Wikiversity:Colloquium

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== 'Wikidata item' link is moving, finally. ==

Hello everyone, I previously wrote on the 27th September to advise that the ''Wikidata item'' sitelink will change places in the sidebar menu, moving from the '''General''' section into the '''In Other Projects''' section. The scheduled rollout date of 04.10.2024 was delayed due to a necessary request for Mobile/MinervaNeue skin. I am happy to inform that the global rollout can now proceed and will occur later today, 22.10.2024 at 15:00 UTC-2. [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|Please let us know]] if you notice any problems or bugs after this change. There should be no need for null-edits or purging cache for the changes to occur. Kind regards, -[[m:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 11:28, 22 October 2024 (UTC)
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:Hi @[[User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]]: I Just noticed your post above, and it is timely.
:I have been participating in the English WikiUniversity for a few years, much less often recently. I seems like something in the way the site displays is different, but I cannot put my finger on it. Your posting gave me a clue. Can you please tell me where  the link to wikidata items has moved to? [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 17:23, 11 December 2024 (UTC)
::Hello @[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]], sure, I would be happy to. The button/sitelink name didn't change, just its position. You should find it in the sidebar-menu under the section '''In other projects''' (where the links to all other Wikimedia Projects are displayed). If you do not see it, please reach out to us on the [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|Move Wikidata item - Discussion page]]. Thank you, -[[User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|contribs]]) 09:24, 12 December 2024 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]], thank you for responding. I intend to followup on the ''Move Wikidata item - Discussion page'' as per your post above by putting it on my ever growing todo list.
:::I don't know about others on this wiki, as I said I have not been visiting here frequently, but for me the constant changes are a big distraction. I have been around wikimedia projects since 2007, so why do I have to spend so much time learning and re-learning how to find what I came here for? [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 16:41, 12 December 2024 (UTC)
::::Hi @[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]], thanks for you thoughts. Your input whether positive or critical helps us understand the impacts to editors so we welcome your further thoughts when you reach us in your To Do List :)
::::I can't speak about the other changes you've experienced here but I do hope they are made with a spirit of improvement for the community as a whole. -[[User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|contribs]]) 10:43, 16 December 2024 (UTC)
:::::@[[User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]]: 
:::::Re: '''Your input whether positive or critical helps us understand the impacts to editors'''
:::::Today I (finally)  checked [[Move Wikidata item - Discussion page]] and discovered that it is a talkpage on META where, unfortunately, I am infinitely blocked, so cannot participate. Even so, I proceeded to try and see what others are saying and immediately came to the conclusion that the few who actually participated in that discussin viewed the change  negatively. It must be disheartening for developers to meet such a hostile attitude from the community. Please don't take it personally, this is a common phenomena in  wikimedia community wide discussions , IMIO.
:::::I further checked the [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=meta.wikimedia.org&amp;platform=all-access&amp;agent=user&amp;redirects=0&amp;range=latest-90&amp;pages=Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link page view statistcics] which showed there were only  828 pageviews in the last 90 days, and what's worse [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link&amp;action=info#mw-pageinfo-watchers the page has &quot;Fewer than 30 watchers&quot;]. 
:::::Since [[META:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|your userpage on META]] says that you are the: &quot;Community Communications Manager Wikidata Integrations Team&quot;, may I ask how this apparent apathy is being addressed by your own management?
:::::I apologize if my post is not welcome on the Wikiversity:Colloquium, as i said I am  a rather infrequent visitor to this wiki. I probably would not have followed up if you did not assure us that our feedback positive or negative is sought. Cheers, [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 20:49, 3 January 2025 (UTC)
::::::Dear @[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]], I am so so sorry for leaving you on read for these last months, I have no excuse other than reading your comment and then getting lost before making a reply.
::::::The team I am working with, [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects|Wikidata for Wikimedia Projects]] is a new development team, so I think management has allowed a certain amount of elbow room or leeway for us to make small changes whilst developing our confidence tackling the MediaWiki codebase with onboarding tasks that won't 'rock the boat' too much. We certainly expected some pushback or resistance to moving the Wikidata item as editors are so used to where it previously resided. Now it has been some time and hopefully the communities have gotten used to the change.
::::::Please do not apologise, your comments are always welcome, critical or not, as a new team I think we certainly &quot;fly under the radar&quot; to an extent and I hope that changes as we continue to work on projects that deepen the integrations between Wikidata and the other sibling projects. Once again, my sincere apologies for the delay in this reply. -[[User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|contribs]]) 13:59, 1 April 2025 (UTC)

== Wikiversity - Newsletters ==

Hello All,

I wanted to create a newsletter on Wikiversity, which would highlight what is going on in certain months and events on Wikiversity; which would bolster engagement by many people. This would be on the website and would have its dedicated 'Newsletter' tab.

I hope you acknowledge this idea. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 21:05, 8 December 2024 (UTC)

:@[[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]], What sort of things do you plan to include in your newsletter? Will they be different than what is currently in [[Main Page/News]]? Just curious.
:I am also wondering about your motive which I think is: to bolster engagement by many people. I am asking because I wonder if others who are currently active here also think this I is desirable? Have you asked them? [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 17:34, 11 December 2024 (UTC)
::Not yet, which was why I was asking this on the colloquium. I plan to include things that many people have created on Wikiversity over the month, as it is a monthly newsletter. It would be somewhere on the website here. It will be more frequent that the ones seen on [[Main Page/News]]. We will include people's resources to essentially promote them. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 06:50, 12 December 2024 (UTC)
:::@[[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]], I Think what you are saying is that ''Main Page/News'' does not update frequently enough? 
:::If this is the reason, why not start small by simply increasing the frequency of posting news on the main page, instead of trying to start a newsletter?
:::If there is more, can you articulate what else is missing. Thanks in advance, [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 16:51, 12 December 2024 (UTC)
::::I meant going to detail into topics covered in that month, rather than just giving a few points. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 16:53, 12 December 2024 (UTC)
:::::What sort of details did you have in mind? You can pick one of the links provided in [[Main Page/News]] to illustrate. cheers, [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 15:29, 16 December 2024 (UTC)
::::::I'm thinking of the community entering their projects, and discussing those in the newsletter. It depends on what they want, though. There would be a dedicated page for giving the information about their projects [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 17:24, 16 December 2024 (UTC)
:::::::I might start working on this soon, depending on the projects being created on Wikiversity. @[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] @[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 18:25, 17 December 2024 (UTC)
::::::::I'd recommend you start off with putting this under a userspace page (something like [[User:RockTransport/Wikiversity Newsletter]]), and drafting what you desire. Let us know once it's done, and the community can provide their input. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 18:30, 17 December 2024 (UTC)
:::::::::I will try and make one for this month. This is supposed to be a monthly newsletter, showcasing the different projects mentioned there. Users can put their projects, and we will document them on the newsletter. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 18:33, 17 December 2024 (UTC)
:::::::::I am hoping for it to be released by January 2025. There's no rush to get it done; it's still in it's planning stage. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 18:43, 17 December 2024 (UTC)
::::I '''might''' be able to icnrease the frequency there, but it doesn't go into detail about these topics. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 17:30, 18 December 2024 (UTC)
:Where you are going to get the audience for your website and Wikiversity newsletter? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:38, 18 December 2024 (UTC)
::It's on Wikiversity, not on an outside platform. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 13:51, 18 December 2024 (UTC)
::The audience will be Wikiversity contributors. There will be a dedicated page for it on Wikiversity. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 13:55, 18 December 2024 (UTC)
:::Hi @[[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]], Just wondering if there is a progress on the wikiversity newsletter? [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 18:09, 6 January 2025 (UTC)
::::There is progress, I just need to find some topics to cover about. [[User:RockTransport|''Rock Transport'']] 😊 ([[User_talk:RockTransport|Talk page]])  18:26, 6 January 2025 (UTC)
::::Also, if you wanted to see the work being done on the page, go to [[User:RockTransport/Wikiversity Newsletter|this page]]. I haven't worked on it that much lately, but I am constantly working on it. [[User:RockTransport|''Rock Transport'']] 😊 ([[User_talk:RockTransport|Talk page]])  18:38, 6 January 2025 (UTC)

== &lt;s&gt;Degrees&lt;/s&gt; (Certificates (see below)) ==

Why does Wikiversity not provide degrees? I know it was a promise to the Wikimedia Foundation in the Wikiversity project proposal. But anyway, why is that? Wikiversity is about opening doors, i.e., removing obstacles. So, what kind of an obstacle was a paper? Was a certain body of knowledge that you learned well?! Because Wikiversity is not accredited for that? Yes, and do we need official US accreditation? We cannot create our system so that the learners who learn here and would like to continue their science career have a recognizable degree they can continue? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 10:19, 18 December 2024 (UTC)

:&quot;I know it was a promise to the Wikimedia Foundation in the Wikiversity project proposal.&quot; Was it? Becoming a degree-granting institution is an extremely high bar in the United States, but what is even the point in becoming a degree-granting institution in... Malawi? Tonga? Somewhere else where the servers aren't located or the WMF aren't incorporated? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 15:53, 18 December 2024 (UTC)
::I ment certificates. The question is the recognazibility of a certificate. I am not talking here about equal certification, which is provided by governmental institucians to universities, rather on Wikiversity own certification, which might may advocate itself over the time. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 15:05, 19 December 2024 (UTC)
::: We could issue certificates in some residing in certain jurisdictions probably (?). To my knowledge, there is no legal prohibition federally against doing this in the USA as long as no misrepresentation happens. Although some states might prohibit it (?). Degrees are likely different (at least with respect to accreditation). Please let me know if you believe I am likely incorrect in my understanding. I asked an LLM this prompt, &quot;is there any prohibition legally in USA for a DAO (decentralized autonomous organization or wiki community related to learning, teaching, and research) from issuing certifications or certificates to those who go through learning materials and educational resources that might be on a decentralized or nonprofit wiki that has an active community?&quot; (i won't post the specific result, but I wrote and engineered that prompt myself). The LLM output seemed to indicate my understanding noted here is correct, but LLM's are sometimes wrong. what do you or others think about this? [[User:Michael Ten|Michael Ten]] ([[User talk:Michael Ten|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Michael Ten|contribs]]) 18:49, 25 December 2024 (UTC)
:From [https://web.archive.org/web/20170703053134/https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Meetings/November_13,_2005 the WMF Board] (repeated at [[WV:WWIN]]):
:&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;[[Wikiversity:Original proposal|Wikiversity proposal]] not approved, but we will approve it if [[Wikiversity:Approved Wikiversity project proposal|some changes are made]]... The board recommend rewriting the proposal to ''exclude credentials'', exclude online-courses and clarify the concept of elearning platform.&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
:That is, Wikiversity was prevented from creation until it was codified '''not''' to provide credentials. It is not just ''U.S.'' credentials, but credentials period.
:I see you were around for [[Wikiversity:Community Review/Wikimedia Ethics:Ethical Breaching Experiments|the Reckoning]], so I imagine you are aware of the potential consequences of challenging such a clear policy so explicitly. I worry the community would not withstand another round. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 19:24, 2 January 2025 (UTC)
::That said, I see nothing wrong with a cute badge of some sort (emulating barnstars) for completion of a resource (perhaps supervised/signed off by the resource creators). Even if there is no pretention of &quot;credentials&quot;, who doesn't like a trophy? [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 20:19, 2 January 2025 (UTC)
:::[[:w:Gamification|Gamification]] is quite different than granting certificates and degrees. And ''even'' if Wikiversity grants certificates, half the battle is getting others to recognize the legitimacy of the certificate. Otherwise people will just think of Wikiversity as a [[:w:diploma mill|diploma mill]] especially if this conversation steers towards purposely issuing certificates in far flung countries for the sole purpose of skirting around the rules. And that's something I don't want to be associated with if Wikiversity goes down that path. [[User:OhanaUnited|&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000FF;&quot;&gt;OhanaUnited&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:OhanaUnited|&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: green;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Talk page&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;]] 21:24, 2 January 2025 (UTC)

== Citation system ==

How is being maintained citation system on en.wv. I mean, is it completly the same as on English Wikipedia? Do we update it according to English Wikipedia? How we do that? Are the templates like [[Template:Cite book|Cite book]] based on Lua? I dont see any invoke word.  [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 16:20, 2 January 2025 (UTC)

:I was just working on references in [[WikiJournal Preprints/Mobility-aware Scheduling in Fog Computing: Analysis and Challenges]]. And I agree with you. The citation system is so outdated compared to en.wp. Just the fact that I have to do extra clicks to access {{tl|cite journal}} is bizarre. Are there efforts to sync updates to the current citation version on en.wp? [[User:OhanaUnited|&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000FF;&quot;&gt;OhanaUnited&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:OhanaUnited|&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: green;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Talk page&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;]] 21:35, 2 January 2025 (UTC)
::Not mine, I am just wondering if there is an easy system how to take over citation aparatus. I havent investigated the citation system on English Wikipedia yet, but on the first glance it looks like a very complicated environment. So in the following days Ill be looking on it if its a way to overtake it or if it would be easier to create own citation system.  [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 22:00, 2 January 2025 (UTC)

== Proposal: citation templates for VisualEditor ==

@[[User:OhanaUnited|OhanaUnited]] [[Wikiversity:Colloquium#Citation system|pointed above]], that they had a hard time to create citations via VisualEditor I believe. I think its because of missing map in [[MediaWiki:Cite-tool-definition.json]] ([[phab:T219551|see also]]). And the question is, which citation templates the editor should list. So I would propose the same as on en.wp, i.e. [[Template:Cite book|Cite book]], [[Template:Cite journal|journal]], [[Template:Cite news|news]], and [[Template:Cite web|web]]. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 13:38, 3 January 2025 (UTC)

:I support those four templates (book, journal, news, web). Another part of me wonders if we should include other use cases like AV media, thesis and report. But they may have limited usage and will only clutter the screen. [[User:OhanaUnited|&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000FF;&quot;&gt;OhanaUnited&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:OhanaUnited|&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: green;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Talk page&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;]] 04:55, 7 January 2025 (UTC)
::Sure and thesis could be cited by Cite book. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 06:53, 7 January 2025 (UTC)
::[[Wikiversity:Request custodian action#Edit MediaWiki page|Requested Custodian action]]. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 07:01, 7 January 2025 (UTC)

== Wikiversity Newsletter - Topics? ==

Hello,
For the newsletter concept on Wikiversity, for Wikiversitans (which can be seen above), I was wondering if there were any recently added or updated resources on Wikiversity that this newsletter could add.
Kind regards,
Rock [[User:RockTransport|''Rock Transport'']] 😊 ([[User_talk:RockTransport|Talk page]])  18:13, 9 January 2025 (UTC)

== Wikiversity page view statistics ==

I remember seeing [[recent topics/threads]] here wondering about page view statistics for this project. So I wonder if anyone else here is as curious as I am about the following page view which compares wikiversity to other wikimedia projects
https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/siteviews/?platform=all-access&amp;source=pageviews&amp;agent=user&amp;range=latest-30&amp;sites=all-projects
cheers, [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 20:05, 15 January 2025 (UTC)

:It does look interesting, but I haven't viewed it in depth yet. [[User:RockTransport|''Rock Transport'']] 😊 ([[User_talk:RockTransport|Talk page]])  17:24, 19 January 2025 (UTC)

== Launching! Join Us for Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025! ==

Dear All,

We’re happy to announce the launch of [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025|Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025]], an annual international campaign dedicated to celebrating and preserving Islamic cultures and history through the power of Wikipedia. As an active contributor to the Local Wikipedia, you are specially invited to participate in the launch. 

This year’s campaign will be launched for you to join us write, edit, and improve articles that showcase the richness and diversity of Islamic traditions, history, and culture.

* Topic: [[m:Event:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 Campaign Launch|Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 Campaign Launch]]
* When: Jan 19, 2025 
* Time: 16:00 Universal Time UTC and runs throughout Ramadan (starting February 25, 2025).
* Join Zoom Meeting: https://us02web.zoom.us/j/88420056597?pwd=NdrpqIhrwAVPeWB8FNb258n7qngqqo.1 
* Zoom meeting hosted by [[m:Wikimedia Bangladesh|Wikimedia Bangladesh]]

To get started, visit the [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025|campaign page]] for details, resources, and guidelines: Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025.

Add [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Participant|your community here]], and organized Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 in your local language.

Whether you’re a first-time editor or an experienced Wikipedian, your contributions matter. Together, we can ensure Islamic cultures and traditions are well-represented and accessible to all.

Feel free to invite your community and friends too. Kindly reach out if you have any questions or need support as you prepare to participate.

Let’s make Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 a success!

For the [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Team|International Team]] 12:08, 16 January 2025 (UTC)
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== Deletion of talk pages ==

I wonder if there are any policies here that define when talkpages are deleted?

Thanks in advance, [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 17:30, 17 January 2025 (UTC)

:I'm not too sure if there are any topics about this. [[User:RockTransport|''Rock Transport'']] 😊 ([[User_talk:RockTransport|Talk page]])  19:37, 17 January 2025 (UTC)
::Let me explain why I am asking about deletion:
::I have recently posted a question on a WV talk-page. The page was empty when I arrived, so had to be created, or recreated as it turns out because when I tried to post I received this box that said the page had been deleted by @[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] as a test page. I then Went ahead and recreated the page by posting at:
::[[Wikiversity talk:Wikidebate/Guy vandegrift#Do we need dialogues?]].
::However a bit later I remembered a discussion on the English Wikiquote Village Pump which was started by a contributor who was active there a long time ago who apparently was looking for their own contributions. It turned out that the history of the contributions had disappeared when the page was deleted and then re-created by another contributor who's became, at least according to the View history, the &quot;owner&quot; of all the previous contributions. Here is the ENWQ-VP discussion: https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Wikiquote:Village_pump#Now_this_is_contrary_to_the_spirit_of_Wikipedia.
::I believe deletions of old pages that seem unimportant to new users of the English Wikversity may become problematic in the future. I know that at least one  [[User:MathXplore|new admin]] has been added in the last  couple of years, but I am not sure how  many of the experienced admins are still active, so I don't know who makes deletion decisions here.. History is crucial to maintain when people are no longeraround.
::It would be nice for the ENWV-community  to understand how and what files/contributions are deleted.
::note: @[[User:Koavf|Koavf]] @[[User:Juandev|Juandev]], @[[User:OhanaUnited|OhanaUnited]] as recent participants in the Colloquium I wonder if you have any knowledge to contribute?
::Thanks advance, [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 16:20, 18 January 2025 (UTC)
:::This project is generally pretty policy-lite, so deleting talk pages is probably ad hoc and left to best judgement. I have personally deleted one content page here but kept the talk page to document why it was deleted (this is common on en.wikt). —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 16:47, 18 January 2025 (UTC)
::::I was looking up some old history (2002) on the English Wikipedia associated with a particular user (Roadrunner) and  happened to see a talk-page that was deleted in 2021 that this user had contributed content to:
::::https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk%3AImmediate_Action_Unit
::::This page is no longer public as a result of: 
::::https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Immediate_Action_Unit
::::So it appears that on the English Wikipedia talkpages were still being deleted along with their associated page as recently as 2021, I think? [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 19:52, 31 January 2025 (UTC)
::: Please read [[Wikiversity:Deletions]] (especially [[WV:CSD]]) for the deletion of (talk) pages. No.8 of [[WV:CSD]] is specific for talk pages. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 23:09, 18 January 2025 (UTC)
::::@[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]], I think @[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] is referring to user talk pages (correct me if I'm wrong). Do we have any policies related to this? [[User:RockTransport|''Rock Transport'']] 😊 ([[User_talk:RockTransport|Talk page]])  08:02, 19 January 2025 (UTC)
::::: [[Wikiversity:Deletions]] (including [[WV:CSD]]) apply for all namespaces. Therefore, the same rule will be applied to user talk pages. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 11:59, 19 January 2025 (UTC)
::::::@[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]], thanks for clarifying. [[User:RockTransport|''Rock Transport'']] 😊 ([[User_talk:RockTransport|Talk page]])  17:28, 19 January 2025 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Koavf|Koavf]], Thanks for this important tid-bit : {{green|I have personally deleted one content page here but kept the talk page to document why it was deleted (this is common on en.wikt).}}
:::This is a great habit IMIO. Do you happen to know if other WV-admins know how to not delete a talk-page when they delete its counterpart? [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 20:05, 26 January 2025 (UTC)
::::I don't know that they do, but it's a fairly simple process when you're deleting pages. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 22:26, 26 January 2025 (UTC)

== Research Guidelines for the new Wiki of Government Efficiency ==

[[User:Jaredscribe/Department_of_Government_Efficiency]]

Before I move this original research project to mainspace, I invite a colloquy on my proposed
[[User:Jaredscribe/Department_of_Government_Efficiency#Research_Guidelines_and_Scholarly_Ethics|Research_Guidelines_and_Scholarly_Ethics]], and will entertain suggested improvements.

All may constructively contribute;  those who do so competently, are invited to edit after they declare and disclose.
[[User_talk:Jaredscribe/Department_of_Government_Efficiency#Declare_your_Interests_and_Disclose_Potential_Conflicts]] 


Thanks in advance for your consideration and informed opinions on how to make this work.  [[User:Jaredscribe|Jaredscribe]] ([[User talk:Jaredscribe|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jaredscribe|contribs]]) 07:05, 20 January 2025 (UTC)

== Mentors ==

With respect to [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk%3AUsername142857&amp;diff=2692853&amp;oldid=2667985 this], may I return, and if so, could I get a mentor? [[User:Username142857|Username142857]] ([[User talk:Username142857|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Username142857|contribs]]) 17:15, 20 January 2025 (UTC)

:Hi @[[User:Username142857|Username142857]]: I am not familiar with the term &quot;mentors&quot; on WV. What did you have in mind? [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 20:22, 22 January 2025 (UTC)
::@[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]], I believe he means getting a mentor to help him with his 'return' on Wikiversity. Please correct me if I'm wrong however @[[User:Username142857|Username142857]]. [[User:RailwayEnthusiast2025|''RailwayEnthusiast2025'']] 😊 ([[User_talk:RailwayEnthusiast2025|Talk page]])  18:57, 23 January 2025 (UTC)
::'Mentors' are usually used to describe people on Wikiversity who mentor people for curatorship, custodianship etc. I think in this context, he might be trying to get a mentor to help him on Wikiversity. [[User:RailwayEnthusiast2025|&lt;span style=&quot;color:green;&quot;&gt;'''''RailwayEnthusiast2025'''''&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:RailwayEnthusiast2025|talk page]] - [[Special:Contributions/RailwayEnthusiast2025|contribs]]) 20:46, 24 January 2025 (UTC)
:::To clarify, other people have stated that I should probably leave for a while, and I'm wondering if it's safe for me to return [[User:Username142857|Username142857]] ([[User talk:Username142857|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Username142857|contribs]]) 05:51, 9 February 2025 (UTC)
::::@[[User:Username142857|Username142857]]: I think you should return whenever you feel like it, honestly. [[User:Contributor 118,784|&lt;b style=&quot;color:#070&quot;&gt;Contributor&lt;/b&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;color:#707&quot;&gt;118,784&lt;/sup&gt;]] [[User talk:Contributor 118,784|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#00F&quot;&gt;''Let's talk''&lt;/span&gt;]] 12:19, 10 February 2025 (UTC)

== Universal Code of Conduct annual review: provide your comments on the UCoC and Enforcement Guidelines ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

{{Int:Please-translate}}.

I am writing to you to let you know the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines is open now. You can make suggestions for changes through 3 February 2025. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review.
[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]].

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate.

-- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 01:12, 24 January 2025 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;
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:Thanks for the link. I will have a look at it later. [[User:RailwayEnthusiast2025|&lt;span style=&quot;color:green;&quot;&gt;'''RailwayEnthusiast2025'''&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:RailwayEnthusiast2025|talk page]]|[[Special:Contributions/RailwayEnthusiast2025|contribs]]) 08:49, 24 January 2025 (UTC)

== Subscribing to this talk-page ==

Is anyone here curious to find out what is the best method of subscribing to discussions here? Until today I did not even know one could subscribe to all new topics by clicking on  ''Subscribe'' (the second ''Action'' right after ''Move''). I will have to see if indeed I am automatically subscribed to this new thread that I am hoping  to start as soon as I hit the ''Add topic'' blue button at the bottom right hand corner.

So far I have had to resort to  clicking ''Subscribe'' individually for each topic when  I wanted to receive a notification for any new replies, but unfortunately after some items I was subscribed to have been archived on January 30, I received a message telling me I  am no longer subscribed. I guess I would have to look for any updates that took place before the archive in the archive itself?

Am I making sense at all? I have managed to confuse myself, LOL. [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 17:11, 30 January 2025 (UTC)

:You are not subscribed to threads once they are removed from a page (e.g. by archiving). The easiest way to subscribe is by clicking on the &quot;Subscribe&quot; button with the bell next to it that renders near the thread's title. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 19:44, 30 January 2025 (UTC)

== A club for Wikiversity ==

Hello there,
I would like to start a club for Wikiversity, which would be a part of outreach. Wikiversity is one of the smallest Wikimedia projects and I enjoy contributing here. How could you help me in creating a club for this?
Yours sincerely,
[[User:RailwayEnthusiast2025|RailwayEnthusiast2025]] ([[User talk:RailwayEnthusiast2025|Talk page]] - [[Special:Contributions|Contributions]]) 17:51, 31 January 2025 (UTC)

:There is a formal process for this at [[:m:Wikimedia user groups]]. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 18:18, 31 January 2025 (UTC)
::I meant like a club at an organization, school etc. Not a user group in a town or a city. —[[User:RailwayEnthusiast2025|RailwayEnthusiast2025]] ([[User talk:RailwayEnthusiast2025|Talk page]] - [[Special:Contributions|Contributions]]) 18:31, 31 January 2025 (UTC)
:::I wanted to do this, because I'm active here, but I don't know. —[[User:RailwayEnthusiast2025|RailwayEnthusiast2025]] ([[User talk:RailwayEnthusiast2025|Talk page]] - [[Special:Contributions|Contributions]]) 19:59, 12 February 2025 (UTC)
::::Dear @[[User:RailwayEnthusiast2025|RailwayEnthusiast2025]], If you could contact any established user group in your locality. They could provide support to start a wiki club. [[User:511KeV|511KeV]] ([[User talk:511KeV|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/511KeV|contribs]]) 04:41, 28 March 2025 (UTC)
:::::Dear @[[User:511KeV|511KeV]], As said in my previous message, I wish to start a club at an organization, school etc. I wish to start a small club like this, not a user group in a town/city. I don't think you understand what I'm trying to say. —[[User:RailwayEnthusiast2025|RailwayEnthusiast2025]] ([[User talk:RailwayEnthusiast2025|Talk page]] - [[Special:Contributions|Contributions]]) 16:23, 28 March 2025 (UTC)
::::::@@[[User:RailwayEnthusiast2025|RailwayEnthusiast2025]] Forming a non-affiliated club is a straightforward process. Gather a group of interested individuals and create a simple page on Meta-Wiki outlining the club’s purpose and how others can join and start editing. If your club focuses on a specific theme, such as medicine or the arts, you can mention it on the page.
::::::However, if you intend to establish a university- or school-affiliated club, you should seek permission from the institution. Start by submitting a formal application to the relevant authority at your college or university. [[User:511KeV|511KeV]] ([[User talk:511KeV|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/511KeV|contribs]]) 13:26, 29 March 2025 (UTC)
:::::::The latter is what I intend to do, and thanks for the help. I will start working on it soon. —[[User:RailwayEnthusiast2025|RailwayEnthusiast2025]] ([[User talk:RailwayEnthusiast2025|Talk page]] - [[Special:Contributions|Contributions]]) 14:23, 29 March 2025 (UTC)

== Global ban proposal for Shāntián Tàiláng ==

Hello. This is to notify the community that there is an ongoing global ban proposal for [[species:User:Shāntián_Tàiláng|User:Shāntián Tàiláng]] who has been active on this wiki. You are invited to participate at [[metawiki:Requests_for_comment/Global_ban_for_Shāntián_Tàiláng|m:Requests for comment/Global ban for Shāntián Tàiláng]]. [[User:Wüstenspringmaus|Wüstenspringmaus]] ([[User talk:Wüstenspringmaus|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Wüstenspringmaus|contribs]]) 12:50, 2 February 2025 (UTC)

:Hi @[[User:Wüstenspringmaus|Wüstenspringmaus]], Looks like the RFC you started in an effort to  globally ban [[User:Shāntián Tàiláng]] has still not concluded. Forgive me, but I am indef-blocked on META so cannot ask there:
:* Is there no time limit on such nominations?
:* I am not familiar with the subject of this ban nomination, but I think there might be some unsupported allegations against them, such as harassment which is a serious issue. If I'm wrong please forgive me, I did spend a lot of time plowing through this lengthy page.
:* Many of us prefer to spend more of our time adding information to the wiki-projects that we are involved in and less  to endless discussions. The Nomination page on META is now '''43,962 bytes long''' and growing, and will require any new participant spend a great deal of unproductive time to come up to speed.
:Is it expectedad that the only people who Support or Oppose your nomination be personally familiar with the User in question? Cheers, [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 23:43, 16 February 2025 (UTC)

== Reminder: first part of the annual UCoC review closes soon ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

{{Int:Please-translate}}.

This is a reminder that the first phase of the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines will be closing soon. You can make suggestions for changes through [[d:Q614092|the end of day]], 3 February 2025. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review.
[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]]. After review of the feedback, proposals for updated text will be published on Meta in March for another round of community review. 

Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate.

-- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 00:49, 3 February 2025 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Self-deleting pages that I nominated for deletion myself ==
In 2024, I nominated multiple pages for deletion via [[:Template:Proposed deletion]] (see also [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Template:Proposed deletion]]). The three-month protective period for most of them now expired.

Example pages: [[Astronomy outline]], [[VELS mathematics]], [[Particle mechanics]].

It would be ideal if the deleting person would be different from the nominating person. However, no one seems to be interested in deleting these pages.

Should I feel free to delete the pages I nominated myself? I think it could be okay, but I can also imagine someone being stringent about these matters and requiring the four-eye principle. One rationale for allowing deleting myself is that the English Wikiversity has only few active administrators and therefore, the four-eye principle would create too much of delay and overhead; on a more admin-populated project, the four-eye principle is more workable. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:08, 16 February 2025 (UTC)

:OK I'll bite :-)
:Looks like enwv has a different ''Proposed deletion'' notice than other wiki-projects. One thing I noticed immediately is that there is no reason or explanation required for the deletion proposal. 
:I understand that all a deletion will accomplish is to remove those articles from public view. They will still continue to exist, but only admins will see them. May I ask @[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]], why do you believe these 3 articles should be deleted? [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 23:08, 16 February 2025 (UTC)
:: I always provide a reason for deletion. And  thus, e.g. [[Astronomy outline]] states: &quot;The Nominator gave the following reason for their nomination:&quot;, &quot;too low quality to serve as a learning resource; most links are redlinks; no further reading&quot;. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:18, 17 February 2025 (UTC)
: I went ahead and deleted the three listed pages. I will wait a little longer before I proceed further. Most of the usual admins do not seem to be around, though, so the absence of opposition does not tell us much. And thus, I am proceeding at risk, and undo is possible by an admin or quasi-admin. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:41, 24 February 2025 (UTC)
:@[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] You proposed deletion back in October. Yes, it's fine if you are now the one to delete it. Often there is only one user at a time interested in cleaning up Wikiversity. That person does it until they choose not to. Then after a while, someone else steps up. I cleaned up my own proposed deletions for years with very few complaints. If someone wants to object, they need to be willing to speak up and review your proposed deletions. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 00:51, 26 February 2025 (UTC)
:: Thank you. I went ahead and quasi-deleted 3 more pages, this time by moving them to user space (since I could find the main creator). I will make more deletions or quasi-deletions later. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:47, 26 February 2025 (UTC)

==  Upcoming Language Community Meeting (Feb 28th, 14:00 UTC) and Newsletter ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;
Hello everyone!
[[File:WP20Symbols WIKI INCUBATOR.svg|right|frameless|150x150px|alt=An image symbolising multiple languages]]
We’re excited to announce that the next '''Language Community Meeting''' is happening soon, '''February 28th at 14:00 UTC'''! If you’d like to join, simply sign up on the '''[[mw:Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community_meetings#28_February_2025|wiki page]]'''.

This is a participant-driven meeting where we share updates on language-related projects, discuss technical challenges in language wikis, and collaborate on solutions. In our last meeting, we covered topics like developing language keyboards, creating the Moore Wikipedia, and updates from the language support track at Wiki Indaba.

'''Got a topic to share?''' Whether it’s a technical update from your project, a challenge you need help with, or a request for interpretation support, we’d love to hear from you! Feel free to '''reply to this message''' or add agenda items to the document '''[[etherpad:p/language-community-meeting-feb-2025|here]]'''.

Also, we wanted to highlight that the sixth edition of the Language &amp; Internationalization newsletter (January 2025) is available here: [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/January|Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/January]]. This newsletter provides updates from the October–December 2024 quarter on new feature development, improvements in various language-related technical projects and support efforts, details about community meetings, and ideas for contributing to projects. To stay updated, you can subscribe to the newsletter on its wiki page: [[:mw:Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter|Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter]].

We look forward to your ideas and participation at the language community meeting, see you there!
&lt;section end=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 08:29, 22 February 2025 (UTC)
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== Replicate [[c:Template:Imagestack]] ==

I find this feature on Commons quite practical, and would like to use it on Wikiversity. But just copying the content to {{tl|Imagestack}} is not enough. The example on {{tl|Imagestack/sandbox}} remains static. Does someone know how to implement the JavaScript? [[User:Watchduck|Watchduck]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Watchduck|quack]])&lt;/small&gt; 18:31, 26 February 2025 (UTC)

:I don't know how to implement the JavaScript here. I haven't used the Imagestack feature before. —[[User:RailwayEnthusiast2025|RailwayEnthusiast2025]] ([[User talk:RailwayEnthusiast2025|Talk page]] - [[Special:Contributions|Contributions]]) 21:11, 20 March 2025 (UTC)

== Universal Code of Conduct annual review: proposed changes are available for comment ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

{{Int:Please-translate}}.

I am writing to you to let you know that [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/Proposed_Changes|proposed changes]] to the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC) Enforcement Guidelines]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) Charter]] are open for review. '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/Proposed_Changes|You can provide feedback on suggested changes]]''' through the [[d:Q614092|end of day]] on Tuesday, 18 March 2025. This is the second step in the annual review process, the final step will be community voting on the proposed changes.
[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find relevant links about the process on the UCoC annual review page on Meta]].

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate.

-- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] 18:52, 7 March 2025 (UTC)

&lt;/div&gt;
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== Your wiki will be in read-only soon ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]

The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will switch the traffic between its data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster.

All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2025-03-19|en}}'''. The switch will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2025-03-19T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2025-03-19T14:00}}]'''.

Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. 

A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation. 

'''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.'''

*You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2025-03-19|en}}.
*If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case.

''Other effects'':

*Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped.
* We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards.
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes.

This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. 

'''Please share this information with your community.'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:14, 14 March 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikidata and Sister Projects: an online event ==

Hello everyone, I’m writing to announce an upcoming event called [[wikidata:Event:Wikidata and Sister Projects|'''Wikidata and Sister Projects''']] that will be a mini online conference to highlight the different ways Wikidata can be connected and integrated with the other WM projects.

We are currently looking for session ideas and speakers for our program and wanted to reach out in case there were any editors here that might have a cool idea for a session proposal. Sessions can be found on the [[wikidata:Event talk:Wikidata and Sister Projects|'''event discussion page''']].

As previously mentioned, we would like to showcase the relationship between Wikibooks and Wikidata, such as the storing of metadata and sitelinking between books and their respective Wikidata items. Do you have an idea for a session? We'd love to hear about it!

The event is scheduled between '''May 29 - June 1st, 2025'''. If you have any questions about the event, would like more information or have a session idea to propose, please feel free to get in touch by replying to this post or writing on the event page or on my [[v:User_talk:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|talk page]]. Thanks for reading, - [[wikidata:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[wikidata:User talk:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|&lt;span class=&quot;signature-talk&quot;&gt;{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}&lt;/span&gt;]]) 07:48, 1 April 2025 (UTC)

== Final proposed modifications to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter now posted ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
The proposed modifications to the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines]] and the U4C Charter [[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/2025/Proposed_Changes|are now on Meta-wiki for community notice]] in advance of the voting period. This final draft was developed from the previous two rounds of community review. Community members will be able to vote on these modifications starting on 17 April 2025. The vote will close on 1 May 2025, and results will be announced no later than 12 May 2025. The U4C election period, starting with a call for candidates, will open immediately following the announcement of the review results. More information will be posted on [[m:Special:MyLanguage//Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election|the wiki page for the election]] soon.

Please be advised that this process will require more messages to be sent here over the next two months. 

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well.

-- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 02:05, 4 April 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikidata and Sister Projects: An online community event ==

''(Apologies for posting in English)''

Hello everyone, I am excited to share news of an upcoming online event called '''[[d:Event:Wikidata_and_Sister_Projects|Wikidata and Sister Projects]]''' celebrating the different ways Wikidata can be used to support or enhance with another Wikimedia project. The event takes place over 4 days between '''May 29 - June 1st, 2025'''.

We would like to invite speakers to present at this community event, to hear success stories, challenges, showcase tools or projects you may be working on, where Wikidata has been involved in Wikipedia, Commons, WikiSource and all other WM projects.

If you are interested in attending, please [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/1291|register here]].
If you would like to speak at the event, please fill out this Session Proposal template on the [[d:Event_talk:Wikidata_and_Sister_Projects|event talk page]], where you can also ask any questions you may have. 

I hope to see you at the event, in the audience or as a speaker, - [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 09:18, 11 April 2025 (UTC)
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== Vote now on the revised UCoC Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

The voting period for the revisions to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines (&quot;UCoC EG&quot;) and the UCoC's Coordinating Committee Charter is open now through the end of 1 May (UTC) ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746162000 find in your time zone]). [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/2025/Voter_information|Read the information on how to participate and read over the proposal before voting]] on the UCoC page on Meta-wiki.

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review of the EG and Charter was planned and implemented by the U4C. Further information will be provided in the coming months about the review of the UCoC itself. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well.

In cooperation with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 00:35, 17 April 2025 (UTC)
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== FYI: Can Citizen Science Be Trusted? New Study of Birds Shows It Can ==

https://www.ucdavis.edu/news/can-citizen-science-be-trusted-new-study-birds-shows-it-can —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 01:08, 23 April 2025 (UTC)

== Vote on proposed modifications to the UCoC Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
The voting period for the revisions to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter closes on 1 May 2025 at 23:59 UTC ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746162000 find in your time zone]). [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2025/Voter information|Read the information on how to participate and read over the proposal before voting]] on the UCoC page on Meta-wiki.

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this message with members of your community in your language, as appropriate, so they can participate as well.

In cooperation with the U4C -- &lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 03:41, 29 April 2025 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== Question Centre ==

I have a question: 

'''1.''''Is it possible to change your username? Or is it permament? 

''Antworte zu meinem Kommentar, und Ich werde zu dir abonnieren. ''

[[User:Kumpa-pasión|Kumpa-pasión]] ([[User talk:Kumpa-pasión|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kumpa-pasión|contribs]]) 15:18, 30 April 2025 (UTC)

:Hello {{ping|Kumpa-pasión}} To change your username, you can go to [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:GlobalRenameRequest Special:GlobalRenameRequest]. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 16:42, 2 May 2025 (UTC)

== Names of pages I am creating, one man's look at X ==
I am creating pages like [[One man's look at LibreOffice]], but I am increasingly dissatisfied with this naming scheme. It just means that &quot;One man's look at X&quot; is nothing but &quot;Dan Polansky's look at X&quot;; what is so special about Dan Polansky that he is the &quot;one man&quot;, which other people are not? I prefer &quot;X (Dan Polansky)&quot;, but that was previously rejected (I should find the discussion, but I am too lazy now). What was not rejected is &quot;X/Dan Polansky&quot; (as in [[COVID-19/Dan Polansky]]), but I find it greatly suboptimal: there is nothing in that syntax that suggests that &quot;Dan Polansky&quot; is an author name; compare a possible &quot;Philosophy/Aristotle&quot;, which would be ''about'' Aristotle and not ''by'' Aristotle.

Perhaps we can have a discussion/conversation about alternative proposals and what makes them preferable and dispreferable, desirable and undesirable? --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 08:07, 1 May 2025 (UTC)
: If a main space page is meant only for one user's view, then perhaps that page should instead be located in that user's space. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 05:12, 17 May 2025 (UTC)
:: That would not work: pages in user space are not Google search indexed, from what I understand. One's spending effort to write and publish an article and then having it ignored by readers since not found via Google Search is not rewarding; I do not see why people would like to do it, and they apparently don't. Moreover, since other editors can comment on the article on the talk page, it is vital that the author does not have the right to have the article deleted on a whim; an article should be deleted only in well justified rare cases (ethical breach, etc.).
:: I think that a page being author-specific should be the usual case, not the rare case, in Wikiversity. It is the case with Wikijournal articles. It also seems to be the case with the Motivation and Emotion pages, e.g. as listed in [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2024]]; and thus, e.g. [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2024/Abusive supervision]] has TJDuus as the main author as per the assignment and revision history (there are auxiliary editors, but the author seems to maintain editorial control?)
:: Since Wikiversity pages are not organized by the principle of being encyclopedic and by avoidance of original research, I do not see how the free-for-all editing of Wikipedia could possibly work here.
:: Some of the best materials I have seen in the English Wikiversity either have a single author or single main author. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 08:10, 17 May 2025 (UTC)

== We will be enabling the new Charts extension on your wiki soon! ==

''(Apologies for posting in English)''

Hi all! We have good news to share regarding the ongoing problem with graphs and charts affecting all wikis that use them.

As you probably know, the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|old Graph extension]] was disabled in 2023 [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EWL4AGBEZEDMNNFTM4FRD4MHOU3CVESO/|due to security reasons]]. We’ve worked in these two years to find a solution that could replace the old extension, and provide a safer and better solution to users who wanted to showcase graphs and charts in their articles. We therefore developed the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Charts extension]], which will be replacing the old Graph extension and potentially also the [[:mw:Extension:EasyTimeline|EasyTimeline extension]].

After successfully deploying the extension on Italian, Swedish, and Hebrew Wikipedia, as well as on MediaWiki.org, as part of a pilot phase, we are now happy to announce that we are moving forward with the next phase of deployment, which will also include your wiki.

The deployment will happen in batches, and will start from '''May 6'''. Please, consult [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project#Deployment Timeline|our page on MediaWiki.org]] to discover when the new Charts extension will be deployed on your wiki. You can also [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|consult the documentation]] about the extension on MediaWiki.org.

If you have questions, need clarifications, or just want to express your opinion about it, please refer to the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension_talk:Chart/Project|project’s talk page on Mediawiki.org]], or ping me directly under this thread. If you encounter issues using Charts once it gets enabled on your wiki, please report it on the [[:mw:Extension_talk:Chart/Project|talk page]] or at [[phab:tag/charts|Phabricator]].

Thank you in advance! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:07, 6 May 2025 (UTC)
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== Progressive translations ==

If you gradually translate more and more words in a text it's called &quot;progressive translation&quot; apparently. If we were doing, say, English to Hungarian it would look like &quot;I took the ''vonat'' (train) to Budapest&quot; and later on &quot;I saw the river from the ''vonat''&quot;. I want to be able to read novels and pick up vocabulary in this way, as well as make them (or rather get an AI to make them) and share them with other language learners. 

It's education so I thought you might be interested in hosting them, and maybe some people here would be interested in helping out. Thanks for any feedback [[User:Progressive translator|Progressive translator]] ([[User talk:Progressive translator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Progressive translator|contribs]]) 16:54, 6 May 2025 (UTC)

== Call for Candidates for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
The results of voting on the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) Charter is [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2025#Results|available on Meta-wiki]].

You may now [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025/Candidates|submit your candidacy to serve on the U4C]] through 29 May 2025 at 12:00 UTC. Information about [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025|eligibility, process, and the timeline are on Meta-wiki]]. Voting on candidates will open on 1 June 2025 and run for two weeks, closing on 15 June 2025 at 12:00 UTC.

If you have any questions, you can ask on [[m:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025|the discussion page for the election]]. -- in cooperation with the U4C, &lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|discuss]])&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:08, 15 May 2025 (UTC)
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== RfC ongoing regarding Abstract Wikipedia (and your project) ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
''(Apologies for posting in English, if this is not your first language)''

Hello all! We opened a discussion on Meta about a very delicate issue for the development of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia|Abstract Wikipedia]]: where to store the abstract content that will be developed through functions from Wikifunctions and data from Wikidata. Since some of the hypothesis involve your project, we wanted to hear your thoughts too. 

We want to make the decision process clear: we do not yet know which option we want to use, which is why we are consulting here. We will take the arguments from the Wikimedia communities into account, and we want to consult with the different communities and hear arguments that will help us with the decision. The decision will be made and communicated after the consultation period by the Foundation.

You can read the various hypothesis and have your say at [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content|Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content]]. Thank you in advance! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|&lt;span class=&quot;signature-talk&quot;&gt;{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}&lt;/span&gt;]]) 15:27, 22 May 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees 2025 Selection &amp; Call for Questions ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Selection announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Selection announcement}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''

Dear all,

This year, the term of 2 (two) Community- and Affiliate-selected Trustees on the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees will come to an end [1]. The Board invites the whole movement to participate in this year’s selection process and vote to fill those seats.

The Elections Committee will oversee this process with support from Foundation staff [2]. The Governance Committee, composed of trustees who are not candidates in the 2025 community-and-affiliate-selected trustee selection process (Raju Narisetti, Shani Evenstein Sigalov, Lorenzo Losa, Kathy Collins, Victoria Doronina and Esra’a Al Shafei) [3], is tasked with providing Board oversight for the 2025 trustee selection process and for keeping the Board informed. More details on the roles of the Elections Committee, Board, and staff are here [4].

Here are the key planned dates:

* May 22 – June 5: Announcement (this communication) and call for questions period [6]
* June 17 – July 1, 2025: Call for candidates
* July 2025: If needed, affiliates vote to shortlist candidates if more than 10 apply [5]
* August 2025: Campaign period
* August – September 2025: Two-week community voting period
* October – November 2025: Background check of selected candidates
* Board’s Meeting in December 2025: New trustees seated

Learn more about the 2025 selection process - including the detailed timeline, the candidacy process, the campaign rules, and the voter eligibility criteria - on this Meta-wiki page [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025|[link]]].

'''Call for Questions'''

In each selection process, the community has the opportunity to submit questions for the Board of Trustees candidates to answer. The Election Committee selects questions from the list developed by the community for the candidates to answer. Candidates must answer all the required questions in the application in order to be eligible; otherwise their application will be disqualified. This year, the Election Committee will select 5 questions for the candidates to answer. The selected questions may be a combination of what’s been submitted from the community, if they’re alike or related. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Questions_for_candidates|[link]]]

'''Election Volunteers'''

Another way to be involved with the 2025 selection process is to be an Election Volunteer. Election Volunteers are a bridge between the Elections Committee and their respective community. They help ensure their community is represented and mobilize them to vote. Learn more about the program and how to join on this Meta-wiki page [[m:Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Election_volunteers|[link].]]

Thank you!

[1] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Results

[2] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Committee:Elections_Committee_Charter

[3] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Resolution:Committee_Membership,_December_2024

[4] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections_committee/Roles

[5] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/FAQ

[6] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Questions_for_candidates

Best regards,

Victoria Doronina

Board Liaison to the Elections Committee

Governance Committee&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 03:08, 28 May 2025 (UTC)
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== Vote now in the 2025 U4C Election ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

{{Int:Please-translate}}

Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2025 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2025|2025 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 17 June 2025 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1750161600 12:00 UTC].

Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 1 July 2025. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 23:01, 13 June 2025 (UTC) &lt;/div&gt;
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== Geometric growth in views ==

Wikiversity seems to be experiencing an [https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikiversity.org/reading/total-page-views/normal|bar|all|~total|monthly unprecedented amount of traffic], literally doubling in May '25 with almost 60 million monthly views. (Note practically no growth from 2016-24. From a [[Wikiversity:Colloquium/archives/December_2024#An_unexplained_spurt_of_Wikiversity_page_views|previous thread's link]], this is only partially reflected on the [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/siteviews/?platform=all-access&amp;source=pageviews&amp;agent=user&amp;range=this-year&amp;sites=en.wikiversity.org|en.wikibooks.org|en.wikiquote.org|en.wikisource.org Pageviews widget], except for Wikisource somewhat.)

I haven't seen any corresponding unprecedented [https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikiversity.org/contributing/active-editors/normal%7Cline%7Call%7C(page_type)~content*non-content%7Cmonthly activity] however. Anyone know what's up? LLM crawling maybe? [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 21:56, 15 June 2025 (UTC)

:I can only assume that it's AI, yes. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 00:17, 18 June 2025 (UTC)

== Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees 2025 - Call for Candidates ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Call for candidates|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Call for candidates}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''&lt;/div&gt;
Hello all,

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025|call for candidates for the 2025 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees selection is now open]] from June 17, 2025 – July 2, 2025 at 11:59 UTC [1]. The Board of Trustees oversees the Wikimedia Foundation's work, and each Trustee serves a three-year term [2]. This is a volunteer position.

This year, the Wikimedia community will vote in late August through September 2025 to fill two (2) seats on the Foundation Board. Could you – or someone you know – be a good fit to join the Wikimedia Foundation's Board of Trustees? [3]

Learn more about what it takes to stand for these leadership positions and how to submit your candidacy on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Candidate application|this Meta-wiki page]] or encourage someone else to run in this year's election.

Best regards,

Abhishek Suryawanshi&lt;br /&gt;
Chair of the Elections Committee

On behalf of the Elections Committee and Governance Committee

[1] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Call_for_candidates

[2] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Bylaws#(B)_Term.

[3] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Resources_for_candidates&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 17:44, 17 June 2025 (UTC)
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== Sister Projects Task Force reviews Wikispore and Wikinews ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;
Dear Wikimedia Community,

The [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee|Community Affairs Committee (CAC)]]  of the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees assigned [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Sister Projects Task Force|the Sister Projects Task Force (SPTF)]] to update and implement a procedure for assessing the lifecycle of Sister Projects – wiki [[m:Wikimedia projects|projects supported by Wikimedia Foundation (WMF)]].

A vision of relevant, accessible, and impactful free knowledge has always guided the Wikimedia Movement. As the ecosystem of Wikimedia projects continues to evolve, it is crucial that we periodically review existing projects to ensure they still align with our goals and community capacity.

Despite their noble intent, some projects may no longer effectively serve their original purpose. '''Reviewing such projects is not about giving up – it's about responsible stewardship of shared resources'''. Volunteer time, staff support, infrastructure, and community attention are finite, and the non-technical costs tend to grow significantly as our ecosystem has entered a different age of the internet than the one we were founded in. Supporting inactive projects or projects that didn't meet our ambitions can unintentionally divert these resources from areas with more potential impact.

Moreover, maintaining projects that no longer reflect the quality and reliability of the Wikimedia name stands for, involves a reputational risk. An abandoned or less reliable project affects trust in the Wikimedia movement.

Lastly, '''failing to sunset or reimagine projects that are no longer working can make it much harder to start new ones'''. When the community feels bound to every past decision – no matter how outdated – we risk stagnation. A healthy ecosystem must allow for evolution, adaptation, and, when necessary, letting go. If we create the expectation that every project must exist indefinitely, we limit our ability to experiment and innovate.

Because of this, SPTF reviewed two requests concerning the lifecycle of the Sister Projects to work through and demonstrate the review process. We chose Wikispore as a case study for a possible new Sister Project opening and Wikinews as a case study for a review of an existing project. Preliminary findings were discussed with the CAC, and a community consultation on both proposals was recommended.

=== Wikispore ===

The [[m:Wikispore|application to consider Wikispore]] was submitted in 2019. SPTF decided to review this request in more depth because rather than being concentrated on a specific topic, as most of the proposals for the new Sister Projects are, Wikispore has the potential to nurture multiple start-up Sister Projects.

After careful consideration, the SPTF has decided '''not to recommend''' Wikispore as a Wikimedia Sister Project. Considering the current activity level, the current arrangement allows '''better flexibility''' and experimentation while WMF provides core infrastructural support. 

We acknowledge the initiative's potential and seek community input on what would constitute a sufficient level of activity and engagement to reconsider its status in the future.

As part of the process, we shared the decision with the Wikispore community and invited one of its leaders, Pharos, to an SPTF meeting.

Currently, we especially invite feedback on measurable criteria indicating the project's readiness, such as contributor numbers, content volume, and sustained community support. This would clarify the criteria sufficient for opening a new Sister Project, including possible future Wikispore re-application. However, the numbers will always be a guide because any number can be gamed.

=== Wikinews ===

We chose to review Wikinews among existing Sister Projects because it is the one for which we have observed the highest level of concern in multiple ways.

Since the SPTF was convened in 2023, its members have asked for the community's opinions during conferences and community calls about Sister Projects that did not fulfil their promise in the Wikimedia movement.[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:WCNA_2024._Sister_Projects_-_opening%3F_closing%3F_merging%3F_splitting%3F.pdf &lt;nowiki&gt;[1]&lt;/nowiki&gt;][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Community_Affairs_Committee/Sister_Projects_Task_Force#Wikimania_2023_session_%22Sister_Projects:_past,_present_and_the_glorious_future%22 &lt;nowiki&gt;[2]&lt;/nowiki&gt;][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiConvention_francophone/2024/Programme/Quelle_proc%C3%A9dure_pour_ouvrir_ou_fermer_un_projet_%3F &lt;nowiki&gt;[3]&lt;/nowiki&gt;] Wikinews was the leading candidate for an evaluation because people from multiple language communities proposed it. Additionally, by most measures, it is the least active Sister Project, with the greatest drop in activity over the years.

While the Language Committee routinely opens and closes language versions of the Sister Projects in small languages, there has never been a valid proposal to close Wikipedia in major languages or any project in English. This is not true for Wikinews, where there was a proposal to close English Wikinews, which gained some traction but did not result in any action[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Proposals_for_closing_projects/Closure_of_English_Wikinews &lt;nowiki&gt;[4]&lt;/nowiki&gt;][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiConvention_francophone/2024/Programme/Quelle_proc%C3%A9dure_pour_ouvrir_ou_fermer_un_projet_%3F &lt;nowiki&gt;[5]&lt;/nowiki&gt;, see section 5] as well as a draft proposal to close all languages of Wikinews[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:Proposals_for_closing_projects/Archive_2#Close_Wikinews_completely,_all_languages? &lt;nowiki&gt;[6]&lt;/nowiki&gt;].

[[:c:File:Sister Projects Taskforce Wikinews review 2024.pdf|Initial metrics]] compiled by WMF staff also support the community's concerns about Wikinews.

Based on this report, SPTF recommends a community reevaluation of Wikinews. We conclude that its current structure and activity levels are the lowest among the existing sister projects. SPTF also recommends pausing the opening of new language editions while the consultation runs.

SPTF brings this analysis to a discussion and welcomes discussions of alternative outcomes, including potential restructuring efforts or integration with other Wikimedia initiatives.

'''Options''' mentioned so far (which might be applied to just low-activity languages or all languages) include but are not limited to:
*Restructure how Wikinews works and is linked to other current events efforts on the projects,
*Merge the content of Wikinews into the relevant language Wikipedias, possibly in a new namespace,
*Merge content into compatibly licensed external projects,
*Archive Wikinews projects.
Your insights and perspectives are invaluable in shaping the future of these projects. We encourage all interested community members to share their thoughts on the relevant discussion pages or through other designated feedback channels.

=== Feedback and next steps ===

We'd be grateful if you want to take part in a conversation on the future of these projects and the review process. We are setting up two different project pages: [[m:Public consultation about Wikispore|Public consultation about Wikispore]] and [[m:Public consultation about Wikinews|Public consultation about Wikinews]]. Please participate between 27 June 2025 and 27 July 2025, after which we will summarize the discussion to move forward. You can write in your own language.

I will also host a community conversation 16th July Wednesday 11.00 UTC and 17th July Thursday 17.00 UTC (call links to follow shortly) and will be around at Wikimania for more discussions. 
&lt;section end=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;

-- [[User:Victoria|Victoria]] on behalf of the Sister Project Task Force, 20:57, 27 June 2025 (UTC)
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== About quizzes ==

Can we just create quizzes anytime we want? And can we design them as we want? I don't know much about Wikiversity, that's why I'm asking this. [[User:Jako96|Jako96]] ([[User talk:Jako96|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jako96|contribs]]) 18:24, 10 July 2025 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>tsy8y3c2jj9ytblg6i90j3hhvkopv0q</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2721217</id>
      <parentid>2721202</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-10T19:45:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Koavf</username>
        <id>147</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* About quizzes */ Reply</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="88955" sha1="3mx2w1cequob21ljoy9ashqy5zv2x2y" xml:space="preserve">{{Wikiversity:Colloquium/Header}}
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== 'Wikidata item' link is moving, finally. ==

Hello everyone, I previously wrote on the 27th September to advise that the ''Wikidata item'' sitelink will change places in the sidebar menu, moving from the '''General''' section into the '''In Other Projects''' section. The scheduled rollout date of 04.10.2024 was delayed due to a necessary request for Mobile/MinervaNeue skin. I am happy to inform that the global rollout can now proceed and will occur later today, 22.10.2024 at 15:00 UTC-2. [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|Please let us know]] if you notice any problems or bugs after this change. There should be no need for null-edits or purging cache for the changes to occur. Kind regards, -[[m:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 11:28, 22 October 2024 (UTC)
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:Hi @[[User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]]: I Just noticed your post above, and it is timely.
:I have been participating in the English WikiUniversity for a few years, much less often recently. I seems like something in the way the site displays is different, but I cannot put my finger on it. Your posting gave me a clue. Can you please tell me where  the link to wikidata items has moved to? [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 17:23, 11 December 2024 (UTC)
::Hello @[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]], sure, I would be happy to. The button/sitelink name didn't change, just its position. You should find it in the sidebar-menu under the section '''In other projects''' (where the links to all other Wikimedia Projects are displayed). If you do not see it, please reach out to us on the [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|Move Wikidata item - Discussion page]]. Thank you, -[[User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|contribs]]) 09:24, 12 December 2024 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]], thank you for responding. I intend to followup on the ''Move Wikidata item - Discussion page'' as per your post above by putting it on my ever growing todo list.
:::I don't know about others on this wiki, as I said I have not been visiting here frequently, but for me the constant changes are a big distraction. I have been around wikimedia projects since 2007, so why do I have to spend so much time learning and re-learning how to find what I came here for? [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 16:41, 12 December 2024 (UTC)
::::Hi @[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]], thanks for you thoughts. Your input whether positive or critical helps us understand the impacts to editors so we welcome your further thoughts when you reach us in your To Do List :)
::::I can't speak about the other changes you've experienced here but I do hope they are made with a spirit of improvement for the community as a whole. -[[User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|contribs]]) 10:43, 16 December 2024 (UTC)
:::::@[[User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]]: 
:::::Re: '''Your input whether positive or critical helps us understand the impacts to editors'''
:::::Today I (finally)  checked [[Move Wikidata item - Discussion page]] and discovered that it is a talkpage on META where, unfortunately, I am infinitely blocked, so cannot participate. Even so, I proceeded to try and see what others are saying and immediately came to the conclusion that the few who actually participated in that discussin viewed the change  negatively. It must be disheartening for developers to meet such a hostile attitude from the community. Please don't take it personally, this is a common phenomena in  wikimedia community wide discussions , IMIO.
:::::I further checked the [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=meta.wikimedia.org&amp;platform=all-access&amp;agent=user&amp;redirects=0&amp;range=latest-90&amp;pages=Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link page view statistcics] which showed there were only  828 pageviews in the last 90 days, and what's worse [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link&amp;action=info#mw-pageinfo-watchers the page has &quot;Fewer than 30 watchers&quot;]. 
:::::Since [[META:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|your userpage on META]] says that you are the: &quot;Community Communications Manager Wikidata Integrations Team&quot;, may I ask how this apparent apathy is being addressed by your own management?
:::::I apologize if my post is not welcome on the Wikiversity:Colloquium, as i said I am  a rather infrequent visitor to this wiki. I probably would not have followed up if you did not assure us that our feedback positive or negative is sought. Cheers, [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 20:49, 3 January 2025 (UTC)
::::::Dear @[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]], I am so so sorry for leaving you on read for these last months, I have no excuse other than reading your comment and then getting lost before making a reply.
::::::The team I am working with, [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects|Wikidata for Wikimedia Projects]] is a new development team, so I think management has allowed a certain amount of elbow room or leeway for us to make small changes whilst developing our confidence tackling the MediaWiki codebase with onboarding tasks that won't 'rock the boat' too much. We certainly expected some pushback or resistance to moving the Wikidata item as editors are so used to where it previously resided. Now it has been some time and hopefully the communities have gotten used to the change.
::::::Please do not apologise, your comments are always welcome, critical or not, as a new team I think we certainly &quot;fly under the radar&quot; to an extent and I hope that changes as we continue to work on projects that deepen the integrations between Wikidata and the other sibling projects. Once again, my sincere apologies for the delay in this reply. -[[User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|contribs]]) 13:59, 1 April 2025 (UTC)

== Wikiversity - Newsletters ==

Hello All,

I wanted to create a newsletter on Wikiversity, which would highlight what is going on in certain months and events on Wikiversity; which would bolster engagement by many people. This would be on the website and would have its dedicated 'Newsletter' tab.

