed as among [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Most Beautiful Women in England|the most beautiful women in England]] in an article from ''Vanity Fair'' that was reprinted elsewhere.

'''1897 September 25, Saturday''', according to the ''Pall Mall Gazette'',&lt;blockquote&gt;The [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Dowager-Countess of Mayo]] is staying with her son, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, at Bramnber, near Brighton.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pall Mall Gazette Office.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 25 September 1897, Saturday: 8 [of 10], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18970925/023/0008. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1897 October 2, Saturday''', &quot;Yenatrix&quot; in &quot;Kennel Column&quot; in the ''Gentlewoman'' reported that Gwendolen Bourke had joined the Ladies' Kennel Association.&lt;ref&gt;Yenatrix. &quot;Kennel Column.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 02 October 1897, Saturday: 39 [of 61], Col. 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18971002/182/0039. Same print title, p. 434.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 October 9, Saturday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke were at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Harrogate|Harrogate, presumably taking the waters and baths]]. Lady May was on her way to visit Algernon Bourke in Brighton:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Earl of Mayo is expected to return from Sweden on Saturday next. Lady Mayo leaves Bournemouth on Sarurday for Brighton, where she will pay a two days' visit to her brother-in-law, the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]]. The Earl and Countess will then return to Palmerstown, their seat in County Kildare.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pall Mall Gazette Office.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 7 October 1897, Thursday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18971007/022/0008. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1897 October 30, Saturday''', ''Black and White'' published '''J.P.B.'''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s &quot;The Case of Mrs. Elliott,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;J.P.B. &quot;The Case of Mrs. Elliott.&quot; ''Black &amp; White'' 30 October 1897, Saturday: 12 [of 34], Cols. 1a–2b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004617/18971030/036/0012. Print title ''Black and White'', p. 542.&lt;/ref&gt; an odd short short story in which the Honourable Algernon Bourke Herriott is &quot;rude to Mrs. Elliott,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2b}} presumably having proposed sexual relations while her husband is out. J.P.B. links to the biographical Algernon Bourke's career in the stock market in the description of Mrs. Christine Elliott not even simulating interest in her husband's bicycling: &quot;a soul is a grievous burthen for a stockbroker's wife,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2a}} suggesting that Mr. Elliott rather than Algernon Bourke Herriott is the stockbroker. The Hon. Algy&lt;blockquote&gt;was a senior member of several junior clubs. A woman had dubbed him once &quot;a rip with a taste for verses.&quot; The description was severe, but not unwarranted. His was a pretty pagan sensualism, though, singing from a wine palate to Church music. For the rest, he had just imagination enough to despise mediocrity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2a}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 November 25–26, Thursday–Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke was in Brighton, helping the Countess of Mayo at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Irish Industries' Association Annual Exhibition|bazaar of the Irish Industries' Association]].

'''1897 December 7, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#7 December 1897, Tuesday|7th annual dinner for the Actors' Benevolent Fund]].

'''1897 December 30''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Blenheim Palace Party with Amateur Theatricals|party at Blenheim Palace in which people performed tableaux vivants]] that got reported on, many of whom wearing the costumes from the Duchess of Devonshire's ball. The ''Irish Independent'' said Algernon Bourke was &quot;mainly responsible for the living pictures.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr Algernon Bourke ....&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 05 January 1898, Wednesday: 6 [of 8], Col. 2c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001985/18980105/115/0006.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1898''', Algernon Bourke called a meeting at White's Club about attempting to [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Thames Salmon Experiment|restock the Thames with salmon]]. In 1899 he was on a [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#Committees|committee led by the Lord Mayor about this topic]] as well.

'''1898 February 3, Thursday''',  Algernon Bourke was among [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#The Dundee Evening Telegraph Report on People at Monte Carlo|those visiting Monte Carlo according to the Dundee ''Evening Telegraph'']].

'''1898 March 12, Saturday''', ''The World'' reported on Algernon Bourke's upgrading of the Orleans Club at Brighton:&lt;blockquote&gt;

The Orleans Club at Brighton is flourishing exceedingly, and the new buildings which Mr. Algernon Bourke has just had erected at the back of the comfortable mansion at the corner of Lansdowne-place now provide all that was wanting to make the present habitat of the club all that its members desire. The new billiard-room is rapidly approaching completion, and the coffee-room, excellent and spacious now, was open on Saturday night, when every table was occupied by club diners and their guests, all of whom were enthusiastic over the excellence of this latest addition to the comfort of the house. All interested may be congratulated on what is practically new lease of life to the Orleans Club, than which there is no more comfortable place stay within the four seas.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From '''The World''.'&quot; ''East &amp; South Devon Advertiser'' 12 March 1898, Saturday: 6 pop 8], Col. 2b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001639/18980312/132/0006. Print title ''The East and South Devon Advertiser'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1898 March 30, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke was charged with assaulting a Mr. Potter, but it is not clear from this account what exactly happened:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Hon. Algernon H. Bourke, of Bramber, was summoned, at the instance of Mr. Walter John Potter, clerk to Mr. G. A. Flowers, solicitor, of Steyning, for assault, on the 30th March. — Mr. J. Edward Dell supported the case, and Mr. J. C. Buckwell defended, and pleaded not guilty. — The evidence was to the effect that Mr. Potter had occasion go to defendant's house on Wednesday last to serve a writ. He was going to drop the letter into [Col. 5c–6a] defendant's pocket when he turned and struck him a violent blow on the chest, making witness stagger backwards. Witness put up his hands to keep his balance, and defendant then struck him violently across the head with a weeding spud. — Richard Reed, who was at work for Mr. Bourke on the date named, and was working in garden at the time of the alleged assault, gave corroborative evidence. — Defendant, in the witness box, made a similar statement. — The magistrates differed as to whether the assault was committed, and dismissed the case.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Steyning.&quot; ''Sussex Express'' 9 April 1898, Saturday: 2 [of 12], Col. 5c–6a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000654/18980409/036/0002. Print: ''The Sussex Express, Surrey Standard, Weald of the Kent Mail, Hants and County Advertiser'', p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1898 April 12, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was among [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#1898 April 12, Tuesday|those visiting Monte Carlo according to the ''Gentlewoman'']].

'''1898 May 25, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke wore pink to [[Social Victorians/1898-05-25 Savoy Dinner Dance Hwfa|Mrs. Hwfa Williams' dinner-dance at the Savoy]].

'''1898 June 7, Tuesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. A. Bourke were invited to and probably attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#7 June 1898, Tuesday|State Ball at Buckingham Palace hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales]].

'''1898 July 4, Thursday afternoon''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke were invited to and probably attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#Garden Party at Marlborough House|Garden Party at Marlborough House given to the Queen and Shah of Persia]].

'''1898 October 29, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#Tennis Championship Game at Prince's Club, Knightsbridge|tennis match at Prince's Club, Knightsbridge]].

'''1898 November 22, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#Shooting Party Hosted by William James|shooting party hosted by Mr. William James]].

'''1898 December 3, Saturday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. A. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#The Funeral of Lady Connemara|funeral of Lady Connemara in Christ Church]], Down street, Piccadilly.&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 January 10, Tuesday''', the Brighton Championship Dog Show opened:&lt;blockquote&gt;Princess of Wales a Winner at the Ladies’ Kennel Club Show.

[Exclusive to &quot;The Leader.&quot;)

The Brighton Championship Dog Show opened in the Dome and Corn Exchange yesterday, and was very well patronised by visitors and exhibitors. Among the latter was H.R.H. the Princess of Wales, who did very well; and others included Princess Sophie Duleep Singh, Countess De Grey, Sir Edgar Boehm, the Hon Mrs. Algernon Bourke, Lady Cathcart, Lady Reid, Mr. Shirley (chairman of the Kennel Club), and the Rev. Hans Hamiiton (president of the Kennel Club).

The entry of bloodhounds is one of the best seen for some time; the Great Danes are another strong lot; deerhounds are a fine entry, all good dogs, and most of the best kennels represented; borzois are another very stylish lot. The bigger dogs are, as usual, in the Corn Exchange and the &quot;toy&quot; dogs in the Dome. To everyone's satsfaction the Princess of Wales carried off two first prizes with Alex in the borzois class.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Dogs at Brighton.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 11 January 1899, Wednesday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18990111/142/0008. Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 January 11, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#11 January 1899, Wednesday|a luncheon at Stanfield-hall, home of Mr. and Mrs. Basil Montogomery, for Princess Henry of Battenberg]], that also included the Countess of Dudley (sister of Mrs. Montgomery), General Oliphant, and the Mayor and Mayoress of Romsey.

'''1899 January 17–18, Tuesday and Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Ladies' Kennel Association in Brighton|Ladies' Kennel Association in Brighton]], where she showed an Italian greyhound named Brenda.

'''1899 February 7, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke was a member of the very high-ranking committee organizing the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Gordon Memorial College Ball|Gordon Memorial College Ball at the Hotel Cecil on 7 February 1899]]. The committee had been planning for the ball, of course, for at least 3 weeks before.

'''1899 February 22, Wednesday – April''', Gwendolen Bourke was part of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Society in St. Moritz|Society in St. Moritz]]. 1899 March 29, Wednesday, the ''Dundee Advertiser'' says that [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#29 March 1899, Wednesday|Cyril Sloane-Stanley was spending part of the winter in St. Moritz]] with his sister Gwendolen Bourke.

'''1899 April 7, Friday, probably''', oddly, Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke are not reported to have attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Funeral of the Hon. Charles Bourke, C.B.|Funeral of the Hon. Charles Bourke, C.B.]] or even to have sent flowers.

'''1899 April 8, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' reported that Gwendolen Bourke had gone to [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#8 April 1899, Saturday|St. Moritz with her brother, Mr. Stanley, who had gotten engaged to Lady Cairns]].

'''1899 April 26, Wednesday''', according to &quot;Local and District News&quot; for Totton, Gwendolen Bourke was &quot;ill with influenza in Paris, and Mrs. Shelley Bontein, her mother, has gone out to nurse her.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Local and District News. Totton.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 26 April 1899, Wednesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 2b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18990426/037/0004. Print title ''Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1899 June 1, Thursday, or 2, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Wedding of Roger Cyril Sloane Stanley and Olivia, Countess Cairns|wedding of her brother, Sloane Stanley and Olivia Countess Cairns]] at Holy Trinity Church, Brompton.

'''1899 June 8, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke's money troubles:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Hon. Algernon Bourke, son of the Earl of Mayo, has been appearing before the official receivers in connection with a winding-up order made against Willis’ Restaurant, Limited. The companyf [sic] was formed to acquire the well known restaurant from the Hon. H. A. Bourke. The chairman reminded the creditors that on the last occasion the meeting was adjourned because Mr. Bourke said he thought he would be able in the course of a fortnight to obtain an offer for a sum sufficient to satisfy the creditors and debenture holders. He had received a letter from Mr. Bourke to the effect that he had been unable to complete arrangements. Having looked into the affairs of the company more closely, it appeared to him that Mr. Bourke was legally liable to repay the sum of £5,000 which was advanced to White's Club, and the question would arise whether Mr. Bourke was not also liable to repay the sum of £4,000.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr. Bourke Must Pay.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 8 June 1899, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 8c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001985/18990608/118/0004. Print title: ''The Irish Weekly Independent'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1899 July 1, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#1 July 1899, Saturday|meeting in London at the Duke of Westminster's Grosvenor House]] about preserving Killarney as part of the National Trust and seems to have been acting for someone who wanted to purchase the Muckross Estate.

'''1899 July 5, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Dinner and Dance at Devonshire House|dance at Devonshire House hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire]].

'''1899 July 6, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Joan Wilson and Guy Fairfax's Wedding|wedding of Joan Wilson and Guy Fairfax in St. Mark's, near Grosvenor Square]].

'''1899 July 14, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#14 July 1899, Friday|Ernest Beckett's dinner party]].

'''1899 July 18, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Ludovici Lecture on Impressionism|lecture on Impressionism by Ludovici hosted by the Countess of Mayo]].

'''1899 July 28, Friday''', [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#White's|White's Club]] was no longer under Algernon Bourke's management and was reconstituting itself after the possibility that it would have to close.

'''1889 July 31, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#Fete of the Uxbridge Habitation of the Primrose League|Fete of the Uxbridge Habitation of the Primrose League]] at Hillingdon Court and hosted by the Hon. Algernon and Lady Mary Mills.

'''1899 September 9, Saturday''', the ''Eastern Morning News'' includes Algernon Bourke (&quot;St. James's-street, London, club proprietor&quot;) in a list of men &quot;Receiving Orders,&quot; which it is reprinting from the ''London Gazette''.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Receiving Orders.&quot; ''Eastern Morning'' News 9 September 1899, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 3c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001152/18990909/074/0005. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 October 19, Thursday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke had a bankruptcy hearing:&lt;blockquote&gt;The public examination of the Hon. Algernon Bourke was held before Mr Registrar Giffard yesterday, at the London Bankruptcy Court. The debtor, described as proprietor of a St. James's-street club, furnished a statement of affairs showing unsecured debts £13,694 and debts fully secured £12,800, with assets which are estimated at £4,489 [?]. He stated, in reply to the Official Receiver, that he was formerly a member of the Stock Exchange, but had nothing to do with the firm of which he was a member during the last ten years. He severed his connection with the firm in May last, and believed he was indebted to them to the extent of £2,000 or £3,000. He repudiated a claim which they now made for £37,300. In 1889 he became proprietor of White's Club, St. James's-street, and carried it on until January 1st last, when he transferred it to a company called Recreations, Limited. One of the objects of the company was to raise money on debentures. The examination was formally adjourned.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 October 20, Friday''', the ''Morning Leader'' mentions Bourke's bankruptcy:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Algernon Bourke, whose bankruptcy is much talked about, has been connected with numerous enterprises in clubland. He raised White's from the slough into which it had sunk after the secession of the Prince of Wales. He started the Willis Restaurant, put fresh life into the Orleans Club at Brighton, arranged a big restaurant for the bicyclists in the time of the bicycle parade, and was concerned at first in the smart and short-lived Trafalgar Bicycle Club. At one time his name spelt success. Latterly his luck has left him. He is a brother of Lord Mayo, a son of the peer who was assassinated at the post of duty, and is one of the best known men about town of the day.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Club, Stage, and Salon.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 20 October 1899, Friday: 6 [of 12], Col. 5b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18991020/085/0006. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1899 November 8, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke's bankruptcy case came up again:&lt;blockquote&gt;At Bankruptcy Court, yesterday, the case the Hon. Algernon Bourke again came on for hearing before Mr. Registrar Giffard, and the examination was concluded. The debtor has at various times been proprietor of White’s Club, St. James’s-street, and the Orleans’ Club, Brighton, and also of Willis's Restaurant, King-street, St. James's. He attributed his failure to losses sustained by the conversion of White’s Club and the Orleans' Club into limited companies, to the payment of excessive Interest on borrowed money, and other causes. The liabilities amount to £26,590, of which £13,694 are stated to be unsecured, and assets £4,409.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Affairs of the Hon. A. Bourke.&quot; ''Globe'' 09 November 1899, Thursday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001652/18991109/020/0002. Print p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 December 23, Saturday''', &quot;Mr. Algernon Bourke has departed for a tour in Africa, being at present the guest of his brother in Tunis.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Society Pages.&quot; ''Walsall Advertiser'' 23 December 1899, Saturday: 7 [of 8], Col. 7b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001028/18991223/143/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1899 December 29, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke was at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Christmas Party Hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough|Christmas Party Hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 December 31''', the San Francisco newspaper ''The Wave'' wrote the following about London society:&lt;blockquote&gt;The most prominent untitled people in London may be said to be Mr. and Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Williams|Hwfa Williams]], Mr. and Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Grenfell|Willie Grenfell]] and Mr. Algy Bourke. That they are passing rich, goes without saying, and that they entertain lavishly, understood — for to be untitled, prominent and successful, argues wealth, hospitality and cleverness.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London.&quot; The (San Francisco) ''Wave'' 14 January 1899 (Vol. XIX, No. 2): 14. ''The Internet Archive'' https://archive.org/details/wave19unse/page/n20/mode/1up.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 1900s ===

'''1900 February 15, Thursday''', Daphne Bourke, the four-year-old daughter of the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke was a bridesmaid in the [[Social Victorians/Wilson Chesterfield Wedding 1900-02-15|wedding of Enid Wilson and the Earl of Chesterfield]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London Day by Day.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph'' 15 February 1900, Thursday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/19000215/175/0008. Name in British Newspaper Archive: ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London). Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt; Gwendolen Bourke, &quot;who was in grey, wore a chinchilla toque with violets.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society. Entertainments, Balls, &amp;c.&quot; ''The Queen'' 24 February 1900, Saturday: 40 [of 76], Col. 1a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/19000224/235/0040. Print: ''The Queen, The Lady's Newspaper'', p. 308.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1900 March 10, Saturday''', the ''Weekly Irish Times'' reprinted society gossip from ''The World'':&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke, who has been staying with her husband's uncle, old Connemara, during Mr. Algernon Bourke's absence abroad, has taken a new house near Portman square, and will be settling there before Easter.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip.&quot; ''Weekly Irish Times'' 10 March 1900, Saturday: 17 [of 20], Col. 1b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001684/19000310/116/0017. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1900 July''' '''17, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke took part in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#17 July 1900, Tuesday|Children's Fete in support of the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children]] on the grounds of the Royal Botanic Society. Daphe was 5 at this time, so it seems logical that she would have been there, too.

'''1900 July 30, Monday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Barber of Seville at Covent Garden|''The Barber of Seville'' at Covent Garden]].

'''1890 August 6, Friday''', &quot;[[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Beautiful Women|Beautiful Women]],&quot; an article in ''Vanity Fair'' that was reprinted elsewhere, mentions Gwendolen Bourke (&quot;Lady Algernon Bourke&quot;) as one of the most beautiful women in England.

'''1900 August 11, Saturday''', Gwendolen Bourke got&lt;blockquote&gt;the pretty little Yorkshire String, an especially tiny mite, weighing only 2&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;/&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;lb, and carrying a very promising coat, ... at the Aquarium Show.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Witchampton Kennel.&quot; &quot;Ladies Kennels.&quot; ''Ladies' Field'' 11 August 1900, Saturday: 16 [of 60], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0006043/19000811/043/0016. Print title same, p. 390.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1900 September 16''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke became the heir presumptive to the Earldom of Mayo when his older brother Captain Hon. Sir Maurice Archibald Bourke died.&lt;p&gt;

'''1900 October 06, Saturday''', the ''Weekly Irish Times'' says that Mr. Algernon Bourke, now heir presumptive to the earldom of Mayo, &quot;has been for some months lately staying with Mr. Terence Bourke in Morocco.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip.&quot; ''Weekly Irish Times'' 06 October 1900, Saturday: 14 [of 20], Col. 3b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001684/19001006/121/0014. Print p. 14.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 May 30, Thursday''', the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke attended the fashionable [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1901 May 30, Thursday|Ladies' Kennel Association Dog Show at the Botanic Garden]].

'''1901 July 2, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke — &quot;pretty Mrs. Algernon Bourke, in a mauve gown and and purple tulle toque&quot; — attended a children's party at the Botanic Gardens hosted by the Earl and Countess of Kilmorey.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Earl of Kilmorey, K.P.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 13 July 1901: Saturday, 50 [of 84], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010713/237/0050. Print: title the same, p. 60.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1901 July 4, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke — dressed &quot;in pale grey, with her pretty little girl,&quot; 6-year-old Daphne — attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Countess of Yarborough's Children's Party|children's party hosted by the Countess of Yarborough]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Countess of Yarborough ....&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 13 July 1901, Saturday: 76 [of 84], Col. 2b, 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010713/381/0076. Print p. xxxvi.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 3a}}

'''1901 July 4–6, Thursday–Saturday''', Gwendolen Bourke helped staff the Perthshire stall&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Great County Sale.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 29 June 1901, Saturday: 43 [of 72], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010629/223/0043# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010629/223/0043]. Same print title, pp. 679.&lt;/ref&gt; at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Great County Sale|Great County Sale in the Imperial Gardens of the Earl's Court Exhibition]].

'''1901 July 20, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' published the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke's portrait (identified with &quot;Perthshire&quot;) in its 3rd series of &quot;The Great County Sale at Earl's Court. Portraits of Stallholders.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Great County Sale at Earl's Court. Portraits of Stallholders.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 20 July 1901, Saturday: 31 [of 60], Col. 4b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010720/141/0031. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt; Their daughter Daphne appears in the portrait as well.

'''1901 July 23, Tuesday''', an &quot;Hon. Mrs. Bourke&quot; was in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox|party &quot;entertained by Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox]].&quot;&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 September 12, Thursday''', Mrs. Gwendolen Bourke wanted her name listed as Mrs. Algernon Bourke in the Electoral Register, apparently a frequent complaint:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Underhill, the Conservative agent, mentioned to the Revising Barrister (Mr. William F. Webster) that the name of the Hon. Mrs. Gwendolen Bourke was on the list in respect of the house, 75, Gloucester-place. The lady had written to him to say that she was the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke and that she wished that name to appear on the register. In reply to the Revising Barrister, Mr. Underhill said that “Algernon” was the name of the lady’s husband.

Mr. Cooke, the rate-collector, said that Mrs. Bourke had asked to be addressed Mrs. Algernon Bourke, but that the Town Clerk thought the address was not a correct one. The lady signed her cheques Gwendolen.”

Mr. Underhill said the agents frequently had indignant letters from ladies because they were not addressed by their husband’s Christian name.

The Revising Barrister — lf a lady gave me the name of Mrs. John Smith I should say I had not got the voter’s name. The name Gwendolen must remain.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;&quot;Ladies’ Names.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 12 September 1901, Thursday: 7 [of 10], Col. 3a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/19010912/130/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1901 October 26, Friday''', Algernon Bourke was on the Men's Committee of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Club Ice-skating Rink|Prince's Club Ice-skating Rink]], which had [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Prince's Club Ice-skating Rink Opening|its official opening on his day]]. 

'''1902 January''', Algernon Bourke is mentioned in [[Social Victorians/Schools#&quot;More of My Contemporaries at School.&quot;|reminiscences of Eton written by the &quot;Earl of X&quot;]] as being among those in the &quot;world of letters,&quot; and whose brother, later the Earl of Mayo, the Earl of X did not like. 

'''1902 January 25, Saturday''', Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave a box to Lady Helen Stewart-Vane-Tempest in honor of [[Social Victorians/Stewart-Stavordale Wedding 1902-01-25|Lady Helen's wedding to Giles Fox-Strangways, Lord Stavordale]]. 

'''1902 April 26, Saturday''', Mrs. A. Bourke is listed as being at the Norfolk Hotel in Brighton.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Guide to Visitors at Hotels and Boarding Houses.&quot; ''Brighton Gazette'' 26 April 1902, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000938/19020426/116/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt; 

'''1902 May, End of''', Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#End of May 1902|party at Blenheim Palace hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough]]. 

'''1902 June 11, Monday''', the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke had a dog entered in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Ladies' Kennel Association Show|Ladies' Kennel Association competitions in the Botanic Gardens]]. 

'''1902 September 4, Thursday''', the ''Daily Express'' reported that &quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke is staying with Lord and Lady Alington at Scarborough.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Onlooker.&quot; &quot;My Social Diary.&quot; &quot;Where People Are.&quot; ''Daily Express'' 04 September 1902, Thursday: 5 [of 8], Col. 1b? [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004848/19020904/099/0005. Print p. 4, Col. 7b [of 7].&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1902 September 22, Monday''', Gwendolen Bourke was a guest at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Earl and Countess of Mar and Kellie's House Party|large house party hosted by the Earl and Countess of Mar and Kellie]].

'''1902 October 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Annual Opening of the Prince's Ice-skating Rink|opened the Prince's ice-skating rink for the season]], which he had been doing since 1895.

'''1902 October 25, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was bequeathed £500 by his uncle [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Robert Bourke]], who had died 3 September 1902.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Will of Lord Connemara.&quot; ''Kildare Observer and Eastern Counties Advertiser'' 25 October 1902, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 4b–c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001870/19021025/037/0002. Print title the ''Kildare Observer'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 October 31, Friday''', the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Annual Opening of the Prince's Ice-skating Rink|7th opening of the Prince's Skating Club]]. Guendoline Bourke was on the Women's Committee and Algernon Bourke was on the Men's.&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 November 8, Friday, beginning, perhaps''', Gwendolen Bourke was part of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#8 November 1902, Saturday|Earl and Countess of Warwick's shooting party at Easton Lodge]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 December 9, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#9 December 1902, Tuesday|Lady Eva Wyndham-Quin's &quot;at home,&quot; held at the Welch Industrial depot]] for the sale Welsh-made Christmas gifts and cards. Bourke wore &quot;a fur coat and a black picture hat.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Lady Correspondent.&quot; &quot;Society in London.&quot; ''South Wales Daily News'' 11 December 1902, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000919/19021211/082/0004. Print p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1903 February 6, Friday''', Hon. Mrs A. Bourke was present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Dinner Party Hosted by Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and the Countess of Dudley|dinner party Hosted by Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and the Countess of Dudley]]. &lt;p&gt;

'''1903 February 9, Monday''', Gwendolen Bourke was present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Dinner Party Hosted by Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and the Countess of Dudley|house party at Dublin Castle hosted by the Lord Lieutenant and Countess of Dudley that began the Viceregal season]].

'''1903 March 17, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke staffed a booth at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1903 March 17, Tuesday|sale of the Irish Industries Association]] on St. Patrick's Day with [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Lady Mayo]], [[Social Victorians/People/Dudley|Georgina Lady Dudley]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Miss Beresford]]. A number of other aristocratic women were also present at the sale in other booths, including [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Lady Londonderry]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Lucan|Lady Lucan]].

'''1903 June 19, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke was invited to the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Grand Ball in the Waterloo Chamber at Windsor Castle|grand ball at Windsor Castle]], the end of the Ascot-week festivities.

'''1903 June 23, Tuesday''', Gwendolen and Daphne Bourke were invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1903 June 23, Tuesday|children's party at Buckingham Palace for Prince Eddie's birthday]].

'''1903 July 10, Friday, or so''', Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Party Hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough|party hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough]].

'''1904 May 17, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke had agreed to let Daphne appear in the tableaux vivants arranged by Sir Philip Burne-Jones for the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Countess Cadogan's Great Bazaar|Countess of Cadogan's great bazaar]]. Some mothers had had to decline because of the outbreaks of measles and chicken pox.&lt;p&gt;

'''1904 June 30, Thursday''', Gwendolen and Daphne Bourke attended another birthday party for Prince Eddie at Buckingham Palace, and the ''Gentlewoman'' says, &quot;No prettier little girl was to be seen that day than little Miss Daphne Bourke, the daughter of the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke, with her wonderful Irish eyes and colouring, her pretty white frock being relieved with a rose pink sash.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Prince Eddie's Birthday.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 02 July 1904, Saturday: 68 [of 92]. Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19040702/360/0068. Print: title the same, p. 42.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1904 September 15, Thursday''', according to what was at the time called the ''Irish Daily Independent and Nation'', Algernon Bourke was living in Venice and not in the UK at this point:&lt;blockquote&gt;Algernon Bourke, who usually lives in Venice, has spent some time in England during the present summer, and has now gone on a fishing expedition to Sweden, accompanied by his brother, Lord Mayo. Lady Mayo has been staying meanwhile in Ireland, and has had a visit from her mother, Lady Maria Ponsonby, who is a sister of Lend Obventry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;&quot;Society Notes.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 15 September 1904, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001986/19040915/131/0004. Print title: ''Irish Daily Independent and Nation'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1904 October 22, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' reported that &quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke is paying a visit to Venice, which Mr. Bourke has made his headquarters for several years past, as he is connected with some very artistic stone and marble works situated near the Grand Canal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 22 October 1904, Saturday: 24 [of 6ths 8], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19041022/112/0024. Print title same, p. 672.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1905 February 17, Friday''', the Dundee ''Evening Post'' reported that Algernon Bourke &quot;set up a shop in Venice for the sale of art treasures and old furniture.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social News.&quot; Dundee ''Evening Post'' 17 February 1905, Friday: 6 [of 6], Col. 7b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000582/19050217/105/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1905 April 26, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#New Forest United Hunt Ball|New Forest United Hunt Ball]], as did her brother Captain R. C. H. Sloane Stanley and his wife Olivia Countess Cairns.&lt;p&gt;

'''1905 June 5, Monday''', Algernon Bourke wrote to the ''Times'' from Venice that &quot;The Venetian wits have suggested a motto for Admiral Togo, Togo Tenga Tutto (Togo takes the lot).&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr. Algernon Bourke.&quot; ''Hull Daily Mail'' 08 June 1905, Thursday: 2 [of 6], Col. 6a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000324/19050608/008/0002. Print title ''Daily Mail'', p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1905, last week of July''', Gwendolen Bourke and daughter Daphne Bourke — who was 10 years old — attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Last week of July, 1905|Lady Cadogan's children's party at Chelsea House]]. Daphne was &quot;One of loveliest little girls present.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Social News.&quot; ''Belfast News-Letter'' 01 August 1905, Tuesday: 7 [of 10], Col. 6b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000038/19050801/157/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1906 March 9, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke was a reference for Mr. Frances Burgess, who taught piano, singing, voice production, organ and music theory. Burgess was &quot;Organist and Choirmaster of St. Columbs', North Kensington, Director of the Plainsong and Medieval Music Society's Choir, etc., etc.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot;&gt;&quot;Mr. Francis Burgess.&quot; ''Kilburn Times'' 9 March 1906, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001813/19060309/086/0003. Print title: ''Kilburn Times Hampstead and North-western Press'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1906 December 10, Monday''', Gwendolen Bourke was seen in the tea room, possibly with Lady Grosvenor, at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1906 December 10, Monday|Lady Dudley's sale of Irish needlework]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1907 May''', a &quot;naval signalling incident&quot; [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#May 1887|caused the Waterford ''Evening News'' to recall a similar event]] that had occurred 20 years earlier, in which Algernon Bourke, as special correspondent for the ''Times'', publicized [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles Beresford]]'s use of his ship's signalling capabilities to send a message to his wife about being late for dinner:&lt;blockquote&gt;

The naval signalling incident is still in the air. It is expected that the matter will not be threshed out until Emperor William leaves England. A story of a former signalling incident in which [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles Beresford]] was concerned is going the rounds at the moment.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1907 August 24, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was present at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Polo Week at Eaton Hall, Duke and Duchess of Westminster|Polo Week at Eaton Hall, hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Westminster]].

'''1908 July 30, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke was at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Glorious Goodwood. Cup Day and Dresses.|Cup Day at the Goodwood races]], wearing salmon-pink with a matching hat.

'''1909 April 20, Tuesday''', Lady Rosemary Cairns — daughter of Olivia Sloan-Stanley, Countess Cairns and Cyril Sloane-Stanley — and Wyndham Portal were [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#20 April 1909, Tuesday|married in St. Margaret's, Westminster]]. Lavender and Diane Sloane-Stanley were bridesmaids.&lt;p&gt;

'''1909 May 22, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke appears to have been living in Pisa. A columnist for the ''Queen'' reported on the Royal School of Art Needlework:&lt;blockquote&gt;Lady Leconfield [?] was there, also her sister-in-law, the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Dowager Lady Mayo]], only just back from her winter on the Continent, when she spent most of the time at Pisa, where her son Mr Algernon Bourke has also been staying. The latter is a great connoisseur as regards [art?] notably in what is really good in the way of old Italian sculpture and carving. He and his handsome wife have a place near to Putney, and this winter again Mr Bourke, as the result of his Italian travels, has been sending home such relics of the old Italian palace gardens as as stone and marble carved vases, garden seats, and what-not of the kind — not all for himself and his own gardens by any means, I fancy; but his friends, relying on his knowledge in such matters, get him when abroad to choose for [them?] the adornment of their English terraces and gardens.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;My Social Diary.&quot; The ''Queen'' 22 May 1909, Saturday: 31 [of 86], Col. 1b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/19090522/203/0031. Print p. 871.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1909 September''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was among the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Visitors in Venice from the U.K.|many visitors from &quot;England&quot; in Venice]] in September.

=== 1910s ===
'''1910 April 20, Wednesday''', the ''Tatler'' printed an &quot;open letter&quot; to Geraldine, Countess of Mayo, as part of its &quot;The Searchlight in Society&quot; series and mentioned Algernon Bourke, saying he had been keeping &quot;a curiosity shop at Venice&quot;:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Bourkes have brains, and a good example is afforded by Mr. Algernon Bourke, next brother to Lord Mayo and heir-presumptive to the title. He is a good-looking man who used to be known as Buttons Bourke, and he married well, as his wife was the rich and pretty Miss Guendolen Sloane Stanley. He may be described as a &quot;Jack of all trades,&quot; but it is not I who will say that he is a master of none. He was once in the Stock Exchange, then he took White's Club in hand and restored it to much of its former prestige. After that he dabbled in smart hotels and restaurants, and the last thing I heard of him was that he kept a curiosity shop at Venice.&lt;ref&gt;Candida. &quot;The Searchlight in Society. Our Open Letter. No. CII. The Countess of Mayo.&quot; The ''Tatler'' 20 April 1910, Wednesday: 18 [of 42], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001852/19100420/023/0018. Print title same, p. 72.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1911 November 21, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke assisted the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#21 November 1911, Tuesday|Duchess of Marlborough at her at-home]] that included a sale of work by the wives of prisoners.&lt;p&gt;

'''1912 September 27, Friday''', Gwendolen and Daphne Bourke were visiting Mr. and Mrs. Shelley Bontein, her mother and stepfather.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From 'The World.'&quot; ''Berks and Oxon Advertiser'' 27 September 1912, Friday: 2 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002298/19120927/014/0002. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1913 April 23, Wednesday''', the Irish Independent reported that Gwendolen and Daphne Bourke had arrived in London for the season:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke and Miss Bourke have arrived for the season at 75 Gloucester place, Portman square, London.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social and Personal.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 23 April 1913, Wednesday: 4 [of 10], Col. 5b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001715/19130423/081/0004. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1913 May 7, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke presented her daughter Daphne Bourke at court:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke presented her daughter, and wore blue and gold broché with a gold lace train.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social and Personal.&quot; London ''Daily Chronicle'' 08 May 1913, Thursday: 6 [of 12], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005049/19130508/120/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

The ''Pall Mall Gazette'' has a description of Daphne Bourke's dress, but what exactly &quot;chiffon [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hoops|paniers]]&quot; means in 1913 is not clear:&lt;blockquote&gt;Court dressmakers appear to have surpassed all previous records in their efforts to make the dresses for to-night’s Court as beautiful as possible. Noticeable among these is the dainty presentation gown to be worn by Miss Bourke, who will be presented by her mother, the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke. This has a skirt of soft white satin draped with chiffon [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hoops|paniers]] and a bodice veiled with chiffon and trimmed with diamanté and crystal embroidery. Miss Bourke’s train, gracefully hung from the shoulders, is of white satin lined with pale rose pink chiffon and embroidered with crystal and diamanté.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Fashion Day by Day. Lovely Gowns for To-night's Court.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 07 May 1913, Wednesday: 13 [of 18], Col. 1a [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/19130507/199/0013. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The ''London Evening Standard'' describes Gwendolen and Daphne Bourke the same way except with differences in editing:&lt;blockquote&gt;Miss Bourke: Presented by her mother, the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke. Dainty presentation gown of white satin, the skirt draped with chiffon paniers, bodice veiled chiffon and trimmed with diamanté and crystal embroidery. Train gracefully hung from shoulder of white satin embroidered with crystal and diamanté, lined with pale rose pink chiffon.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Some of the Dresses.&quot; &quot;The King and Queen. Third Court. Most Brilliant of the Year.&quot; ''London Evening Standard'' 08 May 1913, Thursday: 11 [of 18], Col. 4b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/19130508/237/0011. Print title ''The Standard'', p. 11.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

According to the ''Lady's Pictorial'', Daphne Bourke's dress was designed and constructed by [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Messrs Russell and Allen|Messrs. Russell and Allen]], Old Bond-street, W., and the description is identical (except for a couple of commas).&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Their Majesties' Court.&quot; ''Lady's Pictorial'' 17 May 1913, Saturday: 35 [of 64], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005980/19130517/296/0035. Same print title, p. 787.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1914 May 11, Monday''', Gwendolen and Daphne Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#Dance at the Ritz Hosted by Mrs. George Marjoribanks|dance at the Ritz hosted by Mrs. George Marjoribanks]].

'''1915 January 1, Friday''', Algernon Bourke is listed as being on the Executive Committee of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#1915 January 1, Friday|National Food Fund, publicized by the ''Conservative and Unionist Women's Franchise Review'']].

'''1916 August 25, Friday''', Daphne Bourke's and John Fortescue's engagement was announced:&lt;blockquote&gt;A most attractive prospective bride (says the &quot;Star&quot;) is Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke's only daughter, Miss Daphne Bourke, whose engagement has just taken place to Mr. Fortescue, of the Coldstream Guards. Miss Bourke is tall, dark, and very beautiful; and Mr. Fortescue is one of the family of Boconoc, Cornwall, and Dropmore, Maidenhead. At the latter place the two families have been neighbours, for Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke have a charming country residence at Taplow, while Dropmore is famous for its magnificent gardens.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Personalia.&quot; ''Uxbridge &amp; W. Drayton Gazette'' 25 August 1916, Friday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002285/19160825/043/0004. Print title ''The Advertiser'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''1917 June 7, Thursday''', Daphne Bourke and John Grenville Fortescue [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#7 June 1917, Thursday|married in the Coldstream Guards' chapel]].

== Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball ==
According to both the ''Morning Post'' and the ''Times'', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was among the Suite of Men in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#&quot;Oriental&quot; Procession|&quot;Oriental&quot; procession]] at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&quot;Fancy Dress Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; ''Morning Post'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 4a–8 Col. 2b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970703/054/0007.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;&quot;Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; The ''Times'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 12, Cols. 1a–4c ''The Times Digital Archive''. Web. 28 Nov. 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Based on the people they were dressed as, Gwendolen Bourke was probably in this procession but it seems unlikely that Algernone Bourke was.

[[File:Guendoline-Irene-Emily-Bourke-ne-Sloane-Stanley-as-Salammb.jpg|thumb|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a standing woman richly dressed in an historical costume with a headdress and a very large fan|Hon. '''Guendoline''' Bourke as Salammbô. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]
=== Hon. Guendoline Bourke ===
[[File:Alfons Mucha - 1896 - Salammbô.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Highly stylized orange-and-yellow painting of a bare-chested woman with a man playing a harp at her feet|Alfons Mucha's 1896 ''Salammbô''.]]
Lafayette's portrait (right) of &quot;Guendoline Irene Emily Bourke (née Sloane-Stanley) as Salammbô&quot; in costume is photogravure #128 in the '''Album''' presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;&quot;Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball (1897): photogravures by Walker &amp; Boutall after various photographers.&quot; 1899. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait-list.php?set=515.&lt;/ref&gt; The printing on the portrait says, &quot;The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke as Salammbo.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;&quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke as Salammbo.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158491/Guendoline-Irene-Emily-Bourke-ne-Sloane-Stanley-as-Salammb.&lt;/ref&gt;

The Lafayette Archive has 2 additional poses from the same session on 5 July 1897 as the one chosen for the Album:

* Same image as the Album photograph but higher resolution than the one the National Portrait Gallery, London, gives permission to post (Neg. No. GP [L] ).
* Standing with fan behind head, includes close-up of skirt fabric and left hand (Neg. No. GP [L] [http://lafayette.org.uk/bou1368-444.html 1368-444]).
* Reclining on pillows and furs, includes close-up of face and headdress (Neg. No. GP [L] [http://lafayette.org.uk/bou1368-442.html 1368-442]).

==== Newspaper Accounts ====
The Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke was dressed as Salambo in the Oriental procession&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; in a costume made by [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Mrs. Mason|Mrs. Mason]].

Besides the two that mention her — the ''Morning Post'' and the ''Times'' — only two describe her costume, the London ''Evening Standard'' and the ''Gentlewoman'':
* &quot;Mrs. A. Bourke, as an Egyptian Princess, with the Salambo coiffure, wore a flowing gown of white and silver gauze covered with embroidery of lotus flowers. The top of the gown was ornamented with old green satin embroidered with blue turquoise and gold, and studded with rubies. The train was of old green broché with sides of orange and gold embroidery, and from the ceinture depended long bullion fringe and an embroidered ibis.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“The Ball at Devonshire House. Magnificent Spectacle. Description of the Dresses.” London ''Evening Standard'' 3 July 1897 Saturday: 3 [of 12], Cols. 1a–5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/18970703/015/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 3, Col. 3b}}
* &quot;(Egyptian Princess), drapery gown of white and silver gauze, covered with embroidery of lotus flowers; the top of gown appliqué with old green satin embroidered blue turquoise and gold, studded rubies; train of old green broché.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 40, Col. 3a}}

==== Commentary ====

*

==== Salammbô ====
Salammbô is the fictitious protagonist in Gustave Flaubert's 1862 novel ''Salammbô'', set during the Roman war against Carthage.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-04-29|title=Salammbô|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salammb%C3%B4&amp;oldid=1221352216|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salammb%C3%B4.&lt;/ref&gt; Salammbô is a Carthaginian priestess of the lunar goddess Tanit. Matho, a Roman mercenary, breaks into Tanit's temple and steals her sacred veil — the spiritual guardian of Carthage. Salammbô sneaks into the enemy encampment to steal the veil back. She meets Matho in his tent, and &quot;believing each other to be divine apparitions,&quot; they make love,&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; although it is also a defilement. Salammbô succceds in getting the veil back, but Matho is tortured and executed, which causes her to die of shock, the effect of both having touched the veil. The plot of the opera is not identical to that of the novel.

What Gwendolen Bourke saw as representative of herself in Salammbo is difficult to discern, unless her costume contains references to particular images or productions. A production of Ernest Reyer's opera ''Salammbô'', based on Flaubert's novel and published in Paris in 1890, opened at the Paris Opéra on 16 May 1892,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-04-11|title=Ernest Reyer|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Reyer&amp;oldid=1218353215|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Reyer.&lt;/ref&gt; starring Madame Rose Caron, with Mademoiselle Lucienne Bréval as her understudy.&lt;ref&gt;Jullienn, Adolphe. &quot;Mademoiselle Lucienne Bréval de L'Académie Nationale de Musique [or de l'Opéra in the Table of Contents].&quot; ''Le Théatre'' April 1898 (No. 4). Google Books https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/_oxRAQAAMAAJ. Pp. 8–10.&lt;/ref&gt; (8, Col. 2c) This production was widely reviewed and discussed in the papers in the UK, and its production design seems to have been notable, especially the sets and the very scale of the production. So Bourke or her costumier may have seen the opera, images of the performers or its posters, influencing the design of her costume.

* Rose Caron in her Salammbo costume is here: https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/rose-caron-french-soprano-in-costume-in-the-title-role-of-news-photo/1439485238.
* A headshot of Bréval in costume is here: https://books.google.com/books/content?id=_oxRAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=RA3-PP7&amp;img=1&amp;zoom=3&amp;hl=en&amp;bul=1&amp;sig=ACfU3U2Gv8Os_rEmx2gM9SakJkYLJ9hW7g&amp;ci=6%2C1%2C988%2C1371&amp;edge=0.)

A few months after the opening, patterns for making the Tunique Romaine and Corsage Salammbo were for sale:&lt;blockquote&gt;Some of the leading fashionable novelties described in ''Le Follet de Paris'' are almost ahead of the season, but they look so well that it will not be long before our provincial dressmakers have them. A revival and modification of the ancient tunic is one item which is transforming the modern gowns of tailor-built tweeds into long clinging draperies, of simple cut but ineffable grace. We have had the Russian blouse with us now for the last couple of months. Now the reign of Tunique Romaine and Corsage Salambo is upon us.

...

A very successful novelty is the ''corsage'' “Salammbo.” In reality, it is more of a blouse and short tunic than a ''corsage'', as there is no attempt at shaping to the figure. In [sic] consists, indeed, of two straight pieces of material cut round on the shoulders, where the back and front are fastened together by clasps. There is no arm-hole, and the two pieces meet at the waist under the arm, and then hang open on to the skirt. There being no dart, the waist is as wide as the shoulders; the fullness is drawn to the centre under a ''ceinture Russe'', or of oxydised silver. The outlines are trimmed with ''galon'' or some similar garniture. The &quot;Salammbo” ''guimpe'' or ''corsage'' are made of flannel or ''mousseline de laine'' of bright colour, and are worn with fitting bodices or skirts of serge, or woollen of dark colour. They are very effective, and nothing can be easier to make, while their addition to a frock constitutes a separate costume.

The fitting bodices worn under the ''guimpes'' or ''robes'' &quot;Salammbo&quot; are very simply made; being round-waisted, they are without side pieces, and only require a seam under each arm; one in the centre of the back, and one or two darts in front, according to the figure. The skirt is mounted on a round waistband, and the ''ceinture'' worn over this gives the bodice and skirt the effect of a princess dress.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Womans Ceilidh.&quot; ''Oban Times and Argyllshire Advertiser'' 3 September 1892, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 6a–b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000462/18920903/078/0003. Print title: ''The Oban Times'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Salammbo figured in paintings, sculptures and illustrations of editions of Flaubert's novel before Ernest Reyer's 1890 opera. She is often depicted as nude and highly sexual or sexualized (kissing a huge snake, for example, that she holds aloft).


Gwendolen Bourke's costume and her social life as reported in the newspapers do not suggest that she was a big risk-taker like, for example, the eccentric la Comptesse de Castiglione, who appeared at a ball in a Salammbo costume in 1886, 4 years after Flaubert's novel was first published. In 1889 the ''Edinburgh Evening News'' says,&lt;blockquote&gt;The late Countess Castiglione, whose death in Paris is recorded yesterday, made her first appearance at the Imperial Court in 1866, where her extraordinary beauty made a great impression on Napoleon III., and eventually led to the Empress Eugenie’s undertaking an unexpected and much-talked-of visit to Scotland. The Countess had a face and complexion which would have enchanted Rubens, and her lovely golden hair touched her feet. Even at the present day Paris has not forgotten her costume, or rather absence of costume as Salammbo, in which character she figured at a certain memorable ball at the Tuileries, wearing her hair, her jewels, and very little else. The Empress Eugenie, when she was presented to her thus lightly arrayed, declared that she must be cold, and insisted upon her there and then donning a mantle. Mme. de Castiglione was never again invited to an entertainment over which the Empress Eugenie presided.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Countess’ Queer Ball Costume.&quot; ''Edinburgh Evening News'' 2 December 1899, Saturday: 2 [of 6], Col. 7b [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000452/18991202/024/0002. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Given how widely this incident was discussed at the time of the death of la Comptesse in 1889, Gwendolen Bourke might easily have known about it. But she was developing relationships with people like the Princess of Wales, and what Countess Castigiolone did does not sound at all like her.

The ''Louth and North Lincolnshire Advertiser'' says, &lt;blockquote&gt;

In Reyer's opera of &quot;Salammbo,&quot; lately produced at the Grand Opera in Paris, there were 1,400 persons on the stage in the last act.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Facts and Fancies.&quot; ''Louth and North Lincolnshire Advertiser'' 9 July 1892, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 6c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000313/18920709/038/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Rose Caron's productions were influential, including for the costumes she wore. The 1892 ''Lohengrin'' she starred in was the source of the costumes worn by [[Social Victorians/People/Stonor#Julia Caroline Stonor, Marquise of Hautpoul|Julia Stonor, Marquise of Hautpoul]] and her brother, [[Social Victorians/People/Stonor#Hon. Harry Stonor|Hon. Harry Stonor]].

Both Modest Mussorgsky and Sergei Rachmaninoff had attempted but not completed operas based on the novel as well.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Alfons Mucha's 1896 lithograph of Salammbô (above left) was published the year before the ball.

Reyer's opera was first produced in 1890 in Brussels. 

[[File:Algernon Henry Bourke Vanity Fair 20 January 1898.jpg|thumb|alt=Old colored drawing of an elegant elderly man dressed in a 19th-century tuxedo with a cloak, top hat and formal pointed shoes with bows, standing facing 1/4 to his right|''Algy'' — Algernon Henry Bourke — by &quot;Spy,&quot; ''Vanity Fair'' 20 January 1898]]

=== Hon. Algernon Bourke ===
[[File:Hon-Algernon-Henry-Bourke-as-Izaak-Walton.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a man richly dressed in an historical costume sitting in a fireplace that does not have a fire and holding a tankard|Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke as Izaak Walton. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]
'''Lafayette's portrait''' (left) of &quot;Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke as Izaak Walton&quot; in costume is photogravure #129 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; The printing on the portrait says, &quot;The Hon. Algernon Bourke as Izaak Walton.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hon. Algernon Bourke as Izaak Walton.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158492/Hon-Algernon-Henry-Bourke-as-Izaak-Walton.&lt;/ref&gt;

This portrait is amazing and unusual: Algernon Bourke is not using a photographer's set with theatrical flats and props, certainly not one used by anyone else at the ball itself. Isaak Walton (baptised 21 September 1593 – 15 December 1683) wrote ''The Compleat Angler''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2021-09-15|title=Izaak Walton|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Izaak_Walton&amp;oldid=1044447858|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izaak_Walton.&lt;/ref&gt; A cottage Walton lived in and willed to the people of Stafford was photographed in 1888, suggesting that its relationship to Walton was known in 1897, raising a question about whether Bourke could have used the fireplace in the cottage for his portrait. (This same cottage still exists, as the [https://www.staffordbc.gov.uk/izaak-waltons-cottage Isaak Walton Cottage] museum.)

A caricature portrait (right) of the Hon. Algernon Bourke, called &quot;Algy,&quot; by Leslie Ward (&quot;Spy&quot;) was published in the 20 January 1898 issue of ''Vanity Fair'' as Number 702 in its &quot;Men of the Day&quot; series,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-01-14|title=List of Vanity Fair (British magazine) caricatures (1895–1899)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)_caricatures_(1895%E2%80%931899)&amp;oldid=1195518024|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)_caricatures_(1895%E2%80%931899).&lt;/ref&gt; giving an indication of what he looked like out of costume.

=== Mr. and Mrs. Bourke ===
The ''Times'' made a distinction between the Hon. Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke and Mr. and Mrs. Bourke, including both in the article.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Occasionally this same article mentions the same people more than once in different contexts and parts of the article, so they may be the same couple. (See [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#Notes and Question|Notes and Question]] #2, below.)

== Demographics ==

=== The Bourkes ===
*Nationality: Anglo-Irish&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020-11-14|title=Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo&amp;oldid=988654078|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Occupation: journalist. 1895: restaurant, hotel and club owner and manager&lt;ref&gt;''Cheltenham Looker-On'', 23 March 1895. Via Ancestry but taken from the BNA.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Residences ====
*Ireland: 1873: Palmerston House, Straffan, Co. Kildare.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; Not Co. Mayo?
*1888–1891: 33 Cadogan Terrace, S.W., Kensington and Chelsea, a dwelling house&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970, Register of Voters, 1891.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1894: 181 Pavilion Road, Kensington and Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970. Register of Voters, 1894. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1900: 181 Pavilion Road, Kensington and Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970. Register of Voters, 1900. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1904: Algernon Bourke was &quot;usually liv[ing] in Venice&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;
*1906: 75, Gloucester-place, W.&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot; /&gt;
*Gwendolen Bourke
*1911: 1911 Fulham, London&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
*20 Eaton Square, S.W. (in 1897)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pl0oAAAAYAAJ|title=Who's who|date=1897|publisher=A. &amp; C. Black|language=en}} 712, Col. 1b.&lt;/ref&gt; (London home of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]])

=== The Sloane-Stanleys ===

==== Residences ====

* 1871: Chester Street, St George Hanover Square (Census), with 5 servants, including a cook and a footman.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;The National Archives; Kew, London, England; ''1871 England Census''; Class: ''RG10''; Piece: ''104''; Folio: ''21''; Page: ''37''; GSU roll: ''838763''. Ancestry.com. ''1871 England Census'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1881–1885&lt;ref&gt;''UK, City and County Directories, 1600s-1900s''. Ancestry.com. ''UK, City and County Directories, 1766 - 1946'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; [at least]: 14 Halkin Street, W., St. Georges, 14 servants, including a governess, a house steward, an under butler, a footman and a cook.&lt;ref&gt;''Census Returns of England and Wales, 1881''. Kew, Surrey, England: The National Archives of the UK (TNA): Public Record Office (PRO), 1881. Class: ''RG11''; Piece: ''98''; Folio: ''66''; Page: ''37''; GSU roll: ''1341022''. Ancestry.com and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. ''1881 England Census'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1888: 49, Cadogan-square, St. Luke, Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Ancestry.com. ''London, England, Overseer Returns, 1863-1894'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1899, Roger Cyril Sloane-Stanley: 4 Down St., St George, Hanover Square&lt;ref&gt;London Metropolitan Archives; London, England; ''Electoral Registers''. Ancestry.com. ''London, England, Electoral Registers, 1832-1965'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1911, Roger Cyril Sloane-Stanley: Paultons, Ower, Romsey

== Family ==
*Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke (31 December 1854 – 7 April 1922)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p29657.htm#i296561|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Gwendolen Irene Emily Sloane-Stanley Bourke (c. 1869 – 30 December 1967)&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&quot;Guendoline Irene Emily Stanley.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p51525.htm#i515247|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
#Daphne Marjory Bourke (5 April 1895 – 22 May 1962)

=== Relations ===
*Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke (the 3rd son of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|6th Earl of Mayo]]) was the older brother of Lady Florence Bourke.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
*Wilfred Blunt was a cousin of Algernon Bourke: his mother's &quot;mother was one of the Blunts of Crabbet Park, Sussex, which makes them kinswomen of Mr. Alfred Scawen Blunt, poet, Egyptophil and counsel for Arabi Pasha in his trial.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From ''Truth''.&quot; ''Mid-Lothian Journal'' 23 August 1912, Friday: 8 [of 8], 2c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002721/19120823/147/0008. Print title and p. same.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Other Bourkes ====
*Hubert Edward Madden Bourke (after 1925, Bourke-Borrowes)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hubert Edward Madden Bourke-Borrowes.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p52401.htm#i524004|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2021-08-25}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p52401.htm#i524004.&lt;/ref&gt;
*Lady Eva Constance Aline Bourke, who married [[Social Victorians/People/Dunraven|Windham Henry Wyndham-Quin]] on 7 July 1885;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lady Eva Constance Aline Bourke.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p2575.htm#i25747|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-02}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p2575.htm#i25747.&lt;/ref&gt; he became 5th Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl on 14 June 1926.

=== The Sloane-Stanleys ===
* Emilie Josephine S Stanley ( 21 December 1848 [baptism]&lt;ref&gt;London Metropolitan Archives; &quot;London, England, UK&quot; ; ''London Church of England Parish Registers''; Reference Number: ''P87/Tri/001''. Ancestry.com. ''London, England, Church of England Births and Baptisms, 1813-1923'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;  – October 1945)
* Hans T Sloane Stanley (11 May 1840 [baptism]&lt;ref&gt;Ancestry.com. ''England, Select Births and Christenings, 1538-1975'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; – 15 December 1888&lt;ref&gt;Ancestry.com. ''UK and Ireland, Find a Grave® Index, 1300s-Current'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;)
* James Shell[e?]y Bontein ()
*# Gwendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt; Irene Emily G Stanley (c. 1870&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt; – )
*# '''Roger Cyril Hans Sloane Stanley''' (29 April 1875&lt;ref&gt;The National Archives; Kew, Surrey, England; ''WO 42 War Office: Officers' Birth Certificates, Wills and Personal Papers 1755-1908''; Reference: ''WO 42/72''. Ancestry.com. ''UK, Officers' Birth Certificates, Wills and Personal Papers, 1755-1908'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; – 18 November 1944&lt;ref&gt;''Find a Grave''. Find a Grave®. http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi. Ancestry.com. ''UK and Ireland, Find a Grave® Index, 1300s-Current'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;)


* Olivia Elizabeth Berens, Countess Cairns&lt;ref&gt;The National Archives of the UK (TNA); Kew, Surrey, England; ''Census Returns of England and Wales, 1911''. Ancestry.com. ''1911 England Census'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; (c. 1871 – 20 June 1951&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Olivia Elizabeth Berens.&quot; Person Page 3908; person #39077. ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as well as the Royal Families of Europe''. https://www.thepeerage.com/p3908.htm#i39077.

&lt;/ref&gt;)
* Arthur William Cairns, 2nd Earl Cairns (21 December 1861 – 14 January 1890)&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot;&gt;&quot;Arthur William Cairns, 2nd Earl Cairns.&quot; Person Page 3908; Person #39076. ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as well as the Royal Families of Europe''. https://www.thepeerage.com/p3908.htm#i39076.&lt;/ref&gt;
*# Lady Louise Rosemary Kathleen Virginia Cairns (10 March 1889 – 17 May 1962)&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot; /&gt;
* Roger Cyril Hans Sloane Stanley (1875 – 18 November 1944)
*# Lavender Elizabeth (20 May 1900 [baptism]&lt;ref&gt;Hampshire Archives and Local Studies; Winchester, England, UK; ''Anglican Parish Registers''; Reference: ''35M76/PR3''. Ancestry.com. ''Hampshire, England, Church of England Baptisms, 1813-1921''[database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; – )
*# Diane Sloane Stanley (c. 1905 – )


* Lavender Elizabeth (20 May 1900 [baptism] – )
* John Everett ()


* Diane Sloane Stanley (c. 1905 – )
* Elwyn Villiers Rhys ()

== Writings, Memoirs, Biographies, Papers ==

=== Writings ===
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon. ''The History of White's''. London: Algernon Bourke [privately published], 1892.
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon, ed., &quot;with a brief Memoir.&quot; ''Correspondence of Mr Joseph Jekyll with His Sister-in-Law, Lady Gertrude Sloane Stanley, 1818–1838''. John Murray, 1893.
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon, ed. ''Correspondence of Mr Joseph Jekyll''. John Murray, 1894.

=== Papers ===
* Where are the papers for the Earl of Mayo family? Are Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke's papers with them?

== Notes and Questions ==
#The portrait of Algernon Bourke in costume as Isaac Walton is really an amazing portrait with a very interesting setting, far more specific than any of the other Lafayette portraits of these people in their costumes. Where was it shot? Lafayette is given credit, but it's not one of his usual backdrops. If this portrait was taken the night of the ball, then this fireplace was in Devonshire House; if not, then whose fireplace is it?
#The ''Times'' lists Hon. A. Bourke (at 325) and Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke (at 236) as members of a the &quot;Oriental&quot; procession, Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke (in the general list of attendees), and then a small distance down Mr. and Mrs. Bourke (now at 511 and 512, respectively). This last couple with no honorifics is also mentioned in the report in the London ''Evening Standard'', which means the Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke, so the ''Times'' may have repeated the Bourkes, who otherwise are not obviously anyone recognizable. If they are not the Hon. Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke, then they are unidentified. It seems likely that they are the same, however, as the newspapers were not perfectly consistent in naming people with their honorifics, even in a single story, especially a very long and detailed one in which people could be named more than once.
#Three slightly difficult-to-identify men were among the Suite of Men in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#&quot;Oriental&quot; Procession|&quot;Oriental&quot; procession]]: [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax|Gordon Wood]], [[Social Victorians/People/Portman|Arthur B. Portman]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Wilfred Wilson]]. The identification of Gordon Wood and Wilfred Wilson is high because of contemporary newspaper accounts. The Hon. Algernon Bourke, who was also in the Suite of Men, is not difficult to identify at all. Arthur Portman appears in a number of similar newspaper accounts, but none of them mentions his family of origin.
#[http://thepeerage.com The Peerage] has no other Algernon Bourkes.
#The Hon Algernon Bourke is #235 on the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball#List of People Who Attended|list of people who were present]]; the Hon. Guendoline Bourke is #236; a Mr. Bourke is #703; a Mrs. Bourke is #704.
#Hans Stanley-Sloane's estate was £33,704 7s. 5d. in the final probate in December 1889,&lt;ref&gt;Principal Probate Registry; London, England; ''Calendar of the Grants of Probate and Letters of Administration made in the Probate Registries of the High Court of Justice in England''. Ancestry.com. ''England &amp; Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1995'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; which might lead his widow to consider remarrying.
== Footnotes ==
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{{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/In development}}
&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Complete2}} --&gt;
&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/In development}} --&gt;
&lt;!-- {{Note|For more info, see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Introduction]]}} --&gt;
==Overview==
This tutorial:
# introduces how the tutorials work and what will be covered
# guides topic selection and development
# demonstrates how to add a template for the topic development on Wikiversity

==Welcome==
# Welcome and tutor introduction
# Tutorial content will typically involve:
## Discussion of key concepts from the textbook and lecture
## Group activities that expand and explore key concepts
## Project work which develops skills for the topic development, book chapter, and multimedia presentation
# Overview of [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials|tutorial topics]]

;Virtual room tour:
# Chat
# Microphone (headset recommended) / webcam
# Raise hand
# Status and feedback
# Whiteboard tools
# Breakout rooms
# Polls

==Icebreakers==
These get-to-know-you activities provide an opportunity to meet and greet and start to explore some examples of motivations and emotions.

;Virtual
# Speedfriending: 3 minutes to meet, greet, and share about what you're looking forward to (or not) in Motivation and Emotion

;In-person
# Sociometric exercise or whiteboard discussion:
## What job/career do you hope to be doing in 5 to 10 years' time? (example of motivations)
## How have you been feeling so far today? (Mood/Emotion) (examples of emotions)
&lt;!-- # Why did you choose to participate in a virtual tutorial?

Due to COVID-19, use the Virtual activities white-board style ;Face-to-face
These are [[w:sociometry|sociometric]] icebreakers. Ask participants to arrange themselves in a line or groups which represent our similarities and differences in motivation and emotion (do 3 to 4 of these, including the emotion question at the end):
# Thumb-size (line-up) or hair colour (groups) (to get warmed up)
# How long have you been studying at UC? (line-up)
# How many bones have you broken in your body? (line-up) --&gt;&lt;!-- (risk-taking) --&gt;&lt;!-- 
# What is your favourite food? (groups) --&gt;&lt;!-- (eating motivation) --&gt;&lt;!-- 
# Who are you likely to vote for in the next federal election? (groups) --&gt;&lt;!-- (political motivation) --&gt;&lt;!-- 
# How have you been feeling today? (mood)

For each question:
* Ask participants to introduce themselves to the people next to them / in their group. 
* In a respectful way, ask people at the extremes or one person from each to group to briefly explain their position/perspective/preference or reasons.
* Link the sociometric data and responses to concepts in motivation and emotion.
--&gt;

==Topic check-in==
# Poll - What stage are you up to?
## Huh? What do I do?
## I created a Wikiversity user account
## I signed up to a book topic
## I have a topic and started editing
## I'm all over it!
# Key links:
## [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Selection|Topic selection guidelines]]
## [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2024|List of 2024 topics]]

#[https://goalbookapp.com/toolkit/v/strategy/whiparound Whiparound] discussion based on each person's book chapter interests and progress. Ask each student to share:
## their name
## topic they've chosen (or what areas they are interested in)
# According to each person's stage of development, very briefly discuss and expand on the topic (or invite student to explain), suggest related resources, or enquire further etc. If students are unsure about their interests, probe about what they are curious about - or at least, are they more interested in motivation or emotion etc.?

==Project tasks==

===Create a Wikiversity account and log in===
# [[Create an account|Create an account]]: Register a user name and select password. Edits to Wikiversity are publicly available, so choose a name that suits your privacy requirements (e.g., can be a real name, pseudonym, or student number).
## Start at http://en.wikiversity.org (English Wikiversity) - Create account (top-right)
## Or go direct to: [[Special:Userlogin/signup|create a Wikiversity user account]]
# Log in (top-right)
&lt;!--
===User preferences===
# [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Enable Visual Editor]]
--&gt;

===Topic selection===
# Go to the [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2024|2024 motivation and emotion book]]
# Sign up to a topic by editing this page - put your name next to an available topic, and publish

===Quick start template===
# It is recommended that you add the quick start template to the topic page.
# Click &quot;Create source&quot; or &quot;Edit source&quot;, paste '''[[Template:Motivation and emotion/Book chapter structure|&lt;nowiki&gt;{{subst:ME/BCS}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;]]''', then Publish.
## If you get a spam filter warning it is probably because you have a new account. So, publish some small edits first (e.g., on your user page). This helps the system learn to trust you, then try again - or ask someone to add the template for you.

==Next steps==
# Sign up for (or negotiate) a book chapter topic by the end of Week 02.
# Create a topic development chapter plan (consisting of main headings with bullet-points about key points) on Wikiversity by the end of Week 03.

==Recording==
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/81cb0a731ef44fe1ab82b529fd3a836a Tutorial 01] (2024)&lt;!--
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/ace491a49cdd4d8f8441c7b357fa60dc Tutorial 01] (2023)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/91c93320558847a8a6717e2a0ad4b6dd Tutorial 01 recording] (2022)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/332ed2ad09824fb88c799b92cd64eaaa Tutorial 01 recording] (2021) --&gt;

==See also==
&lt;!--
;Additional tutorial material
--&gt;
;Topic development
* [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic#Guidelines|Topic development guidelines]]

;Book chapters
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book|Motivation and emotion book]]

;Lecture
* [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Introduction|Introduction]]

;Tutorial
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Wiki editing|Wiki editing]] (Next tutorial)
&lt;!--
;Wikipedia

;Admin
* [[/Instructor notes/]]
* [[Introduction to psychology/Psy102/Tutorials/Motivation|Motivation tutorial]] (Psychology 102)
--&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Navigation}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
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{{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/In development}}
&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Complete2}} --&gt;
&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/In development}} --&gt;

==Overview==
This tutorial:
# Demonstrates and practices basic wiki editing skills by creating a user page
# Explains the topic development marking criteria

==[[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Basic skills|Basic skills]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Basic skills}}

==Topic development==
The topic development marking criteria:
# Title and sub-title (10%)
# Headings (10%)
# Overview (10%)
# Key points (10%)
# Figure (10%)
# Learning feature (10%)
# References (10%)
# Resources (10%)
# User page (10%)
# Social contribution (10%)

For more details, see the:
* [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic/Checklist|Topic development checklist]]

* [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|Topic development guidelines]]

==Using genAI==
* [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Using generative AI|Using generative AI]] (guidelines for this unit)
* Use the ''[https://www.studiosity.com/plus Studiosity Writing Feedback Plus]'' tool for AI feedback

==Next steps==
&lt;!-- Update link each year --&gt;
# [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Selection|Topic selection]]
# [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|Topic development]]: Develop an initial chapter plan consisting of:
## Headings
## Bullet-points about key points for each section
## etc.
# For example, check out these [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic#Examples|examples of topic development submissions which received 100%]]

==Recording==
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/74141bb9bff443d88d5ce6ce7cca3ded Tutorial 02], 2024&lt;!--
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/77888db4089b46d5848a7aaca32fb8a5 Tutorial 02] - Version 1 (2023)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/77888db4089b46d5848a7aaca32fb8a5 Tutorial 02] - Version 2 (2023)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/723cca5c549a419398c722df033b2aea Tutorial 02] (2022)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/bfbe6c14113a44dda4dd83ac0b45b7fc Tutorial 02 (2021)
--&gt;

==See also==
;Additional tutorial material
* [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity|Wikiversity skills]]

;Book chapters
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book|Motivation and emotion book]]
&lt;!--
;Wikipedia
--&gt;
;Lecture
* [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Historical development and assessment skills|Historical development and assessment skills]]

;Tutorials
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Topic selection|Topic selection]] (Previous tutorial)
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Physiological needs|Physiological needs]] (Next tutorial)

;Admin
* [[/Instructor notes/]]

==External links==
# [http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLVx9pX-VnGVjAVQo8Qv_ohNP5r7JuzhRo Wikipedia editing basics] (YouTube)
&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Navigation}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
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{{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/In development}}
&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Complete2}} --&gt;
&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/In development}} --&gt;
[[File:WP20Symbols brain.svg|right|thumb|200px|The brain is not only for thinking - it is also the source of our motivation and emotion.]]
==Overview==
This tutorial:
# considers how different brain structures are involved in motivation and emotion
# examines the motivational and emotional role of neurotransmitters and hormones
# demonstrates how to make and record social contributions

==Physiological aspects==
Physiological aspects of motivational and emotional experiences include:
* [[#Brain structures|brain structures]]
* [[#Hormone|hormones]]
* [[#Neurotransmitter|neurotransmitters]]

Whilst each component serves particular functions, they also communicate (directly or indirectly) to work together dynamically and holistically.

The purpose of these mix and match activities below is to become familiar with the motivational and emotional functions of key brain structures, hormones, and neurotransmitters.

===Brain structures===
[[File:Brain human sagittal section.svg|thumb|right|125px|The cortex is wrapped over the [[w:Phylogenetics|phylogenetically]] older sub-cortical brain region.]]

The human brain has two major, anatomically and functionally distinct regions:
* '''Sub-cortical''': structures that operate largely unconsciously to monitor the environment and regulate responses.
* '''Cortical''': analyses information from sub-cortical pathways, sets goals, interprets the meaning of events, makes decisions, and modulates sub-cortical responses.

{{anchor|Activity 1}}{{RoundBoxTop|theme=10}}
'''Activity 1: Brain structures'''
[[File:Antu 67EF addoninstaller.0.svg|right|100px]]&lt;!--
;Face-to-face
# Review the [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Needs/Brain|master list of brain structures and functions]].
# Cut up the copy into separate structures and functions, then mix them around.
# As a group, match the brain structures to their functions - do the best you can, then check against the master list.
# Mix them up, and try again - repeat process until your group can get them all right.

;Online --&gt;
# Form groups of 2 or 3. Number the groups.
# Open [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1OH0XzUzAdfJ9pZhJ3_ZK_N8qSHne2-8M3qLXsVMhw6Y/edit?usp=sharing this spreadsheet]
# Go to the spreadsheet tab which corresponds to your group number
# Complete the mix and match activity as a group either by:
## Dividing forces and working on separate structures or
## Discussing each brain structure as a group and selecting the correct answer
# If unsure, search for more information (e.g., the textbook) or discuss with the instructor. Repeat until all matches are correct.
# Delete answers from first attempt and complete again (should be quicker).
# If time allows, identify an interesting fact or feature about each brain structure that you can share with the class.
{{RoundBoxBottom}}
;See also
* [[Motivation and emotion/Brain structures|Brain structures]]

===Hormones and neurotransmitters===
Ask and discuss:
* What is a [[w:Hormone|hormone]]?
* What is a [[w:Neurotransmitter|neurotransmitter]]?

{{anchor|Activity 2}}{{RoundBoxTop|theme=10}}
'''Activity 2: Hormones and neurotransmitters'''
[[File:Antu 67EF addoninstaller.0.svg|right|110px]]
# Form groups of 2 or 3. Number the groups.
# Open [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1sK3AnwaVacZIOCCdoPZEIey2OlHvzAU2tNlk05mApWU/edit#gid=0 this spreadsheet]
# Go to the spreadsheet tab which correspondents to your group number
# Complete the mix and match activity as a group either by:
## Dividing forces and working on separate hormones and neurotransmitters or
## Discussing each brain structure as a group and selecting the correct answer
# Discuss each hormone and neurotransmitter and select the correct answer. If unsure, search for more information (e.g., in the textbook) or discuss with the instructor. Repeat until all matches are correct.
# Delete answers from first attempt and complete again (should be quicker).
# If time allows, identify an interesting fact or feature about each hormone or neurotransmitter that you can share with the class.
{{RoundBoxBottom}}
; See also
* [[Motivation and emotion/Hormones|Hormones]]
* [[Motivation and emotion/Neurotransmitters|Neurotransmitters]]

==Topic development ==
* [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|Topic development - Guidelines]]
* [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic/Checklist|Topic development - Checklist]]
* Social contributions
** Demonstration of how to make and record [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Social contributions|social contributions]].
** [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter/Search for chapters to improve|Search for chapters to improve]]
* Q&amp;A

==Recording==
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/5508049bf8434c30b9a3684d73e56d4b Tutorial 03] (2024)&lt;!--
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/78a0252eb337483fb4bdca14fc0426b2 Tutorial 03] (2023)
* Tutorial 03 (2022) - [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/a2cc45e35b514792a79393907a04fd79 Pt 1], [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/446ac2edb4a54437bb3f903809fa4187 Pt 2], [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/66730d0b594d4b6997515cedf4f25c24 Pt 3] - There were some problems with the 2022 recording - it is not complete - so it might be better to watch the 2021 recording
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/b4f7000172964be1af7a162229011341 Tutorial 03 recording] (2021)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/3b714fcbd35e4496bd91ee3c96cb4350 Tutorial 03 recording] (2020)
--&gt;

==See also==
;App
* [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Brain and physiological needs#Brain app|Brain app]]

;Lecture
* [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Brain and physiological needs|Brain and physiological needs]] (Lecture)

;Tutorials
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Wiki editing|Wiki editing]] (Previous tutorial)
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Psychological needs|Psychological needs]] (Next tutorial)
&lt;!--
;Admin
* [[/Instructor notes/]]

==External links==
* [http://www.fortrefuge.com/quiz-BIS-BAS.php BIS/BAS scales] (fortrefuge.com)
--&gt;
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{{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/In development}}
&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Complete2}} --&gt;
&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/In development}} --&gt;

==Overview==
This tutorial provides an interactive discussion about:
# basic psychological needs
# taxonomy of motivation

==Needs==
Brainstorm and discuss:

{{collapse box|'''What are needs?'''|Needs are ''requirements'' (essential) for surviving and thriving (i.e., physiological and psychological health and well-being_.}}
{{collapse box|'''How do needs differ from desires, wants, likes etc.?'''|Needs are ''essential'' for survival and well-being whereas desires, wants, likes etc. are motivations for ''non-essential'' stimuli (e.g., an umbrella in the rain).}}
{{collapse box|'''What types of needs are there?'''|Needs can be classified as physiological, psychological, and implicit (social) (Reeve 2018). Another useful (overlapping) distinction is between deficit-based needs (e.g., thirst, hunger, sleep) and growth-based needs (e.g., autonomy, competence, relatedness). The Alderfer ERG theory refers to existence, relatedness, and growth needs. Maslow's hierarchy of needs has five needs: Physiological, Safety, Belonging &amp; love, Esteem, Self-actualisation}}
{{collapse box|'''What are the basic psychological needs?'''|According to self-determination theory: autonomy, competence, and relatedness}}

==Taxonomy of motivation==
Discuss:

{{collapse box|'''What characterises [[extrinsic motivation]]? Examples?'''|External (environmental) reasons for behaving. Caused by carrots (incentives and rewards e.g., praise) or sticks (threats and punishments e.g., insults).}}
{{collapse box|'''What characterises [[intrinsic motivation]]? Examples?'''|Internal reasons for behaving. Involves volition (i.e., ''I want to'') and enjoyment (e.g., hobbies). External influences are absent.}}
{{collapse box|'''Advantages of the I-E motivation distinction?'''|Simple and easy to understand. Helps with research designs.}}
{{collapse box|'''Disadvantages of the I-E motivation distinction?'''|A dichotomous distinction is overly simplistic. Motivational sources are often complex and dynamic, involving aspects of both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation.}}
{{collapse box|'''Types of motivation described by [http://mmrg.pbworks.com/f/Ryan,+Deci+00.pdf Deci and Ryan (2000)]?'''|
* Amotivation
* Extrinsic motivation
** External regulation
** Introjection
** Identification
** Integration
* Intrinsic motivation}}
&lt;!-- Handout a [https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B2N4zSp4hmN9WHEwSmoyUWhOZm8/view?usp=sharing blanked version of Deci and Ryan's taxonomy] and facilitate the class to define, discuss, and generate examples for each of the components:--&gt;

==Recording==
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/9717613592cf458099da1b8e021fe13f Tutorial 04] (2024)&lt;!--
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/5a95256f932d4e228992199adcb6c094 Tutorial 04] (2023)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/8eeaa7d6c18c4efbafc2c28984bfbaca Tutorial 04] (2022)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/ee193c24a6414276b3d47acba500d433 Tutorial 04] (2021) --&gt;

==See also==
* [[/Instructor notes/]]
;Additional tutorial material
* [[/Example of self-determination theory: Child cleaning teeth/]]
* [[../Needs/Implicit motives/|Implicit motives]]
* [[../Needs/Models which provide organisation of needs/|Models which organise needs]]
* [[/Self-determination theory/]]
&lt;!--
;Book chapters
--&gt;
&lt;!--
;Wikipedia
--&gt;
; Lecture
* [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Extrinsic motivation and psychological needs|Extrinsic motivation and psychological needs]]

;Tutorials
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Physiological needs|Physiological needs]] (Previous tutorial)
* [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Functionalist theory and self-tracking|Functionalist theory and self-tracking]] (Next tutorial)
&lt;!--
;Admin
* [[/Instructor notes/]]
--&gt;

==References==
{{Hanging indent|1=Deci, R. M., &amp; Ryan, E. L. (2000). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions. ''Contemporary Educational Psychology'', ''25''(1), 54–67. https://doi.org/10.1006/ceps.1999.1020 [http://repositorio.minedu.gob.pe/bitstream/handle/20.500.12799/2958/Intrinsic%20and%20Extrinsic%20Motivations%20Classic%20Definitions%20and%20New%20Directions.pdf PDF]}}

==External links==
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VGrcets0E6I Promoting motivation, health, and excellence] (Ed Deci, 2012, TEDx, YouTube 14:05 mins)
* [https://selfdeterminationtheory.org/ Self-determination theory] (selfdeterminationtheory.org)
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{{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/In development}}
&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Complete2}} --&gt;
&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/In development}} --&gt;

==Overview==
This tutorial:
# explores practical applications of motivational theory using&lt;!-- which can be used to understand why people behave the way they do - and how they can improve their goal striving and satisfaction / extend on content covered in Chapters 07 and 08 of [[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2018|Reeve (2018)]] --&gt;:
## '''functionalist theory of motivation''' with university student motivations as an example
## '''self-tracking''' as a form of feedback and self-monitoring
# demonstrates use of '''Google Scholar''' to identify the top references on a topic

==Functionalist theory==
# Models of motivation considered so far (e.g., models of needs) assume universality of motivation, and mostly don't recognise two key issues:
## People may perform the same behaviour but with different motivations
## There is often more than one motivation (reason) why someone performs a behaviour
# The '''functionalist''' perspective of motivation (Clary &amp; Snyder, 1999) proposes that:
## Behaviours serve different functions (or goals) for different people
## The match between a person's: (a) motivations and (b) outcomes determines (c) [[satisfaction]] and likelihood of continuing
# A good match between motivations and outcomes leads to satisfaction and retention (or intention to continue), whereas if motivations are not well matched by corresponding outcomes this will lead to low satisfaction and heightened risk of drop-out
# The take-home messages about motivation from a functional perspective are that:
## Motivations are multiple and complex (not singular and simple)
## Motivational profiles differ between people
## The match between motivations and outcomes predicts satisfaction which predicts likelihood to continue
# It is also worth noting for further discussion that our motivational profiles fluctuate over time and between contexts
# The following exercise demonstrates how a functionalist approach to motivation can be applied

==University student motivations==
{{anchor|Activity}}{{RoundBoxTop|theme=10}}
'''Activity: University student motivations'''
# Consider:
##&quot;'''Why''' are '''you''' at university?&quot;—or, more generally, 
## '''“Why do students go to uni?”'''
# Develop a class [[w:Mind map|mind map]] of the main underlying motivations for attending university. Think and respond honestly—&lt;u&gt;''why''&lt;/u&gt; are students &lt;u&gt;'''''really'''''&lt;/u&gt; at university?
## Answers are likely to cover a wide range of human motives, but as the map develops, look for underlying themes and group similar motivations together.
## Past experience &lt;!-- with this exercise --&gt; and previous research finds that the motivations are likely to fall within these six categories:
##* '''Career/Qualifications''' - for the degree, so I can get a better job etc.
##* '''Self-Exploration/Learning''' - for the learning, curiousity, knowledge-seeking etc.
##* '''Social Opportunities''' - to meet people, make and explore friendships, enjoy social environment
##* '''Altruism''' - to become better able to help people, help society, help the planet etc.
##* '''Social Pressure''' - expectations of family, friends, society etc.
##* '''Rejection of Alternatives''' - better than doing nothing, working etc.
&lt;!-- (Note: Factor analytic research by Neill (2008) has not found psychometric support for the rejection of alternatives factor, but it has for the other five factors). --&gt;
# Complete the [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdjfdQ7owYTDGTU4hNmBKRpyL_DZt4IilYZ4v-d12zNAKQiGA/viewform?usp=sf_link University Student Motivation] survey
# Discuss results
&lt;!-- # Note and discuss:
## Where do you differ notably in your motivational profile from the university average? Who has a notable discrepancy that they would like to share?
##If a motivation factor was rated higher than its corresponding outcome, this is likely to contribute to dissatisfaction and risk of drop-out.
## If any outcome is rated higher than corresponding motivations, the experience of university is &quot;over-delivering&quot; in this area (i.e., you are getting more than expected) which may or may not contribute to satisfaction (depending on how valuable that outcome is to you).
Include more info about Kerry Thomas' 4th year study with Lifeline and Red Cross Blood Donation study --&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

==Self-tracking==
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;&gt;What are these objects?&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;overflow-x:scroll;overflow-y:hidden;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;width:1560px;&quot;&gt;&lt;!-- 
--&gt;[[File:Is this me mental disorder of looking.jpg|x60px]]&lt;!--
--&gt;[[File:Bullet-Journal-by-Matt-Ragland.jpg|x60px]]&lt;!--
--&gt;[[File:Pedometer.JPG|x60px]]&lt;!--
--&gt;[[File:Moodring2.jpg|x60px]]&lt;!--
--&gt;[[File:What's the Right Weight for My Height? (4254117120).jpg|x60px]]&lt;!--
--&gt;[[File:Blutdruckmessgeraet.jpg|x60px]]&lt;!--
--&gt;[[File:EmWave2, powering up.jpg|x60px]]&lt;!--
--&gt;[[File:Fitibit Flex.jpg||x60px]]&lt;!--
--&gt;[[File:Black Nike FuelBand.jpg|x60px]]&lt;!--
--&gt;
--&gt;[[File:Blood Glucose Testing.JPG|x60px]]&lt;!--
--&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;&gt;(mirror, bullet-journal, pedometer, mood ring, scales, blood pressure, heart rate variability, fitbit, fuelband, blood glucose monitor)&lt;br&gt;(they are self-tracking tools)&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;What are they for?&lt;br&gt;(learning about and improving ourselves)&lt;/div&gt;

# 21st century mobile applications offer an increasing array of self-monitoring tools. This presents an opportunity and a challenge: How can optimal use be made of self-tracking?
# Discuss:
## What is self-tracking?
## What are some examples of self-tracking? What self-tracking do you do? What are you curious to try?&lt;!-- # What have you discovered through self-tracking? What could you discover? --&gt;
# Watch:
## [https://www.youtube.com/embed/OrAo8oBBFIo?start=16&amp;end=305 The quantified self] (Gary Wolf, TED@Cannes, 2010, YouTube, 4:49 mins)
## [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NP5okzCjrj0 The quantified self: Data gone wild?] (PBS NewsHour, 2013, YouTube, 5:45 mins)
# Discuss:
## What are the potential benefits?&lt;br&gt;(e.g., self-awareness, steady stream of data-driven feedback can facilitate goal pursuit)
## What are the potential problems?&lt;br&gt;(e.g., externalises motivation, could heighten distress)

==Google Scholar==
To help identify the best academic resources about a target topic, try these [http://scholar.google.com Google Scholar] search tips:
&lt;!-- # [http://scholar.google.com Google Scholar] e.g., [https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0%2C5&amp;q=self-tracking+motivation self-tracking motivation] (search) --&gt;
# Citation rates - focus on sources with high citation rates (# of citations / years since published)
# Authors - check the publications by top authors on the topic
# Related articles - for top sources, check out &quot;related articles&quot;
# Link to libraries - sync search results to UC Library holdings for quick access to restricted publications
## Login using Google Account
## Settings: Three bars (top-left) - Settings - Library links
## Search for institution name (&quot;UC Library&quot; is the main one, but also &quot;University of Canberra&quot; for Proquest)
## Select target libraries
## Save
## Search results will now show links to full-text resources held in the institutional library
# [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/help.html#library Storing citations] - save favourite publications to a folder. They can be found via My Library.
# APA style citations - double-quote button. Good start, but may need correcting, italics, and doesn't provide doi
# [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_alerts Setting up alerts] - follow new publications about topics or authors of interest. &quot;Create alert&quot; at bottom of search.
&lt;!-- ## [https://canberra.libanswers.com/faq/192648 More info] --&gt;
&lt;!-- # Filtering by year
# Related articles
# Citation searching (with Google Scholar or [http://ezproxy.canberra.edu.au/login?url=http://www.scopus.com/home.url Scopus]) --&gt;
&lt;!-- 
# [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/help.html#alerts Setting up alerts] --&gt;
# More Google Scholar info:
## [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/about.html About]
## [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/help.html Search tips]
# Other possibly useful search strategies:
## Include &quot;review&quot; or &quot;meta-analysis&quot; in the search to identify major reviews on the topic
## Search in key journals
### Topic-specific - e.g., [https://link.springer.com/journal/11031 Motivation and Emotion]
### Major psychological review journals e.g., [https://www.annualreviews.org/journal/psych Annual Review of Psychology]
## [https://www.scopus.com/ Scopus]
## [https://scite.ai scite.ai]

==References==
{{Hanging indent|1=
Clary, E. G., &amp; Snyder, M. (1991). A functional analysis of altruism and prosocial behavior: The case of volunteerism. In M. Clark (Ed.), ''Review of personality and social psychology: Vol 12. Pro-social behavior'' (pp. 119-148). Sage.

Clary, E. G., Snyder, M., Ridge, R. D., Copeland, J., Stukas, A. A., Haugen, J., Miene, P. (1998). [http://www.comm.umn.edu/~akoerner/courses/5431-S13/Clary%20et%20al.%20(1998).pdf Understanding and assessing the motivations of volunteers: A functional approach]. ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology'', ''74''(6), 516-530. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1516

Clary, E. G., &amp; Snyder, M. (1999). [http://cdp.sagepub.com/content/8/5/156.full.pdf The motivations to volunteer: Theoretical and practical considerations]. ''Current Directions in Psychological Science'', ''8''(5), 156-159. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00037
}}

==Recording==
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/09ecf4ffc3634700bbeebc40375ed75a Tutorial 05] (2024)&lt;!--
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/80241f122b874ad48c34707e1362faa4 Tutorial 05] (2023)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/9c4925f4e1254be7bac2c1d37915e289 Tutorial 05] (2022)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/dd3e4ff54b6b427ba84d6f94285129ac Tutorial 05] (2021)
--&gt;

==See also==
&lt;!--
;Additional tutorial material
--&gt;
&lt;!--
;Book chapters
--&gt;
;Wikipedia
* [[w:Biofeedback|Biofeedback]]
* [[w:Quantified Self|Quantified Self]]
* [[w:Uses and gratifications theory|Uses and gratifications theory]]

;Wikiversity
* [[Feedback]]
* [[Self-regulation]]
* [[Volunteer motivation]]

;Lectures
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1}}/Lectures/Implicit motives and goals|Implicit motives and goals]] 

;Tutorials
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Psychological needs|Psychological needs]] (Previous tutorial)
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Learned optimism|Learned optimism]] (Next tutorial)

;Admin
* [[/Instructor notes/]]

==External links==
* [https://www.google.com.au/search?q=bullet+journal+habit+tracker Bullet journals] (Google image search)
* [https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/sporty/fitness-trackers-and-cold-water-swimming/13512108 Do fitness trackers make you more active?] (ABC Radio National - Sporty podcast, 2021]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V08dWCtDyd8 The rise of the quantified self] (Mashable Brand X, 2014, YouTube, 1:48 mins)
&lt;!-- # An applied example: Workplace pedometer programs - http://www.10000steps.org.au, http://www.gettheworldmoving.com/ --&gt;
&lt;!-- Find another video about pedometer based social media competitions --&gt;
&lt;!--
;Articles/Links
# [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FESv2CgyJag The quantified self: How wearable sensors expand human potential] (Lauren Constantini, TEDxMileHigh, 2014) (10:55)
# [http://www.technologyreview.com/biomedicine/37784/?mod=MagOur The measured life]
# [http://www.forbes.com/sites/kashmirhill/2011/04/07/adventures-in-self-surveillance-aka-the-quantified-self-aka-extreme-navel-gazing/ Adventures in Self-Surveillance, aka The Quantified Self, aka Extreme Navel-Gazing]
# [http://quantifiedself.com The quantified self]
# [http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/personal-science/201102/growth-quantified-self Growth of quantified self]
# [http://opensource.com/health/11/8/open-health-quantified-self Open health with quantified self]
# [http://www.launch.is/blog/bringing-quantified-self-to-the-masses-habit-labs-creates-ga.html Bringing quantified self to the masses: Habit labs creates games to make live healthier]
# [http://www.fastcodesign.com/1665351/can-jawbone-really-made-people-healtheir-with-their-up-wristband Jawbone UP tracker]
# [http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/1641899/App-to-track-your-every-move App to track your every move] (PlaceMe) - [https://plus.google.com/111091089527727420853/posts/3iqjCACkBuz]
# [http://news.cnet.com/8301-33620_3-57602925-278/how-my-body-rejected-activity-trackers-and-the-quantified-self/?google_editors_picks=true How my body rejected activity trackers and the 'quantified self'] (Danny Sullivan, 2013, CNET) --&gt;
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{{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/In development}}
&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Complete2}} --&gt;
&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/In development}} --&gt;

== Overview ==
This tutorial:
# Explores learned optimism (the opposite of learned helplessness)
# Wraps up motivation (following tutorials focus mainly on emotion)

== Learned helplessness vs. learned optimism ==
[[File:Shuttle Box Dog Orange.png|thumb|''Figure 1''. Shuttle box used by Seligman to experiment with learned helplessness in dogs.]]

This exercise explores [[w:learned optimism|learned optimism]].

Learned optimism relates to personal control beliefs in Chapter 10 of [[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2018|Reeve (2018)]] and the [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Mindsets, control, and the self|mindsets, control, and the self lecture]]. Whilst the textbook and lecture focus on [[w:Learned helplessness|learned helplessness]], here attention is turned to the opposite: learned optimism.

Discuss:
* What characterises '''learned helplessness'''?
* What characterises '''learned optimism'''?

A computer metaphor:
* Body and brain = &quot;hardware&quot;. Can't easily be changed.
* Thinking = &quot;software&quot;. Reprogrammable.
* At least, this is the view of [[w:Cognitive psychology|cognitive psychology]]

==Martin Seligman==
The learned helplessness and learned optimism concepts were developed by [[w:Martin Seligman|Martin Seligman]]. Seligman started with research about learned helplessness in animals and then later applied this to learning optimism in humans and [[w:Positive psychology|positive psychology]] more generally. Three key books in this respect are:
* Helplessness: On depression, development, and death (Seligman, 1975)
* Learned optimism: How to change your mind and your life (Seligman, 1990)
* The hope circuit: A psychologist's journey from helplessness to optimism (Seligman, 2018)

== Learned optimism ==
{{anchor|Activity}}{{RoundBoxTop|theme=10}}
'''Activity: Learned Optimism Test'''
[[File:Antu 67EF addoninstaller.0.svg|right|100px]]
Are you more pessimistic or optimistic? Let's find out.
# Complete the [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSca-Z7IZlZRmsBWawzi2w2_9eyDJkloHNu0I_XAQiG80SGTmQ/viewform?usp=sf_link Learned Optimism Test] &lt;!-- [https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:13-a0Llpw8cJ:https://web.stanford.edu/class/msande271/onlinetools/LearnedOpt.html Learned Optimism Test] [http://www.stanford.edu/class/msande271/onlinetools/LearnedOpt.html Learned Optimism Test] --&gt; (48 items; 10 - 15 mins; modified from Seligman, 1991)
# Scoring: &quot;Right&quot; answers are scored as optimistic; &quot;wrong&quot; answers are scored as pessimistic
# Keep your answers up on the screen; note the total
# Discussion:
#* Explain the theoretical structure
#* [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/14AEQpwzfn7LhXNhRnb7_4ukEhrnQFe2Uk3X1i95Maps/edit?usp=sharing View and discuss the results].
{{RoundBoxBottom}}
&lt;!-- # Enter your Total Good, Total Bad, and Hope scores into this [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeH86buOryA-II1OpURmzhPMNHwRejCYhREGZGdRhiQbYH_RQ/viewform?usp=sf_link Google Form]. --&gt;

The Learned Optimism Test measures three types of [[w:Attribution (psychology)|attribution]]s (permanence, pervasiveness, personalisation) for two types of events (good, bad):
* Permanence (Good and Bad)
* Pervasiveness (Good and Bad)
* Personalisation (Good and Bad)

Attributions are our explanations about causes of events. Our attributions about past events is used to predict causes of future events.

Table 1. 

Attributional Dimensions (3) by Event Valence (2) Explanation of Pessimism-Optimism

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin: auto;&quot;
!Attribution
!Bad
!Good
|-
|[[#Permanence|Permanence]]
|{{H:title|dotted=no|Permanence Bad|PmB}}
|{{H:title|dotted=no|Permanence Good|PmG}}
|-
|[[#Pervasiveness|Pervasiveness]]
|{{H:title|dotted=no|Pervasiveness Bad|PvB}}
|{{H:title|dotted=no|Pervasiveness Good|PvG}}
|-
|[[#Personalisation|Personalisation]]
|{{H:title|dotted=no|Personalisation Bad|PsB}}
|{{H:title|dotted=no|Personalisation Good|PsG}}
|-
|[[#Total B|Total]]
||{{H:title|dotted=no|Total Bad|ToB}}
|{{H:title|dotted=no|Total Good|ToG}}
|}

Table 2. 

Explanatory Styles Based on Attributional Dimensions of Pessimism and Optimism

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin: auto;&quot;
!
!Optimistic
!Pessimistic
|-
|'''Good event'''
|Permanent
Pervasive

Internal
|Temporary
Local

External
|-
|'''Bad event'''
|Temporary
Local

External
|Permanent
Pervasive

Internal
|}

=== Permanence ===
'''Time''': Temporary vs. Permanent - a pessimistic view is that bad events are permanent and good events are temporary (opposite for optimism)
* '''PmB''' (Permanent Bad)
* '''PmG''' (Permanent Good)

=== Pervasiveness ===
'''Space''': Specific vs. Universal - across situations/domains: a pessimistic view is that bad events are pervasive across situations/domains and good events are specific to a situation/domain (opposite for optimism)
* '''PvB''' (Pervasive Bad)
* '''PvG''' (Pervasive Good)

=== Personalisation ===
'''Control/causality''': Internal vs. External: e.g., a pessimistic view is that bad events are internally caused and good events are externally causes (opposite for optimism)
* '''PsB''' (Personalisation Bad)
* '''PsG''' (Personalisation Good)

=== Totals ===
Assuming optimistic responses are scored positively.

;Hope
* Hope (HoB) = PvB + PmB (i.e., Hope for Bad Events).
* Seligman indicates that this is the single most important score.

;Total Bad
* Total B (Bad) = PmB + PvB + PsB
&lt;!-- * Low = Optimistic; High = Pessimistic --&gt;

;Total Good
* Total G (Good) = PmG + PvG + PsG
&lt;!-- * Low = Pessimistic; High = Optimistic --&gt;

;Overall
* Overall Optimism = Total G + Total B
&lt;!-- * Overall Optimism = Total G - Total B --&gt;
&lt;!-- * Low = Pessimistic; High = Optimistic --&gt;

=== ABCDE solution ===
Would you like to become more optimistic?

If so, Seligman suggests a cognitive ABCDE solution: 

Table 3. 

How to Change Pessimistic Thinking Styles

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
|'''A'''
|Adversity
|When we encounter adversity, we react by thinking about it
|-
|'''B'''
|Beliefs
|Our thoughts rapidly congeal into beliefs
|-
|'''C'''
|Consequences
|These beliefs ... have consequences
|-
|'''D'''
|Disputation
|Challenge problematic beliefs by finding evidence against them, alternatives to negative reasoning, and limit the implications of the beliefs. &quot;Much of the skill of dealing with setbacks ... consists of learning how to dispute your own first thoughts in reaction to a setback.&quot; (Seligman)
|-
|'''E'''
|Energisation
|We feel energised after we've disputed our false, negative beliefs
|}

==Is optimism always good?==
There are well established positive relationships between optimism and important life outcomes such as physical health (e.g., longevity) and psychological well-being.

But is optimism ''always'' good? For example:
* Narcissism - Believing that one is all-powerful and influential can contribute to inflated self-importance (i.e., narcissism)
* Risk-taking - Believing that one can control good outcomes (when you actually can't) can be problematic (e.g., gambling)

==Where is the sweet spot?==
Despite these potential problems, the advantages of optimism are overwhelming. So much so that the psychologically healthiest people tend to have &quot;[[w:Positive illusions|positive illusions]]&quot;, that is, they have somewhat unrealistically positive views. &quot;Pessimists&quot; and &quot;realists&quot;, on the other hand, are more prone to depression.

==References==
{{Hanging indent|1=

Seligman, M. E. P. (1975). ''[https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/_/aOgPtAEACAAJ?sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjNpISbkvHyAhVgzTgGHUw5COMQre8FegQICRAC Helplessness: On depression, development, and death]''. W H Freeman/Times Books/ Henry Holt &amp; Co.

Seligman, M. E. P. (2006). ''[https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/_/JYxIDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjf-snFkfHyAhWvzDgGHaGfBi4Qre8FegQIBxAG Learned optimism: How to change your mind and your life]''. Vintage Books. 

Seligman, M. E. (2018). ''[https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/The_Hope_Circuit/gAY8DwAAQBAJ The hope circuit: A psychologist's journey from helplessness to optimism]''. Penguin Random House Australia.

}}

==Recording==
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/220892bb18874be780e84dd5dff8461a Tutorial 06] (2024)&lt;!--
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/007730f1059e4dff8a1127caf5ae967b Tutorial 06] (2023)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/e7c8f3eaa41248e18c2c7e2f102ee651 Tutorial 06], 2022
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/baf24c2a01e5466b9b5f96e15b6502cd Tutorial 06], 2021
--&gt;

==See also==
;Additi|onal tutorial material
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Goals and self/Self-constructs|Self-constructs]]

; Book chapters
* [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Learned helplessness|Learned helplessness]] (Category)
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2011/Learned optimism|Learned optimism]] (2011)

; Wikipedia
* [[w:Attribution (psychology)|Attribution]]
* [[w:Learned helplessness|Learned helplessness]]
* [[w:Learned optimism|Learned optimism]]
* [[w:Positive illusions|Positive illusions]]
* [[w:Rational emotive behavior therapy|Rational emotive behavior therapy]]

;Lecture
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1}}/Lectures/Mindsets, control, and the self|Mindsets, control, and the self]]

;Tutorials
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Functionalist theory and self-tracking|Functionalist theory and self-tracking]] (Previous tutorial)
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Core emotions|Core emotions]] (Next tutorial)

; Admin
* [[/Instructor notes/]]

==External links ==
* [http://www.artofmanliness.com/2010/02/03/boosting-your-resiliency-part-2-avoiding-learned-helplessness-and-changing-your-explanatory-style/ Avoiding learned helplessness and changing your explanatory style] (Mackay &amp; Mackay, 2010, artofmanliness.com, Building your resiliency: Part II)
* [https://positivepsychology.com/learned-optimism Learned optimism: Is Martin Seligman’s glass half full?] (positivepsychology.com)
&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Navigation}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
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      <contributor>
        <username>Jtneill</username>
        <id>10242</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Update for 2025</comment>
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      <text bytes="11508" sha1="2brfa9e31cfns5als4jny4us4guu0fh" xml:space="preserve">{{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials|Tutorial 07: Core emotions|seventh}}
{{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/In development}}
&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Complete2}} --&gt;
&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/In development}} --&gt;

==Overview==
* Explores the psychological concept of core emotions – what are they?
* Hundreds of emotion words are sorted in a group exercise to create to a model which depicts underlying clusters of emotional experience.

==Criteria==
What are the criteria for a core emotion?

To be classified as a core emotion, the affective state should exhibit each of the following:
# Distinct neurological and physiological response (e.g., pattern of brain activity, heart-rate)
# Distinct feeling (i.e., subjective/phenomenological state)
# Unique expression (e.g., facial expression and body language)
# Innate (i.e., evident from birth)
# Adaptive (e.g., what is its purpose?)
# Short-lived (whereas moods which are longer-lived)
# Triggered by same circumstances each time (i.e., has a specific causal trigger)?
# Universal (i.e., recognised by different cultures)

==Non-emotions==
If an affective experience does not qualify as an emotion, they could instead be:
# Attitude (e.g., hate)
# Behaviour (e.g., aggression)
# Cognition (e.g., confused)
# Disorder (e.g., depression, behavioural conduct disorder)
# Mood (e.g., grumpy)
# Personality trait (e.g., neuroticism)

==Core emotions==
What are the core emotions?

Theoretical models typically identify about six to eight core emotions, usually including:
# Fear
# Anger
# Disgust
# Sadness
# Interest
# Joy
# Surprise
# Contempt

==Emotion sort exercise==
Linguistic models of emotion are developed from analysis of language (words) used to describe different affective states.

The goal of this exercise is to organise many (250+) [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Emotion/List|emotion-related words]] into core emotion families:

{{anchor|Activity}}{{RoundBoxTop|theme=10}}
'''Activity: Emotion sort'''
[[File:Antu 67EF addoninstaller.0.svg|right|100px]]
# Open this [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1KYv0xfA-1lJVyLATiY7bnRl_RCXxXKClvV4sTVilpHQ/edit?usp=sharing list of emotion words]
# Each person selects an emotion word and classifies it as either a:
## core emotion (and allocates it to a core emotion family)
## non-emotion (and indicates the reason it doesn't qualify as an emotion)
# Classifications can be changed if you disagree
# Repeat until all words are classified—a progress bar will be displayed
# If unsure, use chat or the comments column
# Discuss the:
#* experience of categorising: e.g., what was like? easy? hard? why?
#* unusual/unknown words or emotions you'd like to share or want to know more about?
#* results based on data analysis about:
#** % classified as emotions or not emotions
#** which emotion families were most popular and which words were allocated to each emotion family
#** which reasons were most used for excluding affective states as emotions
{{RoundBoxBottom}}
[[File:Emotion sort exercise - Core emotions.svg|center|550px|thumb|Bar chart showing the frequency of affective words sorted into 19 categories of emotion]]

==Emotional intelligence==
What is &quot;[[w:Emotional intelligence|emotional intelligence]]&quot; (EQ)?

It could also be termed [[w:Emotional literacy|emotional literacy]].

Goleman's (1997) conceptualisation of emotional intelligence suggested four aspects (see Table 1).

'''Table 1'''. 

Four Quadrants of Emotional Intelligence (based on Goleman (1997)
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin: auto;
|-
!
!Awareness
!Management
|-
|'''Self'''
|Self-awareness
|Self-management
|-
|'''Other'''
|Social awareness
|Relationship management
|}

==Emotion knowledge==
[[File:Bananas by cactus cowboy.svg|thumb|right|175px|'''Schadenfreude''' (pronounced shar-den-frood-ar) is a German word for pleasure that one may derive from the misfortune of another (e.g., laughing at someone slipping on a banana peel).]]

Part of emotional intelligence is &quot;emotion knowledge&quot;.

What is emotion knowledge?

Emotion knowledge is the library of distinct emotion concepts (e.g., represented by words) a person has access. The bigger your library, the more chance you have of being able to distinguish between various nuances of your emotional states (e.g., various shades of anger):
{{quote|&quot;the finer and more sophisticated one's emotion knowledge is, the greater his or her capacity to respond to each life event with a specialised and highly appropriate reaction&quot; (Reeve, 2009, p. 353).}}

Emotion knowledge can be improved by expanding one's linguistic repertoire for describing emotions. [https://www.psypost.org/2020/09/new-research-finds-our-vocabularies-can-act-as-a-window-into-psychological-and-physical-well-being-57971 Our vocabularies can act as a window into psychological and physical well-being]. For a deeper dive, see the work of James Pennebaker, one of the study's authors, via [https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&amp;user=KYOCMe0AAAAJ&amp;view_op=list_works&amp;citft=1&amp;email_for_op=JamesTNeill%40gmail.com&amp;gmla=AJsN-F6j5ww5q8q1NDhd-S-S5TKin27AiS2FjfdcUfkAVXE5YmU8yO2AKhpvl4zVnK9DydZiplyaDTbSiR07LuIndWHHRf5kRoyKUzi4uOkOI-xZ4Kf2XVza_DPjHMCvHpGTvzzzwuEddowKzs8IaU-p8KmARjs-EPENQ-8nNkxQMzms7CDipXgQXAQje0klOsKdU-tMXPC8MfCd-AI381ZWZ14SE60TcAYDsJMkNswaSvgjOQ10Yn-JJz8LV86D7NuLTSukCsSe Google Scholar].

== Non-English emotion words==
[[File:Non-English emotion words exercise.png|400px|thumb|Non-English emotion words and definitions suggested by a class in 2023.]]

Many nuances of emotion are not well described in the English language.

However, there are plenty of non-English words from the 7,000 or so other human languages that capture subtleties in the kaleidoscope of human feeling.

What words from other languages do you know that describe emotions?

Share an example (from your knowledge or the links below), the definition, and maybe why you like it, with the class.

{{anchor|Words}}
{{RoundBoxTop|theme=6}}
[[File:Path in Epping Forest - geograph.org.uk - 2523517.jpg|thumb|right|175px|'''Friluftsliv''' (pronounced free-loofts-liv) is a Norwegian word for the practice of purposefully spending time outdoors and the physical and mental health benefits that this engenders.]]
Lists of non-English emotion words:
* [https://www.inc-aus.com/jessica-stillman/learning-these-20-foreign-words-for-emotions-you-never-knew-you-had-will-increase-your-eq.html 20 foreign words for emotions you never knew you had] (inc-aus.com)
* [https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/75082/32-words-positive-phenomena-dont-have-english-equivalent Words for positive phenomena that don't have an English equivalent] (mentalfloss.com)
* [http://thoughtcatalog.com/pierce-nahigyan/2015/12/17-words-we-dont-have-in-english-that-describe-feelings-we-have-every-day/ 17 feeling words we don’t have in English] (thoughtcatalog.com)
* [https://www.berlitz.com/blog/words-emotions-dont-exist-english 25 beautiful words for emotions that don’t exist in English] (berlitz.com)
* [https://www.theintrepidguide.com/untranslatable-words-ultimate-list/ 203 most beautiful untranslatable words] (theintrepidguide.com)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20220617081916/https://digest.bps.org.uk/2016/01/28/there-are-at-least-216-foreign-words-for-positive-emotional-states-and-concepts-that-we-dont-have-in-english/ Foreign words for positive emotional states and concepts that we don’t have in English] (bps.org.uk)
* [http://gizmodo.com/english-is-surprisingly-devoid-of-emotionally-positive-1755985162 English is surprisingly devoid of emotionally positive words]
* [https://businessservicesweek.com/untranslatable-words-for-feelings-from-20-different-languages/ Untranslatable words for feelings from 20 different languages] (gizmodo.com)
* [https://blog.collinsdictionary.com/language-lovers/14-untranslatable-emotions-that-english-cant-convey/ 14 untranslatable emotions that English can't convey] (collinsdictionary.com)
&lt;!-- 
* [https://bigthink.com/21st-century-spirituality/buy-more-books-than-you-ever-read-the-japanese-have-a-word-for-that Buy more books than you ever read? The Japanese have a word for that.] --&gt;{{RoundBoxBottom}}

What are the psychological implications of our emotion vocabularies? For example, the [[w:Linguistic relativity|Sapir-Whorf hypothesis]] (linguistic relativity) argues that language enables experience. According to this [[w:Essentialism|essentialist]] view, our emotional vocabulary enables but also limits our capacity for emotional experience.

But linguistic relativity also implies that we can enrich our emotional lives by incorporating non-English emotion words.

==Recording==
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/b174165b101b4ba4beaaba6c52444c1e Tutorial 07] (2024) - Note: Recording fails ~40:20 mins
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/98e8da8bfb6f4267a9dfc70ebd0d070a Tutorial 07] (2023)&lt;!--
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/44f3c37bd25640e4ba577978df0b9df9 Tutorial 07] (2022)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/5c1bf52c472449babbee04cb1e0871e2 Tutorial 07] (2021)
--&gt;

==See also==
;Additional tutorial material
* [[../Emotion/Emotional intelligence/|Emotional intelligence]]
&lt;!--
;Book chapters
--&gt;
;Wikipedia
* [[w:Contrasting and categorization of emotions|Contrasting and categorization of emotions]]
* [[w:Emotional intelligence|Emotional intelligence]]
* [[w:Emotional self-regulation|Emotional self-regulation]]
* [[w:Emotion classifcation|Emotion classification]]
* [[w:Emotion perception|Emotion perception]]
* [[w:Emotion recognistion|Emotion recognition]]

;Lecture
* [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Nature of emotion|Nature of emotion]]

;Tutorials
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Learned optimism|Learned optimism]] (Previous tutorial)
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Measuring emotion|Measuring emotion]] (Next tutorial)

;Admin
* [[/Instructor notes/]]

==References==
{{Hanging indent|1=
Goleman, D. (1997). ''[[w:Emotional intelligence|Emotional Intelligence]]''. Bantam.}}
==External links==
* [http://changingminds.org/explanations/emotions/basic%20emotions.htm Basic emotions] (changingminds.org)
* [https://www.psypost.org/2015/10/children-who-understand-emotions-become-more-attentive-over-time-38140 Children who understand emotions become more attentive over time] (PsyPost, 2015)
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y7m9eNoB3NU Daniel Goleman introduces emotional intelligence] (YouTube; 5:30 mins)
* [http://news.berkeley.edu/2017/09/06/27-emotions/ Emoji fans take heart: Scientists pinpoint 27 states of emotion] (University of California, Berkeley, 2017); [https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/emogifs/map.html Interactive emotion map with videos]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n6MRsGwyMuQ Emotional intelligence by Daniel Goleman:  Animated book summary] (YouTube; 7:28 mins)
* [https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-09-07/how-emojis-like-thumbs-up-can-get-you-in-trouble-with-the-law/102810282 Emojis like thumbs-up or a full moon are tiny icons, but they can have big legal implications] (ABC news, 2023)
* [http://www.carls-sims-4-guide.com/emotions/ List of emotions in Sims 4: Emotion system mechanics, moods, and how to get sims feeling each] (carls-sims-4-guide.com)
* [http://www.personalityresearch.org/basicemotions/plutchik.html Plutchik] (personalityresearch.org) - [[:commons:File:Plutchik-wheel.svg|Wheel of emotions]]
&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Navigation}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Core emotions]]</text>
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{{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/In development}}
&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Complete2}} --&gt;
&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/In development}} --&gt;

==Overview==
This tutorial discusses:
* measurement of emotion
* Positive and Negative Affect Scale

==How can emotion be measured?==
[[File:Eeg registration.jpg|thumb|right|250px|'''Figure 1.''' [[w:Electroencephalography|Electroencephalography]] (EEG) detects electrical activity in different areas of the brain using electrodes attached to the skull.]]

[[File:El Lehendakari visita la nueva unidad de Resonancia Magnética del HUA (40116421582).jpg|thumb|right|250px|'''Figure 2'''. [[w:Functional magnetic resonance imaging|Functional magnetic resonance imaging]] (fMRI) is an advanced method of neuroimaging which can be used to assess emotion based on blood flow.]]
* Behaviour (e.g., body language)
* Facial expression (e.g. specific combinations of muscle activation)
* Neural activation (e.g., functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI))
* Physiological arousal (e.g., pupil dilation, eye tracking, skin conductance, brain activity (EEG (see Figure 1), fMRI (see Figure 2))

These methods are quite resource intensive (especially fMRI). They are also based on what is externally observable or physiologically scannable. But emotion is also fundamentally phenomenological/subjective. So, another mesurement option is to ask people to introspect and self-report.

==Self-report==
Emotion can be measured using idiographic (pictorial) self-report tools such as the [https://www.google.com/search?sca_esv=567989033&amp;rlz=1C1GCEA_enAU1011AU1011&amp;sxsrf=AM9HkKlgj5UmDqMh7zkxBlEv3Zwu5eAsvQ:1695553849848&amp;q=self-assessment+manikin Self-Assessment Manikin] (SAM; Bradley &amp; Lang, 1994).

Some commonly used, general self-report measures of emotion include:
* [[w:DASS (psychology)|Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale]] (DASS) (Wikipedia)
* [https://www.aci.health.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0015/212901/Kessler_10_and_scoring.pdf Kessler 10] (K-10; nsw.gov.au)
* [[w:Profile of mood states|Profile of Mood States]] (POMS) (Wikipedia)
* [[w:Positive and Negative Affect Schedule|Positive and Negative Affect Schedule]] (PANAS) (Wikipedia)

See also: [[w:Affect measures|Affect measures]] (Wikipedia)

==PANAS==
The [[w:Positive and Negative Affect Schedule|Positive and Negative Affect Schedule]] (PANAS; Watson &amp; Clark, 1999) is the most widely used self-report measure in emotion research.

===Your profile===

{{anchor|Activity}}{{RoundBoxTop|theme=10}}
'''Activity: PANAS'''
[[File:Antu 67EF addoninstaller.0.svg|right|100px]]
# Complete this [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdRvz2jh2iTvJmuYXuoiR_1SfOzJ7QtyTnITIgCg36Uh7rtwQ/viewform?usp=sf_link short version of the PANAS] (20-items; Google Form)&lt;!--
# [https://www.psytoolkit.org/c/3.1.0/survey?s=AqxEf Online version] (PsyToolkit)
# [https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B2N4zSp4hmN9NV9teWVVVS1uVjA Hard-copy handout] --&gt;
# Include a code word if you would like to know your individual results
# Discuss PANAS strengths, temporal framing, psychometrics, factor structure, and distributions
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

===Strengths===
Strengths of the PANAS include:
* Simplicity – based on 1-word emotion descriptors
* [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Measuring emotion#Factor structure|Factor structure]] – Short (20-item) and long (60-item) versions
* Flexibility
** [[#Temporaral framing|Temporal framing]] – from present state to general
** Domain – General or specific
* Availability – Free to use

=== Temporal framing ===
* '''Moment''' (you feel this way right now, that is, at the present moment)
* '''Today''' (you have felt this way today)
* '''Past few days''' (you have felt this way during the past few days)
* '''Week''' (you have felt this way during the past week)
* '''Past few weeks''' (you have felt this way during the past few weeks)
* '''Year''' (you have felt this way during the past year)
* '''General''' (you generally feel this way that is, how you feel on average)

=== Psychometrics ===
* Correlations between PA and NA range between -.12 (Today) and -.23 (Year) (Watson et al., 1988). The negative correlation indicates that when one dimension is higher the other one tends to be lower, but this relationship is very weak (1% to 5% shared variance). So, it is best to consider PA and NA as independent dimensions of affective experience.
* Test-retest reliability – how stable is this measure of emotion over time? Based on Watson et al. (1988):
** PA (ranges between .54 (Moment) and .68 (General)
** NA (ranges between .45 (Moment) and .71 (General)

=== Factor structure ===
There are short (20-item) and long (60-item) versions of the PANAS.

;Short (20 items; 2 factors; see Table 2)
* Positive affect (10 items)
* Negative affect (10 items)

'''Table 2'''

''PANAS-20 Positive and Negative Affect Items''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin: auto;&quot;
|+
!Positive affect
!Negative affect
|-
|Active
|Afraid
|-
|Alert
|Ashamed
|-
|Attentive
|Distressed
|-
|Determined
|Guilty
|-
|Enthusiastic
|Hostile
|-
|Excited
|Irritable
|-
|Inspired
|Jittery
|-
|Interested
|Nervous
|-
|Proud
|Scared
|-
|Strong
|Upset
|}

;Long (60 items; 11 factors)
* '''Basic negative emotions'''
** '''Fear''' (5 items): afraid, frightened, jittery, nervous, scared, shaky
** '''Hostility''' (6 items): angry, disgusted, hostile, irritable, loathing, scornful
** '''Guilt''' (6 items): angry at self, ashamed, blameworthy, disgusted with self, guilty
** '''Sadness''' (5 items): alone, angry, blue, downhearted, sad
* '''Basic positivity emotions'''
** '''Joviality''' (8 items): cheerful, delighted, energetic, enthusiastic, excited, happy, joyful, lively
** '''Self-Assurance''' (6 items): bold, confident, daring, fearless, proud, strong
** '''Attentiveness''' (5 items): alert, attentive, concentrating, determined
* '''Other affective states'''
** '''Shyness''' (4 items): bashful, sheepish, shy, timid
** '''Fatigue''' (4 items): drowsy, sleepy, sluggish, tired
** '''Serenity''' (3 items): at ease, calm, relaxed
** '''Surprise''' (3 items): amazed, astonished, surprised

===Distributions===
* Examine class distributions for positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA)
* Compare with USA university norms (see Table 1):
** PA = 3 to 3.5
** NA = 1.5 to 2

'''Table 1'''

''PANAS-20 Positive and Negative Affect Norms''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin: auto;&quot;
|+
!Source
!N
!PA
!NA
|-
|Watson et al. (1988)
|660
|2.97
|1.48
|-
|Watson &amp; Clark (1994)
|3622
|3.57
|1.95
&lt;!-- |-
|Motivation &amp; emotion (2000)
|34.2
|24.6 --&gt;
|}

==Topic development feedback==
# Check the chapter's &quot;discuss&quot; page for written feedback
# Priorities:
#* Address the topic (sub-title question)
#* Avoid too much background information; focus directly on the topic; cut to the chase
#* Balance coverage of theory and research (ideally integrated); often there is too much theory and too little research; make sure to identify and use the best available research, including systematic/meta-analytic reviews
#* Good quality written expression (consider using Studiosity, Grammarly, and peer review)
#* Learning features (bells and whistles):
#** start overview with a scenario or case study in feature box with an image
#** provide wiki links (to the most relevant Wikipedia page or book chapter) when key words are mentioned for the first time
#** examples/case studies
#** feature boxes
#** quizzes etc.
# Headings:
#* Use sentence casing
#* 2-levels often best - but avoid having only one sub-heading in a section
#* Descriptive, but not overly long
# Overview:
#* Use a scenario/case study/example to catch reader interest
#* Explain the problem
#* Establish focus questions that align with the sub-title and the headings
# Conclusion
#* What are the take-home messages? (i.e., answers to the sub-title and/or focus questions)
# Citation and reference formatting
#* use APA 7th ed. ([https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/reference-guide.pdf infographic]) or wiki style but not both
# Social contributions
#* 3 types: Edits, comments, and discussion posts (UCLearn or X)
#* contributions can be made to current or previous book chapters
#* provide direct links to evidence: View the page history, select the version of the page before and after your contributions, click &quot;compare selected revisions&quot;, and then use this website address as a direct link to evidence for listing on your user page. For more info, see [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter#Making and summarising social contributions|Making and summarising social contributions]].

==Recording==
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/e20b88bfb3b94251a28834ecd7ee83c8 Tutorial 08] (2024)&lt;!--
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/36cc3cf8a7be4d139b2b406d342affc7 Tutorial 08] (2023)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/7f5f45035ebc4de4800cc80731f70f1e Tutorial 08], 2022
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/e4361150e57b4b999a6d002f871be374 Tutorial 08], 2021
--&gt;

==See also==
&lt;!--
;Additional tutorial material
--&gt;
&lt;!--
;Book chapters
--&gt;

;Wikipedia
* [[w:Electroencephalography|Electroencephalography]]
* [[w:Functional magnetic resonance imaging|Functional magnetic resonance imaging]]
* [[w:Positive and Negative Affect Schedule|Positive and Negative Affect Schedule]]

;Lecture
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1}}/Lectures/Aspects of emotion|Aspects of emotion]]

;Tutorials
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Core emotions|Core emotions]] (Previous tutorial)
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/20 emotions|20 emotions]] (Next tutorial)
&lt;!--
;Admin
* [[/Instructor notes/]]
--&gt;

==References==
{{Hanging indent|1=
&lt;!-- Thompson, E. R. (2007). Development and validation of an internationally reliable short-form of the positive and negative affect sche''dule (PANAS). ''Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology'', ''38''(2), 227–242. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022106297301
--&gt;
Bradley, M. M., &amp; Lang, P. J. (1994). Measuring emotion: The self-assessment manikin and the semantic differential. ''Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry'', ''25''(1), 49–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7916(94)90063-9

Watson, D., &amp; Clark, L. A. (1994). ''[https://doi.org/10.17077/48vt-m4t2 The PANAS-X: Manual for the positive and negative affect schedule-expanded form]''.

Watson, D., Clark, L. A., &amp; Tellegen, A. (1988). [https://scienceofbehaviorchange.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/PANAS.Watson.1988.pdf Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales]. ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology'', ''54''(6), 1063–1070. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063
}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Navigation}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
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      <text bytes="10178" sha1="c15amihqpy16xbvdzt70wxb3p3qkkjl" xml:space="preserve">{{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials|Tutorial 09: 20 emotions|ninth}}
{{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/In development}}
&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Complete2}} --&gt;
&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/In development}} --&gt;

==Overview==
This tutorial discusses the nature and functions of 20 individual emotions.

==Individual emotions==
[[Emotion knowledge]] can be developed by expanding one's vocabulary for different types of feelings. Having a wide vocabulary helps to distinguish a wide range emotions and to understand their purposes and functions.

This tutorial distinguishes 20 specific emotions and their functions.

When dealing with many emotions, it helps to organise them into categories.

===Categories===
The 20 emotions can be organised into three categories (Reeve, 2018; see Table 1):
* '''Basic''' (7) - Core emotions: present in early development; recognised cross-culturally
&lt;!-- 
### Fear
### Anger
### Disgust
### Contempt
### Sadness
### Joy
### Interest --&gt;
* '''Self-conscious''' (5): occurs when we become self-aware about how others perceive us
&lt;!-- 
### Shame
### Guilt
### Embarrassment
### Pride
### Triumph
--&gt;
* '''Cognitively complex''' (8): arise from thoughts/perceptions about life events often involving others
&lt;!--
### Envy
### Gratitude
### Disappointment
### Regret
### Hope
### Schadenfreude
### Empathy
### Compassion --&gt;

'''Table 1'''

''20 Individual Emotions Organised Into Three Categories''
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;margin: auto;&quot;
! width=30%; |Basic (7)
! width=30%; |Self-conscious (5)
! width=30%; |Cognitively complex (8)
|-
| [[w:Fear|Fear]]
| [[w:Shame|Shame]]
| [[w:Envy|Envy]]
|-
| [[w:Anger|Anger]]
| [[w:Guilt (emotion)|Guilt]]
| [[w:Gratitude|Gratitude]]
|-
| [[w:Disgust|Disgust]]
| [[w:Embarrassment|Embarrassment]]
| [[w:Disappointment|Disappointment]]
|-
| [[w:Contempt|Contempt]]
| [[w:Pride|Pride]]
| [[w:Regret|Regret]]
|-
| [[w:Sadness|Sadness]]
| [[w:Triumph (emotion)|Triumph]]
| [[w:Hope|Hope]]
|-
| [[w:Joy|Joy]]
|
| [[w:Schadenfreude|Schadenfreude]]
|-
| [[w:Interest (emotion)|Interest]]
|
| [[w:Empathy|Empathy]]
|-
|
|
| [[w:Compassion|Compassion]]
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
''Note''. Links go to Wikipedia articles; For a table of these emotions with links to specific Wikiversity book chapters, see the [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Individual emotions#Motivations generated by specific emotions|individual emotions lecture]]; Based on Reeve (2018)

What other systems of categorisation (or dimensions) could be useful? e.g.,
* '''Active vs. passive emotions''' - trigger motivation for action vs. involve inception or reflection
* '''Approach vs. avoidance''' emotions - motivation towards positive engagement vs. motivate withdrawal of defensive behaviours
* '''Positive vs. negative''' emotions - pleasant vs. unpleasant
* '''Primary vs. secondary''' emotions -  innate, universal, appear early in life vs. develop later, require self-awareness
* '''Short-term vs. long-term''' emotions - transitory, immediate reactions vs. sustained over time
* '''Social vs. non-social''' emotions - arise in interpersonal contexts vs. not dependent on social relations

===I feel ...===
What do each of these 20 emotions actually feel like and why do we feel them?

The main reason for each of the emotions is presented in Table 2.
&lt;!--
To gain experiential insight, practice using &quot;I feel ... &quot; statements for a wide range of different emotions (see Table 2). --&gt;

'''Table 2'''

''&quot;I Feel&quot; Definitions for 20 Emotions''
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;margin: auto;&quot;
! Emotion
! Definition
|-
| Anger
| I feel injustice
|-
| Compassion
| I feel caring about you
|-
| Contempt
| I feel superior to you
|-
| Disappointment
| I feel down about a poor outcome
|-
| Disgust
| I feel repulsed
|-
| Embarrassment
| I feel awkward in front of you
|-
| Empathy
| I feel with you
|-
| Envy
| I feel jealous - I want what you have
|-
| Fear
| I feel in danger
|-
| Gratitude
| I feel thankful
|-
| Guilt
| I feel bad about wronging you
|-
| Hope
| I feel optimistic about my future
|-
| Interest
| I feel curious
|-
| Joy
| I feel happiness within
|-
| Pride
| I feel good about myself and achievements
|-
| Regret
| I feel sorrow for what I did
|-
| Sadness
| I feel bad about a loss
|-
| Schadenfreude
| I feel pleasure at your misfortune
|-
| Shame
| I feel bad about myself because I am publicly wrong
|-
| Triumph
| I feel victorious
|}
&lt;/div&gt;

==Emotion matching exercise==

{{anchor|Activity}}{{RoundBoxTop|theme=10}}
'''Activity: Emotion matching'''
[[File:Antu 67EF addoninstaller.0.svg|right|100px]]
# Collaborate in pairs to discuss and complete the &lt;!-- Handout: [[:File:20 Individual Emotions Matching Exercise.pdf|20 Individual Emotions Matching Exercise]] --&gt; [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1OvG1jp1OBEGBzcDmL5W_yczXNGsqN43D_Zpdn9jHqsU/edit?usp=sharing 20 Individual Emotions Matching Exercise]
# Each pair completes two sheets:
## Find the emotion and category that matches the definition
## Find the definition and category that matches the emotion
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

==Discussion==
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt; What is/are your '''favourite''' or '''most interesting''' emotion(s)? Why?&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt; What is the difference between '''shame''', '''guilt''', and '''embarrassment'''?&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt; Shame and guilt both involve feeling bad about the standard of the self's behaviour&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt; Shame is public; Guilt is private (''shame in the courtroom''; ''guilt in the cell'')&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt; Shame focuses on ''self''; Guilt focuses on ''behaviour''&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt; Embarrassment arises from innocent social blunder; it acknowledge this awareness and asks forgiveness&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt; What is the difference between '''pride''' and '''triumph'''?&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt; Both involve feeling good&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt; Pride is more personal, based on achievement&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt; Triumph is more social, based on competitive victory over others&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt; What are the two aspects of '''pride'''?&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt; Authentic: Based on genuine achievement&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt; Hubristic/Narcissistic: Self-puffery; based on desire to be better/more dominant than others; undermines relationships&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt; What emotions are associated with these '''interpersonal scenarios'''?&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width: 80%; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;
!
!... other person feels good
!... other person feels bad
|-
|'''I feel good because ...'''
|vicarious joy, mudita, compersion, empathy, freudenfreude
|schadenfreude, contempt, hate, narcissism, arrogance
|-
|'''I feel bad because ...'''
|envy, jealousy, gluckschmerz
|empathy, compassion, sympathy
|}
&lt;ol start=&quot;6&quot;&gt;
&lt;li&gt; What are the two types of '''envy'''?&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt; Benign: Focuses on self-improvement (''building up'')&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt; Malicious: Focuses on undermining another (''tearing down'')&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt; What is the difference between '''empathy''', '''compassion''', and '''sympathy'''?&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt; Empathy: Mirrors the feelings of another &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt; Compassion: Motivates action to help another &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt; Sympathy: Pitying of others; involves power &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt; What is the difference between '''disappointment''' and '''regret'''?&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt; Both involve experiencing a worse outcome than expected; the difference is the amount of perceived control&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt; Disappointment: Perceives that one's behaviour could not have lead to a different outcome&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt; Regret: Perceives that, had one's behaviour been different, a better outcome could have been achieved&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt; What are the two aspects of '''gratitude'''?&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt; Indebtedness &lt;math&gt;\rightarrow&lt;/math&gt; Exchange-based relationship: If the receiver focuses on what was received (e.g., $50), then the receiver may feel indebted to repay, leading to an exchange-based relationship&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt; Care &lt;math&gt;\rightarrow&lt;/math&gt; Communal relationship: If the receiver focuses on the giver (e.g., a friend), then the receiver may feel cared for and loved, leading to a communal relationship&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt; What is the opposite of '''hope'''?&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt; Fear&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt; Both fear and hope are about expectations of the future&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt; Also consider hopelessness / helplessness&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

==Readings==
* Chapter 14: Individual emotions ([[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2018|Reeve, 2018]])

==Recording==
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/805b463d37464601986875924da3588a Tutorial 09] (2024)&lt;!--
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/7ba704c041be4506b9b9176dd7063e9c Tutorial 09] (2023)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/30253ce91beb4a02907ddca89ab11a8d Tutorial 09 recording Pt 1] (2022)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/60135634ce83484482bf7a2ef8199bd0 Tutorial 09 recording Pt 2] (2022)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/3d5dd6db621d4c309db303408bdcaa19 Tutorial 09 recording], 2021
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/1efcf556a5384d3586d2abc55a7b2109 Tutorial 09 recording], 2020
--&gt;

==See also==
&lt;!--
;Book chapters
;Wikipedia
--&gt;
;Lecture
* [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Individual emotions|Individual emotions]] (Lecture)

;Tutorials
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Measuring emotion|Measuring emotion]] (Previous tutorial)
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Time perspective|Time perspective]] (Next tutorial)

;Admin
* [[/Instructor notes/]]

==References==
{{Hanging indent|1=
{{:Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2018}}}}

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Evwgu369Jw Brené Brown on empathy] (YouTube; 2:53 mins)
* [https://twentyonetoys.com/blogs/teaching-empathy/brene-brown-empathy-vs-sympathy Empathy vs sympathy (Dr Brené Brown)] (twentyonetoys.com)
* [https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/lifematters/talkback-how-to-deal-with-guilt/102450958 How to deal with guilt] (Life Matters, ABC Radio National, 9 June, 2023)
&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Navigation}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/20 emotions]]
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[[Category:Motivation and emotion/Emotion/Guilt]]
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{{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/In development}}
&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Complete2}} --&gt;
&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/In development}} --&gt;

==Overview==
[[File:Person holding clock in front of head.jpg|right|200px|thumb|'''Figure 1'''. We all travel through time by using memory and imagination]]
This tutorial is about:
* the psychology of time and, more specifically,
* Zimbardo's model of time perspective and how it relates to motivation and emotion

Would you like to time travel?

It turns out, you already a time traveller simply do by adopting different cognitions about time—or time perspectives (e.g., past, present, future).

Time perspectives relate to cognitive psychology, personality, motivation, and emotion.

Humans are unconsciously influenced by their cognitions about time. By understanding this, we can optimise our time perspective to live better lives.

Take-home messages:
* Time perspective unconsciously influences our thoughts, feelings, and behaviour
* The ideal profile involves balanced and flexible use of past, present, and future time perspectives

==What is time perspective?==
Did you know that we can travel through time (see Figure 1)? 

Time travel is very simple to do and we do it &quot;all the time&quot;.

[[File:Doctor Who (13).jpg|right|200px|thumb|''Figure 2''. People unconsciously adopt different time perspectives - whether past, present, or future.]]

For example, close your eyes and think about what happened:
* 10 minutes ago
* yesterday
* many years ago

Similarly, you imagine various futures for yourself e.g., in:
* 1 hour
* 1 year
* 30 years

Or you could focus all your thought and attention could be focused on what is happening in the present.

Time perspective (TP) refers to how we think about time. It can be broadly divided into (see Figure 2):
* Past
* Present
* Future

==ZTPI==
{{anchor|Activity}}{{RoundBoxTop|theme=10}}
'''Activity: ZTPI'''
[[File:Antu 67EF addoninstaller.0.svg|right|100px]]
# Complete the [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfoIK9pW-KNtiWsXwa9pFVZiHwR6ioOe6V703Fk7W7YPKjICw/viewform?usp=sf_link Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory] (ZTPI)
# Discuss the underlying theory
# Discuss class results
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

===Theory===
Time perspective theory considers:
* the types of time perspective
* time perspective principles

====Types====
[[File:TUSSTMQ9 StructuralModel TimePerspective.png|right|thumb|450px|'''Figure 3'''. Six possible time perspective factors, based on Zimbardo (2009).]]

Time perspective can be conceptualised in terms of whether it focuses on past, present, and future, but also by the valence of that focus (e.g., positive or negative). This leads to the five time perspectives suggested by Zimbardo (2009; see Figure 3):
* Past Negative
* Past Positive
* Present Hedonistic
* Present Fatalistic
* Future

It is unclear whether future should be separated into future negative and future positive (there is mixed evidence).

Zimbardo also suggests another time perspective:
* Transcendental ([https://www.thetimeparadox.com/transcendental-future-time-perspective-inventory/ TFTPI])
which is about focusing on time beyond one's lifetime.

For more information, see [https://www.thetimeparadox.com/2008/08/03/an-overview-of-time-perspective-types/ an overview of time perspective types] (thetimeparadox.com)

====Principles====
* Time perspective influences thoughts, feelings, and behaviour unconsciously
* Each time perspective has benefits, but excesses create negative consequences
* Time perspectives are learned through personal experience
* We can learn to change our time perspectives

===Results===
Compare your ZTPI scores with the:
* Norms:
**Past Negative (''Mdn'' = 3.0&lt;!-- 0 --&gt;)
**Past Positive (''Mdn'' = 3.2&lt;!--2 --&gt;)
**Present Hedonism (''Mdn'' = 3.9&lt;!--3 --&gt;)
**Present Fatalism (''Mdn'' = 2.3&lt;!--3 --&gt;)
**Future (''Mdn'' = 3.4&lt;!-- 38 --&gt;)
&lt;!-- ***Transcendental Future --&gt;
* [http://www.thetimeparadox.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/graph-september2012-all-v21.png Ideal profile]
** Past Positive - High (like your past)
** Present Hedonism - Moderate (choose when to select pleasure in the present) [http://pollynoble.com/2013/09/time-perspective-therapy/]
** Future - Moderately high (work for the future)
* Worst profile:
** Past Negative - High
** Present Fatalism - High
** = living in a negative past and believing you can do nothing to change it[http://pollynoble.com/2013/09/time-perspective-therapy/]

==Multimedia==
[[File:Philip Zimbardo (cropped).jpg|thumb|175px|'''Figure 4'''. Phillip Zimbardo, one of the most famous 20th-21st century psychologists.]]

Does the name, [[w:Philip Zimbardo|Philip Zimbardo]] ring a bell (see Figure 4)?

It should for psychology students!

Maybe something about the [[w:Stanford prison experiment|Stanford prison experiment]]?

In the early 1970s Zimbardo contoversially tackled a fundamental question that had plagued psychologists since [[w:World War II|World War II]] – are humans fundamentally evil – or can extreme circumstances lead normal people to act inhumanely?

Fast forward a few decades and Zimbardo has worked on many other areas of psychology including, more recently, time perspective.

Watch: [https://www.youtube.com/embed/bo4HiVetBd0?start=52&amp;end=388 Philip Zimbardo prescribes a healthy take on time] (Philip Zimbardo, 5:36 min, TED talk, 2009)

==Discussion==
&lt;!-- * What do you think about time perspective? --&gt;
* How could your time perspective be improved?
* How could time perspective be applied?

==Books==
Zimbardo's two books on this topic are:
* [https://www.thetimeparadox.com &quot;The Time Paradox&quot;]
* [https://www.thetimecure.com &quot;The Time Cure&quot;]

==Recording==
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/39ff934bedf04acab0d62a7cea89dd92 Tutorial 10] (2024)&lt;!--
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/d91d9b477c544654a5acba16f786bd46 Tutorial 10] (2023)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/1a6b38b823ff473a9dc78924b598e21a Tutorial 10] (2022)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/9f60d554697b4830a5e92b206af7c369 Tutorial 10] (2021)
--&gt;

==See also==
&lt;!-- ;Additional tutorial material --&gt;
;Admin
* [[/Instructor notes/]]

;Book chapters
* [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Time perspective|Time perspective]]
&lt;!-- ;Wikipedia --&gt;
;Lectures and tutorials
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/20 emotions|20 emotions]] (Previous tutorial)
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Positive psychology|Positive psychology]] (Next tutorial)
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1}}/Lectures/Unconscious motivation|Unconscious motivation]] (Lecture)

;Wikipedia
* [[w:Philip Zimbardo#Time|Philip Zimbardo - Time]]

==References==
{{Hanging indent|1=

Sword, R. M., Sword, R. K., Brunskill, S. R., &amp; Zimbardo, P. G. (2014). Time perspective therapy: A new time-based metaphor therapy for PTSD. ''Journal of Loss and Trauma'', ''19''(3), 197-201. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2013.763632 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/15325024.2013.763632

Zimbardo, P. G. &amp; Boyd, J. N. (2009). ''[http://www.thetimeparadox.com/ The time paradox: Using the new psychology of time to your advantage]''. Free Press.

Zimbardo, P. G., Sword, R. M., &amp; Sword, R. K. M. (2012). ''[https://www.wiley.com/en-us/The+Time+Cure%3A+Overcoming+PTSD+with+the+New+Psychology+of+Time+Perspective+Therapy-p-9781118205679 The time cure: Overcoming PTSD with the new psychology of time perspective therapy]''. Jossey-Bass.

}}
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{{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/In development}}
&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Complete2}} --&gt;
&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/In development}} --&gt;

==Overview==
This tutorial:
* distinguishes between [[w:Humanistic psychology|humanistic psychology]] and [[w:Positive psychology|positively psychology]]
* considers underlying assumptions of humanistic psychology
* discusses domains and characteristics of [[w:Self-actualisation|self-actualisation]]
* explores types of [[w:Happiness|happiness]]
* distinguishes between natural happiness and synthetic happiness

Take-home messages:
* '''Positive psychology''' assumes that people have a natural motive towards personal growth
* '''Self-actualisation''' involves connecting to higher values, being autonomous, engaging deeply, and rich  interpersonal relationships
* '''Happiness''' can be counter-intuitive – humans aren't good at predicting what will make them happy. For example, our decisions about pursuing happiness are undermined by &quot;impact bias&quot; (we overestimate the hedonic impact of events). But we have a &quot;psychological immune system&quot; which &quot;synthesises happiness&quot; when we don't get what we want.

==Growth psychology==
&lt;!--
{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
{{quote|Treatment is not just fixing what is broken; it is nurturing what is best.&lt;br&gt;Seligman and Csikszentmihalyi (2000)}}
{{RoundBoxBottom}}
--&gt;
Growth psychology is a broad term which encompasses:
* '''Humanistic psychology''' (1950s-1960s): Focuses on individual potential, self-actualisation, and the inherent goodness of people, emphasising personal growth and self-development
* '''Positive psychology''' (1990s-present): Aims to understand and promote well-being, strengths, and positive emotions, concentrating on factors that contribute to human flourishing and happiness

==Humanistic psychology==
This sections considers how aligned you are with the assumptions of humanistic psychology and then explores the extent to which you experience the characteristics of self-actualised people that were identified by Abraham Maslow.

===Assumptions===
To what extent do you agree with the underlying assumptions of humanistic psychology? 

Not sure?

Consider these questions:

[[File:Question - Evil.png|600px|center]]
[[File:Question - Learning.png|600px|center]]
[[File:Question - Therapy.png|600px|center]]
&lt;!-- (do a class line-up (as per [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Introduction|the first tutorial]] --for each and discuss)
# Where does '''evil''' come from? What causes anti-social behaviour?
#* inherent in human nature? (people are good and bad)
#* a product of a sick culture? (people are inherently good)

# If a child expresses a somewhat socially undesirable temperament, would you recommend raising the child:
#* to conform to the more socially-desirable temperament?
#* in his or her natural temperament?
# How does '''learning''' best occur? Through:
#* well-designed curriculum with expert teaching?
#* having one’s interests recognised and nurtured?&lt;!-- identified, facilitated, and supported?
# Does '''psychological therapy''' work best by:
#* fixing what is broken? (dealing with the problem)
#* nurturing what is best? (developing strengths)
--&gt;
Which answers correspond to assumptions of humanistic psychology? (the 2nd answer in each case)
&lt;!-- # What other assumptions are made by humanistic psychology, growth motivation, and positive psychology? --&gt;

===Self-actualisation profile===
# What is self-actualisation? (Self-actualisation is the fulfillment of your potential; self-actualising in the process of becoming self-actualised). 
# Maslow identified 16 characteristics of self-actualised people which can be grouped into 4 domains:
## '''Values''': Connection to higher values/purpose (e.g., truth, love, and happiness)
## '''Autonomy''': Internal control
## '''Engagement''': Deep involvement, productivity, and happiness
## '''Relationships''': High quality interpersonal relationships
# The last three domains map closely to self-determination theory's basic psychological needs (autonomy, competence, and relatedness). The first category relates to meaning/purpose.
# Complete this [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfljofpop7-mVABK4CS9foyUQxoA1KJZXXNsn2z_LJi9yKVTA/viewform?usp=sf_link Self-actualisation profile] (Google Form).&lt;!-- [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Growth psychology/Self-evaluation of self-actualisation|Alternative version]] (Wikiversity). --&gt;
## Before submitting, note down:
### What are you doing '''''particularly well''''' that is helping you towards self-actualisation?
###What '''''could you improve''''' to better promote your growth towards self-actualisation?
###What self-actualisation characteristic(s) could you '''''share or learn more about'''''? e.g.,
###* '''Emphasis on higher level values''' - meaningful connection to higher values, purpose
###* '''Frequent peak experiences''' - this is the lowest rated characteristic overall, but can very powerfully provide lived experiences of self-actualisation; self-actualised people tend to have more frequent, intense, and meaningful peak experiences(5.9) 
###* Philosophical, unhostile '''sense of humour''' - an underappreciated and researched, prevalent aspect of human psychology (7.9)
# Review class responses&lt;!-- After submitting, click &quot;See previous responses&quot; to see graphs of class responses. --&gt;
&lt;!-- ##Who does or could serve as an inspiration for you, towards self-actualisation? (Bearing in mind that Maslow claimed that only 1% of people self-actualise).
# Review your self-ratings in terms of what you see as your strengths and weaknesses in moving towards being a self-actualising person. 
# What are the strongest aspects of your self-actualising? What is it that allows this to be so strong for you?
# What are the weakest aspects which may be holding you back from self-actualising? What could you do to change/improve in this area?
--&gt;

==Positive psychology==
Since the emergence of [[positive psychology]] in the 1990s, which focused on a science of identifying and building human psychological strengths and well-being, there has been a renewed focus on psychological theory and research about [[happiness]].