I hope you acknowledge this idea. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 21:05, 8 December 2024 (UTC)

:@[[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]], What sort of things do you plan to include in your newsletter? Will they be different than what is currently in [[Main Page/News]]? Just curious.
:I am also wondering about your motive which I think is: to bolster engagement by many people. I am asking because I wonder if others who are currently active here also think this I is desirable? Have you asked them? [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 17:34, 11 December 2024 (UTC)
::Not yet, which was why I was asking this on the colloquium. I plan to include things that many people have created on Wikiversity over the month, as it is a monthly newsletter. It would be somewhere on the website here. It will be more frequent that the ones seen on [[Main Page/News]]. We will include people's resources to essentially promote them. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 06:50, 12 December 2024 (UTC)
:::@[[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]], I Think what you are saying is that ''Main Page/News'' does not update frequently enough? 
:::If this is the reason, why not start small by simply increasing the frequency of posting news on the main page, instead of trying to start a newsletter?
:::If there is more, can you articulate what else is missing. Thanks in advance, [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 16:51, 12 December 2024 (UTC)
::::I meant going to detail into topics covered in that month, rather than just giving a few points. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 16:53, 12 December 2024 (UTC)
:::::What sort of details did you have in mind? You can pick one of the links provided in [[Main Page/News]] to illustrate. cheers, [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 15:29, 16 December 2024 (UTC)
::::::I'm thinking of the community entering their projects, and discussing those in the newsletter. It depends on what they want, though. There would be a dedicated page for giving the information about their projects [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 17:24, 16 December 2024 (UTC)
:::::::I might start working on this soon, depending on the projects being created on Wikiversity. @[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] @[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 18:25, 17 December 2024 (UTC)
::::::::I'd recommend you start off with putting this under a userspace page (something like [[User:RockTransport/Wikiversity Newsletter]]), and drafting what you desire. Let us know once it's done, and the community can provide their input. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 18:30, 17 December 2024 (UTC)
:::::::::I will try and make one for this month. This is supposed to be a monthly newsletter, showcasing the different projects mentioned there. Users can put their projects, and we will document them on the newsletter. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 18:33, 17 December 2024 (UTC)
:::::::::I am hoping for it to be released by January 2025. There's no rush to get it done; it's still in it's planning stage. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 18:43, 17 December 2024 (UTC)
::::I '''might''' be able to icnrease the frequency there, but it doesn't go into detail about these topics. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 17:30, 18 December 2024 (UTC)
:Where you are going to get the audience for your website and Wikiversity newsletter? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:38, 18 December 2024 (UTC)
::It's on Wikiversity, not on an outside platform. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 13:51, 18 December 2024 (UTC)
::The audience will be Wikiversity contributors. There will be a dedicated page for it on Wikiversity. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 13:55, 18 December 2024 (UTC)
:::Hi @[[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]], Just wondering if there is a progress on the wikiversity newsletter? [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 18:09, 6 January 2025 (UTC)
::::There is progress, I just need to find some topics to cover about. [[User:RockTransport|''Rock Transport'']] 😊 ([[User_talk:RockTransport|Talk page]])  18:26, 6 January 2025 (UTC)
::::Also, if you wanted to see the work being done on the page, go to [[User:RockTransport/Wikiversity Newsletter|this page]]. I haven't worked on it that much lately, but I am constantly working on it. [[User:RockTransport|''Rock Transport'']] 😊 ([[User_talk:RockTransport|Talk page]])  18:38, 6 January 2025 (UTC)

== &lt;s&gt;Degrees&lt;/s&gt; (Certificates (see below)) ==

Why does Wikiversity not provide degrees? I know it was a promise to the Wikimedia Foundation in the Wikiversity project proposal. But anyway, why is that? Wikiversity is about opening doors, i.e., removing obstacles. So, what kind of an obstacle was a paper? Was a certain body of knowledge that you learned well?! Because Wikiversity is not accredited for that? Yes, and do we need official US accreditation? We cannot create our system so that the learners who learn here and would like to continue their science career have a recognizable degree they can continue? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 10:19, 18 December 2024 (UTC)

:&quot;I know it was a promise to the Wikimedia Foundation in the Wikiversity project proposal.&quot; Was it? Becoming a degree-granting institution is an extremely high bar in the United States, but what is even the point in becoming a degree-granting institution in... Malawi? Tonga? Somewhere else where the servers aren't located or the WMF aren't incorporated? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 15:53, 18 December 2024 (UTC)
::I ment certificates. The question is the recognazibility of a certificate. I am not talking here about equal certification, which is provided by governmental institucians to universities, rather on Wikiversity own certification, which might may advocate itself over the time. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 15:05, 19 December 2024 (UTC)
::: We could issue certificates in some residing in certain jurisdictions probably (?). To my knowledge, there is no legal prohibition federally against doing this in the USA as long as no misrepresentation happens. Although some states might prohibit it (?). Degrees are likely different (at least with respect to accreditation). Please let me know if you believe I am likely incorrect in my understanding. I asked an LLM this prompt, &quot;is there any prohibition legally in USA for a DAO (decentralized autonomous organization or wiki community related to learning, teaching, and research) from issuing certifications or certificates to those who go through learning materials and educational resources that might be on a decentralized or nonprofit wiki that has an active community?&quot; (i won't post the specific result, but I wrote and engineered that prompt myself). The LLM output seemed to indicate my understanding noted here is correct, but LLM's are sometimes wrong. what do you or others think about this? [[User:Michael Ten|Michael Ten]] ([[User talk:Michael Ten|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Michael Ten|contribs]]) 18:49, 25 December 2024 (UTC)
:From [https://web.archive.org/web/20170703053134/https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Meetings/November_13,_2005 the WMF Board] (repeated at [[WV:WWIN]]):
:&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;[[Wikiversity:Original proposal|Wikiversity proposal]] not approved, but we will approve it if [[Wikiversity:Approved Wikiversity project proposal|some changes are made]]... The board recommend rewriting the proposal to ''exclude credentials'', exclude online-courses and clarify the concept of elearning platform.&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
:That is, Wikiversity was prevented from creation until it was codified '''not''' to provide credentials. It is not just ''U.S.'' credentials, but credentials period.
:I see you were around for [[Wikiversity:Community Review/Wikimedia Ethics:Ethical Breaching Experiments|the Reckoning]], so I imagine you are aware of the potential consequences of challenging such a clear policy so explicitly. I worry the community would not withstand another round. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 19:24, 2 January 2025 (UTC)
::That said, I see nothing wrong with a cute badge of some sort (emulating barnstars) for completion of a resource (perhaps supervised/signed off by the resource creators). Even if there is no pretention of &quot;credentials&quot;, who doesn't like a trophy? [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 20:19, 2 January 2025 (UTC)
:::[[:w:Gamification|Gamification]] is quite different than granting certificates and degrees. And ''even'' if Wikiversity grants certificates, half the battle is getting others to recognize the legitimacy of the certificate. Otherwise people will just think of Wikiversity as a [[:w:diploma mill|diploma mill]] especially if this conversation steers towards purposely issuing certificates in far flung countries for the sole purpose of skirting around the rules. And that's something I don't want to be associated with if Wikiversity goes down that path. [[User:OhanaUnited|&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000FF;&quot;&gt;OhanaUnited&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:OhanaUnited|&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: green;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Talk page&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;]] 21:24, 2 January 2025 (UTC)

== Citation system ==

How is being maintained citation system on en.wv. I mean, is it completly the same as on English Wikipedia? Do we update it according to English Wikipedia? How we do that? Are the templates like [[Template:Cite book|Cite book]] based on Lua? I dont see any invoke word.  [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 16:20, 2 January 2025 (UTC)

:I was just working on references in [[WikiJournal Preprints/Mobility-aware Scheduling in Fog Computing: Analysis and Challenges]]. And I agree with you. The citation system is so outdated compared to en.wp. Just the fact that I have to do extra clicks to access {{tl|cite journal}} is bizarre. Are there efforts to sync updates to the current citation version on en.wp? [[User:OhanaUnited|&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000FF;&quot;&gt;OhanaUnited&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:OhanaUnited|&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: green;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Talk page&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;]] 21:35, 2 January 2025 (UTC)
::Not mine, I am just wondering if there is an easy system how to take over citation aparatus. I havent investigated the citation system on English Wikipedia yet, but on the first glance it looks like a very complicated environment. So in the following days Ill be looking on it if its a way to overtake it or if it would be easier to create own citation system.  [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 22:00, 2 January 2025 (UTC)

== Proposal: citation templates for VisualEditor ==

@[[User:OhanaUnited|OhanaUnited]] [[Wikiversity:Colloquium#Citation system|pointed above]], that they had a hard time to create citations via VisualEditor I believe. I think its because of missing map in [[MediaWiki:Cite-tool-definition.json]] ([[phab:T219551|see also]]). And the question is, which citation templates the editor should list. So I would propose the same as on en.wp, i.e. [[Template:Cite book|Cite book]], [[Template:Cite journal|journal]], [[Template:Cite news|news]], and [[Template:Cite web|web]]. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 13:38, 3 January 2025 (UTC)

:I support those four templates (book, journal, news, web). Another part of me wonders if we should include other use cases like AV media, thesis and report. But they may have limited usage and will only clutter the screen. [[User:OhanaUnited|&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000FF;&quot;&gt;OhanaUnited&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:OhanaUnited|&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: green;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Talk page&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;]] 04:55, 7 January 2025 (UTC)
::Sure and thesis could be cited by Cite book. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 06:53, 7 January 2025 (UTC)
::[[Wikiversity:Request custodian action#Edit MediaWiki page|Requested Custodian action]]. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 07:01, 7 January 2025 (UTC)

== Wikiversity Newsletter - Topics? ==

Hello,
For the newsletter concept on Wikiversity, for Wikiversitans (which can be seen above), I was wondering if there were any recently added or updated resources on Wikiversity that this newsletter could add.
Kind regards,
Rock [[User:RockTransport|''Rock Transport'']] 😊 ([[User_talk:RockTransport|Talk page]])  18:13, 9 January 2025 (UTC)

== Wikiversity page view statistics ==

I remember seeing [[recent topics/threads]] here wondering about page view statistics for this project. So I wonder if anyone else here is as curious as I am about the following page view which compares wikiversity to other wikimedia projects
https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/siteviews/?platform=all-access&amp;source=pageviews&amp;agent=user&amp;range=latest-30&amp;sites=all-projects
cheers, [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 20:05, 15 January 2025 (UTC)

:It does look interesting, but I haven't viewed it in depth yet. [[User:RockTransport|''Rock Transport'']] 😊 ([[User_talk:RockTransport|Talk page]])  17:24, 19 January 2025 (UTC)

== Launching! Join Us for Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025! ==

Dear All,

We’re happy to announce the launch of [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025|Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025]], an annual international campaign dedicated to celebrating and preserving Islamic cultures and history through the power of Wikipedia. As an active contributor to the Local Wikipedia, you are specially invited to participate in the launch. 

This year’s campaign will be launched for you to join us write, edit, and improve articles that showcase the richness and diversity of Islamic traditions, history, and culture.

* Topic: [[m:Event:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 Campaign Launch|Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 Campaign Launch]]
* When: Jan 19, 2025 
* Time: 16:00 Universal Time UTC and runs throughout Ramadan (starting February 25, 2025).
* Join Zoom Meeting: https://us02web.zoom.us/j/88420056597?pwd=NdrpqIhrwAVPeWB8FNb258n7qngqqo.1 
* Zoom meeting hosted by [[m:Wikimedia Bangladesh|Wikimedia Bangladesh]]

To get started, visit the [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025|campaign page]] for details, resources, and guidelines: Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025.

Add [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Participant|your community here]], and organized Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 in your local language.

Whether you’re a first-time editor or an experienced Wikipedian, your contributions matter. Together, we can ensure Islamic cultures and traditions are well-represented and accessible to all.

Feel free to invite your community and friends too. Kindly reach out if you have any questions or need support as you prepare to participate.

Let’s make Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 a success!

For the [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Team|International Team]] 12:08, 16 January 2025 (UTC)
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== Deletion of talk pages ==

I wonder if there are any policies here that define when talkpages are deleted?

Thanks in advance, [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 17:30, 17 January 2025 (UTC)

:I'm not too sure if there are any topics about this. [[User:RockTransport|''Rock Transport'']] 😊 ([[User_talk:RockTransport|Talk page]])  19:37, 17 January 2025 (UTC)
::Let me explain why I am asking about deletion:
::I have recently posted a question on a WV talk-page. The page was empty when I arrived, so had to be created, or recreated as it turns out because when I tried to post I received this box that said the page had been deleted by @[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] as a test page. I then Went ahead and recreated the page by posting at:
::[[Wikiversity talk:Wikidebate/Guy vandegrift#Do we need dialogues?]].
::However a bit later I remembered a discussion on the English Wikiquote Village Pump which was started by a contributor who was active there a long time ago who apparently was looking for their own contributions. It turned out that the history of the contributions had disappeared when the page was deleted and then re-created by another contributor who's became, at least according to the View history, the &quot;owner&quot; of all the previous contributions. Here is the ENWQ-VP discussion: https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Wikiquote:Village_pump#Now_this_is_contrary_to_the_spirit_of_Wikipedia.
::I believe deletions of old pages that seem unimportant to new users of the English Wikversity may become problematic in the future. I know that at least one  [[User:MathXplore|new admin]] has been added in the last  couple of years, but I am not sure how  many of the experienced admins are still active, so I don't know who makes deletion decisions here.. History is crucial to maintain when people are no longeraround.
::It would be nice for the ENWV-community  to understand how and what files/contributions are deleted.
::note: @[[User:Koavf|Koavf]] @[[User:Juandev|Juandev]], @[[User:OhanaUnited|OhanaUnited]] as recent participants in the Colloquium I wonder if you have any knowledge to contribute?
::Thanks advance, [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 16:20, 18 January 2025 (UTC)
:::This project is generally pretty policy-lite, so deleting talk pages is probably ad hoc and left to best judgement. I have personally deleted one content page here but kept the talk page to document why it was deleted (this is common on en.wikt). —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 16:47, 18 January 2025 (UTC)
::::I was looking up some old history (2002) on the English Wikipedia associated with a particular user (Roadrunner) and  happened to see a talk-page that was deleted in 2021 that this user had contributed content to:
::::https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk%3AImmediate_Action_Unit
::::This page is no longer public as a result of: 
::::https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Immediate_Action_Unit
::::So it appears that on the English Wikipedia talkpages were still being deleted along with their associated page as recently as 2021, I think? [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 19:52, 31 January 2025 (UTC)
::: Please read [[Wikiversity:Deletions]] (especially [[WV:CSD]]) for the deletion of (talk) pages. No.8 of [[WV:CSD]] is specific for talk pages. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 23:09, 18 January 2025 (UTC)
::::@[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]], I think @[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] is referring to user talk pages (correct me if I'm wrong). Do we have any policies related to this? [[User:RockTransport|''Rock Transport'']] 😊 ([[User_talk:RockTransport|Talk page]])  08:02, 19 January 2025 (UTC)
::::: [[Wikiversity:Deletions]] (including [[WV:CSD]]) apply for all namespaces. Therefore, the same rule will be applied to user talk pages. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 11:59, 19 January 2025 (UTC)
::::::@[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]], thanks for clarifying. [[User:RockTransport|''Rock Transport'']] 😊 ([[User_talk:RockTransport|Talk page]])  17:28, 19 January 2025 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Koavf|Koavf]], Thanks for this important tid-bit : {{green|I have personally deleted one content page here but kept the talk page to document why it was deleted (this is common on en.wikt).}}
:::This is a great habit IMIO. Do you happen to know if other WV-admins know how to not delete a talk-page when they delete its counterpart? [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 20:05, 26 January 2025 (UTC)
::::I don't know that they do, but it's a fairly simple process when you're deleting pages. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 22:26, 26 January 2025 (UTC)

== Research Guidelines for the new Wiki of Government Efficiency ==

[[User:Jaredscribe/Department_of_Government_Efficiency]]

Before I move this original research project to mainspace, I invite a colloquy on my proposed
[[User:Jaredscribe/Department_of_Government_Efficiency#Research_Guidelines_and_Scholarly_Ethics|Research_Guidelines_and_Scholarly_Ethics]], and will entertain suggested improvements.

All may constructively contribute;  those who do so competently, are invited to edit after they declare and disclose.
[[User_talk:Jaredscribe/Department_of_Government_Efficiency#Declare_your_Interests_and_Disclose_Potential_Conflicts]] 


Thanks in advance for your consideration and informed opinions on how to make this work.  [[User:Jaredscribe|Jaredscribe]] ([[User talk:Jaredscribe|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jaredscribe|contribs]]) 07:05, 20 January 2025 (UTC)

== Mentors ==

With respect to [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk%3AUsername142857&amp;diff=2692853&amp;oldid=2667985 this], may I return, and if so, could I get a mentor? [[User:Username142857|Username142857]] ([[User talk:Username142857|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Username142857|contribs]]) 17:15, 20 January 2025 (UTC)

:Hi @[[User:Username142857|Username142857]]: I am not familiar with the term &quot;mentors&quot; on WV. What did you have in mind? [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 20:22, 22 January 2025 (UTC)
::@[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]], I believe he means getting a mentor to help him with his 'return' on Wikiversity. Please correct me if I'm wrong however @[[User:Username142857|Username142857]]. [[User:RailwayEnthusiast2025|''RailwayEnthusiast2025'']] 😊 ([[User_talk:RailwayEnthusiast2025|Talk page]])  18:57, 23 January 2025 (UTC)
::'Mentors' are usually used to describe people on Wikiversity who mentor people for curatorship, custodianship etc. I think in this context, he might be trying to get a mentor to help him on Wikiversity. [[User:RailwayEnthusiast2025|&lt;span style=&quot;color:green;&quot;&gt;'''''RailwayEnthusiast2025'''''&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:RailwayEnthusiast2025|talk page]] - [[Special:Contributions/RailwayEnthusiast2025|contribs]]) 20:46, 24 January 2025 (UTC)
:::To clarify, other people have stated that I should probably leave for a while, and I'm wondering if it's safe for me to return [[User:Username142857|Username142857]] ([[User talk:Username142857|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Username142857|contribs]]) 05:51, 9 February 2025 (UTC)
::::@[[User:Username142857|Username142857]]: I think you should return whenever you feel like it, honestly. [[User:Contributor 118,784|&lt;b style=&quot;color:#070&quot;&gt;Contributor&lt;/b&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;color:#707&quot;&gt;118,784&lt;/sup&gt;]] [[User talk:Contributor 118,784|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#00F&quot;&gt;''Let's talk''&lt;/span&gt;]] 12:19, 10 February 2025 (UTC)

== Universal Code of Conduct annual review: provide your comments on the UCoC and Enforcement Guidelines ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

{{Int:Please-translate}}.

I am writing to you to let you know the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines is open now. You can make suggestions for changes through 3 February 2025. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review.
[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]].

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate.

-- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 01:12, 24 January 2025 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;
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:Thanks for the link. I will have a look at it later. [[User:RailwayEnthusiast2025|&lt;span style=&quot;color:green;&quot;&gt;'''RailwayEnthusiast2025'''&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:RailwayEnthusiast2025|talk page]]|[[Special:Contributions/RailwayEnthusiast2025|contribs]]) 08:49, 24 January 2025 (UTC)

== Subscribing to this talk-page ==

Is anyone here curious to find out what is the best method of subscribing to discussions here? Until today I did not even know one could subscribe to all new topics by clicking on  ''Subscribe'' (the second ''Action'' right after ''Move''). I will have to see if indeed I am automatically subscribed to this new thread that I am hoping  to start as soon as I hit the ''Add topic'' blue button at the bottom right hand corner.

So far I have had to resort to  clicking ''Subscribe'' individually for each topic when  I wanted to receive a notification for any new replies, but unfortunately after some items I was subscribed to have been archived on January 30, I received a message telling me I  am no longer subscribed. I guess I would have to look for any updates that took place before the archive in the archive itself?

Am I making sense at all? I have managed to confuse myself, LOL. [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 17:11, 30 January 2025 (UTC)

:You are not subscribed to threads once they are removed from a page (e.g. by archiving). The easiest way to subscribe is by clicking on the &quot;Subscribe&quot; button with the bell next to it that renders near the thread's title. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 19:44, 30 January 2025 (UTC)

== A club for Wikiversity ==

Hello there,
I would like to start a club for Wikiversity, which would be a part of outreach. Wikiversity is one of the smallest Wikimedia projects and I enjoy contributing here. How could you help me in creating a club for this?
Yours sincerely,
[[User:RailwayEnthusiast2025|RailwayEnthusiast2025]] ([[User talk:RailwayEnthusiast2025|Talk page]] - [[Special:Contributions|Contributions]]) 17:51, 31 January 2025 (UTC)

:There is a formal process for this at [[:m:Wikimedia user groups]]. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 18:18, 31 January 2025 (UTC)
::I meant like a club at an organization, school etc. Not a user group in a town or a city. —[[User:RailwayEnthusiast2025|RailwayEnthusiast2025]] ([[User talk:RailwayEnthusiast2025|Talk page]] - [[Special:Contributions|Contributions]]) 18:31, 31 January 2025 (UTC)
:::I wanted to do this, because I'm active here, but I don't know. —[[User:RailwayEnthusiast2025|RailwayEnthusiast2025]] ([[User talk:RailwayEnthusiast2025|Talk page]] - [[Special:Contributions|Contributions]]) 19:59, 12 February 2025 (UTC)
::::Dear @[[User:RailwayEnthusiast2025|RailwayEnthusiast2025]], If you could contact any established user group in your locality. They could provide support to start a wiki club. [[User:511KeV|511KeV]] ([[User talk:511KeV|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/511KeV|contribs]]) 04:41, 28 March 2025 (UTC)
:::::Dear @[[User:511KeV|511KeV]], As said in my previous message, I wish to start a club at an organization, school etc. I wish to start a small club like this, not a user group in a town/city. I don't think you understand what I'm trying to say. —[[User:RailwayEnthusiast2025|RailwayEnthusiast2025]] ([[User talk:RailwayEnthusiast2025|Talk page]] - [[Special:Contributions|Contributions]]) 16:23, 28 March 2025 (UTC)
::::::@@[[User:RailwayEnthusiast2025|RailwayEnthusiast2025]] Forming a non-affiliated club is a straightforward process. Gather a group of interested individuals and create a simple page on Meta-Wiki outlining the club’s purpose and how others can join and start editing. If your club focuses on a specific theme, such as medicine or the arts, you can mention it on the page.
::::::However, if you intend to establish a university- or school-affiliated club, you should seek permission from the institution. Start by submitting a formal application to the relevant authority at your college or university. [[User:511KeV|511KeV]] ([[User talk:511KeV|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/511KeV|contribs]]) 13:26, 29 March 2025 (UTC)
:::::::The latter is what I intend to do, and thanks for the help. I will start working on it soon. —[[User:RailwayEnthusiast2025|RailwayEnthusiast2025]] ([[User talk:RailwayEnthusiast2025|Talk page]] - [[Special:Contributions|Contributions]]) 14:23, 29 March 2025 (UTC)

== Global ban proposal for Shāntián Tàiláng ==

Hello. This is to notify the community that there is an ongoing global ban proposal for [[species:User:Shāntián_Tàiláng|User:Shāntián Tàiláng]] who has been active on this wiki. You are invited to participate at [[metawiki:Requests_for_comment/Global_ban_for_Shāntián_Tàiláng|m:Requests for comment/Global ban for Shāntián Tàiláng]]. [[User:Wüstenspringmaus|Wüstenspringmaus]] ([[User talk:Wüstenspringmaus|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Wüstenspringmaus|contribs]]) 12:50, 2 February 2025 (UTC)

:Hi @[[User:Wüstenspringmaus|Wüstenspringmaus]], Looks like the RFC you started in an effort to  globally ban [[User:Shāntián Tàiláng]] has still not concluded. Forgive me, but I am indef-blocked on META so cannot ask there:
:* Is there no time limit on such nominations?
:* I am not familiar with the subject of this ban nomination, but I think there might be some unsupported allegations against them, such as harassment which is a serious issue. If I'm wrong please forgive me, I did spend a lot of time plowing through this lengthy page.
:* Many of us prefer to spend more of our time adding information to the wiki-projects that we are involved in and less  to endless discussions. The Nomination page on META is now '''43,962 bytes long''' and growing, and will require any new participant spend a great deal of unproductive time to come up to speed.
:Is it expectedad that the only people who Support or Oppose your nomination be personally familiar with the User in question? Cheers, [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 23:43, 16 February 2025 (UTC)

== Reminder: first part of the annual UCoC review closes soon ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

{{Int:Please-translate}}.

This is a reminder that the first phase of the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines will be closing soon. You can make suggestions for changes through [[d:Q614092|the end of day]], 3 February 2025. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review.
[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]]. After review of the feedback, proposals for updated text will be published on Meta in March for another round of community review. 

Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate.

-- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 00:49, 3 February 2025 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Self-deleting pages that I nominated for deletion myself ==
In 2024, I nominated multiple pages for deletion via [[:Template:Proposed deletion]] (see also [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Template:Proposed deletion]]). The three-month protective period for most of them now expired.

Example pages: [[Astronomy outline]], [[VELS mathematics]], [[Particle mechanics]].

It would be ideal if the deleting person would be different from the nominating person. However, no one seems to be interested in deleting these pages.

Should I feel free to delete the pages I nominated myself? I think it could be okay, but I can also imagine someone being stringent about these matters and requiring the four-eye principle. One rationale for allowing deleting myself is that the English Wikiversity has only few active administrators and therefore, the four-eye principle would create too much of delay and overhead; on a more admin-populated project, the four-eye principle is more workable. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:08, 16 February 2025 (UTC)

:OK I'll bite :-)
:Looks like enwv has a different ''Proposed deletion'' notice than other wiki-projects. One thing I noticed immediately is that there is no reason or explanation required for the deletion proposal. 
:I understand that all a deletion will accomplish is to remove those articles from public view. They will still continue to exist, but only admins will see them. May I ask @[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]], why do you believe these 3 articles should be deleted? [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 23:08, 16 February 2025 (UTC)
:: I always provide a reason for deletion. And  thus, e.g. [[Astronomy outline]] states: &quot;The Nominator gave the following reason for their nomination:&quot;, &quot;too low quality to serve as a learning resource; most links are redlinks; no further reading&quot;. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:18, 17 February 2025 (UTC)
: I went ahead and deleted the three listed pages. I will wait a little longer before I proceed further. Most of the usual admins do not seem to be around, though, so the absence of opposition does not tell us much. And thus, I am proceeding at risk, and undo is possible by an admin or quasi-admin. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:41, 24 February 2025 (UTC)
:@[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] You proposed deletion back in October. Yes, it's fine if you are now the one to delete it. Often there is only one user at a time interested in cleaning up Wikiversity. That person does it until they choose not to. Then after a while, someone else steps up. I cleaned up my own proposed deletions for years with very few complaints. If someone wants to object, they need to be willing to speak up and review your proposed deletions. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 00:51, 26 February 2025 (UTC)
:: Thank you. I went ahead and quasi-deleted 3 more pages, this time by moving them to user space (since I could find the main creator). I will make more deletions or quasi-deletions later. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:47, 26 February 2025 (UTC)

==  Upcoming Language Community Meeting (Feb 28th, 14:00 UTC) and Newsletter ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;
Hello everyone!
[[File:WP20Symbols WIKI INCUBATOR.svg|right|frameless|150x150px|alt=An image symbolising multiple languages]]
We’re excited to announce that the next '''Language Community Meeting''' is happening soon, '''February 28th at 14:00 UTC'''! If you’d like to join, simply sign up on the '''[[mw:Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community_meetings#28_February_2025|wiki page]]'''.

This is a participant-driven meeting where we share updates on language-related projects, discuss technical challenges in language wikis, and collaborate on solutions. In our last meeting, we covered topics like developing language keyboards, creating the Moore Wikipedia, and updates from the language support track at Wiki Indaba.

'''Got a topic to share?''' Whether it’s a technical update from your project, a challenge you need help with, or a request for interpretation support, we’d love to hear from you! Feel free to '''reply to this message''' or add agenda items to the document '''[[etherpad:p/language-community-meeting-feb-2025|here]]'''.

Also, we wanted to highlight that the sixth edition of the Language &amp; Internationalization newsletter (January 2025) is available here: [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/January|Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/January]]. This newsletter provides updates from the October–December 2024 quarter on new feature development, improvements in various language-related technical projects and support efforts, details about community meetings, and ideas for contributing to projects. To stay updated, you can subscribe to the newsletter on its wiki page: [[:mw:Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter|Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter]].

We look forward to your ideas and participation at the language community meeting, see you there!
&lt;section end=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 08:29, 22 February 2025 (UTC)
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== Replicate [[c:Template:Imagestack]] ==

I find this feature on Commons quite practical, and would like to use it on Wikiversity. But just copying the content to {{tl|Imagestack}} is not enough. The example on {{tl|Imagestack/sandbox}} remains static. Does someone know how to implement the JavaScript? [[User:Watchduck|Watchduck]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Watchduck|quack]])&lt;/small&gt; 18:31, 26 February 2025 (UTC)

:I don't know how to implement the JavaScript here. I haven't used the Imagestack feature before. —[[User:RailwayEnthusiast2025|RailwayEnthusiast2025]] ([[User talk:RailwayEnthusiast2025|Talk page]] - [[Special:Contributions|Contributions]]) 21:11, 20 March 2025 (UTC)

== Universal Code of Conduct annual review: proposed changes are available for comment ==

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{{Int:Please-translate}}.

I am writing to you to let you know that [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/Proposed_Changes|proposed changes]] to the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC) Enforcement Guidelines]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) Charter]] are open for review. '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/Proposed_Changes|You can provide feedback on suggested changes]]''' through the [[d:Q614092|end of day]] on Tuesday, 18 March 2025. This is the second step in the annual review process, the final step will be community voting on the proposed changes.
[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find relevant links about the process on the UCoC annual review page on Meta]].

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate.

-- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] 18:52, 7 March 2025 (UTC)

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== Your wiki will be in read-only soon ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]

The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will switch the traffic between its data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster.

All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2025-03-19|en}}'''. The switch will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2025-03-19T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2025-03-19T14:00}}]'''.

Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. 

A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation. 

'''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.'''

*You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2025-03-19|en}}.
*If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case.

''Other effects'':

*Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped.
* We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards.
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes.

This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. 

'''Please share this information with your community.'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:14, 14 March 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikidata and Sister Projects: an online event ==

Hello everyone, I’m writing to announce an upcoming event called [[wikidata:Event:Wikidata and Sister Projects|'''Wikidata and Sister Projects''']] that will be a mini online conference to highlight the different ways Wikidata can be connected and integrated with the other WM projects.

We are currently looking for session ideas and speakers for our program and wanted to reach out in case there were any editors here that might have a cool idea for a session proposal. Sessions can be found on the [[wikidata:Event talk:Wikidata and Sister Projects|'''event discussion page''']].

As previously mentioned, we would like to showcase the relationship between Wikibooks and Wikidata, such as the storing of metadata and sitelinking between books and their respective Wikidata items. Do you have an idea for a session? We'd love to hear about it!

The event is scheduled between '''May 29 - June 1st, 2025'''. If you have any questions about the event, would like more information or have a session idea to propose, please feel free to get in touch by replying to this post or writing on the event page or on my [[v:User_talk:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|talk page]]. Thanks for reading, - [[wikidata:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[wikidata:User talk:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|&lt;span class=&quot;signature-talk&quot;&gt;{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}&lt;/span&gt;]]) 07:48, 1 April 2025 (UTC)

== Final proposed modifications to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter now posted ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
The proposed modifications to the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines]] and the U4C Charter [[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/2025/Proposed_Changes|are now on Meta-wiki for community notice]] in advance of the voting period. This final draft was developed from the previous two rounds of community review. Community members will be able to vote on these modifications starting on 17 April 2025. The vote will close on 1 May 2025, and results will be announced no later than 12 May 2025. The U4C election period, starting with a call for candidates, will open immediately following the announcement of the review results. More information will be posted on [[m:Special:MyLanguage//Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election|the wiki page for the election]] soon.

Please be advised that this process will require more messages to be sent here over the next two months. 

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well.

-- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 02:05, 4 April 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikidata and Sister Projects: An online community event ==

''(Apologies for posting in English)''

Hello everyone, I am excited to share news of an upcoming online event called '''[[d:Event:Wikidata_and_Sister_Projects|Wikidata and Sister Projects]]''' celebrating the different ways Wikidata can be used to support or enhance with another Wikimedia project. The event takes place over 4 days between '''May 29 - June 1st, 2025'''.

We would like to invite speakers to present at this community event, to hear success stories, challenges, showcase tools or projects you may be working on, where Wikidata has been involved in Wikipedia, Commons, WikiSource and all other WM projects.

If you are interested in attending, please [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/1291|register here]].
If you would like to speak at the event, please fill out this Session Proposal template on the [[d:Event_talk:Wikidata_and_Sister_Projects|event talk page]], where you can also ask any questions you may have. 

I hope to see you at the event, in the audience or as a speaker, - [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 09:18, 11 April 2025 (UTC)
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== Vote now on the revised UCoC Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

The voting period for the revisions to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines (&quot;UCoC EG&quot;) and the UCoC's Coordinating Committee Charter is open now through the end of 1 May (UTC) ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746162000 find in your time zone]). [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/2025/Voter_information|Read the information on how to participate and read over the proposal before voting]] on the UCoC page on Meta-wiki.

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review of the EG and Charter was planned and implemented by the U4C. Further information will be provided in the coming months about the review of the UCoC itself. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well.

In cooperation with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 00:35, 17 April 2025 (UTC)
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== FYI: Can Citizen Science Be Trusted? New Study of Birds Shows It Can ==

https://www.ucdavis.edu/news/can-citizen-science-be-trusted-new-study-birds-shows-it-can —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 01:08, 23 April 2025 (UTC)

== Vote on proposed modifications to the UCoC Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
The voting period for the revisions to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter closes on 1 May 2025 at 23:59 UTC ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746162000 find in your time zone]). [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2025/Voter information|Read the information on how to participate and read over the proposal before voting]] on the UCoC page on Meta-wiki.

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this message with members of your community in your language, as appropriate, so they can participate as well.

In cooperation with the U4C -- &lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

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[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 03:41, 29 April 2025 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== Question Centre ==

I have a question: 

'''1.''''Is it possible to change your username? Or is it permament? 

''Antworte zu meinem Kommentar, und Ich werde zu dir abonnieren. ''

[[User:Kumpa-pasión|Kumpa-pasión]] ([[User talk:Kumpa-pasión|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kumpa-pasión|contribs]]) 15:18, 30 April 2025 (UTC)

:Hello {{ping|Kumpa-pasión}} To change your username, you can go to [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:GlobalRenameRequest Special:GlobalRenameRequest]. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 16:42, 2 May 2025 (UTC)

== Names of pages I am creating, one man's look at X ==
I am creating pages like [[One man's look at LibreOffice]], but I am increasingly dissatisfied with this naming scheme. It just means that &quot;One man's look at X&quot; is nothing but &quot;Dan Polansky's look at X&quot;; what is so special about Dan Polansky that he is the &quot;one man&quot;, which other people are not? I prefer &quot;X (Dan Polansky)&quot;, but that was previously rejected (I should find the discussion, but I am too lazy now). What was not rejected is &quot;X/Dan Polansky&quot; (as in [[COVID-19/Dan Polansky]]), but I find it greatly suboptimal: there is nothing in that syntax that suggests that &quot;Dan Polansky&quot; is an author name; compare a possible &quot;Philosophy/Aristotle&quot;, which would be ''about'' Aristotle and not ''by'' Aristotle.

Perhaps we can have a discussion/conversation about alternative proposals and what makes them preferable and dispreferable, desirable and undesirable? --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 08:07, 1 May 2025 (UTC)
: If a main space page is meant only for one user's view, then perhaps that page should instead be located in that user's space. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 05:12, 17 May 2025 (UTC)
:: That would not work: pages in user space are not Google search indexed, from what I understand. One's spending effort to write and publish an article and then having it ignored by readers since not found via Google Search is not rewarding; I do not see why people would like to do it, and they apparently don't. Moreover, since other editors can comment on the article on the talk page, it is vital that the author does not have the right to have the article deleted on a whim; an article should be deleted only in well justified rare cases (ethical breach, etc.).
:: I think that a page being author-specific should be the usual case, not the rare case, in Wikiversity. It is the case with Wikijournal articles. It also seems to be the case with the Motivation and Emotion pages, e.g. as listed in [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2024]]; and thus, e.g. [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2024/Abusive supervision]] has TJDuus as the main author as per the assignment and revision history (there are auxiliary editors, but the author seems to maintain editorial control?)
:: Since Wikiversity pages are not organized by the principle of being encyclopedic and by avoidance of original research, I do not see how the free-for-all editing of Wikipedia could possibly work here.
:: Some of the best materials I have seen in the English Wikiversity either have a single author or single main author. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 08:10, 17 May 2025 (UTC)

== We will be enabling the new Charts extension on your wiki soon! ==

''(Apologies for posting in English)''

Hi all! We have good news to share regarding the ongoing problem with graphs and charts affecting all wikis that use them.

As you probably know, the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|old Graph extension]] was disabled in 2023 [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EWL4AGBEZEDMNNFTM4FRD4MHOU3CVESO/|due to security reasons]]. We’ve worked in these two years to find a solution that could replace the old extension, and provide a safer and better solution to users who wanted to showcase graphs and charts in their articles. We therefore developed the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Charts extension]], which will be replacing the old Graph extension and potentially also the [[:mw:Extension:EasyTimeline|EasyTimeline extension]].

After successfully deploying the extension on Italian, Swedish, and Hebrew Wikipedia, as well as on MediaWiki.org, as part of a pilot phase, we are now happy to announce that we are moving forward with the next phase of deployment, which will also include your wiki.

The deployment will happen in batches, and will start from '''May 6'''. Please, consult [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project#Deployment Timeline|our page on MediaWiki.org]] to discover when the new Charts extension will be deployed on your wiki. You can also [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|consult the documentation]] about the extension on MediaWiki.org.

If you have questions, need clarifications, or just want to express your opinion about it, please refer to the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension_talk:Chart/Project|project’s talk page on Mediawiki.org]], or ping me directly under this thread. If you encounter issues using Charts once it gets enabled on your wiki, please report it on the [[:mw:Extension_talk:Chart/Project|talk page]] or at [[phab:tag/charts|Phabricator]].

Thank you in advance! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:07, 6 May 2025 (UTC)
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== Progressive translations ==

If you gradually translate more and more words in a text it's called &quot;progressive translation&quot; apparently. If we were doing, say, English to Hungarian it would look like &quot;I took the ''vonat'' (train) to Budapest&quot; and later on &quot;I saw the river from the ''vonat''&quot;. I want to be able to read novels and pick up vocabulary in this way, as well as make them (or rather get an AI to make them) and share them with other language learners. 

It's education so I thought you might be interested in hosting them, and maybe some people here would be interested in helping out. Thanks for any feedback [[User:Progressive translator|Progressive translator]] ([[User talk:Progressive translator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Progressive translator|contribs]]) 16:54, 6 May 2025 (UTC)

== Call for Candidates for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
The results of voting on the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) Charter is [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2025#Results|available on Meta-wiki]].

You may now [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025/Candidates|submit your candidacy to serve on the U4C]] through 29 May 2025 at 12:00 UTC. Information about [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025|eligibility, process, and the timeline are on Meta-wiki]]. Voting on candidates will open on 1 June 2025 and run for two weeks, closing on 15 June 2025 at 12:00 UTC.

If you have any questions, you can ask on [[m:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025|the discussion page for the election]]. -- in cooperation with the U4C, &lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|discuss]])&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:08, 15 May 2025 (UTC)
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== RfC ongoing regarding Abstract Wikipedia (and your project) ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
''(Apologies for posting in English, if this is not your first language)''

Hello all! We opened a discussion on Meta about a very delicate issue for the development of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia|Abstract Wikipedia]]: where to store the abstract content that will be developed through functions from Wikifunctions and data from Wikidata. Since some of the hypothesis involve your project, we wanted to hear your thoughts too. 

We want to make the decision process clear: we do not yet know which option we want to use, which is why we are consulting here. We will take the arguments from the Wikimedia communities into account, and we want to consult with the different communities and hear arguments that will help us with the decision. The decision will be made and communicated after the consultation period by the Foundation.

You can read the various hypothesis and have your say at [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content|Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content]]. Thank you in advance! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|&lt;span class=&quot;signature-talk&quot;&gt;{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}&lt;/span&gt;]]) 15:27, 22 May 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees 2025 Selection &amp; Call for Questions ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Selection announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Selection announcement}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''

Dear all,

This year, the term of 2 (two) Community- and Affiliate-selected Trustees on the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees will come to an end [1]. The Board invites the whole movement to participate in this year’s selection process and vote to fill those seats.

The Elections Committee will oversee this process with support from Foundation staff [2]. The Governance Committee, composed of trustees who are not candidates in the 2025 community-and-affiliate-selected trustee selection process (Raju Narisetti, Shani Evenstein Sigalov, Lorenzo Losa, Kathy Collins, Victoria Doronina and Esra’a Al Shafei) [3], is tasked with providing Board oversight for the 2025 trustee selection process and for keeping the Board informed. More details on the roles of the Elections Committee, Board, and staff are here [4].

Here are the key planned dates:

* May 22 – June 5: Announcement (this communication) and call for questions period [6]
* June 17 – July 1, 2025: Call for candidates
* July 2025: If needed, affiliates vote to shortlist candidates if more than 10 apply [5]
* August 2025: Campaign period
* August – September 2025: Two-week community voting period
* October – November 2025: Background check of selected candidates
* Board’s Meeting in December 2025: New trustees seated

Learn more about the 2025 selection process - including the detailed timeline, the candidacy process, the campaign rules, and the voter eligibility criteria - on this Meta-wiki page [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025|[link]]].

'''Call for Questions'''

In each selection process, the community has the opportunity to submit questions for the Board of Trustees candidates to answer. The Election Committee selects questions from the list developed by the community for the candidates to answer. Candidates must answer all the required questions in the application in order to be eligible; otherwise their application will be disqualified. This year, the Election Committee will select 5 questions for the candidates to answer. The selected questions may be a combination of what’s been submitted from the community, if they’re alike or related. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Questions_for_candidates|[link]]]

'''Election Volunteers'''

Another way to be involved with the 2025 selection process is to be an Election Volunteer. Election Volunteers are a bridge between the Elections Committee and their respective community. They help ensure their community is represented and mobilize them to vote. Learn more about the program and how to join on this Meta-wiki page [[m:Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Election_volunteers|[link].]]

Thank you!

[1] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Results

[2] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Committee:Elections_Committee_Charter

[3] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Resolution:Committee_Membership,_December_2024

[4] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections_committee/Roles

[5] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/FAQ

[6] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Questions_for_candidates

Best regards,

Victoria Doronina

Board Liaison to the Elections Committee

Governance Committee&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 03:08, 28 May 2025 (UTC)
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== Vote now in the 2025 U4C Election ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

{{Int:Please-translate}}

Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2025 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2025|2025 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 17 June 2025 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1750161600 12:00 UTC].

Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 1 July 2025. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 23:01, 13 June 2025 (UTC) &lt;/div&gt;
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== Geometric growth in views ==

Wikiversity seems to be experiencing an [https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikiversity.org/reading/total-page-views/normal|bar|all|~total|monthly unprecedented amount of traffic], literally doubling in May '25 with almost 60 million monthly views. (Note practically no growth from 2016-24. From a [[Wikiversity:Colloquium/archives/December_2024#An_unexplained_spurt_of_Wikiversity_page_views|previous thread's link]], this is only partially reflected on the [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/siteviews/?platform=all-access&amp;source=pageviews&amp;agent=user&amp;range=this-year&amp;sites=en.wikiversity.org|en.wikibooks.org|en.wikiquote.org|en.wikisource.org Pageviews widget], except for Wikisource somewhat.)

I haven't seen any corresponding unprecedented [https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikiversity.org/contributing/active-editors/normal%7Cline%7Call%7C(page_type)~content*non-content%7Cmonthly activity] however. Anyone know what's up? LLM crawling maybe? [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 21:56, 15 June 2025 (UTC)

:I can only assume that it's AI, yes. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 00:17, 18 June 2025 (UTC)

== Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees 2025 - Call for Candidates ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Call for candidates|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Call for candidates}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''&lt;/div&gt;
Hello all,

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025|call for candidates for the 2025 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees selection is now open]] from June 17, 2025 – July 2, 2025 at 11:59 UTC [1]. The Board of Trustees oversees the Wikimedia Foundation's work, and each Trustee serves a three-year term [2]. This is a volunteer position.

This year, the Wikimedia community will vote in late August through September 2025 to fill two (2) seats on the Foundation Board. Could you – or someone you know – be a good fit to join the Wikimedia Foundation's Board of Trustees? [3]

Learn more about what it takes to stand for these leadership positions and how to submit your candidacy on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Candidate application|this Meta-wiki page]] or encourage someone else to run in this year's election.

Best regards,

Abhishek Suryawanshi&lt;br /&gt;
Chair of the Elections Committee

On behalf of the Elections Committee and Governance Committee

[1] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Call_for_candidates

[2] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Bylaws#(B)_Term.

[3] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Resources_for_candidates&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 17:44, 17 June 2025 (UTC)
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== Sister Projects Task Force reviews Wikispore and Wikinews ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;
Dear Wikimedia Community,

The [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee|Community Affairs Committee (CAC)]]  of the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees assigned [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Sister Projects Task Force|the Sister Projects Task Force (SPTF)]] to update and implement a procedure for assessing the lifecycle of Sister Projects – wiki [[m:Wikimedia projects|projects supported by Wikimedia Foundation (WMF)]].

A vision of relevant, accessible, and impactful free knowledge has always guided the Wikimedia Movement. As the ecosystem of Wikimedia projects continues to evolve, it is crucial that we periodically review existing projects to ensure they still align with our goals and community capacity.

Despite their noble intent, some projects may no longer effectively serve their original purpose. '''Reviewing such projects is not about giving up – it's about responsible stewardship of shared resources'''. Volunteer time, staff support, infrastructure, and community attention are finite, and the non-technical costs tend to grow significantly as our ecosystem has entered a different age of the internet than the one we were founded in. Supporting inactive projects or projects that didn't meet our ambitions can unintentionally divert these resources from areas with more potential impact.

Moreover, maintaining projects that no longer reflect the quality and reliability of the Wikimedia name stands for, involves a reputational risk. An abandoned or less reliable project affects trust in the Wikimedia movement.

Lastly, '''failing to sunset or reimagine projects that are no longer working can make it much harder to start new ones'''. When the community feels bound to every past decision – no matter how outdated – we risk stagnation. A healthy ecosystem must allow for evolution, adaptation, and, when necessary, letting go. If we create the expectation that every project must exist indefinitely, we limit our ability to experiment and innovate.

Because of this, SPTF reviewed two requests concerning the lifecycle of the Sister Projects to work through and demonstrate the review process. We chose Wikispore as a case study for a possible new Sister Project opening and Wikinews as a case study for a review of an existing project. Preliminary findings were discussed with the CAC, and a community consultation on both proposals was recommended.

=== Wikispore ===

The [[m:Wikispore|application to consider Wikispore]] was submitted in 2019. SPTF decided to review this request in more depth because rather than being concentrated on a specific topic, as most of the proposals for the new Sister Projects are, Wikispore has the potential to nurture multiple start-up Sister Projects.

After careful consideration, the SPTF has decided '''not to recommend''' Wikispore as a Wikimedia Sister Project. Considering the current activity level, the current arrangement allows '''better flexibility''' and experimentation while WMF provides core infrastructural support. 

We acknowledge the initiative's potential and seek community input on what would constitute a sufficient level of activity and engagement to reconsider its status in the future.

As part of the process, we shared the decision with the Wikispore community and invited one of its leaders, Pharos, to an SPTF meeting.

Currently, we especially invite feedback on measurable criteria indicating the project's readiness, such as contributor numbers, content volume, and sustained community support. This would clarify the criteria sufficient for opening a new Sister Project, including possible future Wikispore re-application. However, the numbers will always be a guide because any number can be gamed.

=== Wikinews ===

We chose to review Wikinews among existing Sister Projects because it is the one for which we have observed the highest level of concern in multiple ways.

Since the SPTF was convened in 2023, its members have asked for the community's opinions during conferences and community calls about Sister Projects that did not fulfil their promise in the Wikimedia movement.[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:WCNA_2024._Sister_Projects_-_opening%3F_closing%3F_merging%3F_splitting%3F.pdf &lt;nowiki&gt;[1]&lt;/nowiki&gt;][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Community_Affairs_Committee/Sister_Projects_Task_Force#Wikimania_2023_session_%22Sister_Projects:_past,_present_and_the_glorious_future%22 &lt;nowiki&gt;[2]&lt;/nowiki&gt;][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiConvention_francophone/2024/Programme/Quelle_proc%C3%A9dure_pour_ouvrir_ou_fermer_un_projet_%3F &lt;nowiki&gt;[3]&lt;/nowiki&gt;] Wikinews was the leading candidate for an evaluation because people from multiple language communities proposed it. Additionally, by most measures, it is the least active Sister Project, with the greatest drop in activity over the years.

While the Language Committee routinely opens and closes language versions of the Sister Projects in small languages, there has never been a valid proposal to close Wikipedia in major languages or any project in English. This is not true for Wikinews, where there was a proposal to close English Wikinews, which gained some traction but did not result in any action[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Proposals_for_closing_projects/Closure_of_English_Wikinews &lt;nowiki&gt;[4]&lt;/nowiki&gt;][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiConvention_francophone/2024/Programme/Quelle_proc%C3%A9dure_pour_ouvrir_ou_fermer_un_projet_%3F &lt;nowiki&gt;[5]&lt;/nowiki&gt;, see section 5] as well as a draft proposal to close all languages of Wikinews[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:Proposals_for_closing_projects/Archive_2#Close_Wikinews_completely,_all_languages? &lt;nowiki&gt;[6]&lt;/nowiki&gt;].

[[:c:File:Sister Projects Taskforce Wikinews review 2024.pdf|Initial metrics]] compiled by WMF staff also support the community's concerns about Wikinews.

Based on this report, SPTF recommends a community reevaluation of Wikinews. We conclude that its current structure and activity levels are the lowest among the existing sister projects. SPTF also recommends pausing the opening of new language editions while the consultation runs.

SPTF brings this analysis to a discussion and welcomes discussions of alternative outcomes, including potential restructuring efforts or integration with other Wikimedia initiatives.

'''Options''' mentioned so far (which might be applied to just low-activity languages or all languages) include but are not limited to:
*Restructure how Wikinews works and is linked to other current events efforts on the projects,
*Merge the content of Wikinews into the relevant language Wikipedias, possibly in a new namespace,
*Merge content into compatibly licensed external projects,
*Archive Wikinews projects.
Your insights and perspectives are invaluable in shaping the future of these projects. We encourage all interested community members to share their thoughts on the relevant discussion pages or through other designated feedback channels.

=== Feedback and next steps ===

We'd be grateful if you want to take part in a conversation on the future of these projects and the review process. We are setting up two different project pages: [[m:Public consultation about Wikispore|Public consultation about Wikispore]] and [[m:Public consultation about Wikinews|Public consultation about Wikinews]]. Please participate between 27 June 2025 and 27 July 2025, after which we will summarize the discussion to move forward. You can write in your own language.

I will also host a community conversation 16th July Wednesday 11.00 UTC and 17th July Thursday 17.00 UTC (call links to follow shortly) and will be around at Wikimania for more discussions. 
&lt;section end=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;

-- [[User:Victoria|Victoria]] on behalf of the Sister Project Task Force, 20:57, 27 June 2025 (UTC)
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== About quizzes ==

Can we just create quizzes anytime we want? And can we design them as we want? I don't know much about Wikiversity, that's why I'm asking this. [[User:Jako96|Jako96]] ([[User talk:Jako96|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jako96|contribs]]) 18:24, 10 July 2025 (UTC)

:In practice, the way things work here is that most topics are edited by a single user doing most of the work. In principle, anyone can edit anything here, so we &lt;em&gt;should&lt;/em&gt; be collaborating on things. So if you want to an existing learning module and add quizzes to it, you are 100% able to do that. You can check out [[Help:Quiz]], [[Quiz]], and [{Test and Quiz]] for some guidance on that. If you also have some learning topic that you want to discuss here and then add quizzes as a component of the learning, you are certainly free to do that as well: testing is a standard component of most learning projects. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 19:45, 10 July 2025 (UTC)</text>
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    <title>10 Principles of Economics</title>
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      <comment>/* The Forces and Trends That Affect How the Economy as a Whole Works */</comment>
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      <text bytes="11696" sha1="4cjy4rh819d32vdo7lp7rmkcbydzhq6" xml:space="preserve">In brief Economics study how Money Supply, Business and Industry are organized, basic principles may be laid down below:-[[File:Economics.jpg|right|220px|Economics]]

Gregory Mankiw in his '''Principles of Economics''' outlines Ten Principles of Economics that we will replicate here, they are:

# People face trade-offs. 
# The cost of something is what you give up getting it.
# Rational people think at the marginal cost and marginal revenue.
# People respond to incentives.
# Trade can make everyone better off.
# Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity.
# Governments can sometimes improve market outcomes.
# A country's standard of living depends on its ability to produce goods and services.
# Growth of money leads to inflation
# Society faces a short-run tradeoff between Inflation and unemployment.

== How People Make Decisions ==

== 1. '''People face trade offs''' Trade Off involved with giving up one aspects or quantity for something in return of aspects and quantity. ==
* As we say “There is no such thing as a free lunch. Making decisions requires trading one goal for another.
* Examples include how students spend their time, how a family decides to spend its income, how the government spends revenue, and how regulations may protect the environment at a cost to firm owners.
* A special example of a trade-off is the trade-off between efficiency and equity.
** '''Efficiency: the property of society getting the maximum benefits from its scarce resources.'''
** '''Equity: the property of distributing economic prosperity fairly among the members of society.'''
** For example, tax paid by wealthy people and then distributed to poor may improve equity but lower the incentive for hard work and therefore reduce the level of output produced by our resources.
** This implies that the cost of this increased equality is a reduction in the efficient use of our resources.
* Another Example is “'''guns and butter'''”: The more we spend on national defense(guns) to protect our borders, the less we can spend on consumer goods (butter) to raise our standard of living at home.
* Recognizing that trade-offs exist does not indicate what decisions should or will be made.0oo

== 2. '''The cost of something is what you give up to get it''' ==

== Because people face trade-offs, making decisions requires comparing the costs and benefits of alternative courses of action. ==
* The cost of…
** …going to college for a year is not just the tuition, books, and fees, but also the foregone wages.
** …seeing a movie is not just the price of the ticket, but the value of the time you spend in the theatre.
* This is called opportunity cost of resource.
* O'''pportunity cost: whatever must be given up in order to obtain some item, or the value of the next best alternative foregone.'''
* When making any decision, decision makers should consider the opportunity costs of each individual possibility.

== 3. '''Rational people think at the margin''' == 
When a firm wants to make the economic decision of hiring an additional labor, the firm assesses the additional output the new labor will add to the total output. Hiring only takes place when the marginal product/revenue of the labor is greater than or equal to the marginal cost of the labor. Same for when a consumer decides to consume an additional unit of a commodity.

== Economists generally assume that people are rational. ==
** '''Rational:''' systematically and purposefully doing the best you can to achieve your objectives'''.'''
** Consumers want to purchase the bundle of goods and services that allow them the greatest level of satisfaction given their incomes and the prices they face.
** Firms want to produce the level of output that maximizes their profits.
* Many decisions in life involve incremental decisions: Should I remain in school this semester? Should I take another course this semester? Should I study an additional hour for tomorrow’s exam?
* Rational people often make decisions by comparing marginal benefits and marginal costs.
*If the additional satisfaction obtained by an addition in the units of a commodity is equal to the price a consumer is willing to pay for that commodity, he achieves maximum satisfaction, which is the main goal of every rational consumer.
** Example: Suppose that flying a 200-seat plane across the country costs the airline $1,000,000, which means that the average cost of each seat must cost $5000 to break even. Suppose that the plane is minutes away from departure and a passenger is willing to pay $3000 for a seat. Should the airline sell the seat for $3000? In this case, the marginal cost of an additional passenger is very small.
** Another example: Why is water so cheap while diamonds are expensive? Because water is plentiful, the marginal benefit of an additional cup is small. Because diamonds are rare, the marginal benefit of an extra diamond is high.

== 4. '''People respond to incentives''' ==
* Incentive is something that induces a person to act [by offering rewards or punishments to people who change their behavior].
* Because rational people make decisions by comparing costs and benefits, they respond to incentives. 
* Incentives may possess a negative or a positive intention. 

For example, by offering a raise in the salary of whoever works harder can induce people to work hard which is a positive incentive. Whereas putting a tax on a good, fuel, can induce people to consume it less which is a negative incentive.

== How People Interact With Each Other ==
Being a Rational Consumer each and every Consumer will interact with each other in a best possible effort for getting maximum benefit from their limited income.

== 5. '''Trade can make everyone better off''' ==
* Trade is not like a sports competition, where one side gains and the other side loses.
* For example, it was widely believed for centuries that in international trade one country's gain from an exchange must be the other country's loss.
*Consider trade that takes place inside your home. Your family is likely to be involved in trade with other families on a daily basis. Most families do not build their own homes, make their own clothes, or grow their own food.
* Countries benefit from trading with one another as well maybe not.
* Trade allows for specialization in products that benefits countries (or families) - comparative advantage 
*For example, giving the incentive of getting better grades in return for not having to take an exam.

== 6. '''Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity''' ==
Many countries that once had centrally planned economies have abandoned this system 
and are trying to develop market economies.

* '''Market economy:''' an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services.
* Market prices reflect both the value of a product to consumers and the cost of the resources used to produce it.
* Centrally planned economies have failed because they did not allow the market to work.
* Adam Smith and the Invisible Hand
** Adam Smith’s 1776 work suggested that although individuals are motivated by self-interest, an invisible hand guides this self-interest into promoting society’s economic well-being.
Markets are where the buyers and sellers can meet to get goods and exchange items.

There are many types of market's in detail

== 7. '''Government can sometimes improve market outcome''' ==
There are two broad reasons for the government to interfere with the economy: the promotion of efficiency and equity.
* Government policy can be most useful when there is market failure.
** '''Market failure: a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficiently.'''
* Examples of Market Failure
** '''Externality: the impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander. (Ex.: Pollution''')
** '''Definition of market power: the ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market prices.'''
** Because a market economy rewards people for their ability to produce things that other people are willing to pay for, there will be an unequal distribution of economic prosperity.
* Note that the principle states that the government can improve market outcomes. This is not saying that the government always does improve market outcomes.

== '''The Forces and Trends That Affect How the Economy as a Whole Works''' ==
We started by discussing how individuals make decisions and then looked at how people interact with one another. All these decisions and interactions together make up “the economy.” The last three principles concern the workings of the economy as a whole.

== 8.  '''A country's standard of living depends on country production''' ==
* Differences in the standard of living from one country to another are quite large.
* Changes in living standards over time are also quite large.
* The explanation for differences in living standards lies in differences in productivity.
* '''Productivity: the quantity of goods and services produced from each hour of a worker’s time.'''
* High productivity implies a high standard of living.
* Thus, policymakers must understand the impact of any policy on our ability to produce goods and services.
* To boost living standards the policy makers, need to raise productivity by ensuring that workers are well educated, have the tools needed to produce goods and services, and have access to the best available technology.
*Per capita income of nation decides the standard of living of people

== 9.'''Increase in Money Supply Causes the prices to rise''' ==
* '''Inflation: sustained increase in the overall level of prices in the economy'''. 
* When the government creates a large amount of money, the value of money falls.
*The value of money falls when the government creates a lot of money, so individuals have more money and the demand for goods and services increases.
*When the demand increases, price also increases and creates inflation of money.
*During the 1970s, for instance, the overall level of prices more than doubled, and President Gerald Ford called inflation &quot;public enemy number one.&quot;
* Examples: Germany after World War I (in the early 1920s), the United States in the 1970s, Zimbabwe in the 2001s and Venezuela in the 2010s.

== 10. '''Society faces a short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment''' ==
*Most economists believe that the short-run effect of a monetary injection (injecting/adding money into the economy) is lower unemployment and higher prices.
** An increase in the amount of money in the economy stimulates spending and increases the demand of goods and services in the economy.
** Higher demand may over time cause firms to raise their prices but in the meantime, it also encourages them to increase the quantity of goods and services they produce and to hire more workers to produce those goods and services. More hiring means lower unemployment.
* Some economists question whether this relationship still exists.
* The short-run trade-off between inflation and unemployment plays a key role in analysis of the business cycle.
* '''Business cycle''': fluctuations in economic activity, such as employment and production.
* Policymakers can exploit this trade-off by using various policy instruments, but the extent and desirability of these interventions is a subject of continuing debate.

== See Also ==
{{economics}}
* [[Economics]]
* [[Macroeconomics/Quick Reference]]
* [[Wikipedia: Economics]]
* [[Wikibooks: Subject:Economics]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Principles_of_Economics}}</text>
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    <title>Minecraft/How to download a Texture Pack</title>
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      <comment>Unnecessary words</comment>
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      <text bytes="1555" sha1="5g5r0blh4beksjldkyzgepx4bbo1bda" xml:space="preserve">How to download a texture pack
# Download a resource pack from the site of your choice. Majority of resource packs are in [[wikipedia:ZIP (file format)|ZIP]] file format, but as long as it has the necessary files (a 'pack.mcmeta' file, and an 'assets' folder), Minecraft will recognize a folder as a resource pack. If you create your own textures, you can ZIP them if you feel it is necessary. However, as of snapshot ,
# as long as pack.mcmeta exists, it will be recognized as a resource pack.
# Open ''Minecraft.''
# If you are in a ''Minecraft'' world, press 'escape'. If you are in the main menu, skip this step.
# Click ''Resource Packs'' button. (If you do not see it, go to Options)
# Click ''Open Resource Pack Folder'' button; this will open the folder where ''Minecraft'' stores all texture packs. If nothing happens, you need to find the folder manually. Depending on your operating system it is:
:* Windows: &lt;code&gt;%appdata%\.minecraft\resourcepacks&lt;/code&gt;
:* GNU/Linux: &lt;code&gt;~/.minecraft/resourcepacks&lt;/code&gt; (This folder may be hidden in the Home folder)
:* macOS: &lt;code&gt;~/Library/Application Support/minecraft/resourcepacks&lt;/code&gt; (This folder may be hidden)
# You do not ''have'' to have ''Minecraft'' closed to place the resource pack in the opened folder.
# In a few seconds the resourcepack will appear in ''Minecraft''. Select it and click &quot;Done&quot;. The resource pack is now applied, you may load your world and see the difference. If ''Minecraft'' did not update, simply exit and reopen the resource packs screen.
[[Category:Minecraft]]</text>
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      <text bytes="172598" sha1="fe5m0ju4xh5j9v3o4wrzypx4dxplx4y" xml:space="preserve">Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were &quot;satirized&quot; by [[Social Victorians/People/Oscar Wilde|Oscar Wilde]] in his 1895 ''The Importance of Being Earnest''.&lt;ref&gt;Fahey, David M. ''The Politics of Drink in England, from Gladstone to Lloyd George''. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, 2022: p. 21, n. 34. ''Google Books'' (retrieved July 2025) https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Politics_of_Drink_in_England_from_Gl/8HRjEAAAQBAJ.&lt;/ref&gt; Algernon Bourke was a cousin of Lord Alfred Douglas, Wilde's Bosie, in 1898 attempting to facilitate a reconciliation between Bosie and his father.&lt;ref name=&quot;:26&quot;&gt;Ellmann, Richard. ''Osar Wilde''. Alfred A. Knopf, 1988.&lt;/ref&gt; (568)[[File:Leslie Ward - Vanity Fair, Newspapermen, ^Algy^, The Hon Algernon Henry Bourke, Januray 20, 1898 - B1979.14.521 - Yale Center for British Art.jpg|thumb|Hon. Algernon Bourke, ''Vanity Fair'', 1898]]

==Also Known As==
* Family name: Bourke [pronounced ''burk'']&lt;ref name=&quot;:62&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-05-07|title=Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earl_of_Mayo&amp;oldid=1222668659|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Mayo.&lt;/ref&gt;
* The Hon. Algernon Bourke
** Button Bourke&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Tory 'Reformer' at the India Office.&quot; ''India'' 10 November 1911, Friday: 4 [of 12], Col. 1b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004300/19111110/007/0004#. Print: same title, p. 228.&lt;/ref&gt;
** Algy Bourke
* Mrs. Guendoline Bourke
** Guendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; [The National Portrait Gallery, London, uses this spelling for Lafayette's portrait of Bourke in costume for the ball,&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt; as does Russell Harris in the Lafayette Archive, held by the Victoria and Albert&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot;&gt;Harris, Russell. &quot;Hon Mrs Algernon Bourke, née Guendoline Irene Emily Sloane-Stanley (1870-1967), as Salammbô.&quot; ''In Calm Prose'' 2011. http://www.rvondeh.dircon.co.uk/incalmprose/.&lt;/ref&gt;.]
** Gwendolen&lt;ref&gt;General Register Office. ''England and Wales Civil Registration Indexes''. London, England: General Register Office. FreeBMD. ''England &amp; Wales, Civil Registration Marriage Index, 1837-1915''[database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Marriage Index}} &lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt;{{rp|''Morning Post'' article about her name}} &lt;ref&gt;General Register Office. ''England and Wales Civil Registration Indexes''. London, England: General Register Office. FreeBMD. ''England &amp; Wales, Civil Registration Marriage Index, 1837-1915''[database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Electoral Register}}
** Gwendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;City of Westminster Archives Centre; London, England; ''Westminster Church of England Parish Registers''; Reference: ''SPWP/PR/1/2''. Ancestry.com. ''Westminster, London, England, Church of England Births and Baptisms, 1813-1919'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Births and Baptisms}}
* Shelley Bontein and Emilie Sloane-Stanley Bontein
* See also the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|page for the Earl of Mayo]], the Hon. Algernon Bourke's father and then brother, and other Bourkes

== Overview ==

=== Algernon Bourke ===
Although the Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke was born in Dublin in 1854 and came from a family whose title is in the Peerage of Ireland,&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;1911 England Census.&lt;/ref&gt; he seems to have spent much of his adult life generally in England and especially in London. He was &quot;a noted fisherman.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London Correspondence.&quot; ''Freeman's Journal'' 21 December 1897, Tuesday: 5 [of 8], Col. 5c [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000056/18971221/027/0005. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

Because he was the son of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]], perhaps, or perhaps because he was so involved in projects that got reported on, he was mentioned a great deal in the newspapers, but after his bankruptcy, he seems to have receded in prominence, in part because he was living outside of the U.K., and apparently separately from his wife, Guendoline Bourke.

Bourke ran as the Conservative candidate for Parliament from Clapham (population, c. 70,000) in 1885, a race he did not win. As a candidate he is described like this:&lt;blockquote&gt;Acted as a newspaper correspondent during the Zulu war. Subsequently Poor-law inspector in the West of Ireland. &quot;A loyal supporter of Church and State.&quot; Desires to reduce the School Board expenditure, and revive trade; and is opposed to Mr. Chamberlain's &quot;police of hasty and experimental reform.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Clapham (70,000).&quot; ''South London Chronicle'' 17 October 1885, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000443/18851017/113/0005. Print title ''South London Chronicle and Southwark and Lambeth Ensign'', p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The London ''Weekly Dispatch'' says he is &quot;a dashing and unscrupulous young Tory.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Political Campaign in London.&quot; ''Weekly Dispatch'' (London) 15 November 1885, Sunday: 9 [of 16], Col. 3c [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003358/18851115/069/0009. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;Algy&quot; Bourke was &quot;Man of the Day&quot; (No. DCCII [522) for ''Vanity Fair'' in 1898, caricatured by Leslie Ward (above right) and damned, perhaps, with faint praise:&lt;blockquote&gt;Son of the great and murdered Lord Mayo, he is contemporary with the outbreak of the Crimean War, he is a Member of the London Stock Exchange, he has a beautiful wife and a daughter, and, being a very fashionable young man, he was once refused as their Member by the worthy electors of Clapham. He was an Eton boy, of course: and less naturally he went to Cambridge; where he was made President of the Beefsteak, the Amateur Dramatic, the Athenaeum, the True Blue, and the Hibernian Clubs. When he came down he tried journalism and went to Zululand as a ''Daily Telegraph'' ‘‘special”; after which he was improved into an Inspector of Workhouses [2, Col. 2c – 3, Col. 1a] in Ireland: which may account for his proficiency as a caterer. For seven years he worked under the late Mr. Chinnery on ''The Times'': being popularly supposed to look after that journal's morals. He is a good man of business, and a great organiser who has made White's Club pay even if it be less “smart&quot; than it was. He has done much for Willis’s since he took it in hand; he did well with his Battersea venture, and he thinks that he only failed with the Summer Club in Kensington Gardens because people would not go to the wrong side of the Park. Moreover, he runs a Club at Brighton, and he is Chairman of the Grand Hotel at Monte Carlo: whither he once organised a cheap trip. Altogether he is a veritable Clubman, and a very successful arranger of amusements, associations, and restaurants.