===Happiness types===
[[w:Martin Seligman|Martin Seligman]] suggests three components of [[w:Happiness|happiness]] which he calls the:
* '''Pleasant life''': Dealing with past, optimism about future, happiness in present (hedonic pleasure and the skills to amplify pleasure). Limitations:
** 50% heritable
** short-lived, subject to the [[w:Hedonic treadmill|hedonic treadmill]] (i.e., pleasure wears off quickly).
* '''Good life''': Engagement (flow, absorption) or Eudaimonia; 
* '''Meaningful life''': Connection to a higher purpose
[[w:Daniel Gilbert (psychologist)|Dan Gilbert]] suggests two types of happiness:
* '''Natural happiness''': What we feel when we get what we want
* '''Synthetic happiness''': What we feel when we learn to like what we get (instead of what we wanted)

===Science of happiness===
How well can humans predict their emotional reactions to events? This is what is known as [[w:Affective forecasting|affective forecasting]].

The science about what makes people happy shows that people are subject to many biases. For example, we tend to overestimate the hedonic impact of good and bad events (known as impact bias). This undermines our decision-making about how to be happy because it distorts our capacity to decisions that optimise long-term happiness.

On the other hand, we something like a &quot;psychological immune system&quot; which &quot;synthesises happiness&quot; even when we don't get what we want.

Freedom of choice, then, is a friend of natural happiness, but the enemy of synthetic happiness.

These are ideas are discussed in: [https://www.youtube.com/embed/4q1dgn_C0AU?start=15&amp;end=1275 The surprising science of happiness] (Dan Gilbert, 2004, 21:00 mins, YouTube, TED Talk)

Questions to consider:
* What is natural happiness?
* What is impact bias?
* What is synthetic happiness?
* What is the role of freedom of choice in happiness?

Gilbert's talk concludes with this quote about [[w:Affective forecasting|affective forecasting]] / impact bias:
&lt;blockquote&gt;{{cquote|The great source of both the misery and disorders of human life, seems to arise from over-rating the difference between one permanent situation and another ... Some of those situations may, no doubt, deserve to be preferred to others: but none of them can deserve to be pursued with that passionate ardour which drives us to violate the rules either of prudence or of justice; or to corrupt the future tranquillity of our minds, either by shame from the remembrance of our own folly, or by remorse from the horror of our own injustice.|author=[[w:Adam Smith|Adam Smith]], ''[[w:The Theory of Moral Sentiments|The Theory of Moral Sentiments]]'', 1759}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==Recording==
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/396e2297638b493c8d923774d7b4f571 Tutorial 11] (2024)&lt;!--
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/92149522ca49425489b7ba8c198f6f89 Tutorial 11] (2023)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/37aa63c197dd4bda85eba115f61719c8 Tutorial 11] (2022)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/5a660bcd563a4e198822e8fba193a560 Tutorial 11] (2021) --&gt;

==See also==

;Additional tutorial material
* [[/Instructor notes/]]
* [[../Growth psychology/Problems for discussion|Problems for discussion]]
* [[../Growth psychology/Fully functioning person|Fully functioning person]]
* [[../Growth psychology/Happiness - Practical exercises|Happiness - Practical exercises]]
* [[../Growth psychology/Meaning and coherence|Meaning and coherence]]
* [[../Growth psychology/Optimal human functioning|Optimal human functioning]]

;Book chapters
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2024/Impact bias|Impact bias]] (Book chapter, 2024)
* [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Happiness|Happiness]] (Category)
* [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Positive psychology|Positive psychology]] (Category)

;Wikipedia

People
* [[w:Abraham Maslow|Abraham Maslow]]
* [[w:Daniel Gilbert (psychologist)|Daniel Gilbert]]

Topics
* [[w:Affective forecasting|Affective forecasting]]
* [[w:Happiness|Happiness]]
* [[w:Impact bias|Impact bias]]
* [[w:Self-actualization|Self-actualisation]]

;Lectures and tutorials
* [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Growth psychology|Growth motivation and positive psychology]] (Lecture)
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Time perspective|Time perspective]] (Previous tutorial)
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Review|Review]] (Next tutorial)
&lt;!--
;Admin
* [[/Instructor notes/]]
--&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}{{Hanging indent|1=
&lt;!-- Antonovsky A. (1979). ''Health, stress and coping''. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Antonovsky A. (1987). ''Unraveling the mystery of health: How people manage stress and stay well''. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Antonovsky A. (1993). The structure and properties of the sense of coherence scale. ''Social Science &amp; Medicine'', ''36'', 725-733.
--&gt;
Brickman, P., Coates, D., &amp; Janoff-Bulman, R. (1978). [https://www.talenteck.com/academic/Brickman-Coates-Janoff-1978.pdf Lottery winners and accident victims: Is happiness relative?]. ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology'', ''36''(8), 917–927.

Gilbert, D. (2009). ''[[w:Stumbling on Happiness|Stumbling on happiness]]''. Vintage.[https://happiness.care/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Stumbling-on-Happiness.pdf]

Wilson, T. D., &amp; Gilbert, D. T. (2005). Affective forecasting: Knowing what to want. ''Current Directions in Psychological Science'', ''14''(3), 131–134. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00355.x
}}

==External links==
* [http://www.authentichappiness.com Authentic happiness] (authentichappiness.sas.upenn.edu)
&lt;!-- * [http://www.liberalarts.wabash.edu/ryff-scales/ Psychological well-being scale] (Ryff) --&gt;
* [https://www.search-institute.org/our-research/development-assets/developmental-assets-framework The developmental assets framework] (search-institute.org)
* [https://blog.ted.com/ten-years-later-dan-gilbert-on-life-after-the-surprising-science-of-happiness/ Ten years later: Dan Gilbert] (blog.ted.com)
* [http://www.aracy.org.au/projects/the-common-approach The common approach] (aracy.org.au)
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{{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/In development}}
&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Complete2}} --&gt;
&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/In development}} --&gt;

==Overview==
This tutorial provides active review of key learnings from the unit.

==Nuggets of truth==
[[File:Kaskelix.png|200px|right|thumb|Figure 1. 
[[w:Baleen whale|Baleen whale]]s include the largest animals on earth. Yet they eat the tiniest food – plankton. How is this possible? And how does this relate to learning?]]

Baleen whales (such as the Blue Whale which is the largest animal on earth) eats the tiniest food – plankton (see Figure 1).

How does it grow so big from such tiny food?

A baleen whale sucks in large volumes of sea water and uses its baleen to filter out plankton for consumption.

Learners are similar to baleen whales. After being exposed to a large volume of content, what really matters is what has been filtered out and extracted by learners.

Thus, this exercise seeks to crystallise and share the:
* pearls of wisdom
* nuggets of truth
* flashes of insight
* a-ha moments
* take-home messages etc.

that have been sparked by your engagement with the [[motivation and emotion]] unit.

{{RoundBoxTop|theme=1}}
[[File:Treasurchest.svg|right|90px]]
[[File:Pearl 1.svg|right|60px]]
&lt;!-- # What pearls of wisdom or nuggets of truth have occurred to you through this unit?
# Write each pearl of wisdom on a separate post-it note (generate as many as possible) - place these nuggets upside down in a collective pile. Sources may include: --&gt;
# What are the '''greatest insights''' or '''best ideas''' about motivation and emotion you've acquired through this unit?
# What was the '''take-home message''' of the chapter and presentation you worked on? &lt;!--
# Take turns to pick up a random nugget, read it out to the class, explain what you think the author means, then then select a location for the nugget on the wall (organise around themes) --&gt;
# What have you learnt from the unit that you've '''put into practice''' in your own life?
# What aspect(s) of motivation and emotion are you '''inspired to learning more about''' in future?
&lt;!-- 
# Based on these nuggets of truth, what meta-themes emerge?
--&gt;
Share your ideas via [[Motivation and emotion/Nuggets of truth|Wikiversity]]&lt;!-- or [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1oX6O1sYdctL2FPpMRQbJ1pDTN8bgvTgPsHoMTCOynvQ/edit?usp=sharing Google Docs] --&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}
&lt;!--
Note that in Ch 17 (Conclusion), [[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2018|Reeve (2018)]] suggests a pearl of wisdom per chapter in order to capture the spirit and messages of the book.

==Transferable knowledge and skills==
This exercise seeks to identify and articulate transferable:
* knowledge
* skills
* experience
* artifacts etc.

from your engagement with the [[motivation and emotion]] unit towards future learning and employability.

If it helps, look over the lectures and tutorials: [[Motivation and emotion/About/Schedule|Schedule]].
{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
[[File:Gear icon svg.svg|right|90px]]
What skills, knowledge, experience have you developed through [[motivation and emotion]] that could be added to your resume?

Let's build a collaborative resume resource via [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1QlKC3k0bdkvWdxAYv0a0CTHztQ-OdS8IGKLYDZ6dysQ/edit Google Docs]:
* [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1R6KqWqcAT2ibuAtw_0u-Opw5Vo1oRv70Ymr4dyqzHf8/edit?usp=sharing 2022]
* [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1IEd3iW3DHARN7LgRmEcV0yqSlbnjuU8zRH2dQQ9idPc/edit?usp=sharing 2021]
* [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1g6coLfj6RKqS493z9XpFeyPsJ838AvRTYOaJ1P25UQk/edit?usp=sharing 2020]
{{RoundBoxBottom}}
--&gt;

==Multimedia presentation==
# Have you read the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Multimedia|multimedia presentation guidelines]]?
# Have you watched the [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/collab/ui/session/playback/load/dc7be9f21cad48019e2e63557e63f1a8 how to record a multimedia presentation and publish it online]?
# What ideas do you have?
## Format?
## Platform?
## Content?
# FAQ
## Image attributions
## References
# What questions do you have?

==Recording==
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/97113a3620ad48f8b33dbd9684c97a8f Tutorial 12] (2023) (there was no recording in 2024)&lt;!--
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/bb861534bc884227b22e1bed124de575 Tutorial 12] (2022)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/600d647d3f1e40ebb00e5c9d0d604aa7 Tutorial 12] (2021) --&gt;

==See also==
;Additional tutorial material
* [[../Growth psychology/Case study scenarios|Case study scenarios]]
&lt;!--
;Book chapters
;Wikipedia
;Admin
* [[/Instructor notes/]]
--&gt;
;Lecture
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1}}/Lectures/Interventions and review|Interventions and review]] (Lecture)

; Tutorial
* [[../Positive psychology|Positive psychology]] (Previous tutorial)
&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Navigation}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
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* [[Template:Motivation and emotion/Lectures/In development]]
* [[Template:Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Complete]]
* [[Template:Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/In development]]
* [[Template:Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Complete]]

[[Category:Motivation and emotion/Tutorials]]
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| style=&quot;width: 40%; background-color: Plum; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 10px;&quot; |
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;'''[[Motivation and emotion/Book|Book]] - [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2025|2025]]'''&lt;/div&gt;
|}</text>
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      <comment>Update for 2025</comment>
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      <text bytes="660" sha1="g5yv21hpkba5rtutuqi8nszuf19bet2" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{title|Equipment}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;[[File:Headset icon.svg|right|65px]]A headset and webcam is recommended for virtual [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials|tutorials]] and virtual [[Motivation and emotion/Drop-in|drop-in]].&lt;!--

A [[w:Headset (audio)|headset]] (i.e., headphones and microphone) is recommended for:
* virtual [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials|tutorials]]
* recording the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Multimedia|multimedia]] presentation assessment exercise

A camera/webcam is useful for:
* virtual tutorials
* virtual [[Motivation and emotion/Drop-in|drop-in]] --&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt; [[Category:Motivation and emotion/About]] &lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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      <comment>Update for 2025</comment>
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      <text bytes="1147" sha1="84pztamf7p6v5psd11a3jesn7dcffv2" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{title|Evaluation}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;[[File:Icons8 flat feedback.svg|right|65px]]
Previous students have generally indicated high levels of satisfaction with this unit, with several students reporting that this was the best unit of their degree. For example, one student wrote:&lt;br&gt;
{{quote|Choosing our own topic and writing a chapter that was meaningful to us, using a new medium that extended our skills. Learning to use the Wiki, and writing in this way was more relevant to real life than an essay. Really engaging unit!}}

Many students also find the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment|major project]] challenging. For example, one student wrote:&lt;br&gt;
{{quote|Did not like the focus on Wikiversity&lt;!-- and multimedia/social media aspect --&gt; ... overly challenging to learn the content and medium.}}

So, get involved in [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials|tutorials]] to help build your skills. And seek [[Motivation and emotion/About/Help|help]] for any questions you have.

For more details about student evaluation, see [[Motivation and emotion/Evaluation|evaluation]].&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Motivation and emotion/About]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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      <comment>Update for 2025</comment>
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Engagement by attending lectures and tutorials is strongly recommended but not compulsory.

Non-engagement is likely to make successful completion of the assessment more difficult because:
*Lectures and tutorials discuss content which is assessed in the exam
*Tutorials develop skills for the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Major project|major project]] (topic development and book chapter) assessment exercises

If you are unable to attend your scheduled tutorial, attend a tutorial at a different time or access the online recording.

This [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment#Table|table]] estimates the time required to complete the major activities in this unit. Plan to allocate approximately 10 hours per week over 15 weeks.&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:{{BASEPAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <title>Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity</title>
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        <id>10242</id>
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      <comment>Update for 2025</comment>
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      <text bytes="2482" sha1="eytyctjzvwe4a4w5213zn4vxz78rspw" xml:space="preserve">{{title|Wikiversity skills}}
{{TOCright}}
This page:
* provides a rationale for use of Wikiversity by students
* documents Wikiversity skills which are useful for completing the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Major project|major project]].

==Relevance of Wikiversity==
University graduates are, among other things, trained to be professional knowledge-workers. Within their discipline, they should be able to access, synthesise, collaborate, and publish knowledge informed by psychological science. A graduate should be able to openly solicit and respond to feedback about their professional ideas and understandings. Heading into a global, cross-cultural workplace, psychology graduates should be able to work with a wide variety of different people, face-to-face and online, through a range of different, changing, and unfamiliar environments and platforms. For more information, see [[Motivation and emotion/About/Graduate attributes|graduate attributions]] for the [[motivation and emotion]] unit.

Wikiversity is a simple, open knowledge internet platform. It provides learners with an opportunity to collaboratively develop and improve ideas and to share and present information in rich ways, including through text, images, links, multimedia, and quizzes. Wikiversity provides a way for students to publish their work and use their work as a demonstration of their professional capability which is often particularly useful when applying for professional roles.

No-one is compelled to use Wikiversity, so [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Alternative|feel free to suggest alternatives that better suit your needs]].

==About Wikiversity==
# [[Wikiversity:Welcome, newcomers|Welcome]]
# [[Wikiversity:Introduction|Introduction]]
# [[Help:Guides|Guided tours]]
# [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Orientation|Orientation]]

==[[/Getting started|Getting started]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Getting started}}

==[[/Basic skills|Basic skills]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Basic skills}}

==[[/Advanced skills|Advanced skills]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Advanced skills}}

==See also==
* [[Wikiversity:FAQ/Editing|Intro to editing]]
* [[{{BASEPAGENAME}}/Help|Help]]
* [[w:Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Wikitext cheatsheet]]: [http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Cheatsheet-en.pdf pdf1] | [[:File:Welcome2WP English Flap 081810.pdf|pdf2]]
* [[Help:Contents|Wikiversity help]]

[[Category:Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity]]</text>
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      <comment>/* Relevance of Wikiversity */ Update for 2025</comment>
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      <text bytes="2501" sha1="1w0qcypx2b6bsg469crj3cw0zglt15a" xml:space="preserve">{{title|Wikiversity skills}}
{{TOCright}}
This page:
* provides a rationale for use of Wikiversity by students
* documents Wikiversity skills which are useful for completing the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Major project|major project]].

==Graduate attributes==
University graduates are trained to be professional knowledge-workers. Within their discipline, they should be able to access, synthesise, collaborate, and publicly communicate knowledge informed by psychological science. A graduate should be comfortable soliciting and responding to feedback about their professional ideas and understandings. Heading into a global, cross-cultural workplace, psychology graduates should be able to work with a wide variety of different people, face-to-face and online, through a range of different, changing, and unfamiliar environments and platforms. For more information, see [[Motivation and emotion/About/Graduate attributes|graduate attributions]] for the [[motivation and emotion]] unit.

==Relevance of Wikiversity==
Wikiversity is a simple, open knowledge internet platform. It provides learners with an opportunity to collaboratively develop and improve ideas and to share and present information in rich ways, including through text, images, links, multimedia, and quizzes. Wikiversity provides a way for students to publish their work and use their work as a demonstration of their professional capability which is often particularly useful when applying for professional roles.

No-one is compelled to use Wikiversity, so [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Alternative|feel free to suggest alternatives that better suit your needs]].

==About Wikiversity==
# [[Wikiversity:Welcome, newcomers|Welcome]]
# [[Wikiversity:Introduction|Introduction]]
# [[Help:Guides|Guided tours]]
# [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Orientation|Orientation]]

==[[/Getting started|Getting started]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Getting started}}

==[[/Basic skills|Basic skills]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Basic skills}}

==[[/Advanced skills|Advanced skills]]==
{{:Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Advanced skills}}

==See also==
* [[Wikiversity:FAQ/Editing|Intro to editing]]
* [[{{BASEPAGENAME}}/Help|Help]]
* [[w:Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Wikitext cheatsheet]]: [http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Cheatsheet-en.pdf pdf1] | [[:File:Welcome2WP English Flap 081810.pdf|pdf2]]
* [[Help:Contents|Wikiversity help]]

[[Category:Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity]]</text>
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    <title>Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic/Due</title>
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      <text bytes="103" sha1="0wv99tbrnlzzx5b5gq6wk7jjesaqhic" xml:space="preserve">Week 03 Fri 9am 15 Aug 2025&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="1806" sha1="iekc8k3x7xtgipq5t0v3d94003y6urh" xml:space="preserve">This project has created over 1,700 student-developed [[open educational resources]] about how the psychological science about motivation and emotion can be used to improve human lives. The work is developed and shared via [[Wikiversity]], an open wiki platform supported by the [[Wikimedia Foundation]]. The students engaged in this learning and assessment exercise for the 3rd year undergraduate psychology unit, [[Motivation and emotion|motivation and emotion]], at the [[University of Canberra]], Australia.&lt;noinclude&gt;

The book theme is:
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;''How can we improve our motivational and emotional lives based on psychological science (theory and research)''?&lt;/div&gt;

The project is distinguished by:
* being dynamic and constantly evolving
* creating [[open educational resource]]s
* using [[open academia|open academic]] principles
* engaging students in collaborative authorship
* making 1,500+ free, online chapters about specific motivation and emotion topics available
* accompanying multimedia overviews for each chapter

For more information about the ideas and practices underlying this project from an educational psychology perspective, see these articles:
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/About/Collaborative authoring using wiki|Collaborative authoring using wiki: An open education case study]] (Neill, 2024)
* [[User:Jtneill/Publications/Wikis provide a rich environment for collaborative open educational practices: Motivation and emotion case study|Wikis provide a rich environment for collaborative open educational practices: Motivation and emotion case study]] (Neill, 2024)
&lt;!--
Also of interest may be the:&lt;br&gt;
[https://twitter.com/jtneill/status/1422496816709312513 2021 book chapter highlights Twitter thread].
--&gt;
[[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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        <username>Jtneill</username>
        <id>10242</id>
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      <comment>+ title and reword 1st sentence</comment>
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      <text bytes="1870" sha1="sc3qfwypieclncp8oziaeo42jmie9vr" xml:space="preserve">{{title|Motivation and emotion book project overview}}
This project has generated more than 1,700 student-developed [[open educational resources]] which demonstrate how psychological science about motivation and emotion can be used to improve human lives. The work is developed and shared via [[Wikiversity]], an open wiki platform supported by the [[Wikimedia Foundation]]. The students engaged in this learning and assessment exercise for the 3rd year undergraduate psychology unit, [[Motivation and emotion|motivation and emotion]], at the [[University of Canberra]], Australia.&lt;noinclude&gt;

The book theme is:
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;''How can we improve our motivational and emotional lives based on psychological science (theory and research)''?&lt;/div&gt;

The project is distinguished by:
* being dynamic and constantly evolving
* creating [[open educational resource]]s
* using [[open academia|open academic]] principles
* engaging students in collaborative authorship
* making 1,500+ free, online chapters about specific motivation and emotion topics available
* accompanying multimedia overviews for each chapter

For more information about the ideas and practices underlying this project from an educational psychology perspective, see these articles:
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/About/Collaborative authoring using wiki|Collaborative authoring using wiki: An open education case study]] (Neill, 2024)
* [[User:Jtneill/Publications/Wikis provide a rich environment for collaborative open educational practices: Motivation and emotion case study|Wikis provide a rich environment for collaborative open educational practices: Motivation and emotion case study]] (Neill, 2024)
&lt;!--
Also of interest may be the:&lt;br&gt;
[https://x.com/jtneill/status/1422496816709312513 2021 book chapter highlights Twitter thread].
--&gt;
[[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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This project has generated over 1,700 student-developed [[open educational resources]] which demonstrate how psychological science about motivation and emotion can be used to improve human lives. The work is developed and shared via [[Wikiversity]], an open wiki platform supported by the [[Wikimedia Foundation]]. The students engaged in this learning and assessment exercise for the 3rd year undergraduate psychology unit, [[Motivation and emotion|motivation and emotion]], at the [[University of Canberra]], Australia.&lt;noinclude&gt;

The book theme is:
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;''How can we improve our motivational and emotional lives based on psychological science (theory and research)''?&lt;/div&gt;

The project is distinguished by:
* being dynamic and constantly evolving
* creating [[open educational resource]]s
* using [[open academia|open academic]] principles
* engaging students in collaborative authorship
* making 1,500+ free, online chapters about specific motivation and emotion topics available
* accompanying multimedia overviews for each chapter

For more information about the ideas and practices underlying this project from an educational psychology perspective, see these articles:
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/About/Collaborative authoring using wiki|Collaborative authoring using wiki: An open education case study]] (Neill, 2024)
* [[User:Jtneill/Publications/Wikis provide a rich environment for collaborative open educational practices: Motivation and emotion case study|Wikis provide a rich environment for collaborative open educational practices: Motivation and emotion case study]] (Neill, 2024)
&lt;!--
Also of interest may be the:&lt;br&gt;
[https://x.com/jtneill/status/1422496816709312513 2021 book chapter highlights Twitter thread].
--&gt;
[[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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This project has generated over 1,700 student-developed [[open educational resources]] which demonstrate how psychological science about motivation and emotion can be used to improve human lives. This work is developed and shared on [[Wikiversity]], an open wiki platform supported by the [[Wikimedia Foundation]]. The 3rd year undergraduate psychology students engaged in this learning and assessment exercise are enrolled in [[Motivation and emotion|motivation and emotion]], at the [[University of Canberra]], Australia.&lt;noinclude&gt;

The book theme is:
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;''How can we improve our motivational and emotional lives based on psychological science (theory and research)''?&lt;/div&gt;

This project is distinguished by:
* being dynamic and constantly evolving
* creating [[open educational resource]]s
* using [[open academia|open academic]] principles
* engaging students in collaborative authorship
* making 1,500+ free, online chapters about specific motivation and emotion topics available
* accompanying multimedia overviews for each chapter

For more information about the ideas and practices underlying this project from an educational psychology perspective, see these articles:
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/About/Collaborative authoring using wiki|Collaborative authoring using wiki: An open education case study]] (Neill, 2024)
* [[User:Jtneill/Publications/Wikis provide a rich environment for collaborative open educational practices: Motivation and emotion case study|Wikis provide a rich environment for collaborative open educational practices: Motivation and emotion case study]] (Neill, 2024)
&lt;!--
Also of interest may be the:&lt;br&gt;
[https://x.com/jtneill/status/1422496816709312513 2021 book chapter highlights Twitter thread].
--&gt;
[[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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        <id>10242</id>
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      <comment>Revise</comment>
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      <text bytes="1676" sha1="jp2cbp3fkqde3b6ffue4c77fysok1n0" xml:space="preserve">{{title|Motivation and emotion book project overview}}
This project has generated over 1,700 student-developed [[open educational resources]] which demonstrate how psychological science about motivation and emotion can be used to improve human lives. This work is developed and shared on [[Wikiversity]], an open wiki platform supported by the [[Wikimedia Foundation]]. The 3rd year undergraduate psychology students engaged in this learning and assessment exercise are enrolled in [[Motivation and emotion|motivation and emotion]], at the [[University of Canberra]], Australia.&lt;noinclude&gt;

The book theme is:
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;''How can we improve our motivational and emotional lives based on psychological science (theory and research)''?&lt;/div&gt;

This dynamic and evolving project creates [[open educational resource]]s using [[open academia|open academic]] principles to engage students in collaborative authorship

For more information about the ideas and practices underlying this project from an educational psychology perspective, see these articles:
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/About/Collaborative authoring using wiki|Collaborative authoring using wiki: An open education case study]] (Neill, 2024)
* [[User:Jtneill/Publications/Wikis provide a rich environment for collaborative open educational practices: Motivation and emotion case study|Wikis provide a rich environment for collaborative open educational practices: Motivation and emotion case study]] (Neill, 2024)
&lt;!--
Also of interest may be the:&lt;br&gt;
[https://x.com/jtneill/status/1422496816709312513 2021 book chapter highlights Twitter thread].
--&gt;
[[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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        <id>10242</id>
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      <comment>Revise</comment>
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      <text bytes="1667" sha1="r9nsdi4h5ae3skv4fso6o5ofhel886p" xml:space="preserve">{{title|Motivation and emotion book project overview}}
This dynamic and evolving project creates [[open educational resource]]s using [[open academia|open academic]] principles to engage students in collaborative authorship. This project has generated over 1,700 student-developed online book chapters which demonstrate how psychological science about motivation and emotion can be used to improve human lives. This work is developed and shared via [[Wikiversity]], an open wiki platform supported by the [[Wikimedia Foundation]]. The 3rd year undergraduate psychology students engaged in this learning and assessment exercise are enrolled in [[Motivation and emotion|motivation and emotion]], at the [[University of Canberra]], Australia.&lt;noinclude&gt;

The book theme is:
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;''How can we improve our motivational and emotional lives based on psychological science (theory and research)''?&lt;/div&gt;

For more information about the ideas and practices underlying this project from an educational psychology perspective, see these articles:
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/About/Collaborative authoring using wiki|Collaborative authoring using wiki: An open education case study]] (Neill, 2024)
* [[User:Jtneill/Publications/Wikis provide a rich environment for collaborative open educational practices: Motivation and emotion case study|Wikis provide a rich environment for collaborative open educational practices: Motivation and emotion case study]] (Neill, 2024)
&lt;!--
Also of interest may be the:&lt;br&gt;
[https://x.com/jtneill/status/1422496816709312513 2021 book chapter highlights Twitter thread].
--&gt;
[[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="1667" sha1="5lajvv4iq4fvnk6skfhc8tb4r8p6aer" xml:space="preserve">{{title|Motivation and emotion book project overview}}
This dynamic and evolving project creates [[open educational resource]]s using [[open academia|open academic]] principles to engage students in collaborative authorship. This project has generated over 1,700 student-developed online book chapters which demonstrate how psychological science about motivation and emotion can be used to improve human lives. This work is developed and shared via [[Wikiversity]], an open wiki platform supported by the [[Wikimedia Foundation]]. The 3rd year undergraduate psychology students engaged in this learning and assessment exercise are enrolled in [[Motivation and emotion|motivation and emotion]], at the [[University of Canberra]], Australia.&lt;noinclude&gt;

The book theme is:
{{RoundBoxTop}}
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;''How can we improve our motivational and emotional lives based on psychological science (theory and research)''?&lt;/div&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

For more information about this project from an educational psychology perspective, see these articles:
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/About/Collaborative authoring using wiki|Collaborative authoring using wiki: An open education case study]] (Neill, 2024)
* [[User:Jtneill/Publications/Wikis provide a rich environment for collaborative open educational practices: Motivation and emotion case study|Wikis provide a rich environment for collaborative open educational practices: Motivation and emotion case study]] (Neill, 2024)
&lt;!--
Also of interest may be the:&lt;br&gt;
[https://x.com/jtneill/status/1422496816709312513 2021 book chapter highlights Twitter thread].
--&gt;
[[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="1699" sha1="i0n1yrd36qmje0mp3nt2ja6gevmnpdy" xml:space="preserve">{{title|Motivation and emotion book project overview}}
This dynamic and evolving [[Motivation and emotion/Book|project]] creates [[open educational resource]]s using [[open academia|open academic]] principles to engage students in collaborative authorship. This project has generated over 1,700 student-developed online book chapters which demonstrate how psychological science about motivation and emotion can be used to improve human lives. This work is developed and shared via [[Wikiversity]], an open wiki platform supported by the [[Wikimedia Foundation]]. The 3rd year undergraduate psychology students engaged in this learning and assessment exercise are enrolled in [[Motivation and emotion|motivation and emotion]], at the [[University of Canberra]], Australia.&lt;noinclude&gt;

The book theme is:
{{RoundBoxTop}}
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;''How can we improve our motivational and emotional lives based on psychological science (theory and research)''?&lt;/div&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

For more information about this project from an educational psychology perspective, see these articles:
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/About/Collaborative authoring using wiki|Collaborative authoring using wiki: An open education case study]] (Neill, 2024)
* [[User:Jtneill/Publications/Wikis provide a rich environment for collaborative open educational practices: Motivation and emotion case study|Wikis provide a rich environment for collaborative open educational practices: Motivation and emotion case study]] (Neill, 2024)
&lt;!--
Also of interest may be the:&lt;br&gt;
[https://x.com/jtneill/status/1422496816709312513 2021 book chapter highlights Twitter thread].
--&gt;
[[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Jtneill</username>
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      <text bytes="1681" sha1="6sd7ysqaa55kq98x0imkxo5gjy0dwpz" xml:space="preserve">{{title|Motivation and emotion book project overview}}
This dynamic and evolving [[Motivation and emotion/Book|project]] creates [[open educational resource]]s using [[open academia|open academic]] principles to engage students in collaborative authorship. This project has generated over 1,700 online book chapters which demonstrate how psychological science about motivation and emotion can be used to improve human lives. This work is developed and shared via [[Wikiversity]], an open wiki platform supported by the [[Wikimedia Foundation]]. The 3rd year undergraduate psychology students engaged in this learning and assessment exercise are enrolled in [[Motivation and emotion|motivation and emotion]], at the [[University of Canberra]], Australia.&lt;noinclude&gt;

The book theme is:
{{RoundBoxTop}}
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;''How can we improve our motivational and emotional lives based on psychological science (theory and research)''?&lt;/div&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

For more information about this project from an educational psychology perspective, see these articles:
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/About/Collaborative authoring using wiki|Collaborative authoring using wiki: An open education case study]] (Neill, 2024)
* [[User:Jtneill/Publications/Wikis provide a rich environment for collaborative open educational practices: Motivation and emotion case study|Wikis provide a rich environment for collaborative open educational practices: Motivation and emotion case study]] (Neill, 2024)
&lt;!--
Also of interest may be the:&lt;br&gt;
[https://x.com/jtneill/status/1422496816709312513 2021 book chapter highlights Twitter thread].
--&gt;
[[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>6sd7ysqaa55kq98x0imkxo5gjy0dwpz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2720593</id>
      <parentid>2720592</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-03T10:26:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jtneill</username>
        <id>10242</id>
      </contributor>
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      <text bytes="1700" sha1="00uhk6lnxj66qaxcqihad7psjca2f5x" xml:space="preserve">{{title|Motivation and emotion book project overview}}
This dynamic and evolving [[Motivation and emotion/Book|project]] creates [[open educational resource]]s using [[open academia|open academic]] principles to engage students in collaborative authorship. This project has generated over 1,700 online book chapters which demonstrate how psychological science about motivation and emotion can be used to improve human lives. This work is developed and shared via [[Wikiversity]], an open wiki platform supported by the [[Wikimedia Foundation]]. The 3rd year undergraduate psychology students engaged in this learning and assessment exercise are enrolled in [[Motivation and emotion|motivation and emotion]], at the [[University of Canberra]], Australia.&lt;noinclude&gt;

&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;Book theme:&lt;/div&gt;
{{RoundBoxTop}}
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;''How can we improve our motivational and emotional lives based on psychological science (theory and research)''?&lt;/div&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

For more information about this project from an educational psychology perspective, see these articles:
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/About/Collaborative authoring using wiki|Collaborative authoring using wiki: An open education case study]] (Neill, 2024)
* [[User:Jtneill/Publications/Wikis provide a rich environment for collaborative open educational practices: Motivation and emotion case study|Wikis provide a rich environment for collaborative open educational practices: Motivation and emotion case study]] (Neill, 2024)
&lt;!--
Also of interest may be the:&lt;br&gt;
[https://x.com/jtneill/status/1422496816709312513 2021 book chapter highlights Twitter thread].
--&gt;
[[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2720594</id>
      <parentid>2720593</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-03T10:27:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jtneill</username>
        <id>10242</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>2720594</origin>
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      <text bytes="1700" sha1="d3eu7e1uovjchk5y5qv1g5462cgn2km" xml:space="preserve">{{title|Motivation and emotion book project overview}}
This dynamic and evolving [[Motivation and emotion/Book|project]] creates [[open educational resource]]s using [[open academia|open academic]] principles to engage students in collaborative authorship. This project has generated over 1,700 online book chapters which demonstrate how psychological science about motivation and emotion can be used to improve human lives. This work is developed and shared via [[Wikiversity]], an open wiki platform supported by the [[Wikimedia Foundation]]. The 3rd year undergraduate psychology students engaged in this learning and assessment exercise are enrolled in [[Motivation and emotion|motivation and emotion]], at the [[University of Canberra]], Australia.&lt;noinclude&gt;

{{RoundBoxTop}}
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;Book theme:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;''How can we improve our motivational and emotional lives based on psychological science (theory and research)''?&lt;/div&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

For more information about this project from an educational psychology perspective, see these articles:
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/About/Collaborative authoring using wiki|Collaborative authoring using wiki: An open education case study]] (Neill, 2024)
* [[User:Jtneill/Publications/Wikis provide a rich environment for collaborative open educational practices: Motivation and emotion case study|Wikis provide a rich environment for collaborative open educational practices: Motivation and emotion case study]] (Neill, 2024)
&lt;!--
Also of interest may be the:&lt;br&gt;
[https://x.com/jtneill/status/1422496816709312513 2021 book chapter highlights Twitter thread].
--&gt;
[[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <title>Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Using generative AI</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Jtneill</username>
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      </contributor>
      <comment>/* How to acknowledge */ Update for 2025</comment>
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      <text bytes="7326" sha1="p4p4ohek4ou5beuc5xnd3z0i2elptgl" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Title|Using generative AI guidelines}}
__TOC__

&lt;noinclude&gt;==In a nutshell==&lt;/noinclude&gt;&lt;includeonly&gt;'''Nutshell'''&lt;/includeonly&gt;
Acknowledge generative artificial intelligence (genAI) use in the [[Wikiversity:FAQ/Editing/Edit summary|
edit summary]], including tool and prompt details. Fact-check all genAI content and cite peer-reviewed sources. Human-rewrite genAI content to enhance quality.

&lt;noinclude&gt;==Summary==&lt;/noinclude&gt;&lt;includeonly&gt;'''Summary'''&lt;/includeonly&gt;

[[File:Deeply engrossed in puzzle.png|thumb|217x217px|''Figure 1.'' &lt;!-- An image of an elderly woman deeply engrossed in her daily crossword puzzle. --&gt;This image was generated by [[Motivation and emotion|Motivation and Emotion]] student [[User:JorjaFive|JorjaFive]] using [[w:Midjourney|Midjourney]] and uploaded to [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]] for use in the [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2023/Flourishing in the elderly|flourishing in the elderly]] chapter.]]

GenAI tools can aid but should not replace independent thinking. If using genAI tools for the major project, acknowledge its use in [[Wikiversity:FAQ/Editing/Edit summary|Wikiversity edit summaries]]. If in doubt, following the principle that &quot;''more acknowledgment is better than less''&quot;. Academia is based on transparency. However, acknowledgement is not required for low-level tasks such as improving spelling and grammar.

You are responsible for content you submit. Be aware of limitations of genAI tools such as biases and inaccuracies. GenAI tools work best for topics you already understand, with carefully crafted prompting based on reading of peer-reviewed literature. Refine prompts for better results. Fact-check generated content and provide appropriate, peer-reviewed citations. GenAI content should also be human-revised/rewritten in order to improve it. For example, genAI content is often overly verbose. Despite the risks, genAI tools can aid in brainstorming, explaining key concepts, synthesising ideas, developing examples, and improving the readability and quality of written expression.

If you are unsure about appropriate use, ask questions and discuss, so we can all learn together.

&lt;noinclude&gt;==Detailed guidelines==&lt;/noinclude&gt;&lt;includeonly&gt;'''Detailed guidelines'''&lt;/includeonly&gt;
===Use ethically, with caution===
Learning to use generative artificial intelligence (genAI) tools (such as [[w:ChatGPT|ChatGPT]], [[w:Claude (language model)|Claude]],
and [[w:Gemini (chatbot)|Gemini]]) responsibly and ethically is an emerging skill. GenAI tools can be used to enhance academic work, but should be used judiciously and as a supplementary tool, rather than as a replacement for independent thinking and academic inquiry.

===How to acknowledge===
[[File:Wikipedia Edit Summary dialog in VisualEditor.png|thumb|400px|''Figure 2''. If contributing genAI content, include the tool and prompt details in the edit summary, ideally with a link to the conversation]]

[[File:Edit summary for genAI content.png|thumb|400px|''Figure 3''. Example page history which demonstrates best practice edit summaries for contributing and revising genAI content]]

GenAI tools may be used to assist in preparation of the major project ([[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]] and [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|book chapter]]). Use of such tools must be clearly acknowledged in [[Wikiversity:FAQ/Editing/Edit summary|Wikiversity edit summaries]] (see Figure 2), otherwise it is a violation of academic integrity.

Best practice is to include a publicly accessible link to the chatbot conversation. [https://help.openai.com/en/articles/7925741-chatgpt-shared-links-faq ChatGPT shared links FAQ]). If a link can't be shared, then include sufficient details about the prompt in [[Wikiversity:FAQ/Editing/Edit summary|edit summary]], (e.g., &quot;ChatGPT May 24 Version. Prompt detail or summary&quot;) (see Figure 3). The chatbot conversation should ''not'' be included as a citation and reference because it is not a reliable, primary, peer-reviewed source.

These practices help to ensure that the use of genAI is clear and transparent and that genAI material has been human-checked and verified. Transparency is key to good practice in academia and professionalism. If in doubt, err on the side of providing too much acknowledgement detail rather than not enough. However, there is no need to acknowledge genAI use for low-level tasks such as fixing grammar and spelling.

===Limitations===
Be aware of the limits of genAI tools. Content they generate may be inaccurate, biased, incomplete, or otherwise problematic. Low user-knowledge and minimal effort prompting tends to yield low quality results. Refine prompts to get better outcomes. You are entirely responsible for the accuracy and quality of any content you submit. Always fact check.

===Fact-check and cite===
Regardless of whether genAI has been used, all claims need to be supported by verified peer-reviewed citations which you have directly consulted. Thus, whilst genAI acknowledgement is necessary, where it has been used, it is not in and of itself a sufficient basis for supporting claims. The author must do independent reading and checking to identify appropriate peer-reviewed citations to support any claims being made. Low-energy or unreflective reuse of text generated by genAI without further investigation and reviewing of primary, peer-reviewed academic literature will lead to poor quality results. GenAI tools work best for topics which you already understand. Guide and craft genAI responses based on your reading of peer-reviewed theory and research.

===Going forth===
Despite these warnings, you are encouraged to explore use of genAI tools to help develop higher quality work. Recommended uses of genAI tools include:
* brainstorming
* explaining key concepts
* developing a structure
* synthesising complex ideas
* [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter/Readability|readability analysis]]
* improving the quality of written expression
* checking spelling and grammar
* image generation (e.g., see Figure 1)
* requesting critical feedback and suggestions for improvement

If you are unsure about how to use genAI effectively or how to acknowledge its use appropriately, ask questions and discuss, so we can all learn together.

==Learn about genAI==
[https://techcrunch.com/2024/06/01/what-is-ai-how-does-ai-work/ WTF is AI?] provides a useful introduction to genAI and a non-technical overview about how genAI works, what it is capable of, limitations, and issues.

To learn more, explore [https://canberra.libguides.com/genai GenAI for students] (University of Canberra Library).

&lt;noinclude&gt;==See also==&lt;/noinclude&gt;&lt;includeonly&gt;'''See also'''&lt;/includeonly&gt;
* [[b:Wikibooks:Artificial Intelligence|Wikibooks:Artificial Intelligence]] (draft proposal)
* [[w:Wikipedia:Large language models|Wikipedia:Large language models]] (draft proposal)
* [[Wikiversity:Artificial intelligence|Wikiversity:Artificial intelligence]] (draft proposal)
&lt;!--
&lt;noinclude&gt;==External links==&lt;/noinclude&gt;&lt;includeonly&gt;'''External links'''&lt;/includeonly&gt;
* [https://apastyle.apa.org/blog/how-to-cite-chatgpt APA style ChatGPT citation] (APA Style Blog)
--&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Motivation and emotion/Assessment]]
[[Category:Generative artificial intelligence]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <title>Motivation and emotion/About/Websites</title>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>10242</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Update for 2025</comment>
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      <text bytes="211" sha1="kgfnk4qox5o52fw7981nxcu6lw19unf" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;==Websites==&lt;/noinclude&gt;
[[File:Hyperlink-internet-search.svg|right|65px]]
# {{Motivation and emotion/Canvas}}
# [[Motivation_and_emotion|Wikiversity]]
&lt;!-- # X: {{Motivation and emotion/Hashtag}} --&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Information is a public good per communications prof Pickard</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>2720453</id>
      <parentid>2704615</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-02T18:45:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidMCEddy</username>
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      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Primary concerns */ wdsmth</comment>
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      <text bytes="11747" sha1="j2476h7e0dp9o44k954rm9hrfespz4x" xml:space="preserve">:''This is a discussion of a Zoom interview to be recorded 2024-12-13 with communications professor [[w:Victor Pickard (professor)|Victor Pickard]] about his research discussing how information is a public good and the public policy implications of that claim. A 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the companion video will be posted here after it is released to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;'' 

[[File:Information is a public good per communications prof Pickard.webm|thumb|Interview claiming that information is a public good and discussing market failures in for-profit media according to [[w:Victor Pickard (professor)|Victor Pickard]], communications professor in the [[w:Annenberg School for Communication at the University of Pennsylvania|Annenberg School for Communication at the University of Pennsylvania]]]]
[[File:Information is a public good per communications prof Pickard.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss podcast from Interview conducted 2024-12-13 regarding professor Pickard's claim that information is a public good and public policy implications of that claim.]]

[[w:Victor Pickard (professor)|Victor Pickard]] discusses how information is a public good and public policy implications of that claim. He is interviewed by Spencer Graves.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Primary concerns == 

It is in your best interests and mine to help supporters of our worst enemies get information they want, because doing so will make it harder for their leaders and ours to convince us to support policies that may threaten our lives and futures to please those who control most of the money for the media. Research suggests that better media reduces political corruption and improves the quality of life for the vast majority. News deserts, ghost newspapers, and major media conglomerates have the opposite effect, encouraging public officials to focus less on protecting the interests of voters and often clandestinely reward campaign contributors to the detriment of the electorate. 

Commercial media are not likely to expose this corruption, because they make money selling advertising to the beneficiaries of that political corruption and from increasing political polarization and violence.&lt;ref&gt;Pickard (2020, 2023). See also [[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]].&lt;/ref&gt; If we look at how the major media in the US are generally funded, &quot;Their business model ... at least for about 125 years or so has been advertising. ... This really developed somewhere in the mid to late 1800s&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;This interview also briefly mentioned John and Silberstein-Loeb, ed (2015). ''Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet'', cited by Pickard (2020), which places these changes in a much broader context. McChesney and Nichols have suggested that that most people alive today benefit from subsidies for newspapers in the US in the early 1800s, even though they've never read those newspapers. This follows, because those newspapers encouraged literacy and limited political corruption, both of which helped the new US stay together and grow both in land area and economically, while contemporary New Spain / Mexico fractured, shrank, and stagnated economically. For more on this, see [[The Great American Paradox]]. People in other countries benefit from scientific advances that would not have occurred without that diverse media environment in the US before media consolidation began in the late 1800s.&lt;/ref&gt; The newspaper industry, &quot;even in its beleaguered state, is still the source of most of our original reporting, original news and information that gets disseminated. So newspapers have historically been sort of the information feeders for our entire media ecosystem. ... But actually, media subsidies are as American as apple pie. Going back to our first major communication system, which was the postal system, and our newspapers  were tremendously subsidized.&quot; 

&quot;Then there was this transformation of the logic driving our newspaper industry, ... this primary business model was to deliver audiences to advertisers. ... That began to come apart in the early 2000s, when readers and advertisers migrated to the web ... . There is no viable economic model to support the level of journalism that democracy requires. We have to start thinking about other models ... .&quot; 

Earlier this year, Pickard published an article with Neff, which compared newspapers in 33 different countries.&lt;ref&gt;Neff and Pickard (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;In a kind of comparative framework ... we are literally off the chart for how little we fund our public media. ... At a national level it comes to ... a little bit over a $1.50 per person per year that we pay at the Federal level towards our public media. If you throw in local and regional and state subsidies, it gets up to a little bit over $3 per person per year. Now compare that to the Brits, who spend about $100 per person per year for the BBC. Or look at northern European countries where they're spending far more than that.&quot; 

Conservative organizations that evaluate the level of democracy have found that &quot;the strongest democracies on the planet ... also happen to have the strongest public media systems on the planet. ... These same institutions have qualified the US as being a flawed democracy. We've been considered a flawed democracy for a number of years now. And, of course, we have a very weakly funded public broadcasting system. So what this shows at the very least, is that if you publicly subsidize your media systems, your public media systems, if you make those public investments in the news and information that democracy requires, these countries are not sliding into totalitarianism. They're not becoming fascist countries overnight. Quite the contrary. They're they're very strong. There are shining exemplars of democratic countries. This doesn't mean that we shouldn't also be concerned about state capture of public media systems, and we can point to some cautionary tales like in Turkey and Hungary and Poland, you know, that can happen. But those are the exceptions. Most of these strong democracies have strong public broadcasting systems, public media systems. So I would argue that that should also be part of our redemocratization project here in the United States is to actually fund our public media so that they don't have to rely on private funders. NPR gets more than a third of its money from corporate funding, which sort of defeats the purpose.. It's a misnomer even to call it public broadcasting if they're taking in all this corporate money, and any casual listener or viewer of NPR and PBS will have to sit through what's uphemistically called enhanced underwriting. ... That's kind of absurd for a public media system. So we need to change that. But I do think that that's something we need to focus on more. We need to really build out our public media systems so that it can serve local information needs.&quot;

McChesney and Nichols (2021, 2022) recommend distributing 0.15% of national income (Gross Domestic Product, GDP) to local news nonprofits on the basis of local elections. Pickard likes their model but prefers other alternatives, like local news bureaus or multimedia centers managed by local elected individuals or selected at random, similar to jury duty. The main point is to provide public funding with a firewall to prevent interference in the content by other government bureaucrats or corporate interests. 

Pickard continues, &quot;We basically want a system that allows journalists to be journalists, to do the work that originally drew them to the craft ... . Profit a driven media is always going to privilege profits over democracy.&quot;

== About Pickard == 

Pickard is a media studies scholar and a professor at the [[w:Annenberg School for Communication at the University of Pennsylvania|Annenberg School for Communication at the University of Pennsylvania]]. He works on the intersections of US and global media activism and politics and the role of the media in political economy.&lt;ref&gt;[[w:Victor Pickard (professor)|Victor Pickard]].&lt;/ref&gt; He is also the Chair of the Board of Free Press. He has written or edited six books,&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Free Press Board--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131398406}}&lt;/ref&gt; including (2015) ''America's Battle for Media Democracy'',&lt;ref&gt;Pickard (2015)&lt;/ref&gt; and (2020) ''Democracy Without Journalism? Confronting the Misinformation Society''.&lt;ref&gt;Pickard (2020).&lt;/ref&gt;

== The threat == 

Internet company executives have knowingly increased political polarization and violence including the [[w:Rohingya genocide|Rohingya genocide]] in [[w:Myanmar|Myanmar]], because doing otherwise might have reduced their profits. Documentation of this is summarized in [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

==Discussion == 

:''[Interested readers are invite to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb (2015) Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet, Oxford U. Pr.--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131468166|editors=Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2021). &quot;The Local Journalism Initiative: a proposal to protect and extend democracy&quot;. Columbia Journalism Review, 30 November 2021 --&gt;{{cite Q|Q109978060}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2022), To Protect and Extend Democracy, Recreate Local News Media (PDF), FreePress.net (updated 25 January 2022) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q109978337|access-date=2024-06-23}}
* &lt;!--Neff and Pickard (2024) &quot;Funding Democracy: Public Media and Democratic Health in 33 Countries&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131468289}}
* &lt;!--Victor Pickard (2023) Another Media System is Possible: Ripping Open the Overton Window, from Platforms to Public Broadcasting, Janost--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131398460}}
* &lt;!--Victor Pickard (2020) Democracy without journalism? : confronting the misinformation society, Oxford U. Pr.--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131398359}}
* &lt;!--Victor Pickard (2015) America's Battle for Media Democracy, Cambridge U. Pr.--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131398237}}

[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]</text>
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Let {{mat|term= \varphi_1, \varphi_2, \varphi_3 |pm=}} be rotations around the {{mat|term= x|pm=-}}axis, the {{mat|term= y|pm=-}}axis, and the {{mat|term= z|pm=-}}axis, with  
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Let
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    <title>WikiJournal Preprints/Mental health in Sri Lanka</title>
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| journal = WikiJournal of Medicine      &lt;!-- WikiJournal of Medicine, Science, or Humanities --&gt;
| last1 = Azeez
| orcid1 = 0009-0007-9202-4614
| first1 = Aaqib
| last2 = 
| first2 = 
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| first3 = 
| last4 = 
| first4 = &lt;!-- up to 9 authors can be added in this above format --&gt;
| et_al = &lt;!-- if there are &gt;9 authors, hyperlink to the list here --&gt;
| affiliation1 = Old Dominion University
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Mental health continues to be a critically relevant topic as the island nation has experienced decades of [[w:Black_July|violent ethnic conflict]], terrorist attacks, war crimes, and economic disruptions. Sri Lanka has only recently exited the climaxes of a [[w:Sri_Lankan_economic_crisis_(2019–2024)|severe economic crisis in 2022]], a [[w:Sri_Lankan_civil_war|nearly 30-year civil war ending in 2009]], a [[w:2019_Sri_Lanka_Easter_bombings|2019 terrorist attack]], and continues to face the ripple effects of the [[w:2004_Boxing_Day_tsunami|2004 Boxing Day tsunami]]. The exact effect these major events have had on mental health in the country is &quot;unknown&quot;, but the statistics remain alarming despite a declining trend. 

Suicide rates in the country during the mid-1990s were the second-highest in the world with ingesting toxic products being the main suicide method. Despite the decline in suicide numbers since then—possibly attributed to Sri Lanka's ban on toxic products—evidence from a 2023 study reports an upward trend in suicide through hanging from 2016 to 2021—independent of the [[w:COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sri_Lanka|COVID-19 pandemic]]. Several risk factors for suicide, such as poverty and economic instability, are still prevalent and even increasing in the country to this day&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Rajapakse|first=Thilini|last2=Silva|first2=Tharuka|last3=Hettiarachchi|first3=Nirosha Madhuwanthi|last4=Gunnell|first4=David|last5=Metcalfe|first5=Chris|last6=Spittal|first6=Matthew J.|last7=Knipe|first7=Duleeka|date=2023-01-19|title=The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Lockdowns on Self-Poisoning and Suicide in Sri Lanka: An Interrupted Time Series Analysis|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9914278/|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|volume=20|issue=3|pages=1833|doi=10.3390/ijerph20031833|issn=1660-4601|pmc=9914278|pmid=36767200}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Introduction ==

== Methods ==

==Historical Development of Mental Health Services==

In the 1800s, established care for mental health began shifting from indigenous practices, mainly derived from [[w:Ayurveda|Ayurveda medicine]], to a Western model&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Gambheera, H. (2011). [https://www.saarcpsychiatry.com/viewText?chapter=c6 The evolution of psychiatric services in Sri Lanka]. South Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 2(1), 25–27.&lt;/ref&gt;. 

=== Adoption of a Western-based mental healthcare model and issuances of ordinances ===
In 1839, [[w:James_Alexander_Stewart-Mackenzie|James Alexander Stewart-Mackenzie]], the 7th Governor of British Ceylon, released the Lunacy Ordinance, authorizing municipal authorities to create lunatic asylums for the mentally ill in the country&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://mentalhealth.health.gov.lk/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=6&amp;Itemid=125&amp;lang=en|title=History - Directorate of Mental Health|website=mentalhealth.health.gov.lk|access-date=2025-05-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;. The ordinance was concerned with the legal frameworks of detaining individuals considered dangerous to others or individuals falsely presenting themselves as mentally ill, and not on medical treatments to alleviate the conditions of detained individuals. UK psychiatrist [[w:Edward_Mapother|Edward Mapother]] critiqued the ordinance during his 1937 inspection of British Ceylon's mental health institutions in a series of reports titled ''A Disgrace to a Civilised Community'', remarking that the ordinance &quot;[did] not seem to have contemplated treatment as a contingency to be considered&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Permeable walls: historical perspectives on hospital and asylum visiting|date=2009|publisher=Rodopi|isbn=978-90-420-2599-8|editor-last=Mooney|editor-first=Graham|series=Clio medica|location=Amsterdam New York, NY|editor-last2=Reinarz|editor-first2=Jonathan}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

In 1840, the 1839 Ordinance was repealed and replaced by the 1840 Ordinance. The 1839 Ordinance was almost identical to the 1840 Ordinance, except the removal of two previous requirements: the requirement for official medical diagnoses of the mentally insane and the mandate to maintain adequate staff-to-patient ratios within lunatic asylums&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Alwis|first=L. A. P. de|last2=Seneviratne|first2=V. L.|last3=Mendis|first3=T. S. S.|last4=Abhayanayaka|first4=C.|date=2024-12-31|title=The development of laws related to the disposal of forensic patients in Sri Lanka: A historical review|url=https://sljpsyc.sljol.info/articles/10.4038/sljpsyc.v15i2.8569|journal=Sri Lanka Journal of Psychiatry|language=en-US|volume=15|issue=2|doi=10.4038/sljpsyc.v15i2.8569|issn=2012-6883}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

In 1873, a third Ordinance was released. It included linguistic changes, where the term, &quot;insane&quot;, was replaced with &quot;of unsound mind&quot;. The Ordinance also gave more power to medical professionals in determining insanity diagnoses, and more power to detainees in appealing their commitment to the mental asylum. Despite this Ordinance being the most comprehensive outlook on mental healthcare in the country by that point, the legal frameworks behind the detainment of the criminally insane were left identical to previous ordinances&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;.

=== Development of mental asylums ===
At the time the 1839 ordinance was released, mentally ill patients were placed either in prisons throughout the country or leprosy hospitals, such as the [[w:Hendala_Leprosy_Hospital|Hendala Leprosy Hospital]] in the Gampaha district&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;. After the creation of the first mental asylum in Borella in 1846, patients from the Hendala Leprosy Hospital were transferred to the institute in Borella. Overcrowding soon became an issue and patients institutionalized at the Borella mental asylum were sent to prisons across the country. [[File:Edward Mapother.jpg|thumb|A portrait taken of Edward Mapother during his time working at [[w:Maudsley_Hospital|Maudsley Hospital]] in London.
]]

As medical institutions were being made to house the mentally insane, another mental asylum was created in the [[w:Cinnamon_Gardens|Cinnamon Gardens]] area of Colombo in 1884, though this mental asylum faced overcrowding in just one year&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Treatment in these asylums was limited to occupational and protection therapy, failing to provide treatment for the root causes of the mental disorders.

In 1926, the Angoda Mental Hospital was established, scantily alleviating the severe overcrowding issues that were plaguing the preceding mental asylums. Despite an expansion in physical setting to 1,700 beds, treatment was still vastly limited and the patients were left in significantly poor conditions. 

=== Edward Mapother's 1937 inspection of British Ceylon ===
Edward Mapother was born in Dublin, Ireland, on July 12, 1881 and moved to London when he was 7 years old&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Madness to mental illness: a history of the Royal College of Psychiatrists|last=Bewley|first=Thomas|date=2008|publisher=RCPsych Publications ; Distributed in North America by Balogh International|isbn=978-1-904671-35-0|location=London : [S.l.]}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mapother attained his M.D. in 1908. While Mapother was the Medical Superintendent of Maudsley Hospital in London, England, he was invited to inspect British Ceylon's mental health institutions by Dr S. T. Gunasekara, the first Medical Director of British Ceylon&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

In Mapother's visit, he commented that the Angoda Mental Hospital had the atmosphere of &quot;a prison that is neglected and dilapidated&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Overcrowding was still a major issue, with the institute hosting 3,000 patients—more than double the intended capacity. Patients were sleeping on mats and were clearly out of reach of adequate treatment. Mapother also noted that only 4% of public health expenditure in the country was being set for hospitals, drawing a stark comparison to London's 25%&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Mapother offered a vivid and grim account of the hospital in his reports:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
The floor, roof and walls of each cell consist alike of drab cement without any attempt at colouring or decoration. High up in one wall is a small window with stout iron bars. In the floor is a large hole into which the patient may pass his motion and urine. These cells are incompletely divided from one another by a partition which does not reach the roof so that the noise and stink from any one cell may reach at least all the others of the same row. Into these empty cells I was informed that the most noisy and troublesome patients in the hospital; were turned at night completely naked. The doors of the cell contain no observation window, and considering the violent character of many of these patients there is every ground for believing that the doors are rarely opened in the night by the solitary attendant on duty. It needs little imagination to picture the suffering of any patient in an early stage of bodily illness passing a night under such conditions, a situation which must frequently arise. I am told that the noise proceeding from this building is like that on a bad night in a menagerie&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Mapother proposed a series of reinforcements to the legal, institutional, and medical frameworks of mental health care in British Ceylon. This included the decentralization of the psychiatric services, a reworking of the Lunacy Ordinance to incorporate treatment into the legal framework, and the establishment of a separate service of medical professionals dedicated to psychiatry. Mapother's recommendations led to several of the best local medical professionals to be sent to London for extensive training in psychiatry, while nurses from England were sent to British Ceylon to supervise hospital operations and train local staff&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

On August 25, 1938, the Executive Committee of Health approved the strategies proposed by Mapother, though the Government was unable to fully implement all of Mapother's interventions due to the 'heavy cost'. In fact, the Government decided to forego one of his proposals, which was the suggestion of a &quot;Visiting Committee&quot;. This committee was tasked to &quot;meet at the hospital, carry out inspections, and make recommendations&quot; to the Executive Committee of Health&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. The Government realized that deficiencies in their mental healthcare system could prove to be &quot;costly&quot; for their reputation. Mapother was reportedly enraged when he found out. Mapother intended to contact the Secretary of State regarding the &quot;distortion&quot; of his plans, but was interrupted by events preluding to [[w:World_War_II|World War II]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Mapother passed away on March 20, 1940, without materializing his follow-up plans.

=== Post-Mapother developments and further innovations ===
[[File:Sri Lanka districts Colombo.svg|thumb|A map of Sri Lanka highlighting the Colombo District, where the capital is located. 
|right|250px]]Mapother's insights on the mental healthcare structure in British Ceylon proved to be the catalyst of massive renovations. In 1939, the first outpatient clinic was established in the [[w:National_Hospital_of_Sri_Lanka|National Hospital of Sri Lanka]] in Colombo. The first trained Ceylonese psychiatrists began practice in the 1940s, leading to the establishment of the first neuropsychiatric clinic in Colombo in 1943. Treatments for the mentally ill improved dramatically, as protectional therapy expanded to [[w:insulin_shock_therapy|insulin shock therapy]] and [[w:Electroconvulsive_therapy|cardiazol convulsive therapy]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kathriarachchi|first=Samudra T.|last2=Seneviratne|first2=V. Lakmi|last3=Amarakoon|first3=Luckshika|date=2019-06|title=Development of Mental Health Care in Sri Lanka: Lessons Learned|url=https://journals.lww.com/tpsy/fulltext/2019/33020/development_of_mental_health_care_in_sri_lanka_.1.aspx|journal=Taiwanese Journal of Psychiatry|language=en-US|volume=33|issue=2|pages=55|doi=10.4103/TPSY.TPSY_15_19|issn=1028-3684}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mapother's advocation for the decentralization of services were further honored through the 1947 establishment of a first child guidance clinic in Colombo General Hospital&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. 

In 1948, British Ceylon was granted independence from the British after the [[w:Sri_Lankan_independence_movement|Sri Lankan independence movement]]. Changes in the mental healthcare structure were not immediate following independence, but rapid expensions of mental healthcare services were still ongoing. 

The following decades saw positive institutional developments, such as the creation of a second hospital in [[w:Mulleriyawa|Mulleriyawa]] in 1957, and the creation of a psychiatric inpatient unit in Colombo General Hospital in 1967—effectively granting the city of Colombo the luxury of hosting the top psychiatric care in the country&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4899-7999-5_4|title=Mental Health System Development in Sri Lanka|last=Minas|first=Harry|last2=Mendis|first2=Jayan|last3=Hall|first3=Teresa|date=2017|publisher=Springer US|isbn=978-1-4899-7997-1|editor-last=Minas|editor-first=Harry|location=Boston, MA|pages=59–77|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-1-4899-7999-5_4|editor-last2=Lewis|editor-first2=Milton}}&lt;/ref&gt;. The 1950s was also the start of psychopharmacological innovations, with the introduction of [[w:Lithium_(medication)|lithium]] and long-acting injectable antipsychotics ([[w:Depot_injection|depot]] [[w:Antipsychotic|neuroleptics]]) in the succeeding years&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;. Additionally, the number of public psychiatrist positions increased by 400% from 1953 to 1967&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;.

After 1960, mental health services began to disperse from the capital of Colombo to other cities in the country&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

In 1980, the [[w:Postgraduate_Institute_of_Medicine|Postgraduate Institute of Medicine]] began a program where students would enroll in a 5-year medical course and attain an MD in psychiatry, curbing the need for Sri Lankan medical students to be sent abroad to complete their training. Many of the medical students sent abroad for training never returned to Sri Lanka to practice, resulting in a &quot;1:500,000 to 1000,000&quot; ratio of psychiatrists to patients on &quot;most occasions&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.

=== Mental Disease Ordinance of 1956 ===
In 1956, the 1873 Ordinance was revised a second time and renamed the &quot;Mental Disease Ordinance of 1956&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Hapangama|first=Aruni|last2=Mendis|first2=Jayan|last3=Kuruppuarachchi|first3=K. a. L. A.|date=2023-02|title=Why are we still living in the past? Sri Lanka needs urgent and timely reforms of its archaic mental health laws|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bjpsych-international/article/why-are-we-still-living-in-the-past-sri-lanka-needs-urgent-and-timely-reforms-of-its-archaic-mental-health-laws/B18B03DC962CC6F09BC6D7877E390EE4|journal=BJPsych International|language=en|volume=20|issue=1|pages=4–6|doi=10.1192/bji.2022.26|issn=2056-4740|pmc=9909436|pmid=36812028}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Another linguistic development is seen with the new revision as &quot;lunancy&quot; was replaced with &quot;mental disease&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;. The Ordinance paved the way for community-based services to be delivered to patients closer to their residences rather than solely allocating services to just hospitals. This led to the creation of a [[w:WHO|WHO]]-backed community clinic near the [[w:University_of_Colombo|University of Colombo]] in the 1970s, where the focus was to eventually ease patients in the Angoda Mental Hospital back into the general population&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;.

=== Developments from the 1990s ===
The 1990s and onwards saw further positive developments in framing the mental healthcare system, including the establishment of the [https://mentalhealth.health.gov.lk/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=featured&amp;Itemid=101&amp;lang=en Directorate of Mental Health] in 1998. The Directorate of Mental Health is a part of the [[w:Ministry_of_Health_(Sri_Lanka)|Ministry of Health]] who is responsible for the monitoring and implementation of mental health programs across the country&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://mentalhealth.health.gov.lk/index.php?lang=en|title=Home - Directorate of Mental Health|website=mentalhealth.health.gov.lk|access-date=2025-05-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;.  As of 2025, the current director of the Directorate of Mental Health is Dr. Chithramalee de Silva&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

On November 11, 2005, the Mental Health Policy was approved by the Government of Sri Lanka, advocating for establishments of more de-centralized, community-based mental health services across the country beyond the capital (Colombo). The policy aimed to concisely define the rigorous standards needed to be completed for each respected medical professional, including psychiatrists and clinical psychologists&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Rajapakshe|first=Onali Bimalka Wickramaseckara|last2=Mohan|first2=Mohapradeep|last3=Singh|first3=Swaran Preet|date=2023-05|title=Development of adolescent mental health services in Sri Lanka|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10895478/|journal=BJPsych international|volume=20|issue=2|pages=41–43|doi=10.1192/bji.2022.32|issn=2056-4740|pmc=10895478|pmid=38414998}}&lt;/ref&gt;. The policy also included a new position, the &quot;Medical Officer of Mental Health&quot;, who oversees and assists in the implementation of community-based mental health services&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. This same year, the Sri Lankan government began implementing psychological services in state institutions, such as the military&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;.  

In 2007, the National Mental Health Advisory Council (NMHAC) was created to serve as an 'advisory' board for the Ministry of Health on what actions should be executed by the Directorate of Mental Health&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://mentalhealth.health.gov.lk/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=9&amp;Itemid=220&amp;lang=en|title=Introduction - Directorate of Mental Health|website=mentalhealth.health.gov.lk|access-date=2025-05-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

In 2008, the Angoda Mental Hospital was restructured as the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;. 

=== Modern-day Sri Lanka ===
[[File:Feeding Children in Sri Lanka.jpg|left|thumb|Despite the noteworthy improvements in mental healthcare services in recent decades, mental health remains a significant issue due to rising poverty. ]]
As of 2025, the Mental Health Act (mental health legislation) has been undergoing development since 2005 and is currently awaiting to be considered for the final stage of approval. This is expected to replace the 1956 Mental Health Ordinance&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;.

Currently, there are 7 tertiary care hospitals, 61 adult patient units, 3 child inpatient units, and 1 forensic unit. The [[w:Lady_Ridgeway_Hospital_for_Children|Lady Ridgeway Hospital]] in Colombo and the Sirimavo Bandaranayke Specialized Children Hospital in Kandy are tailored towards alleviating children with [[w:Learning_disability|SLD]], [[w:ADHD|ADHD]], [[w:Autism_Spectrum_Disorder|ASD]] and family support for diagnosed children. As of 2017, 22 rehabilitation centers exist through the country, including 7 alcohol rehab centers&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;. Despite the impressive advancements in mental healthcare in the last couple of decades, Sri Lanka still suffers significant mental health issues due to increasing poverty levels in the country. The [[w:World_Bank|World Bank]] reported that [https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2024/04/08/eesc-a08.html the poverty levels in Sri Lanka increased from 11% in 2019 to 26% in 2024], with 60% of Sri Lankan households facing &quot;decreased incomes&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Lakhtakia, Shruti, Atapattu Mudiyanselage, Udahiruni Shashadari Atapat, Walker, Richard Ancrum. ''Sri Lanka Development Update - Bridge to Recovery (English).'' Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group. &lt;nowiki&gt;http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099634104012434919&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. This was churned by Sri Lanka's excessive foreign debt, economic troubles stemming from [[w:Gotabaya_Rajapaksa|Gotabaya Rajapaksa]]'s presidential term, the COVID-19 pandemic, and the [[w:Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine|ongoing invasion of Ukraine by Russia (2022)]].  

According to [[w:NYU|New York University]] graduate student [https://gc-cuny.academia.edu/NadiaAugustyniak Nadia Augustyniak] in her 2025 overview of Sri Lanka's public mental healthcare system, poverty-induced financial precarity remains a major obstacle to receiving access to mental healthcare services. Even though trauma from adverse weather and conflict is deleterious to mental health, issues originating from every-day struggles, especially struggles related to poverty, could arguably play a more significant role&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Augustyniak|first=Nadia|date=2025-06-01|title=Public mental healthcare and economic vulnerability in Sri Lanka|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2666560324000926|journal=SSM - Mental Health|volume=7|pages=100387|doi=10.1016/j.ssmmh.2024.100387|issn=2666-5603}}&lt;/ref&gt;.  

== Impact of Conflict &amp; Disaster ==

=== Sri Lankan Civil War ===
The '''Sri Lankan Civil War''' was a domestic conflict that took place between the Sri Lankan government and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (abbreviated as the ''LTTE),'' a militant group formed in the 1970s as a result of rising tensions between the majority Sinhalese and minority Tamil population. The group is considered a terrorist organization&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.start.umd.edu/baad/database/liberation-tigers-tamil-eelam-ltte-1998.html|title=BAAD - Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) - 1998 {{!}} START.umd.edu|website=www.start.umd.edu|access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/liberation-tigers-tamil-eelam-aka-tamil-tigers-sri-lanka-separatists|title=Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (aka Tamil Tigers) (Sri Lanka, separatists) {{!}} Council on Foreign Relations|last=Bhattacharji|first=Preeti|website=www.cfr.org|language=en|access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Through brutal massacres, assassinations, and suicide bombings, the LTTE waged decades of terror which led to civilian displacement, infrastructure collapse, and the reduction of mental health services available in the northern region.

The civil war mainly affected the northeastern portion of the country, including the [[w:Vanni_(Sri_Lanka)|Vanni region]]. The conflict caused mass destruction to local mental healthcare facilities. Local residents described the conflict with the phrase ''varthayal varnicca mudiyathavai'', roughly translating into English as 'beyond description by words'&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Somasundaram|first=Daya|date=2010-07-28|title=Collective trauma in the Vanni- a qualitative inquiry into the mental health of the internally displaced due to the civil war in Sri Lanka|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-4458-4-22|journal=International Journal of Mental Health Systems|language=en|volume=4|issue=1|pages=22|doi=10.1186/1752-4458-4-22|issn=1752-4458|pmc=2923106|pmid=20667090}}&lt;/ref&gt;. In 2003, only two psychiatrists were found in the region, operating on extremely limited resources and further deepening long-term trauma and mental health deterioration in the population&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;. 

In 2002, the humanitarian organization [https://www.msf.org/ Médecins Sans Frontières] (MSF) performed an investigation of mental health needs in the [[w:Vavuniya|Vavuniya]] area (which was the site of intense conflict during the war, including the [[w:1985_Vavuniya_massacre|1985 Vavuniya massacre]]) and found that many of the residents suffered from high suicide rates, alcohol abuse, domestic violence, grief, and a &quot;sense of ‘learnt helplessness’&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;. A team from the University of Konstanz in Germany found that 92% of grade school children in the region were exposed to &quot;combat, shelling, and witnessing the death of loved ones&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;. 
[[File:DFID-funded, UNHCR emergency shelter tents, in the IDP camp at Menik Farm, Sri Lanka (3694081492).jpg|thumb|350x350px|An IDP camp in Menik Farm, Sri Lanka (2009). The camp [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-19703826 closed in 2012].]]
[[w:War_crimes_during_the_final_stages_of_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war|Extensive war crimes committed by the Sri Lankan government]] are not a mystery to be unraveled and are generally known to the public, despite the government's attempts to surpress any [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_p1TfTguW0 mentions] or [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vtm54Y9USEg investigations] of it&lt;ref&gt;See also [[w:Sexual violence in the Sri Lankan civil war]].&lt;/ref&gt;. A 2009 HRW report stated that the Sri Lankan government assumed native Tamil population residing in war zones to be &quot;siding with the LTTE and [therefore, were] treated as combatants&quot;, leading to indiscriminate shellings and massacres of civilians&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2009-02-19|title=War on the Displaced|url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2009/02/19/war-displaced/sri-lankan-army-and-ltte-abuses-against-civilians-vanni|journal=Human Rights Watch|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Alongside the oppression by the Sri Lankan military, the Vanni population also endured the brutal theatrics of the LTTE, which recruited men, women, and even children with minimal training, effectively rendering them cannon fodder. 