He is a popular fellow who is known to all of us; and though he is a little inclined to be quarrelsome, no one can get much the better of him. He is also a quick grasper of facts and a good talker. His favourite sports are fishing and the organising of associations for the introduction of salmon to the Thames. By way of being an art critic, he has made an interesting collection of engravings of the members of White’s Club from its foundation; but his friends say that he is not a well-dressed man. He has also written a history of White’s, and he is now writing one of Brooks's Club. He is a genial person, who looks as if the world agreed with him well.

He is an aquisition [sic] to a house party; and they call him “Algy.”&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Men of the Day.&quot; — No. DCCII [522]. The Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke.&quot; ''Vanity Fair'' 20 January 1898, Thursday: 2 [of 4], Col. 2c – 3, Col. 3a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9900020/18980120/010/0002 and https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/9900020/18980120/005/0003. Same print title, pp. 41–42. Portrait is full page, on p. 1.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The Hon. Algernon Bourke and Mr. Algernon Bourke, depending on the newspaper article, were the same person. Calling him Mr. Bourke in the newspapers, especially when considered as a businessman or (potential) member of Parliament, does not rule out the son of an earl, who would normally be accorded the honorific of ''Honorable''.

=== Guendoline Sloane-Stanley Bourke ===

Mrs. Guendoline Bourke exhibited at dog shows successfully and was a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Society Sportswomen|noted deerstalker]] and &quot;an appreciative listener to good music.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Vanity Fair.&quot; ''Lady of the House'' 15 June 1899, Thursday: 4 [of 44], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004836/18990615/019/0004.&lt;/ref&gt; She was a sponsor of Irish art needlework as well. Her personal beauty is often mentioned in reports, and ''The World'' says she was &quot;a magnificent woman.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Beauties of To-Day. From the ''World''.&quot; ''Clifton Society'' 24 June 1897, Thursday: 14 [of 16], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002164/18970624/066/0014. Same print and p.&lt;/ref&gt; She is the first listed in the ''Graphic''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s 1891 &quot;Leading Ladies of Society&quot;:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke is a daughter (Gwendoline Irene Emily) of the late Hans Sloane Stanley, Esq., of Poultons, Southampton, and 49, Cadogan Square, S.W. She married, on December 15th, 1887, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, third son of the sixth Earl of Mayo, Governor-General of India (who was assassinated in 1872), and nephew of Lord Connemara, Governor of Madras. Mr. Bourke is a member of the London Stock Exchange, and resides at 33, Cadogan Terrace, S.W.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Leading Ladies of Society.&quot; The Graphic 28 March 1891, Saturday: 6 [of 28], Col. 2c [of 3]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9000057/18910328/019/0006. Print: same title, p. 346.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;She attended many social events without her husband, especially into the 20th century, usually described with an appreciation of what she wore. Unlike her husband's, Guendoline's social status seems to have risen as time passed, and she appears in stories associated with the Princess of Wales, and then later with Queen Alexandra.

=== The Sloane-Stanley Family ===
Guendoline's family consisted of a younger brother, Cyril Sloane-Stanley, as well as her parents, Hans Sloane-Stanley and Emilie Edwards Sloane-Stanley. Exactly one year after she and Algernon Bourke married, Hans Sloane-Stanley died (in 1888), leaving an estate worth £33,704 7s. 5d.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;&gt;Principal Probate Registry; London, England; ''Calendar of the Grants of Probate and Letters of Administration made in the Probate Registries of the High Court of Justice in England''. Ancestry.com. ''England &amp; Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1995'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; (1888, 321) Her mother remarried almost exactly a year after that, to James Shelly Bontein. Bontein's father had been Gentleman Usher and Clerk of the Robes to Queen Victoria.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot;&gt;&quot;Marriages.&quot; &quot;Births, Marriages, and Deaths.&quot; ''Belfast News-Letter'' 6 December 1889, Friday: 1 [of 8], Col. 1a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000038/18891206/001/0001. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

Shortly after his death ''Truth'' described Guendoline and Cyril's father Hans Sloane-Stanley:&lt;blockquote&gt;The death of Mr. Sloane Stanley, of Paultons Park, is much regretted in South Hants, as he was one of the most popular landlords in the county, and was greatly esteemed. Mr. Sloane Stanley was well known in yachting circles, and for many years he was Commodore of the Royal Southern Yacht Club, and owned the schooner ''Star of the West''. He was one of the very few owners who continued to keep up the old custom of giving his crew a laying-up supper at the close of each season. There were great festivities at Paultons only a few months ago, when Miss Sloane Stanley was married to Mr. Algernon Bourke.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Entre Nous.&quot; ''Truth'' 27 December 1888, Thursday: 6 [of 48], Col. 2b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18881227/023/0006# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18881227/023/0006]. Same print title, p. 1136.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;When he died in 1944, Cyril Sloane-Stanley's estate was quite a bit larger than his father's had been 50 years before. The probate was divided between what was limited to &quot;settled land&quot; and what was &quot;save and except settled land.&quot; What was not settled land totalled £356,114 12s. 10d. and went to John Everett, company director; the Hon. Elwyn Villiers Rhys, captain, H.M. army; and William Adam de Geijer, retired captain, H.M. army.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt; (1944, 430) His daughter Lavender was married to John Everett, and Diane was married to Elwyn Villiers Rhys. What was settled land totalled £168,975 and went to William Adam de Geijer, retired captain, H.M. army, and George Lawrence Stewart, solicitor.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt; (1944, 430)

The Sloane-Stanleys descend from Hans Sloane (1660–1753), whose 71,000-item collections &quot;provid[ed] the foundation of the British Museum, the British Library, and the Natural History Museum, London.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2025-01-07|title=Hans Sloane|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane|journal=Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane|language=en|via=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Much of this Hans Sloane's wealth came from his medical practice in Jamaica, where he went as physician to the Governor General of Jamaica, the 2nd Duke of Albemarle, and where he married &quot;a wealthy heiress of sugar plantations&quot; worked by enslaved Jamaicans.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot; /&gt; His great-nephew, Hans Sloane, inherited Paultons, near Romsey, &quot;and in recognition of this he adopted the additional surname of Stanley in 1821.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-10-06|title=Hans Sloane (MP)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane_(MP)|journal=Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane_(MP)|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Acquaintances, Friends and Enemies ==

=== Algernon Bourke ===

* Best man at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Wedding of Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Sloane Stanley|his wedding]]: the Hon. Michael Sandys
* [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Marcus Henry Milner]], &quot;one of the zealous assistants of that well-known firm of stockbrokers, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;&quot;Metropolitan Notes.&quot; ''Nottingham Evening Post'' 31 July 1888, Tuesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 2a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/18880731/025/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Caroline, Duchess of Montrose — her &quot;legal advisor&quot; on the day of her marriage to Marcus Henry Milner&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Metropolitan Notes.&quot; ''Nottingham Evening Post'' 31 July 1888, Tuesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 1b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/18880731/025/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Wilfred Scawen Blunt
* Alexander Meyrick Broadley&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot;&gt;Broadley, Alexander Meyrick. ''How We Defended Arábi and His Friends, a Story of Egypt and the Egyptians''. London: Chapman and Hall, 1884. Google Books: [https://www.google.com/books/edition/How_We_Defended_Ar%C3%A1bi_and_His_Friends/75YRzFDvaO4C?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;bsq=Bourke https://www.google.com/books/edition/How_We_Defended_Ar%C3%A1bi_and_His_Friends/75YRzFDvaO4C].&lt;/ref&gt; (2) [Blunt, Broadley and Bourke were mutual friends; Blunt and Bourke were cousins.]
* &quot;Natty Rothschild,&quot; according to Blunt
* Brett, who was Hartington's secretary in the early 80s.&lt;ref&gt;Blunt, Wilfred Scawen. ''Gordon at Khartoum, Being a Personal Narrative of Events in Continuation of &quot;A Secret History of the English Occupation of Egypt''.&quot; London: Stephen Swift, 1911.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Guendoline Bourke ===

* Bridesmaids at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Wedding of Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Sloane Stanley|her wedding]]: Lady Florence Bourke, Miss Nora Bourke, Miss Edwards, and Miss Ewart
* Lord and Lady Alington, Belvedere House, Scarborough
* [[Social Victorians/People/William James|Evelyn James]] 

== Organizations ==

=== Guendoline Bourke ===

* Member, the Ladies Committee for the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Skating Club|Prince's Skating Club]], which also included [[Social Victorians/People/Princess Louise|Princess Louise]] (Duchess of Argyll), the [[Social Victorians/People/Portland|Duchess of Portland]], [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Lady Londonderry]], [[Social Victorians/People/Campbell|Lady Archibald Campbell]], [[Social Victorians/People/Ribblesdale|Lady Ribblesdale]], and [[Social Victorians/People/Asquith|Mrs. Asquith]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;&quot;What the 'World' Says.&quot; ''Northwich Guardian'' 01 November 1902, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Col. 8a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001975/19021101/134/0006. Print title: The ''Guardian'', p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt; (in 1902, at least)

=== Algernon Bourke ===
* [[Social Victorians/Schools#Eton|Eton]]
* Cambridge University, Trinity College, 1873, Michaelmas term&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;Cambridge University Alumni, 1261–1900. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Conservative Party
* 1879: Appointed a Poor Law Inspector in Ireland, Relief of Distress Act
* 1881: Partner, with 2 uncles, in Brunton, Bourke, and Co.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From Our London Correspondent.&quot; ''Manchester Courier'' 24 August 1881, Wednesday: 5 [of 8], Col. 4a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000206/18810824/030/0005. Print: ''Manchester Courier and Lancaster General Advertiser'', p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt; (one of the [[Social Victorians/British Aristocracy#Sons of Peers on the Stock Exchange|sons of peers on the Stock Exchange]])
* 1885: Office of the 7th Surrey Rifles Regiment&lt;ref&gt;&quot;7th Surrey Rifles.&quot; ''South London Press'' 08 August 1885, Saturday: 12 [of 16], Col. 4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18850808/165/0012. Print p. 12.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1886: Battersea Friendly Angling Society&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Battersea Friendly Angling Society.&quot; ''Fishing Gazette'' 17 April 1886, Saturday: 6 [of 20], Col. 2a [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002553/18860417/030/0006. Same print title, p. 218.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 27 February 1886: one of the Vice Presidents of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Bolingbroke Reading-Room and Institute|Bolingbroke Reading-Room and Institute]]
* Special Correspondent of The ''Times'' for the Zulu War, accompanying Lord Chelmsford
* Head, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys, &quot;that well-known firm of stockbrokers&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; ( – 1901 [at least])
* White's gentleman's club, St. James's,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-10-09|title=White's|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White's|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%27s.&lt;/ref&gt; Manager (1897)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Side Lights on Drinking.&quot; ''Waterford Standard'' 28 April 1897, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001678/18970428/053/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Willis's Rooms (described in 1895):&lt;blockquote&gt;... the Hon. Algernon Burke [sic], son of the 6th Earl of Mayo, has turned the place into a smart restaurant where choice dinners are served and eaten while a stringed band discourses music. Willis's Rooms are now the favourite dining place for ladies who have no club of their own, or for gentlemen who are debarred by rules from inviting ladies to one of their own clubs. The same gentleman runs a hotel in Brighton, and has promoted several clubs. He has a special faculty for organising places of the kind, without which such projects end in failure.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lenten Dullness.&quot; ''Cheltenham Looker-On'' 23 March 1895, Saturday: 11 [of 24], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000226/18950323/004/0011. Print p. 275.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
*The [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Pelican|Pelican Club]], known for its boxing (1891)

==== Boards of Directors ====
*1883: One of the directors, the Franco-English Tunisian Esparto Fibre Supply Company, Ltd.&lt;ref&gt;''Money Market Review'', 20 Jan 1883 (Vol 46): 124.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1891: One of the founders, the Discount Banking Company, Ltd., which says Algernon Bourke is a director of District Messenger Services and News Company, Ltd.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Public Company.&quot; ''Nottingham Journal'' 31 October 1891, Saturday: 4 [of 8], Col. 8a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001896/18911031/099/0004. Print title: ''The Nottingham Daily Express'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1894: One of the directors, the Frozen Lake, Ltd., with Admiral Maxse, Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Marcus Beresford]], [[Social Victorians/People/Williams|Hwfa Williams]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Frozen Lake, Limited.&quot; ''St James's Gazette'' 08 June 1894, Friday: 15 [of 16], Col. 4a [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001485/18940608/085/0015. Print p. 15.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;London is to have new amusement this winter, for which Mr Algernon Bourke, who has taught us that it is possible to eat as well in St. James’s as on the Boulevards, and Mr Hwfa Williams, of Sandown fame, are jointly responsible. The &quot;Frozen Lake,&quot; under which title a real ice-skating rink is about to be constructed under their auspices, will no doubt be gladly welcomed by all skaters, and the venture is likely to prove a success.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip.&quot; ''Weston-super-Mare Gazette, and General Advertiser'' 6 June 1894, Wednesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 4b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001444/18940606/044/0004. Print title: ''Weston-super-Mare Gazette'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== Committees ====

*Member, General Committee, [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Baths|the Baths Club]] (1892)
*Member, Men's Committee of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Skating Club|Prince's Skating Club]], which also included Lord Edward Cecil, Lord Redesdale, Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Lyttelton|Alfred Lyttelton]], Sir Edgar Vincent, Sir William Hart Dyke, and Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Grenfell|W. H. Grenfell]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; (1902, at least)
*[[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#25 March 1896, Wednesday|The Sala Memorial Fund]], member of the committee (from 25 March 1896)
* Member of an &quot;influential committee&quot; headed by the Lord Mayor &quot;to restore salmon to the Thames&quot; (June 1899)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Salmon in the Thames.&quot; ''Berks and Oxon Advertiser'' 30 June 1899, Friday: 5 [of 8], Col. 4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002298/18990630/079/0005. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Timeline ==

=== 1870s ===
'''1872 February 8''', Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo was assassinated while inspecting a &quot;convict settlement at Port Blair in the Andaman Islands ... by Sher Ali Afridi, a former Afghan soldier.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-12-01|title=Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo.&lt;/ref&gt; The Hon. Algernon's brother Dermot became the 7th Earl at 19 years old.

'''1876 November 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was one of 6 men (2 students, one of whom was Bourke; 2 doctors; a tutor and another man) from Cambridge who gave evidence as witnesses in an inquest about the death of a student falling off a horse.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Fatal Accident to a Sheffield Student at Cambridge.&quot; ''Sheffield Independent'' 25 November 1876, Saturday: 7 [of 12], Col. 5a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000181/18761125/040/0007. Print title: ''Sheffield and Rotherham Independent'', n. p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1879 December 27, Saturday – 29, Monday''', Algernon Bourke was in Kilrush as a Local Government Board Inspector:&lt;blockquote&gt;Among many distinguished visitors at the Vandeleur Arms Hotel, Kilrush this week was the Hon. Algernon Bourke Local Government Board Inspector who arrived on Saturday, and sojourned there until 2 o'clock on Monday, when the honourable gentleman left by Steamer tor Limerick.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Fashionable Intelligence.&quot; ''Kilrush Herald and Kilkee Gazette'' 01 January 1880, Thursday: 2 [of 5], Col. 3a [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003186/18800101/011/0002. Print title ''Kilrush Herald'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 1880s ===
'''4 February 1880, Wednesday''', Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880#Grand Ball at Palmerstown House Hosted by the Earl of Mayo|grand ball at Palmerstown House hosted by the Earl of Mayo]]. 

'''1880 March 30, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was working in the judicial system in Newcastle, County Limerick, possibly as Poorhouse Inspector:&lt;blockquote&gt;A sworn enquiry was held to-day at the Workhorse, Newcastle West, by the Hon Algernon Bourke, L.G.I., to enquire into charges preferred by Dr. Pierce, Medical Office, against Dr. O'Shaughnesay. The enquiry was adjourned till Thursday next. Mr Moran, sol., Rathkeale, was engaged for Dr. O'Shaughnessy.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Sworn Enquiry.&quot; &quot;Limerick County. Newcastle West Intelligence.&quot; ''Bassett's Chronicle'' 31 March 1880, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 3b–c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003471/18800331/044/0003.  Print title ''Bassett's Daily Chronicle'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1880 April 17, Saturday''', in-jokes dominate this report mentioning Algernon Bourke in the context of the Kildare and National Hunt races in Dublin:&lt;blockquote&gt;And in mopy Upper Mount-street, where young Algernon Bourke, of the Onety-oneth, had promised to call for, and afterwards spin down to the races in his mail phaeton, the Blake girls; and in fastidious Fitzwilliam-place, and exclusive &quot;Murryan-squeer,&quot; from which dashing army men, in their neatly-appointed, well horsed drags were to &quot;tool&quot; down sweet young Dublin lasses of the ''crême d la crême'' [sic], many an anxious forecasting of the weather was taken, lest by an unpropitious shower that last triumph of Mrs. Manning, or the Forrests, or Miss Sedford, or any of the ''grandes dames de la mode'' should be rendered as worthless as a Confederate &quot;greenback.&quot; But by ten o'clock all doubts were happily set aside, and up struck the lovely April day in all its spring-time glory and then the road, oh, the road!&lt;ref&gt;&quot;To Punchestown and Back by the Old Road.&quot; ''Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News'' 17 April 1880, Saturday: 6 [of 24], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001857/18800417/013/0006. Same print title, p. 102.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1881 May 10, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#1881 May 10, Tuesday|wedding of Marion Lascelles, eldest daughter of the Hon. Egremont W. Lascelles, brother of the Earl of Harewood, and Lieutenant Henry Dent Brocklehurst, of the Second Life Guards, nephew of Mr. Philip Brocklehurst, of Swithamley Park, Macclesfield]]. His gift was an &quot;old enamelled watch set in pearls.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Nuptial Rejoicings at Middlethorpe Manor. Marriage of Miss Lascelles and Lieut. Brocklehurst.&quot; ''Yorkshire Gazette'' 14 May 1881, Saturday: 9 [of 12], Cols. 3a–4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive''https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000266/18810514/057/0009. Print same title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1881 May 23, Monday, 2:00 p.m.''', Algernon Bourke is listed among the Honourables at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace|Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace]].

'''1881 July 14, Thursday afternoon, beginning about 2 p.m.''', Algernon Bourke was invited to a Garden Party at Marlborough House hosted by [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]]. Members of the family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] were also among the 1,500 or so invited guests.

'''1881 July 22, Friday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to an [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#22 July 1881, Friday|evening party at Marlborough House hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales]].

'''1881 September 17, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was reported among the company at Doncaster during race week.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;List of the Company.&quot; ''York Herald'' 17 September 1881, Saturday: 8 [of 16], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000499/18810917/183/0008. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1881 November 22, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was sued in Dublin by Henry Naylor because he &quot;had declined to pay&quot; for a £35 piano.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Henry Naylor v. the Hon. Algernon Bourke.&quot; &quot;Exchequer Division.&quot; &quot;High Court of Justice.&quot; ''Belfast Morning News'' 23 November 1881, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 8a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000428/18811123/015/0003. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1881 December 8, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke was part of a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#Battue at Palmerstown|battue at Palmerstown]], when the group bagged 172 pheasants, hares and rabbits.

'''1882 March 7, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882#7 March 1882, Tuesday|fashionable wedding of Reginald Chandos-Pole and Violet Denison]].

'''1882 March 15, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882#The Marchioness of Salisbury's Assembly|the Marchioness of Salisbury's first reception of the season]].

'''1882 July 13, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to the [[Social Victorians/1882-07-13 Marlborough House Garden Party|Garden Party at Marlborough House for Queen Victoria]] hosted by [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]]. The more than 1,000 people invited also included a number of people from the family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]].

'''1882 September 19''', Alexander M. Broadley in Tunis received a letter from Algernon Bourke asking him to provide legal counsel to defend prisoner-of war Arábi in Egypt, with Wilfred Scawen Blunt, which he did.&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot; /&gt; (2)

'''1882 September 28, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882#The Wedding of John M'Donald and Georgiana Lambart|wedding of John M'Donald and Georgiana Lambart]].

'''1883 March 21, Wednesday''', the Evening Irish Times announced that Algernon Bourke &quot;has arrived at Kingstown from England.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Fashion.&quot; ''Evening Irish Times'' 21 March 1883, Wednesday: 7 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003464/18830321/086/0007. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''23 July 1883, Monday, noon''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1883#Garden Party at Marlborough House, at Noon|garden party at Marlborough House]] hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales.

'''31 October 1883, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the wedding of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1883#Wedding of Lady Cecelia Hay and Captain George Webbe|Lady Cecelia Hay and Captain George Webbe]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 February 16, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#16 February 1884, Saturday|the funeral of Thomas Chenery, editor of the ''Times'']].

'''1884 April 4, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was (may have been?) one of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#5 April 1884, Saturday|&quot;Supporters of the Pall&quot; at the funeral]] of [[Social Victorians/People/Leopold|Prince Leopold George Duncan Albert, Duke of Albany]] at St. George's, Windsor.

'''1884 April 26, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#26 April 1884, Saturday|dinner party at the Lord Mayor's Mansion House for conservatives to meet Sir Stafford Northcote]].

'''1884 May 3, Saturday''', the &quot;Rochester Conservatives&quot; announced that they would &quot;bring forward the Hon. Algernon Bourke, brother of Lord Mayo, as their second candidate,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Election Intelligence.&quot; ''Yorkshire Gazette'' 03 May 1884, Saturday: 4 [of 12], Col. 6a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000266/18840503/011/0004.&lt;/ref&gt; but because he would not be the first candidate, Bourke declined.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rochester.&quot; London ''Daily Chronicle'' 09 May 1884, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 8b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005049/18840509/049/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1884 June 18, Wednesday''', Mr. Algernon Bourke was on a committee to watch a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#18 June 1884, Wednesday|Mr. Bishop's &quot;thought-reading&quot; experiment]], which was based on a challenge by Henry Labourchere made the year before. This &quot;experiment&quot; took place before a fashionable audience.

'''1884 July 25, Friday, afternoon''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#Garden Party at Marlborough House hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales|Garden Party at Marlborough House hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales]].

'''1885 January 22, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke's gift to [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#Wedding of George Buckle and Alicia Payn|George Buckle and Alicia Payn for their wedding]] was an antique cabinet.

'''1885 July 7, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#7 July 1885, Tuesday|Eva Bourke's wedding to Windham Wyndham-Quin]] at St. Mary Abbots, Kensington.

'''1885 July 13, Monday''', Algernon Bouurke was at Victoria Station as part of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#Arrival of Lord Wolseley in London from Egypt|crowd greeting Lord Wolseley on his return from Egypt]].

'''1885 July 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/1885-07-24 Marlborough House Ball|ball at Marlborough House]] hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales.

'''1885 September 26, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke took part in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#26 September 1885, Saturday|Ealing Conservative Club fete and meeting]] supporting Salisbury's government and condemning &quot;the dictates of one man&quot; — Gladstone — for Gordon's death.

'''1885 October 3, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was named as the Conservative candidate for Clapham in the Battersea and Clapham borough after the Redistribution Bill determined the electoral districts for South London.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;South London Candidates.&quot; ''South London Press'' 03 October 1885, Saturday: 9 [of 16], Col. 5b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18851003/096/0009. Print p. 9.&lt;/ref&gt; On Sunday 15 November 1885 the London ''Weekly Dispatch'' supported Moulton, the Liberal candidate, who ultimately won the election:&lt;blockquote&gt;

Though a successful lawyer, Mr. Moulton is much more than that. He is a thorough and independent student of political science, who may be trusted to do good service to the Liberal cause with brain as well as with tongue. It will be matter for hearty congratulation if he defeats the Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke, who is a dashing and unscrupulous young Tory, and a nephew of the well-known politician with the same surname.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Political Campaign in London. VI. — The South-West Divisions.&quot; ''Weekly Dispatch'' (London) 15 November 1885, Sunday: 9 [of 16], Col. 3c [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003358/18851115/069/0009. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

On Saturday 21 November 1885 the ''South London Press'' reported on posters for Bourke's candidacy:&lt;blockquote&gt;

The Hon. Algernon Bourke, Conservative candidate for Clapham, has a very industrious billsticker, who pastes up his patron’s bills in every possible place where they can be seen to advantage. It is unfortunate, however, that choosing the flank wall of an auctioneer’s the modern &quot;Sam Slap&quot; has produced some curious combinations, such as — &quot;Vote for Bourke,&quot; &quot;Now on View;&quot; &quot;Electors of Clapham, Vote for Mr. Bourke, and&quot; &quot;Be Sold Without Reserve;&quot; &quot;Mr, Bourke will&quot; &quot;Advance Money to&quot; &quot;the Electors of Clapham;&quot; &quot;Great Conservative Meeting. The British Constitution will be&quot; &quot;Offered for Sale this Evening,&quot; &amp;c.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pick-up Notes.&quot; ''South London Press'' 21 November 1885, Saturday: 10 [of 16], Col. 1b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18851121/155/0010. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1885 November 3, Tuesday, 11:00 a.m.''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Mayo-Ponsonby Wedding 1885-11-03|wedding of his brother, Dermot, 7th  Earl of Mayo and Geraldine Ponsonby]]. He gave them 2 Sheraton secretaires.

'''1886 January 5, Tuesday, late''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Twelfth Night|Twelfth Night celebration at the Drury Lane theatre]].

'''1886 March 13, Saturday evening''', an Hon. Mr. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/1886-03-13 Reception at the French Embassy|reception at the French Embassy]], possibly Algernon Bourke or possibly [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|one of his brothers]].

'''1886 July 10, Saturday''', Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Garden Party at Marlborough House Given to the Queen|garden party at Marlborough House given to the Queen]]. Guendoline Sloane Stanley is not mentioned but Mr. and Mrs. Hans Sloane Stanley are, as are Mr. and Mrs. F. Sloane Stanley.&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 July 21, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to the [[Social Victorians/1886-07-21 Marlborough House Ball|Ball at Marlborough House]], as were a [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#The Sloane-Stanleys 2|Mr. and Mrs. F. Sloane-Stanley]], possibly the parents of Guendoline Sloane-Stanley (if the &quot;F&quot; is a mistake), who married Bourke on 15 December 1887. Guendoline is not mentioned as having been invited.

'''1886 July 27, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended a service honoring a memorial at St. Paul's for his father, who had been assassinated.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Memorial to the Late Earl of Mayo.&quot; ''Northern Whig'' 28 July 1886, Wednesday: 6 [of 8], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000434/18860728/143/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1886 September 2, Thursday''', Mr. Algernon Bourke was part of a group of mostly aristocratic men taking part in [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Augustus Harris's A Run of Luck|a &quot;trial-rehearsal&quot; as part of Augustus Harris's production]] ''A Run of Luck'', about sports.

'''1886 October 2, Saturday''', the Duke of Beaufort and the Hon. Algernon Bourke arrived in Yougal: &quot;His grace has taken a residence at Lismore for a few weeks, to enjoy some salmon fishing on the Blackwater before the close of the season.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Chippenham.&quot; ''Wilts and Gloucestershire Standard'' 02 October 1886, Saturday: 8 [of 8], Col. 6a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001955/18861002/142/0008. Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1886 October 11, Monday''', Algernon Bourke may have been taking part in a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Performance of Run of Luck|performance of ''Run of Luck'' at the Drury Lane]].

'''1886 October 23, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Party at Wemyss Castle, Fife|staying at Wemyss Castle, Fife]].

'''1886 December 30, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke was back in London and attending the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Augustus Harris's The Forty Thieves|&quot;Forty Thieves&quot; pantomime at the Drury Lane Theatre]].

'''1887 January 5, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was one of the chief mourners at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Funeral of Lady Margaret Harriett Bourke|funeral of Lady Margaret Harriett Bourke]].

'''1887 March 1, 2:00 p.m.''', Algernon Bourke is listed among the Messieurs attending the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace|Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1887 May''', a &quot;signalling incident&quot; in 1907 [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#May 1887|caused the Waterford ''Evening News'' to recall a similar event]] that had occurred 20 years earlier, in which Algernon Bourke, as special correspondent for the ''Times'', caused the incident to be publicized:&lt;blockquote&gt;During the manoeuvres in connection with the 1887 Jubilee of Queen Victoria a signal was observed going up from [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles [Beresford]]]'s ship. It was a message to his wife, Lady Beresford, to the effect that, as he should be late for dinner, she was not to wait. Beyond the hilarity this domestic signal evoked, nothing more would have been heard of it, but Mr. Algernon Bourke (Lord Mayo's brother) was acting as special correspondent for the &quot;Times,&quot; and that paper the next morning contained a full and humorous report of the incident. Then there was trouble.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Signalling Incident.&quot; ''Evening News'' (Waterford) 13 November 1907, Wednesday: 1 [of 4], Col. 6c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004557/19071113/021/0001.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1887 June 15, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians Foreign Office Reception 1887-06-15|reception at the Foreign Office in honor of Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee]].

'''1887 July 6, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to and, presumably, attended the State Ball at Buckingham Palace.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The State Ball at Buckingham Palace.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 08 July 1887, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 5a–6c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18870708/013/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 1c)

'''1887 August 6, Saturday''', the ''Brighton Gazette'' says that the &quot;Hon. Mrs and Mr Algernon Bourke&quot; were staying at the Royal Crescent Hotel in Brighton, but they didn't marry until 15 December 1887.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Royal Crescent Hotel.&quot; ''Brighton Gazette'' 6 August 1887, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 5c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000938/18870806/047/0003. Print title ''Brighton Gazette and Sussex Telegraph'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt; Perhaps an elder relative, because she is mentioned first?

'''1887 November 9, Wednesday''', the ''Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper'' announced that&lt;blockquote&gt;A marriage is arranged, and will take place early in January, between Mr. Algernon Bourke, third son of the late Earl of Mayo, and Miss Guendolen Sloane Stanley, only daughter of Mr. Hans Sloane Stanley, of Paultons.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Romsey, Nov. 9.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 9 November 1887, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18871109/034/0003. Print title ''Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Shortly after, the papers announced that the wedding would not take place.

'''1887 December 15, Thursday''', Hon. [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Wedding of Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Sloane Stanley|Algernon Bourke and Guendoline Stanley were married at St. Paul's]], Knightsbridge, by Bourke's uncle the Hon. and Rev. George Bourke. Only family members attended because of &quot;the recent death of a near relative of the bride.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court Circular.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 16 December 1887, Friday: 5 [of 8], Col. 7c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18871216/066/0005.&lt;/ref&gt; Who the &quot;near relative of the bride&quot; was not in her nuclear family, and perhaps that explains the cancellation of the wedding and then the changing of the wedding date and not some problem in the couple.

'''1888 – 1899 January 1''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was &quot;proprietor&quot; of [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#White's|White's Club, St. James's Street]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;&quot;The Hon. Algernon Bourke's Affairs.&quot; ''Eastern Morning News'' 19 October 1899, Thursday: 6 [of 8], Col. 7c [of7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001152/18991019/139/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1888 January 21, Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the wedding of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#Hamilton-Ewart Wedding|Florence Ewart and Henry Hamilton]].

'''1888 March 7, Wednesday''', assuming that this date is not a week after the actual date, [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lady Charles Beresford]] held a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#1888 March 7, Wednesday|notable and well-attended &quot;at home&quot;]] that Guendoline Bourke attended, reported for being dressed in white and being among the beautiful women present.

'''6 April 1888, Friday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#6 April 1888, Friday|New Forest United Hunt ball at the New Forest Hall, Lyndhurst]].

'''1888 May 2, Wednesday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#The Marchioness of Salisbury's Reception|Marchioness of Salisbury's reception]] at the Salisbury home on Arlington-street.

'''1888 May 22, Tuesday''', the Dowager Countess of Mayo presented Guendoline Bourke at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#Queen's Drawing Room|Queen's drawing-room]] hosted by the Princess of Wales. This is Guendoline Bourke's dress:&lt;blockquote&gt;Empire robe de cour of white satin duchesse, lined with rich pink silk, sufficiently bright to give a beautiful shell-like tint through the satin; tulle underdress, with upper skirt, embroidered with pearl, and caught up in Greek folds with large pink Tosca roses; white satin bodice, with Josephine pink sash tied at side, Headdress, veil and plumes; ornaments, diamonds.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Dresses at the Drawing-Room.&quot; ''Epsom Journal'' 22 May 1888, Tuesday: 3 [of 6], Col. 5b–c [of 6]. ''British Newspapers Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004837/18880522/034/0003. Print: title ''Local Journal'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Another description:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke's train was of white satin lined with pink, which showed through with charmingly shell-like effect. The dress, fashioned after those of the Empire period, was of white satin embroidered with pearls. A very broad sash of pink satin made the waist seem quaintly short, a trying thing to any but the young and tall, both of which qualifications Mrs. Bourke most happily possesses. She carried a lovely posy of La France roses.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Gossip on Dress.&quot; ''Boston Spa News'' 25 May 1888, Friday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1b–2b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003395/18880525/014/0002. Print title The News, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 1c)&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1888 June 8, Friday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#Dinner and Dance Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne at Hamilton House|dinner and dance Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne at Hamilton House]] featuring Prince and Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein, and for the ball, the King of Sweden and Norway and the Prince and Princess of Wales and their daughters were present.

'''1888 June 19, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke was one of the principal guests at the wedding of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#19 June 1888, Tuesday|Captain Philip Green and Miss Mabel Emilie Scott]].

'''1888 July 26''', [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Caroline Graham Stirling-Crawford]] (known as Mr. Manton for her horse-breeding and -racing operations) and Marcus Henry Milner married.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;&quot;Hon. Caroline Agnes Horsley-Beresford.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://thepeerage.com/p6863.htm#i68622|title=Person Page|website=thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the ''Nottingham Evening Post'' of 31 July 1888,&lt;blockquote&gt;LONDON GOSSIP.

(From the ''World''.)

The marriage of &quot;Mr. Manton&quot; was the surprise as well the sensation of last week. Although some wise people noticed a certain amount of youthful ardour in the attentions paid by Mr. Marcus Henry Milner to Caroline Duchess of Montrose at '''Mrs. Oppenheim's ball''', nobody was prepared for the sudden ''dénouement''; '''and it''' were not for the accidental and unseen presence [[Social Victorians/People/Mildmay|a well-known musical amateur]] who had received permission to practice on the organ, the ceremony performed at half-past nine on Thursday morning at St. Andrew's, Fulham, by the Rev. Mr. Propert, would possibly have remained a secret for some time to come. Although the evergreen Duchess attains this year the limit of age prescribed the Psalmist, the bridegroom was only born in 1864. Mr. &quot;Harry&quot; Milner (familiarly known in the City as &quot;Millions&quot;) was one of the zealous assistants of that well-known firm of stockbrokers, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys, and Mr. Algernon Bourke, the head of the house (who, of course, takes a fatherly interest in the match) went down to Fulham to give away the Duchess. The ceremony was followed by a ''partie carrée'' luncheon at the Bristol, and the honeymoon began with a visit to the Jockey Club box at Sandown. Mr. Milner and the Duchess of Montrose have now gone to Newmarket. The marriage causes a curious reshuffling of the cards of affinity. Mr. Milner is now the stepfather of the [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Duke of Montrose]], his senior by twelve years; he is also the father-in-law of [[Social Victorians/People/Lady Violet Greville|Lord Greville]], Mr. Murray of Polnaise, and [[Social Victorians/People/Breadalbane|Lord Breadalbane]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1888 December 1st week''', according to &quot;Society Gossip&quot; from the ''World'', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was suffering from malaria, presumably which he caught when he was in South Africa:&lt;blockquote&gt;I am sorry to hear that Mr. Algernon Bourke, who married Miss Sloane-Stanley a short time ago, has been very dangerously ill. Certain complications followed an attack of malarian fever, and last week his mother, the Dowager Lady Mayo, and his brother, Lord Mayo, were hastily summoned to Brighton. Since then a change for the better has taken place, and he is now out of danger.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip. What the ''World'' Says.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 08 December 1888, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18881208/037/0002. Print title: ''The Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper''; print p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1888 December 20, Thursday''', the Sloane-Stanley family, including Guendoline Bourke, attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#20 December 1888, Thursday|funeral of Hans Sloane Stanley]]. Algernon Bourke did not attend because he was still too ill.

'''1889 January 22, 2:30 p.m., Tuesday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke sent a gift for the [[Social Victorians/Cecil Lambton Wedding 1889 January 22|wedding of Lady Eleanor Lambton and Lord Robert]] Cecil, a pair of antique mirrors.

'''1889 May 18, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#18 May 1889, Saturday|opening of the Italian Opera season at Covent Garden]].

'''1889 May 27, Monday, 11 p.m.''', the dancing commenced at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#The Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace|the Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace]], with both the Hon. Algernon and the Hon. Guendoline Bourke present.

'''1889 June 8, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke contributed some art he owned to the collection of the Royal Institute of Painters in Water-Colours' [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#8 June 1889, Saturday|exhibition of &quot;the works of the 'English Humourists in Art.'&quot;]]

'''1889 July 2, Tuesday''', Guendoline and Algernon Bourke sat in the Muriettas' box at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#The Shah at a Covent Garden Opera Performance|gala performance at Covent Garden also attended by the Prince and Princess of Wales, a number of other royals and the Shah]].

'''1889 27 July, Saturday''', Guendoline and Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#Garden Party Hosted by Mr. and Mrs. Augustus Harris|garden party hosted by Mr. and Mrs. Augustus Harris]], which was attended by a people from the theatre and arts worlds.

'''1889 August 15''', Thursday, because of mourning on both sides, only the closest friends and family were invited to the [[Social Victorians/Pleydell-Bouverie Skelmersdale Wedding|wedding of Lady Wilma Pleydell-Bouverie and Lord Skelmersdale]], so she may not have attended, but the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave the bride a miniature silver kettle.&lt;p&gt;

'''1889 December 2, Monday''', Guendoline Bourk's mother, Emilie Sloane-Stanley, married James Shelly Bontein:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

BONTEIN—STANLEY — December 2, at St. George's, Hanover Square, London, by the Rev. G. S. de Sansmarez, James Shelly, only son of the late James Bontein, Gentleman Usher and Clerk of the Robes to the Queen, to Emilie Josephine, widow of Hans Sloane Stanley, of Paultons.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1889 December 17, Tuesday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke gave a gift to [[Dangan-Neville Wedding|Lady Violet Nevill for her wedding to Henry Wellesley, Viscount Dangan]] and so were probably in attendance.

=== 1890s ===
'''1890 January 9, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#The York Hunt Ball|fancy-dress Hunt Ball in York]]. She&lt;blockquote&gt;looked a picture in a Gainsborough gown. The white satin skirt was flounced with sable and veiled with ''chiffon'', the setuage of which was left to show without being hemmed up. There was a broad sash of rose-pink silk and each buttonhole was filled round with crimped lisse.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Our London Letter.&quot; ''Irish Society'' (Dublin) 11 January 1890, Saturday: 17 [of 24], Col. 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001939/18900111/042/0017. Same print title, p. 29.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1890 February''' '''12, Wednesday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Lady Constance Leslie's Reception|Lady Constance Leslie's reception]] at her house in Stratford-place.

'''1890 April 9, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#The New Forest United Hunt Ball|the New Forest United Hunt Ball]].

'''1890 June 3, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the 2:30 p.m. [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Münster-Hay Wedding|wedding of Count Alexander Münster and Lady Muriel Henrietta Constance Hay]]. She is also listed as having attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Dinner and Concert Hosted by Mrs. Arthur Williams and Ball by Mrs. Menzies|ball hosted by Mrs. J. Menzies (daughter of Mrs. Arthur Wilson)]] that Prince Eddie, the Duke of Clarence and Avondale, also attended, that night.  

'''1890 July 4, Friday, 11 p.m.''', the Hon. Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#The Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace|the Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace]]. The dancing commenced shortly after 11:00. 

'''1890 July 15, Tuesday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke were invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Garden Party at Marlborough House to Meet the Queen|garden party at Marlborough House to meet the Queen]]. 

'''1890 July 19, Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Wedding of James Francis Harry St. Clair-Erskine and Violet Aline Vyner|wedding of James Francis Harry St. Clair-Erskine and Violet Aline Vyner]], the two of them giving &quot;four small silver dessert dishes&quot; and Guendoline giving an &quot;enamel and diamond pin.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marriage of Lord Loughborough with Miss Vyner.&quot; ''Fife Free Press'' 26 July 1890, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1a–2b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001110/18900726/015/0002. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 2b)

'''1890 July 24, Thursday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Dinner and Dance Hosted by Lord Alington|dance hosted by Lord Alington]] attended also by the Prince and Princess of Wales and Princesses Victoria and Maud.

'''1890 September 6, Saturday''', the ''Country Gentleman'' (as it was called at the time) reported that &quot;Muckross, the only deer forest in Ireland, it may be said, has this year been rented by Mr. Algernon Bourke, who will next week be joined there for the stalking season by his brother, Lord Mayo.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Shooting. Moors, Forests, and Fishings.&quot; ''Sporting Gazette'' 06 September 1890, Saturday: 11 [of 38], Col. 1c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002525/18900906/065/0011. Print: ''Country Gentleman'', p. 1251.&lt;/ref&gt; On 11 October 1890 the ''St. James's Gazette'' says,&lt;blockquote&gt;The Earl of Durham has been staying at Muchross, county Kerry, on a visit to the Hon. A. Bourke, who has rented the celebrated shootings and fishings on that estate for the autumn.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Society.&quot; ''St James's Gazette'' 11 October 1890, Saturday: 12 [of 16], Col. 1b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001485/18901011/064/0012. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1890 October 25, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke gave a gold-mounted box to [[Social Victorians/Loder De Vere Beauclerk Wedding|Lady Louise De Vere Beauclerk on her wedding to Gerald Loder, M.P.]], so they were probably present at the wedding, or at least the reception. Mrs. Bontein [sic Bontine], Guendoline's mother, gave a silver box, suggesting the relationship was through the women.

'''1890 November 29, 11:30 Saturday morning''', Algernon Bourke's gift for the [[Social Victorians/Dudley-Beckwith Wedding 1890-11-29|wedding of the Hon. Francis Dudley and Miss Forbes Beckwith]] was some cases of a Bordeaux wine: &quot;three dozen Cantenac, 1875 vintage.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marriage of Lord Leigh's Heir. Descriptive Sketch of the Ceremony, and Full List of Guests and Presents.&quot; ''Leamington Spa Courier'' 6 December 1890, Saturday: 6 [of 10], Cols. 1a–4a. ''British Newspaper Archive''  https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000319/18901206/021/0006. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 3b}} Guendoline Bourke is not listed as having been invited to the reception, but this list from the ''Leamington Spa Courier'' has some gaps.

'''1890 December 4, Thursday''', Guendoline and Algernon Bourke attended the [[Mure-Portal Wedding 1890-12-04|wedding of Miss Mure and Mr. S. J. Portal]]. Their gift is not recorded.

'''1891 January''', Algernon Bourke took party in a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Shooting Party in Kallarnet, Totton|shooting party in Kallarnet, Totton]].

'''1891 June 24, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Dinner and Ball Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne|dinner and ball Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne]] featuring Princess Mary Adelaide, the Duke of Teck, and Princess Victoria.

'''1891 July 9, Thursday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were invited to a [[Social Victorians/1891-07-09 Garden Party|large Garden Party at Marlborough House]] hosted by the [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]] in honor of Queen Victoria and the German Emperor and Empress. The more than 3,000 people invited also included a number of people from the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|family of the Earl of Mayo]].

'''1891 July 22, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Dinner and Dance at Alington House|dance at the Earl and Countess Alington]]'s that also included the Prince and Princess of Wales.

'''1891 October 22, Thursday''', Hon. and Mrs. Bourke attended at least the reception of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Le Strange Astley Wedding|Le Strange—Astley Wedding]], although perhaps the couple is not the Algernon Bourkes.

'''1891 November 22, Sunday''', the London ''Weekly Dispatch'' reports a performance by American &quot;Lady Magnet&quot; Mrs. Abbott, who claimed to be able to lift anybody using only her magnetic properties. An enthusiastic &quot;committee of some fifteen gentlemen presented a written and signed testimonial&quot; supporting Mrs. Abbott, &quot;the Hon. Algernon Bourke, Professor Atkinson, Dr. Hides, and three other doctors who prefer to remain incog., being among the signatories. All the medical gentlemen concerned assured the ''Evening News and Post'' reporter of their complete and unconditional surrender. One of them went so far as to say that he had come with the full determination of disbelieving, but had been quite able to act up to his resolve.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Lady Magnet. Draws Crowds of People Who Divide in Opinion about Her.&quot; ''Weekly Dispatch'' (London) 22 November 1891, Sunday: 16 [of 16], Cols. 3a–4b [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003358/18911122/203/0016. Print: same title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1892''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke privately published his ''The History of White's'', the exclusive gentleman's club.

'''1892 January 27, Saturday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the very fashionable [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892#The Wedding of Lord Henry Cavendish Bentinck, M.P., and Lady Olivia Taylour|wedding of Lord Henry Cavendish Bentinck, M.P., and Lady Olivia Taylour]]. Their gift was not noted in the list.

'''1892 February''' '''10, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1892-02-10 Alington Leigh Wedding|very fashionable wedding of Henry, Lord Alington and Evelyn Henriette Leigh]] [[Social Victorians/1892-02-10 Alington Leigh Wedding|in St. Paul's, Knightsbridge]]

'''1892 April''' '''10, Wednesday, about 2:30 p.m.''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/1892-02-10 Alington Leigh Wedding|the very fashionable wedding between Henry Sturt, Lord Alington and Evelyn Leigh]]. Her gift was a &quot;tortoiseshell and gold heart-shaped tray.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;&quot;Lord Alington to Miss Leigh.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 20 February 1892, Saturday: 21 [of 46], Cols. 1a–3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18920220/092/0021. Same print title, p. 237.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 3a) 

'''1892 June 25, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird&quot; says &quot;That pretty Mrs. Algernon Bourke has been staying here, but returned to England in time for Ascot.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Little Bird, The. &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 25 June 1892, Saturday: 32 [of 60], Col. 3b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18920625/157/0032. Same print title, p. 860.&lt;/ref&gt; 

'''1892 December 13, Tuesday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' says Guendoline Bourke is lovely in its coverage of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892#Wedding of Miss Eleanor M. Ewart and Captain Guy Withington|Eleanor M. Ewart and Captain Guy Withington's wedding]]. 

'''1892 December 22, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892#22 December 1892, Thursday|monthly meeting of the Zoological Society in Hanover-square]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 February 11, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke opened Willis's Restaurant:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Algernon Bourke has in his time done many things, and has generally done them well. His recently published history of White's Club is now a standard work. White's Club itself was a few years ago in its agony when Mr. Bourke stepped in and gave it a renewed lease of life. Under Mr. Bourke's auspices &quot;Willis's Restaurant&quot; opened its doors to the public on Tuesday last in a portion of the premises formerly so well known as Willis's Rooms. This new venture is to rival the Amphitryon in the matter of cuisine and wines; but it is not, like the Amphitryon, a club, but open to the public generally. Besides the restaurant proper, there are several ''cabinets particuliers'', and these are decorated with the very best of taste, and contain some fine portraits of the Georges.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marmaduke.&quot; &quot;Letter from the Linkman.&quot; ''Truth'' 20 April 1893, Thursday: 25 [of 56], Col. 1a [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18930420/075/0025# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18930420/075/0025]. Print p. 855.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1893 February 7, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#1893 February 7, Tuesday|the reception after Lady Emily Cadogan's wedding]].

'''1893 February 20, Monday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke is listed as having attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace|Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace]] held by the Prince of Wales; because wives generally are not listed, it seems likely Guendoline Bourke attended as well.

'''1893 February 28, Tuesday, 3:00 p.m.''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Queens Drawing Room 1893-02-28|Queen's Drawing Room at Buckingham Palace]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 March 22, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#22 March 1893, Wednesday|Lady Wimborne's reception]].

'''1893 April 1, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke published a letter to the editor of the ''Times'', reprinted in the ''Kildare Observer'', arguing against Gladstone's Home Rule bill on the grounds that Ireland would not be able to take out a loan on its own behalf because of its obligations to the U.K., including what was called its share of the national debt.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Irish Unionist Alliance.&quot; ''Kildare Observer and Eastern Counties Advertiser'' 01 April 1893, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001870/18930401/062/0006. Print: The ''Kildare Observer'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1893 May 13, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was seen at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#13 May 1893, Saturday|exhibitions of art and furniture for sale by Christie's and on display by Lord Clifden]].

'''1893 July 13, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#The Countess of Listowel's Garden Party|Countess of Listowel's Garden Party]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#The Countess of Listowel's Garden Party|at her residence, Kingston House, Princes-gate]], accompanied by Miss Adeane.

'''1893 July 14, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Sandown Races 1893-07-14|the races at Sandown]] wearing a dark-blue-and-white outfit and black hat that got described in the newspaper.

'''1893 August 1, Tuesday – August 4, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke, at least, was at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#1 August 1893, Tuesday – 4 August 1893, Friday|the Goodwood races]], mentioned in the ''Gentlewoman'' for her beauty, although none of the dresses were noted.

'''1893 November 4–11, Wednesday–Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke was at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#Ralph and Mary Sneyd Hosted a Shooting Party|shooting party at Keele Hall hosted by Ralph and Mary Sneyd]].

'''1893 November 30, Thursday''', with Sir Walter Gilbey the Hon. Algernon Bourke &quot;assisted&quot; in &quot;forming [a] collection&quot; of engravings by George Morland that was exhibited at Messrs. J. and W. Vokins’s, Great Portland-street.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The George Morland Exhibition at Vokins's.&quot; ''Sporting Life'' 30 November 1893, Thursday: 4 [of 4], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000893/18931130/058/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1893 December 14, Thursday, afternoon''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1893-12-14 Wedding Adele Grant and George, 7th Earl of Essex|wedding of American Adele Grant and George, 7th Earl of Essex]] and gave a &quot;pearl and gold box.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;&quot;Wedding of the Earl of Essex.&quot; ''Herts Advertiser'' 16 December 1893, Saturday; 8 [of 8], Col. 1a–4b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000415/18931216/125/0008. Print title: ''The Herts Advertiser and St Albans Times'', p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 3c}} Mr. and Mrs. Shelley Bontein also attended, and Mrs. Bontein gave a &quot;green leather bag and purse, with coronet and monogram in gold.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;{{rp|3b}}

'''1894 January 27, Saturday''', Psyche in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; in the ''Gentlewoman'' reported on a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#27 January 1894, Saturday|ball hosted by Lord and Lady Dunraven at Adare Manor]] that Guendoline Bourke attended.

'''1894 January 31, Wednesday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke, who was dressed more stylishly than most, attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Also 31 January 1894, Wednesday|Kildare Hunt Ball]] hosted by Dermot, [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] and Geraldine, Countess of Mayo.

'''1894 February 24, Saturday''', ''The Field'' reported on a series of tennis matches; Algernon Bourke attended the one played at the Prince's Club.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Tennis.&quot; ''Field'' 24 February 1894, Saturday: 39 [of 72], Col. 1c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002446/18940224/349/0039. Print title ''The Field, The Country Gentleman's Newspaper'', p. 249.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1894 March 31, Saturday''', Psyche, in the &quot;Social Peepshow&quot; column in the ''Gentlewoman'', says that &quot;Mr. Algernon Bourke has still further embellished Willis's restaurant hard by [the St. James's Theatre], by the addition of some valuable old tapestry that lately came to the hammer at Christie's.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 31 March 1894, Saturday: 16 [of 56], Col. 2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18940331/081/0016. Same print title, p. 408.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1894 April 13, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke set sail on the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#P. and O. Line S.S. Rome for Gibraltar|P. and O. Line ''S.S. Rome'' for Gibraltar]] along with her stepfather, Mr. Shelley Bontein, and her brother, Mr. Sloane Stanley.

'''31 May 1894, Thursday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Reception at Devonshire House|Duchess of Devonshire's reception at Devonshire House]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 June 18, Monday''', the London ''Echo'' reported that Algernon Bourke was [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Brooks'|writing a history of Brooks' Club]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 June 20, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Princess Louise, Marchioness of Lorne Opened the Annual Sale of the Scottish Home Industries|Annual Sale of the Scottish Home Industries]]; her outfit was described in the article in ''Lady's Pictorial''.

'''1894 August 2, Thursday''', the column &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird&quot; says, &quot;At Willis' [restaurant] — 'What a smart cotillon Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave on Thursday evening.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Bird, The Little. &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 04 August 1894, Saturday: 30 [of 56], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18940804/148/0030. Print title same, p. 144.&lt;/ref&gt; Willis's Restaurant, King-street, St. James's, was a restaurant Algernon Bourke opened in 1893.&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 September 7, Saturday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#7 September 1894, Saturday|shooting party at Witley]], which had been loaned to one of his brothers by William Ward, 2nd Earl of Dudley.&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 October 22, Thursday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Wedding of Lord Connemara and Mrs. Coleman|luncheon after the wedding of Lord Connemara and Mrs. Coleman]].

'''1894 November 3, Saturday''', Psyche, in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; for the Gentlewoman, reported that Guendoline Bourke had been [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#3 November 1894, Saturday|seen shopping in London]].

'''1895 January 5, Saturday, 2:00 p.m.''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke gave an old mother-of-pearl workbox to [[Wolverton-Ward Wedding 1895-01-05|Lady Edith Ward for her wedding to Frederick Glyn, Lord Wolverton]] and presumably attended the wedding and reception afterwards.&lt;p&gt;

'''1895 February 23, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#23 February 1895, Saturday|fashionable wedding of Laurence Currie and Edith Sibyl Mary Finch]]. Guendoline Bourke is not listed as having attended, but she is not noted as absent, either. Daphne Bourke was born on 5 April 1895, probably explaining Guendoline's absence.

'''1895 March 24, Sunday – 30 March, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#24, Sunday – 30 March 1895, Saturday|enjoying the sunny weather in Brighton]].

'''1895 April 27, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#1895 April 27, Saturday|wedding of Norah Bourke and Henry E. A. Lindsay]]. Again, Guendoline Bourke is not listed as having attended. Daphne Bourke was born on 5 April 1895, and Psyche, writing the &quot;Social Peepshow&quot; column in the Gentlewoman, says,&lt;blockquote&gt;

I regret to hear of the serious illness of Mrs. Algernon Bourke, whose first child was born a fortnight ago. It is feared that the attack is of the nature of typhoid, but happily the patient's strength keeps up. Mrs. Bourke is at her mother's house in Clarges-street.&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 27 April 1895, Saturday: 28 [of 84], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18950427/147/0028. Same print title, p. 506.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1895 July 13, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke donated 10s. to the ''Daily Telegraph'' National Shilling Testimonial to W. G. Grace.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;''Daily Telegraph'' National Shilling Testimonial to W. G. Grace.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London) 13 July 1895, Saturday: 7 [of 12], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/18950713/079/0007. Print: ''Daily Telegraph'', p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1895 August 24, Saturday''', &quot;Marmaduke&quot; in the ''Graphic'' says that Algernon Bourke &quot;opened a cyclists' club in Chelsea.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marmaduke.&quot; &quot;Court and Club.&quot; The ''Graphic'' 24 August 1895, Saturday: 11 [of 32], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9000057/18950824/017/0011. Print p. 223.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1895 October''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#24 October 1902, Friday|opened the Prince's ice-skating rink for the]] season.if the newspapers were right that 1902 was the 7th season. He also was planning a bicycling club for Kensington Gardens to open the following season.&lt;ref&gt;Mackenzie, Ethel Morell (Miss). &quot;Pins and Needles.&quot; ''Hull Daily News'' 12 October 1895, Saturday: 24 [of 40], Col. 1a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003443/18951012/024/0024. Print title: ''Hull News Supplement'', p. 1[6? 8?].&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1895 October 7, Monday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#Adeane-Cator Wedding|Maud Adeane–John Cator wedding]].

'''1895 December 11, Wednesday''', Guendoline and Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#Sneyd Party to Meet the Duke of Coburg|shooting party at the Sneyds' to meet the Duke of Coburg]].

'''1895 December 18, Wednesday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#Wedding of Lady Albreda Fitzwilliam and the Hon. Charles Bourke|wedding of Lady Albreda Fitzwilliam and the Hon. Charles Bourke]]. Their gift is not noted in the newspaper account.

'''1896 March 17, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#17 March 1896, Tuesday|annual dinner of the Cymmrodorion, or the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion]], a society for Welsh culture and history.

'''1896 April 21, Monday''', Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke sent a gift — a &quot;box for miniature&quot; — for [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Monday, 1896 April 27|the wedding of Lady Angela St. Clair Erskine and James Stewart Forbes]].

'''1896 May 21, Thursday''', the Hon. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Mrs. C. H. Wilson's Ball|Mrs. C. H. Wilson's ball in Grosvenor-square, London]].

'''1896 May 26, Tuesday,  through 28 May, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Coming of Age of Mr Sloane Stanley|3-day celebration in honor of the coming of age of her brother, Cyril Sloane Stanley]].

'''1896 June 15, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Dinner and Dance Hosted by the Countess of Huntingdon|dance hosted by the Earl and Countess of Huntingdon]] after their dinner party.

'''1896 July 13, Monday''', Algernon Bourke (listed among the &quot;Honourables&quot;) and Mrs. A. Bourke (Listed among the &quot;Honourable Ladies&quot;) were invited to the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Queen's Garden Party at Buckingham Palace|Queen's Garden Party at Buckingham Palace]].

'''1896 June 29, Monday''', the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Cadogan-Scott Wedding 1896-06-29|wedding and reception of Lady Sophie Cadogan and Sir Samuel Scott]]. Algernon Bourke published a letter to the editor of the ''Daily Telegraph'' about White's Club — and thus Bourke's — &quot;[[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Summer Club|Summer Club]]&quot; in Kensington Park, the subject of a little controversy.

'''1896 July 21, Tuesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Dinner Hosted by Sir Horace and Lady Farquhar|dinner hosted by Sir Horace and Lady Farquhar in Grosvenor-square]].

'''1896 August 5, Wednesday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#5 August 1896|wedding of the Hon. Terence Bourke and Miss Eveline Haines]] and gave the bride an &quot;enamel muff chain.&quot;&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 August 10, Monday''', the Morning Leader reported that the Hon. Algernon Bourke, for the Foreign Office, received Li Hung Chang at St. Paul's:&lt;blockquote&gt;At St. Paul's Li Hung was received by Field-Marshal Simmons, Colonel Lane, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, of the Foreign Office (who made the necessary arrangements for the visit) and Canon Newbolt, on behalf of the Dean and Chapter. A crowd greeted Li with a cheer as he drove up in Lord Lonsdale’s striking equipage, and his Excellency was carried up the steps in an invalid chair by two stalwart constables. He walked through the centre door with his suite, and was immediately conducted by Canon Newbolt to General Gordon’s tomb in the north aisle, where a detachment of boys from the Gordon Home received him as a guard of honor.

Li inspected the monument with marked interest, and drew the attention of his suite to the remarkable likeness to the dead hero. He laid a handsome wreath of royal purple asters, lilies, maidenhair fern, and laurel, tied with a broad band of purple silk, on the tomb.

The visit was not one of inspection of the building, but on passing the middle aisle the interpreter called the attention of His Excellency to the exquisite architecture and decoration of the chancel. Li shook hands in hearty English fashion with Canon Newbolt and the other gentlemen who had received him, and, assisted by his two sons, walked down the steps to his carriage. He returned with his suite to Carlton House-terrace by way of St. Paul’s Churchyard, Cannon-st., Queen Victoria-st., and the Embankment.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;At St. Paul's.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 10 August 1896, Monday: 7 [of 12], Col. 2b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18960810/134/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 August 19, Wednesday''', the ''Edinburgh Evening News'' reported on the catering that White's Club and Mr Algernon Bourke arranged for the visiting Li Hung Chang:&lt;blockquote&gt;It is probably not generally known (says the &quot;Chef&quot;) that Mr Algernon Bourke, manager of White's Club, London, has undertaken to the whole of the catering for our illustrious visitor front the Flowery Land. Li Hung Chang has five native cooks in his retinue, and the greatest good fellowship exists between them and their English ''confreres'', although considerable difficulty is experienced in conversation in understanding one another's meaning. There are between 40 and and 50 to cater for daily, besides a staff about 30; that Mr Lemaire finds his time fully occupied. The dishes for his Excellency are varied and miscellaneous, and from 14 to 20 courses are served at each meal. The bills of fare contain such items as bird's-nest soup, pigs' kidneys stewed in cream, boiled ducks and green ginger, sharks' fins, shrimps and prawns stewed with leeks and muscatel grapes, fat pork saute with peas and kidney beans. The meal usually winds with fruit and sponge cake, and freshly-picked green tea as liqueur.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Li Hung Chang's Diet.&quot; ''Edinburgh Evening News'' 19 August 1896, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 8b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000452/18960819/057/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 November 6, Friday''', both Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were on the committee for the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Skating Club|Prince's Club ice-skating rink]], which [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Opening of the Prince's Club Skating Rink|opened on this day]].

'''1896 November 22, week of''', Mrs. Algernon Bourke was part of a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Shooting Party at the Charles Wilsons' Warter Priory, Yorkshire|shooting party at the Charles Wilsons' Warter Priory, Yorkshire]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 November 25, Wednesday''', Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bouke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Lord and Lady Burton Hosted a Party for Derby Day|Lord and Lady Burton's party for Derby Day]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 December 4, Friday''', the Orleans Club at Brighton was robbed:&lt;blockquote&gt;The old building of the Orleans Club at Brighton, which opens its new club house at 33, Brunswick-terrace to-day, was the scene of a very ingenious burglary during the small hours of yesterday morning. The greater portion of the club property had already been removed to the new premises, but Mr Algernon Bourke, his private secretary, and some of the officials of the club, still occupied bed-rooms at the house in the King’s-road. The corner shop of the street front is occupied by Mr. Marx, a jeweller in a large way of business, and upon his manager arriving at nine o'clock he discovered that the place had been entered through hole in the ceiling, and a great part of a very valuable stock of jewelry extracted. An examination of the morning rooms of the club, which runs over Mr. Marx's establishment reveal a singularly neat  specimen of the burglar's art. A piece of the flooring about 15in square had been removed by a series of holes bored side by side with a centre-bit, at a spot where access to the lofty shop was rendered easy by a tall showcase which stood convemently near. A massive iron girder had been avoided by a quarter of an inch, and this circumstance and the general finish of the operation point to an artist in his profession, who had acquired an intimate knowledge of the premises. The club doors were all found locked yesterday morning, and the means of egress adopted by the thief are at present a mystery.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Burglary at Brighton.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London) 05 December 1896, Saturday: 5 [of 12], Col. 7a [of 7]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/18961205/090/0005. Print title: ''Daily Telegraph''; p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 December 10, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke was present to help staff a stall at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#10 December 1896, Thursday|Irish Industries Exhibition and Sale, Brighton]].

'''1896 December 31, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke hosted a New Year's Eve dance:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave a highly satisfactory and enjoyable dance on Thursday night, when the old year was danced out and the new one danced in. Most of the silver gilters at present in to len were to the fore.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Man about Town.&quot; ''Sporting Gazette'' 02 January 1897, Saturday: 7 [of 34], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002525/18970102/041/0007. Print title ''The County Gentleman'', p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 January 9, Saturday''', Psyche in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; says that Algernon Bourke's &quot;cheerful countenance was quite in keeping with the [Christmas] season,&quot; seen in London.&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 9 January 1897, Saturday: 22 [of 56], Col. 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970109/097/0022. Same print title, p. 40.&lt;/ref&gt; 

'''1897 January 13, Wednesday – 18, Monday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were guests of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Warwickshire Hunt Club Ball|house party associated with the Warwickshire Hunt Ball]] at [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Warwick Castle]].

'''1897 January 30, Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke was reported to have been out shopping in London: &quot;Another charming figure was that of Mrs. Algernon Bourke all in chinchilla, with something of pale blue in a smart toque.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 30 January 1897, Saturday: 20 [of 59]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970130/107/0020. Same print title, p. 134.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 May 31, Monday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke were present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#House Party at Warwick Castle|House Party at Warwick Castle]] hosted by the Earl and Countess of Warwick.

'''1897 June 2, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Reception at the Foreign Office|reception at the Foreign Office]].

'''1897 June 12, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' reported on Guendoline Bourke's dress and hat at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Duchess of Albany's Bazaar at the Imperial Institute|Duchess of Albany's Bazaar at the Imperial Institute]]. 

'''1897 June 19, Saturday''', Psyche in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; column in the ''Gentlewoman'' writes that Guendoline Bourke was seen driving in London, &quot;in blue, ... looking as usual very handsome.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 19 June 1897, Saturday: 28 [of 108], Col. 2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970619/159/0028. Same print title, p. 848.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 June 28, Monday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were invited to the [[Social Victorians/Diamond Jubilee Garden Party|Garden Party at Buckingham Palace]], the final official event of the London Diamond Jubilee celebrations. Members of the family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] were also among the 5,000–6,000 people invited.

'''1897 July 2, Friday''', the Hon. A. and Mrs. A. Bourke and Mr. and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] at Devonshire House.

'''1897 July 8, Thursday, 11:00 p.m.''', Hon. Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were present at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace|the Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace]]. The dancing commenced shortly after 11:00 p.m.

'''1897 July 11–16, week of''', a dog of Guendoline Bourke's won a prize at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Ladies' Kennel Association show in the Royal Botanic Gardens in Regent's Park|Ladies' Kennel Association show in the Royal Botanic Gardens in Regent's Park]]. 

'''1897 July 23, Friday''', both the Hon. Algernon Bourke and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Bourke-Curzon Cricket Match at the Queen's Club|Bourke-Curzon cricket match at the Queen's Club]], which Algernon Bourke's team lost. 

'''1897 July 23 — or July 30, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Lady Burton's party at Chesterfield House|Lady Burton's party at Chesterfield House]]. &lt;blockquote&gt;Far the prettiest women in the room were Lady Henry Bentinck (who looked perfectly lovely in pale yellow, with a Iong blue sash; and Mrs. Algernon Bourke, who was as smart as possible in pink, with pink and white ruchings on her sleeves and a tall pink feather in her hair.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lady Burton's Party at Chesterfield House.&quot; ''Belper &amp; Alfreton Chronicle'' 30 July 1897, Friday: 7 [of 8], Col. 1c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004151/18970730/162/0007. Print title: ''Belper and Alfreton Chronicle''; n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 August 2, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Warwick House Party for the Easton Lodge Cricket Week Games|Earl and Countess of Warwick's house party for Easton Lodge cricket week]].

'''1897 August 2, Monday''', Mrs. Algernon Bourke was listed as among [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Most Beautiful Women in England|the most beautiful women in England]] in an article from ''Vanity Fair'' that was reprinted elsewhere.

'''1897 September 25, Saturday''', according to the ''Pall Mall Gazette'',&lt;blockquote&gt;The [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Dowager-Countess of Mayo]] is staying with her son, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, at Bramnber, near Brighton.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pall Mall Gazette Office.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 25 September 1897, Saturday: 8 [of 10], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18970925/023/0008. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1897 October 2, Saturday''', &quot;Yenatrix&quot; in &quot;Kennel Column&quot; in the ''Gentlewoman'' reported that Guendoline Bourke had joined the Ladies' Kennel Association.&lt;ref&gt;Yenatrix. &quot;Kennel Column.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 02 October 1897, Saturday: 39 [of 61], Col. 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18971002/182/0039. Same print title, p. 434.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 October 9, Saturday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Harrogate|Harrogate, presumably taking the waters and baths]]. Lady May was on her way to visit Algernon Bourke in Brighton:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Earl of Mayo is expected to return from Sweden on Saturday next. Lady Mayo leaves Bournemouth on Sarurday for Brighton, where she will pay a two days' visit to her brother-in-law, the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]]. The Earl and Countess will then return to Palmerstown, their seat in County Kildare.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pall Mall Gazette Office.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 7 October 1897, Thursday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18971007/022/0008. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1897 October 30, Saturday''', ''Black and White'' published '''J.P.B.'''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s &quot;The Case of Mrs. Elliott,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;J.P.B. &quot;The Case of Mrs. Elliott.&quot; ''Black &amp; White'' 30 October 1897, Saturday: 12 [of 34], Cols. 1a–2b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004617/18971030/036/0012. Print title ''Black and White'', p. 542.&lt;/ref&gt; an odd short short story in which the Honourable Algernon Bourke Herriott is &quot;rude to Mrs. Elliott,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2b}} presumably having proposed sexual relations while her husband is out. J.P.B. links to the biographical Algernon Bourke's career in the stock market in the description of Mrs. Christine Elliott not even simulating interest in her husband's bicycling: &quot;a soul is a grievous burthen for a stockbroker's wife,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2a}} suggesting that Mr. Elliott rather than Algernon Bourke Herriott is the stockbroker. The Hon. Algy&lt;blockquote&gt;was a senior member of several junior clubs. A woman had dubbed him once &quot;a rip with a taste for verses.&quot; The description was severe, but not unwarranted. His was a pretty pagan sensualism, though, singing from a wine palate to Church music. For the rest, he had just imagination enough to despise mediocrity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2a}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 November 25–26, Thursday–Friday''', Guendoline Bourke was in Brighton, helping the Countess of Mayo at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Irish Industries' Association Annual Exhibition|bazaar of the Irish Industries' Association]].

'''1897 December 7, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#7 December 1897, Tuesday|7th annual dinner for the Actors' Benevolent Fund]].

'''1897 December 20, Monday, the week of''', Guendoline Bourke's Mousie was the smallest dog in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Ladies' Kennel Association's Dog Show|Ladies' Kennel Association show in Earl's Court]].

'''1897 December 30''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Blenheim Palace Party with Amateur Theatricals|party at Blenheim Palace in which people performed tableaux vivants]] that got reported on, many of whom wearing the costumes from the Duchess of Devonshire's ball. The ''Irish Independent'' said Algernon Bourke was &quot;mainly responsible for the living pictures.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr Algernon Bourke ....&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 05 January 1898, Wednesday: 6 [of 8], Col. 2c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001985/18980105/115/0006.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1898''', Algernon Bourke called a meeting at White's Club about attempting to [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Thames Salmon Experiment|restock the Thames with salmon]]. In 1899 he was on a [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#Committees|committee led by the Lord Mayor about this topic]] as well.

'''1898 February 3, Thursday''',  Algernon Bourke was among [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#The Dundee Evening Telegraph Report on People at Monte Carlo|those visiting Monte Carlo according to the Dundee ''Evening Telegraph'']].

'''1898 March 12, Saturday''', ''The World'' reported on Algernon Bourke's upgrading of the Orleans Club at Brighton:&lt;blockquote&gt;

The Orleans Club at Brighton is flourishing exceedingly, and the new buildings which Mr. Algernon Bourke has just had erected at the back of the comfortable mansion at the corner of Lansdowne-place now provide all that was wanting to make the present habitat of the club all that its members desire. The new billiard-room is rapidly approaching completion, and the coffee-room, excellent and spacious now, was open on Saturday night, when every table was occupied by club diners and their guests, all of whom were enthusiastic over the excellence of this latest addition to the comfort of the house. All interested may be congratulated on what is practically new lease of life to the Orleans Club, than which there is no more comfortable place stay within the four seas.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From '''The World''.'&quot; ''East &amp; South Devon Advertiser'' 12 March 1898, Saturday: 6 pop 8], Col. 2b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001639/18980312/132/0006. Print title ''The East and South Devon Advertiser'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1898 March 30, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke was charged with assaulting a Mr. Potter, but it is not clear from this account what exactly happened:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Hon. Algernon H. Bourke, of Bramber, was summoned, at the instance of Mr. Walter John Potter, clerk to Mr. G. A. Flowers, solicitor, of Steyning, for assault, on the 30th March. — Mr. J. Edward Dell supported the case, and Mr. J. C. Buckwell defended, and pleaded not guilty. — The evidence was to the effect that Mr. Potter had occasion go to defendant's house on Wednesday last to serve a writ. He was going to drop the letter into [Col. 5c–6a] defendant's pocket when he turned and struck him a violent blow on the chest, making witness stagger backwards. Witness put up his hands to keep his balance, and defendant then struck him violently across the head with a weeding spud. — Richard Reed, who was at work for Mr. Bourke on the date named, and was working in garden at the time of the alleged assault, gave corroborative evidence. — Defendant, in the witness box, made a similar statement. — The magistrates differed as to whether the assault was committed, and dismissed the case.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Steyning.&quot; ''Sussex Express'' 9 April 1898, Saturday: 2 [of 12], Col. 5c–6a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000654/18980409/036/0002. Print: ''The Sussex Express, Surrey Standard, Weald of the Kent Mail, Hants and County Advertiser'', p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1898 April 12, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was among [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#1898 April 12, Tuesday|those visiting Monte Carlo according to the ''Gentlewoman'']].

'''1898 May 25, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke wore pink to [[Social Victorians/1898-05-25 Savoy Dinner Dance Hwfa|Mrs. Hwfa Williams' dinner-dance at the Savoy]].

'''1898 June 7, Tuesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. A. Bourke were invited to and probably attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#7 June 1898, Tuesday|State Ball at Buckingham Palace hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales]].

'''1898 July 4, Thursday afternoon''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke were invited to and probably attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#Garden Party at Marlborough House|Garden Party at Marlborough House given to the Queen and Shah of Persia]].

'''1898 October 29, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#Tennis Championship Game at Prince's Club, Knightsbridge|tennis match at Prince's Club, Knightsbridge]].

'''1898 November''', Algernon Bourke received a letter from Lord Alfred Douglas and attempted to help Douglas and his father, the Marquis of Queensberry, to reconcile. Bourke met with the Marquis and sent a positive reply to Douglas the next day.&lt;ref name=&quot;:26&quot; /&gt; (568–569)

'''1898 November 22, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#Shooting Party Hosted by William James|shooting party hosted by Mr. William James]].

'''1898 December 3, Saturday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. A. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#The Funeral of Lady Connemara|funeral of Lady Connemara in Christ Church]], Down street, Piccadilly.&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 January 10, Tuesday''', the Brighton Championship Dog Show opened:&lt;blockquote&gt;Princess of Wales a Winner at the Ladies’ Kennel Club Show.

[Exclusive to &quot;The Leader.&quot;)

The Brighton Championship Dog Show opened in the Dome and Corn Exchange yesterday, and was very well patronised by visitors and exhibitors. Among the latter was H.R.H. the Princess of Wales, who did very well; and others included Princess Sophie Duleep Singh, Countess De Grey, Sir Edgar Boehm, the Hon Mrs. Algernon Bourke, Lady Cathcart, Lady Reid, Mr. Shirley (chairman of the Kennel Club), and the Rev. Hans Hamiiton (president of the Kennel Club).

The entry of bloodhounds is one of the best seen for some time; the Great Danes are another strong lot; deerhounds are a fine entry, all good dogs, and most of the best kennels represented; borzois are another very stylish lot. The bigger dogs are, as usual, in the Corn Exchange and the &quot;toy&quot; dogs in the Dome. To everyone's satsfaction the Princess of Wales carried off two first prizes with Alex in the borzois class.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Dogs at Brighton.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 11 January 1899, Wednesday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18990111/142/0008. Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 January 11, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#11 January 1899, Wednesday|a luncheon at Stanfield-hall, home of Mr. and Mrs. Basil Montogomery, for Princess Henry of Battenberg]], that also included the Countess of Dudley (sister of Mrs. Montgomery), General Oliphant, and the Mayor and Mayoress of Romsey.

'''1899 January 17–18, Tuesday and Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Ladies' Kennel Association in Brighton|Ladies' Kennel Association in Brighton]], where she showed an Italian greyhound named Brenda.

'''1899 February 7, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke was a member of the very high-ranking committee organizing the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Gordon Memorial College Ball|Gordon Memorial College Ball at the Hotel Cecil on 7 February 1899]]. The committee had been planning for the ball, of course, for at least 3 weeks before.

'''1899 February 22, Wednesday – April''', Guendoline Bourke was part of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Society in St. Moritz|Society in St. Moritz]]. 1899 March 29, Wednesday, the ''Dundee Advertiser'' says that [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#29 March 1899, Wednesday|Cyril Sloane-Stanley was spending part of the winter in St. Moritz]] with his sister Guendoline Bourke.

'''1899 April 7, Friday, probably''', oddly, Algernon and Guendoline Bourke are not reported to have attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Funeral of the Hon. Charles Bourke, C.B.|Funeral of the Hon. Charles Bourke, C.B.]] or even to have sent flowers.

'''1899 April 8, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' reported that Guendoline Bourke had gone to [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#8 April 1899, Saturday|St. Moritz with her brother, Mr. Stanley, who had gotten engaged to Lady Cairns]].

'''1899 April 26, Wednesday''', according to &quot;Local and District News&quot; for Totton, Guendoline Bourke was &quot;ill with influenza in Paris, and Mrs. Shelley Bontein, her mother, has gone out to nurse her.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Local and District News. Totton.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 26 April 1899, Wednesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 2b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18990426/037/0004. Print title ''Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1899 June 1, Thursday, or 2, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Wedding of Roger Cyril Sloane Stanley and Olivia, Countess Cairns|wedding of her brother, Sloane Stanley and Olivia Countess Cairns]] at Holy Trinity Church, Brompton.

'''1899 June 8, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke's money troubles:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Hon. Algernon Bourke, son of the Earl of Mayo, has been appearing before the official receivers in connection with a winding-up order made against Willis’ Restaurant, Limited. The companyf [sic] was formed to acquire the well known restaurant from the Hon. H. A. Bourke. The chairman reminded the creditors that on the last occasion the meeting was adjourned because Mr. Bourke said he thought he would be able in the course of a fortnight to obtain an offer for a sum sufficient to satisfy the creditors and debenture holders. He had received a letter from Mr. Bourke to the effect that he had been unable to complete arrangements. Having looked into the affairs of the company more closely, it appeared to him that Mr. Bourke was legally liable to repay the sum of £5,000 which was advanced to White's Club, and the question would arise whether Mr. Bourke was not also liable to repay the sum of £4,000.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr. Bourke Must Pay.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 8 June 1899, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 8c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001985/18990608/118/0004. Print title: ''The Irish Weekly Independent'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1899 July 1, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#1 July 1899, Saturday|meeting in London at the Duke of Westminster's Grosvenor House]] about preserving Killarney as part of the National Trust and seems to have been acting for someone who wanted to purchase the Muckross Estate.

'''1899 July 5, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Dinner and Dance at Devonshire House|dance at Devonshire House hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire]].

'''1899 July 6, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Joan Wilson and Guy Fairfax's Wedding|wedding of Joan Wilson and Guy Fairfax in St. Mark's, near Grosvenor Square]].

'''1899 July 14, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#14 July 1899, Friday|Ernest Beckett's dinner party]].

'''1899 July 18, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Ludovici Lecture on Impressionism|lecture on Impressionism by Ludovici hosted by the Countess of Mayo]].

'''1899 July 28, Friday''', [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#White's|White's Club]] was no longer under Algernon Bourke's management and was reconstituting itself after the possibility that it would have to close.

'''1889 July 31, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#Fete of the Uxbridge Habitation of the Primrose League|Fete of the Uxbridge Habitation of the Primrose League]] at Hillingdon Court and hosted by the Hon. Algernon and Lady Mary Mills.

'''1899 September 9, Saturday''', the ''Eastern Morning News'' includes Algernon Bourke (&quot;St. James's-street, London, club proprietor&quot;) in a list of men &quot;Receiving Orders,&quot; which it is reprinting from the ''London Gazette''.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Receiving Orders.&quot; ''Eastern Morning'' News 9 September 1899, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 3c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001152/18990909/074/0005. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 October 19, Thursday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke had a bankruptcy hearing:&lt;blockquote&gt;The public examination of the Hon. Algernon Bourke was held before Mr Registrar Giffard yesterday, at the London Bankruptcy Court. The debtor, described as proprietor of a St. James's-street club, furnished a statement of affairs showing unsecured debts £13,694 and debts fully secured £12,800, with assets which are estimated at £4,489 [?]. He stated, in reply to the Official Receiver, that he was formerly a member of the Stock Exchange, but had nothing to do with the firm of which he was a member during the last ten years. He severed his connection with the firm in May last, and believed he was indebted to them to the extent of £2,000 or £3,000. He repudiated a claim which they now made for £37,300. In 1889 he became proprietor of White's Club, St. James's-street, and carried it on until January 1st last, when he transferred it to a company called Recreations, Limited. One of the objects of the company was to raise money on debentures. The examination was formally adjourned.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 October 20, Friday''', the ''Morning Leader'' mentions Bourke's bankruptcy:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Algernon Bourke, whose bankruptcy is much talked about, has been connected with numerous enterprises in clubland. He raised White's from the slough into which it had sunk after the secession of the Prince of Wales. He started the Willis Restaurant, put fresh life into the Orleans Club at Brighton, arranged a big restaurant for the bicyclists in the time of the bicycle parade, and was concerned at first in the smart and short-lived Trafalgar Bicycle Club. At one time his name spelt success. Latterly his luck has left him. He is a brother of Lord Mayo, a son of the peer who was assassinated at the post of duty, and is one of the best known men about town of the day.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Club, Stage, and Salon.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 20 October 1899, Friday: 6 [of 12], Col. 5b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18991020/085/0006. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1899 November 8, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke's bankruptcy case came up again:&lt;blockquote&gt;At Bankruptcy Court, yesterday, the case the Hon. Algernon Bourke again came on for hearing before Mr. Registrar Giffard, and the examination was concluded. The debtor has at various times been proprietor of White’s Club, St. James’s-street, and the Orleans’ Club, Brighton, and also of Willis's Restaurant, King-street, St. James's. He attributed his failure to losses sustained by the conversion of White’s Club and the Orleans' Club into limited companies, to the payment of excessive Interest on borrowed money, and other causes. The liabilities amount to £26,590, of which £13,694 are stated to be unsecured, and assets £4,409.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Affairs of the Hon. A. Bourke.&quot; ''Globe'' 09 November 1899, Thursday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001652/18991109/020/0002. Print p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 December 23, Saturday''', &quot;Mr. Algernon Bourke has departed for a tour in Africa, being at present the guest of his brother in Tunis.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Society Pages.&quot; ''Walsall Advertiser'' 23 December 1899, Saturday: 7 [of 8], Col. 7b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001028/18991223/143/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1899 December 29, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke was at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Christmas Party Hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough|Christmas Party Hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 December 31''', the San Francisco newspaper ''The Wave'' wrote the following about London society:&lt;blockquote&gt;The most prominent untitled people in London may be said to be Mr. and Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Williams|Hwfa Williams]], Mr. and Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Grenfell|Willie Grenfell]] and Mr. Algy Bourke. That they are passing rich, goes without saying, and that they entertain lavishly, understood — for to be untitled, prominent and successful, argues wealth, hospitality and cleverness.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London.&quot; The (San Francisco) ''Wave'' 14 January 1899 (Vol. XIX, No. 2): 14. ''The Internet Archive'' https://archive.org/details/wave19unse/page/n20/mode/1up.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 1900s ===

'''1900 February 15, Thursday''', Daphne Bourke, the four-year-old daughter of the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke was a bridesmaid in the [[Social Victorians/Wilson Chesterfield Wedding 1900-02-15|wedding of Enid Wilson and the Earl of Chesterfield]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London Day by Day.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph'' 15 February 1900, Thursday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/19000215/175/0008. Name in British Newspaper Archive: ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London). Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt; Guendoline Bourke, &quot;who was in grey, wore a chinchilla toque with violets.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society. Entertainments, Balls, &amp;c.&quot; ''The Queen'' 24 February 1900, Saturday: 40 [of 76], Col. 1a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/19000224/235/0040. Print: ''The Queen, The Lady's Newspaper'', p. 308.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1900 March 10, Saturday''', the ''Weekly Irish Times'' reprinted society gossip from ''The World'':&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke, who has been staying with her husband's uncle, old Connemara, during Mr. Algernon Bourke's absence abroad, has taken a new house near Portman square, and will be settling there before Easter.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip.&quot; ''Weekly Irish Times'' 10 March 1900, Saturday: 17 [of 20], Col. 1b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001684/19000310/116/0017. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1900 July''' '''17, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke took part in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#17 July 1900, Tuesday|Children's Fete in support of the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children]] on the grounds of the Royal Botanic Society. Daphe was 5 at this time, so it seems logical that she would have been there, too.

'''1900 July 30, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Barber of Seville at Covent Garden|''The Barber of Seville'' at Covent Garden]].

'''1890 August 6, Friday''', &quot;[[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Beautiful Women|Beautiful Women]],&quot; an article in ''Vanity Fair'' that was reprinted elsewhere, mentions Guendoline Bourke (&quot;Lady Algernon Bourke&quot;) as one of the most beautiful women in England.

'''1900 August 11, Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke got&lt;blockquote&gt;the pretty little Yorkshire String, an especially tiny mite, weighing only 2&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;/&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;lb, and carrying a very promising coat, ... at the Aquarium Show.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Witchampton Kennel.&quot; &quot;Ladies Kennels.&quot; ''Ladies' Field'' 11 August 1900, Saturday: 16 [of 60], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0006043/19000811/043/0016. Print title same, p. 390.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1900 September 16''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke became the heir presumptive to the Earldom of Mayo when his older brother Captain Hon. Sir Maurice Archibald Bourke died.&lt;p&gt;

'''1900 October 06, Saturday''', the ''Weekly Irish Times'' says that Mr. Algernon Bourke, now heir presumptive to the earldom of Mayo, &quot;has been for some months lately staying with Mr. Terence Bourke in Morocco.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip.&quot; ''Weekly Irish Times'' 06 October 1900, Saturday: 14 [of 20], Col. 3b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001684/19001006/121/0014. Print p. 14.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 May 30, Thursday''', the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke attended the fashionable [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1901 May 30, Thursday|Ladies' Kennel Association Dog Show at the Botanic Garden]].

'''1901 July 2, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke — &quot;pretty Mrs. Algernon Bourke, in a mauve gown and and purple tulle toque&quot; — attended a children's party at the Botanic Gardens hosted by the Earl and Countess of Kilmorey.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Earl of Kilmorey, K.P.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 13 July 1901: Saturday, 50 [of 84], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010713/237/0050. Print: title the same, p. 60.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1901 July 4, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke — dressed &quot;in pale grey, with her pretty little girl,&quot; 6-year-old Daphne — attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Countess of Yarborough's Children's Party|children's party hosted by the Countess of Yarborough]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Countess of Yarborough ....&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 13 July 1901, Saturday: 76 [of 84], Col. 2b, 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010713/381/0076. Print p. xxxvi.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 3a}}

'''1901 July 4–6, Thursday–Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke helped staff the Perthshire stall&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Great County Sale.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 29 June 1901, Saturday: 43 [of 72], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010629/223/0043# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010629/223/0043]. Same print title, pp. 679.&lt;/ref&gt; at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Great County Sale|Great County Sale in the Imperial Gardens of the Earl's Court Exhibition]].

'''1901 July 20, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' published the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke's portrait (identified with &quot;Perthshire&quot;) in its 3rd series of &quot;The Great County Sale at Earl's Court. Portraits of Stallholders.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Great County Sale at Earl's Court. Portraits of Stallholders.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 20 July 1901, Saturday: 31 [of 60], Col. 4b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010720/141/0031. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt; Their daughter Daphne appears in the portrait as well.

'''1901 July 23, Tuesday''', an &quot;Hon. Mrs. Bourke&quot; was in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox|party &quot;entertained by Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox]].&quot;&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 September 12, Thursday''', Mrs. Guendoline Bourke wanted her name listed as Mrs. Algernon Bourke in the Electoral Register, apparently a frequent complaint:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Underhill, the Conservative agent, mentioned to the Revising Barrister (Mr. William F. Webster) that the name of the Hon. Mrs. Guendoline Bourke was on the list in respect of the house, 75, Gloucester-place. The lady had written to him to say that she was the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke and that she wished that name to appear on the register. In reply to the Revising Barrister, Mr. Underhill said that “Algernon” was the name of the lady’s husband.

Mr. Cooke, the rate-collector, said that Mrs. Bourke had asked to be addressed Mrs. Algernon Bourke, but that the Town Clerk thought the address was not a correct one. The lady signed her cheques Guendoline.”

Mr. Underhill said the agents frequently had indignant letters from ladies because they were not addressed by their husband’s Christian name.

The Revising Barrister — lf a lady gave me the name of Mrs. John Smith I should say I had not got the voter’s name. The name Guendoline must remain.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;&quot;Ladies’ Names.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 12 September 1901, Thursday: 7 [of 10], Col. 3a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/19010912/130/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1901 October 26, Friday''', Algernon Bourke was on the Men's Committee of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Club Ice-skating Rink|Prince's Club Ice-skating Rink]], which had [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Prince's Club Ice-skating Rink Opening|its official opening on his day]]. 

'''1902 January''', Algernon Bourke is mentioned in [[Social Victorians/Schools#&quot;More of My Contemporaries at School.&quot;|reminiscences of Eton written by the &quot;Earl of X&quot;]] as being among those in the &quot;world of letters,&quot; and whose brother, later the Earl of Mayo, the Earl of X did not like. 

'''1902 January 25, Saturday''', Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave a box to Lady Helen Stewart-Vane-Tempest in honor of [[Social Victorians/Stewart-Stavordale Wedding 1902-01-25|Lady Helen's wedding to Giles Fox-Strangways, Lord Stavordale]]. 

'''1902 April 26, Saturday''', Mrs. A. Bourke is listed as being at the Norfolk Hotel in Brighton.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Guide to Visitors at Hotels and Boarding Houses.&quot; ''Brighton Gazette'' 26 April 1902, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000938/19020426/116/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt; 

'''1902 May, End of''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#End of May 1902|party at Blenheim Palace hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough]]. 

'''1902 June 11, Monday''', the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke had a dog entered in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Ladies' Kennel Association Show|Ladies' Kennel Association competitions in the Botanic Gardens]]. 

'''1902 September 4, Thursday''', the ''Daily Express'' reported that &quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke is staying with Lord and Lady Alington at Scarborough.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Onlooker.&quot; &quot;My Social Diary.&quot; &quot;Where People Are.&quot; ''Daily Express'' 04 September 1902, Thursday: 5 [of 8], Col. 1b? [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004848/19020904/099/0005. Print p. 4, Col. 7b [of 7].&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1902 September 22, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke was a guest at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Earl and Countess of Mar and Kellie's House Party|large house party hosted by the Earl and Countess of Mar and Kellie]].

'''1902 October 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Annual Opening of the Prince's Ice-skating Rink|opened the Prince's ice-skating rink for the season]], which he had been doing since 1895.

'''1902 October 25, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was bequeathed £500 by his uncle [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Robert Bourke]], who had died 3 September 1902.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Will of Lord Connemara.&quot; ''Kildare Observer and Eastern Counties Advertiser'' 25 October 1902, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 4b–c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001870/19021025/037/0002. Print title the ''Kildare Observer'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 October 31, Friday''', the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Annual Opening of the Prince's Ice-skating Rink|7th opening of the Prince's Skating Club]]. Guendoline Bourke was on the Women's Committee and Algernon Bourke was on the Men's.&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 November 8, Friday, beginning, perhaps''', Guendoline Bourke was part of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#8 November 1902, Saturday|Earl and Countess of Warwick's shooting party at Easton Lodge]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 December 9, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#9 December 1902, Tuesday|Lady Eva Wyndham-Quin's &quot;at home,&quot; held at the Welch Industrial depot]] for the sale Welsh-made Christmas gifts and cards. Bourke wore &quot;a fur coat and a black picture hat.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Lady Correspondent.&quot; &quot;Society in London.&quot; ''South Wales Daily News'' 11 December 1902, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000919/19021211/082/0004. Print p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1903 February 6, Friday''', Hon. Mrs A. Bourke was present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Dinner Party Hosted by Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and the Countess of Dudley|dinner party Hosted by Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and the Countess of Dudley]]. &lt;p&gt;

'''1903 February 9, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke was present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Dinner Party Hosted by Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and the Countess of Dudley|house party at Dublin Castle hosted by the Lord Lieutenant and Countess of Dudley that began the Viceregal season]].

'''1903 March 17, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke staffed a booth at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1903 March 17, Tuesday|sale of the Irish Industries Association]] on St. Patrick's Day with [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Lady Mayo]], [[Social Victorians/People/Dudley|Georgina Lady Dudley]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Miss Beresford]]. A number of other aristocratic women were also present at the sale in other booths, including [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Lady Londonderry]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Lucan|Lady Lucan]].

'''1903 June 19, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke was invited to the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Grand Ball in the Waterloo Chamber at Windsor Castle|grand ball at Windsor Castle]], the end of the Ascot-week festivities.

'''1903 June 23, Tuesday''', Guendoline and Daphne Bourke were invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1903 June 23, Tuesday|children's party at Buckingham Palace for Prince Eddie's birthday]].

'''1903 July 10, Friday, or so''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Party Hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough|party hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough]].

'''1904 May 17, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke had agreed to let Daphne appear in the tableaux vivants arranged by Sir Philip Burne-Jones for the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Countess Cadogan's Great Bazaar|Countess of Cadogan's great bazaar]]. Some mothers had had to decline because of the outbreaks of measles and chicken pox.&lt;p&gt;

'''1904 June 30, Thursday''', Guendoline and Daphne Bourke attended another birthday party for Prince Eddie at Buckingham Palace, and the ''Gentlewoman'' says, &quot;No prettier little girl was to be seen that day than little Miss Daphne Bourke, the daughter of the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke, with her wonderful Irish eyes and colouring, her pretty white frock being relieved with a rose pink sash.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Prince Eddie's Birthday.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 02 July 1904, Saturday: 68 [of 92]. Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19040702/360/0068. Print: title the same, p. 42.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1904 September 15, Thursday''', according to what was at the time called the ''Irish Daily Independent and Nation'', Algernon Bourke was living in Venice and not in the UK at this point:&lt;blockquote&gt;Algernon Bourke, who usually lives in Venice, has spent some time in England during the present summer, and has now gone on a fishing expedition to Sweden, accompanied by his brother, Lord Mayo. Lady Mayo has been staying meanwhile in Ireland, and has had a visit from her mother, Lady Maria Ponsonby, who is a sister of Lend Obventry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;&quot;Society Notes.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 15 September 1904, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001986/19040915/131/0004. Print title: ''Irish Daily Independent and Nation'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1904 October 22, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' reported that &quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke is paying a visit to Venice, which Mr. Bourke has made his headquarters for several years past, as he is connected with some very artistic stone and marble works situated near the Grand Canal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 22 October 1904, Saturday: 24 [of 6ths 8], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19041022/112/0024. Print title same, p. 672.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1905 February 17, Friday''', the Dundee ''Evening Post'' reported that Algernon Bourke &quot;set up a shop in Venice for the sale of art treasures and old furniture.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social News.&quot; Dundee ''Evening Post'' 17 February 1905, Friday: 6 [of 6], Col. 7b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000582/19050217/105/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1905 April 26, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#New Forest United Hunt Ball|New Forest United Hunt Ball]], as did her brother Captain R. C. H. Sloane Stanley and his wife Olivia Countess Cairns.&lt;p&gt;

'''1905 June 5, Monday''', Algernon Bourke wrote to the ''Times'' from Venice that &quot;The Venetian wits have suggested a motto for Admiral Togo, Togo Tenga Tutto (Togo takes the lot).&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr. Algernon Bourke.&quot; ''Hull Daily Mail'' 08 June 1905, Thursday: 2 [of 6], Col. 6a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000324/19050608/008/0002. Print title ''Daily Mail'', p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1905, last week of July''', Guendoline Bourke and daughter Daphne Bourke — who was 10 years old — attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Last week of July, 1905|Lady Cadogan's children's party at Chelsea House]]. Daphne was &quot;One of loveliest little girls present.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Social News.&quot; ''Belfast News-Letter'' 01 August 1905, Tuesday: 7 [of 10], Col. 6b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000038/19050801/157/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1906 March 9, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke was a reference for Mr. Frances Burgess, who taught piano, singing, voice production, organ and music theory. Burgess was &quot;Organist and Choirmaster of St. Columbs', North Kensington, Director of the Plainsong and Medieval Music Society's Choir, etc., etc.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot;&gt;&quot;Mr. Francis Burgess.&quot; ''Kilburn Times'' 9 March 1906, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001813/19060309/086/0003. Print title: ''Kilburn Times Hampstead and North-western Press'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1906 December 10, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke was seen in the tea room, possibly with Lady Grosvenor, at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1906 December 10, Monday|Lady Dudley's sale of Irish needlework]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1907 May''', a &quot;naval signalling incident&quot; [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#May 1887|caused the Waterford ''Evening News'' to recall a similar event]] that had occurred 20 years earlier, in which Algernon Bourke, as special correspondent for the ''Times'', publicized [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles Beresford]]'s use of his ship's signalling capabilities to send a message to his wife about being late for dinner:&lt;blockquote&gt;

The naval signalling incident is still in the air. It is expected that the matter will not be threshed out until Emperor William leaves England. A story of a former signalling incident in which [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles Beresford]] was concerned is going the rounds at the moment.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1907 August 24, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was present at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Polo Week at Eaton Hall, Duke and Duchess of Westminster|Polo Week at Eaton Hall, hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Westminster]].

'''1908 July 30, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke was at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Glorious Goodwood. Cup Day and Dresses.|Cup Day at the Goodwood races]], wearing salmon-pink with a matching hat.

'''1909 April 20, Tuesday''', Lady Rosemary Cairns — daughter of Olivia Sloan-Stanley, Countess Cairns and Cyril Sloane-Stanley — and Wyndham Portal were [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#20 April 1909, Tuesday|married in St. Margaret's, Westminster]]. Lavender and Diane Sloane-Stanley were bridesmaids.&lt;p&gt;

'''1909 May 22, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke appears to have been living in Pisa. A columnist for the ''Queen'' reported on the Royal School of Art Needlework:&lt;blockquote&gt;Lady Leconfield [?] was there, also her sister-in-law, the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Dowager Lady Mayo]], only just back from her winter on the Continent, when she spent most of the time at Pisa, where her son Mr Algernon Bourke has also been staying. The latter is a great connoisseur as regards [art?] notably in what is really good in the way of old Italian sculpture and carving. He and his handsome wife have a place near to Putney, and this winter again Mr Bourke, as the result of his Italian travels, has been sending home such relics of the old Italian palace gardens as as stone and marble carved vases, garden seats, and what-not of the kind — not all for himself and his own gardens by any means, I fancy; but his friends, relying on his knowledge in such matters, get him when abroad to choose for [them?] the adornment of their English terraces and gardens.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;My Social Diary.&quot; The ''Queen'' 22 May 1909, Saturday: 31 [of 86], Col. 1b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/19090522/203/0031. Print p. 871.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1909 September''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was among the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Visitors in Venice from the U.K.|many visitors from &quot;England&quot; in Venice]] in September.

=== 1910s ===
'''1910 April 20, Wednesday''', the ''Tatler'' printed an &quot;open letter&quot; to Geraldine, Countess of Mayo, as part of its &quot;The Searchlight in Society&quot; series and mentioned Algernon Bourke, saying he had been keeping &quot;a curiosity shop at Venice&quot;:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Bourkes have brains, and a good example is afforded by Mr. Algernon Bourke, next brother to Lord Mayo and heir-presumptive to the title. He is a good-looking man who used to be known as Buttons Bourke, and he married well, as his wife was the rich and pretty Miss Guendolen Sloane Stanley. He may be described as a &quot;Jack of all trades,&quot; but it is not I who will say that he is a master of none. He was once in the Stock Exchange, then he took White's Club in hand and restored it to much of its former prestige. After that he dabbled in smart hotels and restaurants, and the last thing I heard of him was that he kept a curiosity shop at Venice.&lt;ref&gt;Candida. &quot;The Searchlight in Society. Our Open Letter. No. CII. The Countess of Mayo.&quot; The ''Tatler'' 20 April 1910, Wednesday: 18 [of 42], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001852/19100420/023/0018. Print title same, p. 72.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1911 November 21, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke assisted the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#21 November 1911, Tuesday|Duchess of Marlborough at her at-home]] that included a sale of work by the wives of prisoners.&lt;p&gt;

'''1912 September 27, Friday''', Guendoline and Daphne Bourke were visiting Mr. and Mrs. Shelley Bontein, her mother and stepfather.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From 'The World.'&quot; ''Berks and Oxon Advertiser'' 27 September 1912, Friday: 2 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002298/19120927/014/0002. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1913 April 23, Wednesday''', the Irish Independent reported that Guendoline and Daphne Bourke had arrived in London for the season:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke and Miss Bourke have arrived for the season at 75 Gloucester place, Portman square, London.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social and Personal.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 23 April 1913, Wednesday: 4 [of 10], Col. 5b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001715/19130423/081/0004. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1913 May 7, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke presented her daughter Daphne Bourke at court:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke presented her daughter, and wore blue and gold broché with a gold lace train.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social and Personal.&quot; London ''Daily Chronicle'' 08 May 1913, Thursday: 6 [of 12], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005049/19130508/120/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

The ''Pall Mall Gazette'' has a description of Daphne Bourke's dress, but what exactly &quot;chiffon [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hoops|paniers]]&quot; means in 1913 is not clear:&lt;blockquote&gt;Court dressmakers appear to have surpassed all previous records in their efforts to make the dresses for to-night’s Court as beautiful as possible. Noticeable among these is the dainty presentation gown to be worn by Miss Bourke, who will be presented by her mother, the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke. This has a skirt of soft white satin draped with chiffon [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hoops|paniers]] and a bodice veiled with chiffon and trimmed with diamanté and crystal embroidery. Miss Bourke’s train, gracefully hung from the shoulders, is of white satin lined with pale rose pink chiffon and embroidered with crystal and diamanté.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Fashion Day by Day. Lovely Gowns for To-night's Court.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 07 May 1913, Wednesday: 13 [of 18], Col. 1a [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/19130507/199/0013. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The ''London Evening Standard'' describes Guendoline and Daphne Bourke the same way except with differences in editing:&lt;blockquote&gt;Miss Bourke: Presented by her mother, the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke. Dainty presentation gown of white satin, the skirt draped with chiffon paniers, bodice veiled chiffon and trimmed with diamanté and crystal embroidery. Train gracefully hung from shoulder of white satin embroidered with crystal and diamanté, lined with pale rose pink chiffon.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Some of the Dresses.&quot; &quot;The King and Queen. Third Court. Most Brilliant of the Year.&quot; ''London Evening Standard'' 08 May 1913, Thursday: 11 [of 18], Col. 4b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/19130508/237/0011. Print title ''The Standard'', p. 11.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

According to the ''Lady's Pictorial'', Daphne Bourke's dress was designed and constructed by [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Messrs Russell and Allen|Messrs. Russell and Allen]], Old Bond-street, W., and the description is identical (except for a couple of commas).&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Their Majesties' Court.&quot; ''Lady's Pictorial'' 17 May 1913, Saturday: 35 [of 64], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005980/19130517/296/0035. Same print title, p. 787.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1914 May 11, Monday''', Guendoline and Daphne Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#Dance at the Ritz Hosted by Mrs. George Marjoribanks|dance at the Ritz hosted by Mrs. George Marjoribanks]].

'''1915 January 1, Friday''', Algernon Bourke is listed as being on the Executive Committee of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#1915 January 1, Friday|National Food Fund, publicized by the ''Conservative and Unionist Women's Franchise Review'']].

'''1916 August 25, Friday''', Daphne Bourke's and John Fortescue's engagement was announced:&lt;blockquote&gt;A most attractive prospective bride (says the &quot;Star&quot;) is Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke's only daughter, Miss Daphne Bourke, whose engagement has just taken place to Mr. Fortescue, of the Coldstream Guards. Miss Bourke is tall, dark, and very beautiful; and Mr. Fortescue is one of the family of Boconoc, Cornwall, and Dropmore, Maidenhead. At the latter place the two families have been neighbours, for Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke have a charming country residence at Taplow, while Dropmore is famous for its magnificent gardens.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Personalia.&quot; ''Uxbridge &amp; W. Drayton Gazette'' 25 August 1916, Friday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002285/19160825/043/0004. Print title ''The Advertiser'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''1917 June 7, Thursday''', Daphne Bourke and John Grenville Fortescue [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#7 June 1917, Thursday|married in the Coldstream Guards' chapel]].

== Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball ==
According to both the ''Morning Post'' and the ''Times'', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was among the Suite of Men in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#&quot;Oriental&quot; Procession|&quot;Oriental&quot; procession]] at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&quot;Fancy Dress Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; ''Morning Post'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 4a–8 Col. 2b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970703/054/0007.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;&quot;Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; The ''Times'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 12, Cols. 1a–4c ''The Times Digital Archive''. Web. 28 Nov. 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Based on the people they were dressed as, Guendoline Bourke was probably in this procession but it seems unlikely that Algernone Bourke was.

[[File:Guendoline-Irene-Emily-Bourke-ne-Sloane-Stanley-as-Salammb.jpg|thumb|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a standing woman richly dressed in an historical costume with a headdress and a very large fan|Hon. '''Guendoline''' Bourke as Salammbô. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]
=== Hon. Guendoline Bourke ===
[[File:Alfons Mucha - 1896 - Salammbô.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Highly stylized orange-and-yellow painting of a bare-chested woman with a man playing a harp at her feet|Alfons Mucha's 1896 ''Salammbô''.]]
Lafayette's portrait (right) of &quot;Guendoline Irene Emily Bourke (née Sloane-Stanley) as Salammbô&quot; in costume is photogravure #128 in the '''Album''' presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;&quot;Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball (1897): photogravures by Walker &amp; Boutall after various photographers.&quot; 1899. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait-list.php?set=515.&lt;/ref&gt; The printing on the portrait says, &quot;The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke as Salammbo.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;&quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke as Salammbo.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158491/Guendoline-Irene-Emily-Bourke-ne-Sloane-Stanley-as-Salammb.&lt;/ref&gt;

The Lafayette Archive has 2 additional poses from the same session on 5 July 1897 as the one chosen for the Album:

* Same image as the Album photograph but higher resolution than the one the National Portrait Gallery, London, gives permission to post (Neg. No. GP [L] [http://lafayette.org.uk/bou1369.html 1369]).
* Standing with fan behind head, includes close-up of skirt fabric and left hand (Neg. No. GP [L] [http://lafayette.org.uk/bou1368-444.html 1368-444]).
* Reclining on pillows and furs, includes close-up of face and headdress (Neg. No. GP [L] [http://lafayette.org.uk/bou1368-442.html 1368-442]).

==== Newspaper Accounts ====
The Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke was dressed as Salambo in the Oriental procession&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; in a costume made by [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Mrs. Mason|Mrs. Mason]], although Russell Harris says [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Mr. Charles Alias|Charles Alias]] was the &quot;Costume supplier.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://lafayette.org.uk/bou1369.html|title=Hon Mrs Algernon Bourke (1870-1967), née Guendoline Irene Emily Sloane-Stanley by Lafayette 1897|website=lafayette.org.uk|access-date=2025-07-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Besides the two that mention her — the ''Morning Post'' and the ''Times'' — only two describe her costume, the London ''Evening Standard'' and the ''Gentlewoman'':
* &quot;Mrs. A. Bourke, as an Egyptian Princess, with the Salambo coiffure, wore a flowing gown of white and silver gauze covered with embroidery of lotus flowers. The top of the gown was ornamented with old green satin embroidered with blue turquoise and gold, and studded with rubies. The train was of old green broché with sides of orange and gold embroidery, and from the ceinture depended long bullion fringe and an embroidered ibis.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“The Ball at Devonshire House. Magnificent Spectacle. Description of the Dresses.” London ''Evening Standard'' 3 July 1897 Saturday: 3 [of 12], Cols. 1a–5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/18970703/015/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 3, Col. 3b}}
* &quot;(Egyptian Princess), drapery gown of white and silver gauze, covered with embroidery of lotus flowers; the top of gown appliqué with old green satin embroidered blue turquoise and gold, studded rubies; train of old green broché.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 40, Col. 3a}}

==== Commentary on Her Costume ====

*The heavy headdress is likely attached to a wig and further stabilized by something under Bourke's chin and by the filet around her forehead. The flowers appear to have jewels at the center. What looks like a neck treatment is probably part of the structure holding the headpiece in place. The placement of the flowers is clearly a copy of the headdress worn by Rose Caron in the 1892 Paris production of the Reyer opera. Made by Eugène Lacoste, this textile, metal and pearl ''coiffe'' still exists (https://www.gazette-drouot.com/article/bijoux-d-opera/54941) and is held by the Bibliothèque Nationale de France.&lt;ref&gt;Merle, Sandrine. &quot;Les bijoux d’Opéra en pleine lumière au Palais Garnier.&quot; ''La Gazette Druout'' 4 July 2025 (No. 26). Retrieved July 2025

https://www.gazette-drouot.com/article/bijoux-d-opera/54941.&lt;/ref&gt; It seems to have been constructed from metal for the gold framework with the leaf design, beads attached to hanging metal frameworks (the blue-green beads look like they're covered with fabric or wrapped with thread) and flowers that may have been made from stiffened pinked fabric (likely organdy) whose color may have darkened in the century that has passed.
*Bourke's posture as she leans in the reclining odalisque pose shows she is wearing a corset.
*The translucent overskirt looks like an apron attached under the bust and hanging from the bodice.
*Russell Harris says the large fan looks more Egyptian rather than Carthaginian.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt; 
*The fullness of the skirt is very controlled.
*Her shoes are slippers decorated with real or artificial jewels.

==== Salammbô ====
Salammbô is the fictitious protagonist in Gustave Flaubert's 1862 novel ''Salammbô'', set during the Roman war against Carthage.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-04-29|title=Salammbô|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salammb%C3%B4&amp;oldid=1221352216|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salammb%C3%B4.&lt;/ref&gt; Salammbô is a Carthaginian priestess of the lunar goddess Tanit. Matho, a Roman mercenary, breaks into Tanit's temple and steals her sacred veil — the spiritual guardian of Carthage. Salammbô sneaks into the enemy encampment to steal the veil back. She meets Matho in his tent, and &quot;believing each other to be divine apparitions,&quot; they make love,&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; although it is also a defilement. Salammbô succceds in getting the veil back, but Matho is tortured and executed, which causes her to die of shock, the effect of both having touched the veil. The plot of the opera is not identical to that of the novel.

What Guendoline Bourke saw in Salammbo as representative of herself is difficult to know, unless the costume itself appealed to her. A production of Ernest Reyer's opera ''Salammbô'', based on Flaubert's novel and published in Paris in 1890, opened at the Paris Opéra on 16 May 1892,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-04-11|title=Ernest Reyer|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Reyer&amp;oldid=1218353215|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Reyer.&lt;/ref&gt; starring Madame Rose Caron, with Mademoiselle Lucienne Bréval performing when Caron was on vacation.&lt;ref&gt;Jullienn, Adolphe. &quot;Mademoiselle Lucienne Bréval de L'Académie Nationale de Musique [or de l'Opéra in the Table of Contents].&quot; ''Le Théatre'' April 1898 (No. 4). Google Books https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/_oxRAQAAMAAJ. Pp. 8–10.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|8, Col. 2c}} This production was widely reviewed and discussed in the papers in the UK, and its production design was notable, especially Caron's costumes, the sets and [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#Scale of the Production of Salammbo|the very scale of the production]]. Bourke or her costumier clearly saw the opera or images of the performers or its posters, certainly influencing the design of her costume.

* Rose Caron in her Salammbo costume is here: https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/rose-caron-french-soprano-in-costume-in-the-title-role-of-news-photo/1439485238.
* A headshot of Bréval in costume is here: https://books.google.com/books/content?id=_oxRAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=RA3-PP7&amp;img=1&amp;zoom=3&amp;hl=en&amp;bul=1&amp;sig=ACfU3U2Gv8Os_rEmx2gM9SakJkYLJ9hW7g&amp;ci=6%2C1%2C988%2C1371&amp;edge=0.)
* &quot;Salammbo's hair [was] powdered with a violet dust when she first appeared before the eyes of Matho.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Salome.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 27 February 1893, Monday: 3 [of 8]. Col. 2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18930227/010/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

Salammbo figured in paintings, sculptures and illustrations of editions of Flaubert's novel before Ernest Reyer's 1890 opera. Translations and illustrated editions of Flaubert's novel had come out steadily beginning in the 1880s. Alfons Mucha's 1896 lithograph of Salammbô (above left) was published the year before the ball. Salammbo is often depicted as nude and highly sexual or sexualized (kissing a huge snake, for example, that she holds aloft). Reyer's opera was first produced in 1890 in Brussels. Both Modest Mussorgsky and Sergei Rachmaninoff had attempted but not completed operas based on the novel as well.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; 


Guendoline Bourke's costume and her social life as reported in the newspapers do not suggest that she was a big risk-taker like, for example, the eccentric la Comtesse de Castiglione, who appeared at a ball in a Salammbo costume in 1886, 4 years after Flaubert's novel was first published. In 1889 the ''Edinburgh Evening News'' exaggerates her nudity and doesn't describe the rush in the ballroom to see her but does address the lingering memory:&lt;blockquote&gt;The late Countess Castiglione, whose death in Paris is recorded yesterday, made her first appearance at the Imperial Court in 1866, where her extraordinary beauty made a great impression on Napoleon III., and eventually led to the Empress Eugenie’s undertaking an unexpected and much-talked-of visit to Scotland. The Countess had a face and complexion which would have enchanted Rubens, and her lovely golden hair touched her feet. Even at the present day Paris has not forgotten her costume, or rather absence of costume as Salammbo, in which character she figured at a certain memorable ball at the Tuileries, wearing her hair, her jewels, and very little else. The Empress Eugenie, when she was presented to her thus lightly arrayed, declared that she must be cold, and insisted upon her there and then donning a mantle. Mme. de Castiglione was never again invited to an entertainment over which the Empress Eugenie presided.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Countess’ Queer Ball Costume.&quot; ''Edinburgh Evening News'' 2 December 1899, Saturday: 2 [of 6], Col. 7b [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000452/18991202/024/0002. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Given how widely this incident was discussed at the time of the death of la Comtesse in 1889, Guendoline Bourke might easily have known about it. But she was developing relationships with people like the Princess of Wales, and what Countess Castigiolone did does not sound at all like her. 

===== Scale of the Production of ''Salammbo'' =====

* &quot;In Reyer's opera of 'Salammbo,' lately produced at the Grand Opera in Paris, there were 1,400 persons on the stage in the last act.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Facts and Fancies.&quot; ''Louth and North Lincolnshire Advertiser'' 9 July 1892, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 6c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000313/18920709/038/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;the battle scene in [''Salammbo''] requires no less than 3000 square yards of 'decorative surface' [probably canvas]. This establishes a record, the next largest surface being that of the salles des fetes in 'Don Giovanni.'&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A French paper gives interesting details....&quot; ''Sevenoaks Chronicle and Kentish Advertiser'' 26 August 1892, Friday: 2 [of 8], Col. 3c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001067/18920826/032/0002. Same print title, n.p.

&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Influence of the Production of ''Salammbo'' =====
Rose Caron's productions were influential, including for the costumes she wore. The 1892 ''Lohengrin'' she starred in was the source of the costumes worn by [[Social Victorians/People/Stonor#Julia Caroline Stonor, Marquise of Hautpoul|Julia Stonor, Marquise of Hautpoul]] and her brother, [[Social Victorians/People/Stonor#Hon. Harry Stonor|Hon. Harry Stonor]].

Women's clothing was influenced by the costumes in the opera, particularly those worn by Rose Caron. One color of intense red was called Salammbo. A bonnet was named the Salammbô:&lt;blockquote&gt;About the smartest thing in bonnets for ordinary complimentary mourning is called the Salammbô, and is copied from a head-dress worn by a leading artiste at one of the Paris theatres. It is made of jet, and has a rose on each side of the front from the centres of which rise two black ospreys.&lt;ref&gt;Mantalini, Miss. &quot;The Shows in the London Shops. With Mems. about Millinery.&quot; ''Pall Mall Budget'' 29 December 1892, Thursday: 22 [of 40], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005967/18921229/092/0022. Same print title, p. 1928.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;In a long illustrated article describing the wedding of Princess Marie of Edinburgh, the ''Lady's Pictorial'' provides a sketch of &quot;a very pretty [hat] (No. 4) of brown mirror velvet trimmed with mink and a brown velvet bow in front '''with Salammbo''' '&lt;nowiki/&gt;''fantaisie''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'&quot; that is among the bride's millinery.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Marriage of H.R.H. Princess Marie of Edinburgh and H.R.H. Ferdinand Crown Prince of Roumania.&quot; ''Lady's Pictorial'' 14 January 1893, Saturday: 40 [of 76], Col. 3c [of 3]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005980/18930114/064/0040. Same print title, p. 56.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

Shoes appeared:&lt;blockquote&gt;At Mrs Merritt's, Savile-street, the stock is particularly attractive, there being so many new styles in shoes this season. One of the latest designs is the Salammbo Shoe, glace kid, with one strap, a jet buckle, and very low French heels. This shoe is especially designed for tender feet, as it is very light in weight.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;House and Home. Local Letter for Women Reader [sic], (By Our Lady Contributor).&quot; ''Hull Daily Mail'' 22 July 1897, Thursday: 5 [of 6], Col. 1b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000324/18970722/069/0005. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Patterns for making the Tunique Romaine and Corsage Salammbo were for sale just a few months after the opening:&lt;blockquote&gt;Some of the leading fashionable novelties described in ''Le Follet de Paris'' are almost ahead of the season, but they look so well that it will not be long before our provincial dressmakers have them. A revival and modification of the ancient tunic is one item which is transforming the modern gowns of tailor-built tweeds into long clinging draperies, of simple cut but ineffable grace. We have had the Russian blouse with us now for the last couple of months. Now the reign of Tunique Romaine and Corsage Salambo is upon us.

... [including the address to send off for the patterns]

A very successful novelty is the ''corsage'' “Salammbo.” In reality, it is more of a blouse and short tunic than a ''corsage'', as there is no attempt at shaping to the figure. In [sic] consists, indeed, of two straight pieces of material cut round on the shoulders, where the back and front are fastened together by clasps. There is no arm-hole, and the two pieces meet at the waist under the arm, and then hang open on to the skirt. There being no dart, the waist is as wide as the shoulders; the fullness is drawn to the centre under a ''ceinture Russe'', or of oxydised silver. The outlines are trimmed with ''galon'' or some similar garniture. The &quot;Salammbo” ''guimpe'' or ''corsage'' are made of flannel or ''mousseline de laine'' of bright colour, and are worn with fitting bodices or skirts of serge, or woollen of dark colour. They are very effective, and nothing can be easier to make, while their addition to a frock constitutes a separate costume.

The fitting bodices worn under the ''guimpes'' or ''robes'' &quot;Salammbo&quot; are very simply made; being round-waisted, they are without side pieces, and only require a seam under each arm; one in the centre of the back, and one or two darts in front, according to the figure. The skirt is mounted on a round waistband, and the ''ceinture'' worn over this gives the bodice and skirt the effect of a princess dress.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Womans Ceilidh.&quot; ''Oban Times and Argyllshire Advertiser'' 3 September 1892, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 6a–b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000462/18920903/078/0003. Print title: ''The Oban Times'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Stationery even before the opera opened in Paris:&lt;blockquote&gt;The last fad in fancy stationery is the carte Salammbo, a delightfully smooth surface for writing upon, the envelopes are very small, square, and of the wallet make; the paper folds over once to fit. The newest shades are rose pink, pale English blue, apple green, and the evergreen heliotrope.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Fashions of the Month.&quot; ''Nottinghamshire Guardian'' 27 February 1892, Saturday: 7 [of 8], Col. 2b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000176/18920227/059/0007. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:Algernon Henry Bourke Vanity Fair 20 January 1898.jpg|thumb|alt=Old colored drawing of an elegant elderly man dressed in a 19th-century tuxedo with a cloak, top hat and formal pointed shoes with bows, standing facing 1/4 to his right|''Algy'' — Algernon Henry Bourke — by &quot;Spy,&quot; ''Vanity Fair'' 20 January 1898]]

=== Hon. Algernon Bourke ===
[[File:Hon-Algernon-Henry-Bourke-as-Izaak-Walton.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a man richly dressed in an historical costume sitting in a fireplace that does not have a fire and holding a tankard|Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke as Izaak Walton. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]
'''Lafayette's portrait''' (left) of &quot;Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke as Izaak Walton&quot; in costume is photogravure #129 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; The printing on the portrait says, &quot;The Hon. Algernon Bourke as Izaak Walton.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hon. Algernon Bourke as Izaak Walton.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158492/Hon-Algernon-Henry-Bourke-as-Izaak-Walton.&lt;/ref&gt;

This portrait is amazing and unusual: Algernon Bourke is not using a photographer's set with theatrical flats and props, certainly not one used by anyone else at the ball itself. Isaak Walton (baptised 21 September 1593 – 15 December 1683) wrote ''The Compleat Angler''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2021-09-15|title=Izaak Walton|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Izaak_Walton&amp;oldid=1044447858|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izaak_Walton.&lt;/ref&gt; A cottage Walton lived in and willed to the people of Stafford was photographed in 1888, suggesting that its relationship to Walton was known in 1897, raising a question about whether Bourke could have used the fireplace in the cottage for his portrait. (This same cottage still exists, as the [https://www.staffordbc.gov.uk/izaak-waltons-cottage Isaak Walton Cottage] museum.)

A caricature portrait (right) of the Hon. Algernon Bourke, called &quot;Algy,&quot; by Leslie Ward (&quot;Spy&quot;) was published in the 20 January 1898 issue of ''Vanity Fair'' as Number 702 in its &quot;Men of the Day&quot; series,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-01-14|title=List of Vanity Fair (British magazine) caricatures (1895–1899)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)_caricatures_(1895%E2%80%931899)&amp;oldid=1195518024|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)_caricatures_(1895%E2%80%931899).&lt;/ref&gt; giving an indication of what he looked like out of costume.

=== Mr. and Mrs. Bourke ===
The ''Times'' made a distinction between the Hon. Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke and Mr. and Mrs. Bourke, including both in the article.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Occasionally this same article mentions the same people more than once in different contexts and parts of the article, so they may be the same couple. (See [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#Notes and Question|Notes and Question]] #2, below.)

== Demographics ==

=== The Bourkes ===
*Nationality: Anglo-Irish&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020-11-14|title=Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo&amp;oldid=988654078|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Occupation: journalist. 1895: restaurant, hotel and club owner and manager&lt;ref&gt;''Cheltenham Looker-On'', 23 March 1895. Via Ancestry but taken from the BNA.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Residences ====
*Ireland: 1873: Palmerston House, Straffan, Co. Kildare.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; Not Co. Mayo?
*1888–1891: 33 Cadogan Terrace, S.W., Kensington and Chelsea, a dwelling house&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970, Register of Voters, 1891.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1894: 181 Pavilion Road, Kensington and Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970. Register of Voters, 1894. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1900: 181 Pavilion Road, Kensington and Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970. Register of Voters, 1900. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1904: Algernon Bourke was &quot;usually liv[ing] in Venice&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;
*1906: 75, Gloucester-place, W.&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot; /&gt;
*Guendoline Bourke
*1911: 1911 Fulham, London&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
*20 Eaton Square, S.W. (in 1897)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pl0oAAAAYAAJ|title=Who's who|date=1897|publisher=A. &amp; C. Black|language=en}} 712, Col. 1b.&lt;/ref&gt; (London home of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]])

=== The Sloane-Stanleys ===

==== Residences ====

* 1871: Chester Street, St George Hanover Square (Census), with 5 servants, including a cook and a footman.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;The National Archives; Kew, London, England; ''1871 England Census''; Class: ''RG10''; Piece: ''104''; Folio: ''21''; Page: ''37''; GSU roll: ''838763''. Ancestry.com. ''1871 England Census'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1881–1885&lt;ref&gt;''UK, City and County Directories, 1600s-1900s''. Ancestry.com. ''UK, City and County Directories, 1766 - 1946'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; [at least]: 14 Halkin Street, W., St. Georges, 14 servants, including a governess, a house steward, an under butler, a footman and a cook.&lt;ref&gt;''Census Returns of England and Wales, 1881''. Kew, Surrey, England: The National Archives of the UK (TNA): Public Record Office (PRO), 1881. Class: ''RG11''; Piece: ''98''; Folio: ''66''; Page: ''37''; GSU roll: ''1341022''. Ancestry.com and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. ''1881 England Census'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1888: 49, Cadogan-square, St. Luke, Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Ancestry.com. ''London, England, Overseer Returns, 1863-1894'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1899, Roger Cyril Sloane-Stanley: 4 Down St., St George, Hanover Square&lt;ref&gt;London Metropolitan Archives; London, England; ''Electoral Registers''. Ancestry.com. ''London, England, Electoral Registers, 1832-1965'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1911, Roger Cyril Sloane-Stanley: Paultons, Ower, Romsey

== Family ==
*Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke (31 December 1854 – 7 April 1922)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p29657.htm#i296561|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Guendoline Irene Emily Sloane-Stanley Bourke (c. 1869 – 30 December 1967)&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&quot;Guendoline Irene Emily Stanley.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p51525.htm#i515247|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
#Daphne Marjory Bourke (5 April 1895 – 22 May 1962)

=== Relations ===
*Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke (the 3rd son of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|6th Earl of Mayo]]) was the older brother of Lady Florence Bourke.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
*Wilfred Blunt was a cousin of Algernon Bourke: Bourke's mother's &quot;mother was one of the Blunts of Crabbet Park, Sussex, which makes them kinswomen of Mr. Alfred Scawen Blunt, poet, Egyptophil and counsel for Arabi Pasha in his trial.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From ''Truth''.&quot; ''Mid-Lothian Journal'' 23 August 1912, Friday: 8 [of 8], 2c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002721/19120823/147/0008. Print title and p. same.&lt;/ref&gt;
*Lord Alfred Douglas was a cousin of Algernon Bourke.

==== Other Bourkes ====
*Hubert Edward Madden Bourke (after 1925, Bourke-Borrowes)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hubert Edward Madden Bourke-Borrowes.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p52401.htm#i524004|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2021-08-25}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p52401.htm#i524004.&lt;/ref&gt;
*Lady Eva Constance Aline Bourke, who married [[Social Victorians/People/Dunraven|Windham Henry Wyndham-Quin]] on 7 July 1885;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lady Eva Constance Aline Bourke.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p2575.htm#i25747|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-02}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p2575.htm#i25747.&lt;/ref&gt; he became 5th Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl on 14 June 1926.

=== The Sloane-Stanleys ===
* Emilie Josephine S Stanley ( 21 December 1848 [baptism]&lt;ref&gt;London Metropolitan Archives; &quot;London, England, UK&quot; ; ''London Church of England Parish Registers''; Reference Number: ''P87/Tri/001''. Ancestry.com. ''London, England, Church of England Births and Baptisms, 1813-1923'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;  – October 1945)
* Hans T Sloane Stanley (11 May 1840 [baptism]&lt;ref&gt;Ancestry.com. ''England, Select Births and Christenings, 1538-1975'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; – 15 December 1888&lt;ref&gt;Ancestry.com. ''UK and Ireland, Find a Grave® Index, 1300s-Current'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;)
* James Shell[e?]y Bontein ()
*# Gwendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt; Irene Emily G Stanley (c. 1870&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt; – )
*# '''Roger Cyril Hans Sloane Stanley''' (29 April 1875&lt;ref&gt;The National Archives; Kew, Surrey, England; ''WO 42 War Office: Officers' Birth Certificates, Wills and Personal Papers 1755-1908''; Reference: ''WO 42/72''. Ancestry.com. ''UK, Officers' Birth Certificates, Wills and Personal Papers, 1755-1908'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; – 18 November 1944&lt;ref&gt;''Find a Grave''. Find a Grave®. http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi. Ancestry.com. ''UK and Ireland, Find a Grave® Index, 1300s-Current'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;)


* Olivia Elizabeth Berens, Countess Cairns&lt;ref&gt;The National Archives of the UK (TNA); Kew, Surrey, England; ''Census Returns of England and Wales, 1911''. Ancestry.com. ''1911 England Census'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; (c. 1871 – 20 June 1951&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Olivia Elizabeth Berens.&quot; Person Page 3908; person #39077. ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as well as the Royal Families of Europe''. https://www.thepeerage.com/p3908.htm#i39077.

&lt;/ref&gt;)
* Arthur William Cairns, 2nd Earl Cairns (21 December 1861 – 14 January 1890)&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot;&gt;&quot;Arthur William Cairns, 2nd Earl Cairns.&quot; Person Page 3908; Person #39076. ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as well as the Royal Families of Europe''. https://www.thepeerage.com/p3908.htm#i39076.&lt;/ref&gt;
*# Lady Louise Rosemary Kathleen Virginia Cairns (10 March 1889 – 17 May 1962)&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot; /&gt;
* Roger Cyril Hans Sloane Stanley (1875 – 18 November 1944)
*# Lavender Elizabeth (20 May 1900 [baptism]&lt;ref&gt;Hampshire Archives and Local Studies; Winchester, England, UK; ''Anglican Parish Registers''; Reference: ''35M76/PR3''. Ancestry.com. ''Hampshire, England, Church of England Baptisms, 1813-1921''[database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; – )
*# Diane Sloane Stanley (c. 1905 – )


* Lavender Elizabeth (20 May 1900 [baptism] – )
* John Everett ()


* Diane Sloane Stanley (c. 1905 – )
* Elwyn Villiers Rhys ()

== Writings, Memoirs, Biographies, Papers ==

=== Writings ===
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon. ''The History of White's''. London: Algernon Bourke [privately published], 1892.
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon, ed., &quot;with a brief Memoir.&quot; ''Correspondence of Mr Joseph Jekyll with His Sister-in-Law, Lady Gertrude Sloane Stanley, 1818–1838''. John Murray, 1893.
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon, ed. ''Correspondence of Mr Joseph Jekyll''. John Murray, 1894.

=== Papers ===
* Where are the papers for the Earl of Mayo family? Are Algernon and Guendoline Bourke's papers with them?