Over 200,000 Tamil civilians were moved into [[w:Internally_displaced_persons_in_Sri_Lanka|designated displacement camps during the war]], where conditions were abysmal&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Dissanayake|first=Lasith|last2=Jabir|first2=Sameeha|last3=Shepherd|first3=Thomas|last4=Helliwell|first4=Toby|last5=Selvaratnam|first5=Lavan|last6=Jayaweera|first6=Kaushalya|last7=Abeysinghe|first7=Nihal|last8=Mallen|first8=Christian|last9=Sumathipala|first9=Athula|date=2023-08-31|title=The aftermath of war; mental health, substance use and their correlates with social support and resilience among adolescents in a post-conflict region of Sri Lanka|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-023-00648-1|journal=Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health|language=en|volume=17|issue=1|pages=101|doi=10.1186/s13034-023-00648-1|issn=1753-2000}}&lt;/ref&gt;. The suicide rate in these displacement camps were three times the community-level (2002), with a ratio of 103.5 per 10,000 compared to the Sri Lankan general population's rate of 37.5 per 10,000. Almost all suicide attempts involved poisonous substances. Other forms of violence included domestic violence and child abuse. Local health officials in Vavuniya admitted that mental health concerns were a major problem, but were unable to address these concerns due to a lack of resources and support from the government. During the [[wikipedia:Sri_Lankan_civil_war#2002_peace_process_(2002%E2%80%932006)|brief 2002 ceasefire]], the MSF implemented a &quot;community-based programme&quot; which included &quot;increasing awareness, community strengthening, reinforcing coping-strategies for longterm war-affected communities, and counselling&quot;. The MSF also advocated for restrictions of poisonous substances due to the suicide attempts, and stressed that &quot;much more [than resettlement]&quot; would need to be done to help alleviate the psychological pain the northern population had faced&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=de Jong|first=Kaz|last2=Mulhern|first2=Maureen|last3=Ford|first3=Nathan|last4=Simpson|first4=Isabel|last5=Swan|first5=Alison|last6=van der Kam|first6=Saskia|date=2002-04|title=Psychological trauma of the civil war in Sri Lanka|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673602084209|journal=The Lancet|language=en|volume=359|issue=9316|pages=1517–1518|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08420-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;. The ceasefire ended in 2006 and led to the [[w:Eelam_War_IV|final phase of the civil war]], eventually ending in 2009 with the [[w:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velupillai_Prabhakaran#Sri_Lankan_Army_Northern_offensive_and_death|death of the LTTE's leader]]. 

'''Post-war'''
[[File:Puttalam district.svg|left|thumb|Puttalam District, unlike its northern counterparts, was largely spared from the intense conflict, possibly explaining the lower rates of common mental disorders (CMDs).]]
The first district-wide cross-sectional multistage cluster sample survey was conducted in the [[w:Jaffna_District|Jaffna District]] shortly after the war ended. The study's sample included 1517 households and 2 internally displaced peoples camps. With a response rate of 92%, the study found that symptoms for PTSD were found in 7% of participants, symptoms of anxiety were found in 32.6% of participants, and symptoms of depression were found in 22.2% of participants. 2% of respondents were currently placed in internally displaced peoples camps at the time of the study, 29.5% were freshly resettled from the internally displaced peoples camps, and the rest of the participants (68.5%) were never placed into camps. In comparison to residents who were never placed into camps, participants that were actively held in camps tend to report more symptoms of PTSD, anxiety, and depression. The researchers also found that women were especially vulnerable to deteriorating mental health conditions. This was explained by two factors: women having to assume the roles of both the father and the mother in the family setting after the, either voluntary or forced, departure of the husband to war, and sexist violence&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Husain|first=Farah|last2=Anderson|first2=Mark|last3=Lopes Cardozo|first3=Barbara|last4=Becknell|first4=Kristin|last5=Blanton|first5=Curtis|last6=Araki|first6=Diane|last7=Kottegoda Vithana|first7=Eeshara|date=2011-08-03|title=Prevalence of War-Related Mental Health Conditions and Association With Displacement Status in Postwar Jaffna District, Sri Lanka|url=https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.1052|journal=JAMA|volume=306|issue=5|pages=522–531|doi=10.1001/jama.2011.1052|issn=0098-7484}}&lt;/ref&gt;. A 2013 study on adult patients in [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK232631/ primary care settings] (divisional hospitals, primary medical care units) found major depression to be significantly higher in females (5.1%) than males (3.6%), bolstering the observation seen in the 2009 study&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Senarath|first=Upul|last2=Wickramage|first2=Kolitha|last3=Peiris|first3=Sharika Lasanthi|date=2014-03-24|title=Prevalence of depression and its associated factors among patients attending primary care settings in the post-conflict Northern Province in Sri Lanka: a cross-sectional study|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-14-85|journal=BMC Psychiatry|language=en|volume=14|issue=1|pages=85|doi=10.1186/1471-244X-14-85|issn=1471-244X|pmc=3987835|pmid=24661436}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Muslims in Northern Sri Lanka during the conflict also faced violence and discrimination, most notably [[w:Expulsion_of_Muslims_from_the_Northern_Province_of_Sri_Lanka|the October 1990 explusion of Muslims from the North to the Puttalam District or Jaffna]] and the [[w:Kattankudy_mosque_massacre|1990 Kattankudy mosque massacre]]. The only study testing the displaced Muslim population post-civil war was completed in 2011, where a cross-sectional survey of 450 internally displaced people or people born into displacement (ages 18 - 65) revealed 18.8% of the sample suffering from common mental health disorders (CMD), including [[w:Somatoform_disorder|somatoform disorder]] (14%), &quot;other depressive syndromes&quot; (7.3%), major depression (5.1%), and anxiety disorder (2.8%). The percentages found in this study for somatoform disorder and major depression were &quot;considerably higher&quot; than the national percentages, though the researchers noted that the prevalence of CMD was lower in comparison to other countries marred with conflict, including Palestine (40.3%) and Ethiopia (27.8%). The researchers explained that the lower rate of CMD may be attributed to the [[w:Puttalam_District|serenity of the post-settlement destination]], as conflict was mainly centered in the North and East. In contrast to earlier findings, this study did not observe a higher prevalence of CMDs among women, although increased rates of somatoform disorders were noted (though the researchers did not show the data behind this)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Siriwardhana|first=Chesmal|last2=Adikari|first2=Anushka|last3=Pannala|first3=Gayani|last4=Siribaddana|first4=Sisira|last5=Abas|first5=Melanie|last6=Sumathipala|first6=Athula|last7=Stewart|first7=Robert|date=2013-05-22|title=Prolonged Internal Displacement and Common Mental Disorders in Sri Lanka: The COMRAID Study|url=https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0064742|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=8|issue=5|pages=e64742|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0064742|issn=1932-6203|pmc=3661540|pmid=23717656}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

[combatants]

About a decade after the conflict ceased, a few notable studies have emerged to help guide understanding on the longer-term mental health effects on victims of the civil war. 

From July 2019 to October 2020, a study was conducted on 585 local adolescents (ages 12-19) in the Vavuniya district revealed that despite 15.6% of the statistic having faced one or more war-related evants, only 3.9% of the participants had moderate - severe depression. In addition to considerably low depression rates, only 5.7% of participants age 17+ were found to have moderate - severe hopelessness&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Dissanayake|first=Lasith|last2=Jabir|first2=Sameeha|last3=Shepherd|first3=Thomas|last4=Helliwell|first4=Toby|last5=Selvaratnam|first5=Lavan|last6=Jayaweera|first6=Kaushalya|last7=Abeysinghe|first7=Nihal|last8=Mallen|first8=Christian|last9=Sumathipala|first9=Athula|date=2023-08-31|title=The aftermath of war; mental health, substance use and their correlates with social support and resilience among adolescents in a post-conflict region of Sri Lanka|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-023-00648-1|journal=Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health|language=en|volume=17|issue=1|pages=101|doi=10.1186/s13034-023-00648-1|issn=1753-2000|pmc=10472617|pmid=37653394}}&lt;/ref&gt;. The authors referenced a 2010 observation by psychiatrist [https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/author/daya-somasundaram Daya Somasundaram], who noted that many Tamil IDPs exhibited &quot;remarkable resilience and post-traumatic growth&quot; after the civil war—an outcome he attributed to the close-knit, family-centered nature of Tamil communities&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Somasundaram|first=Daya|date=2010-07-28|title=Collective trauma in the Vanni- a qualitative inquiry into the mental health of the internally displaced due to the civil war in Sri Lanka|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-4458-4-22|journal=International Journal of Mental Health Systems|volume=4|issue=1|pages=22|doi=10.1186/1752-4458-4-22|issn=1752-4458|pmc=2923106|pmid=20667090}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== 2004 Boxing Day Tsunami ===

== Present-Day Challenges &amp; Stigmas ==

=== Treatment ===

==== Ayurveda medicine ====

=== Stigmas ===

== Suicide Trends &amp; Risk Factors ==

== Future Outlook ==

=== Future outlook ===

==== Criticism of the Mental Disease Ordinance of 1956 ====
&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Dey|first=Sangeeta|last2=Mellsop|first2=Graham|last3=Diesfeld|first3=Kate|last4=Dharmawardene|first4=Vajira|last5=Mendis|first5=Susitha|last6=Chaudhuri|first6=Sreemanti|last7=Deb|first7=Aniruddha|last8=Huq|first8=Nafisa|last9=Ahmed|first9=Helal Uddin|date=2019-10-24|title=Comparing legislation for involuntary admission and treatment of mental illness in four South Asian countries|url=https://ijmhs.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13033-019-0322-7|journal=International Journal of Mental Health Systems|volume=13|issue=1|pages=67|doi=10.1186/s13033-019-0322-7|issn=1752-4458|pmc=6813093|pmid=31666805}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Expansion of services for women facing domestic violence ====
&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; (last paragraph before 4.2; see discussion + conclusion as well)

== Conclusion ==

==Additional information==

===Acknowledgements===
Any people, organisations, or funding sources that you would like to thank.

===Competing interests===
No competing interests.

===Ethics statement===
An ethics statement, if appropriate, on any animal or human research performed should be included here or in the methods section.

==References==
{{reflist|35em}}</text>
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    <title>How news impacts democracy per USD Communications Professor Nik Usher</title>
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      <text bytes="18253" sha1="0vyn4633kirv0reh7b8sv14d1glpc8m" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2025-06-08 interview with [[w:University of San Diego|University of San Diego]] Communications Professor Nik Usher&lt;ref name=Usher&gt;&lt;!--Nik Usher--&gt;{{cite Q|Q134715348}}&lt;/ref&gt; about their research on how news impacts democracy. The podcast is released 2025-06-14 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;''

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;''

[[File:How news impacts democracy per USD Communications Professor Nik Usher.webm|thumb|Interview with [[w:University of San Diego|University of San Diego]] communications professor Nik Usher about how news impacts [[w:Public health|public health]], second draft of history, [[w:Illiberal democracy|illiberal politics]], and prosecutions for [[w:Political corruption|corruption]].]]
[[File:How news impacts democracy per USD Communications Professor Nik Usher.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss podcast from interview conducted 2025-06-12 of Nik Usher by Spencer Graves about how news impacts democracy]]

University of San Diego Communications Professor Nik Usher&lt;ref name=Usher/&gt; discusses their research on how news impacts democracy. Recent publications describe how media impacted the response to [[w:Black Lives Matter|Black Lives Matter]], [[w:COVID-19|COVID-19]], [[w:Illiberal democracy|illiberal politics]], and prosecutions for [[w:political corruption|political corruption]]. This interview focuses especially on five of their recent publications: 

* (2022-01) &quot;How Loud Does the Watchdog Bark? A Reconsideration of Local Journalism, News Non-profits, and Political Corruption&quot; with Sanghoon Kim-Leffingwell
* (2022-07) &quot;Journalism as historical repair work: addressing present injustice through the second draft of history&quot;
* (2023-02) &quot;The Real Problems with the Problem of News Deserts: Toward Rooting Place, Precision, and Positionality in Scholarship on Local News and Democracy&quot;
* (2023-05) &quot;Localizing COVID-19 Public Health Department Outreach on Digital Platforms: The Role of Discoverability, Reach, and Moderation for Illinois’ COVID-19 Vaccination Rates&quot;, with 4 c-authors.
* (2024) &quot;Why News Organizations ‘Platform’ Illiberal Politics: Understanding News Production, Economic Insolvency, and Anti-Democratic Pressure Through CNN’s 2023 Trump Town Hall&quot; 

Professor Usher is also the author of three book: 
* (2014) ''Making News at The New York Times'' 
* (2016) ''Interactive Journalism: Hackers, Data, and Code''
* (2021) ''News for the Rich, White, and Blue: How Place and Power Distort American Journalism''

co-author of another: 
* (2025) ''Amplifying Extremism: Small Town Politicians, Media Storms, and American Journalism'' with Jessica C. Hagman

and co-editor of another: 
* (2021) ''Journalism Research That Matters'' with Valerie Belair-Gagnon. 

== If journalism is to serve democracy ...==

Professor Usher noted that if journalism is to serve democracy, it must take a stand for democracy. Unfortunately, we are not seeing that today in part because journalism is under tremendous pressure, both economically and politically.

Professor Usher was asked about the distinction between accountability and access journalism, discussed in a recent interview in this series with [[Dean Starkman and the watchdog that didn't bark|Dean Starkman]]. Usher replied that access journalists sometimes think they are doing accountability journalism. 

{{quote|Access journalism is the fight that you see right now between journalists and President Trump over who gets to be in the White House briefing room.&lt;ref&gt;Burch (2025).&lt;/ref&gt; ... Access journalism is all about getting in spaces that most ordinary people don't get to be in. ... This is not something that is available to everybody. I don't have a press pass to walk into the White House. I can't cover a Supreme Court decision. I can't even go to a local police site without a press pass badge and start talking to officers. These are ways in which the institutionalization of the press and being able to be in places where other people aren't. That's all about access journalism. ... 

Accountability journalism really is about how do we hold powerful institutions and powerful people to account. That's not just public institutions. It can be at the scale of the United States. It can be the local car dealer giving more money to the football team than they should.

Often the line is &quot;[[w:Follow the money|Follow the money]]&quot;. Now you might want to follow people back to their bedrooms. We're seeing bad behavior of people in power not just about malfeasance but also about they way they treat other people and abuse their interpersonal power. and about holding institutions accountable for doing what they say they'll do. ...

Who has time to do accountability journalism other than journalists? Who has the skills? 

Every so often you'll have some crackerjack whistleblower community advocate, who has the ability to spend all day long pouring through local filings or [[w:Federal Election Commission|FEC]] reports or something. ...

That is what distinguishes journalism as a profession from all of the other things. This is what you do all day long. You have the skills and hopefully the institutional backup.}}

Graves noted, &quot;You can defame poor people with impunity. But if you say something that might offend someone with power you've got to check your facts. That takes time. And even if you get it right, it might not be profitable.&quot; 

Usher replied, &quot;It's only recently that people have felt that they could push back on journalists. ... When I was a reporter ... my editors used to tell me, 'Don't listen to protesters. Go ask the police for a crowd estimate, because they have to assign the right number of officers. ... [But] the right number of officers may be deeply out of proportion with the people present, as we are seeing [[w:June 2025 Los Angeles protests|events unfold in Los Angeles.]]&quot;

{{quote|The greatest weapon against the American press at this point is probably the threat of litigation. ... You see this with [[w:60 Minutes|''60 Minutes'']].&lt;ref&gt;Folkenflik (2025).&lt;/ref&gt; You see this with [[w:The New York Times|''The New York Times'']]. [''NYT'' publisher] [[w:A. G. Sulzberger|Sulzberger]] just said that he conferred with his outside counsel that they would indeed support him ... and the ''New York Times'' if t hey needed to engage in some really high level litigation against the President. And do you know why he did that? He did that because during the ''[[w:Pentagon Papers|Pentagon Papers]]'', the outside counsel of ''The New York Times'' actually decided they couldn't represent ''The New York Times'', that it was too much of a risk. That is how [[w:Floyd Abrams|Floyd Abrams]], who is one of the most famous media lawyers of all time, got his start ... .

So this threat ... is not just about journalists defending themselves as institutions. They also need [representation in] ... litigation against news organizations for screwing up facts or for libel. This didn't use to be huge. .... [N]ow this is a weapon. It's been weaponized in really aggressive ways starting with [[w:Sarah Palin|Sarah Palin]]&lt;ref&gt;Drenon (2025).&lt;/ref&gt; and continuing to the present.}}

Graves then asks about ''[[w:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan|New York Times v. Sullivan]]'' and [[w:Donald Trump's conflict with the media#Retaliatory lawsuits and federal government actions|Trump's recent lawsuits against ABC and other news news outlets]], adding that, &quot;those lawsuits sound to me like thinly veiled requests for bribes.&quot; Professor Usher replied &quot;I'm really careful about words like bribes, because in other countries bribes are the way that journalists live, because these organizations can't afford to pay them. ... There is literally like a brown envelope culture in places around the world because media isn't sustainable, and that's a really loaded word for me as a scholar. I don't think they're bribes. ... I think they are displays of power.&quot;

== &quot;How loud does the watchdog bark?&quot; == 

Professor Usher's research report with Kim-Leffingwell on &quot;How loud does the watchdog bark&quot; found that the presence on a member of the [[w:Institute for Nonprofit News|Institute for Nonprofit News]] was a better predictor of the number of prosecutions for political corruption in the 94 US federal court jurisdictions between 2003 and 2019 than the number of journalists in the counties in each district. 

This suggest that [[w:rule of law|rule of law]] is improved by accountability journalism, which is more likely to be provided by members of the Institute for Nonprofit news than by more traditional media. However, it is far from obvious how to fund that. The traditional market for journalism will not support what seems to be needed. Philanthropy has all sorts of injustices, because too much of that money comes from rich people, which may distort public priorities. And reliance on tax money can be problematic, Professor Usher insists, especially if more of it goes to big institutions than smaller ones. It can further be a problem if it creates a news industry dependent on government money. 

For work on how to fix these problems, Professor Usher recommends the work of the Open Markets Institute&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!-- Open Markets Institute--&gt;{{cite Q|Q98779260}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[w:Free Press (advocacy group)|Free Press]].

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. We describe here briefly the motivation for this series.

[[Great American Paradox|One major contributor to the dominant position of the US in the international political economy]] today may have been the [[w:Postal Service Act|US Postal Service Act of 1792]]. Under that act, newspapers were delivered up to 100 miles for a penny when first class postage was between 6 and 25 cents. [[w:Alexis de Tocqueville|Alexis de Tocqueville]], who visited the relatively young United States of America in 1831, wrote, “There is scarcely a hamlet that does not have its own newspaper.”&lt;ref&gt;Tocqueville (1835, p. 93).&lt;/ref&gt; McChesney and Nichols estimated that these newspaper subsidies were roughly 0.21 percent of national income (Gross Domestic Project, GDP) in 1841.&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88).&lt;/ref&gt;

At that time, the US probably led the world by far in the number of independent newspaper publishers per capita or per million population. This encouraged literacy and limited political corruption, both of which contributed to making the US a leader in the rate of growth in average annual income (Gross Domestic Product, GDP, per capita). Corruption was also limited by the inability of a small number of publishers to dominate political discourse.

That began to change in the 1850s and 1860s with the introduction of high speed rotary presses, which increased the capital required to start a newspaper.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015, p. 80).&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1887 [[w:William Randolph Hearst|William Randolph Hearst]] took over management of his father’s ''[[w:San Francisco Examiner|San Francisco Examiner]]''. His success there gave him an appetite for building a newspaper chain. His 1895 purchase of the ''[[w:New York Morning Journal|New York Morning Journal]]'' gave him a second newspaper. By the mid-1920s, he owned 28 newspapers. Consolidation of ownership of the media became easier with the introduction of broadcasting and even easier with the Internet.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015). See also Wikiversity, “[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]” and “[[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]“.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy|This consolidation seems to be increasing political polarization and violence worldwide]], threatening democracy itself.

=== The threat from loss of newspapers ===

A previous ''Media &amp; Democracy'' interview with Arizona State University accounting professor Roger White on &quot;[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]&quot; describes problems that increase as the quality and quantity of news declines and ownership and control of the media become more highly concentrated: Major media too often deflect the public's attention from political corruption enabled by poor media. This too often contributes to other problems like [[w:Scapegoating|scapegoating]] [[w:Immigration|immigrants]] and attacking [[w:Diversity, equity, and inclusion|Diversity, equity, and inclusion]] (DEI) while also facilitating increases in pollution, the cost of borrowing, political polarization and violence, and decreases in workplace safety. More on this is included in other interviews in this ''Media &amp; Democracy'' series available on Wikiversity under [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

An important quantitative analysis of the problems associated with deficiencies in news is Neff and Pickard (2024). They analyzed data on media funding and democracy in 33 countries. The US has been rated as a &quot;flawed democracy&quot; according to the [[w:Economist Democracy Index|Economist Democracy Index]] and spends substantially less per capita on media compared to the world's leading democracies in Scandinavia and Commonweath countries. They note that commercial media focus primarily on people with money, while publicly-funded media try harder to serve everyone. Public funding is more strongly correlated with democracy than private funding. This recommends increasing public funding for media as a means of strengthening democracy. See also &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invite to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Valerie Belair-Gagnon and Nikki Usher, eds. (2021) Journalism Research That Matters (Journalism and Political Communication Unbound)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q134974352|authors=Valerie Belair-Gagnon and Nikki Usher, eds.}}
* &lt;!--Sean Burch (2025-02-25) &quot;Trump White House Will Now Pick Which Press Pool Reporters Get to Ask Questions&quot;, MSN--&gt;{{cite Q|Q134958542}}
* &lt;!--Brandon Drenon (2025-04-22) &quot;Sarah Palin was not defamed by the New York Times, jury says&quot;, BBC--&gt;{{cite Q|Q134970667}}
* &lt;!--David Folkenflik (2025-04-22) &quot;'60 Minutes' chief resigns, saying show's independence was compromised&quot;, NPR--&gt;{{cite Q|Q134959015}}
* &lt;!--Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb (eds.; 2015) Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet (Oxford University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131468166|editors=Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2010). The Death and Life of American Journalism (Bold Type Books) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q104888067}}.
* &lt;!-- Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001) Democracy in America (trans. by Richard Heffner, 2001; New America Library) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q112166602|publication-date=unset|author=Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001)}}

* &lt;!--Nikki Usher (2014) Making News at The New York Times (The New Media World)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q60186752}}
* &lt;!--Nikki Usher (2016) Interactive Journalism: Hackers, Data, and Code (U. Illinois Pr.)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q134974653}}
* &lt;!--Nik Usher (2021) News for the Rich, White, and Blue: How Place and Power Distort American Journalism--&gt;{{cite Q|Q134974721}}
* &lt;!--Nik Usher (2022-07) Journalism as historical repair work: addressing present injustice through the second draft of history--&gt;{{cite Q|Q134715643}}
* &lt;!--Nik Usher (2023-02) The Real Problems with the Problem of News Deserts: Toward Rooting Place, Precision, and Positionality in Scholarship on Local News and Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q122270994}}
* &lt;!--Nik Usher (2024) Why News Organizations ‘Platform’ Illiberal Politics: Understanding News Production, Economic Insolvency, and Anti-Democratic Pressure Through CNN’s 2023 Trump Town Hall--&gt;{{cite Q|Q134715670}} 
* &lt;!--Nik Usher and Jessica C. Hagman (2025) Amplifying Extremism: Small Town Politicians, Media Storms, and American Journalism (Elements in Politics and Communication)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q134974847}}

* &lt;!--Nik Usher and Sanghoon Kim-Leffingwell (2022-01) How Loud Does the Watchdog Bark? A Reconsideration of Local Journalism, News Non-profits, and Political Corruption --&gt;{{Cite Q|Q134715465}}
* &lt;!--Nik Usher, Adrian Tai Wong, Isaiah R. Raynal, Cabral Bigman-Galimore, and Ewa Maslowska (2023-05) Localizing COVID-19 Public Health Department Outreach on Digital Platforms: The Role of Discoverability, Reach, and Moderation for Illinois’ COVID-19 Vaccination Rates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q134715704}}

[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
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Or [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Selection#New topics|negotiate a new topic]].
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''This is the workspace for a jointly authored paper.  See [[AIXworkbench/Papers/Building-the-Workbench/Paper-writing-process|discussion about process]].'' 

== Possible sections for paper ==
# Presents the concept of the AIXworkbench
# Discusses RAIL Facets Framework as an evaluation tool
# AIX + Open WebUI = AIXworkbench
# Review LLM interfaces, with focus on open source?
# Reviews Open WebUI, history, usage in field
# Discusses the &quot;June working group&quot; as an impromptu example of community AI development, and reports on our meetings and discussions
# Reports Use Cases from June working group as examples of using Open Web UI
# Identifies key resources / values to transform Open WebUI into AIXworkbench
## Security
## Responsibility
## Shareability
## Provenance
# Review this project using FACETS framework

== 1 AI for All requires an working environment that people own and control - What is an &quot;AI workbench&quot; and why do we one ==
AI for all -- people, activities, spaces, places 

An &quot;AI workbench&quot; empowers users to leverage LLMs locally and via API for inference, fine-tuning and other usage. 

We need this tool to promote individual management of LLM resources.

Multi-faceted diversity in the development of AI

Community AI / Development

== 2 The Responsible AI Lab FACETS framework and how we apply it here ==
The RAIL FACETS framework is described here.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://facets.netlify.app/|title=RAIL {{!}} FACETS Responsible AI Framework|website=facets.netlify.app|access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Its use is discussed here &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Akomea-Frimpong|first=Isaac|last2=Jin|first2=Xiaohua|last3=Osei-Kyei|first3=Robert|last4=Kukah|first4=Augustine Senanu|date=2023-02-20|title=Public–private partnerships for sustainable infrastructure development in Ghana: a systematic review and recommendations|url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/SASBE-07-2021-0111/full/html|journal=Smart and Sustainable Built Environment|language=en|volume=12|issue=2|pages=237–257|doi=10.1108/SASBE-07-2021-0111|issn=2046-6099}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.00204v1|title=RAIL in the Wild: Operationalizing Responsible AI Evaluation Using Anthropic's Value Dataset|last=Verma|first=Sumit|last2=Prasun|first2=Pritam|date=2025-04-30|website=arXiv.org|language=en|access-date=2025-06-19|last3=Jaiswal|first3=Arpit|last4=Kumar|first4=Pritish}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== 3 AIX + Open WebUI = AIXworkbench ==
AIX is focused on developing Responsible AI for All: Inspired by the Responsible AI Lab, KNUST, and is committed to assessing our projects using the FACETS framework.&lt;br&gt;

[{{fullurl:AIXworkbench/About|action=edit}} edit]{{:AIXworkbench/About}}

== 4 LLM interfaces ==
There are a variety of tools that are available to individuals or organiations that want to provide a platform to use LLMs in a highly controlled, secure and managed environment.  

The first LLM interface...  

Hugging Face...  

Brief history of the movement to make open source LLM interfaces.   

With the main goal of the AIX Workbench, there were a few points of considerations that needed to be met. We needed the LLM Interface to be able to be modified so it satisfies the following characteristics: 

* Secure
* Responsible
* Replicable
* Shareable/Collaborative 
* Deployable


The most commonly used &quot;AI&quot; by far are the cloud-based ones. Although, they have beginner friendly ease-of-access, the issue with most cloud-based LLM is that they are run and operated by the provider's machine. In addition, the limited customizability and data privacy concerns makes them a questionable use for the AIX Workbench. The limited customizability doesn't allow the user to modify parameters. The major data privacy concerns is that the provider could use the user's chats &amp; documents to train its models, which means sensitive information could be exposed.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.datacamp.com/blog/the-pros-and-cons-of-using-llm-in-the-cloud-versus-running-llm-locally|title=The Pros and Cons of Using Large Language Models (LLMs) in the Cloud vs. Running LLMs Locally: Which Is Right for You?|last=Ali Awan|first=Abid|date=May 23, 2023|website=datacamp.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local LLM Interfaces such as Open WebUI, GPT4ALL and LMStudio are run locally on your computer. This tackles the main issue of cloud-based LLM's which is customizability and data privacy. 

== 5 Open WebUI ==
[{{fullurl:AIXworkbench/Papers/Building-the-Workbench/Open-WebUI|action=edit}} edit] {{:AIXworkbench/Papers/Building-the-Workbench/Open-WebUI}}

== 6 June Working Group ==

== 7 Use Cases of Open WebUI from participants in June Working Group ==

=== Our Current Participants ===

{{Special:PrefixIndex/AIXworkbench/Working-Groups/June-2025-Working-Group/Participants|hideroot=1|stripprefix=1|columns=1}}

=== Want to Join the Working Group? ===
Share your Open WebUI use case and contribute to our research!

'''How to participate:'''
# Click [[AIXworkbench/Working-Groups/June-2025-Working-Group/Participants/|here]] and follow the instructions!

== 8 AIXworkbench: Security, Responsibility, Shareability, Provenance ==

== 9 References ==</text>
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''This is the workspace for a jointly authored paper.  See [[AIXworkbench/Papers/Building-the-Workbench/Paper-writing-process|discussion about process]].'' 

== Possible sections for paper ==
# Presents the concept of the AIXworkbench
# Discusses RAIL Facets Framework as an evaluation tool
# AIX + Open WebUI = AIXworkbench
# Review LLM interfaces, with focus on open source?
# Reviews Open WebUI, history, usage in field
# Discusses the &quot;June working group&quot; as an impromptu example of community AI development, and reports on our meetings and discussions
# Reports Use Cases from June working group as examples of using Open Web UI
# Identifies key resources / values to transform Open WebUI into AIXworkbench
## Security
## Responsibility
## Shareability
## Provenance
# Review this project using FACETS framework

== 1 AI for All requires an working environment that people own and control - What is an &quot;AI workbench&quot; and why do we one ==
AI for all -- people, activities, spaces, places 

An &quot;AI workbench&quot; empowers users to leverage LLMs locally and via API for inference, fine-tuning and other usage. 

We need this tool to promote individual management of LLM resources.

Multi-faceted diversity in the development of AI

Community AI / Development

== 2 The Responsible AI Lab FACETS framework and how we apply it here ==
The RAIL FACETS framework is described here.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://facets.netlify.app/|title=RAIL {{!}} FACETS Responsible AI Framework|website=facets.netlify.app|access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Its use is discussed here &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Akomea-Frimpong|first=Isaac|last2=Jin|first2=Xiaohua|last3=Osei-Kyei|first3=Robert|last4=Kukah|first4=Augustine Senanu|date=2023-02-20|title=Public–private partnerships for sustainable infrastructure development in Ghana: a systematic review and recommendations|url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/SASBE-07-2021-0111/full/html|journal=Smart and Sustainable Built Environment|language=en|volume=12|issue=2|pages=237–257|doi=10.1108/SASBE-07-2021-0111|issn=2046-6099}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.00204v1|title=RAIL in the Wild: Operationalizing Responsible AI Evaluation Using Anthropic's Value Dataset|last=Verma|first=Sumit|last2=Prasun|first2=Pritam|date=2025-04-30|website=arXiv.org|language=en|access-date=2025-06-19|last3=Jaiswal|first3=Arpit|last4=Kumar|first4=Pritish}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== 3 AIX + Open WebUI = AIXworkbench ==
AIX is focused on developing Responsible AI for All: Inspired by the Responsible AI Lab, KNUST, and is committed to assessing our projects using the FACETS framework.&lt;br&gt;

[{{fullurl:AIXworkbench/About|action=edit}} edit]{{:AIXworkbench/About}}

== 4 LLM interfaces ==
There are a variety of tools that are available to individuals or organiations that want to provide a platform to use LLMs in a highly controlled, secure and managed environment.  

The first LLM interface...  

Hugging Face...  

Brief history of the movement to make open source LLM interfaces.   

With the main goal of the AIX Workbench, there were a few points of considerations that needed to be met. We needed the LLM Interface to be able to be modified so it satisfies the following characteristics: 

* Secure
* Responsible
* Replicable
* Shareable/Collaborative 
* Deployable


The most commonly used &quot;AI&quot; by far are the cloud-based ones. Although, they have beginner friendly ease-of-access, the issue with most cloud-based LLM is that they are run and operated by the provider's machine. In addition, the limited customizability and data privacy concerns makes them a questionable use for the AIX Workbench. The limited customizability doesn't allow the user to modify parameters. The major data privacy concerns is that the provider could use the user's chats &amp; documents to train its models, which means sensitive information could be exposed.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.datacamp.com/blog/the-pros-and-cons-of-using-llm-in-the-cloud-versus-running-llm-locally|title=The Pros and Cons of Using Large Language Models (LLMs) in the Cloud vs. Running LLMs Locally: Which Is Right for You?|last=Ali Awan|first=Abid|date=May 23, 2023|website=datacamp.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local LLM Interfaces such as Open WebUI, GPT4ALL and LMStudio are run locally on your computer. This tackles the main issue of cloud-based LLM's which is customizability and data privacy. Below is a brief pros &amp; cons table of these models:  
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!
!Open WebUI
!LM Studio
!GPT4ALL
|-
|Pros
|
* Highly customizable and extensible architecture
* Supports multiple LLM providers and local models
* User-friendly interface with advanced features like conversation management and model switching
* Active development and community support &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://best-of-web.builder.io/library/open-webui/open-webui|title=Open WebUI Overview, Examples, Pros and Cons in 2025.|last=Builder.io.|date=2025|website=Best of Web|access-date=July 2, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
* Enables offline use of powerful AI models without server reliance
* Supports a wide variety of open-source LLMs like LLaMA, Mistral, and others
* Intuitive interface simplifies complex AI workflows for beginners
* Completely free with no usage restrictions or subscription fees
* Offers hardware optimization for better performance on CPUs and GPUs &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://aichief.com/ai-development-tools/lm-studio/|title=LM Studio Review – Cost, Use Cases &amp; Alternatives [2025].|last=AI Chief|date=2025|website=AI Chief|access-date=July 2, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
* No subscription fees, and it promotes accessibility and community development.
* Enhanced privacy and data security by running on local hardware.
* Valuable for learning and experimentation with LLM technology.
* Allows for customization and experimentation with the model. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://aichief.com/ai-chatbots/gpt4all/|title=GPT4All Review – Cost, Use Cases &amp; Alternatives [2025].|last=AI Chief|date=2025|website=AI Chief|access-date=July 2, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Cons
|
* May require significant setup and configuration for advanced use cases
* Performance can vary depending on the underlying LLM and hardware
* Limited documentation for some advanced features
* Potential learning curve for users new to LLM applications &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|
* Requires strong hardware for best performance with large models
* No official mobile app version currently available
* Beginners may need time to understand model quantization
* Lacks built-in marketplace for model discovery
* Advanced fine-tuning options could overwhelm non-technical users &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
|
* Requires significant computational power (CPU/GPU).
* Can have a steeper learning curve for users unfamiliar with local installations.
* Large model size requires substantial storage space.
* Like any powerful tool, it can be misused for malicious purposes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
|}

== 5 Open WebUI ==
[{{fullurl:AIXworkbench/Papers/Building-the-Workbench/Open-WebUI|action=edit}} edit] {{:AIXworkbench/Papers/Building-the-Workbench/Open-WebUI}}

== 6 June Working Group ==

== 7 Use Cases of Open WebUI from participants in June Working Group ==

=== Our Current Participants ===

{{Special:PrefixIndex/AIXworkbench/Working-Groups/June-2025-Working-Group/Participants|hideroot=1|stripprefix=1|columns=1}}

=== Want to Join the Working Group? ===
Share your Open WebUI use case and contribute to our research!

'''How to participate:'''
# Click [[AIXworkbench/Working-Groups/June-2025-Working-Group/Participants/|here]] and follow the instructions!

== 8 AIXworkbench: Security, Responsibility, Shareability, Provenance ==

== 9 References ==</text>
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      <text bytes="9690" sha1="szh5sttu7gfg1tkdmdt4fc89lzmswwl" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2025-06-08 interview with [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]] History professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek&gt;&lt;!--Heidi J.S. Tworek--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135116400}}&lt;/ref&gt; about her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today. A video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview will be added when available. The podcast will be released 2025-06-14 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;''

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;''

&lt;!--[[File:MeDem2025-07-03Tworek|thumb|2025-07-03 interview with University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]--&gt; 
&lt;!--[[File:MeDem20250712Tworek|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from a 2025-07-03 interview with University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]--&gt; 

University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; discusses her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today as documented in her prize-winning (2019) book, ''News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945'' and other work. 

== Tworek bio== 

Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;  is the Canada Research Chair and Director of the Centre for the Study of Democratic Institutions at the [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]]. Her work focuses on how new media technology and policy have impacted democracy. She is also a senior fellow at the [[w:Centre for International Governance Innovation|Centre for International Governance Innovation]] in [[w:Waterloo, Ontario|Waterloo, Ontario]] as well as a non-resident fellow at the [[w:German Marshall Fund|German Marshall Fund]] of the United States and the [[w:Canadian Global Affairs Institute|Canadian Global Affairs Institute]]. She has co-edited four volumes and currently co-edits the [[w:Journal of Global History|''Journal of Global History'']] in addition to having published or forthcoming over 45 book chapters and journal articles&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; in addition to numerous publications and appearances in more popular outlets like [[w:The Washington Post|''The Washington Post'']], [[w:The New York Times|''The New York Times'']], and [[w:CBS|CBS]].&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. We describe here briefly the motivation for this series.

[[Great American Paradox|One major contributor to the dominant position of the US in the international political economy]] today may have been the [[w:Postal Service Act|US Postal Service Act of 1792]]. Under that act, newspapers were delivered up to 100 miles for a penny when first class postage was between 6 and 25 cents. [[w:Alexis de Tocqueville|Alexis de Tocqueville]], who visited the relatively young United States of America in 1831, wrote, “There is scarcely a hamlet that does not have its own newspaper.”&lt;ref&gt;Tocqueville (1835, p. 93).&lt;/ref&gt; McChesney and Nichols estimated that these newspaper subsidies were roughly 0.21 percent of national income (Gross Domestic Project, GDP) in 1841.&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88).&lt;/ref&gt;

At that time, the US probably led the world by far in the number of independent newspaper publishers per capita or per million population. This encouraged literacy and limited political corruption, both of which contributed to making the US a leader in the rate of growth in average annual income (Gross Domestic Product, GDP, per capita). Corruption was also limited by the inability of a small number of publishers to dominate political discourse.

That began to change in the 1850s and 1860s with the introduction of high speed rotary presses, which increased the capital required to start a newspaper.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015, p. 80).&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1887 [[w:William Randolph Hearst|William Randolph Hearst]] took over management of his father’s ''[[w:San Francisco Examiner|San Francisco Examiner]]''. His success there gave him an appetite for building a newspaper chain. His 1895 purchase of the ''[[w:New York Morning Journal|New York Morning Journal]]'' gave him a second newspaper. By the mid-1920s, he owned 28 newspapers. Consolidation of ownership of the media became easier with the introduction of broadcasting and even easier with the Internet.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015). See also Wikiversity, “[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]” and “[[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]“.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy|This consolidation seems to be increasing political polarization and violence worldwide]], threatening democracy itself.

=== The threat from loss of newspapers ===

A previous ''Media &amp; Democracy'' interview with Arizona State University accounting professor Roger White on &quot;[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]&quot; describes problems that increase as the quality and quantity of news declines and ownership and control of the media become more highly concentrated: Major media too often deflect the public's attention from political corruption enabled by poor media. This too often contributes to other problems like [[w:Scapegoating|scapegoating]] [[w:Immigration|immigrants]] and attacking [[w:Diversity, equity, and inclusion|Diversity, equity, and inclusion]] (DEI) while also facilitating increases in pollution, the cost of borrowing, political polarization and violence, and decreases in workplace safety. More on this is included in other interviews in this ''Media &amp; Democracy'' series available on Wikiversity under [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

An important quantitative analysis of the problems associated with deficiencies in news is Neff and Pickard (2024). They analyzed data on media funding and democracy in 33 countries. The US has been rated as a &quot;flawed democracy&quot; according to the [[w:Economist Democracy Index|Economist Democracy Index]] and spends substantially less per capita on media compared to the world's leading democracies in Scandinavia and Commonweath countries. They note that commercial media focus primarily on people with money, while publicly-funded media try harder to serve everyone. Public funding is more strongly correlated with democracy than private funding. This recommends increasing public funding for media as a means of strengthening democracy. See also &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invite to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb (eds.; 2015) Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet (Oxford University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131468166|editors=Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2010). The Death and Life of American Journalism (Bold Type Books) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q104888067}}.
* &lt;!-- Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001) Democracy in America (trans. by Richard Heffner, 2001; New America Library) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q112166602|publication-date=unset|author=Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001)}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019) News from Germany: The Competition to 
Control World Communications, 1900–1945 (Harvard University 
Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135085111}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-04-25) Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189751}}

[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Germany]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
&lt;!--list of categories
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Category_Review
[[Wikiversity:Category Review]]--&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="9694" sha1="th4pffdcc998mgi069vnhqkw3unqmol" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2025-06-08 interview with [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]] History professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek&gt;&lt;!--Heidi J.S. Tworek--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135116400}}&lt;/ref&gt; about her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today. A video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview will be added when available. The podcast will be released 2025-06-14 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;''

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;''

&lt;!--[[File:MeDem2025-07-03Tworek|thumb|2025-07-03 interview with University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]--&gt; 
&lt;!--[[File:MeDem20250712Tworek|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from a 2025-07-03 interview with University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]--&gt; 

University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; discusses her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today as documented in her prize-winning (2019) book, ''News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945'' and other work. 

== Tworek bio== 

Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;  is the Canada Research Chair and Director of the Centre for the Study of Democratic Institutions at the [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]]. Her work focuses on how new media technology and policy have impacted democracy. She is also a senior fellow at the [[w:Centre for International Governance Innovation|Centre for International Governance Innovation]] in [[w:Waterloo, Ontario|Waterloo, Ontario]] as well as a non-resident fellow at the [[w:German Marshall Fund|German Marshall Fund]] of the United States and the [[w:Canadian Global Affairs Institute|Canadian Global Affairs Institute]]. She has co-edited four volumes and currently co-edits the [[w:Journal of Global History|''Journal of Global History'']] in addition to having published or forthcoming over 45 book chapters and journal articles&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; in addition to numerous publications and appearances in more popular outlets like [[w:The Washington Post|''The Washington Post'']], [[w:The New York Times|''The New York Times'']], and [[w:CBS|CBS]].&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. We describe here briefly the motivation for this series.

[[Great American Paradox|One major contributor to the dominant position of the US in the international political economy]] today may have been the [[w:Postal Service Act|US Postal Service Act of 1792]]. Under that act, newspapers were delivered up to 100 miles for a penny when first class postage was between 6 and 25 cents. [[w:Alexis de Tocqueville|Alexis de Tocqueville]], who visited the relatively young United States of America in 1831, wrote, “There is scarcely a hamlet that does not have its own newspaper.”&lt;ref&gt;Tocqueville (1835, p. 93).&lt;/ref&gt; McChesney and Nichols estimated that these newspaper subsidies were roughly 0.21 percent of national income (Gross Domestic Project, GDP) in 1841.&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88).&lt;/ref&gt;

At that time, the US probably led the world by far in the number of independent newspaper publishers per capita or per million population. This encouraged literacy and limited political corruption, both of which contributed to making the US a leader in the rate of growth in average annual income (Gross Domestic Product, GDP, per capita). Corruption was also limited by the inability of a small number of publishers to dominate political discourse.

That began to change in the 1850s and 1860s with the introduction of high speed rotary presses, which increased the capital required to start a newspaper.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015, p. 80).&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1887 [[w:William Randolph Hearst|William Randolph Hearst]] took over management of his father’s ''[[w:San Francisco Examiner|San Francisco Examiner]]''. His success there gave him an appetite for building a newspaper chain. His 1895 purchase of the ''[[w:New York Morning Journal|New York Morning Journal]]'' gave him a second newspaper. By the mid-1920s, he owned 28 newspapers. Consolidation of ownership of the media became easier with the introduction of broadcasting and even easier with the Internet.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015). See also Wikiversity, “[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]” and “[[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]“.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy|This consolidation seems to be increasing political polarization and violence worldwide]], threatening democracy itself.

=== The threat from loss of newspapers ===

A previous ''Media &amp; Democracy'' interview with Arizona State University accounting professor Roger White on &quot;[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]&quot; describes problems that increase as the quality and quantity of news declines and ownership and control of the media become more highly concentrated: Major media too often deflect the public's attention from political corruption enabled by poor media. This too often contributes to other problems like [[w:Scapegoating|scapegoating]] [[w:Immigration|immigrants]] and attacking [[w:Diversity, equity, and inclusion|Diversity, equity, and inclusion]] (DEI) while also facilitating increases in pollution, the cost of borrowing, political polarization and violence, and decreases in workplace safety. More on this is included in other interviews in this ''Media &amp; Democracy'' series available on Wikiversity under [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

An important quantitative analysis of the problems associated with deficiencies in news is Neff and Pickard (2024). They analyzed data on media funding and democracy in 33 countries. The US has been rated as a &quot;flawed democracy&quot; according to the [[w:Economist Democracy Index|Economist Democracy Index]] and spends substantially less per capita on media compared to the world's leading democracies in Scandinavia and Commonweath countries. They note that commercial media focus primarily on people with money, while publicly-funded media try harder to serve everyone. Public funding is more strongly correlated with democracy than private funding. This recommends increasing public funding for media as a means of strengthening democracy. See also &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invite to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb (eds.; 2015) Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet (Oxford University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131468166|editors=Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2010). The Death and Life of American Journalism (Bold Type Books) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q104888067}}.
* &lt;!-- Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001) Democracy in America (trans. by Richard Heffner, 2001; New America Library) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q112166602|publication-date=unset|author=Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001)}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-03-11) News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945 (Harvard University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135085111}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-04-25) Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189751}}

[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Germany]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
&lt;!--list of categories
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Category_Review
[[Wikiversity:Category Review]]--&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="9693" sha1="cxk1fimualad1amdxlwdvwlpbgsw8tt" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2025-06-08 interview with [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]] History professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek&gt;&lt;!--Heidi J.S. Tworek--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135116400}}&lt;/ref&gt; about her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today. A video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview will be added when available. The podcast will be released 2025-06-14 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;''

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;''
&lt;!--[[File:MeDem2025-07-03Tworek|thumb|2025-07-03 interview with University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]--&gt; 
&lt;!--[[File:MeDem20250712Tworek|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from a 2025-07-03 interview with University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]--&gt; 

University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; discusses her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today as documented in her prize-winning (2019) book, ''News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945'' and other work. 

== Tworek bio== 

Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;  is the Canada Research Chair and Director of the Centre for the Study of Democratic Institutions at the [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]]. Her work focuses on how new media technology and policy have impacted democracy. She is also a senior fellow at the [[w:Centre for International Governance Innovation|Centre for International Governance Innovation]] in [[w:Waterloo, Ontario|Waterloo, Ontario]] as well as a non-resident fellow at the [[w:German Marshall Fund|German Marshall Fund]] of the United States and the [[w:Canadian Global Affairs Institute|Canadian Global Affairs Institute]]. She has co-edited four volumes and currently co-edits the [[w:Journal of Global History|''Journal of Global History'']] in addition to having published or forthcoming over 45 book chapters and journal articles&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; in addition to numerous publications and appearances in more popular outlets like [[w:The Washington Post|''The Washington Post'']], [[w:The New York Times|''The New York Times'']], and [[w:CBS|CBS]].&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. We describe here briefly the motivation for this series.

[[Great American Paradox|One major contributor to the dominant position of the US in the international political economy]] today may have been the [[w:Postal Service Act|US Postal Service Act of 1792]]. Under that act, newspapers were delivered up to 100 miles for a penny when first class postage was between 6 and 25 cents. [[w:Alexis de Tocqueville|Alexis de Tocqueville]], who visited the relatively young United States of America in 1831, wrote, “There is scarcely a hamlet that does not have its own newspaper.”&lt;ref&gt;Tocqueville (1835, p. 93).&lt;/ref&gt; McChesney and Nichols estimated that these newspaper subsidies were roughly 0.21 percent of national income (Gross Domestic Project, GDP) in 1841.&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88).&lt;/ref&gt;

At that time, the US probably led the world by far in the number of independent newspaper publishers per capita or per million population. This encouraged literacy and limited political corruption, both of which contributed to making the US a leader in the rate of growth in average annual income (Gross Domestic Product, GDP, per capita). Corruption was also limited by the inability of a small number of publishers to dominate political discourse.

That began to change in the 1850s and 1860s with the introduction of high speed rotary presses, which increased the capital required to start a newspaper.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015, p. 80).&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1887 [[w:William Randolph Hearst|William Randolph Hearst]] took over management of his father’s ''[[w:San Francisco Examiner|San Francisco Examiner]]''. His success there gave him an appetite for building a newspaper chain. His 1895 purchase of the ''[[w:New York Morning Journal|New York Morning Journal]]'' gave him a second newspaper. By the mid-1920s, he owned 28 newspapers. Consolidation of ownership of the media became easier with the introduction of broadcasting and even easier with the Internet.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015). See also Wikiversity, “[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]” and “[[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]“.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy|This consolidation seems to be increasing political polarization and violence worldwide]], threatening democracy itself.

=== The threat from loss of newspapers ===

A previous ''Media &amp; Democracy'' interview with Arizona State University accounting professor Roger White on &quot;[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]&quot; describes problems that increase as the quality and quantity of news declines and ownership and control of the media become more highly concentrated: Major media too often deflect the public's attention from political corruption enabled by poor media. This too often contributes to other problems like [[w:Scapegoating|scapegoating]] [[w:Immigration|immigrants]] and attacking [[w:Diversity, equity, and inclusion|Diversity, equity, and inclusion]] (DEI) while also facilitating increases in pollution, the cost of borrowing, political polarization and violence, and decreases in workplace safety. More on this is included in other interviews in this ''Media &amp; Democracy'' series available on Wikiversity under [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

An important quantitative analysis of the problems associated with deficiencies in news is Neff and Pickard (2024). They analyzed data on media funding and democracy in 33 countries. The US has been rated as a &quot;flawed democracy&quot; according to the [[w:Economist Democracy Index|Economist Democracy Index]] and spends substantially less per capita on media compared to the world's leading democracies in Scandinavia and Commonweath countries. They note that commercial media focus primarily on people with money, while publicly-funded media try harder to serve everyone. Public funding is more strongly correlated with democracy than private funding. This recommends increasing public funding for media as a means of strengthening democracy. See also &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invite to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb (eds.; 2015) Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet (Oxford University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131468166|editors=Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2010). The Death and Life of American Journalism (Bold Type Books) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q104888067}}.
* &lt;!-- Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001) Democracy in America (trans. by Richard Heffner, 2001; New America Library) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q112166602|publication-date=unset|author=Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001)}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-03-11) News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945 (Harvard University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135085111}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-04-25) Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189751}}

[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Germany]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
&lt;!--list of categories
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Category_Review
[[Wikiversity:Category Review]]--&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="10090" sha1="meu1u2fqnuqelgc1nt94nz5hobkpp9o" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2025-06-08 interview with [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]] History professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek&gt;&lt;!--Heidi J.S. Tworek--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135116400}}&lt;/ref&gt; about her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today. A video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview will be added when available. The podcast will be released 2025-06-14 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;''

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;''
&lt;!--[[File:MeDem2025-07-03Tworek|thumb|2025-07-03 interview with University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]--&gt; 
&lt;!--[[File:MeDem20250712Tworek|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from a 2025-07-03 interview with University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]--&gt; 

University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; discusses her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today as documented in her prize-winning (2019) book, ''News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945'' and other work. 

== Selected Op-Eds ==

Professor Tworek's research Research Website includes a page devoted to &quot;Selected Op-Eds&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Heidi Tworek: Selected Op-Eds--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189849}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 2025-07-02 this included the following: 

* (2019-04-25) &quot;Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication&quot; discussing the history of, e.g., cutting undersea cables.

== Tworek bio== 

Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;  is the Canada Research Chair and Director of the Centre for the Study of Democratic Institutions at the [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]]. Her work focuses on how new media technology and policy have impacted democracy. She is also a senior fellow at the [[w:Centre for International Governance Innovation|Centre for International Governance Innovation]] in [[w:Waterloo, Ontario|Waterloo, Ontario]] as well as a non-resident fellow at the [[w:German Marshall Fund|German Marshall Fund]] of the United States and the [[w:Canadian Global Affairs Institute|Canadian Global Affairs Institute]]. She has co-edited four volumes and currently co-edits the [[w:Journal of Global History|''Journal of Global History'']] in addition to having published or forthcoming over 45 book chapters and journal articles&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; in addition to numerous publications and appearances in more popular outlets like [[w:The Washington Post|''The Washington Post'']], [[w:The New York Times|''The New York Times'']], and [[w:CBS|CBS]].&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. We describe here briefly the motivation for this series.

[[Great American Paradox|One major contributor to the dominant position of the US in the international political economy]] today may have been the [[w:Postal Service Act|US Postal Service Act of 1792]]. Under that act, newspapers were delivered up to 100 miles for a penny when first class postage was between 6 and 25 cents. [[w:Alexis de Tocqueville|Alexis de Tocqueville]], who visited the relatively young United States of America in 1831, wrote, “There is scarcely a hamlet that does not have its own newspaper.”&lt;ref&gt;Tocqueville (1835, p. 93).&lt;/ref&gt; McChesney and Nichols estimated that these newspaper subsidies were roughly 0.21 percent of national income (Gross Domestic Project, GDP) in 1841.&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88).&lt;/ref&gt;

At that time, the US probably led the world by far in the number of independent newspaper publishers per capita or per million population. This encouraged literacy and limited political corruption, both of which contributed to making the US a leader in the rate of growth in average annual income (Gross Domestic Product, GDP, per capita). Corruption was also limited by the inability of a small number of publishers to dominate political discourse.

That began to change in the 1850s and 1860s with the introduction of high speed rotary presses, which increased the capital required to start a newspaper.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015, p. 80).&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1887 [[w:William Randolph Hearst|William Randolph Hearst]] took over management of his father’s ''[[w:San Francisco Examiner|San Francisco Examiner]]''. His success there gave him an appetite for building a newspaper chain. His 1895 purchase of the ''[[w:New York Morning Journal|New York Morning Journal]]'' gave him a second newspaper. By the mid-1920s, he owned 28 newspapers. Consolidation of ownership of the media became easier with the introduction of broadcasting and even easier with the Internet.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015). See also Wikiversity, “[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]” and “[[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]“.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy|This consolidation seems to be increasing political polarization and violence worldwide]], threatening democracy itself.

=== The threat from loss of newspapers ===

A previous ''Media &amp; Democracy'' interview with Arizona State University accounting professor Roger White on &quot;[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]&quot; describes problems that increase as the quality and quantity of news declines and ownership and control of the media become more highly concentrated: Major media too often deflect the public's attention from political corruption enabled by poor media. This too often contributes to other problems like [[w:Scapegoating|scapegoating]] [[w:Immigration|immigrants]] and attacking [[w:Diversity, equity, and inclusion|Diversity, equity, and inclusion]] (DEI) while also facilitating increases in pollution, the cost of borrowing, political polarization and violence, and decreases in workplace safety. More on this is included in other interviews in this ''Media &amp; Democracy'' series available on Wikiversity under [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

An important quantitative analysis of the problems associated with deficiencies in news is Neff and Pickard (2024). They analyzed data on media funding and democracy in 33 countries. The US has been rated as a &quot;flawed democracy&quot; according to the [[w:Economist Democracy Index|Economist Democracy Index]] and spends substantially less per capita on media compared to the world's leading democracies in Scandinavia and Commonweath countries. They note that commercial media focus primarily on people with money, while publicly-funded media try harder to serve everyone. Public funding is more strongly correlated with democracy than private funding. This recommends increasing public funding for media as a means of strengthening democracy. See also &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invite to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb (eds.; 2015) Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet (Oxford University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131468166|editors=Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2010). The Death and Life of American Journalism (Bold Type Books) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q104888067}}.
* &lt;!-- Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001) Democracy in America (trans. by Richard Heffner, 2001; New America Library) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q112166602|publication-date=unset|author=Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001)}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-03-11) News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945 (Harvard University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135085111}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-04-25) Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189751}}

[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Germany]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
&lt;!--list of categories
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Category_Review
[[Wikiversity:Category Review]]--&gt;</text>
      <sha1>meu1u2fqnuqelgc1nt94nz5hobkpp9o</sha1>
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        <id>218607</id>
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      <comment>/* Bibliography */ added &quot;History Explains Why Global Content Moderation Cannot Work anglais (Q135189922)&quot; to bib</comment>
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      <text bytes="10223" sha1="ojgz1lkq8ltiw553utcz45boa1s7t36" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2025-06-08 interview with [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]] History professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek&gt;&lt;!--Heidi J.S. Tworek--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135116400}}&lt;/ref&gt; about her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today. A video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview will be added when available. The podcast will be released 2025-06-14 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;''

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;''
&lt;!--[[File:MeDem2025-07-03Tworek|thumb|2025-07-03 interview with University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]--&gt; 
&lt;!--[[File:MeDem20250712Tworek|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from a 2025-07-03 interview with University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]--&gt; 

University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; discusses her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today as documented in her prize-winning (2019) book, ''News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945'' and other work. 

== Selected Op-Eds ==

Professor Tworek's research Research Website includes a page devoted to &quot;Selected Op-Eds&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Heidi Tworek: Selected Op-Eds--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189849}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 2025-07-02 this included the following: 

* (2019-04-25) &quot;Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication&quot; discussing the history of, e.g., cutting undersea cables.

== Tworek bio== 

Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;  is the Canada Research Chair and Director of the Centre for the Study of Democratic Institutions at the [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]]. Her work focuses on how new media technology and policy have impacted democracy. She is also a senior fellow at the [[w:Centre for International Governance Innovation|Centre for International Governance Innovation]] in [[w:Waterloo, Ontario|Waterloo, Ontario]] as well as a non-resident fellow at the [[w:German Marshall Fund|German Marshall Fund]] of the United States and the [[w:Canadian Global Affairs Institute|Canadian Global Affairs Institute]]. She has co-edited four volumes and currently co-edits the [[w:Journal of Global History|''Journal of Global History'']] in addition to having published or forthcoming over 45 book chapters and journal articles&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; in addition to numerous publications and appearances in more popular outlets like [[w:The Washington Post|''The Washington Post'']], [[w:The New York Times|''The New York Times'']], and [[w:CBS|CBS]].&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. We describe here briefly the motivation for this series.

[[Great American Paradox|One major contributor to the dominant position of the US in the international political economy]] today may have been the [[w:Postal Service Act|US Postal Service Act of 1792]]. Under that act, newspapers were delivered up to 100 miles for a penny when first class postage was between 6 and 25 cents. [[w:Alexis de Tocqueville|Alexis de Tocqueville]], who visited the relatively young United States of America in 1831, wrote, “There is scarcely a hamlet that does not have its own newspaper.”&lt;ref&gt;Tocqueville (1835, p. 93).&lt;/ref&gt; McChesney and Nichols estimated that these newspaper subsidies were roughly 0.21 percent of national income (Gross Domestic Project, GDP) in 1841.&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88).&lt;/ref&gt;

At that time, the US probably led the world by far in the number of independent newspaper publishers per capita or per million population. This encouraged literacy and limited political corruption, both of which contributed to making the US a leader in the rate of growth in average annual income (Gross Domestic Product, GDP, per capita). Corruption was also limited by the inability of a small number of publishers to dominate political discourse.

That began to change in the 1850s and 1860s with the introduction of high speed rotary presses, which increased the capital required to start a newspaper.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015, p. 80).&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1887 [[w:William Randolph Hearst|William Randolph Hearst]] took over management of his father’s ''[[w:San Francisco Examiner|San Francisco Examiner]]''. His success there gave him an appetite for building a newspaper chain. His 1895 purchase of the ''[[w:New York Morning Journal|New York Morning Journal]]'' gave him a second newspaper. By the mid-1920s, he owned 28 newspapers. Consolidation of ownership of the media became easier with the introduction of broadcasting and even easier with the Internet.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015). See also Wikiversity, “[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]” and “[[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]“.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy|This consolidation seems to be increasing political polarization and violence worldwide]], threatening democracy itself.

=== The threat from loss of newspapers ===

A previous ''Media &amp; Democracy'' interview with Arizona State University accounting professor Roger White on &quot;[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]&quot; describes problems that increase as the quality and quantity of news declines and ownership and control of the media become more highly concentrated: Major media too often deflect the public's attention from political corruption enabled by poor media. This too often contributes to other problems like [[w:Scapegoating|scapegoating]] [[w:Immigration|immigrants]] and attacking [[w:Diversity, equity, and inclusion|Diversity, equity, and inclusion]] (DEI) while also facilitating increases in pollution, the cost of borrowing, political polarization and violence, and decreases in workplace safety. More on this is included in other interviews in this ''Media &amp; Democracy'' series available on Wikiversity under [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

An important quantitative analysis of the problems associated with deficiencies in news is Neff and Pickard (2024). They analyzed data on media funding and democracy in 33 countries. The US has been rated as a &quot;flawed democracy&quot; according to the [[w:Economist Democracy Index|Economist Democracy Index]] and spends substantially less per capita on media compared to the world's leading democracies in Scandinavia and Commonweath countries. They note that commercial media focus primarily on people with money, while publicly-funded media try harder to serve everyone. Public funding is more strongly correlated with democracy than private funding. This recommends increasing public funding for media as a means of strengthening democracy. See also &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invite to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb (eds.; 2015) Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet (Oxford University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131468166|editors=Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2010). The Death and Life of American Journalism (Bold Type Books) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q104888067}}.
* &lt;!-- Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001) Democracy in America (trans. by Richard Heffner, 2001; New America Library) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q112166602|publication-date=unset|author=Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001)}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-03-11) News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945 (Harvard University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135085111}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-04-25) Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189751}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2021-12-10) &quot;History Explains Why Global Content Moderation Cannot Work&quot;, Brookings Inst--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189922}}

[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Germany]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
&lt;!--list of categories
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Category_Review
[[Wikiversity:Category Review]]--&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ojgz1lkq8ltiw553utcz45boa1s7t36</sha1>
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        <id>218607</id>
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      <comment>/* Selected Op-Eds */ add History Explains Why Global Content Moderation Cannot Work&quot; to selected op eds</comment>
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      <text bytes="10546" sha1="ecsq176j2y2cjmlabazl5qreqmza7a1" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2025-06-08 interview with [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]] History professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek&gt;&lt;!--Heidi J.S. Tworek--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135116400}}&lt;/ref&gt; about her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today. A video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview will be added when available. The podcast will be released 2025-06-14 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;''

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;''
&lt;!--[[File:MeDem2025-07-03Tworek|thumb|2025-07-03 interview with University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]--&gt; 
&lt;!--[[File:MeDem20250712Tworek|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from a 2025-07-03 interview with University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]--&gt; 

University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; discusses her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today as documented in her prize-winning (2019) book, ''News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945'' and other work. 

== Selected Op-Eds ==

Professor Tworek's research Research Website includes a page devoted to &quot;Selected Op-Eds&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Heidi Tworek: Selected Op-Eds--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189849}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 2025-07-02 this included the following: 

* (2019-04-25) &quot;Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication&quot; discussing the history of, e.g., cutting undersea cables.
* (2021-12-10) &quot;History Explains Why Global Content Moderation Cannot Work&quot; notes that &quot;the United States is seen today as something of a free-speech extremist,&quot; it had previously had active censorship, &quot;particularly when it comes to sex&quot;, including not allowing anatomy textbooks to be sent through the US Postal Service.

== Tworek bio== 

Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;  is the Canada Research Chair and Director of the Centre for the Study of Democratic Institutions at the [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]]. Her work focuses on how new media technology and policy have impacted democracy. She is also a senior fellow at the [[w:Centre for International Governance Innovation|Centre for International Governance Innovation]] in [[w:Waterloo, Ontario|Waterloo, Ontario]] as well as a non-resident fellow at the [[w:German Marshall Fund|German Marshall Fund]] of the United States and the [[w:Canadian Global Affairs Institute|Canadian Global Affairs Institute]]. She has co-edited four volumes and currently co-edits the [[w:Journal of Global History|''Journal of Global History'']] in addition to having published or forthcoming over 45 book chapters and journal articles&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; in addition to numerous publications and appearances in more popular outlets like [[w:The Washington Post|''The Washington Post'']], [[w:The New York Times|''The New York Times'']], and [[w:CBS|CBS]].&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. We describe here briefly the motivation for this series.

[[Great American Paradox|One major contributor to the dominant position of the US in the international political economy]] today may have been the [[w:Postal Service Act|US Postal Service Act of 1792]]. Under that act, newspapers were delivered up to 100 miles for a penny when first class postage was between 6 and 25 cents. [[w:Alexis de Tocqueville|Alexis de Tocqueville]], who visited the relatively young United States of America in 1831, wrote, “There is scarcely a hamlet that does not have its own newspaper.”&lt;ref&gt;Tocqueville (1835, p. 93).&lt;/ref&gt; McChesney and Nichols estimated that these newspaper subsidies were roughly 0.21 percent of national income (Gross Domestic Project, GDP) in 1841.&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88).&lt;/ref&gt;

At that time, the US probably led the world by far in the number of independent newspaper publishers per capita or per million population. This encouraged literacy and limited political corruption, both of which contributed to making the US a leader in the rate of growth in average annual income (Gross Domestic Product, GDP, per capita). Corruption was also limited by the inability of a small number of publishers to dominate political discourse.

That began to change in the 1850s and 1860s with the introduction of high speed rotary presses, which increased the capital required to start a newspaper.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015, p. 80).&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1887 [[w:William Randolph Hearst|William Randolph Hearst]] took over management of his father’s ''[[w:San Francisco Examiner|San Francisco Examiner]]''. His success there gave him an appetite for building a newspaper chain. His 1895 purchase of the ''[[w:New York Morning Journal|New York Morning Journal]]'' gave him a second newspaper. By the mid-1920s, he owned 28 newspapers. Consolidation of ownership of the media became easier with the introduction of broadcasting and even easier with the Internet.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015). See also Wikiversity, “[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]” and “[[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]“.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy|This consolidation seems to be increasing political polarization and violence worldwide]], threatening democracy itself.

=== The threat from loss of newspapers ===

A previous ''Media &amp; Democracy'' interview with Arizona State University accounting professor Roger White on &quot;[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]&quot; describes problems that increase as the quality and quantity of news declines and ownership and control of the media become more highly concentrated: Major media too often deflect the public's attention from political corruption enabled by poor media. This too often contributes to other problems like [[w:Scapegoating|scapegoating]] [[w:Immigration|immigrants]] and attacking [[w:Diversity, equity, and inclusion|Diversity, equity, and inclusion]] (DEI) while also facilitating increases in pollution, the cost of borrowing, political polarization and violence, and decreases in workplace safety. More on this is included in other interviews in this ''Media &amp; Democracy'' series available on Wikiversity under [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

An important quantitative analysis of the problems associated with deficiencies in news is Neff and Pickard (2024). They analyzed data on media funding and democracy in 33 countries. The US has been rated as a &quot;flawed democracy&quot; according to the [[w:Economist Democracy Index|Economist Democracy Index]] and spends substantially less per capita on media compared to the world's leading democracies in Scandinavia and Commonweath countries. They note that commercial media focus primarily on people with money, while publicly-funded media try harder to serve everyone. Public funding is more strongly correlated with democracy than private funding. This recommends increasing public funding for media as a means of strengthening democracy. See also &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invite to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb (eds.; 2015) Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet (Oxford University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131468166|editors=Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2010). The Death and Life of American Journalism (Bold Type Books) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q104888067}}.
* &lt;!-- Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001) Democracy in America (trans. by Richard Heffner, 2001; New America Library) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q112166602|publication-date=unset|author=Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001)}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-03-11) News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945 (Harvard University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135085111}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-04-25) Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189751}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2021-12-10) &quot;History Explains Why Global Content Moderation Cannot Work&quot;, Brookings Inst--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189922}}

[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Germany]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
&lt;!--list of categories
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Category_Review
[[Wikiversity:Category Review]]--&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ecsq176j2y2cjmlabazl5qreqmza7a1</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>2720434</id>
      <parentid>2720427</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-02T14:09:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidMCEddy</username>
        <id>218607</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Bibliography */ add 2024-06-28: Digital regs may have bolstered ... elections&quot; to bib</comment>
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      <text bytes="10687" sha1="1ssgutj7wi7f3lgt9ahxs8resgriehb" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2025-06-08 interview with [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]] History professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek&gt;&lt;!--Heidi J.S. Tworek--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135116400}}&lt;/ref&gt; about her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today. A video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview will be added when available. The podcast will be released 2025-06-14 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;''

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;''
&lt;!--[[File:MeDem2025-07-03Tworek|thumb|2025-07-03 interview with University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]--&gt; 
&lt;!--[[File:MeDem20250712Tworek|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from a 2025-07-03 interview with University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]--&gt; 

University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; discusses her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today as documented in her prize-winning (2019) book, ''News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945'' and other work. 

== Selected Op-Eds ==

Professor Tworek's research Research Website includes a page devoted to &quot;Selected Op-Eds&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Heidi Tworek: Selected Op-Eds--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189849}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 2025-07-02 this included the following: 

* (2019-04-25) &quot;Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication&quot; discussing the history of, e.g., cutting undersea cables.
* (2021-12-10) &quot;History Explains Why Global Content Moderation Cannot Work&quot; notes that &quot;the United States is seen today as something of a free-speech extremist,&quot; it had previously had active censorship, &quot;particularly when it comes to sex&quot;, including not allowing anatomy textbooks to be sent through the US Postal Service.

== Tworek bio== 

Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;  is the Canada Research Chair and Director of the Centre for the Study of Democratic Institutions at the [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]]. Her work focuses on how new media technology and policy have impacted democracy. She is also a senior fellow at the [[w:Centre for International Governance Innovation|Centre for International Governance Innovation]] in [[w:Waterloo, Ontario|Waterloo, Ontario]] as well as a non-resident fellow at the [[w:German Marshall Fund|German Marshall Fund]] of the United States and the [[w:Canadian Global Affairs Institute|Canadian Global Affairs Institute]]. She has co-edited four volumes and currently co-edits the [[w:Journal of Global History|''Journal of Global History'']] in addition to having published or forthcoming over 45 book chapters and journal articles&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; in addition to numerous publications and appearances in more popular outlets like [[w:The Washington Post|''The Washington Post'']], [[w:The New York Times|''The New York Times'']], and [[w:CBS|CBS]].&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. We describe here briefly the motivation for this series.

[[Great American Paradox|One major contributor to the dominant position of the US in the international political economy]] today may have been the [[w:Postal Service Act|US Postal Service Act of 1792]]. Under that act, newspapers were delivered up to 100 miles for a penny when first class postage was between 6 and 25 cents. [[w:Alexis de Tocqueville|Alexis de Tocqueville]], who visited the relatively young United States of America in 1831, wrote, “There is scarcely a hamlet that does not have its own newspaper.”&lt;ref&gt;Tocqueville (1835, p. 93).&lt;/ref&gt; McChesney and Nichols estimated that these newspaper subsidies were roughly 0.21 percent of national income (Gross Domestic Project, GDP) in 1841.&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88).&lt;/ref&gt;

At that time, the US probably led the world by far in the number of independent newspaper publishers per capita or per million population. This encouraged literacy and limited political corruption, both of which contributed to making the US a leader in the rate of growth in average annual income (Gross Domestic Product, GDP, per capita). Corruption was also limited by the inability of a small number of publishers to dominate political discourse.