== Notes and Questions ==
#The portrait of Algernon Bourke in costume as Isaac Walton is really an amazing portrait with a very interesting setting, far more specific than any of the other Lafayette portraits of these people in their costumes. Where was it shot? Lafayette is given credit, but it's not one of his usual backdrops. If this portrait was taken the night of the ball, then this fireplace was in Devonshire House; if not, then whose fireplace is it?
#The ''Times'' lists Hon. A. Bourke (at 325) and Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke (at 236) as members of a the &quot;Oriental&quot; procession, Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke (in the general list of attendees), and then a small distance down Mr. and Mrs. Bourke (now at 511 and 512, respectively). This last couple with no honorifics is also mentioned in the report in the London ''Evening Standard'', which means the Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke, so the ''Times'' may have repeated the Bourkes, who otherwise are not obviously anyone recognizable. If they are not the Hon. Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke, then they are unidentified. It seems likely that they are the same, however, as the newspapers were not perfectly consistent in naming people with their honorifics, even in a single story, especially a very long and detailed one in which people could be named more than once.
#Three slightly difficult-to-identify men were among the Suite of Men in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#&quot;Oriental&quot; Procession|&quot;Oriental&quot; procession]]: [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax|Gordon Wood]], [[Social Victorians/People/Portman|Arthur B. Portman]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Wilfred Wilson]]. The identification of Gordon Wood and Wilfred Wilson is high because of contemporary newspaper accounts. The Hon. Algernon Bourke, who was also in the Suite of Men, is not difficult to identify at all. Arthur Portman appears in a number of similar newspaper accounts, but none of them mentions his family of origin.
#[http://thepeerage.com The Peerage] has no other Algernon Bourkes.
#The Hon Algernon Bourke is #235 on the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball#List of People Who Attended|list of people who were present]]; the Hon. Guendoline Bourke is #236; a Mr. Bourke is #703; a Mrs. Bourke is #704.
#Hans Stanley-Sloane's estate was £33,704 7s. 5d. in the final probate in December 1889,&lt;ref&gt;Principal Probate Registry; London, England; ''Calendar of the Grants of Probate and Letters of Administration made in the Probate Registries of the High Court of Justice in England''. Ancestry.com. ''England &amp; Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1995'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; which might lead his widow to consider remarrying.
== Footnotes ==
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      <text bytes="172602" sha1="9gx6cg6kwmy843v9rd57q82oilx01ds" xml:space="preserve">Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were &quot;satirized&quot; by [[Social Victorians/People/Oscar Wilde|Oscar Wilde]] in his 1895 ''The Importance of Being Earnest''.&lt;ref&gt;Fahey, David M. ''The Politics of Drink in England, from Gladstone to Lloyd George''. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, 2022: p. 21, n. 34. ''Google Books'' (retrieved July 2025) https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Politics_of_Drink_in_England_from_Gl/8HRjEAAAQBAJ.&lt;/ref&gt; Algernon Bourke was a cousin of Lord Alfred Douglas, Wilde's Bosie, in 1898 attempting to facilitate a reconciliation between Bosie and his father.&lt;ref name=&quot;:26&quot;&gt;Ellmann, Richard. ''Osar Wilde''. Alfred A. Knopf, 1988.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|568}}[[File:Leslie Ward - Vanity Fair, Newspapermen, ^Algy^, The Hon Algernon Henry Bourke, Januray 20, 1898 - B1979.14.521 - Yale Center for British Art.jpg|thumb|Hon. Algernon Bourke, ''Vanity Fair'', 1898]]

==Also Known As==
* Family name: Bourke [pronounced ''burk'']&lt;ref name=&quot;:62&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-05-07|title=Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earl_of_Mayo&amp;oldid=1222668659|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Mayo.&lt;/ref&gt;
* The Hon. Algernon Bourke
** Button Bourke&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Tory 'Reformer' at the India Office.&quot; ''India'' 10 November 1911, Friday: 4 [of 12], Col. 1b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004300/19111110/007/0004#. Print: same title, p. 228.&lt;/ref&gt;
** Algy Bourke
* Mrs. Guendoline Bourke
** Guendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; [The National Portrait Gallery, London, uses this spelling for Lafayette's portrait of Bourke in costume for the ball,&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt; as does Russell Harris in the Lafayette Archive, held by the Victoria and Albert&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot;&gt;Harris, Russell. &quot;Hon Mrs Algernon Bourke, née Guendoline Irene Emily Sloane-Stanley (1870-1967), as Salammbô.&quot; ''In Calm Prose'' 2011. http://www.rvondeh.dircon.co.uk/incalmprose/.&lt;/ref&gt;.]
** Gwendolen&lt;ref&gt;General Register Office. ''England and Wales Civil Registration Indexes''. London, England: General Register Office. FreeBMD. ''England &amp; Wales, Civil Registration Marriage Index, 1837-1915''[database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Marriage Index}} &lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt;{{rp|''Morning Post'' article about her name}} &lt;ref&gt;General Register Office. ''England and Wales Civil Registration Indexes''. London, England: General Register Office. FreeBMD. ''England &amp; Wales, Civil Registration Marriage Index, 1837-1915''[database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Electoral Register}}
** Gwendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;City of Westminster Archives Centre; London, England; ''Westminster Church of England Parish Registers''; Reference: ''SPWP/PR/1/2''. Ancestry.com. ''Westminster, London, England, Church of England Births and Baptisms, 1813-1919'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Births and Baptisms}}
* Shelley Bontein and Emilie Sloane-Stanley Bontein
* See also the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|page for the Earl of Mayo]], the Hon. Algernon Bourke's father and then brother, and other Bourkes

== Overview ==

=== Algernon Bourke ===
Although the Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke was born in Dublin in 1854 and came from a family whose title is in the Peerage of Ireland,&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;1911 England Census.&lt;/ref&gt; he seems to have spent much of his adult life generally in England and especially in London. He was &quot;a noted fisherman.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London Correspondence.&quot; ''Freeman's Journal'' 21 December 1897, Tuesday: 5 [of 8], Col. 5c [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000056/18971221/027/0005. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

Because he was the son of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]], perhaps, or perhaps because he was so involved in projects that got reported on, he was mentioned a great deal in the newspapers, but after his bankruptcy, he seems to have receded in prominence, in part because he was living outside of the U.K., and apparently separately from his wife, Guendoline Bourke.

Bourke ran as the Conservative candidate for Parliament from Clapham (population, c. 70,000) in 1885, a race he did not win. As a candidate he is described like this:&lt;blockquote&gt;Acted as a newspaper correspondent during the Zulu war. Subsequently Poor-law inspector in the West of Ireland. &quot;A loyal supporter of Church and State.&quot; Desires to reduce the School Board expenditure, and revive trade; and is opposed to Mr. Chamberlain's &quot;police of hasty and experimental reform.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Clapham (70,000).&quot; ''South London Chronicle'' 17 October 1885, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000443/18851017/113/0005. Print title ''South London Chronicle and Southwark and Lambeth Ensign'', p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The London ''Weekly Dispatch'' says he is &quot;a dashing and unscrupulous young Tory.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Political Campaign in London.&quot; ''Weekly Dispatch'' (London) 15 November 1885, Sunday: 9 [of 16], Col. 3c [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003358/18851115/069/0009. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;Algy&quot; Bourke was &quot;Man of the Day&quot; (No. DCCII [522) for ''Vanity Fair'' in 1898, caricatured by Leslie Ward (above right) and damned, perhaps, with faint praise:&lt;blockquote&gt;Son of the great and murdered Lord Mayo, he is contemporary with the outbreak of the Crimean War, he is a Member of the London Stock Exchange, he has a beautiful wife and a daughter, and, being a very fashionable young man, he was once refused as their Member by the worthy electors of Clapham. He was an Eton boy, of course: and less naturally he went to Cambridge; where he was made President of the Beefsteak, the Amateur Dramatic, the Athenaeum, the True Blue, and the Hibernian Clubs. When he came down he tried journalism and went to Zululand as a ''Daily Telegraph'' ‘‘special”; after which he was improved into an Inspector of Workhouses [2, Col. 2c – 3, Col. 1a] in Ireland: which may account for his proficiency as a caterer. For seven years he worked under the late Mr. Chinnery on ''The Times'': being popularly supposed to look after that journal's morals. He is a good man of business, and a great organiser who has made White's Club pay even if it be less “smart&quot; than it was. He has done much for Willis’s since he took it in hand; he did well with his Battersea venture, and he thinks that he only failed with the Summer Club in Kensington Gardens because people would not go to the wrong side of the Park. Moreover, he runs a Club at Brighton, and he is Chairman of the Grand Hotel at Monte Carlo: whither he once organised a cheap trip. Altogether he is a veritable Clubman, and a very successful arranger of amusements, associations, and restaurants.

He is a popular fellow who is known to all of us; and though he is a little inclined to be quarrelsome, no one can get much the better of him. He is also a quick grasper of facts and a good talker. His favourite sports are fishing and the organising of associations for the introduction of salmon to the Thames. By way of being an art critic, he has made an interesting collection of engravings of the members of White’s Club from its foundation; but his friends say that he is not a well-dressed man. He has also written a history of White’s, and he is now writing one of Brooks's Club. He is a genial person, who looks as if the world agreed with him well.

He is an aquisition [sic] to a house party; and they call him “Algy.”&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Men of the Day.&quot; — No. DCCII [522]. The Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke.&quot; ''Vanity Fair'' 20 January 1898, Thursday: 2 [of 4], Col. 2c – 3, Col. 3a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9900020/18980120/010/0002 and https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/9900020/18980120/005/0003. Same print title, pp. 41–42. Portrait is full page, on p. 1.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The Hon. Algernon Bourke and Mr. Algernon Bourke, depending on the newspaper article, were the same person. Calling him Mr. Bourke in the newspapers, especially when considered as a businessman or (potential) member of Parliament, does not rule out the son of an earl, who would normally be accorded the honorific of ''Honorable''.

=== Guendoline Sloane-Stanley Bourke ===

Mrs. Guendoline Bourke exhibited at dog shows successfully and was a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Society Sportswomen|noted deerstalker]] and &quot;an appreciative listener to good music.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Vanity Fair.&quot; ''Lady of the House'' 15 June 1899, Thursday: 4 [of 44], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004836/18990615/019/0004.&lt;/ref&gt; She was a sponsor of Irish art needlework as well. Her personal beauty is often mentioned in reports, and ''The World'' says she was &quot;a magnificent woman.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Beauties of To-Day. From the ''World''.&quot; ''Clifton Society'' 24 June 1897, Thursday: 14 [of 16], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002164/18970624/066/0014. Same print and p.&lt;/ref&gt; She is the first listed in the ''Graphic''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s 1891 &quot;Leading Ladies of Society&quot;:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke is a daughter (Gwendoline Irene Emily) of the late Hans Sloane Stanley, Esq., of Poultons, Southampton, and 49, Cadogan Square, S.W. She married, on December 15th, 1887, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, third son of the sixth Earl of Mayo, Governor-General of India (who was assassinated in 1872), and nephew of Lord Connemara, Governor of Madras. Mr. Bourke is a member of the London Stock Exchange, and resides at 33, Cadogan Terrace, S.W.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Leading Ladies of Society.&quot; The Graphic 28 March 1891, Saturday: 6 [of 28], Col. 2c [of 3]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9000057/18910328/019/0006. Print: same title, p. 346.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;She attended many social events without her husband, especially into the 20th century, usually described with an appreciation of what she wore. Unlike her husband's, Guendoline's social status seems to have risen as time passed, and she appears in stories associated with the Princess of Wales, and then later with Queen Alexandra.

=== The Sloane-Stanley Family ===
Guendoline's family consisted of a younger brother, Cyril Sloane-Stanley, as well as her parents, Hans Sloane-Stanley and Emilie Edwards Sloane-Stanley. Exactly one year after she and Algernon Bourke married, Hans Sloane-Stanley died (in 1888), leaving an estate worth £33,704 7s. 5d.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;&gt;Principal Probate Registry; London, England; ''Calendar of the Grants of Probate and Letters of Administration made in the Probate Registries of the High Court of Justice in England''. Ancestry.com. ''England &amp; Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1995'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; (1888, 321) Her mother remarried almost exactly a year after that, to James Shelly Bontein. Bontein's father had been Gentleman Usher and Clerk of the Robes to Queen Victoria.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot;&gt;&quot;Marriages.&quot; &quot;Births, Marriages, and Deaths.&quot; ''Belfast News-Letter'' 6 December 1889, Friday: 1 [of 8], Col. 1a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000038/18891206/001/0001. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

Shortly after his death ''Truth'' described Guendoline and Cyril's father Hans Sloane-Stanley:&lt;blockquote&gt;The death of Mr. Sloane Stanley, of Paultons Park, is much regretted in South Hants, as he was one of the most popular landlords in the county, and was greatly esteemed. Mr. Sloane Stanley was well known in yachting circles, and for many years he was Commodore of the Royal Southern Yacht Club, and owned the schooner ''Star of the West''. He was one of the very few owners who continued to keep up the old custom of giving his crew a laying-up supper at the close of each season. There were great festivities at Paultons only a few months ago, when Miss Sloane Stanley was married to Mr. Algernon Bourke.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Entre Nous.&quot; ''Truth'' 27 December 1888, Thursday: 6 [of 48], Col. 2b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18881227/023/0006# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18881227/023/0006]. Same print title, p. 1136.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;When he died in 1944, Cyril Sloane-Stanley's estate was quite a bit larger than his father's had been 50 years before. The probate was divided between what was limited to &quot;settled land&quot; and what was &quot;save and except settled land.&quot; What was not settled land totalled £356,114 12s. 10d. and went to John Everett, company director; the Hon. Elwyn Villiers Rhys, captain, H.M. army; and William Adam de Geijer, retired captain, H.M. army.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt; (1944, 430) His daughter Lavender was married to John Everett, and Diane was married to Elwyn Villiers Rhys. What was settled land totalled £168,975 and went to William Adam de Geijer, retired captain, H.M. army, and George Lawrence Stewart, solicitor.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt; (1944, 430)

The Sloane-Stanleys descend from Hans Sloane (1660–1753), whose 71,000-item collections &quot;provid[ed] the foundation of the British Museum, the British Library, and the Natural History Museum, London.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2025-01-07|title=Hans Sloane|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane|journal=Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane|language=en|via=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Much of this Hans Sloane's wealth came from his medical practice in Jamaica, where he went as physician to the Governor General of Jamaica, the 2nd Duke of Albemarle, and where he married &quot;a wealthy heiress of sugar plantations&quot; worked by enslaved Jamaicans.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot; /&gt; His great-nephew, Hans Sloane, inherited Paultons, near Romsey, &quot;and in recognition of this he adopted the additional surname of Stanley in 1821.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-10-06|title=Hans Sloane (MP)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane_(MP)|journal=Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane_(MP)|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Acquaintances, Friends and Enemies ==

=== Algernon Bourke ===

* Best man at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Wedding of Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Sloane Stanley|his wedding]]: the Hon. Michael Sandys
* [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Marcus Henry Milner]], &quot;one of the zealous assistants of that well-known firm of stockbrokers, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;&quot;Metropolitan Notes.&quot; ''Nottingham Evening Post'' 31 July 1888, Tuesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 2a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/18880731/025/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Caroline, Duchess of Montrose — her &quot;legal advisor&quot; on the day of her marriage to Marcus Henry Milner&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Metropolitan Notes.&quot; ''Nottingham Evening Post'' 31 July 1888, Tuesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 1b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/18880731/025/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Wilfred Scawen Blunt
* Alexander Meyrick Broadley&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot;&gt;Broadley, Alexander Meyrick. ''How We Defended Arábi and His Friends, a Story of Egypt and the Egyptians''. London: Chapman and Hall, 1884. Google Books: [https://www.google.com/books/edition/How_We_Defended_Ar%C3%A1bi_and_His_Friends/75YRzFDvaO4C?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;bsq=Bourke https://www.google.com/books/edition/How_We_Defended_Ar%C3%A1bi_and_His_Friends/75YRzFDvaO4C].&lt;/ref&gt; (2) [Blunt, Broadley and Bourke were mutual friends; Blunt and Bourke were cousins.]
* &quot;Natty Rothschild,&quot; according to Blunt
* Brett, who was Hartington's secretary in the early 80s.&lt;ref&gt;Blunt, Wilfred Scawen. ''Gordon at Khartoum, Being a Personal Narrative of Events in Continuation of &quot;A Secret History of the English Occupation of Egypt''.&quot; London: Stephen Swift, 1911.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Guendoline Bourke ===

* Bridesmaids at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Wedding of Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Sloane Stanley|her wedding]]: Lady Florence Bourke, Miss Nora Bourke, Miss Edwards, and Miss Ewart
* Lord and Lady Alington, Belvedere House, Scarborough
* [[Social Victorians/People/William James|Evelyn James]] 

== Organizations ==

=== Guendoline Bourke ===

* Member, the Ladies Committee for the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Skating Club|Prince's Skating Club]], which also included [[Social Victorians/People/Princess Louise|Princess Louise]] (Duchess of Argyll), the [[Social Victorians/People/Portland|Duchess of Portland]], [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Lady Londonderry]], [[Social Victorians/People/Campbell|Lady Archibald Campbell]], [[Social Victorians/People/Ribblesdale|Lady Ribblesdale]], and [[Social Victorians/People/Asquith|Mrs. Asquith]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;&quot;What the 'World' Says.&quot; ''Northwich Guardian'' 01 November 1902, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Col. 8a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001975/19021101/134/0006. Print title: The ''Guardian'', p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt; (in 1902, at least)

=== Algernon Bourke ===
* [[Social Victorians/Schools#Eton|Eton]]
* Cambridge University, Trinity College, 1873, Michaelmas term&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;Cambridge University Alumni, 1261–1900. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Conservative Party
* 1879: Appointed a Poor Law Inspector in Ireland, Relief of Distress Act
* 1881: Partner, with 2 uncles, in Brunton, Bourke, and Co.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From Our London Correspondent.&quot; ''Manchester Courier'' 24 August 1881, Wednesday: 5 [of 8], Col. 4a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000206/18810824/030/0005. Print: ''Manchester Courier and Lancaster General Advertiser'', p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt; (one of the [[Social Victorians/British Aristocracy#Sons of Peers on the Stock Exchange|sons of peers on the Stock Exchange]])
* 1885: Office of the 7th Surrey Rifles Regiment&lt;ref&gt;&quot;7th Surrey Rifles.&quot; ''South London Press'' 08 August 1885, Saturday: 12 [of 16], Col. 4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18850808/165/0012. Print p. 12.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1886: Battersea Friendly Angling Society&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Battersea Friendly Angling Society.&quot; ''Fishing Gazette'' 17 April 1886, Saturday: 6 [of 20], Col. 2a [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002553/18860417/030/0006. Same print title, p. 218.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 27 February 1886: one of the Vice Presidents of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Bolingbroke Reading-Room and Institute|Bolingbroke Reading-Room and Institute]]
* Special Correspondent of The ''Times'' for the Zulu War, accompanying Lord Chelmsford
* Head, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys, &quot;that well-known firm of stockbrokers&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; ( – 1901 [at least])
* White's gentleman's club, St. James's,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-10-09|title=White's|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White's|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%27s.&lt;/ref&gt; Manager (1897)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Side Lights on Drinking.&quot; ''Waterford Standard'' 28 April 1897, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001678/18970428/053/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Willis's Rooms (described in 1895):&lt;blockquote&gt;... the Hon. Algernon Burke [sic], son of the 6th Earl of Mayo, has turned the place into a smart restaurant where choice dinners are served and eaten while a stringed band discourses music. Willis's Rooms are now the favourite dining place for ladies who have no club of their own, or for gentlemen who are debarred by rules from inviting ladies to one of their own clubs. The same gentleman runs a hotel in Brighton, and has promoted several clubs. He has a special faculty for organising places of the kind, without which such projects end in failure.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lenten Dullness.&quot; ''Cheltenham Looker-On'' 23 March 1895, Saturday: 11 [of 24], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000226/18950323/004/0011. Print p. 275.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
*The [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Pelican|Pelican Club]], known for its boxing (1891)

==== Boards of Directors ====
*1883: One of the directors, the Franco-English Tunisian Esparto Fibre Supply Company, Ltd.&lt;ref&gt;''Money Market Review'', 20 Jan 1883 (Vol 46): 124.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1891: One of the founders, the Discount Banking Company, Ltd., which says Algernon Bourke is a director of District Messenger Services and News Company, Ltd.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Public Company.&quot; ''Nottingham Journal'' 31 October 1891, Saturday: 4 [of 8], Col. 8a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001896/18911031/099/0004. Print title: ''The Nottingham Daily Express'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1894: One of the directors, the Frozen Lake, Ltd., with Admiral Maxse, Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Marcus Beresford]], [[Social Victorians/People/Williams|Hwfa Williams]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Frozen Lake, Limited.&quot; ''St James's Gazette'' 08 June 1894, Friday: 15 [of 16], Col. 4a [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001485/18940608/085/0015. Print p. 15.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;London is to have new amusement this winter, for which Mr Algernon Bourke, who has taught us that it is possible to eat as well in St. James’s as on the Boulevards, and Mr Hwfa Williams, of Sandown fame, are jointly responsible. The &quot;Frozen Lake,&quot; under which title a real ice-skating rink is about to be constructed under their auspices, will no doubt be gladly welcomed by all skaters, and the venture is likely to prove a success.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip.&quot; ''Weston-super-Mare Gazette, and General Advertiser'' 6 June 1894, Wednesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 4b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001444/18940606/044/0004. Print title: ''Weston-super-Mare Gazette'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== Committees ====

*Member, General Committee, [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Baths|the Baths Club]] (1892)
*Member, Men's Committee of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Skating Club|Prince's Skating Club]], which also included Lord Edward Cecil, Lord Redesdale, Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Lyttelton|Alfred Lyttelton]], Sir Edgar Vincent, Sir William Hart Dyke, and Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Grenfell|W. H. Grenfell]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; (1902, at least)
*[[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#25 March 1896, Wednesday|The Sala Memorial Fund]], member of the committee (from 25 March 1896)
* Member of an &quot;influential committee&quot; headed by the Lord Mayor &quot;to restore salmon to the Thames&quot; (June 1899)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Salmon in the Thames.&quot; ''Berks and Oxon Advertiser'' 30 June 1899, Friday: 5 [of 8], Col. 4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002298/18990630/079/0005. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Timeline ==

=== 1870s ===
'''1872 February 8''', Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo was assassinated while inspecting a &quot;convict settlement at Port Blair in the Andaman Islands ... by Sher Ali Afridi, a former Afghan soldier.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-12-01|title=Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo.&lt;/ref&gt; The Hon. Algernon's brother Dermot became the 7th Earl at 19 years old.

'''1876 November 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was one of 6 men (2 students, one of whom was Bourke; 2 doctors; a tutor and another man) from Cambridge who gave evidence as witnesses in an inquest about the death of a student falling off a horse.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Fatal Accident to a Sheffield Student at Cambridge.&quot; ''Sheffield Independent'' 25 November 1876, Saturday: 7 [of 12], Col. 5a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000181/18761125/040/0007. Print title: ''Sheffield and Rotherham Independent'', n. p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1879 December 27, Saturday – 29, Monday''', Algernon Bourke was in Kilrush as a Local Government Board Inspector:&lt;blockquote&gt;Among many distinguished visitors at the Vandeleur Arms Hotel, Kilrush this week was the Hon. Algernon Bourke Local Government Board Inspector who arrived on Saturday, and sojourned there until 2 o'clock on Monday, when the honourable gentleman left by Steamer tor Limerick.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Fashionable Intelligence.&quot; ''Kilrush Herald and Kilkee Gazette'' 01 January 1880, Thursday: 2 [of 5], Col. 3a [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003186/18800101/011/0002. Print title ''Kilrush Herald'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 1880s ===
'''4 February 1880, Wednesday''', Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880#Grand Ball at Palmerstown House Hosted by the Earl of Mayo|grand ball at Palmerstown House hosted by the Earl of Mayo]]. 

'''1880 March 30, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was working in the judicial system in Newcastle, County Limerick, possibly as Poorhouse Inspector:&lt;blockquote&gt;A sworn enquiry was held to-day at the Workhorse, Newcastle West, by the Hon Algernon Bourke, L.G.I., to enquire into charges preferred by Dr. Pierce, Medical Office, against Dr. O'Shaughnesay. The enquiry was adjourned till Thursday next. Mr Moran, sol., Rathkeale, was engaged for Dr. O'Shaughnessy.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Sworn Enquiry.&quot; &quot;Limerick County. Newcastle West Intelligence.&quot; ''Bassett's Chronicle'' 31 March 1880, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 3b–c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003471/18800331/044/0003.  Print title ''Bassett's Daily Chronicle'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1880 April 17, Saturday''', in-jokes dominate this report mentioning Algernon Bourke in the context of the Kildare and National Hunt races in Dublin:&lt;blockquote&gt;And in mopy Upper Mount-street, where young Algernon Bourke, of the Onety-oneth, had promised to call for, and afterwards spin down to the races in his mail phaeton, the Blake girls; and in fastidious Fitzwilliam-place, and exclusive &quot;Murryan-squeer,&quot; from which dashing army men, in their neatly-appointed, well horsed drags were to &quot;tool&quot; down sweet young Dublin lasses of the ''crême d la crême'' [sic], many an anxious forecasting of the weather was taken, lest by an unpropitious shower that last triumph of Mrs. Manning, or the Forrests, or Miss Sedford, or any of the ''grandes dames de la mode'' should be rendered as worthless as a Confederate &quot;greenback.&quot; But by ten o'clock all doubts were happily set aside, and up struck the lovely April day in all its spring-time glory and then the road, oh, the road!&lt;ref&gt;&quot;To Punchestown and Back by the Old Road.&quot; ''Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News'' 17 April 1880, Saturday: 6 [of 24], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001857/18800417/013/0006. Same print title, p. 102.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1881 May 10, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#1881 May 10, Tuesday|wedding of Marion Lascelles, eldest daughter of the Hon. Egremont W. Lascelles, brother of the Earl of Harewood, and Lieutenant Henry Dent Brocklehurst, of the Second Life Guards, nephew of Mr. Philip Brocklehurst, of Swithamley Park, Macclesfield]]. His gift was an &quot;old enamelled watch set in pearls.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Nuptial Rejoicings at Middlethorpe Manor. Marriage of Miss Lascelles and Lieut. Brocklehurst.&quot; ''Yorkshire Gazette'' 14 May 1881, Saturday: 9 [of 12], Cols. 3a–4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive''https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000266/18810514/057/0009. Print same title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1881 May 23, Monday, 2:00 p.m.''', Algernon Bourke is listed among the Honourables at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace|Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace]].

'''1881 July 14, Thursday afternoon, beginning about 2 p.m.''', Algernon Bourke was invited to a Garden Party at Marlborough House hosted by [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]]. Members of the family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] were also among the 1,500 or so invited guests.

'''1881 July 22, Friday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to an [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#22 July 1881, Friday|evening party at Marlborough House hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales]].

'''1881 September 17, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was reported among the company at Doncaster during race week.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;List of the Company.&quot; ''York Herald'' 17 September 1881, Saturday: 8 [of 16], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000499/18810917/183/0008. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1881 November 22, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was sued in Dublin by Henry Naylor because he &quot;had declined to pay&quot; for a £35 piano.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Henry Naylor v. the Hon. Algernon Bourke.&quot; &quot;Exchequer Division.&quot; &quot;High Court of Justice.&quot; ''Belfast Morning News'' 23 November 1881, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 8a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000428/18811123/015/0003. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1881 December 8, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke was part of a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#Battue at Palmerstown|battue at Palmerstown]], when the group bagged 172 pheasants, hares and rabbits.

'''1882 March 7, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882#7 March 1882, Tuesday|fashionable wedding of Reginald Chandos-Pole and Violet Denison]].

'''1882 March 15, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882#The Marchioness of Salisbury's Assembly|the Marchioness of Salisbury's first reception of the season]].

'''1882 July 13, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to the [[Social Victorians/1882-07-13 Marlborough House Garden Party|Garden Party at Marlborough House for Queen Victoria]] hosted by [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]]. The more than 1,000 people invited also included a number of people from the family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]].

'''1882 September 19''', Alexander M. Broadley in Tunis received a letter from Algernon Bourke asking him to provide legal counsel to defend prisoner-of war Arábi in Egypt, with Wilfred Scawen Blunt, which he did.&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot; /&gt; (2)

'''1882 September 28, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882#The Wedding of John M'Donald and Georgiana Lambart|wedding of John M'Donald and Georgiana Lambart]].

'''1883 March 21, Wednesday''', the Evening Irish Times announced that Algernon Bourke &quot;has arrived at Kingstown from England.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Fashion.&quot; ''Evening Irish Times'' 21 March 1883, Wednesday: 7 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003464/18830321/086/0007. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''23 July 1883, Monday, noon''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1883#Garden Party at Marlborough House, at Noon|garden party at Marlborough House]] hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales.

'''31 October 1883, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the wedding of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1883#Wedding of Lady Cecelia Hay and Captain George Webbe|Lady Cecelia Hay and Captain George Webbe]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 February 16, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#16 February 1884, Saturday|the funeral of Thomas Chenery, editor of the ''Times'']].

'''1884 April 4, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was (may have been?) one of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#5 April 1884, Saturday|&quot;Supporters of the Pall&quot; at the funeral]] of [[Social Victorians/People/Leopold|Prince Leopold George Duncan Albert, Duke of Albany]] at St. George's, Windsor.

'''1884 April 26, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#26 April 1884, Saturday|dinner party at the Lord Mayor's Mansion House for conservatives to meet Sir Stafford Northcote]].

'''1884 May 3, Saturday''', the &quot;Rochester Conservatives&quot; announced that they would &quot;bring forward the Hon. Algernon Bourke, brother of Lord Mayo, as their second candidate,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Election Intelligence.&quot; ''Yorkshire Gazette'' 03 May 1884, Saturday: 4 [of 12], Col. 6a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000266/18840503/011/0004.&lt;/ref&gt; but because he would not be the first candidate, Bourke declined.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rochester.&quot; London ''Daily Chronicle'' 09 May 1884, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 8b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005049/18840509/049/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1884 June 18, Wednesday''', Mr. Algernon Bourke was on a committee to watch a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#18 June 1884, Wednesday|Mr. Bishop's &quot;thought-reading&quot; experiment]], which was based on a challenge by Henry Labourchere made the year before. This &quot;experiment&quot; took place before a fashionable audience.

'''1884 July 25, Friday, afternoon''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#Garden Party at Marlborough House hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales|Garden Party at Marlborough House hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales]].

'''1885 January 22, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke's gift to [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#Wedding of George Buckle and Alicia Payn|George Buckle and Alicia Payn for their wedding]] was an antique cabinet.

'''1885 July 7, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#7 July 1885, Tuesday|Eva Bourke's wedding to Windham Wyndham-Quin]] at St. Mary Abbots, Kensington.

'''1885 July 13, Monday''', Algernon Bouurke was at Victoria Station as part of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#Arrival of Lord Wolseley in London from Egypt|crowd greeting Lord Wolseley on his return from Egypt]].

'''1885 July 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/1885-07-24 Marlborough House Ball|ball at Marlborough House]] hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales.

'''1885 September 26, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke took part in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#26 September 1885, Saturday|Ealing Conservative Club fete and meeting]] supporting Salisbury's government and condemning &quot;the dictates of one man&quot; — Gladstone — for Gordon's death.

'''1885 October 3, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was named as the Conservative candidate for Clapham in the Battersea and Clapham borough after the Redistribution Bill determined the electoral districts for South London.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;South London Candidates.&quot; ''South London Press'' 03 October 1885, Saturday: 9 [of 16], Col. 5b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18851003/096/0009. Print p. 9.&lt;/ref&gt; On Sunday 15 November 1885 the London ''Weekly Dispatch'' supported Moulton, the Liberal candidate, who ultimately won the election:&lt;blockquote&gt;

Though a successful lawyer, Mr. Moulton is much more than that. He is a thorough and independent student of political science, who may be trusted to do good service to the Liberal cause with brain as well as with tongue. It will be matter for hearty congratulation if he defeats the Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke, who is a dashing and unscrupulous young Tory, and a nephew of the well-known politician with the same surname.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Political Campaign in London. VI. — The South-West Divisions.&quot; ''Weekly Dispatch'' (London) 15 November 1885, Sunday: 9 [of 16], Col. 3c [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003358/18851115/069/0009. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

On Saturday 21 November 1885 the ''South London Press'' reported on posters for Bourke's candidacy:&lt;blockquote&gt;

The Hon. Algernon Bourke, Conservative candidate for Clapham, has a very industrious billsticker, who pastes up his patron’s bills in every possible place where they can be seen to advantage. It is unfortunate, however, that choosing the flank wall of an auctioneer’s the modern &quot;Sam Slap&quot; has produced some curious combinations, such as — &quot;Vote for Bourke,&quot; &quot;Now on View;&quot; &quot;Electors of Clapham, Vote for Mr. Bourke, and&quot; &quot;Be Sold Without Reserve;&quot; &quot;Mr, Bourke will&quot; &quot;Advance Money to&quot; &quot;the Electors of Clapham;&quot; &quot;Great Conservative Meeting. The British Constitution will be&quot; &quot;Offered for Sale this Evening,&quot; &amp;c.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pick-up Notes.&quot; ''South London Press'' 21 November 1885, Saturday: 10 [of 16], Col. 1b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18851121/155/0010. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1885 November 3, Tuesday, 11:00 a.m.''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Mayo-Ponsonby Wedding 1885-11-03|wedding of his brother, Dermot, 7th  Earl of Mayo and Geraldine Ponsonby]]. He gave them 2 Sheraton secretaires.

'''1886 January 5, Tuesday, late''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Twelfth Night|Twelfth Night celebration at the Drury Lane theatre]].

'''1886 March 13, Saturday evening''', an Hon. Mr. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/1886-03-13 Reception at the French Embassy|reception at the French Embassy]], possibly Algernon Bourke or possibly [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|one of his brothers]].

'''1886 July 10, Saturday''', Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Garden Party at Marlborough House Given to the Queen|garden party at Marlborough House given to the Queen]]. Guendoline Sloane Stanley is not mentioned but Mr. and Mrs. Hans Sloane Stanley are, as are Mr. and Mrs. F. Sloane Stanley.&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 July 21, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to the [[Social Victorians/1886-07-21 Marlborough House Ball|Ball at Marlborough House]], as were a [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#The Sloane-Stanleys 2|Mr. and Mrs. F. Sloane-Stanley]], possibly the parents of Guendoline Sloane-Stanley (if the &quot;F&quot; is a mistake), who married Bourke on 15 December 1887. Guendoline is not mentioned as having been invited.

'''1886 July 27, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended a service honoring a memorial at St. Paul's for his father, who had been assassinated.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Memorial to the Late Earl of Mayo.&quot; ''Northern Whig'' 28 July 1886, Wednesday: 6 [of 8], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000434/18860728/143/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1886 September 2, Thursday''', Mr. Algernon Bourke was part of a group of mostly aristocratic men taking part in [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Augustus Harris's A Run of Luck|a &quot;trial-rehearsal&quot; as part of Augustus Harris's production]] ''A Run of Luck'', about sports.

'''1886 October 2, Saturday''', the Duke of Beaufort and the Hon. Algernon Bourke arrived in Yougal: &quot;His grace has taken a residence at Lismore for a few weeks, to enjoy some salmon fishing on the Blackwater before the close of the season.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Chippenham.&quot; ''Wilts and Gloucestershire Standard'' 02 October 1886, Saturday: 8 [of 8], Col. 6a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001955/18861002/142/0008. Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1886 October 11, Monday''', Algernon Bourke may have been taking part in a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Performance of Run of Luck|performance of ''Run of Luck'' at the Drury Lane]].

'''1886 October 23, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Party at Wemyss Castle, Fife|staying at Wemyss Castle, Fife]].

'''1886 December 30, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke was back in London and attending the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Augustus Harris's The Forty Thieves|&quot;Forty Thieves&quot; pantomime at the Drury Lane Theatre]].

'''1887 January 5, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was one of the chief mourners at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Funeral of Lady Margaret Harriett Bourke|funeral of Lady Margaret Harriett Bourke]].

'''1887 March 1, 2:00 p.m.''', Algernon Bourke is listed among the Messieurs attending the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace|Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1887 May''', a &quot;signalling incident&quot; in 1907 [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#May 1887|caused the Waterford ''Evening News'' to recall a similar event]] that had occurred 20 years earlier, in which Algernon Bourke, as special correspondent for the ''Times'', caused the incident to be publicized:&lt;blockquote&gt;During the manoeuvres in connection with the 1887 Jubilee of Queen Victoria a signal was observed going up from [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles [Beresford]]]'s ship. It was a message to his wife, Lady Beresford, to the effect that, as he should be late for dinner, she was not to wait. Beyond the hilarity this domestic signal evoked, nothing more would have been heard of it, but Mr. Algernon Bourke (Lord Mayo's brother) was acting as special correspondent for the &quot;Times,&quot; and that paper the next morning contained a full and humorous report of the incident. Then there was trouble.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Signalling Incident.&quot; ''Evening News'' (Waterford) 13 November 1907, Wednesday: 1 [of 4], Col. 6c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004557/19071113/021/0001.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1887 June 15, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians Foreign Office Reception 1887-06-15|reception at the Foreign Office in honor of Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee]].

'''1887 July 6, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to and, presumably, attended the State Ball at Buckingham Palace.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The State Ball at Buckingham Palace.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 08 July 1887, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 5a–6c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18870708/013/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 1c)

'''1887 August 6, Saturday''', the ''Brighton Gazette'' says that the &quot;Hon. Mrs and Mr Algernon Bourke&quot; were staying at the Royal Crescent Hotel in Brighton, but they didn't marry until 15 December 1887.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Royal Crescent Hotel.&quot; ''Brighton Gazette'' 6 August 1887, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 5c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000938/18870806/047/0003. Print title ''Brighton Gazette and Sussex Telegraph'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt; Perhaps an elder relative, because she is mentioned first?

'''1887 November 9, Wednesday''', the ''Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper'' announced that&lt;blockquote&gt;A marriage is arranged, and will take place early in January, between Mr. Algernon Bourke, third son of the late Earl of Mayo, and Miss Guendolen Sloane Stanley, only daughter of Mr. Hans Sloane Stanley, of Paultons.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Romsey, Nov. 9.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 9 November 1887, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18871109/034/0003. Print title ''Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Shortly after, the papers announced that the wedding would not take place.

'''1887 December 15, Thursday''', Hon. [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Wedding of Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Sloane Stanley|Algernon Bourke and Guendoline Stanley were married at St. Paul's]], Knightsbridge, by Bourke's uncle the Hon. and Rev. George Bourke. Only family members attended because of &quot;the recent death of a near relative of the bride.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court Circular.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 16 December 1887, Friday: 5 [of 8], Col. 7c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18871216/066/0005.&lt;/ref&gt; Who the &quot;near relative of the bride&quot; was not in her nuclear family, and perhaps that explains the cancellation of the wedding and then the changing of the wedding date and not some problem in the couple.

'''1888 – 1899 January 1''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was &quot;proprietor&quot; of [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#White's|White's Club, St. James's Street]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;&quot;The Hon. Algernon Bourke's Affairs.&quot; ''Eastern Morning News'' 19 October 1899, Thursday: 6 [of 8], Col. 7c [of7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001152/18991019/139/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1888 January 21, Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the wedding of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#Hamilton-Ewart Wedding|Florence Ewart and Henry Hamilton]].

'''1888 March 7, Wednesday''', assuming that this date is not a week after the actual date, [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lady Charles Beresford]] held a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#1888 March 7, Wednesday|notable and well-attended &quot;at home&quot;]] that Guendoline Bourke attended, reported for being dressed in white and being among the beautiful women present.

'''6 April 1888, Friday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#6 April 1888, Friday|New Forest United Hunt ball at the New Forest Hall, Lyndhurst]].

'''1888 May 2, Wednesday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#The Marchioness of Salisbury's Reception|Marchioness of Salisbury's reception]] at the Salisbury home on Arlington-street.

'''1888 May 22, Tuesday''', the Dowager Countess of Mayo presented Guendoline Bourke at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#Queen's Drawing Room|Queen's drawing-room]] hosted by the Princess of Wales. This is Guendoline Bourke's dress:&lt;blockquote&gt;Empire robe de cour of white satin duchesse, lined with rich pink silk, sufficiently bright to give a beautiful shell-like tint through the satin; tulle underdress, with upper skirt, embroidered with pearl, and caught up in Greek folds with large pink Tosca roses; white satin bodice, with Josephine pink sash tied at side, Headdress, veil and plumes; ornaments, diamonds.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Dresses at the Drawing-Room.&quot; ''Epsom Journal'' 22 May 1888, Tuesday: 3 [of 6], Col. 5b–c [of 6]. ''British Newspapers Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004837/18880522/034/0003. Print: title ''Local Journal'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Another description:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke's train was of white satin lined with pink, which showed through with charmingly shell-like effect. The dress, fashioned after those of the Empire period, was of white satin embroidered with pearls. A very broad sash of pink satin made the waist seem quaintly short, a trying thing to any but the young and tall, both of which qualifications Mrs. Bourke most happily possesses. She carried a lovely posy of La France roses.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Gossip on Dress.&quot; ''Boston Spa News'' 25 May 1888, Friday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1b–2b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003395/18880525/014/0002. Print title The News, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 1c)&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1888 June 8, Friday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#Dinner and Dance Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne at Hamilton House|dinner and dance Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne at Hamilton House]] featuring Prince and Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein, and for the ball, the King of Sweden and Norway and the Prince and Princess of Wales and their daughters were present.

'''1888 June 19, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke was one of the principal guests at the wedding of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#19 June 1888, Tuesday|Captain Philip Green and Miss Mabel Emilie Scott]].

'''1888 July 26''', [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Caroline Graham Stirling-Crawford]] (known as Mr. Manton for her horse-breeding and -racing operations) and Marcus Henry Milner married.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;&quot;Hon. Caroline Agnes Horsley-Beresford.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://thepeerage.com/p6863.htm#i68622|title=Person Page|website=thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the ''Nottingham Evening Post'' of 31 July 1888,&lt;blockquote&gt;LONDON GOSSIP.

(From the ''World''.)

The marriage of &quot;Mr. Manton&quot; was the surprise as well the sensation of last week. Although some wise people noticed a certain amount of youthful ardour in the attentions paid by Mr. Marcus Henry Milner to Caroline Duchess of Montrose at '''Mrs. Oppenheim's ball''', nobody was prepared for the sudden ''dénouement''; '''and it''' were not for the accidental and unseen presence [[Social Victorians/People/Mildmay|a well-known musical amateur]] who had received permission to practice on the organ, the ceremony performed at half-past nine on Thursday morning at St. Andrew's, Fulham, by the Rev. Mr. Propert, would possibly have remained a secret for some time to come. Although the evergreen Duchess attains this year the limit of age prescribed the Psalmist, the bridegroom was only born in 1864. Mr. &quot;Harry&quot; Milner (familiarly known in the City as &quot;Millions&quot;) was one of the zealous assistants of that well-known firm of stockbrokers, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys, and Mr. Algernon Bourke, the head of the house (who, of course, takes a fatherly interest in the match) went down to Fulham to give away the Duchess. The ceremony was followed by a ''partie carrée'' luncheon at the Bristol, and the honeymoon began with a visit to the Jockey Club box at Sandown. Mr. Milner and the Duchess of Montrose have now gone to Newmarket. The marriage causes a curious reshuffling of the cards of affinity. Mr. Milner is now the stepfather of the [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Duke of Montrose]], his senior by twelve years; he is also the father-in-law of [[Social Victorians/People/Lady Violet Greville|Lord Greville]], Mr. Murray of Polnaise, and [[Social Victorians/People/Breadalbane|Lord Breadalbane]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1888 December 1st week''', according to &quot;Society Gossip&quot; from the ''World'', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was suffering from malaria, presumably which he caught when he was in South Africa:&lt;blockquote&gt;I am sorry to hear that Mr. Algernon Bourke, who married Miss Sloane-Stanley a short time ago, has been very dangerously ill. Certain complications followed an attack of malarian fever, and last week his mother, the Dowager Lady Mayo, and his brother, Lord Mayo, were hastily summoned to Brighton. Since then a change for the better has taken place, and he is now out of danger.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip. What the ''World'' Says.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 08 December 1888, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18881208/037/0002. Print title: ''The Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper''; print p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1888 December 20, Thursday''', the Sloane-Stanley family, including Guendoline Bourke, attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#20 December 1888, Thursday|funeral of Hans Sloane Stanley]]. Algernon Bourke did not attend because he was still too ill.

'''1889 January 22, 2:30 p.m., Tuesday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke sent a gift for the [[Social Victorians/Cecil Lambton Wedding 1889 January 22|wedding of Lady Eleanor Lambton and Lord Robert]] Cecil, a pair of antique mirrors.

'''1889 May 18, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#18 May 1889, Saturday|opening of the Italian Opera season at Covent Garden]].

'''1889 May 27, Monday, 11 p.m.''', the dancing commenced at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#The Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace|the Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace]], with both the Hon. Algernon and the Hon. Guendoline Bourke present.

'''1889 June 8, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke contributed some art he owned to the collection of the Royal Institute of Painters in Water-Colours' [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#8 June 1889, Saturday|exhibition of &quot;the works of the 'English Humourists in Art.'&quot;]]

'''1889 July 2, Tuesday''', Guendoline and Algernon Bourke sat in the Muriettas' box at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#The Shah at a Covent Garden Opera Performance|gala performance at Covent Garden also attended by the Prince and Princess of Wales, a number of other royals and the Shah]].

'''1889 27 July, Saturday''', Guendoline and Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#Garden Party Hosted by Mr. and Mrs. Augustus Harris|garden party hosted by Mr. and Mrs. Augustus Harris]], which was attended by a people from the theatre and arts worlds.

'''1889 August 15''', Thursday, because of mourning on both sides, only the closest friends and family were invited to the [[Social Victorians/Pleydell-Bouverie Skelmersdale Wedding|wedding of Lady Wilma Pleydell-Bouverie and Lord Skelmersdale]], so she may not have attended, but the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave the bride a miniature silver kettle.&lt;p&gt;

'''1889 December 2, Monday''', Guendoline Bourk's mother, Emilie Sloane-Stanley, married James Shelly Bontein:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

BONTEIN—STANLEY — December 2, at St. George's, Hanover Square, London, by the Rev. G. S. de Sansmarez, James Shelly, only son of the late James Bontein, Gentleman Usher and Clerk of the Robes to the Queen, to Emilie Josephine, widow of Hans Sloane Stanley, of Paultons.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1889 December 17, Tuesday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke gave a gift to [[Dangan-Neville Wedding|Lady Violet Nevill for her wedding to Henry Wellesley, Viscount Dangan]] and so were probably in attendance.

=== 1890s ===
'''1890 January 9, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#The York Hunt Ball|fancy-dress Hunt Ball in York]]. She&lt;blockquote&gt;looked a picture in a Gainsborough gown. The white satin skirt was flounced with sable and veiled with ''chiffon'', the setuage of which was left to show without being hemmed up. There was a broad sash of rose-pink silk and each buttonhole was filled round with crimped lisse.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Our London Letter.&quot; ''Irish Society'' (Dublin) 11 January 1890, Saturday: 17 [of 24], Col. 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001939/18900111/042/0017. Same print title, p. 29.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1890 February''' '''12, Wednesday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Lady Constance Leslie's Reception|Lady Constance Leslie's reception]] at her house in Stratford-place.

'''1890 April 9, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#The New Forest United Hunt Ball|the New Forest United Hunt Ball]].

'''1890 June 3, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the 2:30 p.m. [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Münster-Hay Wedding|wedding of Count Alexander Münster and Lady Muriel Henrietta Constance Hay]]. She is also listed as having attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Dinner and Concert Hosted by Mrs. Arthur Williams and Ball by Mrs. Menzies|ball hosted by Mrs. J. Menzies (daughter of Mrs. Arthur Wilson)]] that Prince Eddie, the Duke of Clarence and Avondale, also attended, that night.  

'''1890 July 4, Friday, 11 p.m.''', the Hon. Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#The Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace|the Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace]]. The dancing commenced shortly after 11:00. 

'''1890 July 15, Tuesday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke were invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Garden Party at Marlborough House to Meet the Queen|garden party at Marlborough House to meet the Queen]]. 

'''1890 July 19, Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Wedding of James Francis Harry St. Clair-Erskine and Violet Aline Vyner|wedding of James Francis Harry St. Clair-Erskine and Violet Aline Vyner]], the two of them giving &quot;four small silver dessert dishes&quot; and Guendoline giving an &quot;enamel and diamond pin.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marriage of Lord Loughborough with Miss Vyner.&quot; ''Fife Free Press'' 26 July 1890, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1a–2b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001110/18900726/015/0002. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 2b)

'''1890 July 24, Thursday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Dinner and Dance Hosted by Lord Alington|dance hosted by Lord Alington]] attended also by the Prince and Princess of Wales and Princesses Victoria and Maud.

'''1890 September 6, Saturday''', the ''Country Gentleman'' (as it was called at the time) reported that &quot;Muckross, the only deer forest in Ireland, it may be said, has this year been rented by Mr. Algernon Bourke, who will next week be joined there for the stalking season by his brother, Lord Mayo.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Shooting. Moors, Forests, and Fishings.&quot; ''Sporting Gazette'' 06 September 1890, Saturday: 11 [of 38], Col. 1c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002525/18900906/065/0011. Print: ''Country Gentleman'', p. 1251.&lt;/ref&gt; On 11 October 1890 the ''St. James's Gazette'' says,&lt;blockquote&gt;The Earl of Durham has been staying at Muchross, county Kerry, on a visit to the Hon. A. Bourke, who has rented the celebrated shootings and fishings on that estate for the autumn.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Society.&quot; ''St James's Gazette'' 11 October 1890, Saturday: 12 [of 16], Col. 1b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001485/18901011/064/0012. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1890 October 25, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke gave a gold-mounted box to [[Social Victorians/Loder De Vere Beauclerk Wedding|Lady Louise De Vere Beauclerk on her wedding to Gerald Loder, M.P.]], so they were probably present at the wedding, or at least the reception. Mrs. Bontein [sic Bontine], Guendoline's mother, gave a silver box, suggesting the relationship was through the women.

'''1890 November 29, 11:30 Saturday morning''', Algernon Bourke's gift for the [[Social Victorians/Dudley-Beckwith Wedding 1890-11-29|wedding of the Hon. Francis Dudley and Miss Forbes Beckwith]] was some cases of a Bordeaux wine: &quot;three dozen Cantenac, 1875 vintage.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marriage of Lord Leigh's Heir. Descriptive Sketch of the Ceremony, and Full List of Guests and Presents.&quot; ''Leamington Spa Courier'' 6 December 1890, Saturday: 6 [of 10], Cols. 1a–4a. ''British Newspaper Archive''  https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000319/18901206/021/0006. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 3b}} Guendoline Bourke is not listed as having been invited to the reception, but this list from the ''Leamington Spa Courier'' has some gaps.

'''1890 December 4, Thursday''', Guendoline and Algernon Bourke attended the [[Mure-Portal Wedding 1890-12-04|wedding of Miss Mure and Mr. S. J. Portal]]. Their gift is not recorded.

'''1891 January''', Algernon Bourke took party in a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Shooting Party in Kallarnet, Totton|shooting party in Kallarnet, Totton]].

'''1891 June 24, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Dinner and Ball Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne|dinner and ball Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne]] featuring Princess Mary Adelaide, the Duke of Teck, and Princess Victoria.

'''1891 July 9, Thursday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were invited to a [[Social Victorians/1891-07-09 Garden Party|large Garden Party at Marlborough House]] hosted by the [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]] in honor of Queen Victoria and the German Emperor and Empress. The more than 3,000 people invited also included a number of people from the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|family of the Earl of Mayo]].

'''1891 July 22, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Dinner and Dance at Alington House|dance at the Earl and Countess Alington]]'s that also included the Prince and Princess of Wales.

'''1891 October 22, Thursday''', Hon. and Mrs. Bourke attended at least the reception of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Le Strange Astley Wedding|Le Strange—Astley Wedding]], although perhaps the couple is not the Algernon Bourkes.

'''1891 November 22, Sunday''', the London ''Weekly Dispatch'' reports a performance by American &quot;Lady Magnet&quot; Mrs. Abbott, who claimed to be able to lift anybody using only her magnetic properties. An enthusiastic &quot;committee of some fifteen gentlemen presented a written and signed testimonial&quot; supporting Mrs. Abbott, &quot;the Hon. Algernon Bourke, Professor Atkinson, Dr. Hides, and three other doctors who prefer to remain incog., being among the signatories. All the medical gentlemen concerned assured the ''Evening News and Post'' reporter of their complete and unconditional surrender. One of them went so far as to say that he had come with the full determination of disbelieving, but had been quite able to act up to his resolve.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Lady Magnet. Draws Crowds of People Who Divide in Opinion about Her.&quot; ''Weekly Dispatch'' (London) 22 November 1891, Sunday: 16 [of 16], Cols. 3a–4b [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003358/18911122/203/0016. Print: same title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1892''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke privately published his ''The History of White's'', the exclusive gentleman's club.

'''1892 January 27, Saturday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the very fashionable [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892#The Wedding of Lord Henry Cavendish Bentinck, M.P., and Lady Olivia Taylour|wedding of Lord Henry Cavendish Bentinck, M.P., and Lady Olivia Taylour]]. Their gift was not noted in the list.

'''1892 February''' '''10, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1892-02-10 Alington Leigh Wedding|very fashionable wedding of Henry, Lord Alington and Evelyn Henriette Leigh]] [[Social Victorians/1892-02-10 Alington Leigh Wedding|in St. Paul's, Knightsbridge]]

'''1892 April''' '''10, Wednesday, about 2:30 p.m.''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/1892-02-10 Alington Leigh Wedding|the very fashionable wedding between Henry Sturt, Lord Alington and Evelyn Leigh]]. Her gift was a &quot;tortoiseshell and gold heart-shaped tray.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;&quot;Lord Alington to Miss Leigh.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 20 February 1892, Saturday: 21 [of 46], Cols. 1a–3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18920220/092/0021. Same print title, p. 237.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 3a) 

'''1892 June 25, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird&quot; says &quot;That pretty Mrs. Algernon Bourke has been staying here, but returned to England in time for Ascot.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Little Bird, The. &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 25 June 1892, Saturday: 32 [of 60], Col. 3b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18920625/157/0032. Same print title, p. 860.&lt;/ref&gt; 

'''1892 December 13, Tuesday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' says Guendoline Bourke is lovely in its coverage of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892#Wedding of Miss Eleanor M. Ewart and Captain Guy Withington|Eleanor M. Ewart and Captain Guy Withington's wedding]]. 

'''1892 December 22, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892#22 December 1892, Thursday|monthly meeting of the Zoological Society in Hanover-square]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 February 11, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke opened Willis's Restaurant:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Algernon Bourke has in his time done many things, and has generally done them well. His recently published history of White's Club is now a standard work. White's Club itself was a few years ago in its agony when Mr. Bourke stepped in and gave it a renewed lease of life. Under Mr. Bourke's auspices &quot;Willis's Restaurant&quot; opened its doors to the public on Tuesday last in a portion of the premises formerly so well known as Willis's Rooms. This new venture is to rival the Amphitryon in the matter of cuisine and wines; but it is not, like the Amphitryon, a club, but open to the public generally. Besides the restaurant proper, there are several ''cabinets particuliers'', and these are decorated with the very best of taste, and contain some fine portraits of the Georges.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marmaduke.&quot; &quot;Letter from the Linkman.&quot; ''Truth'' 20 April 1893, Thursday: 25 [of 56], Col. 1a [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18930420/075/0025# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18930420/075/0025]. Print p. 855.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1893 February 7, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#1893 February 7, Tuesday|the reception after Lady Emily Cadogan's wedding]].

'''1893 February 20, Monday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke is listed as having attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace|Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace]] held by the Prince of Wales; because wives generally are not listed, it seems likely Guendoline Bourke attended as well.

'''1893 February 28, Tuesday, 3:00 p.m.''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Queens Drawing Room 1893-02-28|Queen's Drawing Room at Buckingham Palace]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 March 22, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#22 March 1893, Wednesday|Lady Wimborne's reception]].

'''1893 April 1, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke published a letter to the editor of the ''Times'', reprinted in the ''Kildare Observer'', arguing against Gladstone's Home Rule bill on the grounds that Ireland would not be able to take out a loan on its own behalf because of its obligations to the U.K., including what was called its share of the national debt.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Irish Unionist Alliance.&quot; ''Kildare Observer and Eastern Counties Advertiser'' 01 April 1893, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001870/18930401/062/0006. Print: The ''Kildare Observer'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1893 May 13, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was seen at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#13 May 1893, Saturday|exhibitions of art and furniture for sale by Christie's and on display by Lord Clifden]].

'''1893 July 13, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#The Countess of Listowel's Garden Party|Countess of Listowel's Garden Party]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#The Countess of Listowel's Garden Party|at her residence, Kingston House, Princes-gate]], accompanied by Miss Adeane.

'''1893 July 14, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Sandown Races 1893-07-14|the races at Sandown]] wearing a dark-blue-and-white outfit and black hat that got described in the newspaper.

'''1893 August 1, Tuesday – August 4, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke, at least, was at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#1 August 1893, Tuesday – 4 August 1893, Friday|the Goodwood races]], mentioned in the ''Gentlewoman'' for her beauty, although none of the dresses were noted.

'''1893 November 4–11, Wednesday–Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke was at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#Ralph and Mary Sneyd Hosted a Shooting Party|shooting party at Keele Hall hosted by Ralph and Mary Sneyd]].

'''1893 November 30, Thursday''', with Sir Walter Gilbey the Hon. Algernon Bourke &quot;assisted&quot; in &quot;forming [a] collection&quot; of engravings by George Morland that was exhibited at Messrs. J. and W. Vokins’s, Great Portland-street.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The George Morland Exhibition at Vokins's.&quot; ''Sporting Life'' 30 November 1893, Thursday: 4 [of 4], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000893/18931130/058/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1893 December 14, Thursday, afternoon''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1893-12-14 Wedding Adele Grant and George, 7th Earl of Essex|wedding of American Adele Grant and George, 7th Earl of Essex]] and gave a &quot;pearl and gold box.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;&quot;Wedding of the Earl of Essex.&quot; ''Herts Advertiser'' 16 December 1893, Saturday; 8 [of 8], Col. 1a–4b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000415/18931216/125/0008. Print title: ''The Herts Advertiser and St Albans Times'', p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 3c}} Mr. and Mrs. Shelley Bontein also attended, and Mrs. Bontein gave a &quot;green leather bag and purse, with coronet and monogram in gold.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;{{rp|3b}}

'''1894 January 27, Saturday''', Psyche in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; in the ''Gentlewoman'' reported on a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#27 January 1894, Saturday|ball hosted by Lord and Lady Dunraven at Adare Manor]] that Guendoline Bourke attended.

'''1894 January 31, Wednesday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke, who was dressed more stylishly than most, attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Also 31 January 1894, Wednesday|Kildare Hunt Ball]] hosted by Dermot, [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] and Geraldine, Countess of Mayo.

'''1894 February 24, Saturday''', ''The Field'' reported on a series of tennis matches; Algernon Bourke attended the one played at the Prince's Club.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Tennis.&quot; ''Field'' 24 February 1894, Saturday: 39 [of 72], Col. 1c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002446/18940224/349/0039. Print title ''The Field, The Country Gentleman's Newspaper'', p. 249.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1894 March 31, Saturday''', Psyche, in the &quot;Social Peepshow&quot; column in the ''Gentlewoman'', says that &quot;Mr. Algernon Bourke has still further embellished Willis's restaurant hard by [the St. James's Theatre], by the addition of some valuable old tapestry that lately came to the hammer at Christie's.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 31 March 1894, Saturday: 16 [of 56], Col. 2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18940331/081/0016. Same print title, p. 408.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1894 April 13, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke set sail on the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#P. and O. Line S.S. Rome for Gibraltar|P. and O. Line ''S.S. Rome'' for Gibraltar]] along with her stepfather, Mr. Shelley Bontein, and her brother, Mr. Sloane Stanley.

'''31 May 1894, Thursday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Reception at Devonshire House|Duchess of Devonshire's reception at Devonshire House]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 June 18, Monday''', the London ''Echo'' reported that Algernon Bourke was [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Brooks'|writing a history of Brooks' Club]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 June 20, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Princess Louise, Marchioness of Lorne Opened the Annual Sale of the Scottish Home Industries|Annual Sale of the Scottish Home Industries]]; her outfit was described in the article in ''Lady's Pictorial''.

'''1894 August 2, Thursday''', the column &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird&quot; says, &quot;At Willis' [restaurant] — 'What a smart cotillon Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave on Thursday evening.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Bird, The Little. &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 04 August 1894, Saturday: 30 [of 56], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18940804/148/0030. Print title same, p. 144.&lt;/ref&gt; Willis's Restaurant, King-street, St. James's, was a restaurant Algernon Bourke opened in 1893.&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 September 7, Saturday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#7 September 1894, Saturday|shooting party at Witley]], which had been loaned to one of his brothers by William Ward, 2nd Earl of Dudley.&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 October 22, Thursday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Wedding of Lord Connemara and Mrs. Coleman|luncheon after the wedding of Lord Connemara and Mrs. Coleman]].

'''1894 November 3, Saturday''', Psyche, in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; for the Gentlewoman, reported that Guendoline Bourke had been [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#3 November 1894, Saturday|seen shopping in London]].

'''1895 January 5, Saturday, 2:00 p.m.''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke gave an old mother-of-pearl workbox to [[Wolverton-Ward Wedding 1895-01-05|Lady Edith Ward for her wedding to Frederick Glyn, Lord Wolverton]] and presumably attended the wedding and reception afterwards.&lt;p&gt;

'''1895 February 23, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#23 February 1895, Saturday|fashionable wedding of Laurence Currie and Edith Sibyl Mary Finch]]. Guendoline Bourke is not listed as having attended, but she is not noted as absent, either. Daphne Bourke was born on 5 April 1895, probably explaining Guendoline's absence.

'''1895 March 24, Sunday – 30 March, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#24, Sunday – 30 March 1895, Saturday|enjoying the sunny weather in Brighton]].

'''1895 April 27, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#1895 April 27, Saturday|wedding of Norah Bourke and Henry E. A. Lindsay]]. Again, Guendoline Bourke is not listed as having attended. Daphne Bourke was born on 5 April 1895, and Psyche, writing the &quot;Social Peepshow&quot; column in the Gentlewoman, says,&lt;blockquote&gt;

I regret to hear of the serious illness of Mrs. Algernon Bourke, whose first child was born a fortnight ago. It is feared that the attack is of the nature of typhoid, but happily the patient's strength keeps up. Mrs. Bourke is at her mother's house in Clarges-street.&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 27 April 1895, Saturday: 28 [of 84], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18950427/147/0028. Same print title, p. 506.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1895 July 13, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke donated 10s. to the ''Daily Telegraph'' National Shilling Testimonial to W. G. Grace.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;''Daily Telegraph'' National Shilling Testimonial to W. G. Grace.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London) 13 July 1895, Saturday: 7 [of 12], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/18950713/079/0007. Print: ''Daily Telegraph'', p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1895 August 24, Saturday''', &quot;Marmaduke&quot; in the ''Graphic'' says that Algernon Bourke &quot;opened a cyclists' club in Chelsea.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marmaduke.&quot; &quot;Court and Club.&quot; The ''Graphic'' 24 August 1895, Saturday: 11 [of 32], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9000057/18950824/017/0011. Print p. 223.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1895 October''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#24 October 1902, Friday|opened the Prince's ice-skating rink for the]] season.if the newspapers were right that 1902 was the 7th season. He also was planning a bicycling club for Kensington Gardens to open the following season.&lt;ref&gt;Mackenzie, Ethel Morell (Miss). &quot;Pins and Needles.&quot; ''Hull Daily News'' 12 October 1895, Saturday: 24 [of 40], Col. 1a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003443/18951012/024/0024. Print title: ''Hull News Supplement'', p. 1[6? 8?].&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1895 October 7, Monday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#Adeane-Cator Wedding|Maud Adeane–John Cator wedding]].

'''1895 December 11, Wednesday''', Guendoline and Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#Sneyd Party to Meet the Duke of Coburg|shooting party at the Sneyds' to meet the Duke of Coburg]].

'''1895 December 18, Wednesday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#Wedding of Lady Albreda Fitzwilliam and the Hon. Charles Bourke|wedding of Lady Albreda Fitzwilliam and the Hon. Charles Bourke]]. Their gift is not noted in the newspaper account.

'''1896 March 17, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#17 March 1896, Tuesday|annual dinner of the Cymmrodorion, or the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion]], a society for Welsh culture and history.

'''1896 April 21, Monday''', Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke sent a gift — a &quot;box for miniature&quot; — for [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Monday, 1896 April 27|the wedding of Lady Angela St. Clair Erskine and James Stewart Forbes]].

'''1896 May 21, Thursday''', the Hon. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Mrs. C. H. Wilson's Ball|Mrs. C. H. Wilson's ball in Grosvenor-square, London]].

'''1896 May 26, Tuesday,  through 28 May, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Coming of Age of Mr Sloane Stanley|3-day celebration in honor of the coming of age of her brother, Cyril Sloane Stanley]].

'''1896 June 15, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Dinner and Dance Hosted by the Countess of Huntingdon|dance hosted by the Earl and Countess of Huntingdon]] after their dinner party.