That began to change in the 1850s and 1860s with the introduction of high speed rotary presses, which increased the capital required to start a newspaper.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015, p. 80).&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1887 [[w:William Randolph Hearst|William Randolph Hearst]] took over management of his father’s ''[[w:San Francisco Examiner|San Francisco Examiner]]''. His success there gave him an appetite for building a newspaper chain. His 1895 purchase of the ''[[w:New York Morning Journal|New York Morning Journal]]'' gave him a second newspaper. By the mid-1920s, he owned 28 newspapers. Consolidation of ownership of the media became easier with the introduction of broadcasting and even easier with the Internet.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015). See also Wikiversity, “[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]” and “[[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]“.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy|This consolidation seems to be increasing political polarization and violence worldwide]], threatening democracy itself.

=== The threat from loss of newspapers ===

A previous ''Media &amp; Democracy'' interview with Arizona State University accounting professor Roger White on &quot;[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]&quot; describes problems that increase as the quality and quantity of news declines and ownership and control of the media become more highly concentrated: Major media too often deflect the public's attention from political corruption enabled by poor media. This too often contributes to other problems like [[w:Scapegoating|scapegoating]] [[w:Immigration|immigrants]] and attacking [[w:Diversity, equity, and inclusion|Diversity, equity, and inclusion]] (DEI) while also facilitating increases in pollution, the cost of borrowing, political polarization and violence, and decreases in workplace safety. More on this is included in other interviews in this ''Media &amp; Democracy'' series available on Wikiversity under [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

An important quantitative analysis of the problems associated with deficiencies in news is Neff and Pickard (2024). They analyzed data on media funding and democracy in 33 countries. The US has been rated as a &quot;flawed democracy&quot; according to the [[w:Economist Democracy Index|Economist Democracy Index]] and spends substantially less per capita on media compared to the world's leading democracies in Scandinavia and Commonweath countries. They note that commercial media focus primarily on people with money, while publicly-funded media try harder to serve everyone. Public funding is more strongly correlated with democracy than private funding. This recommends increasing public funding for media as a means of strengthening democracy. See also &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invite to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb (eds.; 2015) Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet (Oxford University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131468166|editors=Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2010). The Death and Life of American Journalism (Bold Type Books) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q104888067}}.
* &lt;!-- Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001) Democracy in America (trans. by Richard Heffner, 2001; New America Library) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q112166602|publication-date=unset|author=Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001)}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-03-11) News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945 (Harvard University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135085111}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-04-25) Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189751}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2021-12-10) &quot;History Explains Why Global Content Moderation Cannot Work&quot;, Brookings Inst--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189922}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2024-06-28) &quot;Digital Regulation May Have Bolstered European Elections — but How Would We Know?--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190291}}

[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Germany]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
&lt;!--list of categories
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Category_Review
[[Wikiversity:Category Review]]--&gt;</text>
      <sha1>1ssgutj7wi7f3lgt9ahxs8resgriehb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2720435</id>
      <parentid>2720434</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-02T14:20:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidMCEddy</username>
        <id>218607</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Selected Op-Eds */ add op ed on &quot;Digital Regulation&quot;</comment>
      <origin>2720435</origin>
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      <text bytes="11447" sha1="fu5hpqtaq04sa4ndl5redzicsg1nzsm" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2025-06-08 interview with [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]] History professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek&gt;&lt;!--Heidi J.S. Tworek--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135116400}}&lt;/ref&gt; about her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today. A video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview will be added when available. The podcast will be released 2025-06-14 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;''

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;''
&lt;!--[[File:MeDem2025-07-03Tworek|thumb|2025-07-03 interview with University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]--&gt; 
&lt;!--[[File:MeDem20250712Tworek|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from a 2025-07-03 interview with University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]--&gt; 

University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; discusses her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today as documented in her prize-winning (2019) book, ''News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945'' and other work. 

== Selected Op-Eds ==

Professor Tworek's research Research Website includes a page devoted to &quot;Selected Op-Eds&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Heidi Tworek: Selected Op-Eds--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189849}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 2025-07-02 this included the following: 

* (2024-06-28) &quot;Digital Regulation May Have Bolstered European Elections — but How Would We Know?&quot; notes that (a) we cannot accurately evaluate the impact of the 2022 European [[w:Digital Services Act|Digital Services Act]] without access to the data collected by the commercial Internet companies, which they are loath to share with serious researchers, but (b) the effect cannot be too large, because &quot;Low turnout has consistently plagued [[w:Elections to the European Parliament|EP [European Parliament] elections]] ... . Some countries saw stunning differences between turnout for national elections and the EP. Only 40 percent of Poles voted in the EP elections, while last autumn ... [n]early 75 percent voted in their most recent national elections. 
* (2021-12-10) &quot;History Explains Why Global Content Moderation Cannot Work&quot; notes that &quot;the United States is seen today as something of a free-speech extremist,&quot; it had previously had active censorship, &quot;particularly when it comes to sex&quot;, including not allowing anatomy textbooks to be sent through the US Postal Service.
* (2019-04-25) &quot;Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication&quot; discussing the history of, e.g., cutting undersea cables.

== Tworek bio== 

Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;  is the Canada Research Chair and Director of the Centre for the Study of Democratic Institutions at the [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]]. Her work focuses on how new media technology and policy have impacted democracy. She is also a senior fellow at the [[w:Centre for International Governance Innovation|Centre for International Governance Innovation]] in [[w:Waterloo, Ontario|Waterloo, Ontario]] as well as a non-resident fellow at the [[w:German Marshall Fund|German Marshall Fund]] of the United States and the [[w:Canadian Global Affairs Institute|Canadian Global Affairs Institute]]. She has co-edited four volumes and currently co-edits the [[w:Journal of Global History|''Journal of Global History'']] in addition to having published or forthcoming over 45 book chapters and journal articles&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; in addition to numerous publications and appearances in more popular outlets like [[w:The Washington Post|''The Washington Post'']], [[w:The New York Times|''The New York Times'']], and [[w:CBS|CBS]].&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. We describe here briefly the motivation for this series.

[[Great American Paradox|One major contributor to the dominant position of the US in the international political economy]] today may have been the [[w:Postal Service Act|US Postal Service Act of 1792]]. Under that act, newspapers were delivered up to 100 miles for a penny when first class postage was between 6 and 25 cents. [[w:Alexis de Tocqueville|Alexis de Tocqueville]], who visited the relatively young United States of America in 1831, wrote, “There is scarcely a hamlet that does not have its own newspaper.”&lt;ref&gt;Tocqueville (1835, p. 93).&lt;/ref&gt; McChesney and Nichols estimated that these newspaper subsidies were roughly 0.21 percent of national income (Gross Domestic Project, GDP) in 1841.&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88).&lt;/ref&gt;

At that time, the US probably led the world by far in the number of independent newspaper publishers per capita or per million population. This encouraged literacy and limited political corruption, both of which contributed to making the US a leader in the rate of growth in average annual income (Gross Domestic Product, GDP, per capita). Corruption was also limited by the inability of a small number of publishers to dominate political discourse.

That began to change in the 1850s and 1860s with the introduction of high speed rotary presses, which increased the capital required to start a newspaper.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015, p. 80).&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1887 [[w:William Randolph Hearst|William Randolph Hearst]] took over management of his father’s ''[[w:San Francisco Examiner|San Francisco Examiner]]''. His success there gave him an appetite for building a newspaper chain. His 1895 purchase of the ''[[w:New York Morning Journal|New York Morning Journal]]'' gave him a second newspaper. By the mid-1920s, he owned 28 newspapers. Consolidation of ownership of the media became easier with the introduction of broadcasting and even easier with the Internet.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015). See also Wikiversity, “[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]” and “[[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]“.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy|This consolidation seems to be increasing political polarization and violence worldwide]], threatening democracy itself.

=== The threat from loss of newspapers ===

A previous ''Media &amp; Democracy'' interview with Arizona State University accounting professor Roger White on &quot;[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]&quot; describes problems that increase as the quality and quantity of news declines and ownership and control of the media become more highly concentrated: Major media too often deflect the public's attention from political corruption enabled by poor media. This too often contributes to other problems like [[w:Scapegoating|scapegoating]] [[w:Immigration|immigrants]] and attacking [[w:Diversity, equity, and inclusion|Diversity, equity, and inclusion]] (DEI) while also facilitating increases in pollution, the cost of borrowing, political polarization and violence, and decreases in workplace safety. More on this is included in other interviews in this ''Media &amp; Democracy'' series available on Wikiversity under [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

An important quantitative analysis of the problems associated with deficiencies in news is Neff and Pickard (2024). They analyzed data on media funding and democracy in 33 countries. The US has been rated as a &quot;flawed democracy&quot; according to the [[w:Economist Democracy Index|Economist Democracy Index]] and spends substantially less per capita on media compared to the world's leading democracies in Scandinavia and Commonweath countries. They note that commercial media focus primarily on people with money, while publicly-funded media try harder to serve everyone. Public funding is more strongly correlated with democracy than private funding. This recommends increasing public funding for media as a means of strengthening democracy. See also &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invite to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb (eds.; 2015) Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet (Oxford University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131468166|editors=Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2010). The Death and Life of American Journalism (Bold Type Books) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q104888067}}.
* &lt;!-- Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001) Democracy in America (trans. by Richard Heffner, 2001; New America Library) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q112166602|publication-date=unset|author=Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001)}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-03-11) News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945 (Harvard University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135085111}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-04-25) Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189751}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2021-12-10) &quot;History Explains Why Global Content Moderation Cannot Work&quot;, Brookings Inst--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189922}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2024-06-28) &quot;Digital Regulation May Have Bolstered European Elections — but How Would We Know?--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190291}}

[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Germany]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
&lt;!--list of categories
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Category_Review
[[Wikiversity:Category Review]]--&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="11537" sha1="71yuhuud1mea7lyk8gwu21qzkn796ii" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2025-06-08 interview with [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]] History professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek&gt;&lt;!--Heidi J.S. Tworek--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135116400}}&lt;/ref&gt; about her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today. A video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview will be added when available. The podcast will be released 2025-06-14 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;''

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;''
&lt;!--[[File:MeDem2025-07-03Tworek|thumb|2025-07-03 interview with University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]--&gt; 
&lt;!--[[File:MeDem20250712Tworek|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from a 2025-07-03 interview with University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]--&gt; 

University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; discusses her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today as documented in her prize-winning (2019) book, ''News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945'' and other work. 

== Selected Op-Eds ==

Professor Tworek's research Research Website includes a page devoted to &quot;Selected Op-Eds&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Heidi Tworek: Selected Op-Eds--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189849}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 2025-07-02 this included the following: 

* (2024-06-28) &quot;Digital Regulation May Have Bolstered European Elections — but How Would We Know?&quot; notes that (a) we cannot accurately evaluate the impact of the 2022 European [[w:Digital Services Act|Digital Services Act]] without access to the data collected by the commercial Internet companies, which they are loath to share with serious researchers, but (b) the effect cannot be too large, because &quot;Low turnout has consistently plagued [[w:Elections to the European Parliament|EP [European Parliament] elections]] ... . Some countries saw stunning differences between turnout for national elections and the EP. Only 40 percent of Poles voted in the EP elections, while last autumn ... [n]early 75 percent voted in their most recent national elections. 
* (2021-12-10) &quot;History Explains Why Global Content Moderation Cannot Work&quot; notes that &quot;the United States is seen today as something of a free-speech extremist,&quot; it had previously had active censorship, &quot;particularly when it comes to sex&quot;, including not allowing anatomy textbooks to be sent through the US Postal Service.
* (2019-04-25) &quot;Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication&quot; discussing the history of, e.g., cutting undersea cables.
* (2018-09-11) &quot;Quietly, One of President Trump’s Tariffs Threatens American Democracy&quot;

== Tworek bio== 

Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;  is the Canada Research Chair and Director of the Centre for the Study of Democratic Institutions at the [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]]. Her work focuses on how new media technology and policy have impacted democracy. She is also a senior fellow at the [[w:Centre for International Governance Innovation|Centre for International Governance Innovation]] in [[w:Waterloo, Ontario|Waterloo, Ontario]] as well as a non-resident fellow at the [[w:German Marshall Fund|German Marshall Fund]] of the United States and the [[w:Canadian Global Affairs Institute|Canadian Global Affairs Institute]]. She has co-edited four volumes and currently co-edits the [[w:Journal of Global History|''Journal of Global History'']] in addition to having published or forthcoming over 45 book chapters and journal articles&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; in addition to numerous publications and appearances in more popular outlets like [[w:The Washington Post|''The Washington Post'']], [[w:The New York Times|''The New York Times'']], and [[w:CBS|CBS]].&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. We describe here briefly the motivation for this series.

[[Great American Paradox|One major contributor to the dominant position of the US in the international political economy]] today may have been the [[w:Postal Service Act|US Postal Service Act of 1792]]. Under that act, newspapers were delivered up to 100 miles for a penny when first class postage was between 6 and 25 cents. [[w:Alexis de Tocqueville|Alexis de Tocqueville]], who visited the relatively young United States of America in 1831, wrote, “There is scarcely a hamlet that does not have its own newspaper.”&lt;ref&gt;Tocqueville (1835, p. 93).&lt;/ref&gt; McChesney and Nichols estimated that these newspaper subsidies were roughly 0.21 percent of national income (Gross Domestic Project, GDP) in 1841.&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88).&lt;/ref&gt;

At that time, the US probably led the world by far in the number of independent newspaper publishers per capita or per million population. This encouraged literacy and limited political corruption, both of which contributed to making the US a leader in the rate of growth in average annual income (Gross Domestic Product, GDP, per capita). Corruption was also limited by the inability of a small number of publishers to dominate political discourse.

That began to change in the 1850s and 1860s with the introduction of high speed rotary presses, which increased the capital required to start a newspaper.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015, p. 80).&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1887 [[w:William Randolph Hearst|William Randolph Hearst]] took over management of his father’s ''[[w:San Francisco Examiner|San Francisco Examiner]]''. His success there gave him an appetite for building a newspaper chain. His 1895 purchase of the ''[[w:New York Morning Journal|New York Morning Journal]]'' gave him a second newspaper. By the mid-1920s, he owned 28 newspapers. Consolidation of ownership of the media became easier with the introduction of broadcasting and even easier with the Internet.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015). See also Wikiversity, “[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]” and “[[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]“.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy|This consolidation seems to be increasing political polarization and violence worldwide]], threatening democracy itself.

=== The threat from loss of newspapers ===

A previous ''Media &amp; Democracy'' interview with Arizona State University accounting professor Roger White on &quot;[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]&quot; describes problems that increase as the quality and quantity of news declines and ownership and control of the media become more highly concentrated: Major media too often deflect the public's attention from political corruption enabled by poor media. This too often contributes to other problems like [[w:Scapegoating|scapegoating]] [[w:Immigration|immigrants]] and attacking [[w:Diversity, equity, and inclusion|Diversity, equity, and inclusion]] (DEI) while also facilitating increases in pollution, the cost of borrowing, political polarization and violence, and decreases in workplace safety. More on this is included in other interviews in this ''Media &amp; Democracy'' series available on Wikiversity under [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

An important quantitative analysis of the problems associated with deficiencies in news is Neff and Pickard (2024). They analyzed data on media funding and democracy in 33 countries. The US has been rated as a &quot;flawed democracy&quot; according to the [[w:Economist Democracy Index|Economist Democracy Index]] and spends substantially less per capita on media compared to the world's leading democracies in Scandinavia and Commonweath countries. They note that commercial media focus primarily on people with money, while publicly-funded media try harder to serve everyone. Public funding is more strongly correlated with democracy than private funding. This recommends increasing public funding for media as a means of strengthening democracy. See also &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invite to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb (eds.; 2015) Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet (Oxford University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131468166|editors=Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2010). The Death and Life of American Journalism (Bold Type Books) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q104888067}}.
* &lt;!-- Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001) Democracy in America (trans. by Richard Heffner, 2001; New America Library) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q112166602|publication-date=unset|author=Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001)}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-03-11) News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945 (Harvard University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135085111}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-04-25) Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189751}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2021-12-10) &quot;History Explains Why Global Content Moderation Cannot Work&quot;, Brookings Inst--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189922}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2024-06-28) &quot;Digital Regulation May Have Bolstered European Elections — but How Would We Know?--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190291}}

[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Germany]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
&lt;!--list of categories
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Category_Review
[[Wikiversity:Category Review]]--&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="11673" sha1="sem4197sac4yijnxpy7ca4gv9imbuw3" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2025-06-08 interview with [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]] History professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek&gt;&lt;!--Heidi J.S. Tworek--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135116400}}&lt;/ref&gt; about her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today. A video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview will be added when available. The podcast will be released 2025-06-14 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;''

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;''
&lt;!--[[File:MeDem2025-07-03Tworek|thumb|2025-07-03 interview with University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]--&gt; 
&lt;!--[[File:MeDem20250712Tworek|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from a 2025-07-03 interview with University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]--&gt; 

University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; discusses her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today as documented in her prize-winning (2019) book, ''News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945'' and other work. 

== Selected Op-Eds ==

Professor Tworek's research Research Website includes a page devoted to &quot;Selected Op-Eds&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Heidi Tworek: Selected Op-Eds--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189849}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 2025-07-02 this included the following: 

* (2024-06-28) &quot;Digital Regulation May Have Bolstered European Elections — but How Would We Know?&quot; notes that (a) we cannot accurately evaluate the impact of the 2022 European [[w:Digital Services Act|Digital Services Act]] without access to the data collected by the commercial Internet companies, which they are loath to share with serious researchers, but (b) the effect cannot be too large, because &quot;Low turnout has consistently plagued [[w:Elections to the European Parliament|EP [European Parliament] elections]] ... . Some countries saw stunning differences between turnout for national elections and the EP. Only 40 percent of Poles voted in the EP elections, while last autumn ... [n]early 75 percent voted in their most recent national elections. 
* (2021-12-10) &quot;History Explains Why Global Content Moderation Cannot Work&quot; notes that &quot;the United States is seen today as something of a free-speech extremist,&quot; it had previously had active censorship, &quot;particularly when it comes to sex&quot;, including not allowing anatomy textbooks to be sent through the US Postal Service.
* (2019-04-25) &quot;Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication&quot; discussing the history of, e.g., cutting undersea cables.
* (2018-09-11) &quot;Quietly, One of President Trump’s Tariffs Threatens American Democracy&quot;

== Tworek bio== 

Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;  is the Canada Research Chair and Director of the Centre for the Study of Democratic Institutions at the [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]]. Her work focuses on how new media technology and policy have impacted democracy. She is also a senior fellow at the [[w:Centre for International Governance Innovation|Centre for International Governance Innovation]] in [[w:Waterloo, Ontario|Waterloo, Ontario]] as well as a non-resident fellow at the [[w:German Marshall Fund|German Marshall Fund]] of the United States and the [[w:Canadian Global Affairs Institute|Canadian Global Affairs Institute]]. She has co-edited four volumes and currently co-edits the [[w:Journal of Global History|''Journal of Global History'']] in addition to having published or forthcoming over 45 book chapters and journal articles&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; in addition to numerous publications and appearances in more popular outlets like [[w:The Washington Post|''The Washington Post'']], [[w:The New York Times|''The New York Times'']], and [[w:CBS|CBS]].&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. We describe here briefly the motivation for this series.

[[Great American Paradox|One major contributor to the dominant position of the US in the international political economy]] today may have been the [[w:Postal Service Act|US Postal Service Act of 1792]]. Under that act, newspapers were delivered up to 100 miles for a penny when first class postage was between 6 and 25 cents. [[w:Alexis de Tocqueville|Alexis de Tocqueville]], who visited the relatively young United States of America in 1831, wrote, “There is scarcely a hamlet that does not have its own newspaper.”&lt;ref&gt;Tocqueville (1835, p. 93).&lt;/ref&gt; McChesney and Nichols estimated that these newspaper subsidies were roughly 0.21 percent of national income (Gross Domestic Project, GDP) in 1841.&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88).&lt;/ref&gt;

At that time, the US probably led the world by far in the number of independent newspaper publishers per capita or per million population. This encouraged literacy and limited political corruption, both of which contributed to making the US a leader in the rate of growth in average annual income (Gross Domestic Product, GDP, per capita). Corruption was also limited by the inability of a small number of publishers to dominate political discourse.

That began to change in the 1850s and 1860s with the introduction of high speed rotary presses, which increased the capital required to start a newspaper.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015, p. 80).&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1887 [[w:William Randolph Hearst|William Randolph Hearst]] took over management of his father’s ''[[w:San Francisco Examiner|San Francisco Examiner]]''. His success there gave him an appetite for building a newspaper chain. His 1895 purchase of the ''[[w:New York Morning Journal|New York Morning Journal]]'' gave him a second newspaper. By the mid-1920s, he owned 28 newspapers. Consolidation of ownership of the media became easier with the introduction of broadcasting and even easier with the Internet.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015). See also Wikiversity, “[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]” and “[[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]“.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy|This consolidation seems to be increasing political polarization and violence worldwide]], threatening democracy itself.

=== The threat from loss of newspapers ===

A previous ''Media &amp; Democracy'' interview with Arizona State University accounting professor Roger White on &quot;[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]&quot; describes problems that increase as the quality and quantity of news declines and ownership and control of the media become more highly concentrated: Major media too often deflect the public's attention from political corruption enabled by poor media. This too often contributes to other problems like [[w:Scapegoating|scapegoating]] [[w:Immigration|immigrants]] and attacking [[w:Diversity, equity, and inclusion|Diversity, equity, and inclusion]] (DEI) while also facilitating increases in pollution, the cost of borrowing, political polarization and violence, and decreases in workplace safety. More on this is included in other interviews in this ''Media &amp; Democracy'' series available on Wikiversity under [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

An important quantitative analysis of the problems associated with deficiencies in news is Neff and Pickard (2024). They analyzed data on media funding and democracy in 33 countries. The US has been rated as a &quot;flawed democracy&quot; according to the [[w:Economist Democracy Index|Economist Democracy Index]] and spends substantially less per capita on media compared to the world's leading democracies in Scandinavia and Commonweath countries. They note that commercial media focus primarily on people with money, while publicly-funded media try harder to serve everyone. Public funding is more strongly correlated with democracy than private funding. This recommends increasing public funding for media as a means of strengthening democracy. See also &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invite to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb (eds.; 2015) Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet (Oxford University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131468166|editors=Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2010). The Death and Life of American Journalism (Bold Type Books) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q104888067}}.
* &lt;!-- Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001) Democracy in America (trans. by Richard Heffner, 2001; New America Library) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q112166602|publication-date=unset|author=Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001)}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2018-09-11) &quot;Quietly, One of President Trump’s Tariffs Threatens American Democracy&quot; WaPo--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190353}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-03-11) News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945 (Harvard University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135085111}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-04-25) Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189751}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2021-12-10) &quot;History Explains Why Global Content Moderation Cannot Work&quot;, Brookings Inst--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189922}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2024-06-28) &quot;Digital Regulation May Have Bolstered European Elections — but How Would We Know?--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190291}}

[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Germany]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
&lt;!--list of categories
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Category_Review
[[Wikiversity:Category Review]]--&gt;</text>
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        <id>218607</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Selected Op-Eds */ Quietly, One of President Trump’s Tariffs Threatens American Democracy : sum</comment>
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      <text bytes="11813" sha1="j0lmtht16w8b0dc3ltzy0a6o6nojctv" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2025-06-08 interview with [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]] History professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek&gt;&lt;!--Heidi J.S. Tworek--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135116400}}&lt;/ref&gt; about her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today. A video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview will be added when available. The podcast will be released 2025-06-14 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;''

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;''
&lt;!--[[File:MeDem2025-07-03Tworek|thumb|2025-07-03 interview with University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]--&gt; 
&lt;!--[[File:MeDem20250712Tworek|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from a 2025-07-03 interview with University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]--&gt; 

University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; discusses her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today as documented in her prize-winning (2019) book, ''News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945'' and other work. 

== Selected Op-Eds ==

Professor Tworek's research Research Website includes a page devoted to &quot;Selected Op-Eds&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Heidi Tworek: Selected Op-Eds--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189849}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 2025-07-02 this included the following: 

* (2024-06-28) &quot;Digital Regulation May Have Bolstered European Elections — but How Would We Know?&quot; notes that (a) we cannot accurately evaluate the impact of the 2022 European [[w:Digital Services Act|Digital Services Act]] without access to the data collected by the commercial Internet companies, which they are loath to share with serious researchers, but (b) the effect cannot be too large, because &quot;Low turnout has consistently plagued [[w:Elections to the European Parliament|EP [European Parliament] elections]] ... . Some countries saw stunning differences between turnout for national elections and the EP. Only 40 percent of Poles voted in the EP elections, while last autumn ... [n]early 75 percent voted in their most recent national elections. 
* (2021-12-10) &quot;History Explains Why Global Content Moderation Cannot Work&quot; notes that &quot;the United States is seen today as something of a free-speech extremist,&quot; it had previously had active censorship, &quot;particularly when it comes to sex&quot;, including not allowing anatomy textbooks to be sent through the US Postal Service.
* (2019-04-25) &quot;Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication&quot; discussing the history of, e.g., cutting undersea cables.
* (2018-09-11) &quot;Quietly, One of President Trump’s Tariffs Threatens American Democracy&quot; discusses esp. a new tariff on Canadian newsprint that threatens to bankrupt small newspapers already on the edge from loss of advertising.

== Tworek bio== 

Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;  is the Canada Research Chair and Director of the Centre for the Study of Democratic Institutions at the [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]]. Her work focuses on how new media technology and policy have impacted democracy. She is also a senior fellow at the [[w:Centre for International Governance Innovation|Centre for International Governance Innovation]] in [[w:Waterloo, Ontario|Waterloo, Ontario]] as well as a non-resident fellow at the [[w:German Marshall Fund|German Marshall Fund]] of the United States and the [[w:Canadian Global Affairs Institute|Canadian Global Affairs Institute]]. She has co-edited four volumes and currently co-edits the [[w:Journal of Global History|''Journal of Global History'']] in addition to having published or forthcoming over 45 book chapters and journal articles&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; in addition to numerous publications and appearances in more popular outlets like [[w:The Washington Post|''The Washington Post'']], [[w:The New York Times|''The New York Times'']], and [[w:CBS|CBS]].&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. We describe here briefly the motivation for this series.

[[Great American Paradox|One major contributor to the dominant position of the US in the international political economy]] today may have been the [[w:Postal Service Act|US Postal Service Act of 1792]]. Under that act, newspapers were delivered up to 100 miles for a penny when first class postage was between 6 and 25 cents. [[w:Alexis de Tocqueville|Alexis de Tocqueville]], who visited the relatively young United States of America in 1831, wrote, “There is scarcely a hamlet that does not have its own newspaper.”&lt;ref&gt;Tocqueville (1835, p. 93).&lt;/ref&gt; McChesney and Nichols estimated that these newspaper subsidies were roughly 0.21 percent of national income (Gross Domestic Project, GDP) in 1841.&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88).&lt;/ref&gt;

At that time, the US probably led the world by far in the number of independent newspaper publishers per capita or per million population. This encouraged literacy and limited political corruption, both of which contributed to making the US a leader in the rate of growth in average annual income (Gross Domestic Product, GDP, per capita). Corruption was also limited by the inability of a small number of publishers to dominate political discourse.

That began to change in the 1850s and 1860s with the introduction of high speed rotary presses, which increased the capital required to start a newspaper.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015, p. 80).&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1887 [[w:William Randolph Hearst|William Randolph Hearst]] took over management of his father’s ''[[w:San Francisco Examiner|San Francisco Examiner]]''. His success there gave him an appetite for building a newspaper chain. His 1895 purchase of the ''[[w:New York Morning Journal|New York Morning Journal]]'' gave him a second newspaper. By the mid-1920s, he owned 28 newspapers. Consolidation of ownership of the media became easier with the introduction of broadcasting and even easier with the Internet.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015). See also Wikiversity, “[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]” and “[[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]“.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy|This consolidation seems to be increasing political polarization and violence worldwide]], threatening democracy itself.

=== The threat from loss of newspapers ===

A previous ''Media &amp; Democracy'' interview with Arizona State University accounting professor Roger White on &quot;[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]&quot; describes problems that increase as the quality and quantity of news declines and ownership and control of the media become more highly concentrated: Major media too often deflect the public's attention from political corruption enabled by poor media. This too often contributes to other problems like [[w:Scapegoating|scapegoating]] [[w:Immigration|immigrants]] and attacking [[w:Diversity, equity, and inclusion|Diversity, equity, and inclusion]] (DEI) while also facilitating increases in pollution, the cost of borrowing, political polarization and violence, and decreases in workplace safety. More on this is included in other interviews in this ''Media &amp; Democracy'' series available on Wikiversity under [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

An important quantitative analysis of the problems associated with deficiencies in news is Neff and Pickard (2024). They analyzed data on media funding and democracy in 33 countries. The US has been rated as a &quot;flawed democracy&quot; according to the [[w:Economist Democracy Index|Economist Democracy Index]] and spends substantially less per capita on media compared to the world's leading democracies in Scandinavia and Commonweath countries. They note that commercial media focus primarily on people with money, while publicly-funded media try harder to serve everyone. Public funding is more strongly correlated with democracy than private funding. This recommends increasing public funding for media as a means of strengthening democracy. See also &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invite to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb (eds.; 2015) Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet (Oxford University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131468166|editors=Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2010). The Death and Life of American Journalism (Bold Type Books) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q104888067}}.
* &lt;!-- Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001) Democracy in America (trans. by Richard Heffner, 2001; New America Library) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q112166602|publication-date=unset|author=Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001)}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2018-09-11) &quot;Quietly, One of President Trump’s Tariffs Threatens American Democracy&quot; WaPo--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190353}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-03-11) News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945 (Harvard University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135085111}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-04-25) Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189751}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2021-12-10) &quot;History Explains Why Global Content Moderation Cannot Work&quot;, Brookings Inst--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189922}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2024-06-28) &quot;Digital Regulation May Have Bolstered European Elections — but How Would We Know?--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190291}}

[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Germany]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
&lt;!--list of categories
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Category_Review
[[Wikiversity:Category Review]]--&gt;</text>
      <sha1>j0lmtht16w8b0dc3ltzy0a6o6nojctv</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>2720439</id>
      <parentid>2720438</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-02T14:36:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidMCEddy</username>
        <id>218607</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Selected Op-Eds */ more on tariffs on newsprint</comment>
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      <text bytes="12360" sha1="c0qt8rz1yk4i7x8rta9x5tm3aaexo9k" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2025-06-08 interview with [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]] History professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek&gt;&lt;!--Heidi J.S. Tworek--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135116400}}&lt;/ref&gt; about her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today. A video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview will be added when available. The podcast will be released 2025-06-14 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;''

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;''
&lt;!--[[File:MeDem2025-07-03Tworek|thumb|2025-07-03 interview with University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]--&gt; 
&lt;!--[[File:MeDem20250712Tworek|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from a 2025-07-03 interview with University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]--&gt; 

University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; discusses her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today as documented in her prize-winning (2019) book, ''News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945'' and other work. 

== Selected Op-Eds ==

Professor Tworek's research Research Website includes a page devoted to &quot;Selected Op-Eds&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Heidi Tworek: Selected Op-Eds--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189849}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 2025-07-02 this included the following: 

* (2024-06-28) &quot;Digital Regulation May Have Bolstered European Elections — but How Would We Know?&quot; notes that (a) we cannot accurately evaluate the impact of the 2022 European [[w:Digital Services Act|Digital Services Act]] without access to the data collected by the commercial Internet companies, which they are loath to share with serious researchers, but (b) the effect cannot be too large, because &quot;Low turnout has consistently plagued [[w:Elections to the European Parliament|EP [European Parliament] elections]] ... . Some countries saw stunning differences between turnout for national elections and the EP. Only 40 percent of Poles voted in the EP elections, while last autumn ... [n]early 75 percent voted in their most recent national elections. 
* (2021-12-10) &quot;History Explains Why Global Content Moderation Cannot Work&quot; notes that &quot;the United States is seen today as something of a free-speech extremist,&quot; it had previously had active censorship, &quot;particularly when it comes to sex&quot;, including not allowing anatomy textbooks to be sent through the US Postal Service.
* (2019-04-25) &quot;Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication&quot; discussing the history of, e.g., cutting undersea cables.
* (2018-09-11) &quot;Quietly, One of President Trump’s Tariffs Threatens American Democracy&quot; discusses esp. a new tariff on Canadian newsprint that threatens to bankrupt small newspapers already on the edge from loss of advertising. She also summarizes the history of how the price of paper has had a major impact on newspaper publishing: &quot;Before the 19th century, paper was mostly made from rags. The paper was very durable, but expensive. The mid-19th century development of cheap paper from groundwood pulp fueled the rise of mass-circulation newspapers. ... During World War I, however, procuring paper became problematic not only in the United States but in Britain and Germany. The British mass-market paper News of the World reduced from 16 pages in 1914 to four by 1918.&quot;

== Tworek bio== 

Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;  is the Canada Research Chair and Director of the Centre for the Study of Democratic Institutions at the [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]]. Her work focuses on how new media technology and policy have impacted democracy. She is also a senior fellow at the [[w:Centre for International Governance Innovation|Centre for International Governance Innovation]] in [[w:Waterloo, Ontario|Waterloo, Ontario]] as well as a non-resident fellow at the [[w:German Marshall Fund|German Marshall Fund]] of the United States and the [[w:Canadian Global Affairs Institute|Canadian Global Affairs Institute]]. She has co-edited four volumes and currently co-edits the [[w:Journal of Global History|''Journal of Global History'']] in addition to having published or forthcoming over 45 book chapters and journal articles&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; in addition to numerous publications and appearances in more popular outlets like [[w:The Washington Post|''The Washington Post'']], [[w:The New York Times|''The New York Times'']], and [[w:CBS|CBS]].&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. We describe here briefly the motivation for this series.

[[Great American Paradox|One major contributor to the dominant position of the US in the international political economy]] today may have been the [[w:Postal Service Act|US Postal Service Act of 1792]]. Under that act, newspapers were delivered up to 100 miles for a penny when first class postage was between 6 and 25 cents. [[w:Alexis de Tocqueville|Alexis de Tocqueville]], who visited the relatively young United States of America in 1831, wrote, “There is scarcely a hamlet that does not have its own newspaper.”&lt;ref&gt;Tocqueville (1835, p. 93).&lt;/ref&gt; McChesney and Nichols estimated that these newspaper subsidies were roughly 0.21 percent of national income (Gross Domestic Project, GDP) in 1841.&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88).&lt;/ref&gt;

At that time, the US probably led the world by far in the number of independent newspaper publishers per capita or per million population. This encouraged literacy and limited political corruption, both of which contributed to making the US a leader in the rate of growth in average annual income (Gross Domestic Product, GDP, per capita). Corruption was also limited by the inability of a small number of publishers to dominate political discourse.

That began to change in the 1850s and 1860s with the introduction of high speed rotary presses, which increased the capital required to start a newspaper.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015, p. 80).&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1887 [[w:William Randolph Hearst|William Randolph Hearst]] took over management of his father’s ''[[w:San Francisco Examiner|San Francisco Examiner]]''. His success there gave him an appetite for building a newspaper chain. His 1895 purchase of the ''[[w:New York Morning Journal|New York Morning Journal]]'' gave him a second newspaper. By the mid-1920s, he owned 28 newspapers. Consolidation of ownership of the media became easier with the introduction of broadcasting and even easier with the Internet.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015). See also Wikiversity, “[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]” and “[[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]“.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy|This consolidation seems to be increasing political polarization and violence worldwide]], threatening democracy itself.

=== The threat from loss of newspapers ===

A previous ''Media &amp; Democracy'' interview with Arizona State University accounting professor Roger White on &quot;[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]&quot; describes problems that increase as the quality and quantity of news declines and ownership and control of the media become more highly concentrated: Major media too often deflect the public's attention from political corruption enabled by poor media. This too often contributes to other problems like [[w:Scapegoating|scapegoating]] [[w:Immigration|immigrants]] and attacking [[w:Diversity, equity, and inclusion|Diversity, equity, and inclusion]] (DEI) while also facilitating increases in pollution, the cost of borrowing, political polarization and violence, and decreases in workplace safety. More on this is included in other interviews in this ''Media &amp; Democracy'' series available on Wikiversity under [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

An important quantitative analysis of the problems associated with deficiencies in news is Neff and Pickard (2024). They analyzed data on media funding and democracy in 33 countries. The US has been rated as a &quot;flawed democracy&quot; according to the [[w:Economist Democracy Index|Economist Democracy Index]] and spends substantially less per capita on media compared to the world's leading democracies in Scandinavia and Commonweath countries. They note that commercial media focus primarily on people with money, while publicly-funded media try harder to serve everyone. Public funding is more strongly correlated with democracy than private funding. This recommends increasing public funding for media as a means of strengthening democracy. See also &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invite to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb (eds.; 2015) Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet (Oxford University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131468166|editors=Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2010). The Death and Life of American Journalism (Bold Type Books) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q104888067}}.
* &lt;!-- Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001) Democracy in America (trans. by Richard Heffner, 2001; New America Library) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q112166602|publication-date=unset|author=Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001)}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2018-09-11) &quot;Quietly, One of President Trump’s Tariffs Threatens American Democracy&quot; WaPo--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190353}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-03-11) News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945 (Harvard University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135085111}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-04-25) Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189751}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2021-12-10) &quot;History Explains Why Global Content Moderation Cannot Work&quot;, Brookings Inst--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189922}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2024-06-28) &quot;Digital Regulation May Have Bolstered European Elections — but How Would We Know?--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190291}}

[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Germany]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
&lt;!--list of categories
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Category_Review
[[Wikiversity:Category Review]]--&gt;</text>
      <sha1>c0qt8rz1yk4i7x8rta9x5tm3aaexo9k</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2720440</id>
      <parentid>2720439</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-02T14:50:53Z</timestamp>
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        <id>218607</id>
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      <comment>/* Bibliography */ add Persuasion article to bib</comment>
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      <text bytes="12498" sha1="sjzegs5uew3mujnbo6gfsret4bvb2k3" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2025-06-08 interview with [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]] History professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek&gt;&lt;!--Heidi J.S. Tworek--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135116400}}&lt;/ref&gt; about her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today. A video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview will be added when available. The podcast will be released 2025-06-14 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;''

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;''
&lt;!--[[File:MeDem2025-07-03Tworek|thumb|2025-07-03 interview with University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]--&gt; 
&lt;!--[[File:MeDem20250712Tworek|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from a 2025-07-03 interview with University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]--&gt; 

University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; discusses her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today as documented in her prize-winning (2019) book, ''News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945'' and other work. 

== Selected Op-Eds ==

Professor Tworek's research Research Website includes a page devoted to &quot;Selected Op-Eds&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Heidi Tworek: Selected Op-Eds--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189849}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 2025-07-02 this included the following: 

* (2024-06-28) &quot;Digital Regulation May Have Bolstered European Elections — but How Would We Know?&quot; notes that (a) we cannot accurately evaluate the impact of the 2022 European [[w:Digital Services Act|Digital Services Act]] without access to the data collected by the commercial Internet companies, which they are loath to share with serious researchers, but (b) the effect cannot be too large, because &quot;Low turnout has consistently plagued [[w:Elections to the European Parliament|EP [European Parliament] elections]] ... . Some countries saw stunning differences between turnout for national elections and the EP. Only 40 percent of Poles voted in the EP elections, while last autumn ... [n]early 75 percent voted in their most recent national elections. 
* (2021-12-10) &quot;History Explains Why Global Content Moderation Cannot Work&quot; notes that &quot;the United States is seen today as something of a free-speech extremist,&quot; it had previously had active censorship, &quot;particularly when it comes to sex&quot;, including not allowing anatomy textbooks to be sent through the US Postal Service.
* (2019-04-25) &quot;Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication&quot; discussing the history of, e.g., cutting undersea cables.
* (2018-09-11) &quot;Quietly, One of President Trump’s Tariffs Threatens American Democracy&quot; discusses esp. a new tariff on Canadian newsprint that threatens to bankrupt small newspapers already on the edge from loss of advertising. She also summarizes the history of how the price of paper has had a major impact on newspaper publishing: &quot;Before the 19th century, paper was mostly made from rags. The paper was very durable, but expensive. The mid-19th century development of cheap paper from groundwood pulp fueled the rise of mass-circulation newspapers. ... During World War I, however, procuring paper became problematic not only in the United States but in Britain and Germany. The British mass-market paper News of the World reduced from 16 pages in 1914 to four by 1918.&quot;

== Tworek bio== 

Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;  is the Canada Research Chair and Director of the Centre for the Study of Democratic Institutions at the [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]]. Her work focuses on how new media technology and policy have impacted democracy. She is also a senior fellow at the [[w:Centre for International Governance Innovation|Centre for International Governance Innovation]] in [[w:Waterloo, Ontario|Waterloo, Ontario]] as well as a non-resident fellow at the [[w:German Marshall Fund|German Marshall Fund]] of the United States and the [[w:Canadian Global Affairs Institute|Canadian Global Affairs Institute]]. She has co-edited four volumes and currently co-edits the [[w:Journal of Global History|''Journal of Global History'']] in addition to having published or forthcoming over 45 book chapters and journal articles&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; in addition to numerous publications and appearances in more popular outlets like [[w:The Washington Post|''The Washington Post'']], [[w:The New York Times|''The New York Times'']], and [[w:CBS|CBS]].&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. We describe here briefly the motivation for this series.

[[Great American Paradox|One major contributor to the dominant position of the US in the international political economy]] today may have been the [[w:Postal Service Act|US Postal Service Act of 1792]]. Under that act, newspapers were delivered up to 100 miles for a penny when first class postage was between 6 and 25 cents. [[w:Alexis de Tocqueville|Alexis de Tocqueville]], who visited the relatively young United States of America in 1831, wrote, “There is scarcely a hamlet that does not have its own newspaper.”&lt;ref&gt;Tocqueville (1835, p. 93).&lt;/ref&gt; McChesney and Nichols estimated that these newspaper subsidies were roughly 0.21 percent of national income (Gross Domestic Project, GDP) in 1841.&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88).&lt;/ref&gt;

At that time, the US probably led the world by far in the number of independent newspaper publishers per capita or per million population. This encouraged literacy and limited political corruption, both of which contributed to making the US a leader in the rate of growth in average annual income (Gross Domestic Product, GDP, per capita). Corruption was also limited by the inability of a small number of publishers to dominate political discourse.

That began to change in the 1850s and 1860s with the introduction of high speed rotary presses, which increased the capital required to start a newspaper.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015, p. 80).&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1887 [[w:William Randolph Hearst|William Randolph Hearst]] took over management of his father’s ''[[w:San Francisco Examiner|San Francisco Examiner]]''. His success there gave him an appetite for building a newspaper chain. His 1895 purchase of the ''[[w:New York Morning Journal|New York Morning Journal]]'' gave him a second newspaper. By the mid-1920s, he owned 28 newspapers. Consolidation of ownership of the media became easier with the introduction of broadcasting and even easier with the Internet.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015). See also Wikiversity, “[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]” and “[[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]“.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy|This consolidation seems to be increasing political polarization and violence worldwide]], threatening democracy itself.

=== The threat from loss of newspapers ===

A previous ''Media &amp; Democracy'' interview with Arizona State University accounting professor Roger White on &quot;[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]&quot; describes problems that increase as the quality and quantity of news declines and ownership and control of the media become more highly concentrated: Major media too often deflect the public's attention from political corruption enabled by poor media. This too often contributes to other problems like [[w:Scapegoating|scapegoating]] [[w:Immigration|immigrants]] and attacking [[w:Diversity, equity, and inclusion|Diversity, equity, and inclusion]] (DEI) while also facilitating increases in pollution, the cost of borrowing, political polarization and violence, and decreases in workplace safety. More on this is included in other interviews in this ''Media &amp; Democracy'' series available on Wikiversity under [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

An important quantitative analysis of the problems associated with deficiencies in news is Neff and Pickard (2024). They analyzed data on media funding and democracy in 33 countries. The US has been rated as a &quot;flawed democracy&quot; according to the [[w:Economist Democracy Index|Economist Democracy Index]] and spends substantially less per capita on media compared to the world's leading democracies in Scandinavia and Commonweath countries. They note that commercial media focus primarily on people with money, while publicly-funded media try harder to serve everyone. Public funding is more strongly correlated with democracy than private funding. This recommends increasing public funding for media as a means of strengthening democracy. See also &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invite to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb (eds.; 2015) Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet (Oxford University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131468166|editors=Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2010). The Death and Life of American Journalism (Bold Type Books) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q104888067}}.
* &lt;!-- Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001) Democracy in America (trans. by Richard Heffner, 2001; New America Library) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q112166602|publication-date=unset|author=Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001)}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2018-09-11) &quot;Quietly, One of President Trump’s Tariffs Threatens American Democracy&quot; WaPo--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190353}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-03-11) News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945 (Harvard University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135085111}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-04-25) Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189751}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2021-08-23) &quot; AReal History of Fake News: It has a long, not-so-illustrious past&quot;, Persuasion--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190470}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2021-12-10) &quot;History Explains Why Global Content Moderation Cannot Work&quot;, Brookings Inst--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189922}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2024-06-28) &quot;Digital Regulation May Have Bolstered European Elections — but How Would We Know?--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190291}}

[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Germany]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
&lt;!--list of categories
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Category_Review
[[Wikiversity:Category Review]]--&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="12825" sha1="5an8zpfyw2s7j826g4jcdudpmlyeryu" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2025-06-08 interview with [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]] History professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek&gt;&lt;!--Heidi J.S. Tworek--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135116400}}&lt;/ref&gt; about her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today. A video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview will be added when available. The podcast will be released 2025-06-14 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;''

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;''
&lt;!--[[File:MeDem2025-07-03Tworek|thumb|2025-07-03 interview with University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]--&gt; 
&lt;!--[[File:MeDem20250712Tworek|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from a 2025-07-03 interview with University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]--&gt; 

University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; discusses her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today as documented in her prize-winning (2019) book, ''News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945'' and other work. 

== Selected Op-Eds ==

Professor Tworek's research Research Website includes a page devoted to &quot;Selected Op-Eds&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Heidi Tworek: Selected Op-Eds--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189849}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 2025-07-02 this included the following: 

* (2024-06-28) &quot;Digital Regulation May Have Bolstered European Elections — but How Would We Know?&quot; notes that (a) we cannot accurately evaluate the impact of the 2022 European [[w:Digital Services Act|Digital Services Act]] without access to the data collected by the commercial Internet companies, which they are loath to share with serious researchers, but (b) the effect cannot be too large, because &quot;Low turnout has consistently plagued [[w:Elections to the European Parliament|EP [European Parliament] elections]] ... . Some countries saw stunning differences between turnout for national elections and the EP. Only 40 percent of Poles voted in the EP elections, while last autumn ... [n]early 75 percent voted in their most recent national elections. 
* (2021-12-10) &quot;History Explains Why Global Content Moderation Cannot Work&quot; notes that &quot;the United States is seen today as something of a free-speech extremist,&quot; it had previously had active censorship, &quot;particularly when it comes to sex&quot;, including not allowing anatomy textbooks to be sent through the US Postal Service.
* (2021-08-23) &quot;A Real History of Fake News: It has a long, not-so-illustrious past&quot; traces the beginning of fake news to &quot;1622, when a London printer named Nathaniel Butter made journalism history by starting the first British newspaper. ... [But] when Butter published something that was not trivial, it was often made up.&quot; 
* (2019-04-25) &quot;Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication&quot; discussing the history of, e.g., cutting undersea cables.
* (2018-09-11) &quot;Quietly, One of President Trump’s Tariffs Threatens American Democracy&quot; discusses esp. a new tariff on Canadian newsprint that threatens to bankrupt small newspapers already on the edge from loss of advertising. She also summarizes the history of how the price of paper has had a major impact on newspaper publishing: &quot;Before the 19th century, paper was mostly made from rags. The paper was very durable, but expensive. The mid-19th century development of cheap paper from groundwood pulp fueled the rise of mass-circulation newspapers. ... During World War I, however, procuring paper became problematic not only in the United States but in Britain and Germany. The British mass-market paper News of the World reduced from 16 pages in 1914 to four by 1918.&quot;

== Tworek bio== 

Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;  is the Canada Research Chair and Director of the Centre for the Study of Democratic Institutions at the [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]]. Her work focuses on how new media technology and policy have impacted democracy. She is also a senior fellow at the [[w:Centre for International Governance Innovation|Centre for International Governance Innovation]] in [[w:Waterloo, Ontario|Waterloo, Ontario]] as well as a non-resident fellow at the [[w:German Marshall Fund|German Marshall Fund]] of the United States and the [[w:Canadian Global Affairs Institute|Canadian Global Affairs Institute]]. She has co-edited four volumes and currently co-edits the [[w:Journal of Global History|''Journal of Global History'']] in addition to having published or forthcoming over 45 book chapters and journal articles&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; in addition to numerous publications and appearances in more popular outlets like [[w:The Washington Post|''The Washington Post'']], [[w:The New York Times|''The New York Times'']], and [[w:CBS|CBS]].&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. We describe here briefly the motivation for this series.

[[Great American Paradox|One major contributor to the dominant position of the US in the international political economy]] today may have been the [[w:Postal Service Act|US Postal Service Act of 1792]]. Under that act, newspapers were delivered up to 100 miles for a penny when first class postage was between 6 and 25 cents. [[w:Alexis de Tocqueville|Alexis de Tocqueville]], who visited the relatively young United States of America in 1831, wrote, “There is scarcely a hamlet that does not have its own newspaper.”&lt;ref&gt;Tocqueville (1835, p. 93).&lt;/ref&gt; McChesney and Nichols estimated that these newspaper subsidies were roughly 0.21 percent of national income (Gross Domestic Project, GDP) in 1841.&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88).&lt;/ref&gt;

At that time, the US probably led the world by far in the number of independent newspaper publishers per capita or per million population. This encouraged literacy and limited political corruption, both of which contributed to making the US a leader in the rate of growth in average annual income (Gross Domestic Product, GDP, per capita). Corruption was also limited by the inability of a small number of publishers to dominate political discourse.

That began to change in the 1850s and 1860s with the introduction of high speed rotary presses, which increased the capital required to start a newspaper.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015, p. 80).&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1887 [[w:William Randolph Hearst|William Randolph Hearst]] took over management of his father’s ''[[w:San Francisco Examiner|San Francisco Examiner]]''. His success there gave him an appetite for building a newspaper chain. His 1895 purchase of the ''[[w:New York Morning Journal|New York Morning Journal]]'' gave him a second newspaper. By the mid-1920s, he owned 28 newspapers. Consolidation of ownership of the media became easier with the introduction of broadcasting and even easier with the Internet.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015). See also Wikiversity, “[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]” and “[[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]“.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy|This consolidation seems to be increasing political polarization and violence worldwide]], threatening democracy itself.

=== The threat from loss of newspapers ===

A previous ''Media &amp; Democracy'' interview with Arizona State University accounting professor Roger White on &quot;[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]&quot; describes problems that increase as the quality and quantity of news declines and ownership and control of the media become more highly concentrated: Major media too often deflect the public's attention from political corruption enabled by poor media. This too often contributes to other problems like [[w:Scapegoating|scapegoating]] [[w:Immigration|immigrants]] and attacking [[w:Diversity, equity, and inclusion|Diversity, equity, and inclusion]] (DEI) while also facilitating increases in pollution, the cost of borrowing, political polarization and violence, and decreases in workplace safety. More on this is included in other interviews in this ''Media &amp; Democracy'' series available on Wikiversity under [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

An important quantitative analysis of the problems associated with deficiencies in news is Neff and Pickard (2024). They analyzed data on media funding and democracy in 33 countries. The US has been rated as a &quot;flawed democracy&quot; according to the [[w:Economist Democracy Index|Economist Democracy Index]] and spends substantially less per capita on media compared to the world's leading democracies in Scandinavia and Commonweath countries. They note that commercial media focus primarily on people with money, while publicly-funded media try harder to serve everyone. Public funding is more strongly correlated with democracy than private funding. This recommends increasing public funding for media as a means of strengthening democracy. See also &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invite to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb (eds.; 2015) Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet (Oxford University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131468166|editors=Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2010). The Death and Life of American Journalism (Bold Type Books) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q104888067}}.
* &lt;!-- Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001) Democracy in America (trans. by Richard Heffner, 2001; New America Library) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q112166602|publication-date=unset|author=Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001)}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2018-09-11) &quot;Quietly, One of President Trump’s Tariffs Threatens American Democracy&quot; WaPo--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190353}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-03-11) News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945 (Harvard University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135085111}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-04-25) Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189751}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2021-08-23) &quot; AReal History of Fake News: It has a long, not-so-illustrious past&quot;, Persuasion--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190470}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2021-12-10) &quot;History Explains Why Global Content Moderation Cannot Work&quot;, Brookings Inst--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189922}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2024-06-28) &quot;Digital Regulation May Have Bolstered European Elections — but How Would We Know?--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190291}}

[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Germany]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
&lt;!--list of categories
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Category_Review
[[Wikiversity:Category Review]]--&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="13329" sha1="eymvjuuqoxaefghn76rviboa1o8qe0x" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2025-06-08 interview with [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]] History professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek&gt;&lt;!--Heidi J.S. Tworek--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135116400}}&lt;/ref&gt; about her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today. A video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview will be added when available. The podcast will be released 2025-06-14 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;''

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;''
&lt;!--[[File:MeDem2025-07-03Tworek|thumb|2025-07-03 interview with University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]--&gt; 
&lt;!--[[File:MeDem20250712Tworek|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from a 2025-07-03 interview with University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]--&gt; 

University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; discusses her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today as documented in her prize-winning (2019) book, ''News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945'' and other work. 

== Selected Op-Eds ==

Professor Tworek's research Research Website includes a page devoted to &quot;Selected Op-Eds&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Heidi Tworek: Selected Op-Eds--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189849}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 2025-07-02 this included the following: 

* (2024-06-28) &quot;Digital Regulation May Have Bolstered European Elections — but How Would We Know?&quot; notes that (a) we cannot accurately evaluate the impact of the 2022 European [[w:Digital Services Act|Digital Services Act]] without access to the data collected by the commercial Internet companies, which they are loath to share with serious researchers, but (b) the effect cannot be too large, because &quot;Low turnout has consistently plagued [[w:Elections to the European Parliament|EP [European Parliament] elections]] ... . Some countries saw stunning differences between turnout for national elections and the EP. Only 40 percent of Poles voted in the EP elections, while last autumn ... [n]early 75 percent voted in their most recent national elections. 
* (2021-12-10) &quot;History Explains Why Global Content Moderation Cannot Work&quot; notes that &quot;the United States is seen today as something of a free-speech extremist,&quot; it had previously had active censorship, &quot;particularly when it comes to sex&quot;, including not allowing anatomy textbooks to be sent through the US Postal Service.
* (2021-08-23) &quot;A Real History of Fake News: It has a long, not-so-illustrious past&quot; traces the beginning of fake news to &quot;1622, when a London printer named Nathaniel Butter made journalism history by starting the first British newspaper. ... [But] when Butter published something that was not trivial, it was often made up.&quot; That tradition continued. In 1807 [[q:Thomas Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] complained, &quot;Nothing can now be believed which is seen in a newspaper. Truth itself becomes suspicious by being put into that polluted vehicle.&quot; The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was establishment in 1906 too combat overblown claims about miracle cures, which provided a significant portion of newspapers’ revenues. And many humans believed [[w:Pizzagate conspiracy theory|that Hillary Clinton is into sex trafficking.]]
* (2019-04-25) &quot;Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication&quot; discussing the history of, e.g., cutting undersea cables.
* (2018-09-11) &quot;Quietly, One of President Trump’s Tariffs Threatens American Democracy&quot; discusses esp. a new tariff on Canadian newsprint that threatens to bankrupt small newspapers already on the edge from loss of advertising. She also summarizes the history of how the price of paper has had a major impact on newspaper publishing: &quot;Before the 19th century, paper was mostly made from rags. The paper was very durable, but expensive. The mid-19th century development of cheap paper from groundwood pulp fueled the rise of mass-circulation newspapers. ... During World War I, however, procuring paper became problematic not only in the United States but in Britain and Germany. The British mass-market paper News of the World reduced from 16 pages in 1914 to four by 1918.&quot;

== Tworek bio== 

Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;  is the Canada Research Chair and Director of the Centre for the Study of Democratic Institutions at the [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]]. Her work focuses on how new media technology and policy have impacted democracy. She is also a senior fellow at the [[w:Centre for International Governance Innovation|Centre for International Governance Innovation]] in [[w:Waterloo, Ontario|Waterloo, Ontario]] as well as a non-resident fellow at the [[w:German Marshall Fund|German Marshall Fund]] of the United States and the [[w:Canadian Global Affairs Institute|Canadian Global Affairs Institute]]. She has co-edited four volumes and currently co-edits the [[w:Journal of Global History|''Journal of Global History'']] in addition to having published or forthcoming over 45 book chapters and journal articles&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; in addition to numerous publications and appearances in more popular outlets like [[w:The Washington Post|''The Washington Post'']], [[w:The New York Times|''The New York Times'']], and [[w:CBS|CBS]].&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. We describe here briefly the motivation for this series.

[[Great American Paradox|One major contributor to the dominant position of the US in the international political economy]] today may have been the [[w:Postal Service Act|US Postal Service Act of 1792]]. Under that act, newspapers were delivered up to 100 miles for a penny when first class postage was between 6 and 25 cents. [[w:Alexis de Tocqueville|Alexis de Tocqueville]], who visited the relatively young United States of America in 1831, wrote, “There is scarcely a hamlet that does not have its own newspaper.”&lt;ref&gt;Tocqueville (1835, p. 93).&lt;/ref&gt; McChesney and Nichols estimated that these newspaper subsidies were roughly 0.21 percent of national income (Gross Domestic Project, GDP) in 1841.&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88).&lt;/ref&gt;

At that time, the US probably led the world by far in the number of independent newspaper publishers per capita or per million population. This encouraged literacy and limited political corruption, both of which contributed to making the US a leader in the rate of growth in average annual income (Gross Domestic Product, GDP, per capita). Corruption was also limited by the inability of a small number of publishers to dominate political discourse.

That began to change in the 1850s and 1860s with the introduction of high speed rotary presses, which increased the capital required to start a newspaper.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015, p. 80).&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1887 [[w:William Randolph Hearst|William Randolph Hearst]] took over management of his father’s ''[[w:San Francisco Examiner|San Francisco Examiner]]''. His success there gave him an appetite for building a newspaper chain. His 1895 purchase of the ''[[w:New York Morning Journal|New York Morning Journal]]'' gave him a second newspaper. By the mid-1920s, he owned 28 newspapers. Consolidation of ownership of the media became easier with the introduction of broadcasting and even easier with the Internet.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015). See also Wikiversity, “[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]” and “[[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]“.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy|This consolidation seems to be increasing political polarization and violence worldwide]], threatening democracy itself.

=== The threat from loss of newspapers ===

A previous ''Media &amp; Democracy'' interview with Arizona State University accounting professor Roger White on &quot;[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]&quot; describes problems that increase as the quality and quantity of news declines and ownership and control of the media become more highly concentrated: Major media too often deflect the public's attention from political corruption enabled by poor media. This too often contributes to other problems like [[w:Scapegoating|scapegoating]] [[w:Immigration|immigrants]] and attacking [[w:Diversity, equity, and inclusion|Diversity, equity, and inclusion]] (DEI) while also facilitating increases in pollution, the cost of borrowing, political polarization and violence, and decreases in workplace safety. More on this is included in other interviews in this ''Media &amp; Democracy'' series available on Wikiversity under [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

An important quantitative analysis of the problems associated with deficiencies in news is Neff and Pickard (2024). They analyzed data on media funding and democracy in 33 countries. The US has been rated as a &quot;flawed democracy&quot; according to the [[w:Economist Democracy Index|Economist Democracy Index]] and spends substantially less per capita on media compared to the world's leading democracies in Scandinavia and Commonweath countries. They note that commercial media focus primarily on people with money, while publicly-funded media try harder to serve everyone. Public funding is more strongly correlated with democracy than private funding. This recommends increasing public funding for media as a means of strengthening democracy. See also &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invite to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb (eds.; 2015) Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet (Oxford University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131468166|editors=Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2010). The Death and Life of American Journalism (Bold Type Books) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q104888067}}.
* &lt;!-- Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001) Democracy in America (trans. by Richard Heffner, 2001; New America Library) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q112166602|publication-date=unset|author=Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001)}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2018-09-11) &quot;Quietly, One of President Trump’s Tariffs Threatens American Democracy&quot; WaPo--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190353}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-03-11) News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945 (Harvard University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135085111}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-04-25) Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189751}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2021-08-23) &quot; AReal History of Fake News: It has a long, not-so-illustrious past&quot;, Persuasion--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190470}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2021-12-10) &quot;History Explains Why Global Content Moderation Cannot Work&quot;, Brookings Inst--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189922}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2024-06-28) &quot;Digital Regulation May Have Bolstered European Elections — but How Would We Know?--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190291}}

[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Germany]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
&lt;!--list of categories
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Category_Review
[[Wikiversity:Category Review]]--&gt;</text>
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      <comment>/* Bibliography */ add Living in an Interwar World: Communicable Disease and Epidemic Information anglais (Q135191062) to bib</comment>
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      <text bytes="13487" sha1="7s6y2ulpigrjw85vb3sv5dpyzyudcah" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2025-06-08 interview with [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]] History professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek&gt;&lt;!--Heidi J.S. Tworek--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135116400}}&lt;/ref&gt; about her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today. A video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview will be added when available. The podcast will be released 2025-06-14 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;''

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;''
&lt;!--[[File:MeDem2025-07-03Tworek|thumb|2025-07-03 interview with University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]--&gt; 
&lt;!--[[File:MeDem20250712Tworek|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from a 2025-07-03 interview with University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]--&gt; 

University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; discusses her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today as documented in her prize-winning (2019) book, ''News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945'' and other work. 

== Selected Op-Eds ==

Professor Tworek's research Research Website includes a page devoted to &quot;Selected Op-Eds&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Heidi Tworek: Selected Op-Eds--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189849}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 2025-07-02 this included the following: 

* (2024-06-28) &quot;Digital Regulation May Have Bolstered European Elections — but How Would We Know?&quot; notes that (a) we cannot accurately evaluate the impact of the 2022 European [[w:Digital Services Act|Digital Services Act]] without access to the data collected by the commercial Internet companies, which they are loath to share with serious researchers, but (b) the effect cannot be too large, because &quot;Low turnout has consistently plagued [[w:Elections to the European Parliament|EP [European Parliament] elections]] ... . Some countries saw stunning differences between turnout for national elections and the EP. Only 40 percent of Poles voted in the EP elections, while last autumn ... [n]early 75 percent voted in their most recent national elections. 
* (2021-12-10) &quot;History Explains Why Global Content Moderation Cannot Work&quot; notes that &quot;the United States is seen today as something of a free-speech extremist,&quot; it had previously had active censorship, &quot;particularly when it comes to sex&quot;, including not allowing anatomy textbooks to be sent through the US Postal Service.
* (2021-08-23) &quot;A Real History of Fake News: It has a long, not-so-illustrious past&quot; traces the beginning of fake news to &quot;1622, when a London printer named Nathaniel Butter made journalism history by starting the first British newspaper. ... [But] when Butter published something that was not trivial, it was often made up.&quot; That tradition continued. In 1807 [[q:Thomas Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] complained, &quot;Nothing can now be believed which is seen in a newspaper. Truth itself becomes suspicious by being put into that polluted vehicle.&quot; The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was establishment in 1906 too combat overblown claims about miracle cures, which provided a significant portion of newspapers’ revenues. And many humans believed [[w:Pizzagate conspiracy theory|that Hillary Clinton is into sex trafficking.]]
* (2019-04-25) &quot;Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication&quot; discussing the history of, e.g., cutting undersea cables.
* (2018-09-11) &quot;Quietly, One of President Trump’s Tariffs Threatens American Democracy&quot; discusses esp. a new tariff on Canadian newsprint that threatens to bankrupt small newspapers already on the edge from loss of advertising. She also summarizes the history of how the price of paper has had a major impact on newspaper publishing: &quot;Before the 19th century, paper was mostly made from rags. The paper was very durable, but expensive. The mid-19th century development of cheap paper from groundwood pulp fueled the rise of mass-circulation newspapers. ... During World War I, however, procuring paper became problematic not only in the United States but in Britain and Germany. The British mass-market paper News of the World reduced from 16 pages in 1914 to four by 1918.&quot;

== Tworek bio== 

Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;  is the Canada Research Chair and Director of the Centre for the Study of Democratic Institutions at the [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]]. Her work focuses on how new media technology and policy have impacted democracy. She is also a senior fellow at the [[w:Centre for International Governance Innovation|Centre for International Governance Innovation]] in [[w:Waterloo, Ontario|Waterloo, Ontario]] as well as a non-resident fellow at the [[w:German Marshall Fund|German Marshall Fund]] of the United States and the [[w:Canadian Global Affairs Institute|Canadian Global Affairs Institute]]. She has co-edited four volumes and currently co-edits the [[w:Journal of Global History|''Journal of Global History'']] in addition to having published or forthcoming over 45 book chapters and journal articles&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; in addition to numerous publications and appearances in more popular outlets like [[w:The Washington Post|''The Washington Post'']], [[w:The New York Times|''The New York Times'']], and [[w:CBS|CBS]].&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. We describe here briefly the motivation for this series.

[[Great American Paradox|One major contributor to the dominant position of the US in the international political economy]] today may have been the [[w:Postal Service Act|US Postal Service Act of 1792]]. Under that act, newspapers were delivered up to 100 miles for a penny when first class postage was between 6 and 25 cents. [[w:Alexis de Tocqueville|Alexis de Tocqueville]], who visited the relatively young United States of America in 1831, wrote, “There is scarcely a hamlet that does not have its own newspaper.”&lt;ref&gt;Tocqueville (1835, p. 93).&lt;/ref&gt; McChesney and Nichols estimated that these newspaper subsidies were roughly 0.21 percent of national income (Gross Domestic Project, GDP) in 1841.&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88).&lt;/ref&gt;

At that time, the US probably led the world by far in the number of independent newspaper publishers per capita or per million population. This encouraged literacy and limited political corruption, both of which contributed to making the US a leader in the rate of growth in average annual income (Gross Domestic Product, GDP, per capita). Corruption was also limited by the inability of a small number of publishers to dominate political discourse.

That began to change in the 1850s and 1860s with the introduction of high speed rotary presses, which increased the capital required to start a newspaper.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015, p. 80).&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1887 [[w:William Randolph Hearst|William Randolph Hearst]] took over management of his father’s ''[[w:San Francisco Examiner|San Francisco Examiner]]''. His success there gave him an appetite for building a newspaper chain. His 1895 purchase of the ''[[w:New York Morning Journal|New York Morning Journal]]'' gave him a second newspaper. By the mid-1920s, he owned 28 newspapers. Consolidation of ownership of the media became easier with the introduction of broadcasting and even easier with the Internet.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015). See also Wikiversity, “[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]” and “[[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]“.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy|This consolidation seems to be increasing political polarization and violence worldwide]], threatening democracy itself.

=== The threat from loss of newspapers ===

A previous ''Media &amp; Democracy'' interview with Arizona State University accounting professor Roger White on &quot;[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]&quot; describes problems that increase as the quality and quantity of news declines and ownership and control of the media become more highly concentrated: Major media too often deflect the public's attention from political corruption enabled by poor media. This too often contributes to other problems like [[w:Scapegoating|scapegoating]] [[w:Immigration|immigrants]] and attacking [[w:Diversity, equity, and inclusion|Diversity, equity, and inclusion]] (DEI) while also facilitating increases in pollution, the cost of borrowing, political polarization and violence, and decreases in workplace safety. More on this is included in other interviews in this ''Media &amp; Democracy'' series available on Wikiversity under [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

An important quantitative analysis of the problems associated with deficiencies in news is Neff and Pickard (2024). They analyzed data on media funding and democracy in 33 countries. The US has been rated as a &quot;flawed democracy&quot; according to the [[w:Economist Democracy Index|Economist Democracy Index]] and spends substantially less per capita on media compared to the world's leading democracies in Scandinavia and Commonweath countries. They note that commercial media focus primarily on people with money, while publicly-funded media try harder to serve everyone. Public funding is more strongly correlated with democracy than private funding. This recommends increasing public funding for media as a means of strengthening democracy. See also &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invite to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb (eds.; 2015) Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet (Oxford University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131468166|editors=Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2010). The Death and Life of American Journalism (Bold Type Books) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q104888067}}.
* &lt;!-- Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001) Democracy in America (trans. by Richard Heffner, 2001; New America Library) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q112166602|publication-date=unset|author=Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001)}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2018-09-11) &quot;Quietly, One of President Trump’s Tariffs Threatens American Democracy&quot; WaPo--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190353}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-03-11) News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945 (Harvard University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135085111}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-04-25) Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189751}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2021-08-23) &quot; AReal History of Fake News: It has a long, not-so-illustrious past&quot;, Persuasion--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190470}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2021-12-10) &quot;History Explains Why Global Content Moderation Cannot Work&quot;, Brookings Inst--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189922}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2022-10-09) &quot;Living in an Interwar World: Communicable Disease and Epidemic Information&quot;, Long-Run Health Matters--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191062}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2024-06-28) &quot;Digital Regulation May Have Bolstered European Elections — but How Would We Know?--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190291}}

[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Germany]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
&lt;!--list of categories
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Category_Review
[[Wikiversity:Category Review]]--&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="13877" sha1="nnmz20nzz8rsqj9cuzoq0pnvfaa21ya" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2025-06-08 interview with [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]] History professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek&gt;&lt;!--Heidi J.S. Tworek--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135116400}}&lt;/ref&gt; about her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today. A video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview will be added when available. The podcast will be released 2025-06-14 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;''

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;''
&lt;!--[[File:MeDem2025-07-03Tworek|thumb|2025-07-03 interview with University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]--&gt; 
&lt;!--[[File:MeDem20250712Tworek|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from a 2025-07-03 interview with University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]--&gt; 

University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; discusses her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today as documented in her prize-winning (2019) book, ''News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945'' and other work. 