'''1896 July 13, Monday''', Algernon Bourke (listed among the &quot;Honourables&quot;) and Mrs. A. Bourke (Listed among the &quot;Honourable Ladies&quot;) were invited to the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Queen's Garden Party at Buckingham Palace|Queen's Garden Party at Buckingham Palace]].

'''1896 June 29, Monday''', the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Cadogan-Scott Wedding 1896-06-29|wedding and reception of Lady Sophie Cadogan and Sir Samuel Scott]]. Algernon Bourke published a letter to the editor of the ''Daily Telegraph'' about White's Club — and thus Bourke's — &quot;[[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Summer Club|Summer Club]]&quot; in Kensington Park, the subject of a little controversy.

'''1896 July 21, Tuesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Dinner Hosted by Sir Horace and Lady Farquhar|dinner hosted by Sir Horace and Lady Farquhar in Grosvenor-square]].

'''1896 August 5, Wednesday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#5 August 1896|wedding of the Hon. Terence Bourke and Miss Eveline Haines]] and gave the bride an &quot;enamel muff chain.&quot;&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 August 10, Monday''', the Morning Leader reported that the Hon. Algernon Bourke, for the Foreign Office, received Li Hung Chang at St. Paul's:&lt;blockquote&gt;At St. Paul's Li Hung was received by Field-Marshal Simmons, Colonel Lane, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, of the Foreign Office (who made the necessary arrangements for the visit) and Canon Newbolt, on behalf of the Dean and Chapter. A crowd greeted Li with a cheer as he drove up in Lord Lonsdale’s striking equipage, and his Excellency was carried up the steps in an invalid chair by two stalwart constables. He walked through the centre door with his suite, and was immediately conducted by Canon Newbolt to General Gordon’s tomb in the north aisle, where a detachment of boys from the Gordon Home received him as a guard of honor.

Li inspected the monument with marked interest, and drew the attention of his suite to the remarkable likeness to the dead hero. He laid a handsome wreath of royal purple asters, lilies, maidenhair fern, and laurel, tied with a broad band of purple silk, on the tomb.

The visit was not one of inspection of the building, but on passing the middle aisle the interpreter called the attention of His Excellency to the exquisite architecture and decoration of the chancel. Li shook hands in hearty English fashion with Canon Newbolt and the other gentlemen who had received him, and, assisted by his two sons, walked down the steps to his carriage. He returned with his suite to Carlton House-terrace by way of St. Paul’s Churchyard, Cannon-st., Queen Victoria-st., and the Embankment.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;At St. Paul's.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 10 August 1896, Monday: 7 [of 12], Col. 2b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18960810/134/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 August 19, Wednesday''', the ''Edinburgh Evening News'' reported on the catering that White's Club and Mr Algernon Bourke arranged for the visiting Li Hung Chang:&lt;blockquote&gt;It is probably not generally known (says the &quot;Chef&quot;) that Mr Algernon Bourke, manager of White's Club, London, has undertaken to the whole of the catering for our illustrious visitor front the Flowery Land. Li Hung Chang has five native cooks in his retinue, and the greatest good fellowship exists between them and their English ''confreres'', although considerable difficulty is experienced in conversation in understanding one another's meaning. There are between 40 and and 50 to cater for daily, besides a staff about 30; that Mr Lemaire finds his time fully occupied. The dishes for his Excellency are varied and miscellaneous, and from 14 to 20 courses are served at each meal. The bills of fare contain such items as bird's-nest soup, pigs' kidneys stewed in cream, boiled ducks and green ginger, sharks' fins, shrimps and prawns stewed with leeks and muscatel grapes, fat pork saute with peas and kidney beans. The meal usually winds with fruit and sponge cake, and freshly-picked green tea as liqueur.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Li Hung Chang's Diet.&quot; ''Edinburgh Evening News'' 19 August 1896, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 8b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000452/18960819/057/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 November 6, Friday''', both Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were on the committee for the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Skating Club|Prince's Club ice-skating rink]], which [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Opening of the Prince's Club Skating Rink|opened on this day]].

'''1896 November 22, week of''', Mrs. Algernon Bourke was part of a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Shooting Party at the Charles Wilsons' Warter Priory, Yorkshire|shooting party at the Charles Wilsons' Warter Priory, Yorkshire]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 November 25, Wednesday''', Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bouke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Lord and Lady Burton Hosted a Party for Derby Day|Lord and Lady Burton's party for Derby Day]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 December 4, Friday''', the Orleans Club at Brighton was robbed:&lt;blockquote&gt;The old building of the Orleans Club at Brighton, which opens its new club house at 33, Brunswick-terrace to-day, was the scene of a very ingenious burglary during the small hours of yesterday morning. The greater portion of the club property had already been removed to the new premises, but Mr Algernon Bourke, his private secretary, and some of the officials of the club, still occupied bed-rooms at the house in the King’s-road. The corner shop of the street front is occupied by Mr. Marx, a jeweller in a large way of business, and upon his manager arriving at nine o'clock he discovered that the place had been entered through hole in the ceiling, and a great part of a very valuable stock of jewelry extracted. An examination of the morning rooms of the club, which runs over Mr. Marx's establishment reveal a singularly neat  specimen of the burglar's art. A piece of the flooring about 15in square had been removed by a series of holes bored side by side with a centre-bit, at a spot where access to the lofty shop was rendered easy by a tall showcase which stood convemently near. A massive iron girder had been avoided by a quarter of an inch, and this circumstance and the general finish of the operation point to an artist in his profession, who had acquired an intimate knowledge of the premises. The club doors were all found locked yesterday morning, and the means of egress adopted by the thief are at present a mystery.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Burglary at Brighton.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London) 05 December 1896, Saturday: 5 [of 12], Col. 7a [of 7]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/18961205/090/0005. Print title: ''Daily Telegraph''; p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 December 10, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke was present to help staff a stall at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#10 December 1896, Thursday|Irish Industries Exhibition and Sale, Brighton]].

'''1896 December 31, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke hosted a New Year's Eve dance:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave a highly satisfactory and enjoyable dance on Thursday night, when the old year was danced out and the new one danced in. Most of the silver gilters at present in to len were to the fore.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Man about Town.&quot; ''Sporting Gazette'' 02 January 1897, Saturday: 7 [of 34], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002525/18970102/041/0007. Print title ''The County Gentleman'', p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 January 9, Saturday''', Psyche in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; says that Algernon Bourke's &quot;cheerful countenance was quite in keeping with the [Christmas] season,&quot; seen in London.&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 9 January 1897, Saturday: 22 [of 56], Col. 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970109/097/0022. Same print title, p. 40.&lt;/ref&gt; 

'''1897 January 13, Wednesday – 18, Monday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were guests of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Warwickshire Hunt Club Ball|house party associated with the Warwickshire Hunt Ball]] at [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Warwick Castle]].

'''1897 January 30, Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke was reported to have been out shopping in London: &quot;Another charming figure was that of Mrs. Algernon Bourke all in chinchilla, with something of pale blue in a smart toque.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 30 January 1897, Saturday: 20 [of 59]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970130/107/0020. Same print title, p. 134.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 May 31, Monday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke were present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#House Party at Warwick Castle|House Party at Warwick Castle]] hosted by the Earl and Countess of Warwick.

'''1897 June 2, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Reception at the Foreign Office|reception at the Foreign Office]].

'''1897 June 12, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' reported on Guendoline Bourke's dress and hat at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Duchess of Albany's Bazaar at the Imperial Institute|Duchess of Albany's Bazaar at the Imperial Institute]]. 

'''1897 June 19, Saturday''', Psyche in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; column in the ''Gentlewoman'' writes that Guendoline Bourke was seen driving in London, &quot;in blue, ... looking as usual very handsome.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 19 June 1897, Saturday: 28 [of 108], Col. 2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970619/159/0028. Same print title, p. 848.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 June 28, Monday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were invited to the [[Social Victorians/Diamond Jubilee Garden Party|Garden Party at Buckingham Palace]], the final official event of the London Diamond Jubilee celebrations. Members of the family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] were also among the 5,000–6,000 people invited.

'''1897 July 2, Friday''', the Hon. A. and Mrs. A. Bourke and Mr. and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] at Devonshire House.

'''1897 July 8, Thursday, 11:00 p.m.''', Hon. Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were present at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace|the Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace]]. The dancing commenced shortly after 11:00 p.m.

'''1897 July 11–16, week of''', a dog of Guendoline Bourke's won a prize at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Ladies' Kennel Association show in the Royal Botanic Gardens in Regent's Park|Ladies' Kennel Association show in the Royal Botanic Gardens in Regent's Park]]. 

'''1897 July 23, Friday''', both the Hon. Algernon Bourke and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Bourke-Curzon Cricket Match at the Queen's Club|Bourke-Curzon cricket match at the Queen's Club]], which Algernon Bourke's team lost. 

'''1897 July 23 — or July 30, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Lady Burton's party at Chesterfield House|Lady Burton's party at Chesterfield House]]. &lt;blockquote&gt;Far the prettiest women in the room were Lady Henry Bentinck (who looked perfectly lovely in pale yellow, with a Iong blue sash; and Mrs. Algernon Bourke, who was as smart as possible in pink, with pink and white ruchings on her sleeves and a tall pink feather in her hair.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lady Burton's Party at Chesterfield House.&quot; ''Belper &amp; Alfreton Chronicle'' 30 July 1897, Friday: 7 [of 8], Col. 1c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004151/18970730/162/0007. Print title: ''Belper and Alfreton Chronicle''; n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 August 2, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Warwick House Party for the Easton Lodge Cricket Week Games|Earl and Countess of Warwick's house party for Easton Lodge cricket week]].

'''1897 August 2, Monday''', Mrs. Algernon Bourke was listed as among [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Most Beautiful Women in England|the most beautiful women in England]] in an article from ''Vanity Fair'' that was reprinted elsewhere.

'''1897 September 25, Saturday''', according to the ''Pall Mall Gazette'',&lt;blockquote&gt;The [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Dowager-Countess of Mayo]] is staying with her son, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, at Bramnber, near Brighton.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pall Mall Gazette Office.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 25 September 1897, Saturday: 8 [of 10], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18970925/023/0008. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1897 October 2, Saturday''', &quot;Yenatrix&quot; in &quot;Kennel Column&quot; in the ''Gentlewoman'' reported that Guendoline Bourke had joined the Ladies' Kennel Association.&lt;ref&gt;Yenatrix. &quot;Kennel Column.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 02 October 1897, Saturday: 39 [of 61], Col. 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18971002/182/0039. Same print title, p. 434.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 October 9, Saturday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Harrogate|Harrogate, presumably taking the waters and baths]]. Lady May was on her way to visit Algernon Bourke in Brighton:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Earl of Mayo is expected to return from Sweden on Saturday next. Lady Mayo leaves Bournemouth on Sarurday for Brighton, where she will pay a two days' visit to her brother-in-law, the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]]. The Earl and Countess will then return to Palmerstown, their seat in County Kildare.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pall Mall Gazette Office.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 7 October 1897, Thursday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18971007/022/0008. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1897 October 30, Saturday''', ''Black and White'' published '''J.P.B.'''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s &quot;The Case of Mrs. Elliott,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;J.P.B. &quot;The Case of Mrs. Elliott.&quot; ''Black &amp; White'' 30 October 1897, Saturday: 12 [of 34], Cols. 1a–2b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004617/18971030/036/0012. Print title ''Black and White'', p. 542.&lt;/ref&gt; an odd short short story in which the Honourable Algernon Bourke Herriott is &quot;rude to Mrs. Elliott,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2b}} presumably having proposed sexual relations while her husband is out. J.P.B. links to the biographical Algernon Bourke's career in the stock market in the description of Mrs. Christine Elliott not even simulating interest in her husband's bicycling: &quot;a soul is a grievous burthen for a stockbroker's wife,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2a}} suggesting that Mr. Elliott rather than Algernon Bourke Herriott is the stockbroker. The Hon. Algy&lt;blockquote&gt;was a senior member of several junior clubs. A woman had dubbed him once &quot;a rip with a taste for verses.&quot; The description was severe, but not unwarranted. His was a pretty pagan sensualism, though, singing from a wine palate to Church music. For the rest, he had just imagination enough to despise mediocrity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2a}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 November 25–26, Thursday–Friday''', Guendoline Bourke was in Brighton, helping the Countess of Mayo at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Irish Industries' Association Annual Exhibition|bazaar of the Irish Industries' Association]].

'''1897 December 7, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#7 December 1897, Tuesday|7th annual dinner for the Actors' Benevolent Fund]].

'''1897 December 20, Monday, the week of''', Guendoline Bourke's Mousie was the smallest dog in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Ladies' Kennel Association's Dog Show|Ladies' Kennel Association show in Earl's Court]].

'''1897 December 30''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Blenheim Palace Party with Amateur Theatricals|party at Blenheim Palace in which people performed tableaux vivants]] that got reported on, many of whom wearing the costumes from the Duchess of Devonshire's ball. The ''Irish Independent'' said Algernon Bourke was &quot;mainly responsible for the living pictures.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr Algernon Bourke ....&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 05 January 1898, Wednesday: 6 [of 8], Col. 2c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001985/18980105/115/0006.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1898''', Algernon Bourke called a meeting at White's Club about attempting to [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Thames Salmon Experiment|restock the Thames with salmon]]. In 1899 he was on a [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#Committees|committee led by the Lord Mayor about this topic]] as well.

'''1898 February 3, Thursday''',  Algernon Bourke was among [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#The Dundee Evening Telegraph Report on People at Monte Carlo|those visiting Monte Carlo according to the Dundee ''Evening Telegraph'']].

'''1898 March 12, Saturday''', ''The World'' reported on Algernon Bourke's upgrading of the Orleans Club at Brighton:&lt;blockquote&gt;

The Orleans Club at Brighton is flourishing exceedingly, and the new buildings which Mr. Algernon Bourke has just had erected at the back of the comfortable mansion at the corner of Lansdowne-place now provide all that was wanting to make the present habitat of the club all that its members desire. The new billiard-room is rapidly approaching completion, and the coffee-room, excellent and spacious now, was open on Saturday night, when every table was occupied by club diners and their guests, all of whom were enthusiastic over the excellence of this latest addition to the comfort of the house. All interested may be congratulated on what is practically new lease of life to the Orleans Club, than which there is no more comfortable place stay within the four seas.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From '''The World''.'&quot; ''East &amp; South Devon Advertiser'' 12 March 1898, Saturday: 6 pop 8], Col. 2b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001639/18980312/132/0006. Print title ''The East and South Devon Advertiser'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1898 March 30, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke was charged with assaulting a Mr. Potter, but it is not clear from this account what exactly happened:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Hon. Algernon H. Bourke, of Bramber, was summoned, at the instance of Mr. Walter John Potter, clerk to Mr. G. A. Flowers, solicitor, of Steyning, for assault, on the 30th March. — Mr. J. Edward Dell supported the case, and Mr. J. C. Buckwell defended, and pleaded not guilty. — The evidence was to the effect that Mr. Potter had occasion go to defendant's house on Wednesday last to serve a writ. He was going to drop the letter into [Col. 5c–6a] defendant's pocket when he turned and struck him a violent blow on the chest, making witness stagger backwards. Witness put up his hands to keep his balance, and defendant then struck him violently across the head with a weeding spud. — Richard Reed, who was at work for Mr. Bourke on the date named, and was working in garden at the time of the alleged assault, gave corroborative evidence. — Defendant, in the witness box, made a similar statement. — The magistrates differed as to whether the assault was committed, and dismissed the case.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Steyning.&quot; ''Sussex Express'' 9 April 1898, Saturday: 2 [of 12], Col. 5c–6a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000654/18980409/036/0002. Print: ''The Sussex Express, Surrey Standard, Weald of the Kent Mail, Hants and County Advertiser'', p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1898 April 12, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was among [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#1898 April 12, Tuesday|those visiting Monte Carlo according to the ''Gentlewoman'']].

'''1898 May 25, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke wore pink to [[Social Victorians/1898-05-25 Savoy Dinner Dance Hwfa|Mrs. Hwfa Williams' dinner-dance at the Savoy]].

'''1898 June 7, Tuesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. A. Bourke were invited to and probably attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#7 June 1898, Tuesday|State Ball at Buckingham Palace hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales]].

'''1898 July 4, Thursday afternoon''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke were invited to and probably attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#Garden Party at Marlborough House|Garden Party at Marlborough House given to the Queen and Shah of Persia]].

'''1898 October 29, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#Tennis Championship Game at Prince's Club, Knightsbridge|tennis match at Prince's Club, Knightsbridge]].

'''1898 November''', Algernon Bourke received a letter from Lord Alfred Douglas and attempted to help Douglas and his father, the Marquis of Queensberry, to reconcile. Bourke met with the Marquis and sent a positive reply to Douglas the next day.&lt;ref name=&quot;:26&quot; /&gt; (568–569)

'''1898 November 22, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#Shooting Party Hosted by William James|shooting party hosted by Mr. William James]].

'''1898 December 3, Saturday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. A. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#The Funeral of Lady Connemara|funeral of Lady Connemara in Christ Church]], Down street, Piccadilly.&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 January 10, Tuesday''', the Brighton Championship Dog Show opened:&lt;blockquote&gt;Princess of Wales a Winner at the Ladies’ Kennel Club Show.

[Exclusive to &quot;The Leader.&quot;)

The Brighton Championship Dog Show opened in the Dome and Corn Exchange yesterday, and was very well patronised by visitors and exhibitors. Among the latter was H.R.H. the Princess of Wales, who did very well; and others included Princess Sophie Duleep Singh, Countess De Grey, Sir Edgar Boehm, the Hon Mrs. Algernon Bourke, Lady Cathcart, Lady Reid, Mr. Shirley (chairman of the Kennel Club), and the Rev. Hans Hamiiton (president of the Kennel Club).

The entry of bloodhounds is one of the best seen for some time; the Great Danes are another strong lot; deerhounds are a fine entry, all good dogs, and most of the best kennels represented; borzois are another very stylish lot. The bigger dogs are, as usual, in the Corn Exchange and the &quot;toy&quot; dogs in the Dome. To everyone's satsfaction the Princess of Wales carried off two first prizes with Alex in the borzois class.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Dogs at Brighton.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 11 January 1899, Wednesday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18990111/142/0008. Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 January 11, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#11 January 1899, Wednesday|a luncheon at Stanfield-hall, home of Mr. and Mrs. Basil Montogomery, for Princess Henry of Battenberg]], that also included the Countess of Dudley (sister of Mrs. Montgomery), General Oliphant, and the Mayor and Mayoress of Romsey.

'''1899 January 17–18, Tuesday and Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Ladies' Kennel Association in Brighton|Ladies' Kennel Association in Brighton]], where she showed an Italian greyhound named Brenda.

'''1899 February 7, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke was a member of the very high-ranking committee organizing the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Gordon Memorial College Ball|Gordon Memorial College Ball at the Hotel Cecil on 7 February 1899]]. The committee had been planning for the ball, of course, for at least 3 weeks before.

'''1899 February 22, Wednesday – April''', Guendoline Bourke was part of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Society in St. Moritz|Society in St. Moritz]]. 1899 March 29, Wednesday, the ''Dundee Advertiser'' says that [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#29 March 1899, Wednesday|Cyril Sloane-Stanley was spending part of the winter in St. Moritz]] with his sister Guendoline Bourke.

'''1899 April 7, Friday, probably''', oddly, Algernon and Guendoline Bourke are not reported to have attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Funeral of the Hon. Charles Bourke, C.B.|Funeral of the Hon. Charles Bourke, C.B.]] or even to have sent flowers.

'''1899 April 8, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' reported that Guendoline Bourke had gone to [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#8 April 1899, Saturday|St. Moritz with her brother, Mr. Stanley, who had gotten engaged to Lady Cairns]].

'''1899 April 26, Wednesday''', according to &quot;Local and District News&quot; for Totton, Guendoline Bourke was &quot;ill with influenza in Paris, and Mrs. Shelley Bontein, her mother, has gone out to nurse her.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Local and District News. Totton.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 26 April 1899, Wednesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 2b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18990426/037/0004. Print title ''Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1899 June 1, Thursday, or 2, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Wedding of Roger Cyril Sloane Stanley and Olivia, Countess Cairns|wedding of her brother, Sloane Stanley and Olivia Countess Cairns]] at Holy Trinity Church, Brompton.

'''1899 June 8, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke's money troubles:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Hon. Algernon Bourke, son of the Earl of Mayo, has been appearing before the official receivers in connection with a winding-up order made against Willis’ Restaurant, Limited. The companyf [sic] was formed to acquire the well known restaurant from the Hon. H. A. Bourke. The chairman reminded the creditors that on the last occasion the meeting was adjourned because Mr. Bourke said he thought he would be able in the course of a fortnight to obtain an offer for a sum sufficient to satisfy the creditors and debenture holders. He had received a letter from Mr. Bourke to the effect that he had been unable to complete arrangements. Having looked into the affairs of the company more closely, it appeared to him that Mr. Bourke was legally liable to repay the sum of £5,000 which was advanced to White's Club, and the question would arise whether Mr. Bourke was not also liable to repay the sum of £4,000.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr. Bourke Must Pay.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 8 June 1899, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 8c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001985/18990608/118/0004. Print title: ''The Irish Weekly Independent'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1899 July 1, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#1 July 1899, Saturday|meeting in London at the Duke of Westminster's Grosvenor House]] about preserving Killarney as part of the National Trust and seems to have been acting for someone who wanted to purchase the Muckross Estate.

'''1899 July 5, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Dinner and Dance at Devonshire House|dance at Devonshire House hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire]].

'''1899 July 6, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Joan Wilson and Guy Fairfax's Wedding|wedding of Joan Wilson and Guy Fairfax in St. Mark's, near Grosvenor Square]].

'''1899 July 14, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#14 July 1899, Friday|Ernest Beckett's dinner party]].

'''1899 July 18, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Ludovici Lecture on Impressionism|lecture on Impressionism by Ludovici hosted by the Countess of Mayo]].

'''1899 July 28, Friday''', [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#White's|White's Club]] was no longer under Algernon Bourke's management and was reconstituting itself after the possibility that it would have to close.

'''1889 July 31, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#Fete of the Uxbridge Habitation of the Primrose League|Fete of the Uxbridge Habitation of the Primrose League]] at Hillingdon Court and hosted by the Hon. Algernon and Lady Mary Mills.

'''1899 September 9, Saturday''', the ''Eastern Morning News'' includes Algernon Bourke (&quot;St. James's-street, London, club proprietor&quot;) in a list of men &quot;Receiving Orders,&quot; which it is reprinting from the ''London Gazette''.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Receiving Orders.&quot; ''Eastern Morning'' News 9 September 1899, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 3c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001152/18990909/074/0005. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 October 19, Thursday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke had a bankruptcy hearing:&lt;blockquote&gt;The public examination of the Hon. Algernon Bourke was held before Mr Registrar Giffard yesterday, at the London Bankruptcy Court. The debtor, described as proprietor of a St. James's-street club, furnished a statement of affairs showing unsecured debts £13,694 and debts fully secured £12,800, with assets which are estimated at £4,489 [?]. He stated, in reply to the Official Receiver, that he was formerly a member of the Stock Exchange, but had nothing to do with the firm of which he was a member during the last ten years. He severed his connection with the firm in May last, and believed he was indebted to them to the extent of £2,000 or £3,000. He repudiated a claim which they now made for £37,300. In 1889 he became proprietor of White's Club, St. James's-street, and carried it on until January 1st last, when he transferred it to a company called Recreations, Limited. One of the objects of the company was to raise money on debentures. The examination was formally adjourned.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 October 20, Friday''', the ''Morning Leader'' mentions Bourke's bankruptcy:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Algernon Bourke, whose bankruptcy is much talked about, has been connected with numerous enterprises in clubland. He raised White's from the slough into which it had sunk after the secession of the Prince of Wales. He started the Willis Restaurant, put fresh life into the Orleans Club at Brighton, arranged a big restaurant for the bicyclists in the time of the bicycle parade, and was concerned at first in the smart and short-lived Trafalgar Bicycle Club. At one time his name spelt success. Latterly his luck has left him. He is a brother of Lord Mayo, a son of the peer who was assassinated at the post of duty, and is one of the best known men about town of the day.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Club, Stage, and Salon.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 20 October 1899, Friday: 6 [of 12], Col. 5b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18991020/085/0006. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1899 November 8, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke's bankruptcy case came up again:&lt;blockquote&gt;At Bankruptcy Court, yesterday, the case the Hon. Algernon Bourke again came on for hearing before Mr. Registrar Giffard, and the examination was concluded. The debtor has at various times been proprietor of White’s Club, St. James’s-street, and the Orleans’ Club, Brighton, and also of Willis's Restaurant, King-street, St. James's. He attributed his failure to losses sustained by the conversion of White’s Club and the Orleans' Club into limited companies, to the payment of excessive Interest on borrowed money, and other causes. The liabilities amount to £26,590, of which £13,694 are stated to be unsecured, and assets £4,409.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Affairs of the Hon. A. Bourke.&quot; ''Globe'' 09 November 1899, Thursday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001652/18991109/020/0002. Print p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 December 23, Saturday''', &quot;Mr. Algernon Bourke has departed for a tour in Africa, being at present the guest of his brother in Tunis.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Society Pages.&quot; ''Walsall Advertiser'' 23 December 1899, Saturday: 7 [of 8], Col. 7b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001028/18991223/143/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1899 December 29, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke was at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Christmas Party Hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough|Christmas Party Hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 December 31''', the San Francisco newspaper ''The Wave'' wrote the following about London society:&lt;blockquote&gt;The most prominent untitled people in London may be said to be Mr. and Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Williams|Hwfa Williams]], Mr. and Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Grenfell|Willie Grenfell]] and Mr. Algy Bourke. That they are passing rich, goes without saying, and that they entertain lavishly, understood — for to be untitled, prominent and successful, argues wealth, hospitality and cleverness.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London.&quot; The (San Francisco) ''Wave'' 14 January 1899 (Vol. XIX, No. 2): 14. ''The Internet Archive'' https://archive.org/details/wave19unse/page/n20/mode/1up.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 1900s ===

'''1900 February 15, Thursday''', Daphne Bourke, the four-year-old daughter of the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke was a bridesmaid in the [[Social Victorians/Wilson Chesterfield Wedding 1900-02-15|wedding of Enid Wilson and the Earl of Chesterfield]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London Day by Day.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph'' 15 February 1900, Thursday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/19000215/175/0008. Name in British Newspaper Archive: ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London). Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt; Guendoline Bourke, &quot;who was in grey, wore a chinchilla toque with violets.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society. Entertainments, Balls, &amp;c.&quot; ''The Queen'' 24 February 1900, Saturday: 40 [of 76], Col. 1a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/19000224/235/0040. Print: ''The Queen, The Lady's Newspaper'', p. 308.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1900 March 10, Saturday''', the ''Weekly Irish Times'' reprinted society gossip from ''The World'':&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke, who has been staying with her husband's uncle, old Connemara, during Mr. Algernon Bourke's absence abroad, has taken a new house near Portman square, and will be settling there before Easter.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip.&quot; ''Weekly Irish Times'' 10 March 1900, Saturday: 17 [of 20], Col. 1b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001684/19000310/116/0017. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1900 July''' '''17, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke took part in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#17 July 1900, Tuesday|Children's Fete in support of the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children]] on the grounds of the Royal Botanic Society. Daphe was 5 at this time, so it seems logical that she would have been there, too.

'''1900 July 30, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Barber of Seville at Covent Garden|''The Barber of Seville'' at Covent Garden]].

'''1890 August 6, Friday''', &quot;[[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Beautiful Women|Beautiful Women]],&quot; an article in ''Vanity Fair'' that was reprinted elsewhere, mentions Guendoline Bourke (&quot;Lady Algernon Bourke&quot;) as one of the most beautiful women in England.

'''1900 August 11, Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke got&lt;blockquote&gt;the pretty little Yorkshire String, an especially tiny mite, weighing only 2&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;/&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;lb, and carrying a very promising coat, ... at the Aquarium Show.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Witchampton Kennel.&quot; &quot;Ladies Kennels.&quot; ''Ladies' Field'' 11 August 1900, Saturday: 16 [of 60], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0006043/19000811/043/0016. Print title same, p. 390.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1900 September 16''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke became the heir presumptive to the Earldom of Mayo when his older brother Captain Hon. Sir Maurice Archibald Bourke died.&lt;p&gt;

'''1900 October 06, Saturday''', the ''Weekly Irish Times'' says that Mr. Algernon Bourke, now heir presumptive to the earldom of Mayo, &quot;has been for some months lately staying with Mr. Terence Bourke in Morocco.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip.&quot; ''Weekly Irish Times'' 06 October 1900, Saturday: 14 [of 20], Col. 3b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001684/19001006/121/0014. Print p. 14.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 May 30, Thursday''', the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke attended the fashionable [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1901 May 30, Thursday|Ladies' Kennel Association Dog Show at the Botanic Garden]].

'''1901 July 2, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke — &quot;pretty Mrs. Algernon Bourke, in a mauve gown and and purple tulle toque&quot; — attended a children's party at the Botanic Gardens hosted by the Earl and Countess of Kilmorey.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Earl of Kilmorey, K.P.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 13 July 1901: Saturday, 50 [of 84], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010713/237/0050. Print: title the same, p. 60.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1901 July 4, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke — dressed &quot;in pale grey, with her pretty little girl,&quot; 6-year-old Daphne — attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Countess of Yarborough's Children's Party|children's party hosted by the Countess of Yarborough]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Countess of Yarborough ....&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 13 July 1901, Saturday: 76 [of 84], Col. 2b, 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010713/381/0076. Print p. xxxvi.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 3a}}

'''1901 July 4–6, Thursday–Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke helped staff the Perthshire stall&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Great County Sale.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 29 June 1901, Saturday: 43 [of 72], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010629/223/0043# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010629/223/0043]. Same print title, pp. 679.&lt;/ref&gt; at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Great County Sale|Great County Sale in the Imperial Gardens of the Earl's Court Exhibition]].

'''1901 July 20, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' published the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke's portrait (identified with &quot;Perthshire&quot;) in its 3rd series of &quot;The Great County Sale at Earl's Court. Portraits of Stallholders.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Great County Sale at Earl's Court. Portraits of Stallholders.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 20 July 1901, Saturday: 31 [of 60], Col. 4b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010720/141/0031. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt; Their daughter Daphne appears in the portrait as well.

'''1901 July 23, Tuesday''', an &quot;Hon. Mrs. Bourke&quot; was in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox|party &quot;entertained by Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox]].&quot;&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 September 12, Thursday''', Mrs. Guendoline Bourke wanted her name listed as Mrs. Algernon Bourke in the Electoral Register, apparently a frequent complaint:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Underhill, the Conservative agent, mentioned to the Revising Barrister (Mr. William F. Webster) that the name of the Hon. Mrs. Guendoline Bourke was on the list in respect of the house, 75, Gloucester-place. The lady had written to him to say that she was the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke and that she wished that name to appear on the register. In reply to the Revising Barrister, Mr. Underhill said that “Algernon” was the name of the lady’s husband.

Mr. Cooke, the rate-collector, said that Mrs. Bourke had asked to be addressed Mrs. Algernon Bourke, but that the Town Clerk thought the address was not a correct one. The lady signed her cheques Guendoline.”

Mr. Underhill said the agents frequently had indignant letters from ladies because they were not addressed by their husband’s Christian name.

The Revising Barrister — lf a lady gave me the name of Mrs. John Smith I should say I had not got the voter’s name. The name Guendoline must remain.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;&quot;Ladies’ Names.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 12 September 1901, Thursday: 7 [of 10], Col. 3a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/19010912/130/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1901 October 26, Friday''', Algernon Bourke was on the Men's Committee of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Club Ice-skating Rink|Prince's Club Ice-skating Rink]], which had [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Prince's Club Ice-skating Rink Opening|its official opening on his day]]. 

'''1902 January''', Algernon Bourke is mentioned in [[Social Victorians/Schools#&quot;More of My Contemporaries at School.&quot;|reminiscences of Eton written by the &quot;Earl of X&quot;]] as being among those in the &quot;world of letters,&quot; and whose brother, later the Earl of Mayo, the Earl of X did not like. 

'''1902 January 25, Saturday''', Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave a box to Lady Helen Stewart-Vane-Tempest in honor of [[Social Victorians/Stewart-Stavordale Wedding 1902-01-25|Lady Helen's wedding to Giles Fox-Strangways, Lord Stavordale]]. 

'''1902 April 26, Saturday''', Mrs. A. Bourke is listed as being at the Norfolk Hotel in Brighton.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Guide to Visitors at Hotels and Boarding Houses.&quot; ''Brighton Gazette'' 26 April 1902, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000938/19020426/116/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt; 

'''1902 May, End of''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#End of May 1902|party at Blenheim Palace hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough]]. 

'''1902 June 11, Monday''', the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke had a dog entered in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Ladies' Kennel Association Show|Ladies' Kennel Association competitions in the Botanic Gardens]]. 

'''1902 September 4, Thursday''', the ''Daily Express'' reported that &quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke is staying with Lord and Lady Alington at Scarborough.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Onlooker.&quot; &quot;My Social Diary.&quot; &quot;Where People Are.&quot; ''Daily Express'' 04 September 1902, Thursday: 5 [of 8], Col. 1b? [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004848/19020904/099/0005. Print p. 4, Col. 7b [of 7].&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1902 September 22, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke was a guest at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Earl and Countess of Mar and Kellie's House Party|large house party hosted by the Earl and Countess of Mar and Kellie]].

'''1902 October 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Annual Opening of the Prince's Ice-skating Rink|opened the Prince's ice-skating rink for the season]], which he had been doing since 1895.

'''1902 October 25, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was bequeathed £500 by his uncle [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Robert Bourke]], who had died 3 September 1902.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Will of Lord Connemara.&quot; ''Kildare Observer and Eastern Counties Advertiser'' 25 October 1902, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 4b–c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001870/19021025/037/0002. Print title the ''Kildare Observer'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 October 31, Friday''', the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Annual Opening of the Prince's Ice-skating Rink|7th opening of the Prince's Skating Club]]. Guendoline Bourke was on the Women's Committee and Algernon Bourke was on the Men's.&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 November 8, Friday, beginning, perhaps''', Guendoline Bourke was part of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#8 November 1902, Saturday|Earl and Countess of Warwick's shooting party at Easton Lodge]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 December 9, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#9 December 1902, Tuesday|Lady Eva Wyndham-Quin's &quot;at home,&quot; held at the Welch Industrial depot]] for the sale Welsh-made Christmas gifts and cards. Bourke wore &quot;a fur coat and a black picture hat.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Lady Correspondent.&quot; &quot;Society in London.&quot; ''South Wales Daily News'' 11 December 1902, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000919/19021211/082/0004. Print p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1903 February 6, Friday''', Hon. Mrs A. Bourke was present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Dinner Party Hosted by Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and the Countess of Dudley|dinner party Hosted by Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and the Countess of Dudley]]. &lt;p&gt;

'''1903 February 9, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke was present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Dinner Party Hosted by Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and the Countess of Dudley|house party at Dublin Castle hosted by the Lord Lieutenant and Countess of Dudley that began the Viceregal season]].

'''1903 March 17, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke staffed a booth at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1903 March 17, Tuesday|sale of the Irish Industries Association]] on St. Patrick's Day with [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Lady Mayo]], [[Social Victorians/People/Dudley|Georgina Lady Dudley]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Miss Beresford]]. A number of other aristocratic women were also present at the sale in other booths, including [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Lady Londonderry]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Lucan|Lady Lucan]].

'''1903 June 19, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke was invited to the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Grand Ball in the Waterloo Chamber at Windsor Castle|grand ball at Windsor Castle]], the end of the Ascot-week festivities.

'''1903 June 23, Tuesday''', Guendoline and Daphne Bourke were invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1903 June 23, Tuesday|children's party at Buckingham Palace for Prince Eddie's birthday]].

'''1903 July 10, Friday, or so''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Party Hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough|party hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough]].

'''1904 May 17, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke had agreed to let Daphne appear in the tableaux vivants arranged by Sir Philip Burne-Jones for the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Countess Cadogan's Great Bazaar|Countess of Cadogan's great bazaar]]. Some mothers had had to decline because of the outbreaks of measles and chicken pox.&lt;p&gt;

'''1904 June 30, Thursday''', Guendoline and Daphne Bourke attended another birthday party for Prince Eddie at Buckingham Palace, and the ''Gentlewoman'' says, &quot;No prettier little girl was to be seen that day than little Miss Daphne Bourke, the daughter of the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke, with her wonderful Irish eyes and colouring, her pretty white frock being relieved with a rose pink sash.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Prince Eddie's Birthday.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 02 July 1904, Saturday: 68 [of 92]. Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19040702/360/0068. Print: title the same, p. 42.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1904 September 15, Thursday''', according to what was at the time called the ''Irish Daily Independent and Nation'', Algernon Bourke was living in Venice and not in the UK at this point:&lt;blockquote&gt;Algernon Bourke, who usually lives in Venice, has spent some time in England during the present summer, and has now gone on a fishing expedition to Sweden, accompanied by his brother, Lord Mayo. Lady Mayo has been staying meanwhile in Ireland, and has had a visit from her mother, Lady Maria Ponsonby, who is a sister of Lend Obventry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;&quot;Society Notes.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 15 September 1904, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001986/19040915/131/0004. Print title: ''Irish Daily Independent and Nation'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1904 October 22, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' reported that &quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke is paying a visit to Venice, which Mr. Bourke has made his headquarters for several years past, as he is connected with some very artistic stone and marble works situated near the Grand Canal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 22 October 1904, Saturday: 24 [of 6ths 8], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19041022/112/0024. Print title same, p. 672.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1905 February 17, Friday''', the Dundee ''Evening Post'' reported that Algernon Bourke &quot;set up a shop in Venice for the sale of art treasures and old furniture.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social News.&quot; Dundee ''Evening Post'' 17 February 1905, Friday: 6 [of 6], Col. 7b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000582/19050217/105/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1905 April 26, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#New Forest United Hunt Ball|New Forest United Hunt Ball]], as did her brother Captain R. C. H. Sloane Stanley and his wife Olivia Countess Cairns.&lt;p&gt;

'''1905 June 5, Monday''', Algernon Bourke wrote to the ''Times'' from Venice that &quot;The Venetian wits have suggested a motto for Admiral Togo, Togo Tenga Tutto (Togo takes the lot).&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr. Algernon Bourke.&quot; ''Hull Daily Mail'' 08 June 1905, Thursday: 2 [of 6], Col. 6a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000324/19050608/008/0002. Print title ''Daily Mail'', p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1905, last week of July''', Guendoline Bourke and daughter Daphne Bourke — who was 10 years old — attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Last week of July, 1905|Lady Cadogan's children's party at Chelsea House]]. Daphne was &quot;One of loveliest little girls present.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Social News.&quot; ''Belfast News-Letter'' 01 August 1905, Tuesday: 7 [of 10], Col. 6b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000038/19050801/157/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1906 March 9, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke was a reference for Mr. Frances Burgess, who taught piano, singing, voice production, organ and music theory. Burgess was &quot;Organist and Choirmaster of St. Columbs', North Kensington, Director of the Plainsong and Medieval Music Society's Choir, etc., etc.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot;&gt;&quot;Mr. Francis Burgess.&quot; ''Kilburn Times'' 9 March 1906, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001813/19060309/086/0003. Print title: ''Kilburn Times Hampstead and North-western Press'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1906 December 10, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke was seen in the tea room, possibly with Lady Grosvenor, at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1906 December 10, Monday|Lady Dudley's sale of Irish needlework]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1907 May''', a &quot;naval signalling incident&quot; [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#May 1887|caused the Waterford ''Evening News'' to recall a similar event]] that had occurred 20 years earlier, in which Algernon Bourke, as special correspondent for the ''Times'', publicized [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles Beresford]]'s use of his ship's signalling capabilities to send a message to his wife about being late for dinner:&lt;blockquote&gt;

The naval signalling incident is still in the air. It is expected that the matter will not be threshed out until Emperor William leaves England. A story of a former signalling incident in which [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles Beresford]] was concerned is going the rounds at the moment.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1907 August 24, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was present at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Polo Week at Eaton Hall, Duke and Duchess of Westminster|Polo Week at Eaton Hall, hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Westminster]].

'''1908 July 30, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke was at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Glorious Goodwood. Cup Day and Dresses.|Cup Day at the Goodwood races]], wearing salmon-pink with a matching hat.

'''1909 April 20, Tuesday''', Lady Rosemary Cairns — daughter of Olivia Sloan-Stanley, Countess Cairns and Cyril Sloane-Stanley — and Wyndham Portal were [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#20 April 1909, Tuesday|married in St. Margaret's, Westminster]]. Lavender and Diane Sloane-Stanley were bridesmaids.&lt;p&gt;

'''1909 May 22, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke appears to have been living in Pisa. A columnist for the ''Queen'' reported on the Royal School of Art Needlework:&lt;blockquote&gt;Lady Leconfield [?] was there, also her sister-in-law, the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Dowager Lady Mayo]], only just back from her winter on the Continent, when she spent most of the time at Pisa, where her son Mr Algernon Bourke has also been staying. The latter is a great connoisseur as regards [art?] notably in what is really good in the way of old Italian sculpture and carving. He and his handsome wife have a place near to Putney, and this winter again Mr Bourke, as the result of his Italian travels, has been sending home such relics of the old Italian palace gardens as as stone and marble carved vases, garden seats, and what-not of the kind — not all for himself and his own gardens by any means, I fancy; but his friends, relying on his knowledge in such matters, get him when abroad to choose for [them?] the adornment of their English terraces and gardens.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;My Social Diary.&quot; The ''Queen'' 22 May 1909, Saturday: 31 [of 86], Col. 1b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/19090522/203/0031. Print p. 871.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1909 September''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was among the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Visitors in Venice from the U.K.|many visitors from &quot;England&quot; in Venice]] in September.

=== 1910s ===
'''1910 April 20, Wednesday''', the ''Tatler'' printed an &quot;open letter&quot; to Geraldine, Countess of Mayo, as part of its &quot;The Searchlight in Society&quot; series and mentioned Algernon Bourke, saying he had been keeping &quot;a curiosity shop at Venice&quot;:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Bourkes have brains, and a good example is afforded by Mr. Algernon Bourke, next brother to Lord Mayo and heir-presumptive to the title. He is a good-looking man who used to be known as Buttons Bourke, and he married well, as his wife was the rich and pretty Miss Guendolen Sloane Stanley. He may be described as a &quot;Jack of all trades,&quot; but it is not I who will say that he is a master of none. He was once in the Stock Exchange, then he took White's Club in hand and restored it to much of its former prestige. After that he dabbled in smart hotels and restaurants, and the last thing I heard of him was that he kept a curiosity shop at Venice.&lt;ref&gt;Candida. &quot;The Searchlight in Society. Our Open Letter. No. CII. The Countess of Mayo.&quot; The ''Tatler'' 20 April 1910, Wednesday: 18 [of 42], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001852/19100420/023/0018. Print title same, p. 72.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1911 November 21, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke assisted the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#21 November 1911, Tuesday|Duchess of Marlborough at her at-home]] that included a sale of work by the wives of prisoners.&lt;p&gt;

'''1912 September 27, Friday''', Guendoline and Daphne Bourke were visiting Mr. and Mrs. Shelley Bontein, her mother and stepfather.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From 'The World.'&quot; ''Berks and Oxon Advertiser'' 27 September 1912, Friday: 2 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002298/19120927/014/0002. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1913 April 23, Wednesday''', the Irish Independent reported that Guendoline and Daphne Bourke had arrived in London for the season:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke and Miss Bourke have arrived for the season at 75 Gloucester place, Portman square, London.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social and Personal.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 23 April 1913, Wednesday: 4 [of 10], Col. 5b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001715/19130423/081/0004. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1913 May 7, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke presented her daughter Daphne Bourke at court:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke presented her daughter, and wore blue and gold broché with a gold lace train.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social and Personal.&quot; London ''Daily Chronicle'' 08 May 1913, Thursday: 6 [of 12], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005049/19130508/120/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

The ''Pall Mall Gazette'' has a description of Daphne Bourke's dress, but what exactly &quot;chiffon [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hoops|paniers]]&quot; means in 1913 is not clear:&lt;blockquote&gt;Court dressmakers appear to have surpassed all previous records in their efforts to make the dresses for to-night’s Court as beautiful as possible. Noticeable among these is the dainty presentation gown to be worn by Miss Bourke, who will be presented by her mother, the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke. This has a skirt of soft white satin draped with chiffon [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hoops|paniers]] and a bodice veiled with chiffon and trimmed with diamanté and crystal embroidery. Miss Bourke’s train, gracefully hung from the shoulders, is of white satin lined with pale rose pink chiffon and embroidered with crystal and diamanté.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Fashion Day by Day. Lovely Gowns for To-night's Court.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 07 May 1913, Wednesday: 13 [of 18], Col. 1a [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/19130507/199/0013. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The ''London Evening Standard'' describes Guendoline and Daphne Bourke the same way except with differences in editing:&lt;blockquote&gt;Miss Bourke: Presented by her mother, the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke. Dainty presentation gown of white satin, the skirt draped with chiffon paniers, bodice veiled chiffon and trimmed with diamanté and crystal embroidery. Train gracefully hung from shoulder of white satin embroidered with crystal and diamanté, lined with pale rose pink chiffon.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Some of the Dresses.&quot; &quot;The King and Queen. Third Court. Most Brilliant of the Year.&quot; ''London Evening Standard'' 08 May 1913, Thursday: 11 [of 18], Col. 4b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/19130508/237/0011. Print title ''The Standard'', p. 11.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

According to the ''Lady's Pictorial'', Daphne Bourke's dress was designed and constructed by [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Messrs Russell and Allen|Messrs. Russell and Allen]], Old Bond-street, W., and the description is identical (except for a couple of commas).&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Their Majesties' Court.&quot; ''Lady's Pictorial'' 17 May 1913, Saturday: 35 [of 64], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005980/19130517/296/0035. Same print title, p. 787.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1914 May 11, Monday''', Guendoline and Daphne Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#Dance at the Ritz Hosted by Mrs. George Marjoribanks|dance at the Ritz hosted by Mrs. George Marjoribanks]].

'''1915 January 1, Friday''', Algernon Bourke is listed as being on the Executive Committee of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#1915 January 1, Friday|National Food Fund, publicized by the ''Conservative and Unionist Women's Franchise Review'']].

'''1916 August 25, Friday''', Daphne Bourke's and John Fortescue's engagement was announced:&lt;blockquote&gt;A most attractive prospective bride (says the &quot;Star&quot;) is Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke's only daughter, Miss Daphne Bourke, whose engagement has just taken place to Mr. Fortescue, of the Coldstream Guards. Miss Bourke is tall, dark, and very beautiful; and Mr. Fortescue is one of the family of Boconoc, Cornwall, and Dropmore, Maidenhead. At the latter place the two families have been neighbours, for Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke have a charming country residence at Taplow, while Dropmore is famous for its magnificent gardens.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Personalia.&quot; ''Uxbridge &amp; W. Drayton Gazette'' 25 August 1916, Friday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002285/19160825/043/0004. Print title ''The Advertiser'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''1917 June 7, Thursday''', Daphne Bourke and John Grenville Fortescue [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#7 June 1917, Thursday|married in the Coldstream Guards' chapel]].

== Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball ==
According to both the ''Morning Post'' and the ''Times'', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was among the Suite of Men in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#&quot;Oriental&quot; Procession|&quot;Oriental&quot; procession]] at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&quot;Fancy Dress Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; ''Morning Post'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 4a–8 Col. 2b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970703/054/0007.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;&quot;Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; The ''Times'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 12, Cols. 1a–4c ''The Times Digital Archive''. Web. 28 Nov. 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Based on the people they were dressed as, Guendoline Bourke was probably in this procession but it seems unlikely that Algernone Bourke was.

[[File:Guendoline-Irene-Emily-Bourke-ne-Sloane-Stanley-as-Salammb.jpg|thumb|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a standing woman richly dressed in an historical costume with a headdress and a very large fan|Hon. '''Guendoline''' Bourke as Salammbô. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]
=== Hon. Guendoline Bourke ===
[[File:Alfons Mucha - 1896 - Salammbô.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Highly stylized orange-and-yellow painting of a bare-chested woman with a man playing a harp at her feet|Alfons Mucha's 1896 ''Salammbô''.]]
Lafayette's portrait (right) of &quot;Guendoline Irene Emily Bourke (née Sloane-Stanley) as Salammbô&quot; in costume is photogravure #128 in the '''Album''' presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;&quot;Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball (1897): photogravures by Walker &amp; Boutall after various photographers.&quot; 1899. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait-list.php?set=515.&lt;/ref&gt; The printing on the portrait says, &quot;The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke as Salammbo.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;&quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke as Salammbo.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158491/Guendoline-Irene-Emily-Bourke-ne-Sloane-Stanley-as-Salammb.&lt;/ref&gt;

The Lafayette Archive has 2 additional poses from the same session on 5 July 1897 as the one chosen for the Album:

* Same image as the Album photograph but higher resolution than the one the National Portrait Gallery, London, gives permission to post (Neg. No. GP [L] [http://lafayette.org.uk/bou1369.html 1369]).
* Standing with fan behind head, includes close-up of skirt fabric and left hand (Neg. No. GP [L] [http://lafayette.org.uk/bou1368-444.html 1368-444]).
* Reclining on pillows and furs, includes close-up of face and headdress (Neg. No. GP [L] [http://lafayette.org.uk/bou1368-442.html 1368-442]).

==== Newspaper Accounts ====
The Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke was dressed as Salambo in the Oriental procession&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; in a costume made by [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Mrs. Mason|Mrs. Mason]], although Russell Harris says [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Mr. Charles Alias|Charles Alias]] was the &quot;Costume supplier.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://lafayette.org.uk/bou1369.html|title=Hon Mrs Algernon Bourke (1870-1967), née Guendoline Irene Emily Sloane-Stanley by Lafayette 1897|website=lafayette.org.uk|access-date=2025-07-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Besides the two that mention her — the ''Morning Post'' and the ''Times'' — only two describe her costume, the London ''Evening Standard'' and the ''Gentlewoman'':
* &quot;Mrs. A. Bourke, as an Egyptian Princess, with the Salambo coiffure, wore a flowing gown of white and silver gauze covered with embroidery of lotus flowers. The top of the gown was ornamented with old green satin embroidered with blue turquoise and gold, and studded with rubies. The train was of old green broché with sides of orange and gold embroidery, and from the ceinture depended long bullion fringe and an embroidered ibis.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“The Ball at Devonshire House. Magnificent Spectacle. Description of the Dresses.” London ''Evening Standard'' 3 July 1897 Saturday: 3 [of 12], Cols. 1a–5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/18970703/015/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 3, Col. 3b}}
* &quot;(Egyptian Princess), drapery gown of white and silver gauze, covered with embroidery of lotus flowers; the top of gown appliqué with old green satin embroidered blue turquoise and gold, studded rubies; train of old green broché.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 40, Col. 3a}}

==== Commentary on Her Costume ====

*The heavy headdress is likely attached to a wig and further stabilized by something under Bourke's chin and by the filet around her forehead. The flowers appear to have jewels at the center. What looks like a neck treatment is probably part of the structure holding the headpiece in place. The placement of the flowers is clearly a copy of the headdress worn by Rose Caron in the 1892 Paris production of the Reyer opera. Made by Eugène Lacoste, this textile, metal and pearl ''coiffe'' still exists (https://www.gazette-drouot.com/article/bijoux-d-opera/54941) and is held by the Bibliothèque Nationale de France.&lt;ref&gt;Merle, Sandrine. &quot;Les bijoux d’Opéra en pleine lumière au Palais Garnier.&quot; ''La Gazette Druout'' 4 July 2025 (No. 26). Retrieved July 2025

https://www.gazette-drouot.com/article/bijoux-d-opera/54941.&lt;/ref&gt; It seems to have been constructed from metal for the gold framework with the leaf design, beads attached to hanging metal frameworks (the blue-green beads look like they're covered with fabric or wrapped with thread) and flowers that may have been made from stiffened pinked fabric (likely organdy) whose color may have darkened in the century that has passed.
*Bourke's posture as she leans in the reclining odalisque pose shows she is wearing a corset.
*The translucent overskirt looks like an apron attached under the bust and hanging from the bodice.
*Russell Harris says the large fan looks more Egyptian rather than Carthaginian.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt; 
*The fullness of the skirt is very controlled.
*Her shoes are slippers decorated with real or artificial jewels.

==== Salammbô ====
Salammbô is the fictitious protagonist in Gustave Flaubert's 1862 novel ''Salammbô'', set during the Roman war against Carthage.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-04-29|title=Salammbô|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salammb%C3%B4&amp;oldid=1221352216|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salammb%C3%B4.&lt;/ref&gt; Salammbô is a Carthaginian priestess of the lunar goddess Tanit. Matho, a Roman mercenary, breaks into Tanit's temple and steals her sacred veil — the spiritual guardian of Carthage. Salammbô sneaks into the enemy encampment to steal the veil back. She meets Matho in his tent, and &quot;believing each other to be divine apparitions,&quot; they make love,&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; although it is also a defilement. Salammbô succceds in getting the veil back, but Matho is tortured and executed, which causes her to die of shock, the effect of both having touched the veil. The plot of the opera is not identical to that of the novel.

What Guendoline Bourke saw in Salammbo as representative of herself is difficult to know, unless the costume itself appealed to her. A production of Ernest Reyer's opera ''Salammbô'', based on Flaubert's novel and published in Paris in 1890, opened at the Paris Opéra on 16 May 1892,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-04-11|title=Ernest Reyer|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Reyer&amp;oldid=1218353215|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Reyer.&lt;/ref&gt; starring Madame Rose Caron, with Mademoiselle Lucienne Bréval performing when Caron was on vacation.&lt;ref&gt;Jullienn, Adolphe. &quot;Mademoiselle Lucienne Bréval de L'Académie Nationale de Musique [or de l'Opéra in the Table of Contents].&quot; ''Le Théatre'' April 1898 (No. 4). Google Books https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/_oxRAQAAMAAJ. Pp. 8–10.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|8, Col. 2c}} This production was widely reviewed and discussed in the papers in the UK, and its production design was notable, especially Caron's costumes, the sets and [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#Scale of the Production of Salammbo|the very scale of the production]]. Bourke or her costumier clearly saw the opera or images of the performers or its posters, certainly influencing the design of her costume.

* Rose Caron in her Salammbo costume is here: https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/rose-caron-french-soprano-in-costume-in-the-title-role-of-news-photo/1439485238.
* A headshot of Bréval in costume is here: https://books.google.com/books/content?id=_oxRAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=RA3-PP7&amp;img=1&amp;zoom=3&amp;hl=en&amp;bul=1&amp;sig=ACfU3U2Gv8Os_rEmx2gM9SakJkYLJ9hW7g&amp;ci=6%2C1%2C988%2C1371&amp;edge=0.)
* &quot;Salammbo's hair [was] powdered with a violet dust when she first appeared before the eyes of Matho.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Salome.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 27 February 1893, Monday: 3 [of 8]. Col. 2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18930227/010/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

Salammbo figured in paintings, sculptures and illustrations of editions of Flaubert's novel before Ernest Reyer's 1890 opera. Translations and illustrated editions of Flaubert's novel had come out steadily beginning in the 1880s. Alfons Mucha's 1896 lithograph of Salammbô (above left) was published the year before the ball. Salammbo is often depicted as nude and highly sexual or sexualized (kissing a huge snake, for example, that she holds aloft). Reyer's opera was first produced in 1890 in Brussels. Both Modest Mussorgsky and Sergei Rachmaninoff had attempted but not completed operas based on the novel as well.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; 


Guendoline Bourke's costume and her social life as reported in the newspapers do not suggest that she was a big risk-taker like, for example, the eccentric la Comtesse de Castiglione, who appeared at a ball in a Salammbo costume in 1886, 4 years after Flaubert's novel was first published. In 1889 the ''Edinburgh Evening News'' exaggerates her nudity and doesn't describe the rush in the ballroom to see her but does address the lingering memory:&lt;blockquote&gt;The late Countess Castiglione, whose death in Paris is recorded yesterday, made her first appearance at the Imperial Court in 1866, where her extraordinary beauty made a great impression on Napoleon III., and eventually led to the Empress Eugenie’s undertaking an unexpected and much-talked-of visit to Scotland. The Countess had a face and complexion which would have enchanted Rubens, and her lovely golden hair touched her feet. Even at the present day Paris has not forgotten her costume, or rather absence of costume as Salammbo, in which character she figured at a certain memorable ball at the Tuileries, wearing her hair, her jewels, and very little else. The Empress Eugenie, when she was presented to her thus lightly arrayed, declared that she must be cold, and insisted upon her there and then donning a mantle. Mme. de Castiglione was never again invited to an entertainment over which the Empress Eugenie presided.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Countess’ Queer Ball Costume.&quot; ''Edinburgh Evening News'' 2 December 1899, Saturday: 2 [of 6], Col. 7b [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000452/18991202/024/0002. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Given how widely this incident was discussed at the time of the death of la Comtesse in 1889, Guendoline Bourke might easily have known about it. But she was developing relationships with people like the Princess of Wales, and what Countess Castigiolone did does not sound at all like her. 

===== Scale of the Production of ''Salammbo'' =====

* &quot;In Reyer's opera of 'Salammbo,' lately produced at the Grand Opera in Paris, there were 1,400 persons on the stage in the last act.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Facts and Fancies.&quot; ''Louth and North Lincolnshire Advertiser'' 9 July 1892, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 6c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000313/18920709/038/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;the battle scene in [''Salammbo''] requires no less than 3000 square yards of 'decorative surface' [probably canvas]. This establishes a record, the next largest surface being that of the salles des fetes in 'Don Giovanni.'&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A French paper gives interesting details....&quot; ''Sevenoaks Chronicle and Kentish Advertiser'' 26 August 1892, Friday: 2 [of 8], Col. 3c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001067/18920826/032/0002. Same print title, n.p.

&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Influence of the Production of ''Salammbo'' =====
Rose Caron's productions were influential, including for the costumes she wore. The 1892 ''Lohengrin'' she starred in was the source of the costumes worn by [[Social Victorians/People/Stonor#Julia Caroline Stonor, Marquise of Hautpoul|Julia Stonor, Marquise of Hautpoul]] and her brother, [[Social Victorians/People/Stonor#Hon. Harry Stonor|Hon. Harry Stonor]].

Women's clothing was influenced by the costumes in the opera, particularly those worn by Rose Caron. One color of intense red was called Salammbo. A bonnet was named the Salammbô:&lt;blockquote&gt;About the smartest thing in bonnets for ordinary complimentary mourning is called the Salammbô, and is copied from a head-dress worn by a leading artiste at one of the Paris theatres. It is made of jet, and has a rose on each side of the front from the centres of which rise two black ospreys.&lt;ref&gt;Mantalini, Miss. &quot;The Shows in the London Shops. With Mems. about Millinery.&quot; ''Pall Mall Budget'' 29 December 1892, Thursday: 22 [of 40], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005967/18921229/092/0022. Same print title, p. 1928.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;In a long illustrated article describing the wedding of Princess Marie of Edinburgh, the ''Lady's Pictorial'' provides a sketch of &quot;a very pretty [hat] (No. 4) of brown mirror velvet trimmed with mink and a brown velvet bow in front '''with Salammbo''' '&lt;nowiki/&gt;''fantaisie''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'&quot; that is among the bride's millinery.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Marriage of H.R.H. Princess Marie of Edinburgh and H.R.H. Ferdinand Crown Prince of Roumania.&quot; ''Lady's Pictorial'' 14 January 1893, Saturday: 40 [of 76], Col. 3c [of 3]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005980/18930114/064/0040. Same print title, p. 56.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

Shoes appeared:&lt;blockquote&gt;At Mrs Merritt's, Savile-street, the stock is particularly attractive, there being so many new styles in shoes this season. One of the latest designs is the Salammbo Shoe, glace kid, with one strap, a jet buckle, and very low French heels. This shoe is especially designed for tender feet, as it is very light in weight.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;House and Home. Local Letter for Women Reader [sic], (By Our Lady Contributor).&quot; ''Hull Daily Mail'' 22 July 1897, Thursday: 5 [of 6], Col. 1b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000324/18970722/069/0005. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Patterns for making the Tunique Romaine and Corsage Salammbo were for sale just a few months after the opening:&lt;blockquote&gt;Some of the leading fashionable novelties described in ''Le Follet de Paris'' are almost ahead of the season, but they look so well that it will not be long before our provincial dressmakers have them. A revival and modification of the ancient tunic is one item which is transforming the modern gowns of tailor-built tweeds into long clinging draperies, of simple cut but ineffable grace. We have had the Russian blouse with us now for the last couple of months. Now the reign of Tunique Romaine and Corsage Salambo is upon us.

... [including the address to send off for the patterns]

A very successful novelty is the ''corsage'' “Salammbo.” In reality, it is more of a blouse and short tunic than a ''corsage'', as there is no attempt at shaping to the figure. In [sic] consists, indeed, of two straight pieces of material cut round on the shoulders, where the back and front are fastened together by clasps. There is no arm-hole, and the two pieces meet at the waist under the arm, and then hang open on to the skirt. There being no dart, the waist is as wide as the shoulders; the fullness is drawn to the centre under a ''ceinture Russe'', or of oxydised silver. The outlines are trimmed with ''galon'' or some similar garniture. The &quot;Salammbo” ''guimpe'' or ''corsage'' are made of flannel or ''mousseline de laine'' of bright colour, and are worn with fitting bodices or skirts of serge, or woollen of dark colour. They are very effective, and nothing can be easier to make, while their addition to a frock constitutes a separate costume.

The fitting bodices worn under the ''guimpes'' or ''robes'' &quot;Salammbo&quot; are very simply made; being round-waisted, they are without side pieces, and only require a seam under each arm; one in the centre of the back, and one or two darts in front, according to the figure. The skirt is mounted on a round waistband, and the ''ceinture'' worn over this gives the bodice and skirt the effect of a princess dress.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Womans Ceilidh.&quot; ''Oban Times and Argyllshire Advertiser'' 3 September 1892, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 6a–b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000462/18920903/078/0003. Print title: ''The Oban Times'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Stationery even before the opera opened in Paris:&lt;blockquote&gt;The last fad in fancy stationery is the carte Salammbo, a delightfully smooth surface for writing upon, the envelopes are very small, square, and of the wallet make; the paper folds over once to fit. The newest shades are rose pink, pale English blue, apple green, and the evergreen heliotrope.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Fashions of the Month.&quot; ''Nottinghamshire Guardian'' 27 February 1892, Saturday: 7 [of 8], Col. 2b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000176/18920227/059/0007. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:Algernon Henry Bourke Vanity Fair 20 January 1898.jpg|thumb|alt=Old colored drawing of an elegant elderly man dressed in a 19th-century tuxedo with a cloak, top hat and formal pointed shoes with bows, standing facing 1/4 to his right|''Algy'' — Algernon Henry Bourke — by &quot;Spy,&quot; ''Vanity Fair'' 20 January 1898]]

=== Hon. Algernon Bourke ===
[[File:Hon-Algernon-Henry-Bourke-as-Izaak-Walton.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a man richly dressed in an historical costume sitting in a fireplace that does not have a fire and holding a tankard|Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke as Izaak Walton. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]
'''Lafayette's portrait''' (left) of &quot;Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke as Izaak Walton&quot; in costume is photogravure #129 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; The printing on the portrait says, &quot;The Hon. Algernon Bourke as Izaak Walton.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hon. Algernon Bourke as Izaak Walton.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158492/Hon-Algernon-Henry-Bourke-as-Izaak-Walton.&lt;/ref&gt;

This portrait is amazing and unusual: Algernon Bourke is not using a photographer's set with theatrical flats and props, certainly not one used by anyone else at the ball itself. Isaak Walton (baptised 21 September 1593 – 15 December 1683) wrote ''The Compleat Angler''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2021-09-15|title=Izaak Walton|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Izaak_Walton&amp;oldid=1044447858|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izaak_Walton.&lt;/ref&gt; A cottage Walton lived in and willed to the people of Stafford was photographed in 1888, suggesting that its relationship to Walton was known in 1897, raising a question about whether Bourke could have used the fireplace in the cottage for his portrait. (This same cottage still exists, as the [https://www.staffordbc.gov.uk/izaak-waltons-cottage Isaak Walton Cottage] museum.)

A caricature portrait (right) of the Hon. Algernon Bourke, called &quot;Algy,&quot; by Leslie Ward (&quot;Spy&quot;) was published in the 20 January 1898 issue of ''Vanity Fair'' as Number 702 in its &quot;Men of the Day&quot; series,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-01-14|title=List of Vanity Fair (British magazine) caricatures (1895–1899)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)_caricatures_(1895%E2%80%931899)&amp;oldid=1195518024|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)_caricatures_(1895%E2%80%931899).&lt;/ref&gt; giving an indication of what he looked like out of costume.

=== Mr. and Mrs. Bourke ===
The ''Times'' made a distinction between the Hon. Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke and Mr. and Mrs. Bourke, including both in the article.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Occasionally this same article mentions the same people more than once in different contexts and parts of the article, so they may be the same couple. (See [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#Notes and Question|Notes and Question]] #2, below.)