== Selected Op-Eds ==

Professor Tworek's research Research Website includes a page devoted to &quot;Selected Op-Eds&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Heidi Tworek: Selected Op-Eds--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189849}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 2025-07-02 this included the following: 

* (2024-06-28) &quot;Digital Regulation May Have Bolstered European Elections — but How Would We Know?&quot; notes that (a) we cannot accurately evaluate the impact of the 2022 European [[w:Digital Services Act|Digital Services Act]] without access to the data collected by the commercial Internet companies, which they are loath to share with serious researchers, but (b) the effect cannot be too large, because &quot;Low turnout has consistently plagued [[w:Elections to the European Parliament|EP [European Parliament] elections]] ... . Some countries saw stunning differences between turnout for national elections and the EP. Only 40 percent of Poles voted in the EP elections, while last autumn ... [n]early 75 percent voted in their most recent national elections. 
* (2022-10-09) &quot;Living in an Interwar World: Communicable Disease and Epidemic Information&quot; describes the history of the development of standard terminology and systems for sharing disease information internationally. That includes the League of Nations Health Organization and it successor, the [[w:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]], which still needs to be improved. 
* (2021-12-10) &quot;History Explains Why Global Content Moderation Cannot Work&quot; notes that &quot;the United States is seen today as something of a free-speech extremist,&quot; it had previously had active censorship, &quot;particularly when it comes to sex&quot;, including not allowing anatomy textbooks to be sent through the US Postal Service.
* (2021-08-23) &quot;A Real History of Fake News: It has a long, not-so-illustrious past&quot; traces the beginning of fake news to &quot;1622, when a London printer named Nathaniel Butter made journalism history by starting the first British newspaper. ... [But] when Butter published something that was not trivial, it was often made up.&quot; That tradition continued. In 1807 [[q:Thomas Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] complained, &quot;Nothing can now be believed which is seen in a newspaper. Truth itself becomes suspicious by being put into that polluted vehicle.&quot; The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was establishment in 1906 too combat overblown claims about miracle cures, which provided a significant portion of newspapers’ revenues. And many humans believed [[w:Pizzagate conspiracy theory|that Hillary Clinton is into sex trafficking.]]
* (2019-04-25) &quot;Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication&quot; discussing the history of, e.g., cutting undersea cables.
* (2018-09-11) &quot;Quietly, One of President Trump’s Tariffs Threatens American Democracy&quot; discusses esp. a new tariff on Canadian newsprint that threatens to bankrupt small newspapers already on the edge from loss of advertising. She also summarizes the history of how the price of paper has had a major impact on newspaper publishing: &quot;Before the 19th century, paper was mostly made from rags. The paper was very durable, but expensive. The mid-19th century development of cheap paper from groundwood pulp fueled the rise of mass-circulation newspapers. ... During World War I, however, procuring paper became problematic not only in the United States but in Britain and Germany. The British mass-market paper News of the World reduced from 16 pages in 1914 to four by 1918.&quot;

== Tworek bio== 

Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;  is the Canada Research Chair and Director of the Centre for the Study of Democratic Institutions at the [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]]. Her work focuses on how new media technology and policy have impacted democracy. She is also a senior fellow at the [[w:Centre for International Governance Innovation|Centre for International Governance Innovation]] in [[w:Waterloo, Ontario|Waterloo, Ontario]] as well as a non-resident fellow at the [[w:German Marshall Fund|German Marshall Fund]] of the United States and the [[w:Canadian Global Affairs Institute|Canadian Global Affairs Institute]]. She has co-edited four volumes and currently co-edits the [[w:Journal of Global History|''Journal of Global History'']] in addition to having published or forthcoming over 45 book chapters and journal articles&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; in addition to numerous publications and appearances in more popular outlets like [[w:The Washington Post|''The Washington Post'']], [[w:The New York Times|''The New York Times'']], and [[w:CBS|CBS]].&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. We describe here briefly the motivation for this series.

[[Great American Paradox|One major contributor to the dominant position of the US in the international political economy]] today may have been the [[w:Postal Service Act|US Postal Service Act of 1792]]. Under that act, newspapers were delivered up to 100 miles for a penny when first class postage was between 6 and 25 cents. [[w:Alexis de Tocqueville|Alexis de Tocqueville]], who visited the relatively young United States of America in 1831, wrote, “There is scarcely a hamlet that does not have its own newspaper.”&lt;ref&gt;Tocqueville (1835, p. 93).&lt;/ref&gt; McChesney and Nichols estimated that these newspaper subsidies were roughly 0.21 percent of national income (Gross Domestic Project, GDP) in 1841.&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88).&lt;/ref&gt;

At that time, the US probably led the world by far in the number of independent newspaper publishers per capita or per million population. This encouraged literacy and limited political corruption, both of which contributed to making the US a leader in the rate of growth in average annual income (Gross Domestic Product, GDP, per capita). Corruption was also limited by the inability of a small number of publishers to dominate political discourse.

That began to change in the 1850s and 1860s with the introduction of high speed rotary presses, which increased the capital required to start a newspaper.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015, p. 80).&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1887 [[w:William Randolph Hearst|William Randolph Hearst]] took over management of his father’s ''[[w:San Francisco Examiner|San Francisco Examiner]]''. His success there gave him an appetite for building a newspaper chain. His 1895 purchase of the ''[[w:New York Morning Journal|New York Morning Journal]]'' gave him a second newspaper. By the mid-1920s, he owned 28 newspapers. Consolidation of ownership of the media became easier with the introduction of broadcasting and even easier with the Internet.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015). See also Wikiversity, “[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]” and “[[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]“.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy|This consolidation seems to be increasing political polarization and violence worldwide]], threatening democracy itself.

=== The threat from loss of newspapers ===

A previous ''Media &amp; Democracy'' interview with Arizona State University accounting professor Roger White on &quot;[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]&quot; describes problems that increase as the quality and quantity of news declines and ownership and control of the media become more highly concentrated: Major media too often deflect the public's attention from political corruption enabled by poor media. This too often contributes to other problems like [[w:Scapegoating|scapegoating]] [[w:Immigration|immigrants]] and attacking [[w:Diversity, equity, and inclusion|Diversity, equity, and inclusion]] (DEI) while also facilitating increases in pollution, the cost of borrowing, political polarization and violence, and decreases in workplace safety. More on this is included in other interviews in this ''Media &amp; Democracy'' series available on Wikiversity under [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

An important quantitative analysis of the problems associated with deficiencies in news is Neff and Pickard (2024). They analyzed data on media funding and democracy in 33 countries. The US has been rated as a &quot;flawed democracy&quot; according to the [[w:Economist Democracy Index|Economist Democracy Index]] and spends substantially less per capita on media compared to the world's leading democracies in Scandinavia and Commonweath countries. They note that commercial media focus primarily on people with money, while publicly-funded media try harder to serve everyone. Public funding is more strongly correlated with democracy than private funding. This recommends increasing public funding for media as a means of strengthening democracy. See also &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invite to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb (eds.; 2015) Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet (Oxford University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131468166|editors=Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2010). The Death and Life of American Journalism (Bold Type Books) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q104888067}}.
* &lt;!-- Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001) Democracy in America (trans. by Richard Heffner, 2001; New America Library) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q112166602|publication-date=unset|author=Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001)}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2018-09-11) &quot;Quietly, One of President Trump’s Tariffs Threatens American Democracy&quot; WaPo--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190353}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-03-11) News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945 (Harvard University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135085111}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-04-25) Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189751}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2021-08-23) &quot; AReal History of Fake News: It has a long, not-so-illustrious past&quot;, Persuasion--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190470}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2021-12-10) &quot;History Explains Why Global Content Moderation Cannot Work&quot;, Brookings Inst--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189922}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2022-10-09) &quot;Living in an Interwar World: Communicable Disease and Epidemic Information&quot;, Long-Run Health Matters--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191062}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2024-06-28) &quot;Digital Regulation May Have Bolstered European Elections — but How Would We Know?--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190291}}

[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Germany]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
&lt;!--list of categories
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Category_Review
[[Wikiversity:Category Review]]--&gt;</text>
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      <comment>/* Bibliography */ add Denning and Tworek 2025 to bib</comment>
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      <text bytes="14045" sha1="jwszb6icstnbqrud9n7hxffyxkvubrm" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2025-06-08 interview with [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]] History professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek&gt;&lt;!--Heidi J.S. Tworek--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135116400}}&lt;/ref&gt; about her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today. A video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview will be added when available. The podcast will be released 2025-06-14 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;''

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;''
&lt;!--[[File:MeDem2025-07-03Tworek|thumb|2025-07-03 interview with University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]--&gt; 
&lt;!--[[File:MeDem20250712Tworek|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from a 2025-07-03 interview with University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]--&gt; 

University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; discusses her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today as documented in her prize-winning (2019) book, ''News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945'' and other work. 

== Selected Op-Eds ==

Professor Tworek's research Research Website includes a page devoted to &quot;Selected Op-Eds&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Heidi Tworek: Selected Op-Eds--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189849}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 2025-07-02 this included the following: 

* (2024-06-28) &quot;Digital Regulation May Have Bolstered European Elections — but How Would We Know?&quot; notes that (a) we cannot accurately evaluate the impact of the 2022 European [[w:Digital Services Act|Digital Services Act]] without access to the data collected by the commercial Internet companies, which they are loath to share with serious researchers, but (b) the effect cannot be too large, because &quot;Low turnout has consistently plagued [[w:Elections to the European Parliament|EP [European Parliament] elections]] ... . Some countries saw stunning differences between turnout for national elections and the EP. Only 40 percent of Poles voted in the EP elections, while last autumn ... [n]early 75 percent voted in their most recent national elections. 
* (2022-10-09) &quot;Living in an Interwar World: Communicable Disease and Epidemic Information&quot; describes the history of the development of standard terminology and systems for sharing disease information internationally. That includes the League of Nations Health Organization and it successor, the [[w:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]], which still needs to be improved. 
* (2021-12-10) &quot;History Explains Why Global Content Moderation Cannot Work&quot; notes that &quot;the United States is seen today as something of a free-speech extremist,&quot; it had previously had active censorship, &quot;particularly when it comes to sex&quot;, including not allowing anatomy textbooks to be sent through the US Postal Service.
* (2021-08-23) &quot;A Real History of Fake News: It has a long, not-so-illustrious past&quot; traces the beginning of fake news to &quot;1622, when a London printer named Nathaniel Butter made journalism history by starting the first British newspaper. ... [But] when Butter published something that was not trivial, it was often made up.&quot; That tradition continued. In 1807 [[q:Thomas Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] complained, &quot;Nothing can now be believed which is seen in a newspaper. Truth itself becomes suspicious by being put into that polluted vehicle.&quot; The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was establishment in 1906 too combat overblown claims about miracle cures, which provided a significant portion of newspapers’ revenues. And many humans believed [[w:Pizzagate conspiracy theory|that Hillary Clinton is into sex trafficking.]]
* (2019-04-25) &quot;Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication&quot; discussing the history of, e.g., cutting undersea cables.
* (2018-09-11) &quot;Quietly, One of President Trump’s Tariffs Threatens American Democracy&quot; discusses esp. a new tariff on Canadian newsprint that threatens to bankrupt small newspapers already on the edge from loss of advertising. She also summarizes the history of how the price of paper has had a major impact on newspaper publishing: &quot;Before the 19th century, paper was mostly made from rags. The paper was very durable, but expensive. The mid-19th century development of cheap paper from groundwood pulp fueled the rise of mass-circulation newspapers. ... During World War I, however, procuring paper became problematic not only in the United States but in Britain and Germany. The British mass-market paper News of the World reduced from 16 pages in 1914 to four by 1918.&quot;

== Tworek bio== 

Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;  is the Canada Research Chair and Director of the Centre for the Study of Democratic Institutions at the [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]]. Her work focuses on how new media technology and policy have impacted democracy. She is also a senior fellow at the [[w:Centre for International Governance Innovation|Centre for International Governance Innovation]] in [[w:Waterloo, Ontario|Waterloo, Ontario]] as well as a non-resident fellow at the [[w:German Marshall Fund|German Marshall Fund]] of the United States and the [[w:Canadian Global Affairs Institute|Canadian Global Affairs Institute]]. She has co-edited four volumes and currently co-edits the [[w:Journal of Global History|''Journal of Global History'']] in addition to having published or forthcoming over 45 book chapters and journal articles&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; in addition to numerous publications and appearances in more popular outlets like [[w:The Washington Post|''The Washington Post'']], [[w:The New York Times|''The New York Times'']], and [[w:CBS|CBS]].&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. We describe here briefly the motivation for this series.

[[Great American Paradox|One major contributor to the dominant position of the US in the international political economy]] today may have been the [[w:Postal Service Act|US Postal Service Act of 1792]]. Under that act, newspapers were delivered up to 100 miles for a penny when first class postage was between 6 and 25 cents. [[w:Alexis de Tocqueville|Alexis de Tocqueville]], who visited the relatively young United States of America in 1831, wrote, “There is scarcely a hamlet that does not have its own newspaper.”&lt;ref&gt;Tocqueville (1835, p. 93).&lt;/ref&gt; McChesney and Nichols estimated that these newspaper subsidies were roughly 0.21 percent of national income (Gross Domestic Project, GDP) in 1841.&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88).&lt;/ref&gt;

At that time, the US probably led the world by far in the number of independent newspaper publishers per capita or per million population. This encouraged literacy and limited political corruption, both of which contributed to making the US a leader in the rate of growth in average annual income (Gross Domestic Product, GDP, per capita). Corruption was also limited by the inability of a small number of publishers to dominate political discourse.

That began to change in the 1850s and 1860s with the introduction of high speed rotary presses, which increased the capital required to start a newspaper.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015, p. 80).&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1887 [[w:William Randolph Hearst|William Randolph Hearst]] took over management of his father’s ''[[w:San Francisco Examiner|San Francisco Examiner]]''. His success there gave him an appetite for building a newspaper chain. His 1895 purchase of the ''[[w:New York Morning Journal|New York Morning Journal]]'' gave him a second newspaper. By the mid-1920s, he owned 28 newspapers. Consolidation of ownership of the media became easier with the introduction of broadcasting and even easier with the Internet.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015). See also Wikiversity, “[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]” and “[[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]“.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy|This consolidation seems to be increasing political polarization and violence worldwide]], threatening democracy itself.

=== The threat from loss of newspapers ===

A previous ''Media &amp; Democracy'' interview with Arizona State University accounting professor Roger White on &quot;[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]&quot; describes problems that increase as the quality and quantity of news declines and ownership and control of the media become more highly concentrated: Major media too often deflect the public's attention from political corruption enabled by poor media. This too often contributes to other problems like [[w:Scapegoating|scapegoating]] [[w:Immigration|immigrants]] and attacking [[w:Diversity, equity, and inclusion|Diversity, equity, and inclusion]] (DEI) while also facilitating increases in pollution, the cost of borrowing, political polarization and violence, and decreases in workplace safety. More on this is included in other interviews in this ''Media &amp; Democracy'' series available on Wikiversity under [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

An important quantitative analysis of the problems associated with deficiencies in news is Neff and Pickard (2024). They analyzed data on media funding and democracy in 33 countries. The US has been rated as a &quot;flawed democracy&quot; according to the [[w:Economist Democracy Index|Economist Democracy Index]] and spends substantially less per capita on media compared to the world's leading democracies in Scandinavia and Commonweath countries. They note that commercial media focus primarily on people with money, while publicly-funded media try harder to serve everyone. Public funding is more strongly correlated with democracy than private funding. This recommends increasing public funding for media as a means of strengthening democracy. See also &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invite to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Andrew Denning and Heidi Tworek (2025-02-06) &quot;The Promises and Perils of Periodization in Global History: Lessons from the Inter-War Era&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191256}}
* &lt;!--Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb (eds.; 2015) Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet (Oxford University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131468166|editors=Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2010). The Death and Life of American Journalism (Bold Type Books) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q104888067}}.
* &lt;!-- Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001) Democracy in America (trans. by Richard Heffner, 2001; New America Library) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q112166602|publication-date=unset|author=Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001)}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2018-09-11) &quot;Quietly, One of President Trump’s Tariffs Threatens American Democracy&quot; WaPo--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190353}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-03-11) News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945 (Harvard University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135085111}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-04-25) Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189751}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2021-08-23) &quot; AReal History of Fake News: It has a long, not-so-illustrious past&quot;, Persuasion--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190470}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2021-12-10) &quot;History Explains Why Global Content Moderation Cannot Work&quot;, Brookings Inst--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189922}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2022-10-09) &quot;Living in an Interwar World: Communicable Disease and Epidemic Information&quot;, Long-Run Health Matters--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191062}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2024-06-28) &quot;Digital Regulation May Have Bolstered European Elections — but How Would We Know?--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190291}}

[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Germany]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
&lt;!--list of categories
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Category_Review
[[Wikiversity:Category Review]]--&gt;</text>
      <sha1>jwszb6icstnbqrud9n7hxffyxkvubrm</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>2720450</id>
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        <id>218607</id>
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      <text bytes="14271" sha1="81hge7lzdq4u3t9xekvdegt0klhz10p" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2025-06-08 interview with [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]] History professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek&gt;&lt;!--Heidi J.S. Tworek--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135116400}}&lt;/ref&gt; about her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today. A video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview will be added when available. The podcast will be released 2025-06-14 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;''

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;''
&lt;!--[[File:MeDem2025-07-03Tworek|thumb|2025-07-03 interview with University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]--&gt; 
&lt;!--[[File:MeDem20250712Tworek|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from a 2025-07-03 interview with University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]--&gt; 

University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; discusses her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today as documented in her prize-winning (2019) book, ''News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945'' and other work. 

== Selected Op-Eds ==

Professor Tworek's research Research Website includes a page devoted to &quot;Selected Op-Eds&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Heidi Tworek: Selected Op-Eds--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189849}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 2025-07-02 this included the following: 

* (2025-02-06) &quot;The Promises and Perils of Periodization in Global History: Lessons from the Inter-War Era&quot;, with Andrew Denning, discusses Eurocentrism and similar problems in selecting periods of history as foci for study. 
* (2024-06-28) &quot;Digital Regulation May Have Bolstered European Elections — but How Would We Know?&quot; notes that (a) we cannot accurately evaluate the impact of the 2022 European [[w:Digital Services Act|Digital Services Act]] without access to the data collected by the commercial Internet companies, which they are loath to share with serious researchers, but (b) the effect cannot be too large, because &quot;Low turnout has consistently plagued [[w:Elections to the European Parliament|EP [European Parliament] elections]] ... . Some countries saw stunning differences between turnout for national elections and the EP. Only 40 percent of Poles voted in the EP elections, while last autumn ... [n]early 75 percent voted in their most recent national elections. 
* (2022-10-09) &quot;Living in an Interwar World: Communicable Disease and Epidemic Information&quot; describes the history of the development of standard terminology and systems for sharing disease information internationally. That includes the League of Nations Health Organization and it successor, the [[w:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]], which still needs to be improved. 
* (2021-12-10) &quot;History Explains Why Global Content Moderation Cannot Work&quot; notes that &quot;the United States is seen today as something of a free-speech extremist,&quot; it had previously had active censorship, &quot;particularly when it comes to sex&quot;, including not allowing anatomy textbooks to be sent through the US Postal Service.
* (2021-08-23) &quot;A Real History of Fake News: It has a long, not-so-illustrious past&quot; traces the beginning of fake news to &quot;1622, when a London printer named Nathaniel Butter made journalism history by starting the first British newspaper. ... [But] when Butter published something that was not trivial, it was often made up.&quot; That tradition continued. In 1807 [[q:Thomas Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] complained, &quot;Nothing can now be believed which is seen in a newspaper. Truth itself becomes suspicious by being put into that polluted vehicle.&quot; The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was establishment in 1906 too combat overblown claims about miracle cures, which provided a significant portion of newspapers’ revenues. And many humans believed [[w:Pizzagate conspiracy theory|that Hillary Clinton is into sex trafficking.]]
* (2019-04-25) &quot;Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication&quot; discussing the history of, e.g., cutting undersea cables.
* (2018-09-11) &quot;Quietly, One of President Trump’s Tariffs Threatens American Democracy&quot; discusses esp. a new tariff on Canadian newsprint that threatens to bankrupt small newspapers already on the edge from loss of advertising. She also summarizes the history of how the price of paper has had a major impact on newspaper publishing: &quot;Before the 19th century, paper was mostly made from rags. The paper was very durable, but expensive. The mid-19th century development of cheap paper from groundwood pulp fueled the rise of mass-circulation newspapers. ... During World War I, however, procuring paper became problematic not only in the United States but in Britain and Germany. The British mass-market paper News of the World reduced from 16 pages in 1914 to four by 1918.&quot;

== Tworek bio== 

Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;  is the Canada Research Chair and Director of the Centre for the Study of Democratic Institutions at the [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]]. Her work focuses on how new media technology and policy have impacted democracy. She is also a senior fellow at the [[w:Centre for International Governance Innovation|Centre for International Governance Innovation]] in [[w:Waterloo, Ontario|Waterloo, Ontario]] as well as a non-resident fellow at the [[w:German Marshall Fund|German Marshall Fund]] of the United States and the [[w:Canadian Global Affairs Institute|Canadian Global Affairs Institute]]. She has co-edited four volumes and currently co-edits the [[w:Journal of Global History|''Journal of Global History'']] in addition to having published or forthcoming over 45 book chapters and journal articles&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; in addition to numerous publications and appearances in more popular outlets like [[w:The Washington Post|''The Washington Post'']], [[w:The New York Times|''The New York Times'']], and [[w:CBS|CBS]].&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. We describe here briefly the motivation for this series.

[[Great American Paradox|One major contributor to the dominant position of the US in the international political economy]] today may have been the [[w:Postal Service Act|US Postal Service Act of 1792]]. Under that act, newspapers were delivered up to 100 miles for a penny when first class postage was between 6 and 25 cents. [[w:Alexis de Tocqueville|Alexis de Tocqueville]], who visited the relatively young United States of America in 1831, wrote, “There is scarcely a hamlet that does not have its own newspaper.”&lt;ref&gt;Tocqueville (1835, p. 93).&lt;/ref&gt; McChesney and Nichols estimated that these newspaper subsidies were roughly 0.21 percent of national income (Gross Domestic Project, GDP) in 1841.&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88).&lt;/ref&gt;

At that time, the US probably led the world by far in the number of independent newspaper publishers per capita or per million population. This encouraged literacy and limited political corruption, both of which contributed to making the US a leader in the rate of growth in average annual income (Gross Domestic Product, GDP, per capita). Corruption was also limited by the inability of a small number of publishers to dominate political discourse.

That began to change in the 1850s and 1860s with the introduction of high speed rotary presses, which increased the capital required to start a newspaper.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015, p. 80).&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1887 [[w:William Randolph Hearst|William Randolph Hearst]] took over management of his father’s ''[[w:San Francisco Examiner|San Francisco Examiner]]''. His success there gave him an appetite for building a newspaper chain. His 1895 purchase of the ''[[w:New York Morning Journal|New York Morning Journal]]'' gave him a second newspaper. By the mid-1920s, he owned 28 newspapers. Consolidation of ownership of the media became easier with the introduction of broadcasting and even easier with the Internet.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015). See also Wikiversity, “[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]” and “[[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]“.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy|This consolidation seems to be increasing political polarization and violence worldwide]], threatening democracy itself.

=== The threat from loss of newspapers ===

A previous ''Media &amp; Democracy'' interview with Arizona State University accounting professor Roger White on &quot;[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]&quot; describes problems that increase as the quality and quantity of news declines and ownership and control of the media become more highly concentrated: Major media too often deflect the public's attention from political corruption enabled by poor media. This too often contributes to other problems like [[w:Scapegoating|scapegoating]] [[w:Immigration|immigrants]] and attacking [[w:Diversity, equity, and inclusion|Diversity, equity, and inclusion]] (DEI) while also facilitating increases in pollution, the cost of borrowing, political polarization and violence, and decreases in workplace safety. More on this is included in other interviews in this ''Media &amp; Democracy'' series available on Wikiversity under [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

An important quantitative analysis of the problems associated with deficiencies in news is Neff and Pickard (2024). They analyzed data on media funding and democracy in 33 countries. The US has been rated as a &quot;flawed democracy&quot; according to the [[w:Economist Democracy Index|Economist Democracy Index]] and spends substantially less per capita on media compared to the world's leading democracies in Scandinavia and Commonweath countries. They note that commercial media focus primarily on people with money, while publicly-funded media try harder to serve everyone. Public funding is more strongly correlated with democracy than private funding. This recommends increasing public funding for media as a means of strengthening democracy. See also &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invite to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Andrew Denning and Heidi Tworek (2025-02-06) &quot;The Promises and Perils of Periodization in Global History: Lessons from the Inter-War Era&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191256}}
* &lt;!--Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb (eds.; 2015) Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet (Oxford University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131468166|editors=Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2010). The Death and Life of American Journalism (Bold Type Books) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q104888067}}.
* &lt;!-- Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001) Democracy in America (trans. by Richard Heffner, 2001; New America Library) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q112166602|publication-date=unset|author=Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001)}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2018-09-11) &quot;Quietly, One of President Trump’s Tariffs Threatens American Democracy&quot; WaPo--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190353}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-03-11) News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945 (Harvard University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135085111}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-04-25) Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189751}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2021-08-23) &quot; AReal History of Fake News: It has a long, not-so-illustrious past&quot;, Persuasion--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190470}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2021-12-10) &quot;History Explains Why Global Content Moderation Cannot Work&quot;, Brookings Inst--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189922}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2022-10-09) &quot;Living in an Interwar World: Communicable Disease and Epidemic Information&quot;, Long-Run Health Matters--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191062}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2024-06-28) &quot;Digital Regulation May Have Bolstered European Elections — but How Would We Know?--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190291}}

[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Germany]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
&lt;!--list of categories
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Category_Review
[[Wikiversity:Category Review]]--&gt;</text>
      <sha1>81hge7lzdq4u3t9xekvdegt0klhz10p</sha1>
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        <id>218607</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Bibliography */ add A Lesson From 1930s Germany: Beware State Control of Social Media&quot; to bib</comment>
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      <text bytes="14409" sha1="cfjuc3isgry3q9kqe5rdmedfhgbt4mh" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2025-06-08 interview with [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]] History professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek&gt;&lt;!--Heidi J.S. Tworek--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135116400}}&lt;/ref&gt; about her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today. A video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview will be added when available. The podcast will be released 2025-06-14 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;''

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;''
&lt;!--[[File:MeDem2025-07-03Tworek|thumb|2025-07-03 interview with University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]--&gt; 
&lt;!--[[File:MeDem20250712Tworek|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from a 2025-07-03 interview with University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]--&gt; 

University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; discusses her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today as documented in her prize-winning (2019) book, ''News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945'' and other work. 

== Selected Op-Eds ==

Professor Tworek's research Research Website includes a page devoted to &quot;Selected Op-Eds&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Heidi Tworek: Selected Op-Eds--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189849}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 2025-07-02 this included the following: 

* (2025-02-06) &quot;The Promises and Perils of Periodization in Global History: Lessons from the Inter-War Era&quot;, with Andrew Denning, discusses Eurocentrism and similar problems in selecting periods of history as foci for study. 
* (2024-06-28) &quot;Digital Regulation May Have Bolstered European Elections — but How Would We Know?&quot; notes that (a) we cannot accurately evaluate the impact of the 2022 European [[w:Digital Services Act|Digital Services Act]] without access to the data collected by the commercial Internet companies, which they are loath to share with serious researchers, but (b) the effect cannot be too large, because &quot;Low turnout has consistently plagued [[w:Elections to the European Parliament|EP [European Parliament] elections]] ... . Some countries saw stunning differences between turnout for national elections and the EP. Only 40 percent of Poles voted in the EP elections, while last autumn ... [n]early 75 percent voted in their most recent national elections. 
* (2022-10-09) &quot;Living in an Interwar World: Communicable Disease and Epidemic Information&quot; describes the history of the development of standard terminology and systems for sharing disease information internationally. That includes the League of Nations Health Organization and it successor, the [[w:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]], which still needs to be improved. 
* (2021-12-10) &quot;History Explains Why Global Content Moderation Cannot Work&quot; notes that &quot;the United States is seen today as something of a free-speech extremist,&quot; it had previously had active censorship, &quot;particularly when it comes to sex&quot;, including not allowing anatomy textbooks to be sent through the US Postal Service.
* (2021-08-23) &quot;A Real History of Fake News: It has a long, not-so-illustrious past&quot; traces the beginning of fake news to &quot;1622, when a London printer named Nathaniel Butter made journalism history by starting the first British newspaper. ... [But] when Butter published something that was not trivial, it was often made up.&quot; That tradition continued. In 1807 [[q:Thomas Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] complained, &quot;Nothing can now be believed which is seen in a newspaper. Truth itself becomes suspicious by being put into that polluted vehicle.&quot; The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was establishment in 1906 too combat overblown claims about miracle cures, which provided a significant portion of newspapers’ revenues. And many humans believed [[w:Pizzagate conspiracy theory|that Hillary Clinton is into sex trafficking.]]
* (2019-04-25) &quot;Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication&quot; discussing the history of, e.g., cutting undersea cables.
* (2018-09-11) &quot;Quietly, One of President Trump’s Tariffs Threatens American Democracy&quot; discusses esp. a new tariff on Canadian newsprint that threatens to bankrupt small newspapers already on the edge from loss of advertising. She also summarizes the history of how the price of paper has had a major impact on newspaper publishing: &quot;Before the 19th century, paper was mostly made from rags. The paper was very durable, but expensive. The mid-19th century development of cheap paper from groundwood pulp fueled the rise of mass-circulation newspapers. ... During World War I, however, procuring paper became problematic not only in the United States but in Britain and Germany. The British mass-market paper News of the World reduced from 16 pages in 1914 to four by 1918.&quot;

== Tworek bio== 

Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;  is the Canada Research Chair and Director of the Centre for the Study of Democratic Institutions at the [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]]. Her work focuses on how new media technology and policy have impacted democracy. She is also a senior fellow at the [[w:Centre for International Governance Innovation|Centre for International Governance Innovation]] in [[w:Waterloo, Ontario|Waterloo, Ontario]] as well as a non-resident fellow at the [[w:German Marshall Fund|German Marshall Fund]] of the United States and the [[w:Canadian Global Affairs Institute|Canadian Global Affairs Institute]]. She has co-edited four volumes and currently co-edits the [[w:Journal of Global History|''Journal of Global History'']] in addition to having published or forthcoming over 45 book chapters and journal articles&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; in addition to numerous publications and appearances in more popular outlets like [[w:The Washington Post|''The Washington Post'']], [[w:The New York Times|''The New York Times'']], and [[w:CBS|CBS]].&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. We describe here briefly the motivation for this series.

[[Great American Paradox|One major contributor to the dominant position of the US in the international political economy]] today may have been the [[w:Postal Service Act|US Postal Service Act of 1792]]. Under that act, newspapers were delivered up to 100 miles for a penny when first class postage was between 6 and 25 cents. [[w:Alexis de Tocqueville|Alexis de Tocqueville]], who visited the relatively young United States of America in 1831, wrote, “There is scarcely a hamlet that does not have its own newspaper.”&lt;ref&gt;Tocqueville (1835, p. 93).&lt;/ref&gt; McChesney and Nichols estimated that these newspaper subsidies were roughly 0.21 percent of national income (Gross Domestic Project, GDP) in 1841.&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88).&lt;/ref&gt;

At that time, the US probably led the world by far in the number of independent newspaper publishers per capita or per million population. This encouraged literacy and limited political corruption, both of which contributed to making the US a leader in the rate of growth in average annual income (Gross Domestic Product, GDP, per capita). Corruption was also limited by the inability of a small number of publishers to dominate political discourse.

That began to change in the 1850s and 1860s with the introduction of high speed rotary presses, which increased the capital required to start a newspaper.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015, p. 80).&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1887 [[w:William Randolph Hearst|William Randolph Hearst]] took over management of his father’s ''[[w:San Francisco Examiner|San Francisco Examiner]]''. His success there gave him an appetite for building a newspaper chain. His 1895 purchase of the ''[[w:New York Morning Journal|New York Morning Journal]]'' gave him a second newspaper. By the mid-1920s, he owned 28 newspapers. Consolidation of ownership of the media became easier with the introduction of broadcasting and even easier with the Internet.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015). See also Wikiversity, “[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]” and “[[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]“.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy|This consolidation seems to be increasing political polarization and violence worldwide]], threatening democracy itself.

=== The threat from loss of newspapers ===

A previous ''Media &amp; Democracy'' interview with Arizona State University accounting professor Roger White on &quot;[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]&quot; describes problems that increase as the quality and quantity of news declines and ownership and control of the media become more highly concentrated: Major media too often deflect the public's attention from political corruption enabled by poor media. This too often contributes to other problems like [[w:Scapegoating|scapegoating]] [[w:Immigration|immigrants]] and attacking [[w:Diversity, equity, and inclusion|Diversity, equity, and inclusion]] (DEI) while also facilitating increases in pollution, the cost of borrowing, political polarization and violence, and decreases in workplace safety. More on this is included in other interviews in this ''Media &amp; Democracy'' series available on Wikiversity under [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

An important quantitative analysis of the problems associated with deficiencies in news is Neff and Pickard (2024). They analyzed data on media funding and democracy in 33 countries. The US has been rated as a &quot;flawed democracy&quot; according to the [[w:Economist Democracy Index|Economist Democracy Index]] and spends substantially less per capita on media compared to the world's leading democracies in Scandinavia and Commonweath countries. They note that commercial media focus primarily on people with money, while publicly-funded media try harder to serve everyone. Public funding is more strongly correlated with democracy than private funding. This recommends increasing public funding for media as a means of strengthening democracy. See also &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invite to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Andrew Denning and Heidi Tworek (2025-02-06) &quot;The Promises and Perils of Periodization in Global History: Lessons from the Inter-War Era&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191256}}
* &lt;!--Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb (eds.; 2015) Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet (Oxford University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131468166|editors=Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2010). The Death and Life of American Journalism (Bold Type Books) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q104888067}}.
* &lt;!-- Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001) Democracy in America (trans. by Richard Heffner, 2001; New America Library) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q112166602|publication-date=unset|author=Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001)}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2018-09-11) &quot;Quietly, One of President Trump’s Tariffs Threatens American Democracy&quot; WaPo--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190353}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-03-11) News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945 (Harvard University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135085111}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-04-25) Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189751}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2019-05-26) &quot;A Lesson From 1930s Germany: Beware State Control of Social Media&quot;, The Atlantic--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191368}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2021-08-23) &quot; AReal History of Fake News: It has a long, not-so-illustrious past&quot;, Persuasion--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190470}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2021-12-10) &quot;History Explains Why Global Content Moderation Cannot Work&quot;, Brookings Inst--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189922}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2022-10-09) &quot;Living in an Interwar World: Communicable Disease and Epidemic Information&quot;, Long-Run Health Matters--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191062}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2024-06-28) &quot;Digital Regulation May Have Bolstered European Elections — but How Would We Know?--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190291}}

[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Germany]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
&lt;!--list of categories
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Category_Review
[[Wikiversity:Category Review]]--&gt;</text>
      <sha1>cfjuc3isgry3q9kqe5rdmedfhgbt4mh</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>2720452</id>
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        <id>218607</id>
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      <comment>/* Selected Op-Eds */ summarize A Lesson From 1930s Germany: Beware State Control of Social Media</comment>
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      <text bytes="14789" sha1="gatd2ly5uqzdggiditxcznsvzj07gjr" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2025-06-08 interview with [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]] History professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek&gt;&lt;!--Heidi J.S. Tworek--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135116400}}&lt;/ref&gt; about her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today. A video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview will be added when available. The podcast will be released 2025-06-14 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;''

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;''
&lt;!--[[File:MeDem2025-07-03Tworek|thumb|2025-07-03 interview with University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]--&gt; 
&lt;!--[[File:MeDem20250712Tworek|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from a 2025-07-03 interview with University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]--&gt; 

University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; discusses her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today as documented in her prize-winning (2019) book, ''News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945'' and other work. 

== Selected Op-Eds ==

Professor Tworek's research Research Website includes a page devoted to &quot;Selected Op-Eds&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Heidi Tworek: Selected Op-Eds--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189849}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 2025-07-02 this included the following: 

* (2025-02-06) &quot;The Promises and Perils of Periodization in Global History: Lessons from the Inter-War Era&quot;, with Andrew Denning, discusses Eurocentrism and similar problems in selecting periods of history as foci for study. 
* (2024-06-28) &quot;Digital Regulation May Have Bolstered European Elections — but How Would We Know?&quot; notes that (a) we cannot accurately evaluate the impact of the 2022 European [[w:Digital Services Act|Digital Services Act]] without access to the data collected by the commercial Internet companies, which they are loath to share with serious researchers, but (b) the effect cannot be too large, because &quot;Low turnout has consistently plagued [[w:Elections to the European Parliament|EP [European Parliament] elections]] ... . Some countries saw stunning differences between turnout for national elections and the EP. Only 40 percent of Poles voted in the EP elections, while last autumn ... [n]early 75 percent voted in their most recent national elections. 
* (2022-10-09) &quot;Living in an Interwar World: Communicable Disease and Epidemic Information&quot; describes the history of the development of standard terminology and systems for sharing disease information internationally. That includes the League of Nations Health Organization and it successor, the [[w:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]], which still needs to be improved. 
* (2021-12-10) &quot;History Explains Why Global Content Moderation Cannot Work&quot; notes that &quot;the United States is seen today as something of a free-speech extremist,&quot; it had previously had active censorship, &quot;particularly when it comes to sex&quot;, including not allowing anatomy textbooks to be sent through the US Postal Service.
* (2021-08-23) &quot;A Real History of Fake News: It has a long, not-so-illustrious past&quot; traces the beginning of fake news to &quot;1622, when a London printer named Nathaniel Butter made journalism history by starting the first British newspaper. ... [But] when Butter published something that was not trivial, it was often made up.&quot; That tradition continued. In 1807 [[q:Thomas Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] complained, &quot;Nothing can now be believed which is seen in a newspaper. Truth itself becomes suspicious by being put into that polluted vehicle.&quot; The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was establishment in 1906 too combat overblown claims about miracle cures, which provided a significant portion of newspapers’ revenues. And many humans believed [[w:Pizzagate conspiracy theory|that Hillary Clinton is into sex trafficking.]]
* (2019-05-26) &quot;A Lesson From 1930s Germany: Beware State Control of Social Media&quot; describes how efforts by Weimar Republic officials in the 1920s and early 1930s to limit the pernicious influence of misinformation and disinformation, especially in the new medium of radio, made it easy for the Nazis to control the messages reaching the public once they achieved power in 1933. 
* (2019-04-25) &quot;Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication&quot; discussing the history of, e.g., cutting undersea cables.
* (2018-09-11) &quot;Quietly, One of President Trump’s Tariffs Threatens American Democracy&quot; discusses esp. a new tariff on Canadian newsprint that threatens to bankrupt small newspapers already on the edge from loss of advertising. She also summarizes the history of how the price of paper has had a major impact on newspaper publishing: &quot;Before the 19th century, paper was mostly made from rags. The paper was very durable, but expensive. The mid-19th century development of cheap paper from groundwood pulp fueled the rise of mass-circulation newspapers. ... During World War I, however, procuring paper became problematic not only in the United States but in Britain and Germany. The British mass-market paper News of the World reduced from 16 pages in 1914 to four by 1918.&quot;

== Tworek bio== 

Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;  is the Canada Research Chair and Director of the Centre for the Study of Democratic Institutions at the [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]]. Her work focuses on how new media technology and policy have impacted democracy. She is also a senior fellow at the [[w:Centre for International Governance Innovation|Centre for International Governance Innovation]] in [[w:Waterloo, Ontario|Waterloo, Ontario]] as well as a non-resident fellow at the [[w:German Marshall Fund|German Marshall Fund]] of the United States and the [[w:Canadian Global Affairs Institute|Canadian Global Affairs Institute]]. She has co-edited four volumes and currently co-edits the [[w:Journal of Global History|''Journal of Global History'']] in addition to having published or forthcoming over 45 book chapters and journal articles&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; in addition to numerous publications and appearances in more popular outlets like [[w:The Washington Post|''The Washington Post'']], [[w:The New York Times|''The New York Times'']], and [[w:CBS|CBS]].&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. We describe here briefly the motivation for this series.

[[Great American Paradox|One major contributor to the dominant position of the US in the international political economy]] today may have been the [[w:Postal Service Act|US Postal Service Act of 1792]]. Under that act, newspapers were delivered up to 100 miles for a penny when first class postage was between 6 and 25 cents. [[w:Alexis de Tocqueville|Alexis de Tocqueville]], who visited the relatively young United States of America in 1831, wrote, “There is scarcely a hamlet that does not have its own newspaper.”&lt;ref&gt;Tocqueville (1835, p. 93).&lt;/ref&gt; McChesney and Nichols estimated that these newspaper subsidies were roughly 0.21 percent of national income (Gross Domestic Project, GDP) in 1841.&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88).&lt;/ref&gt;

At that time, the US probably led the world by far in the number of independent newspaper publishers per capita or per million population. This encouraged literacy and limited political corruption, both of which contributed to making the US a leader in the rate of growth in average annual income (Gross Domestic Product, GDP, per capita). Corruption was also limited by the inability of a small number of publishers to dominate political discourse.

That began to change in the 1850s and 1860s with the introduction of high speed rotary presses, which increased the capital required to start a newspaper.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015, p. 80).&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1887 [[w:William Randolph Hearst|William Randolph Hearst]] took over management of his father’s ''[[w:San Francisco Examiner|San Francisco Examiner]]''. His success there gave him an appetite for building a newspaper chain. His 1895 purchase of the ''[[w:New York Morning Journal|New York Morning Journal]]'' gave him a second newspaper. By the mid-1920s, he owned 28 newspapers. Consolidation of ownership of the media became easier with the introduction of broadcasting and even easier with the Internet.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015). See also Wikiversity, “[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]” and “[[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]“.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy|This consolidation seems to be increasing political polarization and violence worldwide]], threatening democracy itself.

=== The threat from loss of newspapers ===

A previous ''Media &amp; Democracy'' interview with Arizona State University accounting professor Roger White on &quot;[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]&quot; describes problems that increase as the quality and quantity of news declines and ownership and control of the media become more highly concentrated: Major media too often deflect the public's attention from political corruption enabled by poor media. This too often contributes to other problems like [[w:Scapegoating|scapegoating]] [[w:Immigration|immigrants]] and attacking [[w:Diversity, equity, and inclusion|Diversity, equity, and inclusion]] (DEI) while also facilitating increases in pollution, the cost of borrowing, political polarization and violence, and decreases in workplace safety. More on this is included in other interviews in this ''Media &amp; Democracy'' series available on Wikiversity under [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

An important quantitative analysis of the problems associated with deficiencies in news is Neff and Pickard (2024). They analyzed data on media funding and democracy in 33 countries. The US has been rated as a &quot;flawed democracy&quot; according to the [[w:Economist Democracy Index|Economist Democracy Index]] and spends substantially less per capita on media compared to the world's leading democracies in Scandinavia and Commonweath countries. They note that commercial media focus primarily on people with money, while publicly-funded media try harder to serve everyone. Public funding is more strongly correlated with democracy than private funding. This recommends increasing public funding for media as a means of strengthening democracy. See also &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invite to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Andrew Denning and Heidi Tworek (2025-02-06) &quot;The Promises and Perils of Periodization in Global History: Lessons from the Inter-War Era&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191256}}
* &lt;!--Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb (eds.; 2015) Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet (Oxford University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131468166|editors=Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2010). The Death and Life of American Journalism (Bold Type Books) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q104888067}}.
* &lt;!-- Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001) Democracy in America (trans. by Richard Heffner, 2001; New America Library) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q112166602|publication-date=unset|author=Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001)}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2018-09-11) &quot;Quietly, One of President Trump’s Tariffs Threatens American Democracy&quot; WaPo--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190353}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-03-11) News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945 (Harvard University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135085111}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-04-25) Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189751}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2019-05-26) &quot;A Lesson From 1930s Germany: Beware State Control of Social Media&quot;, The Atlantic--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191368}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2021-08-23) &quot; AReal History of Fake News: It has a long, not-so-illustrious past&quot;, Persuasion--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190470}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2021-12-10) &quot;History Explains Why Global Content Moderation Cannot Work&quot;, Brookings Inst--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189922}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2022-10-09) &quot;Living in an Interwar World: Communicable Disease and Epidemic Information&quot;, Long-Run Health Matters--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191062}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2024-06-28) &quot;Digital Regulation May Have Bolstered European Elections — but How Would We Know?--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190291}}

[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Germany]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
&lt;!--list of categories
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Category_Review
[[Wikiversity:Category Review]]--&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="14937" sha1="5v4uak3xrh5ims3ixmbt3zcsc80jp99" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2025-06-08 interview with [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]] History professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek&gt;&lt;!--Heidi J.S. Tworek--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135116400}}&lt;/ref&gt; about her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today. A video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview will be added when available. The podcast will be released 2025-06-14 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;''

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;''
&lt;!--[[File:MeDem2025-07-03Tworek|thumb|2025-07-03 interview with University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]--&gt; 
&lt;!--[[File:MeDem20250712Tworek|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from a 2025-07-03 interview with University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]--&gt; 

University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; discusses her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today as documented in her prize-winning (2019) book, ''News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945'' and other work. 

== Selected Op-Eds ==

Professor Tworek's research Research Website includes a page devoted to &quot;Selected Op-Eds&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Heidi Tworek: Selected Op-Eds--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189849}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 2025-07-02 this included the following: 

* (2025-02-06) &quot;The Promises and Perils of Periodization in Global History: Lessons from the Inter-War Era&quot;, with Andrew Denning, discusses Eurocentrism and similar problems in selecting periods of history as foci for study. 
* (2024-06-28) &quot;Digital Regulation May Have Bolstered European Elections — but How Would We Know?&quot; notes that (a) we cannot accurately evaluate the impact of the 2022 European [[w:Digital Services Act|Digital Services Act]] without access to the data collected by the commercial Internet companies, which they are loath to share with serious researchers, but (b) the effect cannot be too large, because &quot;Low turnout has consistently plagued [[w:Elections to the European Parliament|EP [European Parliament] elections]] ... . Some countries saw stunning differences between turnout for national elections and the EP. Only 40 percent of Poles voted in the EP elections, while last autumn ... [n]early 75 percent voted in their most recent national elections. 
* (2022-10-09) &quot;Living in an Interwar World: Communicable Disease and Epidemic Information&quot; describes the history of the development of standard terminology and systems for sharing disease information internationally. That includes the League of Nations Health Organization and it successor, the [[w:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]], which still needs to be improved. 
* (2021-12-10) &quot;History Explains Why Global Content Moderation Cannot Work&quot; notes that &quot;the United States is seen today as something of a free-speech extremist,&quot; it had previously had active censorship, &quot;particularly when it comes to sex&quot;, including not allowing anatomy textbooks to be sent through the US Postal Service.
* (2021-08-23) &quot;A Real History of Fake News: It has a long, not-so-illustrious past&quot; traces the beginning of fake news to &quot;1622, when a London printer named Nathaniel Butter made journalism history by starting the first British newspaper. ... [But] when Butter published something that was not trivial, it was often made up.&quot; That tradition continued. In 1807 [[q:Thomas Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] complained, &quot;Nothing can now be believed which is seen in a newspaper. Truth itself becomes suspicious by being put into that polluted vehicle.&quot; The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was establishment in 1906 too combat overblown claims about miracle cures, which provided a significant portion of newspapers’ revenues. And many humans believed [[w:Pizzagate conspiracy theory|that Hillary Clinton is into sex trafficking.]]
* (2019-05-26) &quot;A Lesson From 1930s Germany: Beware State Control of Social Media&quot; describes how efforts by Weimar Republic officials in the 1920s and early 1930s to limit the pernicious influence of misinformation and disinformation, especially in the new medium of radio, made it easy for the Nazis to control the messages reaching the public once they achieved power in 1933. 
* (2019-04-25) &quot;Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication&quot; discussing the history of, e.g., cutting undersea cables.
* (2018-09-11) &quot;Quietly, One of President Trump’s Tariffs Threatens American Democracy&quot; discusses esp. a new tariff on Canadian newsprint that threatens to bankrupt small newspapers already on the edge from loss of advertising. She also summarizes the history of how the price of paper has had a major impact on newspaper publishing: &quot;Before the 19th century, paper was mostly made from rags. The paper was very durable, but expensive. The mid-19th century development of cheap paper from groundwood pulp fueled the rise of mass-circulation newspapers. ... During World War I, however, procuring paper became problematic not only in the United States but in Britain and Germany. The British mass-market paper News of the World reduced from 16 pages in 1914 to four by 1918.&quot;

== Tworek bio== 

Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;  is the Canada Research Chair and Director of the Centre for the Study of Democratic Institutions at the [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]]. Her work focuses on how new media technology and policy have impacted democracy. She is also a senior fellow at the [[w:Centre for International Governance Innovation|Centre for International Governance Innovation]] in [[w:Waterloo, Ontario|Waterloo, Ontario]] as well as a non-resident fellow at the [[w:German Marshall Fund|German Marshall Fund]] of the United States and the [[w:Canadian Global Affairs Institute|Canadian Global Affairs Institute]]. She has co-edited four volumes and currently co-edits the [[w:Journal of Global History|''Journal of Global History'']] in addition to having published or forthcoming over 45 book chapters and journal articles&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; in addition to numerous publications and appearances in more popular outlets like [[w:The Washington Post|''The Washington Post'']], [[w:The New York Times|''The New York Times'']], and [[w:CBS|CBS]].&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. We describe here briefly the motivation for this series.

[[Great American Paradox|One major contributor to the dominant position of the US in the international political economy]] today may have been the [[w:Postal Service Act|US Postal Service Act of 1792]]. Under that act, newspapers were delivered up to 100 miles for a penny when first class postage was between 6 and 25 cents. [[w:Alexis de Tocqueville|Alexis de Tocqueville]], who visited the relatively young United States of America in 1831, wrote, “There is scarcely a hamlet that does not have its own newspaper.”&lt;ref&gt;Tocqueville (1835, p. 93).&lt;/ref&gt; McChesney and Nichols estimated that these newspaper subsidies were roughly 0.21 percent of national income (Gross Domestic Project, GDP) in 1841.&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88).&lt;/ref&gt;

At that time, the US probably led the world by far in the number of independent newspaper publishers per capita or per million population. This encouraged literacy and limited political corruption, both of which contributed to making the US a leader in the rate of growth in average annual income (Gross Domestic Product, GDP, per capita). Corruption was also limited by the inability of a small number of publishers to dominate political discourse.

That began to change in the 1850s and 1860s with the introduction of high speed rotary presses, which increased the capital required to start a newspaper.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015, p. 80).&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1887 [[w:William Randolph Hearst|William Randolph Hearst]] took over management of his father’s ''[[w:San Francisco Examiner|San Francisco Examiner]]''. His success there gave him an appetite for building a newspaper chain. His 1895 purchase of the ''[[w:New York Morning Journal|New York Morning Journal]]'' gave him a second newspaper. By the mid-1920s, he owned 28 newspapers. Consolidation of ownership of the media became easier with the introduction of broadcasting and even easier with the Internet.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015). See also Wikiversity, “[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]” and “[[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]“.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy|This consolidation seems to be increasing political polarization and violence worldwide]], threatening democracy itself.

=== The threat from loss of newspapers ===

A previous ''Media &amp; Democracy'' interview with Arizona State University accounting professor Roger White on &quot;[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]&quot; describes problems that increase as the quality and quantity of news declines and ownership and control of the media become more highly concentrated: Major media too often deflect the public's attention from political corruption enabled by poor media. This too often contributes to other problems like [[w:Scapegoating|scapegoating]] [[w:Immigration|immigrants]] and attacking [[w:Diversity, equity, and inclusion|Diversity, equity, and inclusion]] (DEI) while also facilitating increases in pollution, the cost of borrowing, political polarization and violence, and decreases in workplace safety. More on this is included in other interviews in this ''Media &amp; Democracy'' series available on Wikiversity under [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

An important quantitative analysis of the problems associated with deficiencies in news is Neff and Pickard (2024). They analyzed data on media funding and democracy in 33 countries. The US has been rated as a &quot;flawed democracy&quot; according to the [[w:Economist Democracy Index|Economist Democracy Index]] and spends substantially less per capita on media compared to the world's leading democracies in Scandinavia and Commonweath countries. They note that commercial media focus primarily on people with money, while publicly-funded media try harder to serve everyone. Public funding is more strongly correlated with democracy than private funding. This recommends increasing public funding for media as a means of strengthening democracy. See also &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invite to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Andrew Denning and Heidi Tworek (2025-02-06) &quot;The Promises and Perils of Periodization in Global History: Lessons from the Inter-War Era&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191256}}
* &lt;!--Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb (eds.; 2015) Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet (Oxford University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131468166|editors=Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2010). The Death and Life of American Journalism (Bold Type Books) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q104888067}}.
* &lt;!-- Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001) Democracy in America (trans. by Richard Heffner, 2001; New America Library) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q112166602|publication-date=unset|author=Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001)}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2018-09-11) &quot;Quietly, One of President Trump’s Tariffs Threatens American Democracy&quot; WaPo--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190353}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-03-11) News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945 (Harvard University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135085111}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-04-25) Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189751}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2019-05-26) &quot;A Lesson From 1930s Germany: Beware State Control of Social Media&quot;, The Atlantic--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191368}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2021-08-23) &quot; AReal History of Fake News: It has a long, not-so-illustrious past&quot;, Persuasion--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190470}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2021-12-10) &quot;History Explains Why Global Content Moderation Cannot Work&quot;, Brookings Inst--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189922}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2022-10-09) &quot;Living in an Interwar World: Communicable Disease and Epidemic Information&quot;, Long-Run Health Matters--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191062}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2024-03-13) &quot;Digitized Newspapers and the Hidden Transformation of History&quot;, American Historical Review--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191423}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2024-06-28) &quot;Digital Regulation May Have Bolstered European Elections — but How Would We Know?--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190291}}

[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Germany]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
&lt;!--list of categories
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Category_Review
[[Wikiversity:Category Review]]--&gt;</text>
      <sha1>5v4uak3xrh5ims3ixmbt3zcsc80jp99</sha1>
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        <id>218607</id>
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      <comment>/* Selected Op-Eds */ add summary of Digitized Newspapers and the Hidden Transformation of History</comment>
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      <text bytes="15225" sha1="ixy67dy8g6cbbe502bc55p46y4j71yy" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2025-06-08 interview with [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]] History professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek&gt;&lt;!--Heidi J.S. Tworek--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135116400}}&lt;/ref&gt; about her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today. A video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview will be added when available. The podcast will be released 2025-06-14 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;''

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;''
&lt;!--[[File:MeDem2025-07-03Tworek|thumb|2025-07-03 interview with University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]--&gt; 
&lt;!--[[File:MeDem20250712Tworek|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from a 2025-07-03 interview with University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]--&gt; 

University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; discusses her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today as documented in her prize-winning (2019) book, ''News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945'' and other work. 

== Selected Op-Eds ==

Professor Tworek's research Research Website includes a page devoted to &quot;Selected Op-Eds&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Heidi Tworek: Selected Op-Eds--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189849}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 2025-07-02 this included the following: 

* (2025-02-06) &quot;The Promises and Perils of Periodization in Global History: Lessons from the Inter-War Era&quot;, with Andrew Denning, discusses Eurocentrism and similar problems in selecting periods of history as foci for study. 
* (2024-06-28) &quot;Digital Regulation May Have Bolstered European Elections — but How Would We Know?&quot; notes that (a) we cannot accurately evaluate the impact of the 2022 European [[w:Digital Services Act|Digital Services Act]] without access to the data collected by the commercial Internet companies, which they are loath to share with serious researchers, but (b) the effect cannot be too large, because &quot;Low turnout has consistently plagued [[w:Elections to the European Parliament|EP [European Parliament] elections]] ... . Some countries saw stunning differences between turnout for national elections and the EP. Only 40 percent of Poles voted in the EP elections, while last autumn ... [n]early 75 percent voted in their most recent national elections. 
* (2024-03-13) &quot;Digitized Newspapers and the Hidden Transformation of History&quot; discussed how the digitization of newspapers from the eighteenth century onward have been used to dramatically improve historical research, producing scholarship that would not have been feasible previously. 
* (2022-10-09) &quot;Living in an Interwar World: Communicable Disease and Epidemic Information&quot; describes the history of the development of standard terminology and systems for sharing disease information internationally. That includes the League of Nations Health Organization and it successor, the [[w:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]], which still needs to be improved. 
* (2021-12-10) &quot;History Explains Why Global Content Moderation Cannot Work&quot; notes that &quot;the United States is seen today as something of a free-speech extremist,&quot; it had previously had active censorship, &quot;particularly when it comes to sex&quot;, including not allowing anatomy textbooks to be sent through the US Postal Service.
* (2021-08-23) &quot;A Real History of Fake News: It has a long, not-so-illustrious past&quot; traces the beginning of fake news to &quot;1622, when a London printer named Nathaniel Butter made journalism history by starting the first British newspaper. ... [But] when Butter published something that was not trivial, it was often made up.&quot; That tradition continued. In 1807 [[q:Thomas Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] complained, &quot;Nothing can now be believed which is seen in a newspaper. Truth itself becomes suspicious by being put into that polluted vehicle.&quot; The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was establishment in 1906 too combat overblown claims about miracle cures, which provided a significant portion of newspapers’ revenues. And many humans believed [[w:Pizzagate conspiracy theory|that Hillary Clinton is into sex trafficking.]]
* (2019-05-26) &quot;A Lesson From 1930s Germany: Beware State Control of Social Media&quot; describes how efforts by Weimar Republic officials in the 1920s and early 1930s to limit the pernicious influence of misinformation and disinformation, especially in the new medium of radio, made it easy for the Nazis to control the messages reaching the public once they achieved power in 1933. 
* (2019-04-25) &quot;Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication&quot; discussing the history of, e.g., cutting undersea cables.
* (2018-09-11) &quot;Quietly, One of President Trump’s Tariffs Threatens American Democracy&quot; discusses esp. a new tariff on Canadian newsprint that threatens to bankrupt small newspapers already on the edge from loss of advertising. She also summarizes the history of how the price of paper has had a major impact on newspaper publishing: &quot;Before the 19th century, paper was mostly made from rags. The paper was very durable, but expensive. The mid-19th century development of cheap paper from groundwood pulp fueled the rise of mass-circulation newspapers. ... During World War I, however, procuring paper became problematic not only in the United States but in Britain and Germany. The British mass-market paper News of the World reduced from 16 pages in 1914 to four by 1918.&quot;

== Tworek bio== 

Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;  is the Canada Research Chair and Director of the Centre for the Study of Democratic Institutions at the [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]]. Her work focuses on how new media technology and policy have impacted democracy. She is also a senior fellow at the [[w:Centre for International Governance Innovation|Centre for International Governance Innovation]] in [[w:Waterloo, Ontario|Waterloo, Ontario]] as well as a non-resident fellow at the [[w:German Marshall Fund|German Marshall Fund]] of the United States and the [[w:Canadian Global Affairs Institute|Canadian Global Affairs Institute]]. She has co-edited four volumes and currently co-edits the [[w:Journal of Global History|''Journal of Global History'']] in addition to having published or forthcoming over 45 book chapters and journal articles&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; in addition to numerous publications and appearances in more popular outlets like [[w:The Washington Post|''The Washington Post'']], [[w:The New York Times|''The New York Times'']], and [[w:CBS|CBS]].&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. We describe here briefly the motivation for this series.

[[Great American Paradox|One major contributor to the dominant position of the US in the international political economy]] today may have been the [[w:Postal Service Act|US Postal Service Act of 1792]]. Under that act, newspapers were delivered up to 100 miles for a penny when first class postage was between 6 and 25 cents. [[w:Alexis de Tocqueville|Alexis de Tocqueville]], who visited the relatively young United States of America in 1831, wrote, “There is scarcely a hamlet that does not have its own newspaper.”&lt;ref&gt;Tocqueville (1835, p. 93).&lt;/ref&gt; McChesney and Nichols estimated that these newspaper subsidies were roughly 0.21 percent of national income (Gross Domestic Project, GDP) in 1841.&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88).&lt;/ref&gt;

At that time, the US probably led the world by far in the number of independent newspaper publishers per capita or per million population. This encouraged literacy and limited political corruption, both of which contributed to making the US a leader in the rate of growth in average annual income (Gross Domestic Product, GDP, per capita). Corruption was also limited by the inability of a small number of publishers to dominate political discourse.

That began to change in the 1850s and 1860s with the introduction of high speed rotary presses, which increased the capital required to start a newspaper.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015, p. 80).&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1887 [[w:William Randolph Hearst|William Randolph Hearst]] took over management of his father’s ''[[w:San Francisco Examiner|San Francisco Examiner]]''. His success there gave him an appetite for building a newspaper chain. His 1895 purchase of the ''[[w:New York Morning Journal|New York Morning Journal]]'' gave him a second newspaper. By the mid-1920s, he owned 28 newspapers. Consolidation of ownership of the media became easier with the introduction of broadcasting and even easier with the Internet.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015). See also Wikiversity, “[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]” and “[[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]“.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy|This consolidation seems to be increasing political polarization and violence worldwide]], threatening democracy itself.

=== The threat from loss of newspapers ===

A previous ''Media &amp; Democracy'' interview with Arizona State University accounting professor Roger White on &quot;[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]&quot; describes problems that increase as the quality and quantity of news declines and ownership and control of the media become more highly concentrated: Major media too often deflect the public's attention from political corruption enabled by poor media. This too often contributes to other problems like [[w:Scapegoating|scapegoating]] [[w:Immigration|immigrants]] and attacking [[w:Diversity, equity, and inclusion|Diversity, equity, and inclusion]] (DEI) while also facilitating increases in pollution, the cost of borrowing, political polarization and violence, and decreases in workplace safety. More on this is included in other interviews in this ''Media &amp; Democracy'' series available on Wikiversity under [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

An important quantitative analysis of the problems associated with deficiencies in news is Neff and Pickard (2024). They analyzed data on media funding and democracy in 33 countries. The US has been rated as a &quot;flawed democracy&quot; according to the [[w:Economist Democracy Index|Economist Democracy Index]] and spends substantially less per capita on media compared to the world's leading democracies in Scandinavia and Commonweath countries. They note that commercial media focus primarily on people with money, while publicly-funded media try harder to serve everyone. Public funding is more strongly correlated with democracy than private funding. This recommends increasing public funding for media as a means of strengthening democracy. See also &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invite to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Andrew Denning and Heidi Tworek (2025-02-06) &quot;The Promises and Perils of Periodization in Global History: Lessons from the Inter-War Era&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191256}}
* &lt;!--Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb (eds.; 2015) Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet (Oxford University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131468166|editors=Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2010). The Death and Life of American Journalism (Bold Type Books) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q104888067}}.
* &lt;!-- Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001) Democracy in America (trans. by Richard Heffner, 2001; New America Library) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q112166602|publication-date=unset|author=Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001)}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2018-09-11) &quot;Quietly, One of President Trump’s Tariffs Threatens American Democracy&quot; WaPo--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190353}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-03-11) News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945 (Harvard University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135085111}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-04-25) Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189751}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2019-05-26) &quot;A Lesson From 1930s Germany: Beware State Control of Social Media&quot;, The Atlantic--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191368}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2021-08-23) &quot; AReal History of Fake News: It has a long, not-so-illustrious past&quot;, Persuasion--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190470}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2021-12-10) &quot;History Explains Why Global Content Moderation Cannot Work&quot;, Brookings Inst--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189922}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2022-10-09) &quot;Living in an Interwar World: Communicable Disease and Epidemic Information&quot;, Long-Run Health Matters--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191062}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2024-03-13) &quot;Digitized Newspapers and the Hidden Transformation of History&quot;, American Historical Review--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191423}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2024-06-28) &quot;Digital Regulation May Have Bolstered European Elections — but How Would We Know?--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190291}}

[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Germany]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
&lt;!--list of categories
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Category_Review
[[Wikiversity:Category Review]]--&gt;</text>
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        <id>218607</id>
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      <comment>add &quot;she is interviewed by sg</comment>
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      <text bytes="15316" sha1="q6gjyxwgey5hbp4oyeqp1kospenzdfp" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2025-06-08 interview with [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]] History professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek&gt;&lt;!--Heidi J.S. Tworek--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135116400}}&lt;/ref&gt; about her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today. A video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview will be added when available. The podcast will be released 2025-06-14 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;''

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;''
&lt;!--[[File:MeDem2025-07-03Tworek|thumb|2025-07-03 interview with University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]--&gt; 
&lt;!--[[File:MeDem20250712Tworek|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from a 2025-07-03 interview with University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]--&gt; 

University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; discusses her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today as documented in her prize-winning (2019) book, ''News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945'' and other works. She is interviewed by Spencer Graves.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!-- Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Selected Op-Eds ==

Professor Tworek's research Research Website includes a page devoted to &quot;Selected Op-Eds&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Heidi Tworek: Selected Op-Eds--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189849}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 2025-07-02 this included the following: 

* (2025-02-06) &quot;The Promises and Perils of Periodization in Global History: Lessons from the Inter-War Era&quot;, with Andrew Denning, discusses Eurocentrism and similar problems in selecting periods of history as foci for study. 
* (2024-06-28) &quot;Digital Regulation May Have Bolstered European Elections — but How Would We Know?&quot; notes that (a) we cannot accurately evaluate the impact of the 2022 European [[w:Digital Services Act|Digital Services Act]] without access to the data collected by the commercial Internet companies, which they are loath to share with serious researchers, but (b) the effect cannot be too large, because &quot;Low turnout has consistently plagued [[w:Elections to the European Parliament|EP [European Parliament] elections]] ... . Some countries saw stunning differences between turnout for national elections and the EP. Only 40 percent of Poles voted in the EP elections, while last autumn ... [n]early 75 percent voted in their most recent national elections. 
* (2024-03-13) &quot;Digitized Newspapers and the Hidden Transformation of History&quot; discussed how the digitization of newspapers from the eighteenth century onward have been used to dramatically improve historical research, producing scholarship that would not have been feasible previously. 
* (2022-10-09) &quot;Living in an Interwar World: Communicable Disease and Epidemic Information&quot; describes the history of the development of standard terminology and systems for sharing disease information internationally. That includes the League of Nations Health Organization and it successor, the [[w:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]], which still needs to be improved. 
* (2021-12-10) &quot;History Explains Why Global Content Moderation Cannot Work&quot; notes that &quot;the United States is seen today as something of a free-speech extremist,&quot; it had previously had active censorship, &quot;particularly when it comes to sex&quot;, including not allowing anatomy textbooks to be sent through the US Postal Service.
* (2021-08-23) &quot;A Real History of Fake News: It has a long, not-so-illustrious past&quot; traces the beginning of fake news to &quot;1622, when a London printer named Nathaniel Butter made journalism history by starting the first British newspaper. ... [But] when Butter published something that was not trivial, it was often made up.&quot; That tradition continued. In 1807 [[q:Thomas Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] complained, &quot;Nothing can now be believed which is seen in a newspaper. Truth itself becomes suspicious by being put into that polluted vehicle.&quot; The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was establishment in 1906 too combat overblown claims about miracle cures, which provided a significant portion of newspapers’ revenues. And many humans believed [[w:Pizzagate conspiracy theory|that Hillary Clinton is into sex trafficking.]]
* (2019-05-26) &quot;A Lesson From 1930s Germany: Beware State Control of Social Media&quot; describes how efforts by Weimar Republic officials in the 1920s and early 1930s to limit the pernicious influence of misinformation and disinformation, especially in the new medium of radio, made it easy for the Nazis to control the messages reaching the public once they achieved power in 1933. 
* (2019-04-25) &quot;Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication&quot; discussing the history of, e.g., cutting undersea cables.
* (2018-09-11) &quot;Quietly, One of President Trump’s Tariffs Threatens American Democracy&quot; discusses esp. a new tariff on Canadian newsprint that threatens to bankrupt small newspapers already on the edge from loss of advertising. She also summarizes the history of how the price of paper has had a major impact on newspaper publishing: &quot;Before the 19th century, paper was mostly made from rags. The paper was very durable, but expensive. The mid-19th century development of cheap paper from groundwood pulp fueled the rise of mass-circulation newspapers. ... During World War I, however, procuring paper became problematic not only in the United States but in Britain and Germany. The British mass-market paper News of the World reduced from 16 pages in 1914 to four by 1918.&quot;

== Tworek bio== 

Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;  is the Canada Research Chair and Director of the Centre for the Study of Democratic Institutions at the [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]]. Her work focuses on how new media technology and policy have impacted democracy. She is also a senior fellow at the [[w:Centre for International Governance Innovation|Centre for International Governance Innovation]] in [[w:Waterloo, Ontario|Waterloo, Ontario]] as well as a non-resident fellow at the [[w:German Marshall Fund|German Marshall Fund]] of the United States and the [[w:Canadian Global Affairs Institute|Canadian Global Affairs Institute]]. She has co-edited four volumes and currently co-edits the [[w:Journal of Global History|''Journal of Global History'']] in addition to having published or forthcoming over 45 book chapters and journal articles&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; in addition to numerous publications and appearances in more popular outlets like [[w:The Washington Post|''The Washington Post'']], [[w:The New York Times|''The New York Times'']], and [[w:CBS|CBS]].&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. We describe here briefly the motivation for this series.

[[Great American Paradox|One major contributor to the dominant position of the US in the international political economy]] today may have been the [[w:Postal Service Act|US Postal Service Act of 1792]]. Under that act, newspapers were delivered up to 100 miles for a penny when first class postage was between 6 and 25 cents. [[w:Alexis de Tocqueville|Alexis de Tocqueville]], who visited the relatively young United States of America in 1831, wrote, “There is scarcely a hamlet that does not have its own newspaper.”&lt;ref&gt;Tocqueville (1835, p. 93).&lt;/ref&gt; McChesney and Nichols estimated that these newspaper subsidies were roughly 0.21 percent of national income (Gross Domestic Project, GDP) in 1841.&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88).&lt;/ref&gt;

At that time, the US probably led the world by far in the number of independent newspaper publishers per capita or per million population. This encouraged literacy and limited political corruption, both of which contributed to making the US a leader in the rate of growth in average annual income (Gross Domestic Product, GDP, per capita). Corruption was also limited by the inability of a small number of publishers to dominate political discourse.

That began to change in the 1850s and 1860s with the introduction of high speed rotary presses, which increased the capital required to start a newspaper.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015, p. 80).&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1887 [[w:William Randolph Hearst|William Randolph Hearst]] took over management of his father’s ''[[w:San Francisco Examiner|San Francisco Examiner]]''. His success there gave him an appetite for building a newspaper chain. His 1895 purchase of the ''[[w:New York Morning Journal|New York Morning Journal]]'' gave him a second newspaper. By the mid-1920s, he owned 28 newspapers. Consolidation of ownership of the media became easier with the introduction of broadcasting and even easier with the Internet.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015). See also Wikiversity, “[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]” and “[[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]“.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy|This consolidation seems to be increasing political polarization and violence worldwide]], threatening democracy itself.