== Demographics ==

=== The Bourkes ===
*Nationality: Anglo-Irish&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020-11-14|title=Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo&amp;oldid=988654078|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Occupation: journalist. 1895: restaurant, hotel and club owner and manager&lt;ref&gt;''Cheltenham Looker-On'', 23 March 1895. Via Ancestry but taken from the BNA.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Residences ====
*Ireland: 1873: Palmerston House, Straffan, Co. Kildare.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; Not Co. Mayo?
*1888–1891: 33 Cadogan Terrace, S.W., Kensington and Chelsea, a dwelling house&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970, Register of Voters, 1891.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1894: 181 Pavilion Road, Kensington and Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970. Register of Voters, 1894. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1900: 181 Pavilion Road, Kensington and Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970. Register of Voters, 1900. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1904: Algernon Bourke was &quot;usually liv[ing] in Venice&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;
*1906: 75, Gloucester-place, W.&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot; /&gt;
*Guendoline Bourke
*1911: 1911 Fulham, London&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
*20 Eaton Square, S.W. (in 1897)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pl0oAAAAYAAJ|title=Who's who|date=1897|publisher=A. &amp; C. Black|language=en}} 712, Col. 1b.&lt;/ref&gt; (London home of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]])

=== The Sloane-Stanleys ===

==== Residences ====

* 1871: Chester Street, St George Hanover Square (Census), with 5 servants, including a cook and a footman.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;The National Archives; Kew, London, England; ''1871 England Census''; Class: ''RG10''; Piece: ''104''; Folio: ''21''; Page: ''37''; GSU roll: ''838763''. Ancestry.com. ''1871 England Census'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1881–1885&lt;ref&gt;''UK, City and County Directories, 1600s-1900s''. Ancestry.com. ''UK, City and County Directories, 1766 - 1946'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; [at least]: 14 Halkin Street, W., St. Georges, 14 servants, including a governess, a house steward, an under butler, a footman and a cook.&lt;ref&gt;''Census Returns of England and Wales, 1881''. Kew, Surrey, England: The National Archives of the UK (TNA): Public Record Office (PRO), 1881. Class: ''RG11''; Piece: ''98''; Folio: ''66''; Page: ''37''; GSU roll: ''1341022''. Ancestry.com and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. ''1881 England Census'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1888: 49, Cadogan-square, St. Luke, Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Ancestry.com. ''London, England, Overseer Returns, 1863-1894'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1899, Roger Cyril Sloane-Stanley: 4 Down St., St George, Hanover Square&lt;ref&gt;London Metropolitan Archives; London, England; ''Electoral Registers''. Ancestry.com. ''London, England, Electoral Registers, 1832-1965'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1911, Roger Cyril Sloane-Stanley: Paultons, Ower, Romsey

== Family ==
*Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke (31 December 1854 – 7 April 1922)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p29657.htm#i296561|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Guendoline Irene Emily Sloane-Stanley Bourke (c. 1869 – 30 December 1967)&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&quot;Guendoline Irene Emily Stanley.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p51525.htm#i515247|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
#Daphne Marjory Bourke (5 April 1895 – 22 May 1962)

=== Relations ===
*Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke (the 3rd son of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|6th Earl of Mayo]]) was the older brother of Lady Florence Bourke.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
*Wilfred Blunt was a cousin of Algernon Bourke: Bourke's mother's &quot;mother was one of the Blunts of Crabbet Park, Sussex, which makes them kinswomen of Mr. Alfred Scawen Blunt, poet, Egyptophil and counsel for Arabi Pasha in his trial.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From ''Truth''.&quot; ''Mid-Lothian Journal'' 23 August 1912, Friday: 8 [of 8], 2c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002721/19120823/147/0008. Print title and p. same.&lt;/ref&gt;
*Lord Alfred Douglas was a cousin of Algernon Bourke.

==== Other Bourkes ====
*Hubert Edward Madden Bourke (after 1925, Bourke-Borrowes)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hubert Edward Madden Bourke-Borrowes.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p52401.htm#i524004|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2021-08-25}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p52401.htm#i524004.&lt;/ref&gt;
*Lady Eva Constance Aline Bourke, who married [[Social Victorians/People/Dunraven|Windham Henry Wyndham-Quin]] on 7 July 1885;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lady Eva Constance Aline Bourke.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p2575.htm#i25747|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-02}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p2575.htm#i25747.&lt;/ref&gt; he became 5th Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl on 14 June 1926.

=== The Sloane-Stanleys ===
* Emilie Josephine S Stanley ( 21 December 1848 [baptism]&lt;ref&gt;London Metropolitan Archives; &quot;London, England, UK&quot; ; ''London Church of England Parish Registers''; Reference Number: ''P87/Tri/001''. Ancestry.com. ''London, England, Church of England Births and Baptisms, 1813-1923'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;  – October 1945)
* Hans T Sloane Stanley (11 May 1840 [baptism]&lt;ref&gt;Ancestry.com. ''England, Select Births and Christenings, 1538-1975'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; – 15 December 1888&lt;ref&gt;Ancestry.com. ''UK and Ireland, Find a Grave® Index, 1300s-Current'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;)
* James Shell[e?]y Bontein ()
*# Gwendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt; Irene Emily G Stanley (c. 1870&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt; – )
*# '''Roger Cyril Hans Sloane Stanley''' (29 April 1875&lt;ref&gt;The National Archives; Kew, Surrey, England; ''WO 42 War Office: Officers' Birth Certificates, Wills and Personal Papers 1755-1908''; Reference: ''WO 42/72''. Ancestry.com. ''UK, Officers' Birth Certificates, Wills and Personal Papers, 1755-1908'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; – 18 November 1944&lt;ref&gt;''Find a Grave''. Find a Grave®. http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi. Ancestry.com. ''UK and Ireland, Find a Grave® Index, 1300s-Current'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;)


* Olivia Elizabeth Berens, Countess Cairns&lt;ref&gt;The National Archives of the UK (TNA); Kew, Surrey, England; ''Census Returns of England and Wales, 1911''. Ancestry.com. ''1911 England Census'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; (c. 1871 – 20 June 1951&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Olivia Elizabeth Berens.&quot; Person Page 3908; person #39077. ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as well as the Royal Families of Europe''. https://www.thepeerage.com/p3908.htm#i39077.

&lt;/ref&gt;)
* Arthur William Cairns, 2nd Earl Cairns (21 December 1861 – 14 January 1890)&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot;&gt;&quot;Arthur William Cairns, 2nd Earl Cairns.&quot; Person Page 3908; Person #39076. ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as well as the Royal Families of Europe''. https://www.thepeerage.com/p3908.htm#i39076.&lt;/ref&gt;
*# Lady Louise Rosemary Kathleen Virginia Cairns (10 March 1889 – 17 May 1962)&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot; /&gt;
* Roger Cyril Hans Sloane Stanley (1875 – 18 November 1944)
*# Lavender Elizabeth (20 May 1900 [baptism]&lt;ref&gt;Hampshire Archives and Local Studies; Winchester, England, UK; ''Anglican Parish Registers''; Reference: ''35M76/PR3''. Ancestry.com. ''Hampshire, England, Church of England Baptisms, 1813-1921''[database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; – )
*# Diane Sloane Stanley (c. 1905 – )


* Lavender Elizabeth (20 May 1900 [baptism] – )
* John Everett ()


* Diane Sloane Stanley (c. 1905 – )
* Elwyn Villiers Rhys ()

== Writings, Memoirs, Biographies, Papers ==

=== Writings ===
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon. ''The History of White's''. London: Algernon Bourke [privately published], 1892.
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon, ed., &quot;with a brief Memoir.&quot; ''Correspondence of Mr Joseph Jekyll with His Sister-in-Law, Lady Gertrude Sloane Stanley, 1818–1838''. John Murray, 1893.
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon, ed. ''Correspondence of Mr Joseph Jekyll''. John Murray, 1894.

=== Papers ===
* Where are the papers for the Earl of Mayo family? Are Algernon and Guendoline Bourke's papers with them?

== Notes and Questions ==
#The portrait of Algernon Bourke in costume as Isaac Walton is really an amazing portrait with a very interesting setting, far more specific than any of the other Lafayette portraits of these people in their costumes. Where was it shot? Lafayette is given credit, but it's not one of his usual backdrops. If this portrait was taken the night of the ball, then this fireplace was in Devonshire House; if not, then whose fireplace is it?
#The ''Times'' lists Hon. A. Bourke (at 325) and Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke (at 236) as members of a the &quot;Oriental&quot; procession, Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke (in the general list of attendees), and then a small distance down Mr. and Mrs. Bourke (now at 511 and 512, respectively). This last couple with no honorifics is also mentioned in the report in the London ''Evening Standard'', which means the Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke, so the ''Times'' may have repeated the Bourkes, who otherwise are not obviously anyone recognizable. If they are not the Hon. Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke, then they are unidentified. It seems likely that they are the same, however, as the newspapers were not perfectly consistent in naming people with their honorifics, even in a single story, especially a very long and detailed one in which people could be named more than once.
#Three slightly difficult-to-identify men were among the Suite of Men in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#&quot;Oriental&quot; Procession|&quot;Oriental&quot; procession]]: [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax|Gordon Wood]], [[Social Victorians/People/Portman|Arthur B. Portman]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Wilfred Wilson]]. The identification of Gordon Wood and Wilfred Wilson is high because of contemporary newspaper accounts. The Hon. Algernon Bourke, who was also in the Suite of Men, is not difficult to identify at all. Arthur Portman appears in a number of similar newspaper accounts, but none of them mentions his family of origin.
#[http://thepeerage.com The Peerage] has no other Algernon Bourkes.
#The Hon Algernon Bourke is #235 on the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball#List of People Who Attended|list of people who were present]]; the Hon. Guendoline Bourke is #236; a Mr. Bourke is #703; a Mrs. Bourke is #704.
#Hans Stanley-Sloane's estate was £33,704 7s. 5d. in the final probate in December 1889,&lt;ref&gt;Principal Probate Registry; London, England; ''Calendar of the Grants of Probate and Letters of Administration made in the Probate Registries of the High Court of Justice in England''. Ancestry.com. ''England &amp; Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1995'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; which might lead his widow to consider remarrying.
== Footnotes ==
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      <text bytes="172605" sha1="qammdvgkahandf64d0pmneplqzuyd7p" xml:space="preserve">Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were &quot;satirized&quot; by [[Social Victorians/People/Oscar Wilde|Oscar Wilde]] in his 1895 ''The Importance of Being Earnest''.&lt;ref&gt;Fahey, David M. ''The Politics of Drink in England, from Gladstone to Lloyd George''. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, 2022: p. 21, n. 34. ''Google Books'' (retrieved July 2025) https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Politics_of_Drink_in_England_from_Gl/8HRjEAAAQBAJ.&lt;/ref&gt; Algernon Bourke was a cousin of Lord Alfred Douglas, Wilde's Bosie, in 1898 attempting to facilitate a reconciliation between Bosie and his father.&lt;ref name=&quot;:26&quot;&gt;Ellmann, Richard. ''Osar Wilde''. Alfred A. Knopf, 1988.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|568}}[[File:Leslie Ward - Vanity Fair, Newspapermen, ^Algy^, The Hon Algernon Henry Bourke, Januray 20, 1898 - B1979.14.521 - Yale Center for British Art.jpg|thumb|Hon. Algernon Bourke, ''Vanity Fair'', 1898]]

==Also Known As==
* Family name: Bourke [pronounced ''burk'']&lt;ref name=&quot;:62&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-05-07|title=Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earl_of_Mayo&amp;oldid=1222668659|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Mayo.&lt;/ref&gt;
* The Hon. Algernon Bourke
** Button Bourke&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Tory 'Reformer' at the India Office.&quot; ''India'' 10 November 1911, Friday: 4 [of 12], Col. 1b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004300/19111110/007/0004#. Print: same title, p. 228.&lt;/ref&gt;
** Algy Bourke
* Mrs. Guendoline Bourke
** Guendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; [The National Portrait Gallery, London, uses this spelling for Lafayette's portrait of Bourke in costume for the ball,&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt; as does Russell Harris in the Lafayette Archive, held by the Victoria and Albert&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot;&gt;Harris, Russell. &quot;Hon Mrs Algernon Bourke, née Guendoline Irene Emily Sloane-Stanley (1870-1967), as Salammbô.&quot; ''In Calm Prose'' 2011. http://www.rvondeh.dircon.co.uk/incalmprose/.&lt;/ref&gt;.]
** Gwendolen&lt;ref&gt;General Register Office. ''England and Wales Civil Registration Indexes''. London, England: General Register Office. FreeBMD. ''England &amp; Wales, Civil Registration Marriage Index, 1837-1915''[database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Marriage Index}} &lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt;{{rp|''Morning Post'' article about her name}} &lt;ref&gt;General Register Office. ''England and Wales Civil Registration Indexes''. London, England: General Register Office. FreeBMD. ''England &amp; Wales, Civil Registration Marriage Index, 1837-1915''[database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Electoral Register}}
** Gwendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;City of Westminster Archives Centre; London, England; ''Westminster Church of England Parish Registers''; Reference: ''SPWP/PR/1/2''. Ancestry.com. ''Westminster, London, England, Church of England Births and Baptisms, 1813-1919'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Births and Baptisms}}
* Shelley Bontein and Emilie Sloane-Stanley Bontein
* See also the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|page for the Earl of Mayo]], the Hon. Algernon Bourke's father and then brother, and other Bourkes

== Overview ==

=== Algernon Bourke ===
Although the Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke was born in Dublin in 1854 and came from a family whose title is in the Peerage of Ireland,&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;1911 England Census.&lt;/ref&gt; he seems to have spent much of his adult life generally in England and especially in London. He was &quot;a noted fisherman.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London Correspondence.&quot; ''Freeman's Journal'' 21 December 1897, Tuesday: 5 [of 8], Col. 5c [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000056/18971221/027/0005. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

Because he was the son of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]], perhaps, or perhaps because he was so involved in projects that got reported on, he was mentioned a great deal in the newspapers, but after his bankruptcy, he seems to have receded in prominence, in part because he was living outside of the U.K., and apparently separately from his wife, Guendoline Bourke.

Bourke ran as the Conservative candidate for Parliament from Clapham (population, c. 70,000) in 1885, a race he did not win. As a candidate he is described like this:&lt;blockquote&gt;Acted as a newspaper correspondent during the Zulu war. Subsequently Poor-law inspector in the West of Ireland. &quot;A loyal supporter of Church and State.&quot; Desires to reduce the School Board expenditure, and revive trade; and is opposed to Mr. Chamberlain's &quot;police of hasty and experimental reform.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Clapham (70,000).&quot; ''South London Chronicle'' 17 October 1885, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000443/18851017/113/0005. Print title ''South London Chronicle and Southwark and Lambeth Ensign'', p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The London ''Weekly Dispatch'' says he is &quot;a dashing and unscrupulous young Tory.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Political Campaign in London.&quot; ''Weekly Dispatch'' (London) 15 November 1885, Sunday: 9 [of 16], Col. 3c [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003358/18851115/069/0009. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

&quot;Algy&quot; Bourke was &quot;Man of the Day&quot; (No. DCCII [522) for ''Vanity Fair'' in 1898, caricatured by Leslie Ward (above right) and damned, perhaps, with faint praise:&lt;blockquote&gt;Son of the great and murdered Lord Mayo, he is contemporary with the outbreak of the Crimean War, he is a Member of the London Stock Exchange, he has a beautiful wife and a daughter, and, being a very fashionable young man, he was once refused as their Member by the worthy electors of Clapham. He was an Eton boy, of course: and less naturally he went to Cambridge; where he was made President of the Beefsteak, the Amateur Dramatic, the Athenaeum, the True Blue, and the Hibernian Clubs. When he came down he tried journalism and went to Zululand as a ''Daily Telegraph'' ‘‘special”; after which he was improved into an Inspector of Workhouses [2, Col. 2c – 3, Col. 1a] in Ireland: which may account for his proficiency as a caterer. For seven years he worked under the late Mr. Chinnery on ''The Times'': being popularly supposed to look after that journal's morals. He is a good man of business, and a great organiser who has made White's Club pay even if it be less “smart&quot; than it was. He has done much for Willis’s since he took it in hand; he did well with his Battersea venture, and he thinks that he only failed with the Summer Club in Kensington Gardens because people would not go to the wrong side of the Park. Moreover, he runs a Club at Brighton, and he is Chairman of the Grand Hotel at Monte Carlo: whither he once organised a cheap trip. Altogether he is a veritable Clubman, and a very successful arranger of amusements, associations, and restaurants.

He is a popular fellow who is known to all of us; and though he is a little inclined to be quarrelsome, no one can get much the better of him. He is also a quick grasper of facts and a good talker. His favourite sports are fishing and the organising of associations for the introduction of salmon to the Thames. By way of being an art critic, he has made an interesting collection of engravings of the members of White’s Club from its foundation; but his friends say that he is not a well-dressed man. He has also written a history of White’s, and he is now writing one of Brooks's Club. He is a genial person, who looks as if the world agreed with him well.

He is an aquisition [sic] to a house party; and they call him “Algy.”&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Men of the Day.&quot; — No. DCCII [522]. The Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke.&quot; ''Vanity Fair'' 20 January 1898, Thursday: 2 [of 4], Col. 2c – 3, Col. 3a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9900020/18980120/010/0002 and https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/9900020/18980120/005/0003. Same print title, pp. 41–42. Portrait is full page, on p. 1.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The Hon. Algernon Bourke and Mr. Algernon Bourke, depending on the newspaper article, were the same person. Calling him Mr. Bourke in the newspapers, especially when considered as a businessman or (potential) member of Parliament, does not rule out the son of an earl, who would normally be accorded the honorific of ''Honorable''.

=== Guendoline Sloane-Stanley Bourke ===

Mrs. Guendoline Bourke exhibited at dog shows successfully and was a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Society Sportswomen|noted deerstalker]] and &quot;an appreciative listener to good music.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Vanity Fair.&quot; ''Lady of the House'' 15 June 1899, Thursday: 4 [of 44], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004836/18990615/019/0004.&lt;/ref&gt; She was a sponsor of Irish art needlework as well. Her personal beauty is often mentioned in reports, and ''The World'' says she was &quot;a magnificent woman.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Beauties of To-Day. From the ''World''.&quot; ''Clifton Society'' 24 June 1897, Thursday: 14 [of 16], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002164/18970624/066/0014. Same print and p.&lt;/ref&gt; She is the first listed in the ''Graphic''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s 1891 &quot;Leading Ladies of Society&quot;:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke is a daughter (Gwendoline Irene Emily) of the late Hans Sloane Stanley, Esq., of Poultons, Southampton, and 49, Cadogan Square, S.W. She married, on December 15th, 1887, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, third son of the sixth Earl of Mayo, Governor-General of India (who was assassinated in 1872), and nephew of Lord Connemara, Governor of Madras. Mr. Bourke is a member of the London Stock Exchange, and resides at 33, Cadogan Terrace, S.W.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Leading Ladies of Society.&quot; The Graphic 28 March 1891, Saturday: 6 [of 28], Col. 2c [of 3]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9000057/18910328/019/0006. Print: same title, p. 346.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;She attended many social events without her husband, especially into the 20th century, usually described with an appreciation of what she wore. Unlike her husband's, Guendoline's social status seems to have risen as time passed, and she appears in stories associated with the Princess of Wales, and then later with Queen Alexandra.

=== The Sloane-Stanley Family ===
Guendoline's family consisted of a younger brother, Cyril Sloane-Stanley, as well as her parents, Hans Sloane-Stanley and Emilie Edwards Sloane-Stanley. Exactly one year after she and Algernon Bourke married, Hans Sloane-Stanley died (in 1888), leaving an estate worth £33,704 7s. 5d.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;&gt;Principal Probate Registry; London, England; ''Calendar of the Grants of Probate and Letters of Administration made in the Probate Registries of the High Court of Justice in England''. Ancestry.com. ''England &amp; Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1995'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; (1888, 321) Her mother remarried almost exactly a year after that, to James Shelly Bontein. Bontein's father had been Gentleman Usher and Clerk of the Robes to Queen Victoria.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot;&gt;&quot;Marriages.&quot; &quot;Births, Marriages, and Deaths.&quot; ''Belfast News-Letter'' 6 December 1889, Friday: 1 [of 8], Col. 1a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000038/18891206/001/0001. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

Shortly after his death ''Truth'' described Guendoline and Cyril's father Hans Sloane-Stanley:&lt;blockquote&gt;The death of Mr. Sloane Stanley, of Paultons Park, is much regretted in South Hants, as he was one of the most popular landlords in the county, and was greatly esteemed. Mr. Sloane Stanley was well known in yachting circles, and for many years he was Commodore of the Royal Southern Yacht Club, and owned the schooner ''Star of the West''. He was one of the very few owners who continued to keep up the old custom of giving his crew a laying-up supper at the close of each season. There were great festivities at Paultons only a few months ago, when Miss Sloane Stanley was married to Mr. Algernon Bourke.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Entre Nous.&quot; ''Truth'' 27 December 1888, Thursday: 6 [of 48], Col. 2b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18881227/023/0006# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18881227/023/0006]. Same print title, p. 1136.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;When he died in 1944, Cyril Sloane-Stanley's estate was quite a bit larger than his father's had been 50 years before. The probate was divided between what was limited to &quot;settled land&quot; and what was &quot;save and except settled land.&quot; What was not settled land totalled £356,114 12s. 10d. and went to John Everett, company director; the Hon. Elwyn Villiers Rhys, captain, H.M. army; and William Adam de Geijer, retired captain, H.M. army.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt; (1944, 430) His daughter Lavender was married to John Everett, and Diane was married to Elwyn Villiers Rhys. What was settled land totalled £168,975 and went to William Adam de Geijer, retired captain, H.M. army, and George Lawrence Stewart, solicitor.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt; (1944, 430)

The Sloane-Stanleys descend from Hans Sloane (1660–1753), whose 71,000-item collections &quot;provid[ed] the foundation of the British Museum, the British Library, and the Natural History Museum, London.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2025-01-07|title=Hans Sloane|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane|journal=Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane|language=en|via=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Much of this Hans Sloane's wealth came from his medical practice in Jamaica, where he went as physician to the Governor General of Jamaica, the 2nd Duke of Albemarle, and where he married &quot;a wealthy heiress of sugar plantations&quot; worked by enslaved Jamaicans.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot; /&gt; His great-nephew, Hans Sloane, inherited Paultons, near Romsey, &quot;and in recognition of this he adopted the additional surname of Stanley in 1821.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-10-06|title=Hans Sloane (MP)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane_(MP)|journal=Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane_(MP)|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Acquaintances, Friends and Enemies ==

=== Algernon Bourke ===

* Best man at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Wedding of Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Sloane Stanley|his wedding]]: the Hon. Michael Sandys
* [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Marcus Henry Milner]], &quot;one of the zealous assistants of that well-known firm of stockbrokers, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;&quot;Metropolitan Notes.&quot; ''Nottingham Evening Post'' 31 July 1888, Tuesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 2a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/18880731/025/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Caroline, Duchess of Montrose — her &quot;legal advisor&quot; on the day of her marriage to Marcus Henry Milner&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Metropolitan Notes.&quot; ''Nottingham Evening Post'' 31 July 1888, Tuesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 1b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/18880731/025/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Wilfred Scawen Blunt
* Alexander Meyrick Broadley&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot;&gt;Broadley, Alexander Meyrick. ''How We Defended Arábi and His Friends, a Story of Egypt and the Egyptians''. London: Chapman and Hall, 1884. Google Books: [https://www.google.com/books/edition/How_We_Defended_Ar%C3%A1bi_and_His_Friends/75YRzFDvaO4C?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;bsq=Bourke https://www.google.com/books/edition/How_We_Defended_Ar%C3%A1bi_and_His_Friends/75YRzFDvaO4C].&lt;/ref&gt; (2) [Blunt, Broadley and Bourke were mutual friends; Blunt and Bourke were cousins.]
* &quot;Natty Rothschild,&quot; according to Blunt
* Brett, who was Hartington's secretary in the early 80s.&lt;ref&gt;Blunt, Wilfred Scawen. ''Gordon at Khartoum, Being a Personal Narrative of Events in Continuation of &quot;A Secret History of the English Occupation of Egypt''.&quot; London: Stephen Swift, 1911.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Guendoline Bourke ===

* Bridesmaids at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Wedding of Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Sloane Stanley|her wedding]]: Lady Florence Bourke, Miss Nora Bourke, Miss Edwards, and Miss Ewart
* Lord and Lady Alington, Belvedere House, Scarborough
* [[Social Victorians/People/William James|Evelyn James]] 

== Organizations ==

=== Guendoline Bourke ===

* Member, the Ladies Committee for the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Skating Club|Prince's Skating Club]], which also included [[Social Victorians/People/Princess Louise|Princess Louise]] (Duchess of Argyll), the [[Social Victorians/People/Portland|Duchess of Portland]], [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Lady Londonderry]], [[Social Victorians/People/Campbell|Lady Archibald Campbell]], [[Social Victorians/People/Ribblesdale|Lady Ribblesdale]], and [[Social Victorians/People/Asquith|Mrs. Asquith]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;&quot;What the 'World' Says.&quot; ''Northwich Guardian'' 01 November 1902, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Col. 8a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001975/19021101/134/0006. Print title: The ''Guardian'', p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt; (in 1902, at least)

=== Algernon Bourke ===
* [[Social Victorians/Schools#Eton|Eton]]
* Cambridge University, Trinity College, 1873, Michaelmas term&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;Cambridge University Alumni, 1261–1900. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Conservative Party
* 1879: Appointed a Poor Law Inspector in Ireland, Relief of Distress Act
* 1881: Partner, with 2 uncles, in Brunton, Bourke, and Co.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From Our London Correspondent.&quot; ''Manchester Courier'' 24 August 1881, Wednesday: 5 [of 8], Col. 4a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000206/18810824/030/0005. Print: ''Manchester Courier and Lancaster General Advertiser'', p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt; (one of the [[Social Victorians/British Aristocracy#Sons of Peers on the Stock Exchange|sons of peers on the Stock Exchange]])
* 1885: Office of the 7th Surrey Rifles Regiment&lt;ref&gt;&quot;7th Surrey Rifles.&quot; ''South London Press'' 08 August 1885, Saturday: 12 [of 16], Col. 4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18850808/165/0012. Print p. 12.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1886: Battersea Friendly Angling Society&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Battersea Friendly Angling Society.&quot; ''Fishing Gazette'' 17 April 1886, Saturday: 6 [of 20], Col. 2a [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002553/18860417/030/0006. Same print title, p. 218.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 27 February 1886: one of the Vice Presidents of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Bolingbroke Reading-Room and Institute|Bolingbroke Reading-Room and Institute]]
* Special Correspondent of The ''Times'' for the Zulu War, accompanying Lord Chelmsford
* Head, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys, &quot;that well-known firm of stockbrokers&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; ( – 1901 [at least])
* White's gentleman's club, St. James's,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-10-09|title=White's|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White's|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%27s.&lt;/ref&gt; Manager (1897)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Side Lights on Drinking.&quot; ''Waterford Standard'' 28 April 1897, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001678/18970428/053/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Willis's Rooms (described in 1895):&lt;blockquote&gt;... the Hon. Algernon Burke [sic], son of the 6th Earl of Mayo, has turned the place into a smart restaurant where choice dinners are served and eaten while a stringed band discourses music. Willis's Rooms are now the favourite dining place for ladies who have no club of their own, or for gentlemen who are debarred by rules from inviting ladies to one of their own clubs. The same gentleman runs a hotel in Brighton, and has promoted several clubs. He has a special faculty for organising places of the kind, without which such projects end in failure.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lenten Dullness.&quot; ''Cheltenham Looker-On'' 23 March 1895, Saturday: 11 [of 24], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000226/18950323/004/0011. Print p. 275.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
*The [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Pelican|Pelican Club]], known for its boxing (1891)

==== Boards of Directors ====
*1883: One of the directors, the Franco-English Tunisian Esparto Fibre Supply Company, Ltd.&lt;ref&gt;''Money Market Review'', 20 Jan 1883 (Vol 46): 124.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1891: One of the founders, the Discount Banking Company, Ltd., which says Algernon Bourke is a director of District Messenger Services and News Company, Ltd.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Public Company.&quot; ''Nottingham Journal'' 31 October 1891, Saturday: 4 [of 8], Col. 8a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001896/18911031/099/0004. Print title: ''The Nottingham Daily Express'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1894: One of the directors, the Frozen Lake, Ltd., with Admiral Maxse, Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Marcus Beresford]], [[Social Victorians/People/Williams|Hwfa Williams]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Frozen Lake, Limited.&quot; ''St James's Gazette'' 08 June 1894, Friday: 15 [of 16], Col. 4a [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001485/18940608/085/0015. Print p. 15.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;London is to have new amusement this winter, for which Mr Algernon Bourke, who has taught us that it is possible to eat as well in St. James’s as on the Boulevards, and Mr Hwfa Williams, of Sandown fame, are jointly responsible. The &quot;Frozen Lake,&quot; under which title a real ice-skating rink is about to be constructed under their auspices, will no doubt be gladly welcomed by all skaters, and the venture is likely to prove a success.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip.&quot; ''Weston-super-Mare Gazette, and General Advertiser'' 6 June 1894, Wednesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 4b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001444/18940606/044/0004. Print title: ''Weston-super-Mare Gazette'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== Committees ====

*Member, General Committee, [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Baths|the Baths Club]] (1892)
*Member, Men's Committee of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Skating Club|Prince's Skating Club]], which also included Lord Edward Cecil, Lord Redesdale, Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Lyttelton|Alfred Lyttelton]], Sir Edgar Vincent, Sir William Hart Dyke, and Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Grenfell|W. H. Grenfell]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; (1902, at least)
*[[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#25 March 1896, Wednesday|The Sala Memorial Fund]], member of the committee (from 25 March 1896)
* Member of an &quot;influential committee&quot; headed by the Lord Mayor &quot;to restore salmon to the Thames&quot; (June 1899)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Salmon in the Thames.&quot; ''Berks and Oxon Advertiser'' 30 June 1899, Friday: 5 [of 8], Col. 4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002298/18990630/079/0005. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Timeline ==

=== 1870s ===
'''1872 February 8''', Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo was assassinated while inspecting a &quot;convict settlement at Port Blair in the Andaman Islands ... by Sher Ali Afridi, a former Afghan soldier.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-12-01|title=Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo.&lt;/ref&gt; The Hon. Algernon's brother Dermot became the 7th Earl at 19 years old.

'''1876 November 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was one of 6 men (2 students, one of whom was Bourke; 2 doctors; a tutor and another man) from Cambridge who gave evidence as witnesses in an inquest about the death of a student falling off a horse.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Fatal Accident to a Sheffield Student at Cambridge.&quot; ''Sheffield Independent'' 25 November 1876, Saturday: 7 [of 12], Col. 5a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000181/18761125/040/0007. Print title: ''Sheffield and Rotherham Independent'', n. p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1879 December 27, Saturday – 29, Monday''', Algernon Bourke was in Kilrush as a Local Government Board Inspector:&lt;blockquote&gt;Among many distinguished visitors at the Vandeleur Arms Hotel, Kilrush this week was the Hon. Algernon Bourke Local Government Board Inspector who arrived on Saturday, and sojourned there until 2 o'clock on Monday, when the honourable gentleman left by Steamer tor Limerick.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Fashionable Intelligence.&quot; ''Kilrush Herald and Kilkee Gazette'' 01 January 1880, Thursday: 2 [of 5], Col. 3a [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003186/18800101/011/0002. Print title ''Kilrush Herald'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 1880s ===
'''4 February 1880, Wednesday''', Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880#Grand Ball at Palmerstown House Hosted by the Earl of Mayo|grand ball at Palmerstown House hosted by the Earl of Mayo]]. 

'''1880 March 30, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was working in the judicial system in Newcastle, County Limerick, possibly as Poorhouse Inspector:&lt;blockquote&gt;A sworn enquiry was held to-day at the Workhorse, Newcastle West, by the Hon Algernon Bourke, L.G.I., to enquire into charges preferred by Dr. Pierce, Medical Office, against Dr. O'Shaughnesay. The enquiry was adjourned till Thursday next. Mr Moran, sol., Rathkeale, was engaged for Dr. O'Shaughnessy.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Sworn Enquiry.&quot; &quot;Limerick County. Newcastle West Intelligence.&quot; ''Bassett's Chronicle'' 31 March 1880, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 3b–c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003471/18800331/044/0003.  Print title ''Bassett's Daily Chronicle'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1880 April 17, Saturday''', in-jokes dominate this report mentioning Algernon Bourke in the context of the Kildare and National Hunt races in Dublin:&lt;blockquote&gt;And in mopy Upper Mount-street, where young Algernon Bourke, of the Onety-oneth, had promised to call for, and afterwards spin down to the races in his mail phaeton, the Blake girls; and in fastidious Fitzwilliam-place, and exclusive &quot;Murryan-squeer,&quot; from which dashing army men, in their neatly-appointed, well horsed drags were to &quot;tool&quot; down sweet young Dublin lasses of the ''crême d la crême'' [sic], many an anxious forecasting of the weather was taken, lest by an unpropitious shower that last triumph of Mrs. Manning, or the Forrests, or Miss Sedford, or any of the ''grandes dames de la mode'' should be rendered as worthless as a Confederate &quot;greenback.&quot; But by ten o'clock all doubts were happily set aside, and up struck the lovely April day in all its spring-time glory and then the road, oh, the road!&lt;ref&gt;&quot;To Punchestown and Back by the Old Road.&quot; ''Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News'' 17 April 1880, Saturday: 6 [of 24], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001857/18800417/013/0006. Same print title, p. 102.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1881 May 10, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#1881 May 10, Tuesday|wedding of Marion Lascelles, eldest daughter of the Hon. Egremont W. Lascelles, brother of the Earl of Harewood, and Lieutenant Henry Dent Brocklehurst, of the Second Life Guards, nephew of Mr. Philip Brocklehurst, of Swithamley Park, Macclesfield]]. His gift was an &quot;old enamelled watch set in pearls.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Nuptial Rejoicings at Middlethorpe Manor. Marriage of Miss Lascelles and Lieut. Brocklehurst.&quot; ''Yorkshire Gazette'' 14 May 1881, Saturday: 9 [of 12], Cols. 3a–4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive''https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000266/18810514/057/0009. Print same title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1881 May 23, Monday, 2:00 p.m.''', Algernon Bourke is listed among the Honourables at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace|Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace]].

'''1881 July 14, Thursday afternoon, beginning about 2 p.m.''', Algernon Bourke was invited to a Garden Party at Marlborough House hosted by [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]]. Members of the family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] were also among the 1,500 or so invited guests.

'''1881 July 22, Friday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to an [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#22 July 1881, Friday|evening party at Marlborough House hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales]].

'''1881 September 17, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was reported among the company at Doncaster during race week.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;List of the Company.&quot; ''York Herald'' 17 September 1881, Saturday: 8 [of 16], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000499/18810917/183/0008. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1881 November 22, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was sued in Dublin by Henry Naylor because he &quot;had declined to pay&quot; for a £35 piano.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Henry Naylor v. the Hon. Algernon Bourke.&quot; &quot;Exchequer Division.&quot; &quot;High Court of Justice.&quot; ''Belfast Morning News'' 23 November 1881, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 8a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000428/18811123/015/0003. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1881 December 8, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke was part of a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#Battue at Palmerstown|battue at Palmerstown]], when the group bagged 172 pheasants, hares and rabbits.

'''1882 March 7, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882#7 March 1882, Tuesday|fashionable wedding of Reginald Chandos-Pole and Violet Denison]].

'''1882 March 15, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882#The Marchioness of Salisbury's Assembly|the Marchioness of Salisbury's first reception of the season]].

'''1882 July 13, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to the [[Social Victorians/1882-07-13 Marlborough House Garden Party|Garden Party at Marlborough House for Queen Victoria]] hosted by [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]]. The more than 1,000 people invited also included a number of people from the family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]].

'''1882 September 19''', Alexander M. Broadley in Tunis received a letter from Algernon Bourke asking him to provide legal counsel to defend prisoner-of war Arábi in Egypt, with Wilfred Scawen Blunt, which he did.&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot; /&gt; (2)

'''1882 September 28, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882#The Wedding of John M'Donald and Georgiana Lambart|wedding of John M'Donald and Georgiana Lambart]].

'''1883 March 21, Wednesday''', the Evening Irish Times announced that Algernon Bourke &quot;has arrived at Kingstown from England.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Fashion.&quot; ''Evening Irish Times'' 21 March 1883, Wednesday: 7 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003464/18830321/086/0007. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''23 July 1883, Monday, noon''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1883#Garden Party at Marlborough House, at Noon|garden party at Marlborough House]] hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales.

'''31 October 1883, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the wedding of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1883#Wedding of Lady Cecelia Hay and Captain George Webbe|Lady Cecelia Hay and Captain George Webbe]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 February 16, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#16 February 1884, Saturday|the funeral of Thomas Chenery, editor of the ''Times'']].

'''1884 April 4, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was (may have been?) one of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#5 April 1884, Saturday|&quot;Supporters of the Pall&quot; at the funeral]] of [[Social Victorians/People/Leopold|Prince Leopold George Duncan Albert, Duke of Albany]] at St. George's, Windsor.

'''1884 April 26, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#26 April 1884, Saturday|dinner party at the Lord Mayor's Mansion House for conservatives to meet Sir Stafford Northcote]].

'''1884 May 3, Saturday''', the &quot;Rochester Conservatives&quot; announced that they would &quot;bring forward the Hon. Algernon Bourke, brother of Lord Mayo, as their second candidate,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Election Intelligence.&quot; ''Yorkshire Gazette'' 03 May 1884, Saturday: 4 [of 12], Col. 6a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000266/18840503/011/0004.&lt;/ref&gt; but because he would not be the first candidate, Bourke declined.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rochester.&quot; London ''Daily Chronicle'' 09 May 1884, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 8b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005049/18840509/049/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1884 June 18, Wednesday''', Mr. Algernon Bourke was on a committee to watch a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#18 June 1884, Wednesday|Mr. Bishop's &quot;thought-reading&quot; experiment]], which was based on a challenge by Henry Labourchere made the year before. This &quot;experiment&quot; took place before a fashionable audience.

'''1884 July 25, Friday, afternoon''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#Garden Party at Marlborough House hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales|Garden Party at Marlborough House hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales]].

'''1885 January 22, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke's gift to [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#Wedding of George Buckle and Alicia Payn|George Buckle and Alicia Payn for their wedding]] was an antique cabinet.

'''1885 July 7, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#7 July 1885, Tuesday|Eva Bourke's wedding to Windham Wyndham-Quin]] at St. Mary Abbots, Kensington.

'''1885 July 13, Monday''', Algernon Bouurke was at Victoria Station as part of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#Arrival of Lord Wolseley in London from Egypt|crowd greeting Lord Wolseley on his return from Egypt]].

'''1885 July 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/1885-07-24 Marlborough House Ball|ball at Marlborough House]] hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales.

'''1885 September 26, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke took part in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#26 September 1885, Saturday|Ealing Conservative Club fete and meeting]] supporting Salisbury's government and condemning &quot;the dictates of one man&quot; — Gladstone — for Gordon's death.

'''1885 October 3, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was named as the Conservative candidate for Clapham in the Battersea and Clapham borough after the Redistribution Bill determined the electoral districts for South London.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;South London Candidates.&quot; ''South London Press'' 03 October 1885, Saturday: 9 [of 16], Col. 5b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18851003/096/0009. Print p. 9.&lt;/ref&gt; On Sunday 15 November 1885 the London ''Weekly Dispatch'' supported Moulton, the Liberal candidate, who ultimately won the election:&lt;blockquote&gt;

Though a successful lawyer, Mr. Moulton is much more than that. He is a thorough and independent student of political science, who may be trusted to do good service to the Liberal cause with brain as well as with tongue. It will be matter for hearty congratulation if he defeats the Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke, who is a dashing and unscrupulous young Tory, and a nephew of the well-known politician with the same surname.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Political Campaign in London. VI. — The South-West Divisions.&quot; ''Weekly Dispatch'' (London) 15 November 1885, Sunday: 9 [of 16], Col. 3c [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003358/18851115/069/0009. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

On Saturday 21 November 1885 the ''South London Press'' reported on posters for Bourke's candidacy:&lt;blockquote&gt;

The Hon. Algernon Bourke, Conservative candidate for Clapham, has a very industrious billsticker, who pastes up his patron’s bills in every possible place where they can be seen to advantage. It is unfortunate, however, that choosing the flank wall of an auctioneer’s the modern &quot;Sam Slap&quot; has produced some curious combinations, such as — &quot;Vote for Bourke,&quot; &quot;Now on View;&quot; &quot;Electors of Clapham, Vote for Mr. Bourke, and&quot; &quot;Be Sold Without Reserve;&quot; &quot;Mr, Bourke will&quot; &quot;Advance Money to&quot; &quot;the Electors of Clapham;&quot; &quot;Great Conservative Meeting. The British Constitution will be&quot; &quot;Offered for Sale this Evening,&quot; &amp;c.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pick-up Notes.&quot; ''South London Press'' 21 November 1885, Saturday: 10 [of 16], Col. 1b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18851121/155/0010. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1885 November 3, Tuesday, 11:00 a.m.''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Mayo-Ponsonby Wedding 1885-11-03|wedding of his brother, Dermot, 7th  Earl of Mayo and Geraldine Ponsonby]]. He gave them 2 Sheraton secretaires.

'''1886 January 5, Tuesday, late''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Twelfth Night|Twelfth Night celebration at the Drury Lane theatre]].

'''1886 March 13, Saturday evening''', an Hon. Mr. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/1886-03-13 Reception at the French Embassy|reception at the French Embassy]], possibly Algernon Bourke or possibly [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|one of his brothers]].

'''1886 July 10, Saturday''', Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Garden Party at Marlborough House Given to the Queen|garden party at Marlborough House given to the Queen]]. Guendoline Sloane Stanley is not mentioned but Mr. and Mrs. Hans Sloane Stanley are, as are Mr. and Mrs. F. Sloane Stanley.&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 July 21, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to the [[Social Victorians/1886-07-21 Marlborough House Ball|Ball at Marlborough House]], as were a [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#The Sloane-Stanleys 2|Mr. and Mrs. F. Sloane-Stanley]], possibly the parents of Guendoline Sloane-Stanley (if the &quot;F&quot; is a mistake), who married Bourke on 15 December 1887. Guendoline is not mentioned as having been invited.

'''1886 July 27, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended a service honoring a memorial at St. Paul's for his father, who had been assassinated.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Memorial to the Late Earl of Mayo.&quot; ''Northern Whig'' 28 July 1886, Wednesday: 6 [of 8], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000434/18860728/143/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1886 September 2, Thursday''', Mr. Algernon Bourke was part of a group of mostly aristocratic men taking part in [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Augustus Harris's A Run of Luck|a &quot;trial-rehearsal&quot; as part of Augustus Harris's production]] ''A Run of Luck'', about sports.

'''1886 October 2, Saturday''', the Duke of Beaufort and the Hon. Algernon Bourke arrived in Yougal: &quot;His grace has taken a residence at Lismore for a few weeks, to enjoy some salmon fishing on the Blackwater before the close of the season.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Chippenham.&quot; ''Wilts and Gloucestershire Standard'' 02 October 1886, Saturday: 8 [of 8], Col. 6a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001955/18861002/142/0008. Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1886 October 11, Monday''', Algernon Bourke may have been taking part in a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Performance of Run of Luck|performance of ''Run of Luck'' at the Drury Lane]].

'''1886 October 23, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Party at Wemyss Castle, Fife|staying at Wemyss Castle, Fife]].

'''1886 December 30, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke was back in London and attending the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Augustus Harris's The Forty Thieves|&quot;Forty Thieves&quot; pantomime at the Drury Lane Theatre]].

'''1887 January 5, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was one of the chief mourners at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Funeral of Lady Margaret Harriett Bourke|funeral of Lady Margaret Harriett Bourke]].

'''1887 March 1, 2:00 p.m.''', Algernon Bourke is listed among the Messieurs attending the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace|Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1887 May''', a &quot;signalling incident&quot; in 1907 [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#May 1887|caused the Waterford ''Evening News'' to recall a similar event]] that had occurred 20 years earlier, in which Algernon Bourke, as special correspondent for the ''Times'', caused the incident to be publicized:&lt;blockquote&gt;During the manoeuvres in connection with the 1887 Jubilee of Queen Victoria a signal was observed going up from [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles [Beresford]]]'s ship. It was a message to his wife, Lady Beresford, to the effect that, as he should be late for dinner, she was not to wait. Beyond the hilarity this domestic signal evoked, nothing more would have been heard of it, but Mr. Algernon Bourke (Lord Mayo's brother) was acting as special correspondent for the &quot;Times,&quot; and that paper the next morning contained a full and humorous report of the incident. Then there was trouble.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Signalling Incident.&quot; ''Evening News'' (Waterford) 13 November 1907, Wednesday: 1 [of 4], Col. 6c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004557/19071113/021/0001.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1887 June 15, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians Foreign Office Reception 1887-06-15|reception at the Foreign Office in honor of Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee]].

'''1887 July 6, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to and, presumably, attended the State Ball at Buckingham Palace.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The State Ball at Buckingham Palace.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 08 July 1887, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 5a–6c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18870708/013/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 1c)

'''1887 August 6, Saturday''', the ''Brighton Gazette'' says that the &quot;Hon. Mrs and Mr Algernon Bourke&quot; were staying at the Royal Crescent Hotel in Brighton, but they didn't marry until 15 December 1887.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Royal Crescent Hotel.&quot; ''Brighton Gazette'' 6 August 1887, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 5c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000938/18870806/047/0003. Print title ''Brighton Gazette and Sussex Telegraph'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt; Perhaps an elder relative, because she is mentioned first?

'''1887 November 9, Wednesday''', the ''Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper'' announced that&lt;blockquote&gt;A marriage is arranged, and will take place early in January, between Mr. Algernon Bourke, third son of the late Earl of Mayo, and Miss Guendolen Sloane Stanley, only daughter of Mr. Hans Sloane Stanley, of Paultons.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Romsey, Nov. 9.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 9 November 1887, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18871109/034/0003. Print title ''Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Shortly after, the papers announced that the wedding would not take place.

'''1887 December 15, Thursday''', Hon. [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Wedding of Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Sloane Stanley|Algernon Bourke and Guendoline Stanley were married at St. Paul's]], Knightsbridge, by Bourke's uncle the Hon. and Rev. George Bourke. Only family members attended because of &quot;the recent death of a near relative of the bride.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court Circular.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 16 December 1887, Friday: 5 [of 8], Col. 7c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18871216/066/0005.&lt;/ref&gt; Who the &quot;near relative of the bride&quot; was not in her nuclear family, and perhaps that explains the cancellation of the wedding and then the changing of the wedding date and not some problem in the couple.

'''1888 – 1899 January 1''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was &quot;proprietor&quot; of [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#White's|White's Club, St. James's Street]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;&quot;The Hon. Algernon Bourke's Affairs.&quot; ''Eastern Morning News'' 19 October 1899, Thursday: 6 [of 8], Col. 7c [of7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001152/18991019/139/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1888 January 21, Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the wedding of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#Hamilton-Ewart Wedding|Florence Ewart and Henry Hamilton]].

'''1888 March 7, Wednesday''', assuming that this date is not a week after the actual date, [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lady Charles Beresford]] held a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#1888 March 7, Wednesday|notable and well-attended &quot;at home&quot;]] that Guendoline Bourke attended, reported for being dressed in white and being among the beautiful women present.

'''6 April 1888, Friday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#6 April 1888, Friday|New Forest United Hunt ball at the New Forest Hall, Lyndhurst]].

'''1888 May 2, Wednesday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#The Marchioness of Salisbury's Reception|Marchioness of Salisbury's reception]] at the Salisbury home on Arlington-street.

'''1888 May 22, Tuesday''', the Dowager Countess of Mayo presented Guendoline Bourke at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#Queen's Drawing Room|Queen's drawing-room]] hosted by the Princess of Wales. This is Guendoline Bourke's dress:&lt;blockquote&gt;Empire robe de cour of white satin duchesse, lined with rich pink silk, sufficiently bright to give a beautiful shell-like tint through the satin; tulle underdress, with upper skirt, embroidered with pearl, and caught up in Greek folds with large pink Tosca roses; white satin bodice, with Josephine pink sash tied at side, Headdress, veil and plumes; ornaments, diamonds.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Dresses at the Drawing-Room.&quot; ''Epsom Journal'' 22 May 1888, Tuesday: 3 [of 6], Col. 5b–c [of 6]. ''British Newspapers Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004837/18880522/034/0003. Print: title ''Local Journal'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Another description:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke's train was of white satin lined with pink, which showed through with charmingly shell-like effect. The dress, fashioned after those of the Empire period, was of white satin embroidered with pearls. A very broad sash of pink satin made the waist seem quaintly short, a trying thing to any but the young and tall, both of which qualifications Mrs. Bourke most happily possesses. She carried a lovely posy of La France roses.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Gossip on Dress.&quot; ''Boston Spa News'' 25 May 1888, Friday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1b–2b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003395/18880525/014/0002. Print title The News, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 1c)&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1888 June 8, Friday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#Dinner and Dance Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne at Hamilton House|dinner and dance Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne at Hamilton House]] featuring Prince and Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein, and for the ball, the King of Sweden and Norway and the Prince and Princess of Wales and their daughters were present.

'''1888 June 19, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke was one of the principal guests at the wedding of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#19 June 1888, Tuesday|Captain Philip Green and Miss Mabel Emilie Scott]].

'''1888 July 26''', [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Caroline Graham Stirling-Crawford]] (known as Mr. Manton for her horse-breeding and -racing operations) and Marcus Henry Milner married.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;&quot;Hon. Caroline Agnes Horsley-Beresford.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://thepeerage.com/p6863.htm#i68622|title=Person Page|website=thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the ''Nottingham Evening Post'' of 31 July 1888,&lt;blockquote&gt;LONDON GOSSIP.

(From the ''World''.)

The marriage of &quot;Mr. Manton&quot; was the surprise as well the sensation of last week. Although some wise people noticed a certain amount of youthful ardour in the attentions paid by Mr. Marcus Henry Milner to Caroline Duchess of Montrose at '''Mrs. Oppenheim's ball''', nobody was prepared for the sudden ''dénouement''; '''and it''' were not for the accidental and unseen presence [[Social Victorians/People/Mildmay|a well-known musical amateur]] who had received permission to practice on the organ, the ceremony performed at half-past nine on Thursday morning at St. Andrew's, Fulham, by the Rev. Mr. Propert, would possibly have remained a secret for some time to come. Although the evergreen Duchess attains this year the limit of age prescribed the Psalmist, the bridegroom was only born in 1864. Mr. &quot;Harry&quot; Milner (familiarly known in the City as &quot;Millions&quot;) was one of the zealous assistants of that well-known firm of stockbrokers, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys, and Mr. Algernon Bourke, the head of the house (who, of course, takes a fatherly interest in the match) went down to Fulham to give away the Duchess. The ceremony was followed by a ''partie carrée'' luncheon at the Bristol, and the honeymoon began with a visit to the Jockey Club box at Sandown. Mr. Milner and the Duchess of Montrose have now gone to Newmarket. The marriage causes a curious reshuffling of the cards of affinity. Mr. Milner is now the stepfather of the [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Duke of Montrose]], his senior by twelve years; he is also the father-in-law of [[Social Victorians/People/Lady Violet Greville|Lord Greville]], Mr. Murray of Polnaise, and [[Social Victorians/People/Breadalbane|Lord Breadalbane]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1888 December 1st week''', according to &quot;Society Gossip&quot; from the ''World'', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was suffering from malaria, presumably which he caught when he was in South Africa:&lt;blockquote&gt;I am sorry to hear that Mr. Algernon Bourke, who married Miss Sloane-Stanley a short time ago, has been very dangerously ill. Certain complications followed an attack of malarian fever, and last week his mother, the Dowager Lady Mayo, and his brother, Lord Mayo, were hastily summoned to Brighton. Since then a change for the better has taken place, and he is now out of danger.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip. What the ''World'' Says.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 08 December 1888, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18881208/037/0002. Print title: ''The Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper''; print p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1888 December 20, Thursday''', the Sloane-Stanley family, including Guendoline Bourke, attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#20 December 1888, Thursday|funeral of Hans Sloane Stanley]]. Algernon Bourke did not attend because he was still too ill.

'''1889 January 22, 2:30 p.m., Tuesday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke sent a gift for the [[Social Victorians/Cecil Lambton Wedding 1889 January 22|wedding of Lady Eleanor Lambton and Lord Robert]] Cecil, a pair of antique mirrors.

'''1889 May 18, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#18 May 1889, Saturday|opening of the Italian Opera season at Covent Garden]].

'''1889 May 27, Monday, 11 p.m.''', the dancing commenced at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#The Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace|the Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace]], with both the Hon. Algernon and the Hon. Guendoline Bourke present.

'''1889 June 8, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke contributed some art he owned to the collection of the Royal Institute of Painters in Water-Colours' [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#8 June 1889, Saturday|exhibition of &quot;the works of the 'English Humourists in Art.'&quot;]]

'''1889 July 2, Tuesday''', Guendoline and Algernon Bourke sat in the Muriettas' box at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#The Shah at a Covent Garden Opera Performance|gala performance at Covent Garden also attended by the Prince and Princess of Wales, a number of other royals and the Shah]].

'''1889 27 July, Saturday''', Guendoline and Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#Garden Party Hosted by Mr. and Mrs. Augustus Harris|garden party hosted by Mr. and Mrs. Augustus Harris]], which was attended by a people from the theatre and arts worlds.

'''1889 August 15''', Thursday, because of mourning on both sides, only the closest friends and family were invited to the [[Social Victorians/Pleydell-Bouverie Skelmersdale Wedding|wedding of Lady Wilma Pleydell-Bouverie and Lord Skelmersdale]], so she may not have attended, but the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave the bride a miniature silver kettle.&lt;p&gt;

'''1889 December 2, Monday''', Guendoline Bourk's mother, Emilie Sloane-Stanley, married James Shelly Bontein:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

BONTEIN—STANLEY — December 2, at St. George's, Hanover Square, London, by the Rev. G. S. de Sansmarez, James Shelly, only son of the late James Bontein, Gentleman Usher and Clerk of the Robes to the Queen, to Emilie Josephine, widow of Hans Sloane Stanley, of Paultons.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1889 December 17, Tuesday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke gave a gift to [[Dangan-Neville Wedding|Lady Violet Nevill for her wedding to Henry Wellesley, Viscount Dangan]] and so were probably in attendance.

=== 1890s ===
'''1890 January 9, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#The York Hunt Ball|fancy-dress Hunt Ball in York]]. She&lt;blockquote&gt;looked a picture in a Gainsborough gown. The white satin skirt was flounced with sable and veiled with ''chiffon'', the setuage of which was left to show without being hemmed up. There was a broad sash of rose-pink silk and each buttonhole was filled round with crimped lisse.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Our London Letter.&quot; ''Irish Society'' (Dublin) 11 January 1890, Saturday: 17 [of 24], Col. 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001939/18900111/042/0017. Same print title, p. 29.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1890 February''' '''12, Wednesday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Lady Constance Leslie's Reception|Lady Constance Leslie's reception]] at her house in Stratford-place.

'''1890 April 9, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#The New Forest United Hunt Ball|the New Forest United Hunt Ball]].

'''1890 June 3, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the 2:30 p.m. [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Münster-Hay Wedding|wedding of Count Alexander Münster and Lady Muriel Henrietta Constance Hay]]. She is also listed as having attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Dinner and Concert Hosted by Mrs. Arthur Williams and Ball by Mrs. Menzies|ball hosted by Mrs. J. Menzies (daughter of Mrs. Arthur Wilson)]] that Prince Eddie, the Duke of Clarence and Avondale, also attended, that night.  

'''1890 July 4, Friday, 11 p.m.''', the Hon. Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#The Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace|the Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace]]. The dancing commenced shortly after 11:00. 

'''1890 July 15, Tuesday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke were invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Garden Party at Marlborough House to Meet the Queen|garden party at Marlborough House to meet the Queen]]. 

'''1890 July 19, Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Wedding of James Francis Harry St. Clair-Erskine and Violet Aline Vyner|wedding of James Francis Harry St. Clair-Erskine and Violet Aline Vyner]], the two of them giving &quot;four small silver dessert dishes&quot; and Guendoline giving an &quot;enamel and diamond pin.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marriage of Lord Loughborough with Miss Vyner.&quot; ''Fife Free Press'' 26 July 1890, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1a–2b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001110/18900726/015/0002. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 2b)

'''1890 July 24, Thursday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Dinner and Dance Hosted by Lord Alington|dance hosted by Lord Alington]] attended also by the Prince and Princess of Wales and Princesses Victoria and Maud.

'''1890 September 6, Saturday''', the ''Country Gentleman'' (as it was called at the time) reported that &quot;Muckross, the only deer forest in Ireland, it may be said, has this year been rented by Mr. Algernon Bourke, who will next week be joined there for the stalking season by his brother, Lord Mayo.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Shooting. Moors, Forests, and Fishings.&quot; ''Sporting Gazette'' 06 September 1890, Saturday: 11 [of 38], Col. 1c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002525/18900906/065/0011. Print: ''Country Gentleman'', p. 1251.&lt;/ref&gt; On 11 October 1890 the ''St. James's Gazette'' says,&lt;blockquote&gt;The Earl of Durham has been staying at Muchross, county Kerry, on a visit to the Hon. A. Bourke, who has rented the celebrated shootings and fishings on that estate for the autumn.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Society.&quot; ''St James's Gazette'' 11 October 1890, Saturday: 12 [of 16], Col. 1b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001485/18901011/064/0012. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1890 October 25, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke gave a gold-mounted box to [[Social Victorians/Loder De Vere Beauclerk Wedding|Lady Louise De Vere Beauclerk on her wedding to Gerald Loder, M.P.]], so they were probably present at the wedding, or at least the reception. Mrs. Bontein [sic Bontine], Guendoline's mother, gave a silver box, suggesting the relationship was through the women.

'''1890 November 29, 11:30 Saturday morning''', Algernon Bourke's gift for the [[Social Victorians/Dudley-Beckwith Wedding 1890-11-29|wedding of the Hon. Francis Dudley and Miss Forbes Beckwith]] was some cases of a Bordeaux wine: &quot;three dozen Cantenac, 1875 vintage.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marriage of Lord Leigh's Heir. Descriptive Sketch of the Ceremony, and Full List of Guests and Presents.&quot; ''Leamington Spa Courier'' 6 December 1890, Saturday: 6 [of 10], Cols. 1a–4a. ''British Newspaper Archive''  https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000319/18901206/021/0006. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 3b}} Guendoline Bourke is not listed as having been invited to the reception, but this list from the ''Leamington Spa Courier'' has some gaps.

'''1890 December 4, Thursday''', Guendoline and Algernon Bourke attended the [[Mure-Portal Wedding 1890-12-04|wedding of Miss Mure and Mr. S. J. Portal]]. Their gift is not recorded.

'''1891 January''', Algernon Bourke took party in a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Shooting Party in Kallarnet, Totton|shooting party in Kallarnet, Totton]].

'''1891 June 24, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Dinner and Ball Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne|dinner and ball Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne]] featuring Princess Mary Adelaide, the Duke of Teck, and Princess Victoria.

'''1891 July 9, Thursday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were invited to a [[Social Victorians/1891-07-09 Garden Party|large Garden Party at Marlborough House]] hosted by the [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]] in honor of Queen Victoria and the German Emperor and Empress. The more than 3,000 people invited also included a number of people from the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|family of the Earl of Mayo]].

'''1891 July 22, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Dinner and Dance at Alington House|dance at the Earl and Countess Alington]]'s that also included the Prince and Princess of Wales.

'''1891 October 22, Thursday''', Hon. and Mrs. Bourke attended at least the reception of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Le Strange Astley Wedding|Le Strange—Astley Wedding]], although perhaps the couple is not the Algernon Bourkes.

'''1891 November 22, Sunday''', the London ''Weekly Dispatch'' reports a performance by American &quot;Lady Magnet&quot; Mrs. Abbott, who claimed to be able to lift anybody using only her magnetic properties. An enthusiastic &quot;committee of some fifteen gentlemen presented a written and signed testimonial&quot; supporting Mrs. Abbott, &quot;the Hon. Algernon Bourke, Professor Atkinson, Dr. Hides, and three other doctors who prefer to remain incog., being among the signatories. All the medical gentlemen concerned assured the ''Evening News and Post'' reporter of their complete and unconditional surrender. One of them went so far as to say that he had come with the full determination of disbelieving, but had been quite able to act up to his resolve.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Lady Magnet. Draws Crowds of People Who Divide in Opinion about Her.&quot; ''Weekly Dispatch'' (London) 22 November 1891, Sunday: 16 [of 16], Cols. 3a–4b [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003358/18911122/203/0016. Print: same title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1892''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke privately published his ''The History of White's'', the exclusive gentleman's club.

'''1892 January 27, Saturday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the very fashionable [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892#The Wedding of Lord Henry Cavendish Bentinck, M.P., and Lady Olivia Taylour|wedding of Lord Henry Cavendish Bentinck, M.P., and Lady Olivia Taylour]]. Their gift was not noted in the list.

'''1892 February''' '''10, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1892-02-10 Alington Leigh Wedding|very fashionable wedding of Henry, Lord Alington and Evelyn Henriette Leigh]] [[Social Victorians/1892-02-10 Alington Leigh Wedding|in St. Paul's, Knightsbridge]]

'''1892 April''' '''10, Wednesday, about 2:30 p.m.''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/1892-02-10 Alington Leigh Wedding|the very fashionable wedding between Henry Sturt, Lord Alington and Evelyn Leigh]]. Her gift was a &quot;tortoiseshell and gold heart-shaped tray.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;&quot;Lord Alington to Miss Leigh.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 20 February 1892, Saturday: 21 [of 46], Cols. 1a–3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18920220/092/0021. Same print title, p. 237.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 3a) 

'''1892 June 25, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird&quot; says &quot;That pretty Mrs. Algernon Bourke has been staying here, but returned to England in time for Ascot.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Little Bird, The. &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 25 June 1892, Saturday: 32 [of 60], Col. 3b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18920625/157/0032. Same print title, p. 860.&lt;/ref&gt; 

'''1892 December 13, Tuesday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' says Guendoline Bourke is lovely in its coverage of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892#Wedding of Miss Eleanor M. Ewart and Captain Guy Withington|Eleanor M. Ewart and Captain Guy Withington's wedding]]. 

'''1892 December 22, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892#22 December 1892, Thursday|monthly meeting of the Zoological Society in Hanover-square]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 February 11, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke opened Willis's Restaurant:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Algernon Bourke has in his time done many things, and has generally done them well. His recently published history of White's Club is now a standard work. White's Club itself was a few years ago in its agony when Mr. Bourke stepped in and gave it a renewed lease of life. Under Mr. Bourke's auspices &quot;Willis's Restaurant&quot; opened its doors to the public on Tuesday last in a portion of the premises formerly so well known as Willis's Rooms. This new venture is to rival the Amphitryon in the matter of cuisine and wines; but it is not, like the Amphitryon, a club, but open to the public generally. Besides the restaurant proper, there are several ''cabinets particuliers'', and these are decorated with the very best of taste, and contain some fine portraits of the Georges.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marmaduke.&quot; &quot;Letter from the Linkman.&quot; ''Truth'' 20 April 1893, Thursday: 25 [of 56], Col. 1a [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18930420/075/0025# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18930420/075/0025]. Print p. 855.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1893 February 7, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#1893 February 7, Tuesday|the reception after Lady Emily Cadogan's wedding]].

'''1893 February 20, Monday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke is listed as having attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace|Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace]] held by the Prince of Wales; because wives generally are not listed, it seems likely Guendoline Bourke attended as well.

'''1893 February 28, Tuesday, 3:00 p.m.''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Queens Drawing Room 1893-02-28|Queen's Drawing Room at Buckingham Palace]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 March 22, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#22 March 1893, Wednesday|Lady Wimborne's reception]].

'''1893 April 1, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke published a letter to the editor of the ''Times'', reprinted in the ''Kildare Observer'', arguing against Gladstone's Home Rule bill on the grounds that Ireland would not be able to take out a loan on its own behalf because of its obligations to the U.K., including what was called its share of the national debt.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Irish Unionist Alliance.&quot; ''Kildare Observer and Eastern Counties Advertiser'' 01 April 1893, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001870/18930401/062/0006. Print: The ''Kildare Observer'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1893 May 13, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was seen at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#13 May 1893, Saturday|exhibitions of art and furniture for sale by Christie's and on display by Lord Clifden]].

'''1893 July 13, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#The Countess of Listowel's Garden Party|Countess of Listowel's Garden Party]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#The Countess of Listowel's Garden Party|at her residence, Kingston House, Princes-gate]], accompanied by Miss Adeane.

'''1893 July 14, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Sandown Races 1893-07-14|the races at Sandown]] wearing a dark-blue-and-white outfit and black hat that got described in the newspaper.

'''1893 August 1, Tuesday – August 4, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke, at least, was at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#1 August 1893, Tuesday – 4 August 1893, Friday|the Goodwood races]], mentioned in the ''Gentlewoman'' for her beauty, although none of the dresses were noted.