=== The threat from loss of newspapers ===

A previous ''Media &amp; Democracy'' interview with Arizona State University accounting professor Roger White on &quot;[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]&quot; describes problems that increase as the quality and quantity of news declines and ownership and control of the media become more highly concentrated: Major media too often deflect the public's attention from political corruption enabled by poor media. This too often contributes to other problems like [[w:Scapegoating|scapegoating]] [[w:Immigration|immigrants]] and attacking [[w:Diversity, equity, and inclusion|Diversity, equity, and inclusion]] (DEI) while also facilitating increases in pollution, the cost of borrowing, political polarization and violence, and decreases in workplace safety. More on this is included in other interviews in this ''Media &amp; Democracy'' series available on Wikiversity under [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

An important quantitative analysis of the problems associated with deficiencies in news is Neff and Pickard (2024). They analyzed data on media funding and democracy in 33 countries. The US has been rated as a &quot;flawed democracy&quot; according to the [[w:Economist Democracy Index|Economist Democracy Index]] and spends substantially less per capita on media compared to the world's leading democracies in Scandinavia and Commonweath countries. They note that commercial media focus primarily on people with money, while publicly-funded media try harder to serve everyone. Public funding is more strongly correlated with democracy than private funding. This recommends increasing public funding for media as a means of strengthening democracy. See also &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invite to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Andrew Denning and Heidi Tworek (2025-02-06) &quot;The Promises and Perils of Periodization in Global History: Lessons from the Inter-War Era&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191256}}
* &lt;!--Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb (eds.; 2015) Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet (Oxford University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131468166|editors=Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2010). The Death and Life of American Journalism (Bold Type Books) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q104888067}}.
* &lt;!-- Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001) Democracy in America (trans. by Richard Heffner, 2001; New America Library) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q112166602|publication-date=unset|author=Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001)}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2018-09-11) &quot;Quietly, One of President Trump’s Tariffs Threatens American Democracy&quot; WaPo--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190353}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-03-11) News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945 (Harvard University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135085111}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-04-25) Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189751}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2019-05-26) &quot;A Lesson From 1930s Germany: Beware State Control of Social Media&quot;, The Atlantic--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191368}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2021-08-23) &quot; AReal History of Fake News: It has a long, not-so-illustrious past&quot;, Persuasion--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190470}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2021-12-10) &quot;History Explains Why Global Content Moderation Cannot Work&quot;, Brookings Inst--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189922}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2022-10-09) &quot;Living in an Interwar World: Communicable Disease and Epidemic Information&quot;, Long-Run Health Matters--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191062}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2024-03-13) &quot;Digitized Newspapers and the Hidden Transformation of History&quot;, American Historical Review--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191423}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2024-06-28) &quot;Digital Regulation May Have Bolstered European Elections — but How Would We Know?--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190291}}

[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Germany]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
&lt;!--list of categories
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Category_Review
[[Wikiversity:Category Review]]--&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="15317" sha1="d7eqhgf2hk37ypsrnl01t2gsxjbmz65" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2025-06-08 interview with [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]] History professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek&gt;&lt;!--Heidi J.S. Tworek--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135116400}}&lt;/ref&gt; about her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today. A video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview will be added when available. The podcast will be released 2025-06-14 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;''

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;''
&lt;!--[[File:MeDem2025-07-03Tworek|thumb|2025-07-03 interview with University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]--&gt; 
&lt;!--[[File:MeDem20250712Tworek|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from a 2025-07-03 interview with University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]--&gt; 

University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; discusses her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today as documented in her prize-winning (2019) book, ''News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945'', and other works. She is interviewed by Spencer Graves.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!-- Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Selected Op-Eds ==

Professor Tworek's research Research Website includes a page devoted to &quot;Selected Op-Eds&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Heidi Tworek: Selected Op-Eds--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189849}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 2025-07-02 this included the following: 

* (2025-02-06) &quot;The Promises and Perils of Periodization in Global History: Lessons from the Inter-War Era&quot;, with Andrew Denning, discusses Eurocentrism and similar problems in selecting periods of history as foci for study. 
* (2024-06-28) &quot;Digital Regulation May Have Bolstered European Elections — but How Would We Know?&quot; notes that (a) we cannot accurately evaluate the impact of the 2022 European [[w:Digital Services Act|Digital Services Act]] without access to the data collected by the commercial Internet companies, which they are loath to share with serious researchers, but (b) the effect cannot be too large, because &quot;Low turnout has consistently plagued [[w:Elections to the European Parliament|EP [European Parliament] elections]] ... . Some countries saw stunning differences between turnout for national elections and the EP. Only 40 percent of Poles voted in the EP elections, while last autumn ... [n]early 75 percent voted in their most recent national elections. 
* (2024-03-13) &quot;Digitized Newspapers and the Hidden Transformation of History&quot; discussed how the digitization of newspapers from the eighteenth century onward have been used to dramatically improve historical research, producing scholarship that would not have been feasible previously. 
* (2022-10-09) &quot;Living in an Interwar World: Communicable Disease and Epidemic Information&quot; describes the history of the development of standard terminology and systems for sharing disease information internationally. That includes the League of Nations Health Organization and it successor, the [[w:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]], which still needs to be improved. 
* (2021-12-10) &quot;History Explains Why Global Content Moderation Cannot Work&quot; notes that &quot;the United States is seen today as something of a free-speech extremist,&quot; it had previously had active censorship, &quot;particularly when it comes to sex&quot;, including not allowing anatomy textbooks to be sent through the US Postal Service.
* (2021-08-23) &quot;A Real History of Fake News: It has a long, not-so-illustrious past&quot; traces the beginning of fake news to &quot;1622, when a London printer named Nathaniel Butter made journalism history by starting the first British newspaper. ... [But] when Butter published something that was not trivial, it was often made up.&quot; That tradition continued. In 1807 [[q:Thomas Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] complained, &quot;Nothing can now be believed which is seen in a newspaper. Truth itself becomes suspicious by being put into that polluted vehicle.&quot; The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was establishment in 1906 too combat overblown claims about miracle cures, which provided a significant portion of newspapers’ revenues. And many humans believed [[w:Pizzagate conspiracy theory|that Hillary Clinton is into sex trafficking.]]
* (2019-05-26) &quot;A Lesson From 1930s Germany: Beware State Control of Social Media&quot; describes how efforts by Weimar Republic officials in the 1920s and early 1930s to limit the pernicious influence of misinformation and disinformation, especially in the new medium of radio, made it easy for the Nazis to control the messages reaching the public once they achieved power in 1933. 
* (2019-04-25) &quot;Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication&quot; discussing the history of, e.g., cutting undersea cables.
* (2018-09-11) &quot;Quietly, One of President Trump’s Tariffs Threatens American Democracy&quot; discusses esp. a new tariff on Canadian newsprint that threatens to bankrupt small newspapers already on the edge from loss of advertising. She also summarizes the history of how the price of paper has had a major impact on newspaper publishing: &quot;Before the 19th century, paper was mostly made from rags. The paper was very durable, but expensive. The mid-19th century development of cheap paper from groundwood pulp fueled the rise of mass-circulation newspapers. ... During World War I, however, procuring paper became problematic not only in the United States but in Britain and Germany. The British mass-market paper News of the World reduced from 16 pages in 1914 to four by 1918.&quot;

== Tworek bio== 

Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;  is the Canada Research Chair and Director of the Centre for the Study of Democratic Institutions at the [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]]. Her work focuses on how new media technology and policy have impacted democracy. She is also a senior fellow at the [[w:Centre for International Governance Innovation|Centre for International Governance Innovation]] in [[w:Waterloo, Ontario|Waterloo, Ontario]] as well as a non-resident fellow at the [[w:German Marshall Fund|German Marshall Fund]] of the United States and the [[w:Canadian Global Affairs Institute|Canadian Global Affairs Institute]]. She has co-edited four volumes and currently co-edits the [[w:Journal of Global History|''Journal of Global History'']] in addition to having published or forthcoming over 45 book chapters and journal articles&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; in addition to numerous publications and appearances in more popular outlets like [[w:The Washington Post|''The Washington Post'']], [[w:The New York Times|''The New York Times'']], and [[w:CBS|CBS]].&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. We describe here briefly the motivation for this series.

[[Great American Paradox|One major contributor to the dominant position of the US in the international political economy]] today may have been the [[w:Postal Service Act|US Postal Service Act of 1792]]. Under that act, newspapers were delivered up to 100 miles for a penny when first class postage was between 6 and 25 cents. [[w:Alexis de Tocqueville|Alexis de Tocqueville]], who visited the relatively young United States of America in 1831, wrote, “There is scarcely a hamlet that does not have its own newspaper.”&lt;ref&gt;Tocqueville (1835, p. 93).&lt;/ref&gt; McChesney and Nichols estimated that these newspaper subsidies were roughly 0.21 percent of national income (Gross Domestic Project, GDP) in 1841.&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88).&lt;/ref&gt;

At that time, the US probably led the world by far in the number of independent newspaper publishers per capita or per million population. This encouraged literacy and limited political corruption, both of which contributed to making the US a leader in the rate of growth in average annual income (Gross Domestic Product, GDP, per capita). Corruption was also limited by the inability of a small number of publishers to dominate political discourse.

That began to change in the 1850s and 1860s with the introduction of high speed rotary presses, which increased the capital required to start a newspaper.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015, p. 80).&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1887 [[w:William Randolph Hearst|William Randolph Hearst]] took over management of his father’s ''[[w:San Francisco Examiner|San Francisco Examiner]]''. His success there gave him an appetite for building a newspaper chain. His 1895 purchase of the ''[[w:New York Morning Journal|New York Morning Journal]]'' gave him a second newspaper. By the mid-1920s, he owned 28 newspapers. Consolidation of ownership of the media became easier with the introduction of broadcasting and even easier with the Internet.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015). See also Wikiversity, “[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]” and “[[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]“.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy|This consolidation seems to be increasing political polarization and violence worldwide]], threatening democracy itself.

=== The threat from loss of newspapers ===

A previous ''Media &amp; Democracy'' interview with Arizona State University accounting professor Roger White on &quot;[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]&quot; describes problems that increase as the quality and quantity of news declines and ownership and control of the media become more highly concentrated: Major media too often deflect the public's attention from political corruption enabled by poor media. This too often contributes to other problems like [[w:Scapegoating|scapegoating]] [[w:Immigration|immigrants]] and attacking [[w:Diversity, equity, and inclusion|Diversity, equity, and inclusion]] (DEI) while also facilitating increases in pollution, the cost of borrowing, political polarization and violence, and decreases in workplace safety. More on this is included in other interviews in this ''Media &amp; Democracy'' series available on Wikiversity under [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

An important quantitative analysis of the problems associated with deficiencies in news is Neff and Pickard (2024). They analyzed data on media funding and democracy in 33 countries. The US has been rated as a &quot;flawed democracy&quot; according to the [[w:Economist Democracy Index|Economist Democracy Index]] and spends substantially less per capita on media compared to the world's leading democracies in Scandinavia and Commonweath countries. They note that commercial media focus primarily on people with money, while publicly-funded media try harder to serve everyone. Public funding is more strongly correlated with democracy than private funding. This recommends increasing public funding for media as a means of strengthening democracy. See also &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invite to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Andrew Denning and Heidi Tworek (2025-02-06) &quot;The Promises and Perils of Periodization in Global History: Lessons from the Inter-War Era&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191256}}
* &lt;!--Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb (eds.; 2015) Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet (Oxford University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131468166|editors=Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2010). The Death and Life of American Journalism (Bold Type Books) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q104888067}}.
* &lt;!-- Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001) Democracy in America (trans. by Richard Heffner, 2001; New America Library) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q112166602|publication-date=unset|author=Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001)}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2018-09-11) &quot;Quietly, One of President Trump’s Tariffs Threatens American Democracy&quot; WaPo--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190353}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-03-11) News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945 (Harvard University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135085111}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-04-25) Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189751}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2019-05-26) &quot;A Lesson From 1930s Germany: Beware State Control of Social Media&quot;, The Atlantic--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191368}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2021-08-23) &quot; AReal History of Fake News: It has a long, not-so-illustrious past&quot;, Persuasion--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190470}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2021-12-10) &quot;History Explains Why Global Content Moderation Cannot Work&quot;, Brookings Inst--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189922}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2022-10-09) &quot;Living in an Interwar World: Communicable Disease and Epidemic Information&quot;, Long-Run Health Matters--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191062}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2024-03-13) &quot;Digitized Newspapers and the Hidden Transformation of History&quot;, American Historical Review--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191423}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2024-06-28) &quot;Digital Regulation May Have Bolstered European Elections — but How Would We Know?--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190291}}

[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Germany]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
&lt;!--list of categories
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Category_Review
[[Wikiversity:Category Review]]--&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="15370" sha1="boax8jydt7f26p2atinucdx0s6sh0if" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2025-06-08 interview with [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]] History professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek&gt;&lt;!--Heidi J.S. Tworek--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135116400}}&lt;/ref&gt; about her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today. A video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview will be added when available. The podcast will be released 2025-06-14 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;''

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;''
&lt;!--[[File:MeDem2025-07-03Tworek|thumb|2025-07-03 interview with University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]--&gt; 
&lt;!--[[File:MeDem20250712Tworek|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from a 2025-07-03 interview with University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]--&gt; 

University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; discusses her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today as documented in her prize-winning (2019) book, ''News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945'', and other works. She is interviewed by Spencer Graves.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!-- Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Selected Op-Eds ==

Professor Tworek's research Research Website includes a page devoted to &quot;Selected Op-Eds&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Heidi Tworek: Selected Op-Eds--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189849}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 2025-07-02 this included the following: 

* (2025-02-06) &quot;The Promises and Perils of Periodization in Global History: Lessons from the Inter-War Era&quot;, with Andrew Denning,&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Andrew Denning--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191276}}&lt;/ref&gt; discusses Eurocentrism and similar problems in selecting periods of history as foci for study. 
* (2024-06-28) &quot;Digital Regulation May Have Bolstered European Elections — but How Would We Know?&quot; notes that (a) we cannot accurately evaluate the impact of the 2022 European [[w:Digital Services Act|Digital Services Act]] without access to the data collected by the commercial Internet companies, which they are loath to share with serious researchers, but (b) the effect cannot be too large, because &quot;Low turnout has consistently plagued [[w:Elections to the European Parliament|EP [European Parliament] elections]] ... . Some countries saw stunning differences between turnout for national elections and the EP. Only 40 percent of Poles voted in the EP elections, while last autumn ... [n]early 75 percent voted in their most recent national elections. 
* (2024-03-13) &quot;Digitized Newspapers and the Hidden Transformation of History&quot; discussed how the digitization of newspapers from the eighteenth century onward have been used to dramatically improve historical research, producing scholarship that would not have been feasible previously. 
* (2022-10-09) &quot;Living in an Interwar World: Communicable Disease and Epidemic Information&quot; describes the history of the development of standard terminology and systems for sharing disease information internationally. That includes the League of Nations Health Organization and it successor, the [[w:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]], which still needs to be improved. 
* (2021-12-10) &quot;History Explains Why Global Content Moderation Cannot Work&quot; notes that &quot;the United States is seen today as something of a free-speech extremist,&quot; it had previously had active censorship, &quot;particularly when it comes to sex&quot;, including not allowing anatomy textbooks to be sent through the US Postal Service.
* (2021-08-23) &quot;A Real History of Fake News: It has a long, not-so-illustrious past&quot; traces the beginning of fake news to &quot;1622, when a London printer named Nathaniel Butter made journalism history by starting the first British newspaper. ... [But] when Butter published something that was not trivial, it was often made up.&quot; That tradition continued. In 1807 [[q:Thomas Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] complained, &quot;Nothing can now be believed which is seen in a newspaper. Truth itself becomes suspicious by being put into that polluted vehicle.&quot; The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was establishment in 1906 too combat overblown claims about miracle cures, which provided a significant portion of newspapers’ revenues. And many humans believed [[w:Pizzagate conspiracy theory|that Hillary Clinton is into sex trafficking.]]
* (2019-05-26) &quot;A Lesson From 1930s Germany: Beware State Control of Social Media&quot; describes how efforts by Weimar Republic officials in the 1920s and early 1930s to limit the pernicious influence of misinformation and disinformation, especially in the new medium of radio, made it easy for the Nazis to control the messages reaching the public once they achieved power in 1933. 
* (2019-04-25) &quot;Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication&quot; discussing the history of, e.g., cutting undersea cables.
* (2018-09-11) &quot;Quietly, One of President Trump’s Tariffs Threatens American Democracy&quot; discusses esp. a new tariff on Canadian newsprint that threatens to bankrupt small newspapers already on the edge from loss of advertising. She also summarizes the history of how the price of paper has had a major impact on newspaper publishing: &quot;Before the 19th century, paper was mostly made from rags. The paper was very durable, but expensive. The mid-19th century development of cheap paper from groundwood pulp fueled the rise of mass-circulation newspapers. ... During World War I, however, procuring paper became problematic not only in the United States but in Britain and Germany. The British mass-market paper News of the World reduced from 16 pages in 1914 to four by 1918.&quot;

== Tworek bio== 

Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;  is the Canada Research Chair and Director of the Centre for the Study of Democratic Institutions at the [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]]. Her work focuses on how new media technology and policy have impacted democracy. She is also a senior fellow at the [[w:Centre for International Governance Innovation|Centre for International Governance Innovation]] in [[w:Waterloo, Ontario|Waterloo, Ontario]] as well as a non-resident fellow at the [[w:German Marshall Fund|German Marshall Fund]] of the United States and the [[w:Canadian Global Affairs Institute|Canadian Global Affairs Institute]]. She has co-edited four volumes and currently co-edits the [[w:Journal of Global History|''Journal of Global History'']] in addition to having published or forthcoming over 45 book chapters and journal articles&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; in addition to numerous publications and appearances in more popular outlets like [[w:The Washington Post|''The Washington Post'']], [[w:The New York Times|''The New York Times'']], and [[w:CBS|CBS]].&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. We describe here briefly the motivation for this series.

[[Great American Paradox|One major contributor to the dominant position of the US in the international political economy]] today may have been the [[w:Postal Service Act|US Postal Service Act of 1792]]. Under that act, newspapers were delivered up to 100 miles for a penny when first class postage was between 6 and 25 cents. [[w:Alexis de Tocqueville|Alexis de Tocqueville]], who visited the relatively young United States of America in 1831, wrote, “There is scarcely a hamlet that does not have its own newspaper.”&lt;ref&gt;Tocqueville (1835, p. 93).&lt;/ref&gt; McChesney and Nichols estimated that these newspaper subsidies were roughly 0.21 percent of national income (Gross Domestic Project, GDP) in 1841.&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88).&lt;/ref&gt;

At that time, the US probably led the world by far in the number of independent newspaper publishers per capita or per million population. This encouraged literacy and limited political corruption, both of which contributed to making the US a leader in the rate of growth in average annual income (Gross Domestic Product, GDP, per capita). Corruption was also limited by the inability of a small number of publishers to dominate political discourse.

That began to change in the 1850s and 1860s with the introduction of high speed rotary presses, which increased the capital required to start a newspaper.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015, p. 80).&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1887 [[w:William Randolph Hearst|William Randolph Hearst]] took over management of his father’s ''[[w:San Francisco Examiner|San Francisco Examiner]]''. His success there gave him an appetite for building a newspaper chain. His 1895 purchase of the ''[[w:New York Morning Journal|New York Morning Journal]]'' gave him a second newspaper. By the mid-1920s, he owned 28 newspapers. Consolidation of ownership of the media became easier with the introduction of broadcasting and even easier with the Internet.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015). See also Wikiversity, “[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]” and “[[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]“.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy|This consolidation seems to be increasing political polarization and violence worldwide]], threatening democracy itself.

=== The threat from loss of newspapers ===

A previous ''Media &amp; Democracy'' interview with Arizona State University accounting professor Roger White on &quot;[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]&quot; describes problems that increase as the quality and quantity of news declines and ownership and control of the media become more highly concentrated: Major media too often deflect the public's attention from political corruption enabled by poor media. This too often contributes to other problems like [[w:Scapegoating|scapegoating]] [[w:Immigration|immigrants]] and attacking [[w:Diversity, equity, and inclusion|Diversity, equity, and inclusion]] (DEI) while also facilitating increases in pollution, the cost of borrowing, political polarization and violence, and decreases in workplace safety. More on this is included in other interviews in this ''Media &amp; Democracy'' series available on Wikiversity under [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

An important quantitative analysis of the problems associated with deficiencies in news is Neff and Pickard (2024). They analyzed data on media funding and democracy in 33 countries. The US has been rated as a &quot;flawed democracy&quot; according to the [[w:Economist Democracy Index|Economist Democracy Index]] and spends substantially less per capita on media compared to the world's leading democracies in Scandinavia and Commonweath countries. They note that commercial media focus primarily on people with money, while publicly-funded media try harder to serve everyone. Public funding is more strongly correlated with democracy than private funding. This recommends increasing public funding for media as a means of strengthening democracy. See also &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invite to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Andrew Denning and Heidi Tworek (2025-02-06) &quot;The Promises and Perils of Periodization in Global History: Lessons from the Inter-War Era&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191256}}
* &lt;!--Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb (eds.; 2015) Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet (Oxford University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131468166|editors=Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2010). The Death and Life of American Journalism (Bold Type Books) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q104888067}}.
* &lt;!-- Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001) Democracy in America (trans. by Richard Heffner, 2001; New America Library) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q112166602|publication-date=unset|author=Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001)}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2018-09-11) &quot;Quietly, One of President Trump’s Tariffs Threatens American Democracy&quot; WaPo--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190353}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-03-11) News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945 (Harvard University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135085111}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-04-25) Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189751}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2019-05-26) &quot;A Lesson From 1930s Germany: Beware State Control of Social Media&quot;, The Atlantic--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191368}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2021-08-23) &quot; AReal History of Fake News: It has a long, not-so-illustrious past&quot;, Persuasion--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190470}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2021-12-10) &quot;History Explains Why Global Content Moderation Cannot Work&quot;, Brookings Inst--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189922}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2022-10-09) &quot;Living in an Interwar World: Communicable Disease and Epidemic Information&quot;, Long-Run Health Matters--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191062}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2024-03-13) &quot;Digitized Newspapers and the Hidden Transformation of History&quot;, American Historical Review--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191423}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2024-06-28) &quot;Digital Regulation May Have Bolstered European Elections — but How Would We Know?--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190291}}

[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Germany]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
&lt;!--list of categories
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Category_Review
[[Wikiversity:Category Review]]--&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="15393" sha1="8defc3oumge1m6ipk33erhv94xp3oz7" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2025-06-08 interview with [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]] History professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek&gt;&lt;!--Heidi J.S. Tworek--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135116400}}&lt;/ref&gt; about her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today. A video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview will be added when available. The podcast will be released 2025-06-14 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;''

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;''
&lt;!--[[File:MeDem2025-07-03Tworek|thumb|2025-07-03 interview with University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]--&gt; 
&lt;!--[[File:MeDem20250712Tworek|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from a 2025-07-03 interview with University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]--&gt; 

University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; discusses her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today as documented in her prize-winning (2019) book, ''News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945'', and other works. She is interviewed by Spencer Graves.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!-- Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Selected Op-Eds ==

Professor Tworek's research Research Website includes a page devoted to &quot;Selected Op-Eds&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Heidi Tworek: Selected Op-Eds--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189849}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 2025-07-02 this included the following: 

* (2025-02-06) &quot;The Promises and Perils of Periodization in Global History: Lessons from the Inter-War Era&quot;, with Andrew Denning,&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Andrew Denning--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191276}}&lt;/ref&gt; discusses Eurocentrism and similar problems in selecting periods of history as foci for study. 
* (2024-06-28) &quot;Digital Regulation May Have Bolstered European Elections — but How Would We Know?&quot; notes that (a) we cannot accurately evaluate the impact of the 2022 European [[w:Digital Services Act|Digital Services Act]] without access to the data collected by the commercial Internet companies, which they are loath to share with serious researchers, but (b) the effect cannot be too large, because &quot;Low turnout has consistently plagued [[w:Elections to the European Parliament|EP [European Parliament] elections]] ... . Some countries saw stunning differences between turnout for national elections and the EP. Only 40 percent of Poles voted in the EP elections, while last autumn ... [n]early 75 percent voted in their most recent national elections. 
* (2024-03-13) &quot;Digitized Newspapers and the Hidden Transformation of History&quot; discussed how the digitization of newspapers from the eighteenth century onward have been used to dramatically improve historical research, producing scholarship that would not have been feasible previously. 
* (2022-10-09) &quot;Living in an Interwar World: Communicable Disease and Epidemic Information&quot; describes the history of the development of standard terminology and systems for sharing disease information internationally. That includes the League of Nations Health Organization and it successor, the [[w:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]], which still needs to be improved. 
* (2021-12-10) &quot;History Explains Why Global Content Moderation Cannot Work&quot; notes that &quot;the United States is seen today as something of a free-speech extremist,&quot; it had previously had active censorship, &quot;particularly when it comes to sex&quot;, including not allowing anatomy textbooks to be sent through the US Postal Service.
* (2021-08-23) &quot;A Real History of Fake News: It has a long, not-so-illustrious past&quot; traces the beginning of fake news to &quot;1622, when a London printer named [[w:Nathaniel Butter|Nathaniel Butter]] made journalism history by starting the first British newspaper. ... [But] when Butter published something that was not trivial, it was often made up.&quot; That tradition continued. In 1807 [[q:Thomas Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] complained, &quot;Nothing can now be believed which is seen in a newspaper. Truth itself becomes suspicious by being put into that polluted vehicle.&quot; The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was establishment in 1906 too combat overblown claims about miracle cures, which provided a significant portion of newspapers’ revenues. And many humans believed [[w:Pizzagate conspiracy theory|that Hillary Clinton is into sex trafficking.]]
* (2019-05-26) &quot;A Lesson From 1930s Germany: Beware State Control of Social Media&quot; describes how efforts by Weimar Republic officials in the 1920s and early 1930s to limit the pernicious influence of misinformation and disinformation, especially in the new medium of radio, made it easy for the Nazis to control the messages reaching the public once they achieved power in 1933. 
* (2019-04-25) &quot;Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication&quot; discussing the history of, e.g., cutting undersea cables.
* (2018-09-11) &quot;Quietly, One of President Trump’s Tariffs Threatens American Democracy&quot; discusses esp. a new tariff on Canadian newsprint that threatens to bankrupt small newspapers already on the edge from loss of advertising. She also summarizes the history of how the price of paper has had a major impact on newspaper publishing: &quot;Before the 19th century, paper was mostly made from rags. The paper was very durable, but expensive. The mid-19th century development of cheap paper from groundwood pulp fueled the rise of mass-circulation newspapers. ... During World War I, however, procuring paper became problematic not only in the United States but in Britain and Germany. The British mass-market paper News of the World reduced from 16 pages in 1914 to four by 1918.&quot;

== Tworek bio== 

Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;  is the Canada Research Chair and Director of the Centre for the Study of Democratic Institutions at the [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]]. Her work focuses on how new media technology and policy have impacted democracy. She is also a senior fellow at the [[w:Centre for International Governance Innovation|Centre for International Governance Innovation]] in [[w:Waterloo, Ontario|Waterloo, Ontario]] as well as a non-resident fellow at the [[w:German Marshall Fund|German Marshall Fund]] of the United States and the [[w:Canadian Global Affairs Institute|Canadian Global Affairs Institute]]. She has co-edited four volumes and currently co-edits the [[w:Journal of Global History|''Journal of Global History'']] in addition to having published or forthcoming over 45 book chapters and journal articles&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; in addition to numerous publications and appearances in more popular outlets like [[w:The Washington Post|''The Washington Post'']], [[w:The New York Times|''The New York Times'']], and [[w:CBS|CBS]].&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. We describe here briefly the motivation for this series.

[[Great American Paradox|One major contributor to the dominant position of the US in the international political economy]] today may have been the [[w:Postal Service Act|US Postal Service Act of 1792]]. Under that act, newspapers were delivered up to 100 miles for a penny when first class postage was between 6 and 25 cents. [[w:Alexis de Tocqueville|Alexis de Tocqueville]], who visited the relatively young United States of America in 1831, wrote, “There is scarcely a hamlet that does not have its own newspaper.”&lt;ref&gt;Tocqueville (1835, p. 93).&lt;/ref&gt; McChesney and Nichols estimated that these newspaper subsidies were roughly 0.21 percent of national income (Gross Domestic Project, GDP) in 1841.&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88).&lt;/ref&gt;

At that time, the US probably led the world by far in the number of independent newspaper publishers per capita or per million population. This encouraged literacy and limited political corruption, both of which contributed to making the US a leader in the rate of growth in average annual income (Gross Domestic Product, GDP, per capita). Corruption was also limited by the inability of a small number of publishers to dominate political discourse.

That began to change in the 1850s and 1860s with the introduction of high speed rotary presses, which increased the capital required to start a newspaper.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015, p. 80).&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1887 [[w:William Randolph Hearst|William Randolph Hearst]] took over management of his father’s ''[[w:San Francisco Examiner|San Francisco Examiner]]''. His success there gave him an appetite for building a newspaper chain. His 1895 purchase of the ''[[w:New York Morning Journal|New York Morning Journal]]'' gave him a second newspaper. By the mid-1920s, he owned 28 newspapers. Consolidation of ownership of the media became easier with the introduction of broadcasting and even easier with the Internet.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015). See also Wikiversity, “[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]” and “[[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]“.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy|This consolidation seems to be increasing political polarization and violence worldwide]], threatening democracy itself.

=== The threat from loss of newspapers ===

A previous ''Media &amp; Democracy'' interview with Arizona State University accounting professor Roger White on &quot;[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]&quot; describes problems that increase as the quality and quantity of news declines and ownership and control of the media become more highly concentrated: Major media too often deflect the public's attention from political corruption enabled by poor media. This too often contributes to other problems like [[w:Scapegoating|scapegoating]] [[w:Immigration|immigrants]] and attacking [[w:Diversity, equity, and inclusion|Diversity, equity, and inclusion]] (DEI) while also facilitating increases in pollution, the cost of borrowing, political polarization and violence, and decreases in workplace safety. More on this is included in other interviews in this ''Media &amp; Democracy'' series available on Wikiversity under [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

An important quantitative analysis of the problems associated with deficiencies in news is Neff and Pickard (2024). They analyzed data on media funding and democracy in 33 countries. The US has been rated as a &quot;flawed democracy&quot; according to the [[w:Economist Democracy Index|Economist Democracy Index]] and spends substantially less per capita on media compared to the world's leading democracies in Scandinavia and Commonweath countries. They note that commercial media focus primarily on people with money, while publicly-funded media try harder to serve everyone. Public funding is more strongly correlated with democracy than private funding. This recommends increasing public funding for media as a means of strengthening democracy. See also &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invite to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Andrew Denning and Heidi Tworek (2025-02-06) &quot;The Promises and Perils of Periodization in Global History: Lessons from the Inter-War Era&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191256}}
* &lt;!--Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb (eds.; 2015) Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet (Oxford University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131468166|editors=Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2010). The Death and Life of American Journalism (Bold Type Books) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q104888067}}.
* &lt;!-- Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001) Democracy in America (trans. by Richard Heffner, 2001; New America Library) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q112166602|publication-date=unset|author=Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001)}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2018-09-11) &quot;Quietly, One of President Trump’s Tariffs Threatens American Democracy&quot; WaPo--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190353}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-03-11) News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945 (Harvard University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135085111}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-04-25) Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189751}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2019-05-26) &quot;A Lesson From 1930s Germany: Beware State Control of Social Media&quot;, The Atlantic--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191368}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2021-08-23) &quot; AReal History of Fake News: It has a long, not-so-illustrious past&quot;, Persuasion--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190470}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2021-12-10) &quot;History Explains Why Global Content Moderation Cannot Work&quot;, Brookings Inst--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189922}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2022-10-09) &quot;Living in an Interwar World: Communicable Disease and Epidemic Information&quot;, Long-Run Health Matters--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191062}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2024-03-13) &quot;Digitized Newspapers and the Hidden Transformation of History&quot;, American Historical Review--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191423}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2024-06-28) &quot;Digital Regulation May Have Bolstered European Elections — but How Would We Know?--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190291}}

[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Germany]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
&lt;!--list of categories
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Category_Review
[[Wikiversity:Category Review]]--&gt;</text>
      <sha1>8defc3oumge1m6ipk33erhv94xp3oz7</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>2720505</id>
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        <username>DavidMCEddy</username>
        <id>218607</id>
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      <text bytes="15428" sha1="bxdxb2p3k1zayk69od3eyxciiqxxfm4" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2025-06-08 interview with [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]] History professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek&gt;&lt;!--Heidi J.S. Tworek--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135116400}}&lt;/ref&gt; about her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today. A video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview will be added when available. The podcast will be released 2025-06-14 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;''

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;''
&lt;!--[[File:MeDem2025-07-03Tworek|thumb|2025-07-03 interview with University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]--&gt; 
&lt;!--[[File:MeDem20250712Tworek|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from a 2025-07-03 interview with University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]--&gt; 

University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; discusses her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today as documented in her prize-winning (2019) book, ''News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945'', and other works. She is interviewed by Spencer Graves.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!-- Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Selected Op-Eds ==

Professor Tworek's research Research Website includes a page devoted to &quot;Selected Op-Eds&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Heidi Tworek: Selected Op-Eds--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189849}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 2025-07-02 this included the following: 

* (2025-02-06) &quot;The Promises and Perils of Periodization in Global History: Lessons from the Inter-War Era&quot;, with Andrew Denning,&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Andrew Denning--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191276}}&lt;/ref&gt; discusses Eurocentrism and similar problems in selecting periods of history as foci for study. 
* (2024-06-28) &quot;Digital Regulation May Have Bolstered European Elections — but How Would We Know?&quot; notes that (a) we cannot accurately evaluate the impact of the 2022 European [[w:Digital Services Act|Digital Services Act]] without access to the data collected by the commercial Internet companies, which they are loath to share with serious researchers, but (b) the effect cannot be too large, because &quot;Low turnout has consistently plagued [[w:Elections to the European Parliament|EP [European Parliament] elections]] ... . Some countries saw stunning differences between turnout for national elections and the EP. Only 40 percent of Poles voted in the EP elections, while last autumn ... [n]early 75 percent voted in their most recent national elections. 
* (2024-03-13) &quot;Digitized Newspapers and the Hidden Transformation of History&quot; discussed how the digitization of newspapers from the eighteenth century onward have been used to dramatically improve historical research, producing scholarship that would not have been feasible previously. 
* (2022-10-09) &quot;Living in an Interwar World: Communicable Disease and Epidemic Information&quot; describes the history of the development of standard terminology and systems for sharing disease information internationally. That includes the League of Nations Health Organization and it successor, the [[w:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]], which still needs to be improved. 
* (2021-12-10) &quot;History Explains Why Global Content Moderation Cannot Work&quot; notes that &quot;the United States is seen today as something of a free-speech extremist,&quot; it had previously had active censorship, &quot;particularly when it comes to sex&quot;, including not allowing anatomy textbooks to be sent through the US Postal Service.
* (2021-08-23) &quot;A Real History of Fake News: It has a long, not-so-illustrious past&quot; traces the beginning of fake news to &quot;1622, when a London printer named [[w:Nathaniel Butter|Nathaniel Butter]] made journalism history by starting the first British newspaper. ... [But] when Butter published something that was not trivial, it was often made up.&quot; That tradition continued. In 1807 [[q:Thomas Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] complained, &quot;Nothing can now be believed which is seen in a newspaper. Truth itself becomes suspicious by being put into that polluted vehicle.&quot; The US [[w:Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) was establishment in 1906 too combat overblown claims about miracle cures, which provided a significant portion of newspapers’ revenues. And many humans believed [[w:Pizzagate conspiracy theory|that Hillary Clinton is into sex trafficking.]]
* (2019-05-26) &quot;A Lesson From 1930s Germany: Beware State Control of Social Media&quot; describes how efforts by Weimar Republic officials in the 1920s and early 1930s to limit the pernicious influence of misinformation and disinformation, especially in the new medium of radio, made it easy for the Nazis to control the messages reaching the public once they achieved power in 1933. 
* (2019-04-25) &quot;Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication&quot; discussing the history of, e.g., cutting undersea cables.
* (2018-09-11) &quot;Quietly, One of President Trump’s Tariffs Threatens American Democracy&quot; discusses esp. a new tariff on Canadian newsprint that threatens to bankrupt small newspapers already on the edge from loss of advertising. She also summarizes the history of how the price of paper has had a major impact on newspaper publishing: &quot;Before the 19th century, paper was mostly made from rags. The paper was very durable, but expensive. The mid-19th century development of cheap paper from groundwood pulp fueled the rise of mass-circulation newspapers. ... During World War I, however, procuring paper became problematic not only in the United States but in Britain and Germany. The British mass-market paper News of the World reduced from 16 pages in 1914 to four by 1918.&quot;

== Tworek bio== 

Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;  is the Canada Research Chair and Director of the Centre for the Study of Democratic Institutions at the [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]]. Her work focuses on how new media technology and policy have impacted democracy. She is also a senior fellow at the [[w:Centre for International Governance Innovation|Centre for International Governance Innovation]] in [[w:Waterloo, Ontario|Waterloo, Ontario]] as well as a non-resident fellow at the [[w:German Marshall Fund|German Marshall Fund]] of the United States and the [[w:Canadian Global Affairs Institute|Canadian Global Affairs Institute]]. She has co-edited four volumes and currently co-edits the [[w:Journal of Global History|''Journal of Global History'']] in addition to having published or forthcoming over 45 book chapters and journal articles&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; in addition to numerous publications and appearances in more popular outlets like [[w:The Washington Post|''The Washington Post'']], [[w:The New York Times|''The New York Times'']], and [[w:CBS|CBS]].&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. We describe here briefly the motivation for this series.

[[Great American Paradox|One major contributor to the dominant position of the US in the international political economy]] today may have been the [[w:Postal Service Act|US Postal Service Act of 1792]]. Under that act, newspapers were delivered up to 100 miles for a penny when first class postage was between 6 and 25 cents. [[w:Alexis de Tocqueville|Alexis de Tocqueville]], who visited the relatively young United States of America in 1831, wrote, “There is scarcely a hamlet that does not have its own newspaper.”&lt;ref&gt;Tocqueville (1835, p. 93).&lt;/ref&gt; McChesney and Nichols estimated that these newspaper subsidies were roughly 0.21 percent of national income (Gross Domestic Project, GDP) in 1841.&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88).&lt;/ref&gt;

At that time, the US probably led the world by far in the number of independent newspaper publishers per capita or per million population. This encouraged literacy and limited political corruption, both of which contributed to making the US a leader in the rate of growth in average annual income (Gross Domestic Product, GDP, per capita). Corruption was also limited by the inability of a small number of publishers to dominate political discourse.

That began to change in the 1850s and 1860s with the introduction of high speed rotary presses, which increased the capital required to start a newspaper.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015, p. 80).&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1887 [[w:William Randolph Hearst|William Randolph Hearst]] took over management of his father’s ''[[w:San Francisco Examiner|San Francisco Examiner]]''. His success there gave him an appetite for building a newspaper chain. His 1895 purchase of the ''[[w:New York Morning Journal|New York Morning Journal]]'' gave him a second newspaper. By the mid-1920s, he owned 28 newspapers. Consolidation of ownership of the media became easier with the introduction of broadcasting and even easier with the Internet.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015). See also Wikiversity, “[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]” and “[[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]“.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy|This consolidation seems to be increasing political polarization and violence worldwide]], threatening democracy itself.

=== The threat from loss of newspapers ===

A previous ''Media &amp; Democracy'' interview with Arizona State University accounting professor Roger White on &quot;[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]&quot; describes problems that increase as the quality and quantity of news declines and ownership and control of the media become more highly concentrated: Major media too often deflect the public's attention from political corruption enabled by poor media. This too often contributes to other problems like [[w:Scapegoating|scapegoating]] [[w:Immigration|immigrants]] and attacking [[w:Diversity, equity, and inclusion|Diversity, equity, and inclusion]] (DEI) while also facilitating increases in pollution, the cost of borrowing, political polarization and violence, and decreases in workplace safety. More on this is included in other interviews in this ''Media &amp; Democracy'' series available on Wikiversity under [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

An important quantitative analysis of the problems associated with deficiencies in news is Neff and Pickard (2024). They analyzed data on media funding and democracy in 33 countries. The US has been rated as a &quot;flawed democracy&quot; according to the [[w:Economist Democracy Index|Economist Democracy Index]] and spends substantially less per capita on media compared to the world's leading democracies in Scandinavia and Commonweath countries. They note that commercial media focus primarily on people with money, while publicly-funded media try harder to serve everyone. Public funding is more strongly correlated with democracy than private funding. This recommends increasing public funding for media as a means of strengthening democracy. See also &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invite to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Andrew Denning and Heidi Tworek (2025-02-06) &quot;The Promises and Perils of Periodization in Global History: Lessons from the Inter-War Era&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191256}}
* &lt;!--Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb (eds.; 2015) Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet (Oxford University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131468166|editors=Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2010). The Death and Life of American Journalism (Bold Type Books) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q104888067}}.
* &lt;!-- Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001) Democracy in America (trans. by Richard Heffner, 2001; New America Library) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q112166602|publication-date=unset|author=Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001)}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2018-09-11) &quot;Quietly, One of President Trump’s Tariffs Threatens American Democracy&quot; WaPo--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190353}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-03-11) News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945 (Harvard University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135085111}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-04-25) Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189751}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2019-05-26) &quot;A Lesson From 1930s Germany: Beware State Control of Social Media&quot;, The Atlantic--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191368}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2021-08-23) &quot; AReal History of Fake News: It has a long, not-so-illustrious past&quot;, Persuasion--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190470}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2021-12-10) &quot;History Explains Why Global Content Moderation Cannot Work&quot;, Brookings Inst--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189922}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2022-10-09) &quot;Living in an Interwar World: Communicable Disease and Epidemic Information&quot;, Long-Run Health Matters--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191062}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2024-03-13) &quot;Digitized Newspapers and the Hidden Transformation of History&quot;, American Historical Review--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191423}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2024-06-28) &quot;Digital Regulation May Have Bolstered European Elections — but How Would We Know?--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190291}}

[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Germany]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
&lt;!--list of categories
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Category_Review
[[Wikiversity:Category Review]]--&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="15443" sha1="1i2s4k35zjd6xzz7lmk9vao5077lgkh" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2025-06-08 interview with [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]] History professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek&gt;&lt;!--Heidi J.S. Tworek--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135116400}}&lt;/ref&gt; about her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today. A video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview will be added when available. The podcast will be released 2025-06-14 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;''

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;''
&lt;!--[[File:MeDem2025-07-03Tworek|thumb|2025-07-03 interview with University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]--&gt; 
&lt;!--[[File:MeDem20250712Tworek|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from a 2025-07-03 interview with University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]--&gt; 

University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; discusses her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today as documented in her prize-winning (2019) book, ''News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945'', and other works. She is interviewed by Spencer Graves.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!-- Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Selected Op-Eds ==

Professor Tworek's research Research Website includes a page devoted to &quot;Selected Op-Eds&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Heidi Tworek: Selected Op-Eds--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189849}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 2025-07-02 this included the following: 

* (2025-02-06) &quot;The Promises and Perils of Periodization in Global History: Lessons from the Inter-War Era&quot;, with Andrew Denning,&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Andrew Denning--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191276}}&lt;/ref&gt; discusses Eurocentrism and similar problems in selecting periods of history as foci for study. 
* (2024-06-28) &quot;Digital Regulation May Have Bolstered European Elections — but How Would We Know?&quot; notes that (a) we cannot accurately evaluate the impact of the 2022 European [[w:Digital Services Act|Digital Services Act]] without access to the data collected by the commercial Internet companies, which they are loath to share with serious researchers, but (b) the effect cannot be too large, because &quot;Low turnout has consistently plagued [[w:Elections to the European Parliament|EP [European Parliament] elections]] ... . Some countries saw stunning differences between turnout for national elections and the EP. Only 40 percent of Poles voted in the EP elections, while last autumn ... [n]early 75 percent voted in their most recent national elections. 
* (2024-03-13) &quot;Digitized Newspapers and the Hidden Transformation of History&quot; discussed how the digitization of newspapers from the eighteenth century onward have been used to dramatically improve historical research, producing scholarship that would not have been feasible previously. 
* (2022-10-09) &quot;Living in an Interwar World: Communicable Disease and Epidemic Information&quot; describes the history of the development of standard terminology and systems for sharing disease information internationally. That includes the League of Nations Health Organization and it successor, the [[w:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]], which still needs to be improved. 
* (2021-12-10) &quot;History Explains Why Global Content Moderation Cannot Work&quot; notes that &quot;the United States is seen today as something of a free-speech extremist,&quot; it had previously had active censorship, &quot;particularly when it comes to sex&quot;, including not allowing anatomy textbooks to be sent through the US Postal Service.
* (2021-08-23) &quot;A Real History of Fake News: It has a long, not-so-illustrious past&quot; traces the beginning of fake news to &quot;1622, when a London printer named [[w:Nathaniel Butter|Nathaniel Butter]] made journalism history by starting the first British newspaper. ... [But] when Butter published something that was not trivial, it was often made up.&quot; That tradition continued. In 1807 [[q:Thomas Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] complained, &quot;Nothing can now be believed which is seen in a newspaper. Truth itself becomes suspicious by being put into that polluted vehicle.&quot; The US [[w:History of the Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) was establishment in 1906 too combat overblown claims about miracle cures, which provided a significant portion of newspapers’ revenues. And many humans believed [[w:Pizzagate conspiracy theory|that Hillary Clinton is into sex trafficking.]]
* (2019-05-26) &quot;A Lesson From 1930s Germany: Beware State Control of Social Media&quot; describes how efforts by Weimar Republic officials in the 1920s and early 1930s to limit the pernicious influence of misinformation and disinformation, especially in the new medium of radio, made it easy for the Nazis to control the messages reaching the public once they achieved power in 1933. 
* (2019-04-25) &quot;Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication&quot; discussing the history of, e.g., cutting undersea cables.
* (2018-09-11) &quot;Quietly, One of President Trump’s Tariffs Threatens American Democracy&quot; discusses esp. a new tariff on Canadian newsprint that threatens to bankrupt small newspapers already on the edge from loss of advertising. She also summarizes the history of how the price of paper has had a major impact on newspaper publishing: &quot;Before the 19th century, paper was mostly made from rags. The paper was very durable, but expensive. The mid-19th century development of cheap paper from groundwood pulp fueled the rise of mass-circulation newspapers. ... During World War I, however, procuring paper became problematic not only in the United States but in Britain and Germany. The British mass-market paper News of the World reduced from 16 pages in 1914 to four by 1918.&quot;

== Tworek bio== 

Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;  is the Canada Research Chair and Director of the Centre for the Study of Democratic Institutions at the [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]]. Her work focuses on how new media technology and policy have impacted democracy. She is also a senior fellow at the [[w:Centre for International Governance Innovation|Centre for International Governance Innovation]] in [[w:Waterloo, Ontario|Waterloo, Ontario]] as well as a non-resident fellow at the [[w:German Marshall Fund|German Marshall Fund]] of the United States and the [[w:Canadian Global Affairs Institute|Canadian Global Affairs Institute]]. She has co-edited four volumes and currently co-edits the [[w:Journal of Global History|''Journal of Global History'']] in addition to having published or forthcoming over 45 book chapters and journal articles&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; in addition to numerous publications and appearances in more popular outlets like [[w:The Washington Post|''The Washington Post'']], [[w:The New York Times|''The New York Times'']], and [[w:CBS|CBS]].&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. We describe here briefly the motivation for this series.

[[Great American Paradox|One major contributor to the dominant position of the US in the international political economy]] today may have been the [[w:Postal Service Act|US Postal Service Act of 1792]]. Under that act, newspapers were delivered up to 100 miles for a penny when first class postage was between 6 and 25 cents. [[w:Alexis de Tocqueville|Alexis de Tocqueville]], who visited the relatively young United States of America in 1831, wrote, “There is scarcely a hamlet that does not have its own newspaper.”&lt;ref&gt;Tocqueville (1835, p. 93).&lt;/ref&gt; McChesney and Nichols estimated that these newspaper subsidies were roughly 0.21 percent of national income (Gross Domestic Project, GDP) in 1841.&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88).&lt;/ref&gt;

At that time, the US probably led the world by far in the number of independent newspaper publishers per capita or per million population. This encouraged literacy and limited political corruption, both of which contributed to making the US a leader in the rate of growth in average annual income (Gross Domestic Product, GDP, per capita). Corruption was also limited by the inability of a small number of publishers to dominate political discourse.

That began to change in the 1850s and 1860s with the introduction of high speed rotary presses, which increased the capital required to start a newspaper.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015, p. 80).&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1887 [[w:William Randolph Hearst|William Randolph Hearst]] took over management of his father’s ''[[w:San Francisco Examiner|San Francisco Examiner]]''. His success there gave him an appetite for building a newspaper chain. His 1895 purchase of the ''[[w:New York Morning Journal|New York Morning Journal]]'' gave him a second newspaper. By the mid-1920s, he owned 28 newspapers. Consolidation of ownership of the media became easier with the introduction of broadcasting and even easier with the Internet.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015). See also Wikiversity, “[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]” and “[[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]“.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy|This consolidation seems to be increasing political polarization and violence worldwide]], threatening democracy itself.

=== The threat from loss of newspapers ===

A previous ''Media &amp; Democracy'' interview with Arizona State University accounting professor Roger White on &quot;[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]&quot; describes problems that increase as the quality and quantity of news declines and ownership and control of the media become more highly concentrated: Major media too often deflect the public's attention from political corruption enabled by poor media. This too often contributes to other problems like [[w:Scapegoating|scapegoating]] [[w:Immigration|immigrants]] and attacking [[w:Diversity, equity, and inclusion|Diversity, equity, and inclusion]] (DEI) while also facilitating increases in pollution, the cost of borrowing, political polarization and violence, and decreases in workplace safety. More on this is included in other interviews in this ''Media &amp; Democracy'' series available on Wikiversity under [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

An important quantitative analysis of the problems associated with deficiencies in news is Neff and Pickard (2024). They analyzed data on media funding and democracy in 33 countries. The US has been rated as a &quot;flawed democracy&quot; according to the [[w:Economist Democracy Index|Economist Democracy Index]] and spends substantially less per capita on media compared to the world's leading democracies in Scandinavia and Commonweath countries. They note that commercial media focus primarily on people with money, while publicly-funded media try harder to serve everyone. Public funding is more strongly correlated with democracy than private funding. This recommends increasing public funding for media as a means of strengthening democracy. See also &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invite to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Andrew Denning and Heidi Tworek (2025-02-06) &quot;The Promises and Perils of Periodization in Global History: Lessons from the Inter-War Era&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191256}}
* &lt;!--Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb (eds.; 2015) Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet (Oxford University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131468166|editors=Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2010). The Death and Life of American Journalism (Bold Type Books) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q104888067}}.
* &lt;!-- Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001) Democracy in America (trans. by Richard Heffner, 2001; New America Library) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q112166602|publication-date=unset|author=Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001)}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2018-09-11) &quot;Quietly, One of President Trump’s Tariffs Threatens American Democracy&quot; WaPo--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190353}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-03-11) News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945 (Harvard University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135085111}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-04-25) Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189751}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2019-05-26) &quot;A Lesson From 1930s Germany: Beware State Control of Social Media&quot;, The Atlantic--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191368}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2021-08-23) &quot; AReal History of Fake News: It has a long, not-so-illustrious past&quot;, Persuasion--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190470}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2021-12-10) &quot;History Explains Why Global Content Moderation Cannot Work&quot;, Brookings Inst--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189922}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2022-10-09) &quot;Living in an Interwar World: Communicable Disease and Epidemic Information&quot;, Long-Run Health Matters--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191062}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2024-03-13) &quot;Digitized Newspapers and the Hidden Transformation of History&quot;, American Historical Review--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191423}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2024-06-28) &quot;Digital Regulation May Have Bolstered European Elections — but How Would We Know?--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190291}}

[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Germany]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
&lt;!--list of categories
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Category_Review
[[Wikiversity:Category Review]]--&gt;</text>
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        <id>218607</id>
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      <text bytes="15442" sha1="rf5h80yc6r67mhglbv7t4hoohju14p4" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2025-06-08 interview with [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]] History professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek&gt;&lt;!--Heidi J.S. Tworek--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135116400}}&lt;/ref&gt; about her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today. A video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview will be added when available. The podcast will be released 2025-06-14 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;''

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;''
&lt;!--[[File:MeDem2025-07-03Tworek|thumb|2025-07-03 interview with University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]--&gt; 
&lt;!--[[File:MeDem20250712Tworek|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from a 2025-07-03 interview with University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]--&gt; 

University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; discusses her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today as documented in her prize-winning (2019) book, ''News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945'', and other works. She is interviewed by Spencer Graves.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!-- Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Selected Op-Eds ==

Professor Tworek's research Research Website includes a page devoted to &quot;Selected Op-Eds&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Heidi Tworek: Selected Op-Eds--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189849}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 2025-07-02 this included the following: 

* (2025-02-06) &quot;The Promises and Perils of Periodization in Global History: Lessons from the Inter-War Era&quot;, with Andrew Denning,&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Andrew Denning--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191276}}&lt;/ref&gt; discusses Eurocentrism and similar problems in selecting periods of history as foci for study. 
* (2024-06-28) &quot;Digital Regulation May Have Bolstered European Elections — but How Would We Know?&quot; notes that (a) we cannot accurately evaluate the impact of the 2022 European [[w:Digital Services Act|Digital Services Act]] without access to the data collected by the commercial Internet companies, which they are loath to share with serious researchers, but (b) the effect cannot be too large, because &quot;Low turnout has consistently plagued [[w:Elections to the European Parliament|EP [European Parliament] elections]] ... . Some countries saw stunning differences between turnout for national elections and the EP. Only 40 percent of Poles voted in the EP elections, while last autumn ... [n]early 75 percent voted in their most recent national elections. 
* (2024-03-13) &quot;Digitized Newspapers and the Hidden Transformation of History&quot; discussed how the digitization of newspapers from the eighteenth century onward have been used to dramatically improve historical research, producing scholarship that would not have been feasible previously. 
* (2022-10-09) &quot;Living in an Interwar World: Communicable Disease and Epidemic Information&quot; describes the history of the development of standard terminology and systems for sharing disease information internationally. That includes the League of Nations Health Organization and it successor, the [[w:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]], which still needs to be improved. 
* (2021-12-10) &quot;History Explains Why Global Content Moderation Cannot Work&quot; notes that &quot;the United States is seen today as something of a free-speech extremist,&quot; it had previously had active censorship, &quot;particularly when it comes to sex&quot;, including not allowing anatomy textbooks to be sent through the US Postal Service.
* (2021-08-23) &quot;A Real History of Fake News: It has a long, not-so-illustrious past&quot; traces the beginning of fake news to &quot;1622, when a London printer named [[w:Nathaniel Butter|Nathaniel Butter]] made journalism history by starting the first British newspaper. ... [But] when Butter published something that was not trivial, it was often made up.&quot; That tradition continued. In 1807 [[q:Thomas Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] complained, &quot;Nothing can now be believed which is seen in a newspaper. Truth itself becomes suspicious by being put into that polluted vehicle.&quot; The US [[w:History of the Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) was establishment in 1906 to combat overblown claims about miracle cures, which provided a significant portion of newspapers’ revenues. And many humans believed [[w:Pizzagate conspiracy theory|that Hillary Clinton is into sex trafficking.]]
* (2019-05-26) &quot;A Lesson From 1930s Germany: Beware State Control of Social Media&quot; describes how efforts by Weimar Republic officials in the 1920s and early 1930s to limit the pernicious influence of misinformation and disinformation, especially in the new medium of radio, made it easy for the Nazis to control the messages reaching the public once they achieved power in 1933. 
* (2019-04-25) &quot;Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication&quot; discussing the history of, e.g., cutting undersea cables.
* (2018-09-11) &quot;Quietly, One of President Trump’s Tariffs Threatens American Democracy&quot; discusses esp. a new tariff on Canadian newsprint that threatens to bankrupt small newspapers already on the edge from loss of advertising. She also summarizes the history of how the price of paper has had a major impact on newspaper publishing: &quot;Before the 19th century, paper was mostly made from rags. The paper was very durable, but expensive. The mid-19th century development of cheap paper from groundwood pulp fueled the rise of mass-circulation newspapers. ... During World War I, however, procuring paper became problematic not only in the United States but in Britain and Germany. The British mass-market paper News of the World reduced from 16 pages in 1914 to four by 1918.&quot;

== Tworek bio== 

Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;  is the Canada Research Chair and Director of the Centre for the Study of Democratic Institutions at the [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]]. Her work focuses on how new media technology and policy have impacted democracy. She is also a senior fellow at the [[w:Centre for International Governance Innovation|Centre for International Governance Innovation]] in [[w:Waterloo, Ontario|Waterloo, Ontario]] as well as a non-resident fellow at the [[w:German Marshall Fund|German Marshall Fund]] of the United States and the [[w:Canadian Global Affairs Institute|Canadian Global Affairs Institute]]. She has co-edited four volumes and currently co-edits the [[w:Journal of Global History|''Journal of Global History'']] in addition to having published or forthcoming over 45 book chapters and journal articles&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; in addition to numerous publications and appearances in more popular outlets like [[w:The Washington Post|''The Washington Post'']], [[w:The New York Times|''The New York Times'']], and [[w:CBS|CBS]].&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. We describe here briefly the motivation for this series.

[[Great American Paradox|One major contributor to the dominant position of the US in the international political economy]] today may have been the [[w:Postal Service Act|US Postal Service Act of 1792]]. Under that act, newspapers were delivered up to 100 miles for a penny when first class postage was between 6 and 25 cents. [[w:Alexis de Tocqueville|Alexis de Tocqueville]], who visited the relatively young United States of America in 1831, wrote, “There is scarcely a hamlet that does not have its own newspaper.”&lt;ref&gt;Tocqueville (1835, p. 93).&lt;/ref&gt; McChesney and Nichols estimated that these newspaper subsidies were roughly 0.21 percent of national income (Gross Domestic Project, GDP) in 1841.&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88).&lt;/ref&gt;

At that time, the US probably led the world by far in the number of independent newspaper publishers per capita or per million population. This encouraged literacy and limited political corruption, both of which contributed to making the US a leader in the rate of growth in average annual income (Gross Domestic Product, GDP, per capita). Corruption was also limited by the inability of a small number of publishers to dominate political discourse.

That began to change in the 1850s and 1860s with the introduction of high speed rotary presses, which increased the capital required to start a newspaper.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015, p. 80).&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1887 [[w:William Randolph Hearst|William Randolph Hearst]] took over management of his father’s ''[[w:San Francisco Examiner|San Francisco Examiner]]''. His success there gave him an appetite for building a newspaper chain. His 1895 purchase of the ''[[w:New York Morning Journal|New York Morning Journal]]'' gave him a second newspaper. By the mid-1920s, he owned 28 newspapers. Consolidation of ownership of the media became easier with the introduction of broadcasting and even easier with the Internet.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015). See also Wikiversity, “[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]” and “[[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]“.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy|This consolidation seems to be increasing political polarization and violence worldwide]], threatening democracy itself.

=== The threat from loss of newspapers ===

A previous ''Media &amp; Democracy'' interview with Arizona State University accounting professor Roger White on &quot;[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]&quot; describes problems that increase as the quality and quantity of news declines and ownership and control of the media become more highly concentrated: Major media too often deflect the public's attention from political corruption enabled by poor media. This too often contributes to other problems like [[w:Scapegoating|scapegoating]] [[w:Immigration|immigrants]] and attacking [[w:Diversity, equity, and inclusion|Diversity, equity, and inclusion]] (DEI) while also facilitating increases in pollution, the cost of borrowing, political polarization and violence, and decreases in workplace safety. More on this is included in other interviews in this ''Media &amp; Democracy'' series available on Wikiversity under [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

An important quantitative analysis of the problems associated with deficiencies in news is Neff and Pickard (2024). They analyzed data on media funding and democracy in 33 countries. The US has been rated as a &quot;flawed democracy&quot; according to the [[w:Economist Democracy Index|Economist Democracy Index]] and spends substantially less per capita on media compared to the world's leading democracies in Scandinavia and Commonweath countries. They note that commercial media focus primarily on people with money, while publicly-funded media try harder to serve everyone. Public funding is more strongly correlated with democracy than private funding. This recommends increasing public funding for media as a means of strengthening democracy. See also &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invite to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Andrew Denning and Heidi Tworek (2025-02-06) &quot;The Promises and Perils of Periodization in Global History: Lessons from the Inter-War Era&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191256}}
* &lt;!--Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb (eds.; 2015) Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet (Oxford University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131468166|editors=Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2010). The Death and Life of American Journalism (Bold Type Books) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q104888067}}.
* &lt;!-- Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001) Democracy in America (trans. by Richard Heffner, 2001; New America Library) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q112166602|publication-date=unset|author=Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001)}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2018-09-11) &quot;Quietly, One of President Trump’s Tariffs Threatens American Democracy&quot; WaPo--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190353}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-03-11) News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945 (Harvard University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135085111}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-04-25) Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189751}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2019-05-26) &quot;A Lesson From 1930s Germany: Beware State Control of Social Media&quot;, The Atlantic--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191368}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2021-08-23) &quot; AReal History of Fake News: It has a long, not-so-illustrious past&quot;, Persuasion--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190470}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2021-12-10) &quot;History Explains Why Global Content Moderation Cannot Work&quot;, Brookings Inst--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189922}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2022-10-09) &quot;Living in an Interwar World: Communicable Disease and Epidemic Information&quot;, Long-Run Health Matters--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191062}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2024-03-13) &quot;Digitized Newspapers and the Hidden Transformation of History&quot;, American Historical Review--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191423}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2024-06-28) &quot;Digital Regulation May Have Bolstered European Elections — but How Would We Know?--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190291}}

[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Germany]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
&lt;!--list of categories
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Category_Review
[[Wikiversity:Category Review]]--&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="15433" sha1="j9bwdcmdxdqwp2ym74qxtz9c7xjgnm9" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2025-06-08 interview with [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]] History professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek&gt;&lt;!--Heidi J.S. Tworek--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135116400}}&lt;/ref&gt; about her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today. A video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview will be added when available. The podcast will be released 2025-06-14 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;''

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;''
&lt;!--[[File:MeDem2025-07-03Tworek|thumb|2025-07-03 interview with University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]--&gt; 
&lt;!--[[File:MeDem20250712Tworek|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from a 2025-07-03 interview with University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]--&gt; 

University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; discusses her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today as documented in her prize-winning (2019) book, ''News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945'', and other works. She is interviewed by Spencer Graves.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!-- Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Selected Op-Eds ==

Professor Tworek's research website includes a page devoted to &quot;Selected Op-Eds&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Heidi Tworek: Selected Op-Eds--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189849}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 2025-07-02 this included the following: 

* (2025-02-06) &quot;The Promises and Perils of Periodization in Global History: Lessons from the Inter-War Era&quot;, with Andrew Denning,&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Andrew Denning--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191276}}&lt;/ref&gt; discusses Eurocentrism and similar problems in selecting periods of history as foci for study. 
* (2024-06-28) &quot;Digital Regulation May Have Bolstered European Elections — but How Would We Know?&quot; notes that (a) we cannot accurately evaluate the impact of the 2022 European [[w:Digital Services Act|Digital Services Act]] without access to the data collected by the commercial Internet companies, which they are loath to share with serious researchers, but (b) the effect cannot be too large, because &quot;Low turnout has consistently plagued [[w:Elections to the European Parliament|EP [European Parliament] elections]] ... . Some countries saw stunning differences between turnout for national elections and the EP. Only 40 percent of Poles voted in the EP elections, while last autumn ... [n]early 75 percent voted in their most recent national elections. 
* (2024-03-13) &quot;Digitized Newspapers and the Hidden Transformation of History&quot; discussed how the digitization of newspapers from the eighteenth century onward have been used to dramatically improve historical research, producing scholarship that would not have been feasible previously. 
* (2022-10-09) &quot;Living in an Interwar World: Communicable Disease and Epidemic Information&quot; describes the history of the development of standard terminology and systems for sharing disease information internationally. That includes the League of Nations Health Organization and it successor, the [[w:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]], which still needs to be improved. 
* (2021-12-10) &quot;History Explains Why Global Content Moderation Cannot Work&quot; notes that &quot;the United States is seen today as something of a free-speech extremist,&quot; it had previously had active censorship, &quot;particularly when it comes to sex&quot;, including not allowing anatomy textbooks to be sent through the US Postal Service.
* (2021-08-23) &quot;A Real History of Fake News: It has a long, not-so-illustrious past&quot; traces the beginning of fake news to &quot;1622, when a London printer named [[w:Nathaniel Butter|Nathaniel Butter]] made journalism history by starting the first British newspaper. ... [But] when Butter published something that was not trivial, it was often made up.&quot; That tradition continued. In 1807 [[q:Thomas Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] complained, &quot;Nothing can now be believed which is seen in a newspaper. Truth itself becomes suspicious by being put into that polluted vehicle.&quot; The US [[w:History of the Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) was establishment in 1906 to combat overblown claims about miracle cures, which provided a significant portion of newspapers’ revenues. And many humans believed [[w:Pizzagate conspiracy theory|that Hillary Clinton is into sex trafficking.]]
* (2019-05-26) &quot;A Lesson From 1930s Germany: Beware State Control of Social Media&quot; describes how efforts by Weimar Republic officials in the 1920s and early 1930s to limit the pernicious influence of misinformation and disinformation, especially in the new medium of radio, made it easy for the Nazis to control the messages reaching the public once they achieved power in 1933. 
* (2019-04-25) &quot;Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication&quot; discussing the history of, e.g., cutting undersea cables.
* (2018-09-11) &quot;Quietly, One of President Trump’s Tariffs Threatens American Democracy&quot; discusses esp. a new tariff on Canadian newsprint that threatens to bankrupt small newspapers already on the edge from loss of advertising. She also summarizes the history of how the price of paper has had a major impact on newspaper publishing: &quot;Before the 19th century, paper was mostly made from rags. The paper was very durable, but expensive. The mid-19th century development of cheap paper from groundwood pulp fueled the rise of mass-circulation newspapers. ... During World War I, however, procuring paper became problematic not only in the United States but in Britain and Germany. The British mass-market paper News of the World reduced from 16 pages in 1914 to four by 1918.&quot;

== Tworek bio== 

Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;  is the Canada Research Chair and Director of the Centre for the Study of Democratic Institutions at the [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]]. Her work focuses on how new media technology and policy have impacted democracy. She is also a senior fellow at the [[w:Centre for International Governance Innovation|Centre for International Governance Innovation]] in [[w:Waterloo, Ontario|Waterloo, Ontario]] as well as a non-resident fellow at the [[w:German Marshall Fund|German Marshall Fund]] of the United States and the [[w:Canadian Global Affairs Institute|Canadian Global Affairs Institute]]. She has co-edited four volumes and currently co-edits the [[w:Journal of Global History|''Journal of Global History'']] in addition to having published or forthcoming over 45 book chapters and journal articles&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; in addition to numerous publications and appearances in more popular outlets like [[w:The Washington Post|''The Washington Post'']], [[w:The New York Times|''The New York Times'']], and [[w:CBS|CBS]].&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. We describe here briefly the motivation for this series.

[[Great American Paradox|One major contributor to the dominant position of the US in the international political economy]] today may have been the [[w:Postal Service Act|US Postal Service Act of 1792]]. Under that act, newspapers were delivered up to 100 miles for a penny when first class postage was between 6 and 25 cents. [[w:Alexis de Tocqueville|Alexis de Tocqueville]], who visited the relatively young United States of America in 1831, wrote, “There is scarcely a hamlet that does not have its own newspaper.”&lt;ref&gt;Tocqueville (1835, p. 93).&lt;/ref&gt; McChesney and Nichols estimated that these newspaper subsidies were roughly 0.21 percent of national income (Gross Domestic Project, GDP) in 1841.&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88).&lt;/ref&gt;

At that time, the US probably led the world by far in the number of independent newspaper publishers per capita or per million population. This encouraged literacy and limited political corruption, both of which contributed to making the US a leader in the rate of growth in average annual income (Gross Domestic Product, GDP, per capita). Corruption was also limited by the inability of a small number of publishers to dominate political discourse.

That began to change in the 1850s and 1860s with the introduction of high speed rotary presses, which increased the capital required to start a newspaper.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015, p. 80).&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1887 [[w:William Randolph Hearst|William Randolph Hearst]] took over management of his father’s ''[[w:San Francisco Examiner|San Francisco Examiner]]''. His success there gave him an appetite for building a newspaper chain. His 1895 purchase of the ''[[w:New York Morning Journal|New York Morning Journal]]'' gave him a second newspaper. By the mid-1920s, he owned 28 newspapers. Consolidation of ownership of the media became easier with the introduction of broadcasting and even easier with the Internet.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015). See also Wikiversity, “[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]” and “[[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]“.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy|This consolidation seems to be increasing political polarization and violence worldwide]], threatening democracy itself.

=== The threat from loss of newspapers ===

A previous ''Media &amp; Democracy'' interview with Arizona State University accounting professor Roger White on &quot;[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]&quot; describes problems that increase as the quality and quantity of news declines and ownership and control of the media become more highly concentrated: Major media too often deflect the public's attention from political corruption enabled by poor media. This too often contributes to other problems like [[w:Scapegoating|scapegoating]] [[w:Immigration|immigrants]] and attacking [[w:Diversity, equity, and inclusion|Diversity, equity, and inclusion]] (DEI) while also facilitating increases in pollution, the cost of borrowing, political polarization and violence, and decreases in workplace safety. More on this is included in other interviews in this ''Media &amp; Democracy'' series available on Wikiversity under [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

An important quantitative analysis of the problems associated with deficiencies in news is Neff and Pickard (2024). They analyzed data on media funding and democracy in 33 countries. The US has been rated as a &quot;flawed democracy&quot; according to the [[w:Economist Democracy Index|Economist Democracy Index]] and spends substantially less per capita on media compared to the world's leading democracies in Scandinavia and Commonweath countries. They note that commercial media focus primarily on people with money, while publicly-funded media try harder to serve everyone. Public funding is more strongly correlated with democracy than private funding. This recommends increasing public funding for media as a means of strengthening democracy. See also &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invite to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Andrew Denning and Heidi Tworek (2025-02-06) &quot;The Promises and Perils of Periodization in Global History: Lessons from the Inter-War Era&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191256}}
* &lt;!--Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb (eds.; 2015) Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet (Oxford University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131468166|editors=Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2010). The Death and Life of American Journalism (Bold Type Books) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q104888067}}.
* &lt;!-- Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001) Democracy in America (trans. by Richard Heffner, 2001; New America Library) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q112166602|publication-date=unset|author=Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001)}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2018-09-11) &quot;Quietly, One of President Trump’s Tariffs Threatens American Democracy&quot; WaPo--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190353}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-03-11) News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945 (Harvard University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135085111}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-04-25) Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189751}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2019-05-26) &quot;A Lesson From 1930s Germany: Beware State Control of Social Media&quot;, The Atlantic--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191368}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2021-08-23) &quot; AReal History of Fake News: It has a long, not-so-illustrious past&quot;, Persuasion--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190470}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2021-12-10) &quot;History Explains Why Global Content Moderation Cannot Work&quot;, Brookings Inst--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189922}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2022-10-09) &quot;Living in an Interwar World: Communicable Disease and Epidemic Information&quot;, Long-Run Health Matters--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191062}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2024-03-13) &quot;Digitized Newspapers and the Hidden Transformation of History&quot;, American Historical Review--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191423}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2024-06-28) &quot;Digital Regulation May Have Bolstered European Elections — but How Would We Know?--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190291}}

[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Germany]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
&lt;!--list of categories
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Category_Review
[[Wikiversity:Category Review]]--&gt;</text>
      <sha1>j9bwdcmdxdqwp2ym74qxtz9c7xjgnm9</sha1>
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        <username>DavidMCEddy</username>
        <id>218607</id>
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      <text bytes="15455" sha1="cx3ww8u87mo7t2i4ug6h6a0bixs9ekq" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2025-06-08 interview with [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]] History professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek&gt;&lt;!--Heidi J.S. Tworek--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135116400}}&lt;/ref&gt; about her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today. A video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview will be added when available. The podcast will be released 2025-06-14 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;''

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;''
&lt;!--[[File:MeDem2025-07-03Tworek|thumb|2025-07-03 interview with University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]--&gt; 
&lt;!--[[File:MeDem20250712Tworek|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from a 2025-07-03 interview with University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]--&gt; 

University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; discusses her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today as documented in her prize-winning (2019) book, ''News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945'', and other works. She is interviewed by Spencer Graves.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!-- Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Selected Op-Eds ==

Professor Tworek's research website includes a page devoted to &quot;Selected Op-Eds&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Heidi Tworek: Selected Op-Eds--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189849}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 2025-07-02 this included the following: 

* (2025-02-06) &quot;The Promises and Perils of Periodization in Global History: Lessons from the Inter-War Era&quot;, with Andrew Denning,&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Andrew Denning--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191276}}&lt;/ref&gt; discusses Eurocentrism and similar problems in selecting periods of history as foci for study. 
* (2024-06-28) &quot;Digital Regulation May Have Bolstered European Elections — but How Would We Know?&quot; notes that (a) we cannot accurately evaluate the impact of the 2022 European [[w:Digital Services Act|Digital Services Act]] without access to the data collected by the commercial Internet companies, which they are loath to share with serious researchers, but (b) the effect cannot be too large, because &quot;Low turnout has consistently plagued [[w:Elections to the European Parliament|EP [European Parliament] elections]] ... . Some countries saw stunning differences between turnout for national elections and the EP. Only 40 percent of Poles voted in the EP elections, while last autumn ... [n]early 75 percent voted in their most recent national elections. 
* (2024-03-13) &quot;Digitized Newspapers and the Hidden Transformation of History&quot; discussed how the digitization of newspapers from the eighteenth century onward have been used to dramatically improve historical research, producing scholarship that would not have been feasible previously. 
* (2022-10-09) &quot;Living in an Interwar World: Communicable Disease and Epidemic Information&quot; describes the history of the development of standard terminology and systems for sharing disease information internationally. That includes the League of Nations Health Organization and it successor, the [[w:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]], which still needs to be improved. 
* (2021-12-10) &quot;History Explains Why Global Content Moderation Cannot Work&quot; notes that &quot;the United States is seen today as something of a free-speech extremist,&quot; it had previously had active censorship, &quot;particularly when it comes to sex&quot;, including not allowing anatomy textbooks to be sent through the US Postal Service.
* (2021-08-23) &quot;A Real History of Fake News: It has a long, not-so-illustrious past&quot; traces the beginning of fake news to &quot;1622, when a London printer named [[w:Nathaniel Butter|Nathaniel Butter]] made journalism history by starting the first British newspaper. ... [But] when Butter published something that was not trivial, it was often made up.&quot; That tradition continued. In 1807 [[q:Thomas Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] complained, &quot;Nothing can now be believed which is seen in a newspaper. Truth itself becomes suspicious by being put into that polluted vehicle.&quot; The US [[w:History of the Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) was establishment in 1906 to combat overblown claims about miracle cures, which provided a significant portion of newspapers’ revenues. And many humans believed [[w:Pizzagate conspiracy theory|that Hillary Clinton is into sex trafficking.]]
* (2019-05-26) &quot;A Lesson From 1930s Germany: Beware State Control of Social Media&quot; describes how efforts by [[w:Weimar Republic|Weimar Republic]] officials in the 1920s and early 1930s to limit the pernicious influence of misinformation and disinformation, especially in the new medium of radio, made it easy for the Nazis to control the messages reaching the public once they achieved power in 1933. 
* (2019-04-25) &quot;Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication&quot; discussing the history of, e.g., cutting undersea cables.
* (2018-09-11) &quot;Quietly, One of President Trump’s Tariffs Threatens American Democracy&quot; discusses esp. a new tariff on Canadian newsprint that threatens to bankrupt small newspapers already on the edge from loss of advertising. She also summarizes the history of how the price of paper has had a major impact on newspaper publishing: &quot;Before the 19th century, paper was mostly made from rags. The paper was very durable, but expensive. The mid-19th century development of cheap paper from groundwood pulp fueled the rise of mass-circulation newspapers. ... During World War I, however, procuring paper became problematic not only in the United States but in Britain and Germany. The British mass-market paper News of the World reduced from 16 pages in 1914 to four by 1918.&quot;

== Tworek bio== 

Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;  is the Canada Research Chair and Director of the Centre for the Study of Democratic Institutions at the [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]]. Her work focuses on how new media technology and policy have impacted democracy. She is also a senior fellow at the [[w:Centre for International Governance Innovation|Centre for International Governance Innovation]] in [[w:Waterloo, Ontario|Waterloo, Ontario]] as well as a non-resident fellow at the [[w:German Marshall Fund|German Marshall Fund]] of the United States and the [[w:Canadian Global Affairs Institute|Canadian Global Affairs Institute]]. She has co-edited four volumes and currently co-edits the [[w:Journal of Global History|''Journal of Global History'']] in addition to having published or forthcoming over 45 book chapters and journal articles&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; in addition to numerous publications and appearances in more popular outlets like [[w:The Washington Post|''The Washington Post'']], [[w:The New York Times|''The New York Times'']], and [[w:CBS|CBS]].&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. We describe here briefly the motivation for this series.

[[Great American Paradox|One major contributor to the dominant position of the US in the international political economy]] today may have been the [[w:Postal Service Act|US Postal Service Act of 1792]]. Under that act, newspapers were delivered up to 100 miles for a penny when first class postage was between 6 and 25 cents. [[w:Alexis de Tocqueville|Alexis de Tocqueville]], who visited the relatively young United States of America in 1831, wrote, “There is scarcely a hamlet that does not have its own newspaper.”&lt;ref&gt;Tocqueville (1835, p. 93).&lt;/ref&gt; McChesney and Nichols estimated that these newspaper subsidies were roughly 0.21 percent of national income (Gross Domestic Project, GDP) in 1841.&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88).&lt;/ref&gt;

At that time, the US probably led the world by far in the number of independent newspaper publishers per capita or per million population. This encouraged literacy and limited political corruption, both of which contributed to making the US a leader in the rate of growth in average annual income (Gross Domestic Product, GDP, per capita). Corruption was also limited by the inability of a small number of publishers to dominate political discourse.

That began to change in the 1850s and 1860s with the introduction of high speed rotary presses, which increased the capital required to start a newspaper.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015, p. 80).&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1887 [[w:William Randolph Hearst|William Randolph Hearst]] took over management of his father’s ''[[w:San Francisco Examiner|San Francisco Examiner]]''. His success there gave him an appetite for building a newspaper chain. His 1895 purchase of the ''[[w:New York Morning Journal|New York Morning Journal]]'' gave him a second newspaper. By the mid-1920s, he owned 28 newspapers. Consolidation of ownership of the media became easier with the introduction of broadcasting and even easier with the Internet.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015). See also Wikiversity, “[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]” and “[[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]“.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy|This consolidation seems to be increasing political polarization and violence worldwide]], threatening democracy itself.

=== The threat from loss of newspapers ===

A previous ''Media &amp; Democracy'' interview with Arizona State University accounting professor Roger White on &quot;[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]&quot; describes problems that increase as the quality and quantity of news declines and ownership and control of the media become more highly concentrated: Major media too often deflect the public's attention from political corruption enabled by poor media. This too often contributes to other problems like [[w:Scapegoating|scapegoating]] [[w:Immigration|immigrants]] and attacking [[w:Diversity, equity, and inclusion|Diversity, equity, and inclusion]] (DEI) while also facilitating increases in pollution, the cost of borrowing, political polarization and violence, and decreases in workplace safety. More on this is included in other interviews in this ''Media &amp; Democracy'' series available on Wikiversity under [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

An important quantitative analysis of the problems associated with deficiencies in news is Neff and Pickard (2024). They analyzed data on media funding and democracy in 33 countries. The US has been rated as a &quot;flawed democracy&quot; according to the [[w:Economist Democracy Index|Economist Democracy Index]] and spends substantially less per capita on media compared to the world's leading democracies in Scandinavia and Commonweath countries. They note that commercial media focus primarily on people with money, while publicly-funded media try harder to serve everyone. Public funding is more strongly correlated with democracy than private funding. This recommends increasing public funding for media as a means of strengthening democracy. See also &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invite to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Andrew Denning and Heidi Tworek (2025-02-06) &quot;The Promises and Perils of Periodization in Global History: Lessons from the Inter-War Era&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191256}}
* &lt;!--Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb (eds.; 2015) Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet (Oxford University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131468166|editors=Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2010). The Death and Life of American Journalism (Bold Type Books) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q104888067}}.
* &lt;!-- Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001) Democracy in America (trans. by Richard Heffner, 2001; New America Library) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q112166602|publication-date=unset|author=Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001)}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2018-09-11) &quot;Quietly, One of President Trump’s Tariffs Threatens American Democracy&quot; WaPo--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190353}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-03-11) News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945 (Harvard University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135085111}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-04-25) Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189751}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2019-05-26) &quot;A Lesson From 1930s Germany: Beware State Control of Social Media&quot;, The Atlantic--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191368}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2021-08-23) &quot; AReal History of Fake News: It has a long, not-so-illustrious past&quot;, Persuasion--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190470}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2021-12-10) &quot;History Explains Why Global Content Moderation Cannot Work&quot;, Brookings Inst--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189922}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2022-10-09) &quot;Living in an Interwar World: Communicable Disease and Epidemic Information&quot;, Long-Run Health Matters--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191062}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2024-03-13) &quot;Digitized Newspapers and the Hidden Transformation of History&quot;, American Historical Review--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191423}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2024-06-28) &quot;Digital Regulation May Have Bolstered European Elections — but How Would We Know?--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190291}}

[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Germany]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
&lt;!--list of categories
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Category_Review
[[Wikiversity:Category Review]]--&gt;</text>
      <sha1>cx3ww8u87mo7t2i4ug6h6a0bixs9ekq</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>2720538</id>
      <parentid>2720534</parentid>
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      <contributor>
        <username>DavidMCEddy</username>
        <id>218607</id>
      </contributor>
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      <comment>/* Selected Op-Eds */ links</comment>
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      <text bytes="15470" sha1="rwdmi7f9ue9zfzyiy3tyx3fet7a9ldw" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2025-06-08 interview with [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]] History professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek&gt;&lt;!--Heidi J.S. Tworek--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135116400}}&lt;/ref&gt; about her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today. A video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview will be added when available. The podcast will be released 2025-06-14 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;''

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;''
&lt;!--[[File:MeDem2025-07-03Tworek|thumb|2025-07-03 interview with University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]--&gt; 
&lt;!--[[File:MeDem20250712Tworek|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from a 2025-07-03 interview with University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]--&gt; 

University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; discusses her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today as documented in her prize-winning (2019) book, ''News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945'', and other works. She is interviewed by Spencer Graves.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!-- Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Selected Op-Eds ==

Professor Tworek's research website includes a page devoted to &quot;Selected Op-Eds&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Heidi Tworek: Selected Op-Eds--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189849}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 2025-07-02 this included the following: 

* (2025-02-06) &quot;The Promises and Perils of Periodization in Global History: Lessons from the Inter-War Era&quot;, with Andrew Denning,&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Andrew Denning--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191276}}&lt;/ref&gt; discusses Eurocentrism and similar problems in selecting periods of history as foci for study. 
* (2024-06-28) &quot;Digital Regulation May Have Bolstered European Elections — but How Would We Know?&quot; notes that (a) we cannot accurately evaluate the impact of the 2022 European [[w:Digital Services Act|Digital Services Act]] without access to the data collected by the commercial Internet companies, which they are loath to share with serious researchers, but (b) the effect cannot be too large, because &quot;Low turnout has consistently plagued [[w:Elections to the European Parliament|EP [European Parliament] elections]] ... . Some countries saw stunning differences between turnout for national elections and the EP. Only 40 percent of Poles voted in the EP elections, while last autumn ... [n]early 75 percent voted in their most recent national elections. 
* (2024-03-13) &quot;Digitized Newspapers and the Hidden Transformation of History&quot; discussed how the digitization of newspapers from the eighteenth century onward have been used to dramatically improve historical research, producing scholarship that would not have been feasible previously. 
* (2022-10-09) &quot;Living in an Interwar World: Communicable Disease and Epidemic Information&quot; describes the history of the development of standard terminology and systems for sharing disease information internationally. That includes the League of Nations Health Organization and it successor, the [[w:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]], which still needs to be improved. 
* (2021-12-10) &quot;History Explains Why Global Content Moderation Cannot Work&quot; notes that &quot;the United States is seen today as something of a free-speech extremist,&quot; it had previously had active censorship, &quot;particularly when it comes to sex&quot;, including not allowing anatomy textbooks to be sent through the US Postal Service.
* (2021-08-23) &quot;A Real History of Fake News: It has a long, not-so-illustrious past&quot; traces the beginning of fake news to &quot;1622, when a London printer named [[w:Nathaniel Butter|Nathaniel Butter]] made journalism history by starting the first British newspaper. ... [But] when Butter published something that was not trivial, it was often made up.&quot; That tradition continued. In 1807 [[q:Thomas Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] complained, &quot;Nothing can now be believed which is seen in a newspaper. Truth itself becomes suspicious by being put into that polluted vehicle.&quot; The US [[w:History of the Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) was establishment in 1906 to combat overblown claims about miracle cures, which provided a significant portion of newspapers’ revenues. And many humans believed [[w:Pizzagate conspiracy theory|that Hillary Clinton is into sex trafficking.]]
* (2019-05-26) &quot;A Lesson From 1930s Germany: Beware State Control of Social Media&quot; describes how efforts by [[w:Weimar Republic|Weimar Republic]] officials in the 1920s and early 1930s to limit the pernicious influence of misinformation and disinformation in the new medium of radio made it easy for the Nazis to control the messages reaching the public once they achieved power in 1933. 
* (2019-04-25) &quot;Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication&quot; discussing the history of, e.g., cutting undersea cables.
* (2018-09-11) &quot;Quietly, One of President Trump’s Tariffs Threatens American Democracy&quot; discusses esp. a new tariff on Canadian newsprint that threatens to bankrupt small newspapers already on the edge from loss of advertising. She also summarizes the history of how the price of paper has had a major impact on newspaper publishing: &quot;Before the 19th century, paper was mostly made from rags. The paper was very durable, but expensive. The mid-19th century development of cheap paper from groundwood pulp fueled the rise of mass-circulation newspapers. ... During World War I, however, procuring paper became problematic not only in the United States but in Britain and Germany. The British mass-market paper ''[[w:News of the World|News of the World]]'' reduced from 16 pages in 1914 to four by 1918.&quot;

== Tworek bio== 

Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;  is the Canada Research Chair and Director of the Centre for the Study of Democratic Institutions at the [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]]. Her work focuses on how new media technology and policy have impacted democracy. She is also a senior fellow at the [[w:Centre for International Governance Innovation|Centre for International Governance Innovation]] in [[w:Waterloo, Ontario|Waterloo, Ontario]] as well as a non-resident fellow at the [[w:German Marshall Fund|German Marshall Fund]] of the United States and the [[w:Canadian Global Affairs Institute|Canadian Global Affairs Institute]]. She has co-edited four volumes and currently co-edits the [[w:Journal of Global History|''Journal of Global History'']] in addition to having published or forthcoming over 45 book chapters and journal articles&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; in addition to numerous publications and appearances in more popular outlets like [[w:The Washington Post|''The Washington Post'']], [[w:The New York Times|''The New York Times'']], and [[w:CBS|CBS]].&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. We describe here briefly the motivation for this series.

[[Great American Paradox|One major contributor to the dominant position of the US in the international political economy]] today may have been the [[w:Postal Service Act|US Postal Service Act of 1792]]. Under that act, newspapers were delivered up to 100 miles for a penny when first class postage was between 6 and 25 cents. [[w:Alexis de Tocqueville|Alexis de Tocqueville]], who visited the relatively young United States of America in 1831, wrote, “There is scarcely a hamlet that does not have its own newspaper.”&lt;ref&gt;Tocqueville (1835, p. 93).&lt;/ref&gt; McChesney and Nichols estimated that these newspaper subsidies were roughly 0.21 percent of national income (Gross Domestic Project, GDP) in 1841.&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88).&lt;/ref&gt;

At that time, the US probably led the world by far in the number of independent newspaper publishers per capita or per million population. This encouraged literacy and limited political corruption, both of which contributed to making the US a leader in the rate of growth in average annual income (Gross Domestic Product, GDP, per capita). Corruption was also limited by the inability of a small number of publishers to dominate political discourse.

That began to change in the 1850s and 1860s with the introduction of high speed rotary presses, which increased the capital required to start a newspaper.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015, p. 80).&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1887 [[w:William Randolph Hearst|William Randolph Hearst]] took over management of his father’s ''[[w:San Francisco Examiner|San Francisco Examiner]]''. His success there gave him an appetite for building a newspaper chain. His 1895 purchase of the ''[[w:New York Morning Journal|New York Morning Journal]]'' gave him a second newspaper. By the mid-1920s, he owned 28 newspapers. Consolidation of ownership of the media became easier with the introduction of broadcasting and even easier with the Internet.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015). See also Wikiversity, “[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]” and “[[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]“.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy|This consolidation seems to be increasing political polarization and violence worldwide]], threatening democracy itself.

=== The threat from loss of newspapers ===

A previous ''Media &amp; Democracy'' interview with Arizona State University accounting professor Roger White on &quot;[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]&quot; describes problems that increase as the quality and quantity of news declines and ownership and control of the media become more highly concentrated: Major media too often deflect the public's attention from political corruption enabled by poor media. This too often contributes to other problems like [[w:Scapegoating|scapegoating]] [[w:Immigration|immigrants]] and attacking [[w:Diversity, equity, and inclusion|Diversity, equity, and inclusion]] (DEI) while also facilitating increases in pollution, the cost of borrowing, political polarization and violence, and decreases in workplace safety. More on this is included in other interviews in this ''Media &amp; Democracy'' series available on Wikiversity under [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

An important quantitative analysis of the problems associated with deficiencies in news is Neff and Pickard (2024). They analyzed data on media funding and democracy in 33 countries. The US has been rated as a &quot;flawed democracy&quot; according to the [[w:Economist Democracy Index|Economist Democracy Index]] and spends substantially less per capita on media compared to the world's leading democracies in Scandinavia and Commonweath countries. They note that commercial media focus primarily on people with money, while publicly-funded media try harder to serve everyone. Public funding is more strongly correlated with democracy than private funding. This recommends increasing public funding for media as a means of strengthening democracy. See also &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invite to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Andrew Denning and Heidi Tworek (2025-02-06) &quot;The Promises and Perils of Periodization in Global History: Lessons from the Inter-War Era&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191256}}
* &lt;!--Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb (eds.; 2015) Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet (Oxford University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131468166|editors=Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2010). The Death and Life of American Journalism (Bold Type Books) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q104888067}}.
* &lt;!-- Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001) Democracy in America (trans. by Richard Heffner, 2001; New America Library) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q112166602|publication-date=unset|author=Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001)}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2018-09-11) &quot;Quietly, One of President Trump’s Tariffs Threatens American Democracy&quot; WaPo--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190353}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-03-11) News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945 (Harvard University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135085111}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-04-25) Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189751}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2019-05-26) &quot;A Lesson From 1930s Germany: Beware State Control of Social Media&quot;, The Atlantic--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191368}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2021-08-23) &quot; AReal History of Fake News: It has a long, not-so-illustrious past&quot;, Persuasion--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190470}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2021-12-10) &quot;History Explains Why Global Content Moderation Cannot Work&quot;, Brookings Inst--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189922}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2022-10-09) &quot;Living in an Interwar World: Communicable Disease and Epidemic Information&quot;, Long-Run Health Matters--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191062}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2024-03-13) &quot;Digitized Newspapers and the Hidden Transformation of History&quot;, American Historical Review--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191423}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2024-06-28) &quot;Digital Regulation May Have Bolstered European Elections — but How Would We Know?--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190291}}

[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Germany]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
&lt;!--list of categories
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Category_Review
[[Wikiversity:Category Review]]--&gt;</text>
      <sha1>rwdmi7f9ue9zfzyiy3tyx3fet7a9ldw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2720539</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>DavidMCEddy</username>
        <id>218607</id>
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      <text bytes="15471" sha1="qsqe8ovtxr484xm76vo2tmq0nljuzwb" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2025-06-08 interview with [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]] History professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek&gt;&lt;!--Heidi J.S. Tworek--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135116400}}&lt;/ref&gt; about her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today. A video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview will be added when available. The podcast will be released 2025-06-14 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;''

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;''
&lt;!--[[File:MeDem2025-07-03Tworek|thumb|2025-07-03 interview with University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]--&gt; 
&lt;!--[[File:MeDem20250712Tworek|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from a 2025-07-03 interview with University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]--&gt; 

University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; discusses her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today as documented in her prize-winning (2019) book, ''News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945'', and other works. She is interviewed by Spencer Graves.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!-- Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Selected Op-Eds ==

Professor Tworek's research website includes a page devoted to &quot;Selected Op-Eds&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Heidi Tworek: Selected Op-Eds--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189849}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 2025-07-02 this included the following: 

* (2025-02-06) &quot;The Promises and Perils of Periodization in Global History: Lessons from the Inter-War Era&quot;, with Andrew Denning,&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Andrew Denning--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191276}}&lt;/ref&gt; discusses Eurocentrism and similar problems in selecting periods of history as foci for study. 
* (2024-06-28) &quot;Digital Regulation May Have Bolstered European Elections — but How Would We Know?&quot; notes that (a) we cannot accurately evaluate the impact of the 2022 European [[w:Digital Services Act|Digital Services Act]] without access to the data collected by the commercial Internet companies, which they are loath to share with serious researchers, but (b) the effect cannot be too large, because &quot;Low turnout has consistently plagued [[w:Elections to the European Parliament|EP [European Parliament] elections]] ... . Some countries saw stunning differences between turnout for national elections and the EP. Only 40 percent of Poles voted in the EP elections, while last autumn ... [n]early 75 percent voted in their most recent national elections. 
* (2024-03-13) &quot;Digitized Newspapers and the Hidden Transformation of History&quot; discussed how the digitization of newspapers from the eighteenth century onward have been used to dramatically improve historical research, producing scholarship that would not have been feasible previously. 
* (2022-10-09) &quot;Living in an Interwar World: Communicable Disease and Epidemic Information&quot; describes the history of the development of standard terminology and systems for sharing disease information internationally. That includes the League of Nations Health Organization and it successor, the [[w:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]], which still needs to be improved. 
* (2021-12-10) &quot;History Explains Why Global Content Moderation Cannot Work&quot; notes that &quot;the United States is seen today as something of a free-speech extremist,&quot; it had previously had active censorship, &quot;particularly when it comes to sex&quot;, including not allowing anatomy textbooks to be sent through the US Postal Service.
* (2021-08-23) &quot;A Real History of Fake News: It has a long, not-so-illustrious past&quot; traces the beginning of fake news to &quot;1622, when a London printer named [[w:Nathaniel Butter|Nathaniel Butter]] made journalism history by starting the first British newspaper. ... [But] when Butter published something that was not trivial, it was often made up.&quot; That tradition continued. In 1807 [[q:Thomas Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] complained, &quot;Nothing can now be believed which is seen in a newspaper. Truth itself becomes suspicious by being put into that polluted vehicle.&quot; The US [[w:History of the Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) was establishment in 1906 to combat overblown claims about miracle cures, which provided a significant portion of newspapers’ revenues. And many humans believed [[w:Pizzagate conspiracy theory|that Hillary Clinton is into sex trafficking.]]
* (2019-05-26) &quot;A Lesson From 1930s Germany: Beware State Control of Social Media&quot; describes how efforts by [[w:Weimar Republic|Weimar Republic]] officials in the 1920s and early 1930s to limit the pernicious influence of misinformation and disinformation in the new medium of radio made it easy for the Nazis to control the messages reaching the public once they achieved power in 1933. 
* (2019-04-25) &quot;Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication&quot; discussing the history of, e.g., cutting undersea cables.
* (2018-09-11) &quot;Quietly, One of President Trump’s Tariffs Threatens American Democracy&quot; discusses esp. a new tariff on Canadian newsprint that threatens to bankrupt small newspapers already on the edge from loss of advertising. She also summarizes the history of how the price of paper has had a major impact on newspaper publishing: &quot;Before the 19th century, paper was mostly made from rags. The paper was very durable, but expensive. The mid-19th century development of cheap paper from groundwood pulp fueled the rise of mass-circulation newspapers. ... During World War I, however, procuring paper became problematic not only in the United States but in Britain and Germany. The British mass-market paper ''[[w:News of the World|News of the World]]'' reduced from 16 pages in 1914 to four by 1918.&quot;

== Tworek bio== 

Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;  is the Canada Research Chair and Director of the Centre for the Study of Democratic Institutions at the [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]]. Her work focuses on how new media technology and policy have impacted democracy. She is also a senior fellow at the [[w:Centre for International Governance Innovation|Centre for International Governance Innovation]] in [[w:Waterloo, Ontario|Waterloo, Ontario]], as well as a non-resident fellow at the [[w:German Marshall Fund|German Marshall Fund]] of the United States and the [[w:Canadian Global Affairs Institute|Canadian Global Affairs Institute]]. She has co-edited four volumes and currently co-edits the [[w:Journal of Global History|''Journal of Global History'']] in addition to having published or forthcoming over 45 book chapters and journal articles&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; in addition to numerous publications and appearances in more popular outlets like [[w:The Washington Post|''The Washington Post'']], [[w:The New York Times|''The New York Times'']], and [[w:CBS|CBS]].&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. We describe here briefly the motivation for this series.

[[Great American Paradox|One major contributor to the dominant position of the US in the international political economy]] today may have been the [[w:Postal Service Act|US Postal Service Act of 1792]]. Under that act, newspapers were delivered up to 100 miles for a penny when first class postage was between 6 and 25 cents. [[w:Alexis de Tocqueville|Alexis de Tocqueville]], who visited the relatively young United States of America in 1831, wrote, “There is scarcely a hamlet that does not have its own newspaper.”&lt;ref&gt;Tocqueville (1835, p. 93).&lt;/ref&gt; McChesney and Nichols estimated that these newspaper subsidies were roughly 0.21 percent of national income (Gross Domestic Project, GDP) in 1841.&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88).&lt;/ref&gt;

At that time, the US probably led the world by far in the number of independent newspaper publishers per capita or per million population. This encouraged literacy and limited political corruption, both of which contributed to making the US a leader in the rate of growth in average annual income (Gross Domestic Product, GDP, per capita). Corruption was also limited by the inability of a small number of publishers to dominate political discourse.

That began to change in the 1850s and 1860s with the introduction of high speed rotary presses, which increased the capital required to start a newspaper.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015, p. 80).&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1887 [[w:William Randolph Hearst|William Randolph Hearst]] took over management of his father’s ''[[w:San Francisco Examiner|San Francisco Examiner]]''. His success there gave him an appetite for building a newspaper chain. His 1895 purchase of the ''[[w:New York Morning Journal|New York Morning Journal]]'' gave him a second newspaper. By the mid-1920s, he owned 28 newspapers. Consolidation of ownership of the media became easier with the introduction of broadcasting and even easier with the Internet.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015). See also Wikiversity, “[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]” and “[[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]“.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy|This consolidation seems to be increasing political polarization and violence worldwide]], threatening democracy itself.

=== The threat from loss of newspapers ===

A previous ''Media &amp; Democracy'' interview with Arizona State University accounting professor Roger White on &quot;[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]&quot; describes problems that increase as the quality and quantity of news declines and ownership and control of the media become more highly concentrated: Major media too often deflect the public's attention from political corruption enabled by poor media. This too often contributes to other problems like [[w:Scapegoating|scapegoating]] [[w:Immigration|immigrants]] and attacking [[w:Diversity, equity, and inclusion|Diversity, equity, and inclusion]] (DEI) while also facilitating increases in pollution, the cost of borrowing, political polarization and violence, and decreases in workplace safety. More on this is included in other interviews in this ''Media &amp; Democracy'' series available on Wikiversity under [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

An important quantitative analysis of the problems associated with deficiencies in news is Neff and Pickard (2024). They analyzed data on media funding and democracy in 33 countries. The US has been rated as a &quot;flawed democracy&quot; according to the [[w:Economist Democracy Index|Economist Democracy Index]] and spends substantially less per capita on media compared to the world's leading democracies in Scandinavia and Commonweath countries. They note that commercial media focus primarily on people with money, while publicly-funded media try harder to serve everyone. Public funding is more strongly correlated with democracy than private funding. This recommends increasing public funding for media as a means of strengthening democracy. See also &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invite to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Andrew Denning and Heidi Tworek (2025-02-06) &quot;The Promises and Perils of Periodization in Global History: Lessons from the Inter-War Era&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191256}}
* &lt;!--Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb (eds.; 2015) Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet (Oxford University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131468166|editors=Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2010). The Death and Life of American Journalism (Bold Type Books) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q104888067}}.
* &lt;!-- Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001) Democracy in America (trans. by Richard Heffner, 2001; New America Library) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q112166602|publication-date=unset|author=Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001)}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2018-09-11) &quot;Quietly, One of President Trump’s Tariffs Threatens American Democracy&quot; WaPo--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190353}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-03-11) News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945 (Harvard University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135085111}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-04-25) Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189751}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2019-05-26) &quot;A Lesson From 1930s Germany: Beware State Control of Social Media&quot;, The Atlantic--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191368}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2021-08-23) &quot; AReal History of Fake News: It has a long, not-so-illustrious past&quot;, Persuasion--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190470}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2021-12-10) &quot;History Explains Why Global Content Moderation Cannot Work&quot;, Brookings Inst--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189922}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2022-10-09) &quot;Living in an Interwar World: Communicable Disease and Epidemic Information&quot;, Long-Run Health Matters--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191062}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2024-03-13) &quot;Digitized Newspapers and the Hidden Transformation of History&quot;, American Historical Review--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191423}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2024-06-28) &quot;Digital Regulation May Have Bolstered European Elections — but How Would We Know?--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190291}}

[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Germany]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
&lt;!--list of categories
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Category_Review
[[Wikiversity:Category Review]]--&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>User:Atcovi/Data Analyst Portfolio</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Atcovi</username>
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      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Portfolio Projects */ these seem good</comment>
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      <text bytes="1107" sha1="pbexfvrumw0clio2rsp3xfzs0hq72sx" xml:space="preserve">== About ==
Aaqib Azeez (User:Atcovi) – undergraduate psychology researcher &amp; data analyst in training. Portfolio includes statistical projects using SPSS, SQL, R, and Excel, aimed at real-world problems in clinical psychology and business analytics.

== Skills ==

* SPSS (syntax &amp; GUI) {{Done}}
* SQL (select, where, group by, having, joins, window functions) {{In progress}}
* Excel (pivot tables, VLOOKUP, data cleaning, visualizations; complete mastery) {{In progress}}
* Tableu (BI tool; connect to data, add data sources, create visualizations) {{In progress}}
* R {{In progress}}

== Online Course Progress ==
https://www.datasciencehive.com/data-analyst-path

== Portfolio Projects ==
'''Aim''': Projects with combinations of different skills, an analysis that meaningfully solves a problem and tells a story. 

* #1: '''Personal Budgeting''' – build your workflow
* #2: '''Healthcare/Public Health''' – BRFSS or CDC dataset
* #3: '''Education or Clinical Research''' – survey or treatment outcomes

* #4: '''User Behavior''' – Wikimedia or Google Trends-style

[[Category:Atcovi's Work]]</text>
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    <title>File:VLSI.Arith.1.A.CLA.20250630.pdf</title>
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      <comment>{{Information
|Description=VLSI.Arith: Carry Lookahead Adders 1A (20250630 - 20250628)
|Source={{own|Young1lim}}
|Date=2025-07-02
|Author=Young W. Lim
|Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}}
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      <text bytes="282" sha1="35siwyq2byws3qjgleheibevo3rq4tm" xml:space="preserve">== Summary ==
{{Information
|Description=VLSI.Arith: Carry Lookahead Adders 1A (20250630 - 20250628)
|Source={{own|Young1lim}}
|Date=2025-07-02
|Author=Young W. Lim
|Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}}
}}

== Licensing ==
{{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}}</text>
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      <comment>{{Information
|Description=VLSI.Arith: Carry Lookahead Adders 1A (20250701 - 20250630)
|Source={{own|Young1lim}}
|Date=2025-07-02
|Author=Young W. Lim
|Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}}
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      <text bytes="282" sha1="m9cjqbefj5vs9kprov7szlels5uuttv" xml:space="preserve">== Summary ==
{{Information
|Description=VLSI.Arith: Carry Lookahead Adders 1A (20250701 - 20250630)
|Source={{own|Young1lim}}
|Date=2025-07-02
|Author=Young W. Lim
|Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}}
}}

== Licensing ==
{{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>File:VLSI.Arith.1.A.CLA.20250702.pdf</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Young1lim</username>
        <id>21186</id>
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      <comment>{{Information
|Description=VLSI.Arith: Carry Lookahead Adders 1A (20250702 - 20250701)
|Source={{own|Young1lim}}
|Date=2025-07-02
|Author=Young W. Lim
|Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}}
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      <text bytes="282" sha1="eeda1x6as22ak2hgex64fi8u2euagun" xml:space="preserve">== Summary ==
{{Information
|Description=VLSI.Arith: Carry Lookahead Adders 1A (20250702 - 20250701)
|Source={{own|Young1lim}}
|Date=2025-07-02
|Author=Young W. Lim
|Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}}
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== Licensing ==
{{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gold</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <comment>Gold as a nano nutrient</comment>
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      <text bytes="1945" sha1="s8ayr2xmsuhwlpslidwmjxoda0suln0" xml:space="preserve">Gold, when engineered into nanoparticles, &lt;mark&gt;exhibits unique properties that allow for its use as a nano nutrient, particularly in agriculture and potentially in dietary supplements&lt;/mark&gt;. These nanoparticles can enhance plant growth, improve nutrient absorption, and potentially offer antimicrobial properties. 

Gold Nanoparticles in Agriculture:

* '''Nutrient Delivery:'''  Gold nanoparticles can act as a carrier for essential micronutrients, delivering them directly to plants and improving their uptake by the plant. 
* '''Growth Promotion:'''  They can stimulate plant growth, strengthen roots, stems, and leaves, and enhance seed germination. 
* '''Stress Tolerance:'''  Gold nanoparticles can help plants withstand environmental stresses like drought and toxicity from heavy metals. 
* '''Disease Resistance:'''  Some studies suggest they may have antimicrobial properties, potentially protecting crops from diseases. 

Gold Nanoparticles as a Dietary Supplement:

* '''Enhanced Nutrient Absorption:'''  Gold nanoparticles can be incorporated into food products to potentially increase the absorption rate of essential nutrients. 
* '''Potential Health Benefits:'''  Research is exploring the use of gold nanoparticles in drug delivery and therapeutics, including potential benefits for human health. 

Important Considerations:

* '''Toxicity:'''  While gold nanoparticles are generally considered biocompatible, potential cytotoxic effects have been observed in some studies, particularly at high concentrations. 
* '''Synthesis and Stabilization:'''  The synthesis and stabilization of gold nanoparticles can be complex, requiring specific techniques to control their size, shape, and surface properties. 

In summary, gold nanoparticles hold promise as a nano nutrient with applications in both agriculture and potentially in human nutrition. Further research is needed to fully understand their effects and optimize their use.</text>
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      <comment>/* gold */ new section</comment>
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      <text bytes="187" sha1="75m3v3qg3wo6jfuj9e54zxqsl61yz5r" xml:space="preserve">== gold ==

add citations  [[User:SWASTHYASAMPATH|SWASTHYASAMPATH]] ([[User talk:SWASTHYASAMPATH|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SWASTHYASAMPATH|contribs]]) 17:31, 2 July 2025 (UTC)</text>
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    <title>Motivation and emotion/Changes/2025</title>
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        <username>Jtneill</username>
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      <comment>New resource with &quot;{{title|Changes - 2025}} == Summary == Student feedback about this unit in 2024 indicated that *95% of students were satisfied. For more detail, see [[Motivation and emotion/Evaluation/2023|Motivation and emotion - Evaluation 2024]].  The following changes are planned for 2025: * The use of commercial textbook readings has been removed and replaced with no-cost readings * The number of assessments has been reduced * Instead of take-home, online quizzes, an online invigil...&quot;</comment>
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== Summary ==
Student feedback about this unit in 2024 indicated that *95% of students were satisfied. For more detail, see [[Motivation and emotion/Evaluation/2023|Motivation and emotion - Evaluation 2024]].

The following changes are planned for 2025:
* The use of commercial textbook readings has been removed and replaced with no-cost readings
* The number of assessments has been reduced
* Instead of take-home, online quizzes, an online invigilated exam will be used due to address the vulnerability of online quizzes to cheating

The following changes based on student feedback in 2024 *will be considered:
* Ways of reducing the total amount of assessment
* Decrease the total amount of reading and spread it more evenly across the modules
* Ways of making Book Chapter easier (e.g,. by adding additional support materials for each marking criteria)
* Provide written and/or a pre-recorded guide to adding learning features to Book Chapter
&lt;!--
In addition, the following changes have been made:
# TBA - An editable, interactive [[Indigenous Australian ways of learning|indigenous ways of learning]] map for the unit has been developed.
--&gt;
Students will have opportunities to provide anonymous feedback on the unit at the beginning, middle and end of the teaching period via InterFace which can be accessed through [https://www.canberra.edu.au/myuc-u MyUC].&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Motivation and emotion/Changes]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <revision>
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      <text bytes="1458" sha1="ofx7hpx4qm2sp9p1fbj80ncxxht2wbs" xml:space="preserve">{{title|Changes - 2025}}
== Summary ==
Student feedback about this unit in 2024 indicated that *95% of students were satisfied. For more detail, see [[Motivation and emotion/Evaluation/2024|Motivation and emotion - Evaluation 2024]].

The following changes are planned for 2025:
* The use of commercial textbook readings has been removed and replaced with no-cost readings
* The number of assessments has been reduced
* Instead of take-home, online quizzes, an online invigilated exam will be used due to address the vulnerability of online quizzes to cheating

The following changes based on student feedback in 2024 *will be considered:
* Ways of reducing the total amount of assessment
* Decrease the total amount of reading and spread it more evenly across the modules
* Ways of making Book Chapter easier (e.g,. by adding additional support materials for each marking criteria)
* Provide written and/or a pre-recorded guide to adding learning features to Book Chapter
&lt;!--
In addition, the following changes have been made:
# TBA - An editable, interactive [[Indigenous Australian ways of learning|indigenous ways of learning]] map for the unit has been developed.
--&gt;
Students will have opportunities to provide anonymous feedback on the unit at the beginning, middle and end of the teaching period via InterFace which can be accessed through [https://www.canberra.edu.au/myuc-u MyUC].&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Motivation and emotion/Changes]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>10242</id>
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      <comment>Update for 2025</comment>
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      <text bytes="1378" sha1="itqb8k5roq0ixxx9ew7c9a5oimapn5r" xml:space="preserve">{{title|Changes - 2025}}
== Summary ==
Student feedback about this unit in 2024 indicated that 89% of students were satisfied. For more detail, see [[Motivation and emotion/Evaluation/2024|Motivation and emotion - Evaluation 2024]].

The following changes are planned for 2025:
* Use of commercial textbook readings removed and replaced with no-cost readings
* The number of assessments has been reduced
* Take-home, online quizzes have been replated by an online invigilated exam
&lt;!--
The following changes based on student feedback in 2024 *will be considered:
* Ways of reducing the total amount of assessment
* Decrease the total amount of reading and spread it more evenly across the modules
* Ways of making Book Chapter easier (e.g,. by adding additional support materials for each marking criteria)
* Provide written and/or a pre-recorded guide to adding learning features to Book Chapter

In addition, the following changes have been made:
# TBA - An editable, interactive [[Indigenous Australian ways of learning|indigenous ways of learning]] map for the unit has been developed.
--&gt;
Students will have opportunities to provide anonymous feedback on the unit at the beginning, middle and end of the teaching period via InterFace which can be accessed through [https://www.canberra.edu.au/myuc-u MyUC].&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Motivation and emotion/Changes]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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      <id>2720572</id>
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      <contributor>
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      <text bytes="1365" sha1="8ytu39l8rop24jmcfrmdyhinms40hm0" xml:space="preserve">{{title|Changes - 2025}}
== Summary ==
Student feedback about this unit in 2024 indicated that 89% of students were satisfied. For more detail, see [[Motivation and emotion/Evaluation/2024|Motivation and emotion - Evaluation 2024]].

Changes made for 2025:
* Use of commercial textbook readings removed and replaced with no-cost readings
* The number of assessments has been reduced
* Take-home, online quizzes have been replaced by an online, remotely proctored exam
&lt;!--
The following changes based on student feedback in 2024 *will be considered:
* Ways of reducing the total amount of assessment
* Decrease the total amount of reading and spread it more evenly across the modules
* Ways of making Book Chapter easier (e.g,. by adding additional support materials for each marking criteria)
* Provide written and/or a pre-recorded guide to adding learning features to Book Chapter

In addition, the following changes have been made:
# TBA - An editable, interactive [[Indigenous Australian ways of learning|indigenous ways of learning]] map for the unit has been developed.
--&gt;
Students will have opportunities to provide anonymous feedback on the unit at the beginning, middle and end of the teaching period via InterFace which can be accessed through [https://www.canberra.edu.au/myuc-u MyUC].&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Motivation and emotion/Changes]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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        <id>10242</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New resource with &quot;{{title|Exam - Guidelines}} &lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;''Remotely proctored exam during the exam period''&lt;/div&gt; &lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Assessment/In development}} --&gt; {{TOCright}} ==Overview== * Weight: 40% * 2 hour online, remotely proctored exam during Week 14-15 (exam period) * Multiple-choice and open-ended questions  * 50% about motivation and 50% about emotion  * Assesses knowledge and learning from [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures|lectures]], Motiv...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="2613" sha1="4kt2ewe75l4nkmqaaj1p9ygr79nf2ag" xml:space="preserve">{{title|Exam - Guidelines}}
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;''Remotely proctored exam during the exam period''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Assessment/In development}} --&gt;
{{TOCright}}
==Overview==
* Weight: 40%
* 2 hour online, remotely proctored exam during Week 14-15 (exam period)
* Multiple-choice and open-ended questions

* 50% about motivation and 50% about emotion

* Assesses knowledge and learning from [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures|lectures]], [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials|tutorials]], and readings
* For more detail, see the [uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/17386/quizzes/65532 exam guidelines]

==Marking and feedback==
* Marks and feedback will be provided when official university grades are released

==Learning outcomes==
How the unit's [[Motivation and emotion/About/Learning outcomes|learning outcomes]] are addressed by this assessment exercise:
{| border=1 cellpadding=5 cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; background:transparent style=&quot;width:90%; margin: auto;&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;width:40%;&quot; | '''Learning outcome'''
| style=&quot;width:60%;&quot; | '''Assessment task'''
|-
| Identify the major principles of motivation and emotion
| The quizzes test understanding of key theories and research in the field of motivation and emotion as emphasised in the textbook, lectures, and tutorials.
|}

==Graduate attributes==
How the unit's [[Motivation and emotion/About/Graduate attributes|graduate attributes]] are addressed by this assessment exercise:
{| border=1 cellpadding=5 cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; background:transparent style=&quot;width:90%; margin: auto;&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;width:40%;&quot; | '''Graduate attribute'''
| style=&quot;width:60%;&quot; | '''Assessment task''' 
|-
| Be professional — up-to-date knowledge and skills
| Develop a broad understanding of current psychological theory and research about motivation and emotion.
|}
&lt;!--
==Instructions==
* '''Attempts''': Unlimited attempts
* '''Availability''': Quizzes will be available on {{Motivation and emotion/Canvas}} throughout semester
* '''Content''': Quizzes consist of 10 randomly selected multiple-choice questions from a test bank designed to assess knowledge of content covered in the corresponding lectures, tutorials, and readings
* '''Time limit''': 15 minutes
* '''Bug bounty''' (bonus marks): Email the [[Motivation and emotion/About/Staff|unit convener]] if you identify a quiz error or possible improvement. Accepted revisions earn bonus quiz marks.
--&gt;
==See also==
* [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Quizzes|Practice quizzes]]
{{Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Navigation}}
[[Category:{{BASEPAGENAME}}]]
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        <id>10242</id>
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      <text bytes="2621" sha1="tv55xdooso5ugt4756yqnr5dvf4vv2z" xml:space="preserve">{{title|Exam - Guidelines}}
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;''Remotely proctored exam during the exam period''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Assessment/In development}} --&gt;
{{TOCright}}
==Overview==
* Weight: 40%
* 2 hour online, remotely proctored exam during Week 14-15 (exam period)
* Multiple-choice and open-ended questions

* 50% about motivation and 50% about emotion

* Assesses knowledge and learning from [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures|lectures]], [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials|tutorials]], and readings
* For more detail, see the [https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/17386/quizzes/65532 exam guidelines]

==Marking and feedback==
* Marks and feedback will be provided when official university grades are released

==Learning outcomes==
How the unit's [[Motivation and emotion/About/Learning outcomes|learning outcomes]] are addressed by this assessment exercise:
{| border=1 cellpadding=5 cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; background:transparent style=&quot;width:90%; margin: auto;&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;width:40%;&quot; | '''Learning outcome'''
| style=&quot;width:60%;&quot; | '''Assessment task'''
|-
| Identify the major principles of motivation and emotion
| The quizzes test understanding of key theories and research in the field of motivation and emotion as emphasised in the textbook, lectures, and tutorials.
|}

==Graduate attributes==
How the unit's [[Motivation and emotion/About/Graduate attributes|graduate attributes]] are addressed by this assessment exercise:
{| border=1 cellpadding=5 cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; background:transparent style=&quot;width:90%; margin: auto;&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;width:40%;&quot; | '''Graduate attribute'''
| style=&quot;width:60%;&quot; | '''Assessment task''' 
|-
| Be professional — up-to-date knowledge and skills
| Develop a broad understanding of current psychological theory and research about motivation and emotion.
|}
&lt;!--
==Instructions==
* '''Attempts''': Unlimited attempts
* '''Availability''': Quizzes will be available on {{Motivation and emotion/Canvas}} throughout semester
* '''Content''': Quizzes consist of 10 randomly selected multiple-choice questions from a test bank designed to assess knowledge of content covered in the corresponding lectures, tutorials, and readings
* '''Time limit''': 15 minutes
* '''Bug bounty''' (bonus marks): Email the [[Motivation and emotion/About/Staff|unit convener]] if you identify a quiz error or possible improvement. Accepted revisions earn bonus quiz marks.
--&gt;
==See also==
* [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Quizzes|Practice quizzes]]
{{Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Navigation}}
[[Category:{{BASEPAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}| ]]</text>
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      <comment>New resource with &quot;[[Category:Motivation and emotion/Assessment]]&quot;</comment>
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      <comment>/* Programming in C or C+ */ new section</comment>
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      <text bytes="231" sha1="nzd8upps5absz9rlhysw2sgvx8hcryi" xml:space="preserve">== Programming in C or C+ ==

&quot;&quot; _  . HI ! [[Special:Contributions/2605:E000:9FC0:69:D8EF:7214:9766:3787|2605:E000:9FC0:69:D8EF:7214:9766:3787]] ([[User talk:2605:E000:9FC0:69:D8EF:7214:9766:3787|discuss]]) 01:25, 3 July 2025 (UTC)</text>
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        <username>Jtneill</username>
        <id>10242</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New resource with &quot;{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; !'''[http://www.canberra.edu.au/future-students/key-dates/semesters-winter-term-principal-dates Week]''' !'''[[Motivation and emotion/Modules|Module]]''' !'''[[Motivation and emotion/Lectures|Lecture]]''' &lt;!-- !'''[[Motivation and emotion/Readings|Reading]]&lt;br /&gt;(Ch)''' --&gt; !'''[[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Quizzes|Quiz]]''' !'''[[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials|Tutorial]]''' !'''Motivation and emotion/Assessment|Ass...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="4140" sha1="ef604uyphn69c80oe40vlg85uso5k6q" xml:space="preserve">{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;
!'''[http://www.canberra.edu.au/future-students/key-dates/semesters-winter-term-principal-dates Week]'''
!'''[[Motivation and emotion/Modules|Module]]'''
!'''[[Motivation and emotion/Lectures|Lecture]]'''
&lt;!-- !'''[[Motivation and emotion/Readings|Reading]]&lt;br /&gt;(Ch)''' --&gt;
!'''[[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Quizzes|Quiz]]'''
!'''[[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials|Tutorial]]'''
!'''[[Motivation and emotion/Assessment|Assessment]]'''
|-
|01
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1 - Introduction
|01 - [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Introduction|Introduction]]
&lt;!-- |[[Motivation and emotion/About/Outline|UO]], 01 --&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1
|01 - [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Topic selection|Topic selection]]
| -
|-
|02
|02 - [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Historical development and assessment skills|Historical development and assessment skills]]
&lt;!-- |02 --&gt;
|02 - [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Wiki editing]]
| '''[[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|Topic selection]]'''&lt;br /&gt;Mon 9am 5/8
|-
|03
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2 - Needs
|03 - [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Brain and physiological needs|Brain and physiological needs]]
&lt;!-- |03, 04 --&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2
|03 - [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Physiological needs|Physiological needs]]
| '''[[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|Topic development]]'''&lt;br /&gt;Fri 9am 16/8
|-
|04
|04 - [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Extrinsic motivation and psychological needs|Extrinsic motivation and psychological needs]]
&lt;!-- |05, 06 --&gt;
|04 - [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Psychological needs|Psychological needs]]
| '''[[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Quizzes|Quiz 1]]'''&lt;br&gt;Mon 9am 19/8

|-
|05
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |3 - Goals and self
|05 - [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Implicit motives and goals|Implicit motives and goals]]
&lt;!-- |07, 08 --&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |3
|05 - [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Functionalist theory and self-tracking|Functionalist theory and self-tracking]]
| -
|-
|06
|06 - [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Mindsets, control, and the self|Mindsets, control, and the self]]
&lt;!-- |09, 10, 11 --&gt;
|06 - [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Learned optimism|Learned optimism]]
| '''[[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Quizzes|Quiz 2]]'''&lt;br&gt;Mon 9am 2/9
|-
|07
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |4 - Emotion
|07 - [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Nature of emotion|Nature of emotion]]
&lt;!-- |12 --&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |4
|07 - [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Core emotions|Core emotions]]
| -
|-
|08
|Mid-semester break
&lt;!-- | - --&gt;
| -
| '''[[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Quizzes|Quiz 3]]'''&lt;br&gt;Mon 9am 16/9
|-
|09
|08 - [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Aspects of emotion|Aspects of emotion]]
&lt;!-- |13 --&gt;
|08 - [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Measuring emotion|Measuring emotion]]
| -
|-
|10
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |5 - Individual emotions
|09 - [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Individual emotions|Individual emotions]]
&lt;!-- |14 --&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |5
|09 - [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/20 emotions|20 emotions]]
| -
|-
|11
|10 - [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Unconscious motivation|Unconscious motivation]]
&lt;!-- |16 --&gt;
|10 - [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Time perspective|Time perspective]]
| '''Academic integrity module''' Mon 9am 7/10
'''[[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|Book chapter]]'''&lt;br /&gt;Mon 9am 7/10
'''[[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Quizzes|Quiz 4]]'''&lt;br&gt;Mon 9am 7/10
|-
|12
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |6 - Growth
|11 - [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Growth psychology|Growth psychology]]
&lt;!-- |15 --&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |6
|11 - [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Positive psychology|Positive psychology]]
|
|-
|13
|12 - [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Interventions and review|Interventions and review]]
&lt;!-- |17 --&gt;
|12 - [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Review|Review]]
| '''[[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Quizzes|Quiz 5]]'''&lt;br&gt;Mon 9am 21/10
|-
|14
| -
| -
&lt;!-- | - --&gt;
| -
| -
| '''[[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Exam|Exam]]'''&lt;br /&gt;TBA
|-
|15
| -
| -
&lt;!-- | - --&gt;
| -
| -
| '''[[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Exam|Exam]]'''&lt;br&gt;TBA
|}

[[Category:{{BASEPAGENAME}}]]</text>
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    <revision>
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      <text bytes="4013" sha1="r7t6d3cx2s20v0cnaa9imoiff6xafd9" xml:space="preserve">{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;
!'''[http://www.canberra.edu.au/future-students/key-dates/semesters-winter-term-principal-dates Week]'''
!'''[[Motivation and emotion/Modules|Module]]'''
!'''[[Motivation and emotion/Lectures|Lecture]]'''
&lt;!-- !'''[[Motivation and emotion/Readings|Reading]]&lt;br /&gt;(Ch)''' --&gt;
!'''[[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Quizzes|Quiz]]'''
!'''[[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials|Tutorial]]'''
!'''[[Motivation and emotion/Assessment|Assessment]]'''
|-
|01
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1 - Introduction
|01 - [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Introduction|Introduction]]
&lt;!-- |[[Motivation and emotion/About/Outline|UO]], 01 --&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1
|01 - [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Topic selection|Topic selection]]
| -
|-
|02
|02 - [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Historical development and assessment skills|Historical development and assessment skills]]
&lt;!-- |02 --&gt;
|02 - [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Wiki editing]]
| '''[[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|Topic selection]]'''&lt;br /&gt;Mon 9am 5/8
|-
|03
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2 - Needs
|03 - [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Brain and physiological needs|Brain and physiological needs]]
&lt;!-- |03, 04 --&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2
|03 - [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Physiological needs|Physiological needs]]
| '''[[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|Topic development]]'''&lt;br /&gt;Fri 9am 16/8
|-
|04
|04 - [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Extrinsic motivation and psychological needs|Extrinsic motivation and psychological needs]]
&lt;!-- |05, 06 --&gt;
|04 - [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Psychological needs|Psychological needs]]
| '''[[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Quizzes|Quiz 1]]'''

|-
|05
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |3 - Goals and self
|05 - [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Implicit motives and goals|Implicit motives and goals]]
&lt;!-- |07, 08 --&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |3
|05 - [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Functionalist theory and self-tracking|Functionalist theory and self-tracking]]
| -
|-
|06
|06 - [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Mindsets, control, and the self|Mindsets, control, and the self]]
&lt;!-- |09, 10, 11 --&gt;
|06 - [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Learned optimism|Learned optimism]]
| '''[[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Quizzes|Quiz 2]]'''
|-
|07
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |4 - Emotion
|07 - [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Nature of emotion|Nature of emotion]]
&lt;!-- |12 --&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |4
|07 - [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Core emotions|Core emotions]]
| -
|-
|08
|Mid-semester break
&lt;!-- | - --&gt;
| -
| '''[[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Quizzes|Quiz 3]]'''
|-
|09
|08 - [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Aspects of emotion|Aspects of emotion]]
&lt;!-- |13 --&gt;
|08 - [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Measuring emotion|Measuring emotion]]
| -
|-
|10
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |5 - Individual emotions
|09 - [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Individual emotions|Individual emotions]]
&lt;!-- |14 --&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |5
|09 - [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/20 emotions|20 emotions]]
| '''[[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|Book chapter]]'''&lt;br /&gt;Mon 9am 7/10
|-
|11
|10 - [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Unconscious motivation|Unconscious motivation]]
&lt;!-- |16 --&gt;
|10 - [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Time perspective|Time perspective]]
| '''[[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Quizzes|Quiz 4]]'''
|-
|12
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |6 - Growth
|11 - [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Growth psychology|Growth psychology]]
&lt;!-- |15 --&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |6
|11 - [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Positive psychology|Positive psychology]]
|
|-
|13
|12 - [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Interventions and review|Interventions and review]]
&lt;!-- |17 --&gt;
|12 - [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Review|Review]]
| '''[[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Quizzes|Quiz 5]]'''
|-
|14
| -
| -
&lt;!-- | - --&gt;
| -
| -
| '''[[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Exam|Exam]]'''&lt;br /&gt;TBA
|-
|15
| -
| -
&lt;!-- | - --&gt;
| -
| -
| '''[[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Exam|Exam]]'''&lt;br&gt;TBA
|}

[[Category:{{BASEPAGENAME}}]]</text>
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      <text bytes="3932" sha1="t7bgea3f1htjuja2enxge1c4uat5pqw" xml:space="preserve">{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;
!'''[http://www.canberra.edu.au/future-students/key-dates/semesters-winter-term-principal-dates Week]'''
!'''[[Motivation and emotion/Modules|Module]]'''
!'''[[Motivation and emotion/Lectures|Lecture]]'''
&lt;!-- !'''[[Motivation and emotion/Readings|Reading]]&lt;br /&gt;(Ch)''' --&gt;
!'''[[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Quizzes|Quiz]]'''
!'''[[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials|Tutorial]]'''
!'''[[Motivation and emotion/Assessment|Assessment]]'''
|-
|01
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1 - Introduction
|01 - [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Introduction|Introduction]]
&lt;!-- |[[Motivation and emotion/About/Outline|UO]], 01 --&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1
|01 - [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Topic selection|Topic selection]]
| -
|-
|02
|02 - [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Historical development and assessment skills|Historical development and assessment skills]]
&lt;!-- |02 --&gt;
|02 - [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Wiki editing]]
| -
|-
|03
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2 - Needs
|03 - [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Brain and physiological needs|Brain and physiological needs]]
&lt;!-- |03, 04 --&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2
|03 - [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Physiological needs|Physiological needs]]
| '''[[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|Topic development]]'''&lt;br /&gt;Fri 9am 15/8
|-
|04
|04 - [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Extrinsic motivation and psychological needs|Extrinsic motivation and psychological needs]]
&lt;!-- |05, 06 --&gt;
|04 - [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Psychological needs|Psychological needs]]
| '''[[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Quizzes|Quiz 1]]'''

|-
|05
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |3 - Goals and self
|05 - [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Implicit motives and goals|Implicit motives and goals]]
&lt;!-- |07, 08 --&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |3
|05 - [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Functionalist theory and self-tracking|Functionalist theory and self-tracking]]
| -
|-
|06
|06 - [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Mindsets, control, and the self|Mindsets, control, and the self]]
&lt;!-- |09, 10, 11 --&gt;
|06 - [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Learned optimism|Learned optimism]]
| '''[[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Quizzes|Quiz 2]]'''
|-
|07
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |4 - Emotion
|07 - [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Nature of emotion|Nature of emotion]]
&lt;!-- |12 --&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |4
|07 - [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Core emotions|Core emotions]]
| -
|-
|08
|Mid-semester break
&lt;!-- | - --&gt;
| -
| '''[[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Quizzes|Quiz 3]]'''
|-
|09
|08 - [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Aspects of emotion|Aspects of emotion]]
&lt;!-- |13 --&gt;
|08 - [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Measuring emotion|Measuring emotion]]
| -
|-
|10
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |5 - Individual emotions
|09 - [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Individual emotions|Individual emotions]]
&lt;!-- |14 --&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |5
|09 - [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/20 emotions|20 emotions]]
| '''[[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|Book chapter]]'''&lt;br /&gt;Mon 9am 29/9
|-
|11
|10 - [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Unconscious motivation|Unconscious motivation]]
&lt;!-- |16 --&gt;
|10 - [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Time perspective|Time perspective]]
| '''[[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Quizzes|Quiz 4]]'''
|-
|12
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |6 - Growth
|11 - [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Growth psychology|Growth psychology]]
&lt;!-- |15 --&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |6
|11 - [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Positive psychology|Positive psychology]]
|
|-
|13
|12 - [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Interventions and review|Interventions and review]]
&lt;!-- |17 --&gt;
|12 - [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Review|Review]]
| '''[[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Quizzes|Quiz 5]]'''
|-
|14
| -
| -
&lt;!-- | - --&gt;
| -
| -
| '''[[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Exam|Exam]]'''&lt;br /&gt;TBA
|-
|15
| -
| -
&lt;!-- | - --&gt;
| -
| -
| '''[[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Exam|Exam]]'''&lt;br&gt;TBA
|}

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!'''[http://www.canberra.edu.au/future-students/key-dates/semesters-winter-term-principal-dates Week]'''
!'''[[Motivation and emotion/Modules|Module]]'''
!'''[[Motivation and emotion/Lectures|Lecture]]'''
&lt;!-- !'''[[Motivation and emotion/Readings|Reading]]&lt;br /&gt;(Ch)''' --&gt;
!'''[[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Quizzes|Practice quiz]]'''
!'''[[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials|Tutorial]]'''
!'''[[Motivation and emotion/Assessment|Assessment]]'''
|-
|01
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1 - Introduction
|01 - [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Introduction|Introduction]]
&lt;!-- |[[Motivation and emotion/About/Outline|UO]], 01 --&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1
|01 - [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Topic selection|Topic selection]]
| -
|-
|02
|02 - [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Historical development and assessment skills|Historical development and assessment skills]]
&lt;!-- |02 --&gt;
|02 - [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Wiki editing]]
| -
|-
|03
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2 - Needs
|03 - [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Brain and physiological needs|Brain and physiological needs]]
&lt;!-- |03, 04 --&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2
|03 - [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Physiological needs|Physiological needs]]
| '''[[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|Topic development]]'''&lt;br /&gt;Fri 9am 15/8
|-
|04
|04 - [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Extrinsic motivation and psychological needs|Extrinsic motivation and psychological needs]]
&lt;!-- |05, 06 --&gt;
|04 - [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Psychological needs|Psychological needs]]
| -

|-
|05
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |3 - Goals and self
|05 - [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Implicit motives and goals|Implicit motives and goals]]
&lt;!-- |07, 08 --&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |3
|05 - [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Functionalist theory and self-tracking|Functionalist theory and self-tracking]]
| -
|-
|06
|06 - [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Mindsets, control, and the self|Mindsets, control, and the self]]
&lt;!-- |09, 10, 11 --&gt;
|06 - [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Learned optimism|Learned optimism]]
| -
|-
|07
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |4 - Emotion
|07 - [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Nature of emotion|Nature of emotion]]
&lt;!-- |12 --&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |4
|07 - [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Core emotions|Core emotions]]
| -
|-
|08
|Mid-semester break
&lt;!-- | - --&gt;
| -
| -
|-
|09
|08 - [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Aspects of emotion|Aspects of emotion]]
&lt;!-- |13 --&gt;
|08 - [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Measuring emotion|Measuring emotion]]
| -
|-
|10
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |5 - Individual emotions
|09 - [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Individual emotions|Individual emotions]]
&lt;!-- |14 --&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |5
|09 - [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/20 emotions|20 emotions]]
| '''[[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|Book chapter]]'''&lt;br /&gt;Mon 9am 29/9
|-
|11
|10 - [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Unconscious motivation|Unconscious motivation]]
&lt;!-- |16 --&gt;
|10 - [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Time perspective|Time perspective]]
| -
|-
|12
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |6 - Growth
|11 - [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Growth psychology|Growth psychology]]
&lt;!-- |15 --&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |6
|11 - [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Positive psychology|Positive psychology]]
| -
|-
|13
|12 - [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Interventions and review|Interventions and review]]
&lt;!-- |17 --&gt;
|12 - [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Review|Review]]
| -
|-
|14
| -
| -
&lt;!-- | - --&gt;
| -
| -
| '''[[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Exam|Exam]]'''&lt;br /&gt;TBA
|-
|15
| -
| -
&lt;!-- | - --&gt;
| -
| -
| '''[[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Exam|Exam]]'''&lt;br&gt;TBA
|}

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!'''[http://www.canberra.edu.au/future-students/key-dates/semesters-winter-term-principal-dates Week]'''
!'''[[Motivation and emotion/Modules|Module]]'''
!'''[[Motivation and emotion/Lectures|Lecture]]'''
&lt;!-- !'''[[Motivation and emotion/Readings|Reading]]&lt;br /&gt;(Ch)''' --&gt;
!'''[[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Quizzes|Practice]]'''
'''q[[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Quizzes|uiz]]'''
!'''[[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials|Tutorial]]'''
!'''[[Motivation and emotion/Assessment|Assessment]]'''
|-
|01
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1 - Introduction
|01 - [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Introduction|Introduction]]
&lt;!-- |[[Motivation and emotion/About/Outline|UO]], 01 --&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1
|01 - [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Topic selection|Topic selection]]
| -
|-
|02
|02 - [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Historical development and assessment skills|Historical development and assessment skills]]
&lt;!-- |02 --&gt;
|02 - [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Wiki editing]]
| -
|-
|03
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2 - Needs
|03 - [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Brain and physiological needs|Brain and physiological needs]]
&lt;!-- |03, 04 --&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2
|03 - [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Physiological needs|Physiological needs]]
| '''[[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|Topic development]]'''&lt;br /&gt;Fri 9am 15/8
|-
|04
|04 - [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Extrinsic motivation and psychological needs|Extrinsic motivation and psychological needs]]
&lt;!-- |05, 06 --&gt;
|04 - [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Psychological needs|Psychological needs]]
| -

|-
|05
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |3 - Goals and self
|05 - [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Implicit motives and goals|Implicit motives and goals]]
&lt;!-- |07, 08 --&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |3
|05 - [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Functionalist theory and self-tracking|Functionalist theory and self-tracking]]
| -
|-
|06
|06 - [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Mindsets, control, and the self|Mindsets, control, and the self]]
&lt;!-- |09, 10, 11 --&gt;
|06 - [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Learned optimism|Learned optimism]]
| -
|-
|07
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |4 - Emotion
|07 - [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Nature of emotion|Nature of emotion]]
&lt;!-- |12 --&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |4
|07 - [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Core emotions|Core emotions]]
| -
|-
|08
|Mid-semester break
&lt;!-- | - --&gt;
| -
| -
|-
|09
|08 - [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Aspects of emotion|Aspects of emotion]]
&lt;!-- |13 --&gt;
|08 - [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Measuring emotion|Measuring emotion]]
| -
|-
|10
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |5 - Individual emotions
|09 - [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Individual emotions|Individual emotions]]
&lt;!-- |14 --&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |5
|09 - [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/20 emotions|20 emotions]]
| '''[[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|Book chapter]]'''&lt;br /&gt;Mon 9am 29/9
|-
|11
|10 - [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Unconscious motivation|Unconscious motivation]]
&lt;!-- |16 --&gt;
|10 - [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Time perspective|Time perspective]]
| -
|-
|12
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |6 - Growth
|11 - [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Growth psychology|Growth psychology]]
&lt;!-- |15 --&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |6
|11 - [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Positive psychology|Positive psychology]]
| -
|-
|13
|12 - [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Interventions and review|Interventions and review]]
&lt;!-- |17 --&gt;
|12 - [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Review|Review]]
| -
|-
|14
| -
| -
&lt;!-- | - --&gt;
| -
| -
| '''[[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Exam|Exam]]'''&lt;br /&gt;TBA
|-
|15
| -
| -
&lt;!-- | - --&gt;
| -
| -
| '''[[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Exam|Exam]]'''&lt;br&gt;TBA
|}

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      <id>2720525</id>
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!'''[http://www.canberra.edu.au/future-students/key-dates/semesters-winter-term-principal-dates Week]'''
!'''[[Motivation and emotion/Modules|Module]]'''
!'''[[Motivation and emotion/Lectures|Lecture]]'''
&lt;!-- !'''[[Motivation and emotion/Readings|Reading]]&lt;br /&gt;(Ch)''' --&gt;
!'''[[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Quizzes|Practice]]'''
'''q[[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Quizzes|uiz]]'''
!'''[[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials|Tutorial]]'''
!'''[[Motivation and emotion/Assessment|Assessment]]'''
|-
|01
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1 - Introduction
|01 - [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Introduction|Introduction]]
&lt;!-- |[[Motivation and emotion/About/Outline|UO]], 01 --&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1
|01 - [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Topic selection|Topic selection]]
| -
|-
|02
|02 - [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Historical development and assessment skills|Historical development and assessment skills]]
&lt;!-- |02 --&gt;
|02 - [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Wiki editing]]
| -
|-
|03
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2 - Needs
|03 - [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Brain and physiological needs|Brain and physiological needs]]
&lt;!-- |03, 04 --&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2
|03 - [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Physiological needs|Physiological needs]]
| '''[[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|Topic development]]'''&lt;br /&gt;Fri 9am 15/8
|-
|04
|04 - [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Extrinsic motivation and psychological needs|Extrinsic motivation and psychological needs]]
&lt;!-- |05, 06 --&gt;
|04 - [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Psychological needs|Psychological needs]]
| -

|-
|05
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |3 - Goals and self
|05 - [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Implicit motives and goals|Implicit motives and goals]]
&lt;!-- |07, 08 --&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |3
|05 - [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Functionalist theory and self-tracking|Functionalist theory and self-tracking]]
| -
|-
|06
|06 - [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Mindsets, control, and the self|Mindsets, control, and the self]]
&lt;!-- |09, 10, 11 --&gt;
|06 - [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Learned optimism|Learned optimism]]
| -
|-
|07
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |4 - Emotion
|07 - [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Nature of emotion|Nature of emotion]]
&lt;!-- |12 --&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |4
|07 - [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Core emotions|Core emotions]]
| -
|-
|08
|Mid-semester break
&lt;!-- | - --&gt;
| -
| -
|-
|09
|08 - [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Aspects of emotion|Aspects of emotion]]
&lt;!-- |13 --&gt;
|08 - [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Measuring emotion|Measuring emotion]]
| -
|-
|10
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |5 - Individual emotions
|09 - [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Individual emotions|Individual emotions]]
&lt;!-- |14 --&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |5
|09 - [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/20 emotions|20 emotions]]
| '''[[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|Book chapter]]'''&lt;br /&gt;Mon 9am 29/9
|-
|11
|10 - [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Unconscious motivation|Unconscious motivation]]
&lt;!-- |16 --&gt;
|10 - [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Time perspective|Time perspective]]
| -
|-
|12
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |6 - Growth
|11 - [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Growth psychology|Growth psychology]]
&lt;!-- |15 --&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |6
|11 - [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Positive psychology|Positive psychology]]
| -
|-
|13
|12 - [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Interventions and review|Interventions and review]]
&lt;!-- |17 --&gt;
|12 - [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Review|Review]]
| -
|-
|14
| -
| -
&lt;!-- | - --&gt;
| -
| -
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''[[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Exam|Exam]]'''&lt;br /&gt;TBA
|-
|15
| -
| -
&lt;!-- | - --&gt;
| -
| -
|}

[[Category:{{BASEPAGENAME}}]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Motivation and emotion/Evaluation/2024</title>
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      <timestamp>2025-07-03T04:31:14Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>New resource with &quot;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{title|Motivation and emotion - Evaluation - 2024}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;  === Student feedback === Feedback about this unit in 2024 was positive (''n'' = *; *% out of *): # 100% agreed or strongly agreed that they were ''satisfied with how the staff'' in the unit supported their learning (63% strongly agreed) # 89% agreed or strongly agreed that they were ''satisfied with the quality'' of this unit (47% strongly agreed) # 94% agreed or strongly that the unit ''will he...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="901" sha1="hfrlz9znposzd44ejgxcgpsgyeimg0w" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{title|Motivation and emotion - Evaluation - 2024}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;

=== Student feedback ===
Feedback about this unit in 2024 was positive (''n'' = *; *% out of *):
# 100% agreed or strongly agreed that they were ''satisfied with how the staff'' in the unit supported their learning (63% strongly agreed)
# 89% agreed or strongly agreed that they were ''satisfied with the quality'' of this unit (47% strongly agreed)
# 94% agreed or strongly that the unit ''will help them with my work-related goals'' (33% strongly agreed)
# 83% agreed or strongly agreed that they ''made the most of their opportunities'' to learn in this unit (39% strongly agreed)

For more information, see [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1if-473Goyh4Y_va48x4SPPjge42FQr1kMbk5q0_SnnU/edit?usp=sharing detailed summary of student feedback].

&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Motivation and emotion/Evaluation]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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      <timestamp>2025-07-03T04:32:04Z</timestamp>
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=== Student feedback ===
Feedback about this unit in 2024 was positive (''n'' = 21; 14% out of 149):
# 100% agreed or strongly agreed that they were ''satisfied with how the staff'' in the unit supported their learning (63% strongly agreed)
# 89% agreed or strongly agreed that they were ''satisfied with the quality'' of this unit (47% strongly agreed)
# 94% agreed or strongly that the unit ''will help them with my work-related goals'' (33% strongly agreed)
# 83% agreed or strongly agreed that they ''made the most of their opportunities'' to learn in this unit (39% strongly agreed)

For more information, see [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1if-473Goyh4Y_va48x4SPPjge42FQr1kMbk5q0_SnnU/edit?usp=sharing detailed summary of student feedback].

&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Motivation and emotion/Evaluation]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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      <comment>New resource with &quot;{{Number in course{{{opt|}}}|Exercise|18|18}}&quot;</comment>
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    <title>Linear algebra (Osnabrück 2024-2025)/Platonic solids/Angle between the semiaxes/Exercise/Exercisereferencenumber</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>322404</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2720578</id>
      <timestamp>2025-07-03T09:32:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bocardodarapti</username>
        <id>289675</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New resource with &quot;{{Number in course{{{opt|}}}|Exercise|51|8}}&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="44" sha1="f0r7rvq5fq7rkej5yr70zs10fqvm63d" xml:space="preserve">{{Number in course{{{opt|}}}|Exercise|51|8}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>User:Ma'am Risa a Gammoojjii</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2025-07-03T10:06:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ma'am Risa a Gammoojjii</username>
        <id>3004369</id>
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      <comment>Name</comment>
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      <text bytes="33" sha1="btvgir83huxowdxtf9x8qtv2ipg0yy2" xml:space="preserve">Yeroo kamu sabaa keef dursaa keni</text>
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