'''1893 November 4–11, Wednesday–Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke was at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#Ralph and Mary Sneyd Hosted a Shooting Party|shooting party at Keele Hall hosted by Ralph and Mary Sneyd]].

'''1893 November 30, Thursday''', with Sir Walter Gilbey the Hon. Algernon Bourke &quot;assisted&quot; in &quot;forming [a] collection&quot; of engravings by George Morland that was exhibited at Messrs. J. and W. Vokins’s, Great Portland-street.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The George Morland Exhibition at Vokins's.&quot; ''Sporting Life'' 30 November 1893, Thursday: 4 [of 4], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000893/18931130/058/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1893 December 14, Thursday, afternoon''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1893-12-14 Wedding Adele Grant and George, 7th Earl of Essex|wedding of American Adele Grant and George, 7th Earl of Essex]] and gave a &quot;pearl and gold box.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;&quot;Wedding of the Earl of Essex.&quot; ''Herts Advertiser'' 16 December 1893, Saturday; 8 [of 8], Col. 1a–4b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000415/18931216/125/0008. Print title: ''The Herts Advertiser and St Albans Times'', p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 3c}} Mr. and Mrs. Shelley Bontein also attended, and Mrs. Bontein gave a &quot;green leather bag and purse, with coronet and monogram in gold.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;{{rp|3b}}

'''1894 January 27, Saturday''', Psyche in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; in the ''Gentlewoman'' reported on a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#27 January 1894, Saturday|ball hosted by Lord and Lady Dunraven at Adare Manor]] that Guendoline Bourke attended.

'''1894 January 31, Wednesday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke, who was dressed more stylishly than most, attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Also 31 January 1894, Wednesday|Kildare Hunt Ball]] hosted by Dermot, [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] and Geraldine, Countess of Mayo.

'''1894 February 24, Saturday''', ''The Field'' reported on a series of tennis matches; Algernon Bourke attended the one played at the Prince's Club.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Tennis.&quot; ''Field'' 24 February 1894, Saturday: 39 [of 72], Col. 1c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002446/18940224/349/0039. Print title ''The Field, The Country Gentleman's Newspaper'', p. 249.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1894 March 31, Saturday''', Psyche, in the &quot;Social Peepshow&quot; column in the ''Gentlewoman'', says that &quot;Mr. Algernon Bourke has still further embellished Willis's restaurant hard by [the St. James's Theatre], by the addition of some valuable old tapestry that lately came to the hammer at Christie's.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 31 March 1894, Saturday: 16 [of 56], Col. 2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18940331/081/0016. Same print title, p. 408.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1894 April 13, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke set sail on the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#P. and O. Line S.S. Rome for Gibraltar|P. and O. Line ''S.S. Rome'' for Gibraltar]] along with her stepfather, Mr. Shelley Bontein, and her brother, Mr. Sloane Stanley.

'''31 May 1894, Thursday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Reception at Devonshire House|Duchess of Devonshire's reception at Devonshire House]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 June 18, Monday''', the London ''Echo'' reported that Algernon Bourke was [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Brooks'|writing a history of Brooks' Club]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 June 20, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Princess Louise, Marchioness of Lorne Opened the Annual Sale of the Scottish Home Industries|Annual Sale of the Scottish Home Industries]]; her outfit was described in the article in ''Lady's Pictorial''.

'''1894 August 2, Thursday''', the column &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird&quot; says, &quot;At Willis' [restaurant] — 'What a smart cotillon Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave on Thursday evening.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Bird, The Little. &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 04 August 1894, Saturday: 30 [of 56], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18940804/148/0030. Print title same, p. 144.&lt;/ref&gt; Willis's Restaurant, King-street, St. James's, was a restaurant Algernon Bourke opened in 1893.&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 September 7, Saturday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#7 September 1894, Saturday|shooting party at Witley]], which had been loaned to one of his brothers by William Ward, 2nd Earl of Dudley.&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 October 22, Thursday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Wedding of Lord Connemara and Mrs. Coleman|luncheon after the wedding of Lord Connemara and Mrs. Coleman]].

'''1894 November 3, Saturday''', Psyche, in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; for the Gentlewoman, reported that Guendoline Bourke had been [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#3 November 1894, Saturday|seen shopping in London]].

'''1895 January 5, Saturday, 2:00 p.m.''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke gave an old mother-of-pearl workbox to [[Wolverton-Ward Wedding 1895-01-05|Lady Edith Ward for her wedding to Frederick Glyn, Lord Wolverton]] and presumably attended the wedding and reception afterwards.&lt;p&gt;

'''1895 February 23, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#23 February 1895, Saturday|fashionable wedding of Laurence Currie and Edith Sibyl Mary Finch]]. Guendoline Bourke is not listed as having attended, but she is not noted as absent, either. Daphne Bourke was born on 5 April 1895, probably explaining Guendoline's absence.

'''1895 March 24, Sunday – 30 March, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#24, Sunday – 30 March 1895, Saturday|enjoying the sunny weather in Brighton]].

'''1895 April 27, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#1895 April 27, Saturday|wedding of Norah Bourke and Henry E. A. Lindsay]]. Again, Guendoline Bourke is not listed as having attended. Daphne Bourke was born on 5 April 1895, and Psyche, writing the &quot;Social Peepshow&quot; column in the Gentlewoman, says,&lt;blockquote&gt;

I regret to hear of the serious illness of Mrs. Algernon Bourke, whose first child was born a fortnight ago. It is feared that the attack is of the nature of typhoid, but happily the patient's strength keeps up. Mrs. Bourke is at her mother's house in Clarges-street.&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 27 April 1895, Saturday: 28 [of 84], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18950427/147/0028. Same print title, p. 506.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1895 July 13, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke donated 10s. to the ''Daily Telegraph'' National Shilling Testimonial to W. G. Grace.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;''Daily Telegraph'' National Shilling Testimonial to W. G. Grace.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London) 13 July 1895, Saturday: 7 [of 12], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/18950713/079/0007. Print: ''Daily Telegraph'', p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1895 August 24, Saturday''', &quot;Marmaduke&quot; in the ''Graphic'' says that Algernon Bourke &quot;opened a cyclists' club in Chelsea.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marmaduke.&quot; &quot;Court and Club.&quot; The ''Graphic'' 24 August 1895, Saturday: 11 [of 32], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9000057/18950824/017/0011. Print p. 223.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1895 October''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#24 October 1902, Friday|opened the Prince's ice-skating rink for the]] season.if the newspapers were right that 1902 was the 7th season. He also was planning a bicycling club for Kensington Gardens to open the following season.&lt;ref&gt;Mackenzie, Ethel Morell (Miss). &quot;Pins and Needles.&quot; ''Hull Daily News'' 12 October 1895, Saturday: 24 [of 40], Col. 1a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003443/18951012/024/0024. Print title: ''Hull News Supplement'', p. 1[6? 8?].&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1895 October 7, Monday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#Adeane-Cator Wedding|Maud Adeane–John Cator wedding]].

'''1895 December 11, Wednesday''', Guendoline and Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#Sneyd Party to Meet the Duke of Coburg|shooting party at the Sneyds' to meet the Duke of Coburg]].

'''1895 December 18, Wednesday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#Wedding of Lady Albreda Fitzwilliam and the Hon. Charles Bourke|wedding of Lady Albreda Fitzwilliam and the Hon. Charles Bourke]]. Their gift is not noted in the newspaper account.

'''1896 March 17, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#17 March 1896, Tuesday|annual dinner of the Cymmrodorion, or the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion]], a society for Welsh culture and history.

'''1896 April 21, Monday''', Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke sent a gift — a &quot;box for miniature&quot; — for [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Monday, 1896 April 27|the wedding of Lady Angela St. Clair Erskine and James Stewart Forbes]].

'''1896 May 21, Thursday''', the Hon. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Mrs. C. H. Wilson's Ball|Mrs. C. H. Wilson's ball in Grosvenor-square, London]].

'''1896 May 26, Tuesday,  through 28 May, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Coming of Age of Mr Sloane Stanley|3-day celebration in honor of the coming of age of her brother, Cyril Sloane Stanley]].

'''1896 June 15, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Dinner and Dance Hosted by the Countess of Huntingdon|dance hosted by the Earl and Countess of Huntingdon]] after their dinner party.

'''1896 July 13, Monday''', Algernon Bourke (listed among the &quot;Honourables&quot;) and Mrs. A. Bourke (Listed among the &quot;Honourable Ladies&quot;) were invited to the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Queen's Garden Party at Buckingham Palace|Queen's Garden Party at Buckingham Palace]].

'''1896 June 29, Monday''', the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Cadogan-Scott Wedding 1896-06-29|wedding and reception of Lady Sophie Cadogan and Sir Samuel Scott]]. Algernon Bourke published a letter to the editor of the ''Daily Telegraph'' about White's Club — and thus Bourke's — &quot;[[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Summer Club|Summer Club]]&quot; in Kensington Park, the subject of a little controversy.

'''1896 July 21, Tuesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Dinner Hosted by Sir Horace and Lady Farquhar|dinner hosted by Sir Horace and Lady Farquhar in Grosvenor-square]].

'''1896 August 5, Wednesday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#5 August 1896|wedding of the Hon. Terence Bourke and Miss Eveline Haines]] and gave the bride an &quot;enamel muff chain.&quot;&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 August 10, Monday''', the Morning Leader reported that the Hon. Algernon Bourke, for the Foreign Office, received Li Hung Chang at St. Paul's:&lt;blockquote&gt;At St. Paul's Li Hung was received by Field-Marshal Simmons, Colonel Lane, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, of the Foreign Office (who made the necessary arrangements for the visit) and Canon Newbolt, on behalf of the Dean and Chapter. A crowd greeted Li with a cheer as he drove up in Lord Lonsdale’s striking equipage, and his Excellency was carried up the steps in an invalid chair by two stalwart constables. He walked through the centre door with his suite, and was immediately conducted by Canon Newbolt to General Gordon’s tomb in the north aisle, where a detachment of boys from the Gordon Home received him as a guard of honor.

Li inspected the monument with marked interest, and drew the attention of his suite to the remarkable likeness to the dead hero. He laid a handsome wreath of royal purple asters, lilies, maidenhair fern, and laurel, tied with a broad band of purple silk, on the tomb.

The visit was not one of inspection of the building, but on passing the middle aisle the interpreter called the attention of His Excellency to the exquisite architecture and decoration of the chancel. Li shook hands in hearty English fashion with Canon Newbolt and the other gentlemen who had received him, and, assisted by his two sons, walked down the steps to his carriage. He returned with his suite to Carlton House-terrace by way of St. Paul’s Churchyard, Cannon-st., Queen Victoria-st., and the Embankment.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;At St. Paul's.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 10 August 1896, Monday: 7 [of 12], Col. 2b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18960810/134/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 August 19, Wednesday''', the ''Edinburgh Evening News'' reported on the catering that White's Club and Mr Algernon Bourke arranged for the visiting Li Hung Chang:&lt;blockquote&gt;It is probably not generally known (says the &quot;Chef&quot;) that Mr Algernon Bourke, manager of White's Club, London, has undertaken to the whole of the catering for our illustrious visitor front the Flowery Land. Li Hung Chang has five native cooks in his retinue, and the greatest good fellowship exists between them and their English ''confreres'', although considerable difficulty is experienced in conversation in understanding one another's meaning. There are between 40 and and 50 to cater for daily, besides a staff about 30; that Mr Lemaire finds his time fully occupied. The dishes for his Excellency are varied and miscellaneous, and from 14 to 20 courses are served at each meal. The bills of fare contain such items as bird's-nest soup, pigs' kidneys stewed in cream, boiled ducks and green ginger, sharks' fins, shrimps and prawns stewed with leeks and muscatel grapes, fat pork saute with peas and kidney beans. The meal usually winds with fruit and sponge cake, and freshly-picked green tea as liqueur.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Li Hung Chang's Diet.&quot; ''Edinburgh Evening News'' 19 August 1896, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 8b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000452/18960819/057/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 November 6, Friday''', both Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were on the committee for the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Skating Club|Prince's Club ice-skating rink]], which [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Opening of the Prince's Club Skating Rink|opened on this day]].

'''1896 November 22, week of''', Mrs. Algernon Bourke was part of a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Shooting Party at the Charles Wilsons' Warter Priory, Yorkshire|shooting party at the Charles Wilsons' Warter Priory, Yorkshire]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 November 25, Wednesday''', Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bouke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Lord and Lady Burton Hosted a Party for Derby Day|Lord and Lady Burton's party for Derby Day]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 December 4, Friday''', the Orleans Club at Brighton was robbed:&lt;blockquote&gt;The old building of the Orleans Club at Brighton, which opens its new club house at 33, Brunswick-terrace to-day, was the scene of a very ingenious burglary during the small hours of yesterday morning. The greater portion of the club property had already been removed to the new premises, but Mr Algernon Bourke, his private secretary, and some of the officials of the club, still occupied bed-rooms at the house in the King’s-road. The corner shop of the street front is occupied by Mr. Marx, a jeweller in a large way of business, and upon his manager arriving at nine o'clock he discovered that the place had been entered through hole in the ceiling, and a great part of a very valuable stock of jewelry extracted. An examination of the morning rooms of the club, which runs over Mr. Marx's establishment reveal a singularly neat  specimen of the burglar's art. A piece of the flooring about 15in square had been removed by a series of holes bored side by side with a centre-bit, at a spot where access to the lofty shop was rendered easy by a tall showcase which stood convemently near. A massive iron girder had been avoided by a quarter of an inch, and this circumstance and the general finish of the operation point to an artist in his profession, who had acquired an intimate knowledge of the premises. The club doors were all found locked yesterday morning, and the means of egress adopted by the thief are at present a mystery.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Burglary at Brighton.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London) 05 December 1896, Saturday: 5 [of 12], Col. 7a [of 7]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/18961205/090/0005. Print title: ''Daily Telegraph''; p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 December 10, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke was present to help staff a stall at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#10 December 1896, Thursday|Irish Industries Exhibition and Sale, Brighton]].

'''1896 December 31, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke hosted a New Year's Eve dance:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave a highly satisfactory and enjoyable dance on Thursday night, when the old year was danced out and the new one danced in. Most of the silver gilters at present in to len were to the fore.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Man about Town.&quot; ''Sporting Gazette'' 02 January 1897, Saturday: 7 [of 34], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002525/18970102/041/0007. Print title ''The County Gentleman'', p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 January 9, Saturday''', Psyche in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; says that Algernon Bourke's &quot;cheerful countenance was quite in keeping with the [Christmas] season,&quot; seen in London.&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 9 January 1897, Saturday: 22 [of 56], Col. 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970109/097/0022. Same print title, p. 40.&lt;/ref&gt; 

'''1897 January 13, Wednesday – 18, Monday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were guests of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Warwickshire Hunt Club Ball|house party associated with the Warwickshire Hunt Ball]] at [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Warwick Castle]].

'''1897 January 30, Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke was reported to have been out shopping in London: &quot;Another charming figure was that of Mrs. Algernon Bourke all in chinchilla, with something of pale blue in a smart toque.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 30 January 1897, Saturday: 20 [of 59]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970130/107/0020. Same print title, p. 134.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 May 31, Monday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke were present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#House Party at Warwick Castle|House Party at Warwick Castle]] hosted by the Earl and Countess of Warwick.

'''1897 June 2, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Reception at the Foreign Office|reception at the Foreign Office]].

'''1897 June 12, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' reported on Guendoline Bourke's dress and hat at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Duchess of Albany's Bazaar at the Imperial Institute|Duchess of Albany's Bazaar at the Imperial Institute]]. 

'''1897 June 19, Saturday''', Psyche in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; column in the ''Gentlewoman'' writes that Guendoline Bourke was seen driving in London, &quot;in blue, ... looking as usual very handsome.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 19 June 1897, Saturday: 28 [of 108], Col. 2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970619/159/0028. Same print title, p. 848.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 June 28, Monday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were invited to the [[Social Victorians/Diamond Jubilee Garden Party|Garden Party at Buckingham Palace]], the final official event of the London Diamond Jubilee celebrations. Members of the family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] were also among the 5,000–6,000 people invited.

'''1897 July 2, Friday''', the Hon. A. and Mrs. A. Bourke and Mr. and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] at Devonshire House.

'''1897 July 8, Thursday, 11:00 p.m.''', Hon. Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were present at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace|the Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace]]. The dancing commenced shortly after 11:00 p.m.

'''1897 July 11–16, week of''', a dog of Guendoline Bourke's won a prize at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Ladies' Kennel Association show in the Royal Botanic Gardens in Regent's Park|Ladies' Kennel Association show in the Royal Botanic Gardens in Regent's Park]]. 

'''1897 July 23, Friday''', both the Hon. Algernon Bourke and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Bourke-Curzon Cricket Match at the Queen's Club|Bourke-Curzon cricket match at the Queen's Club]], which Algernon Bourke's team lost. 

'''1897 July 23 — or July 30, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Lady Burton's party at Chesterfield House|Lady Burton's party at Chesterfield House]]. &lt;blockquote&gt;Far the prettiest women in the room were Lady Henry Bentinck (who looked perfectly lovely in pale yellow, with a Iong blue sash; and Mrs. Algernon Bourke, who was as smart as possible in pink, with pink and white ruchings on her sleeves and a tall pink feather in her hair.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lady Burton's Party at Chesterfield House.&quot; ''Belper &amp; Alfreton Chronicle'' 30 July 1897, Friday: 7 [of 8], Col. 1c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004151/18970730/162/0007. Print title: ''Belper and Alfreton Chronicle''; n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 August 2, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Warwick House Party for the Easton Lodge Cricket Week Games|Earl and Countess of Warwick's house party for Easton Lodge cricket week]].

'''1897 August 2, Monday''', Mrs. Algernon Bourke was listed as among [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Most Beautiful Women in England|the most beautiful women in England]] in an article from ''Vanity Fair'' that was reprinted elsewhere.

'''1897 September 25, Saturday''', according to the ''Pall Mall Gazette'',&lt;blockquote&gt;The [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Dowager-Countess of Mayo]] is staying with her son, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, at Bramnber, near Brighton.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pall Mall Gazette Office.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 25 September 1897, Saturday: 8 [of 10], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18970925/023/0008. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1897 October 2, Saturday''', &quot;Yenatrix&quot; in &quot;Kennel Column&quot; in the ''Gentlewoman'' reported that Guendoline Bourke had joined the Ladies' Kennel Association.&lt;ref&gt;Yenatrix. &quot;Kennel Column.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 02 October 1897, Saturday: 39 [of 61], Col. 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18971002/182/0039. Same print title, p. 434.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 October 9, Saturday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Harrogate|Harrogate, presumably taking the waters and baths]]. Lady May was on her way to visit Algernon Bourke in Brighton:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Earl of Mayo is expected to return from Sweden on Saturday next. Lady Mayo leaves Bournemouth on Sarurday for Brighton, where she will pay a two days' visit to her brother-in-law, the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]]. The Earl and Countess will then return to Palmerstown, their seat in County Kildare.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pall Mall Gazette Office.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 7 October 1897, Thursday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18971007/022/0008. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1897 October 30, Saturday''', ''Black and White'' published '''J.P.B.'''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s &quot;The Case of Mrs. Elliott,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;J.P.B. &quot;The Case of Mrs. Elliott.&quot; ''Black &amp; White'' 30 October 1897, Saturday: 12 [of 34], Cols. 1a–2b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004617/18971030/036/0012. Print title ''Black and White'', p. 542.&lt;/ref&gt; an odd short short story in which the Honourable Algernon Bourke Herriott is &quot;rude to Mrs. Elliott,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2b}} presumably having proposed sexual relations while her husband is out. J.P.B. links to the biographical Algernon Bourke's career in the stock market in the description of Mrs. Christine Elliott not even simulating interest in her husband's bicycling: &quot;a soul is a grievous burthen for a stockbroker's wife,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2a}} suggesting that Mr. Elliott rather than Algernon Bourke Herriott is the stockbroker. The Hon. Algy&lt;blockquote&gt;was a senior member of several junior clubs. A woman had dubbed him once &quot;a rip with a taste for verses.&quot; The description was severe, but not unwarranted. His was a pretty pagan sensualism, though, singing from a wine palate to Church music. For the rest, he had just imagination enough to despise mediocrity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2a}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 November 25–26, Thursday–Friday''', Guendoline Bourke was in Brighton, helping the Countess of Mayo at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Irish Industries' Association Annual Exhibition|bazaar of the Irish Industries' Association]].

'''1897 December 7, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#7 December 1897, Tuesday|7th annual dinner for the Actors' Benevolent Fund]].

'''1897 December 20, Monday, the week of''', Guendoline Bourke's Mousie was the smallest dog in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Ladies' Kennel Association's Dog Show|Ladies' Kennel Association show in Earl's Court]].

'''1897 December 30''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Blenheim Palace Party with Amateur Theatricals|party at Blenheim Palace in which people performed tableaux vivants]] that got reported on, many of whom wearing the costumes from the Duchess of Devonshire's ball. The ''Irish Independent'' said Algernon Bourke was &quot;mainly responsible for the living pictures.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr Algernon Bourke ....&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 05 January 1898, Wednesday: 6 [of 8], Col. 2c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001985/18980105/115/0006.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1898''', Algernon Bourke called a meeting at White's Club about attempting to [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Thames Salmon Experiment|restock the Thames with salmon]]. In 1899 he was on a [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#Committees|committee led by the Lord Mayor about this topic]] as well.

'''1898 February 3, Thursday''',  Algernon Bourke was among [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#The Dundee Evening Telegraph Report on People at Monte Carlo|those visiting Monte Carlo according to the Dundee ''Evening Telegraph'']].

'''1898 March 12, Saturday''', ''The World'' reported on Algernon Bourke's upgrading of the Orleans Club at Brighton:&lt;blockquote&gt;

The Orleans Club at Brighton is flourishing exceedingly, and the new buildings which Mr. Algernon Bourke has just had erected at the back of the comfortable mansion at the corner of Lansdowne-place now provide all that was wanting to make the present habitat of the club all that its members desire. The new billiard-room is rapidly approaching completion, and the coffee-room, excellent and spacious now, was open on Saturday night, when every table was occupied by club diners and their guests, all of whom were enthusiastic over the excellence of this latest addition to the comfort of the house. All interested may be congratulated on what is practically new lease of life to the Orleans Club, than which there is no more comfortable place stay within the four seas.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From '''The World''.'&quot; ''East &amp; South Devon Advertiser'' 12 March 1898, Saturday: 6 pop 8], Col. 2b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001639/18980312/132/0006. Print title ''The East and South Devon Advertiser'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1898 March 30, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke was charged with assaulting a Mr. Potter, but it is not clear from this account what exactly happened:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Hon. Algernon H. Bourke, of Bramber, was summoned, at the instance of Mr. Walter John Potter, clerk to Mr. G. A. Flowers, solicitor, of Steyning, for assault, on the 30th March. — Mr. J. Edward Dell supported the case, and Mr. J. C. Buckwell defended, and pleaded not guilty. — The evidence was to the effect that Mr. Potter had occasion go to defendant's house on Wednesday last to serve a writ. He was going to drop the letter into [Col. 5c–6a] defendant's pocket when he turned and struck him a violent blow on the chest, making witness stagger backwards. Witness put up his hands to keep his balance, and defendant then struck him violently across the head with a weeding spud. — Richard Reed, who was at work for Mr. Bourke on the date named, and was working in garden at the time of the alleged assault, gave corroborative evidence. — Defendant, in the witness box, made a similar statement. — The magistrates differed as to whether the assault was committed, and dismissed the case.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Steyning.&quot; ''Sussex Express'' 9 April 1898, Saturday: 2 [of 12], Col. 5c–6a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000654/18980409/036/0002. Print: ''The Sussex Express, Surrey Standard, Weald of the Kent Mail, Hants and County Advertiser'', p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1898 April 12, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was among [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#1898 April 12, Tuesday|those visiting Monte Carlo according to the ''Gentlewoman'']].

'''1898 May 25, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke wore pink to [[Social Victorians/1898-05-25 Savoy Dinner Dance Hwfa|Mrs. Hwfa Williams' dinner-dance at the Savoy]].

'''1898 June 7, Tuesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. A. Bourke were invited to and probably attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#7 June 1898, Tuesday|State Ball at Buckingham Palace hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales]].

'''1898 July 4, Thursday afternoon''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke were invited to and probably attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#Garden Party at Marlborough House|Garden Party at Marlborough House given to the Queen and Shah of Persia]].

'''1898 October 29, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#Tennis Championship Game at Prince's Club, Knightsbridge|tennis match at Prince's Club, Knightsbridge]].

'''1898 November''', Algernon Bourke received a letter from Lord Alfred Douglas and attempted to help Douglas and his father, the Marquis of Queensberry, to reconcile. Bourke met with the Marquis and sent a positive reply to Douglas the next day.&lt;ref name=&quot;:26&quot; /&gt; (568–569)

'''1898 November 22, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#Shooting Party Hosted by William James|shooting party hosted by Mr. William James]].

'''1898 December 3, Saturday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. A. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#The Funeral of Lady Connemara|funeral of Lady Connemara in Christ Church]], Down street, Piccadilly.&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 January 10, Tuesday''', the Brighton Championship Dog Show opened:&lt;blockquote&gt;Princess of Wales a Winner at the Ladies’ Kennel Club Show.

[Exclusive to &quot;The Leader.&quot;)

The Brighton Championship Dog Show opened in the Dome and Corn Exchange yesterday, and was very well patronised by visitors and exhibitors. Among the latter was H.R.H. the Princess of Wales, who did very well; and others included Princess Sophie Duleep Singh, Countess De Grey, Sir Edgar Boehm, the Hon Mrs. Algernon Bourke, Lady Cathcart, Lady Reid, Mr. Shirley (chairman of the Kennel Club), and the Rev. Hans Hamiiton (president of the Kennel Club).

The entry of bloodhounds is one of the best seen for some time; the Great Danes are another strong lot; deerhounds are a fine entry, all good dogs, and most of the best kennels represented; borzois are another very stylish lot. The bigger dogs are, as usual, in the Corn Exchange and the &quot;toy&quot; dogs in the Dome. To everyone's satsfaction the Princess of Wales carried off two first prizes with Alex in the borzois class.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Dogs at Brighton.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 11 January 1899, Wednesday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18990111/142/0008. Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 January 11, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#11 January 1899, Wednesday|a luncheon at Stanfield-hall, home of Mr. and Mrs. Basil Montogomery, for Princess Henry of Battenberg]], that also included the Countess of Dudley (sister of Mrs. Montgomery), General Oliphant, and the Mayor and Mayoress of Romsey.

'''1899 January 17–18, Tuesday and Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Ladies' Kennel Association in Brighton|Ladies' Kennel Association in Brighton]], where she showed an Italian greyhound named Brenda.

'''1899 February 7, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke was a member of the very high-ranking committee organizing the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Gordon Memorial College Ball|Gordon Memorial College Ball at the Hotel Cecil on 7 February 1899]]. The committee had been planning for the ball, of course, for at least 3 weeks before.

'''1899 February 22, Wednesday – April''', Guendoline Bourke was part of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Society in St. Moritz|Society in St. Moritz]]. 1899 March 29, Wednesday, the ''Dundee Advertiser'' says that [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#29 March 1899, Wednesday|Cyril Sloane-Stanley was spending part of the winter in St. Moritz]] with his sister Guendoline Bourke.

'''1899 April 7, Friday, probably''', oddly, Algernon and Guendoline Bourke are not reported to have attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Funeral of the Hon. Charles Bourke, C.B.|Funeral of the Hon. Charles Bourke, C.B.]] or even to have sent flowers.

'''1899 April 8, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' reported that Guendoline Bourke had gone to [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#8 April 1899, Saturday|St. Moritz with her brother, Mr. Stanley, who had gotten engaged to Lady Cairns]].

'''1899 April 26, Wednesday''', according to &quot;Local and District News&quot; for Totton, Guendoline Bourke was &quot;ill with influenza in Paris, and Mrs. Shelley Bontein, her mother, has gone out to nurse her.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Local and District News. Totton.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 26 April 1899, Wednesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 2b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18990426/037/0004. Print title ''Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1899 June 1, Thursday, or 2, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Wedding of Roger Cyril Sloane Stanley and Olivia, Countess Cairns|wedding of her brother, Sloane Stanley and Olivia Countess Cairns]] at Holy Trinity Church, Brompton.

'''1899 June 8, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke's money troubles:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Hon. Algernon Bourke, son of the Earl of Mayo, has been appearing before the official receivers in connection with a winding-up order made against Willis’ Restaurant, Limited. The companyf [sic] was formed to acquire the well known restaurant from the Hon. H. A. Bourke. The chairman reminded the creditors that on the last occasion the meeting was adjourned because Mr. Bourke said he thought he would be able in the course of a fortnight to obtain an offer for a sum sufficient to satisfy the creditors and debenture holders. He had received a letter from Mr. Bourke to the effect that he had been unable to complete arrangements. Having looked into the affairs of the company more closely, it appeared to him that Mr. Bourke was legally liable to repay the sum of £5,000 which was advanced to White's Club, and the question would arise whether Mr. Bourke was not also liable to repay the sum of £4,000.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr. Bourke Must Pay.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 8 June 1899, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 8c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001985/18990608/118/0004. Print title: ''The Irish Weekly Independent'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1899 July 1, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#1 July 1899, Saturday|meeting in London at the Duke of Westminster's Grosvenor House]] about preserving Killarney as part of the National Trust and seems to have been acting for someone who wanted to purchase the Muckross Estate.

'''1899 July 5, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Dinner and Dance at Devonshire House|dance at Devonshire House hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire]].

'''1899 July 6, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Joan Wilson and Guy Fairfax's Wedding|wedding of Joan Wilson and Guy Fairfax in St. Mark's, near Grosvenor Square]].

'''1899 July 14, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#14 July 1899, Friday|Ernest Beckett's dinner party]].

'''1899 July 18, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Ludovici Lecture on Impressionism|lecture on Impressionism by Ludovici hosted by the Countess of Mayo]].

'''1899 July 28, Friday''', [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#White's|White's Club]] was no longer under Algernon Bourke's management and was reconstituting itself after the possibility that it would have to close.

'''1889 July 31, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#Fete of the Uxbridge Habitation of the Primrose League|Fete of the Uxbridge Habitation of the Primrose League]] at Hillingdon Court and hosted by the Hon. Algernon and Lady Mary Mills.

'''1899 September 9, Saturday''', the ''Eastern Morning News'' includes Algernon Bourke (&quot;St. James's-street, London, club proprietor&quot;) in a list of men &quot;Receiving Orders,&quot; which it is reprinting from the ''London Gazette''.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Receiving Orders.&quot; ''Eastern Morning'' News 9 September 1899, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 3c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001152/18990909/074/0005. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 October 19, Thursday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke had a bankruptcy hearing:&lt;blockquote&gt;The public examination of the Hon. Algernon Bourke was held before Mr Registrar Giffard yesterday, at the London Bankruptcy Court. The debtor, described as proprietor of a St. James's-street club, furnished a statement of affairs showing unsecured debts £13,694 and debts fully secured £12,800, with assets which are estimated at £4,489 [?]. He stated, in reply to the Official Receiver, that he was formerly a member of the Stock Exchange, but had nothing to do with the firm of which he was a member during the last ten years. He severed his connection with the firm in May last, and believed he was indebted to them to the extent of £2,000 or £3,000. He repudiated a claim which they now made for £37,300. In 1889 he became proprietor of White's Club, St. James's-street, and carried it on until January 1st last, when he transferred it to a company called Recreations, Limited. One of the objects of the company was to raise money on debentures. The examination was formally adjourned.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 October 20, Friday''', the ''Morning Leader'' mentions Bourke's bankruptcy:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Algernon Bourke, whose bankruptcy is much talked about, has been connected with numerous enterprises in clubland. He raised White's from the slough into which it had sunk after the secession of the Prince of Wales. He started the Willis Restaurant, put fresh life into the Orleans Club at Brighton, arranged a big restaurant for the bicyclists in the time of the bicycle parade, and was concerned at first in the smart and short-lived Trafalgar Bicycle Club. At one time his name spelt success. Latterly his luck has left him. He is a brother of Lord Mayo, a son of the peer who was assassinated at the post of duty, and is one of the best known men about town of the day.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Club, Stage, and Salon.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 20 October 1899, Friday: 6 [of 12], Col. 5b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18991020/085/0006. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1899 November 8, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke's bankruptcy case came up again:&lt;blockquote&gt;At Bankruptcy Court, yesterday, the case the Hon. Algernon Bourke again came on for hearing before Mr. Registrar Giffard, and the examination was concluded. The debtor has at various times been proprietor of White’s Club, St. James’s-street, and the Orleans’ Club, Brighton, and also of Willis's Restaurant, King-street, St. James's. He attributed his failure to losses sustained by the conversion of White’s Club and the Orleans' Club into limited companies, to the payment of excessive Interest on borrowed money, and other causes. The liabilities amount to £26,590, of which £13,694 are stated to be unsecured, and assets £4,409.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Affairs of the Hon. A. Bourke.&quot; ''Globe'' 09 November 1899, Thursday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001652/18991109/020/0002. Print p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 December 23, Saturday''', &quot;Mr. Algernon Bourke has departed for a tour in Africa, being at present the guest of his brother in Tunis.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Society Pages.&quot; ''Walsall Advertiser'' 23 December 1899, Saturday: 7 [of 8], Col. 7b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001028/18991223/143/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1899 December 29, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke was at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Christmas Party Hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough|Christmas Party Hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 December 31''', the San Francisco newspaper ''The Wave'' wrote the following about London society:&lt;blockquote&gt;The most prominent untitled people in London may be said to be Mr. and Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Williams|Hwfa Williams]], Mr. and Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Grenfell|Willie Grenfell]] and Mr. Algy Bourke. That they are passing rich, goes without saying, and that they entertain lavishly, understood — for to be untitled, prominent and successful, argues wealth, hospitality and cleverness.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London.&quot; The (San Francisco) ''Wave'' 14 January 1899 (Vol. XIX, No. 2): 14. ''The Internet Archive'' https://archive.org/details/wave19unse/page/n20/mode/1up.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 1900s ===

'''1900 February 15, Thursday''', Daphne Bourke, the four-year-old daughter of the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke was a bridesmaid in the [[Social Victorians/Wilson Chesterfield Wedding 1900-02-15|wedding of Enid Wilson and the Earl of Chesterfield]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London Day by Day.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph'' 15 February 1900, Thursday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/19000215/175/0008. Name in British Newspaper Archive: ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London). Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt; Guendoline Bourke, &quot;who was in grey, wore a chinchilla toque with violets.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society. Entertainments, Balls, &amp;c.&quot; ''The Queen'' 24 February 1900, Saturday: 40 [of 76], Col. 1a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/19000224/235/0040. Print: ''The Queen, The Lady's Newspaper'', p. 308.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1900 March 10, Saturday''', the ''Weekly Irish Times'' reprinted society gossip from ''The World'':&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke, who has been staying with her husband's uncle, old Connemara, during Mr. Algernon Bourke's absence abroad, has taken a new house near Portman square, and will be settling there before Easter.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip.&quot; ''Weekly Irish Times'' 10 March 1900, Saturday: 17 [of 20], Col. 1b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001684/19000310/116/0017. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1900 July''' '''17, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke took part in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#17 July 1900, Tuesday|Children's Fete in support of the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children]] on the grounds of the Royal Botanic Society. Daphe was 5 at this time, so it seems logical that she would have been there, too.

'''1900 July 30, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Barber of Seville at Covent Garden|''The Barber of Seville'' at Covent Garden]].

'''1890 August 6, Friday''', &quot;[[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Beautiful Women|Beautiful Women]],&quot; an article in ''Vanity Fair'' that was reprinted elsewhere, mentions Guendoline Bourke (&quot;Lady Algernon Bourke&quot;) as one of the most beautiful women in England.

'''1900 August 11, Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke got&lt;blockquote&gt;the pretty little Yorkshire String, an especially tiny mite, weighing only 2&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;/&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;lb, and carrying a very promising coat, ... at the Aquarium Show.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Witchampton Kennel.&quot; &quot;Ladies Kennels.&quot; ''Ladies' Field'' 11 August 1900, Saturday: 16 [of 60], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0006043/19000811/043/0016. Print title same, p. 390.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1900 September 16''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke became the heir presumptive to the Earldom of Mayo when his older brother Captain Hon. Sir Maurice Archibald Bourke died.&lt;p&gt;

'''1900 October 06, Saturday''', the ''Weekly Irish Times'' says that Mr. Algernon Bourke, now heir presumptive to the earldom of Mayo, &quot;has been for some months lately staying with Mr. Terence Bourke in Morocco.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip.&quot; ''Weekly Irish Times'' 06 October 1900, Saturday: 14 [of 20], Col. 3b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001684/19001006/121/0014. Print p. 14.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 May 30, Thursday''', the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke attended the fashionable [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1901 May 30, Thursday|Ladies' Kennel Association Dog Show at the Botanic Garden]].

'''1901 July 2, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke — &quot;pretty Mrs. Algernon Bourke, in a mauve gown and and purple tulle toque&quot; — attended a children's party at the Botanic Gardens hosted by the Earl and Countess of Kilmorey.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Earl of Kilmorey, K.P.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 13 July 1901: Saturday, 50 [of 84], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010713/237/0050. Print: title the same, p. 60.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1901 July 4, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke — dressed &quot;in pale grey, with her pretty little girl,&quot; 6-year-old Daphne — attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Countess of Yarborough's Children's Party|children's party hosted by the Countess of Yarborough]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Countess of Yarborough ....&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 13 July 1901, Saturday: 76 [of 84], Col. 2b, 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010713/381/0076. Print p. xxxvi.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 3a}}

'''1901 July 4–6, Thursday–Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke helped staff the Perthshire stall&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Great County Sale.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 29 June 1901, Saturday: 43 [of 72], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010629/223/0043# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010629/223/0043]. Same print title, pp. 679.&lt;/ref&gt; at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Great County Sale|Great County Sale in the Imperial Gardens of the Earl's Court Exhibition]].

'''1901 July 20, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' published the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke's portrait (identified with &quot;Perthshire&quot;) in its 3rd series of &quot;The Great County Sale at Earl's Court. Portraits of Stallholders.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Great County Sale at Earl's Court. Portraits of Stallholders.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 20 July 1901, Saturday: 31 [of 60], Col. 4b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010720/141/0031. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt; Their daughter Daphne appears in the portrait as well.

'''1901 July 23, Tuesday''', an &quot;Hon. Mrs. Bourke&quot; was in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox|party &quot;entertained by Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox]].&quot;&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 September 12, Thursday''', Mrs. Guendoline Bourke wanted her name listed as Mrs. Algernon Bourke in the Electoral Register, apparently a frequent complaint:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Underhill, the Conservative agent, mentioned to the Revising Barrister (Mr. William F. Webster) that the name of the Hon. Mrs. Guendoline Bourke was on the list in respect of the house, 75, Gloucester-place. The lady had written to him to say that she was the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke and that she wished that name to appear on the register. In reply to the Revising Barrister, Mr. Underhill said that “Algernon” was the name of the lady’s husband.

Mr. Cooke, the rate-collector, said that Mrs. Bourke had asked to be addressed Mrs. Algernon Bourke, but that the Town Clerk thought the address was not a correct one. The lady signed her cheques Guendoline.”

Mr. Underhill said the agents frequently had indignant letters from ladies because they were not addressed by their husband’s Christian name.

The Revising Barrister — lf a lady gave me the name of Mrs. John Smith I should say I had not got the voter’s name. The name Guendoline must remain.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;&quot;Ladies’ Names.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 12 September 1901, Thursday: 7 [of 10], Col. 3a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/19010912/130/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1901 October 26, Friday''', Algernon Bourke was on the Men's Committee of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Club Ice-skating Rink|Prince's Club Ice-skating Rink]], which had [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Prince's Club Ice-skating Rink Opening|its official opening on his day]]. 

'''1902 January''', Algernon Bourke is mentioned in [[Social Victorians/Schools#&quot;More of My Contemporaries at School.&quot;|reminiscences of Eton written by the &quot;Earl of X&quot;]] as being among those in the &quot;world of letters,&quot; and whose brother, later the Earl of Mayo, the Earl of X did not like. 

'''1902 January 25, Saturday''', Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave a box to Lady Helen Stewart-Vane-Tempest in honor of [[Social Victorians/Stewart-Stavordale Wedding 1902-01-25|Lady Helen's wedding to Giles Fox-Strangways, Lord Stavordale]]. 

'''1902 April 26, Saturday''', Mrs. A. Bourke is listed as being at the Norfolk Hotel in Brighton.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Guide to Visitors at Hotels and Boarding Houses.&quot; ''Brighton Gazette'' 26 April 1902, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000938/19020426/116/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt; 

'''1902 May, End of''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#End of May 1902|party at Blenheim Palace hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough]]. 

'''1902 June 11, Monday''', the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke had a dog entered in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Ladies' Kennel Association Show|Ladies' Kennel Association competitions in the Botanic Gardens]]. 

'''1902 September 4, Thursday''', the ''Daily Express'' reported that &quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke is staying with Lord and Lady Alington at Scarborough.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Onlooker.&quot; &quot;My Social Diary.&quot; &quot;Where People Are.&quot; ''Daily Express'' 04 September 1902, Thursday: 5 [of 8], Col. 1b? [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004848/19020904/099/0005. Print p. 4, Col. 7b [of 7].&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1902 September 22, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke was a guest at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Earl and Countess of Mar and Kellie's House Party|large house party hosted by the Earl and Countess of Mar and Kellie]].

'''1902 October 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Annual Opening of the Prince's Ice-skating Rink|opened the Prince's ice-skating rink for the season]], which he had been doing since 1895.

'''1902 October 25, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was bequeathed £500 by his uncle [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Robert Bourke]], who had died 3 September 1902.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Will of Lord Connemara.&quot; ''Kildare Observer and Eastern Counties Advertiser'' 25 October 1902, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 4b–c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001870/19021025/037/0002. Print title the ''Kildare Observer'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 October 31, Friday''', the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Annual Opening of the Prince's Ice-skating Rink|7th opening of the Prince's Skating Club]]. Guendoline Bourke was on the Women's Committee and Algernon Bourke was on the Men's.&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 November 8, Friday, beginning, perhaps''', Guendoline Bourke was part of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#8 November 1902, Saturday|Earl and Countess of Warwick's shooting party at Easton Lodge]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 December 9, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#9 December 1902, Tuesday|Lady Eva Wyndham-Quin's &quot;at home,&quot; held at the Welch Industrial depot]] for the sale Welsh-made Christmas gifts and cards. Bourke wore &quot;a fur coat and a black picture hat.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Lady Correspondent.&quot; &quot;Society in London.&quot; ''South Wales Daily News'' 11 December 1902, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000919/19021211/082/0004. Print p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1903 February 6, Friday''', Hon. Mrs A. Bourke was present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Dinner Party Hosted by Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and the Countess of Dudley|dinner party Hosted by Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and the Countess of Dudley]]. &lt;p&gt;

'''1903 February 9, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke was present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Dinner Party Hosted by Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and the Countess of Dudley|house party at Dublin Castle hosted by the Lord Lieutenant and Countess of Dudley that began the Viceregal season]].

'''1903 March 17, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke staffed a booth at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1903 March 17, Tuesday|sale of the Irish Industries Association]] on St. Patrick's Day with [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Lady Mayo]], [[Social Victorians/People/Dudley|Georgina Lady Dudley]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Miss Beresford]]. A number of other aristocratic women were also present at the sale in other booths, including [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Lady Londonderry]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Lucan|Lady Lucan]].

'''1903 June 19, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke was invited to the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Grand Ball in the Waterloo Chamber at Windsor Castle|grand ball at Windsor Castle]], the end of the Ascot-week festivities.

'''1903 June 23, Tuesday''', Guendoline and Daphne Bourke were invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1903 June 23, Tuesday|children's party at Buckingham Palace for Prince Eddie's birthday]].

'''1903 July 10, Friday, or so''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Party Hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough|party hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough]].

'''1904 May 17, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke had agreed to let Daphne appear in the tableaux vivants arranged by Sir Philip Burne-Jones for the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Countess Cadogan's Great Bazaar|Countess of Cadogan's great bazaar]]. Some mothers had had to decline because of the outbreaks of measles and chicken pox.&lt;p&gt;

'''1904 June 30, Thursday''', Guendoline and Daphne Bourke attended another birthday party for Prince Eddie at Buckingham Palace, and the ''Gentlewoman'' says, &quot;No prettier little girl was to be seen that day than little Miss Daphne Bourke, the daughter of the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke, with her wonderful Irish eyes and colouring, her pretty white frock being relieved with a rose pink sash.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Prince Eddie's Birthday.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 02 July 1904, Saturday: 68 [of 92]. Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19040702/360/0068. Print: title the same, p. 42.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1904 September 15, Thursday''', according to what was at the time called the ''Irish Daily Independent and Nation'', Algernon Bourke was living in Venice and not in the UK at this point:&lt;blockquote&gt;Algernon Bourke, who usually lives in Venice, has spent some time in England during the present summer, and has now gone on a fishing expedition to Sweden, accompanied by his brother, Lord Mayo. Lady Mayo has been staying meanwhile in Ireland, and has had a visit from her mother, Lady Maria Ponsonby, who is a sister of Lend Obventry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;&quot;Society Notes.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 15 September 1904, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001986/19040915/131/0004. Print title: ''Irish Daily Independent and Nation'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1904 October 22, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' reported that &quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke is paying a visit to Venice, which Mr. Bourke has made his headquarters for several years past, as he is connected with some very artistic stone and marble works situated near the Grand Canal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 22 October 1904, Saturday: 24 [of 6ths 8], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19041022/112/0024. Print title same, p. 672.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1905 February 17, Friday''', the Dundee ''Evening Post'' reported that Algernon Bourke &quot;set up a shop in Venice for the sale of art treasures and old furniture.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social News.&quot; Dundee ''Evening Post'' 17 February 1905, Friday: 6 [of 6], Col. 7b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000582/19050217/105/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1905 April 26, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#New Forest United Hunt Ball|New Forest United Hunt Ball]], as did her brother Captain R. C. H. Sloane Stanley and his wife Olivia Countess Cairns.&lt;p&gt;

'''1905 June 5, Monday''', Algernon Bourke wrote to the ''Times'' from Venice that &quot;The Venetian wits have suggested a motto for Admiral Togo, Togo Tenga Tutto (Togo takes the lot).&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr. Algernon Bourke.&quot; ''Hull Daily Mail'' 08 June 1905, Thursday: 2 [of 6], Col. 6a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000324/19050608/008/0002. Print title ''Daily Mail'', p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1905, last week of July''', Guendoline Bourke and daughter Daphne Bourke — who was 10 years old — attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Last week of July, 1905|Lady Cadogan's children's party at Chelsea House]]. Daphne was &quot;One of loveliest little girls present.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Social News.&quot; ''Belfast News-Letter'' 01 August 1905, Tuesday: 7 [of 10], Col. 6b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000038/19050801/157/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1906 March 9, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke was a reference for Mr. Frances Burgess, who taught piano, singing, voice production, organ and music theory. Burgess was &quot;Organist and Choirmaster of St. Columbs', North Kensington, Director of the Plainsong and Medieval Music Society's Choir, etc., etc.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot;&gt;&quot;Mr. Francis Burgess.&quot; ''Kilburn Times'' 9 March 1906, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001813/19060309/086/0003. Print title: ''Kilburn Times Hampstead and North-western Press'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1906 December 10, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke was seen in the tea room, possibly with Lady Grosvenor, at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1906 December 10, Monday|Lady Dudley's sale of Irish needlework]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1907 May''', a &quot;naval signalling incident&quot; [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#May 1887|caused the Waterford ''Evening News'' to recall a similar event]] that had occurred 20 years earlier, in which Algernon Bourke, as special correspondent for the ''Times'', publicized [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles Beresford]]'s use of his ship's signalling capabilities to send a message to his wife about being late for dinner:&lt;blockquote&gt;

The naval signalling incident is still in the air. It is expected that the matter will not be threshed out until Emperor William leaves England. A story of a former signalling incident in which [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles Beresford]] was concerned is going the rounds at the moment.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1907 August 24, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was present at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Polo Week at Eaton Hall, Duke and Duchess of Westminster|Polo Week at Eaton Hall, hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Westminster]].

'''1908 July 30, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke was at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Glorious Goodwood. Cup Day and Dresses.|Cup Day at the Goodwood races]], wearing salmon-pink with a matching hat.

'''1909 April 20, Tuesday''', Lady Rosemary Cairns — daughter of Olivia Sloan-Stanley, Countess Cairns and Cyril Sloane-Stanley — and Wyndham Portal were [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#20 April 1909, Tuesday|married in St. Margaret's, Westminster]]. Lavender and Diane Sloane-Stanley were bridesmaids.&lt;p&gt;

'''1909 May 22, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke appears to have been living in Pisa. A columnist for the ''Queen'' reported on the Royal School of Art Needlework:&lt;blockquote&gt;Lady Leconfield [?] was there, also her sister-in-law, the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Dowager Lady Mayo]], only just back from her winter on the Continent, when she spent most of the time at Pisa, where her son Mr Algernon Bourke has also been staying. The latter is a great connoisseur as regards [art?] notably in what is really good in the way of old Italian sculpture and carving. He and his handsome wife have a place near to Putney, and this winter again Mr Bourke, as the result of his Italian travels, has been sending home such relics of the old Italian palace gardens as as stone and marble carved vases, garden seats, and what-not of the kind — not all for himself and his own gardens by any means, I fancy; but his friends, relying on his knowledge in such matters, get him when abroad to choose for [them?] the adornment of their English terraces and gardens.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;My Social Diary.&quot; The ''Queen'' 22 May 1909, Saturday: 31 [of 86], Col. 1b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/19090522/203/0031. Print p. 871.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1909 September''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was among the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Visitors in Venice from the U.K.|many visitors from &quot;England&quot; in Venice]] in September.

=== 1910s ===
'''1910 April 20, Wednesday''', the ''Tatler'' printed an &quot;open letter&quot; to Geraldine, Countess of Mayo, as part of its &quot;The Searchlight in Society&quot; series and mentioned Algernon Bourke, saying he had been keeping &quot;a curiosity shop at Venice&quot;:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Bourkes have brains, and a good example is afforded by Mr. Algernon Bourke, next brother to Lord Mayo and heir-presumptive to the title. He is a good-looking man who used to be known as Buttons Bourke, and he married well, as his wife was the rich and pretty Miss Guendolen Sloane Stanley. He may be described as a &quot;Jack of all trades,&quot; but it is not I who will say that he is a master of none. He was once in the Stock Exchange, then he took White's Club in hand and restored it to much of its former prestige. After that he dabbled in smart hotels and restaurants, and the last thing I heard of him was that he kept a curiosity shop at Venice.&lt;ref&gt;Candida. &quot;The Searchlight in Society. Our Open Letter. No. CII. The Countess of Mayo.&quot; The ''Tatler'' 20 April 1910, Wednesday: 18 [of 42], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001852/19100420/023/0018. Print title same, p. 72.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1911 November 21, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke assisted the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#21 November 1911, Tuesday|Duchess of Marlborough at her at-home]] that included a sale of work by the wives of prisoners.&lt;p&gt;

'''1912 September 27, Friday''', Guendoline and Daphne Bourke were visiting Mr. and Mrs. Shelley Bontein, her mother and stepfather.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From 'The World.'&quot; ''Berks and Oxon Advertiser'' 27 September 1912, Friday: 2 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002298/19120927/014/0002. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1913 April 23, Wednesday''', the Irish Independent reported that Guendoline and Daphne Bourke had arrived in London for the season:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke and Miss Bourke have arrived for the season at 75 Gloucester place, Portman square, London.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social and Personal.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 23 April 1913, Wednesday: 4 [of 10], Col. 5b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001715/19130423/081/0004. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1913 May 7, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke presented her daughter Daphne Bourke at court:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke presented her daughter, and wore blue and gold broché with a gold lace train.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social and Personal.&quot; London ''Daily Chronicle'' 08 May 1913, Thursday: 6 [of 12], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005049/19130508/120/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

The ''Pall Mall Gazette'' has a description of Daphne Bourke's dress, but what exactly &quot;chiffon [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hoops|paniers]]&quot; means in 1913 is not clear:&lt;blockquote&gt;Court dressmakers appear to have surpassed all previous records in their efforts to make the dresses for to-night’s Court as beautiful as possible. Noticeable among these is the dainty presentation gown to be worn by Miss Bourke, who will be presented by her mother, the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke. This has a skirt of soft white satin draped with chiffon [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hoops|paniers]] and a bodice veiled with chiffon and trimmed with diamanté and crystal embroidery. Miss Bourke’s train, gracefully hung from the shoulders, is of white satin lined with pale rose pink chiffon and embroidered with crystal and diamanté.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Fashion Day by Day. Lovely Gowns for To-night's Court.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 07 May 1913, Wednesday: 13 [of 18], Col. 1a [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/19130507/199/0013. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The ''London Evening Standard'' describes Guendoline and Daphne Bourke the same way except with differences in editing:&lt;blockquote&gt;Miss Bourke: Presented by her mother, the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke. Dainty presentation gown of white satin, the skirt draped with chiffon paniers, bodice veiled chiffon and trimmed with diamanté and crystal embroidery. Train gracefully hung from shoulder of white satin embroidered with crystal and diamanté, lined with pale rose pink chiffon.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Some of the Dresses.&quot; &quot;The King and Queen. Third Court. Most Brilliant of the Year.&quot; ''London Evening Standard'' 08 May 1913, Thursday: 11 [of 18], Col. 4b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/19130508/237/0011. Print title ''The Standard'', p. 11.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

According to the ''Lady's Pictorial'', Daphne Bourke's dress was designed and constructed by [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Messrs Russell and Allen|Messrs. Russell and Allen]], Old Bond-street, W., and the description is identical (except for a couple of commas).&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Their Majesties' Court.&quot; ''Lady's Pictorial'' 17 May 1913, Saturday: 35 [of 64], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005980/19130517/296/0035. Same print title, p. 787.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1914 May 11, Monday''', Guendoline and Daphne Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#Dance at the Ritz Hosted by Mrs. George Marjoribanks|dance at the Ritz hosted by Mrs. George Marjoribanks]].

'''1915 January 1, Friday''', Algernon Bourke is listed as being on the Executive Committee of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#1915 January 1, Friday|National Food Fund, publicized by the ''Conservative and Unionist Women's Franchise Review'']].

'''1916 August 25, Friday''', Daphne Bourke's and John Fortescue's engagement was announced:&lt;blockquote&gt;A most attractive prospective bride (says the &quot;Star&quot;) is Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke's only daughter, Miss Daphne Bourke, whose engagement has just taken place to Mr. Fortescue, of the Coldstream Guards. Miss Bourke is tall, dark, and very beautiful; and Mr. Fortescue is one of the family of Boconoc, Cornwall, and Dropmore, Maidenhead. At the latter place the two families have been neighbours, for Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke have a charming country residence at Taplow, while Dropmore is famous for its magnificent gardens.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Personalia.&quot; ''Uxbridge &amp; W. Drayton Gazette'' 25 August 1916, Friday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002285/19160825/043/0004. Print title ''The Advertiser'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''1917 June 7, Thursday''', Daphne Bourke and John Grenville Fortescue [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#7 June 1917, Thursday|married in the Coldstream Guards' chapel]].

== Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball ==
According to both the ''Morning Post'' and the ''Times'', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was among the Suite of Men in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#&quot;Oriental&quot; Procession|&quot;Oriental&quot; procession]] at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&quot;Fancy Dress Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; ''Morning Post'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 4a–8 Col. 2b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970703/054/0007.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;&quot;Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; The ''Times'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 12, Cols. 1a–4c ''The Times Digital Archive''. Web. 28 Nov. 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Based on the people they were dressed as, Guendoline Bourke was probably in this procession but it seems unlikely that Algernone Bourke was.

[[File:Guendoline-Irene-Emily-Bourke-ne-Sloane-Stanley-as-Salammb.jpg|thumb|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a standing woman richly dressed in an historical costume with a headdress and a very large fan|Hon. '''Guendoline''' Bourke as Salammbô. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]
=== Hon. Guendoline Bourke ===
[[File:Alfons Mucha - 1896 - Salammbô.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Highly stylized orange-and-yellow painting of a bare-chested woman with a man playing a harp at her feet|Alfons Mucha's 1896 ''Salammbô''.]]
Lafayette's portrait (right) of &quot;Guendoline Irene Emily Bourke (née Sloane-Stanley) as Salammbô&quot; in costume is photogravure #128 in the '''Album''' presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;&quot;Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball (1897): photogravures by Walker &amp; Boutall after various photographers.&quot; 1899. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait-list.php?set=515.&lt;/ref&gt; The printing on the portrait says, &quot;The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke as Salammbo.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;&quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke as Salammbo.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158491/Guendoline-Irene-Emily-Bourke-ne-Sloane-Stanley-as-Salammb.&lt;/ref&gt;

The Lafayette Archive has 2 additional poses from the same session on 5 July 1897 as the one chosen for the Album:

* Same image as the Album photograph but higher resolution than the one the National Portrait Gallery, London, gives permission to post (Neg. No. GP [L] [http://lafayette.org.uk/bou1369.html 1369]).
* Standing with fan behind head, includes close-up of skirt fabric and left hand (Neg. No. GP [L] [http://lafayette.org.uk/bou1368-444.html 1368-444]).
* Reclining on pillows and furs, includes close-up of face and headdress (Neg. No. GP [L] [http://lafayette.org.uk/bou1368-442.html 1368-442]).

==== Newspaper Accounts ====
The Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke was dressed as Salambo in the Oriental procession&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; in a costume made by [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Mrs. Mason|Mrs. Mason]], although Russell Harris says [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Mr. Charles Alias|Charles Alias]] was the &quot;Costume supplier.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://lafayette.org.uk/bou1369.html|title=Hon Mrs Algernon Bourke (1870-1967), née Guendoline Irene Emily Sloane-Stanley by Lafayette 1897|website=lafayette.org.uk|access-date=2025-07-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Besides the two that mention her — the ''Morning Post'' and the ''Times'' — only two describe her costume, the London ''Evening Standard'' and the ''Gentlewoman'':
* &quot;Mrs. A. Bourke, as an Egyptian Princess, with the Salambo coiffure, wore a flowing gown of white and silver gauze covered with embroidery of lotus flowers. The top of the gown was ornamented with old green satin embroidered with blue turquoise and gold, and studded with rubies. The train was of old green broché with sides of orange and gold embroidery, and from the ceinture depended long bullion fringe and an embroidered ibis.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“The Ball at Devonshire House. Magnificent Spectacle. Description of the Dresses.” London ''Evening Standard'' 3 July 1897 Saturday: 3 [of 12], Cols. 1a–5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/18970703/015/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 3, Col. 3b}}
* &quot;(Egyptian Princess), drapery gown of white and silver gauze, covered with embroidery of lotus flowers; the top of gown appliqué with old green satin embroidered blue turquoise and gold, studded rubies; train of old green broché.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 40, Col. 3a}}

==== Commentary on Her Costume ====

*The heavy headdress is likely attached to a wig and further stabilized by something under Bourke's chin and by the filet around her forehead. The flowers appear to have jewels at the center. What looks like a neck treatment is probably part of the structure holding the headpiece in place. The placement of the flowers is clearly a copy of the headdress worn by Rose Caron in the 1892 Paris production of the Reyer opera. Made by Eugène Lacoste, this textile, metal and pearl ''coiffe'' still exists (https://www.gazette-drouot.com/article/bijoux-d-opera/54941) and is held by the Bibliothèque Nationale de France.&lt;ref&gt;Merle, Sandrine. &quot;Les bijoux d’Opéra en pleine lumière au Palais Garnier.&quot; ''La Gazette Druout'' 4 July 2025 (No. 26). Retrieved July 2025

https://www.gazette-drouot.com/article/bijoux-d-opera/54941.&lt;/ref&gt; It seems to have been constructed from metal for the gold framework with the leaf design, beads attached to hanging metal frameworks (the blue-green beads look like they're covered with fabric or wrapped with thread) and flowers that may have been made from stiffened pinked fabric (likely organdy) whose color may have darkened in the century that has passed.
*Bourke's posture as she leans in the reclining odalisque pose shows she is wearing a corset.
*The translucent overskirt looks like an apron attached under the bust and hanging from the bodice.
*Russell Harris says the large fan looks more Egyptian rather than Carthaginian.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt; 
*The fullness of the skirt is very controlled.
*Her shoes are slippers decorated with real or artificial jewels.

==== Salammbô ====
Salammbô is the fictitious protagonist in Gustave Flaubert's 1862 novel ''Salammbô'', set during the Roman war against Carthage.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-04-29|title=Salammbô|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salammb%C3%B4&amp;oldid=1221352216|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salammb%C3%B4.&lt;/ref&gt; Salammbô is a Carthaginian priestess of the lunar goddess Tanit. Matho, a Roman mercenary, breaks into Tanit's temple and steals her sacred veil — the spiritual guardian of Carthage. Salammbô sneaks into the enemy encampment to steal the veil back. She meets Matho in his tent, and &quot;believing each other to be divine apparitions,&quot; they make love,&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; although it is also a defilement. Salammbô succceds in getting the veil back, but Matho is tortured and executed, which causes her to die of shock, the effect of both having touched the veil. The plot of the opera is not identical to that of the novel.

What Guendoline Bourke saw in Salammbo as representative of herself is difficult to know, unless the costume itself appealed to her. A production of Ernest Reyer's opera ''Salammbô'', based on Flaubert's novel and published in Paris in 1890, opened at the Paris Opéra on 16 May 1892,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-04-11|title=Ernest Reyer|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Reyer&amp;oldid=1218353215|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Reyer.&lt;/ref&gt; starring Madame Rose Caron, with Mademoiselle Lucienne Bréval performing when Caron was on vacation.&lt;ref&gt;Jullienn, Adolphe. &quot;Mademoiselle Lucienne Bréval de L'Académie Nationale de Musique [or de l'Opéra in the Table of Contents].&quot; ''Le Théatre'' April 1898 (No. 4). Google Books https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/_oxRAQAAMAAJ. Pp. 8–10.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|8, Col. 2c}} This production was widely reviewed and discussed in the papers in the UK, and its production design was notable, especially Caron's costumes, the sets and [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#Scale of the Production of Salammbo|the very scale of the production]]. Bourke or her costumier clearly saw the opera or images of the performers or its posters, certainly influencing the design of her costume.

* Rose Caron in her Salammbo costume is here: https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/rose-caron-french-soprano-in-costume-in-the-title-role-of-news-photo/1439485238.
* A headshot of Bréval in costume is here: https://books.google.com/books/content?id=_oxRAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=RA3-PP7&amp;img=1&amp;zoom=3&amp;hl=en&amp;bul=1&amp;sig=ACfU3U2Gv8Os_rEmx2gM9SakJkYLJ9hW7g&amp;ci=6%2C1%2C988%2C1371&amp;edge=0.)
* &quot;Salammbo's hair [was] powdered with a violet dust when she first appeared before the eyes of Matho.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Salome.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 27 February 1893, Monday: 3 [of 8]. Col. 2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18930227/010/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

Salammbo figured in paintings, sculptures and illustrations of editions of Flaubert's novel before Ernest Reyer's 1890 opera. Translations and illustrated editions of Flaubert's novel had come out steadily beginning in the 1880s. Alfons Mucha's 1896 lithograph of Salammbô (above left) was published the year before the ball. Salammbo is often depicted as nude and highly sexual or sexualized (kissing a huge snake, for example, that she holds aloft). Reyer's opera was first produced in 1890 in Brussels. Both Modest Mussorgsky and Sergei Rachmaninoff had attempted but not completed operas based on the novel as well.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; 


Guendoline Bourke's costume and her social life as reported in the newspapers do not suggest that she was a big risk-taker like, for example, the eccentric la Comtesse de Castiglione, who appeared at a ball in a Salammbo costume in 1886, 4 years after Flaubert's novel was first published. In 1889 the ''Edinburgh Evening News'' exaggerates her nudity and doesn't describe the rush in the ballroom to see her but does address the lingering memory:&lt;blockquote&gt;The late Countess Castiglione, whose death in Paris is recorded yesterday, made her first appearance at the Imperial Court in 1866, where her extraordinary beauty made a great impression on Napoleon III., and eventually led to the Empress Eugenie’s undertaking an unexpected and much-talked-of visit to Scotland. The Countess had a face and complexion which would have enchanted Rubens, and her lovely golden hair touched her feet. Even at the present day Paris has not forgotten her costume, or rather absence of costume as Salammbo, in which character she figured at a certain memorable ball at the Tuileries, wearing her hair, her jewels, and very little else. The Empress Eugenie, when she was presented to her thus lightly arrayed, declared that she must be cold, and insisted upon her there and then donning a mantle. Mme. de Castiglione was never again invited to an entertainment over which the Empress Eugenie presided.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Countess’ Queer Ball Costume.&quot; ''Edinburgh Evening News'' 2 December 1899, Saturday: 2 [of 6], Col. 7b [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000452/18991202/024/0002. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Given how widely this incident was discussed at the time of the death of la Comtesse in 1889, Guendoline Bourke might easily have known about it. But she was developing relationships with people like the Princess of Wales, and what Countess Castigiolone did does not sound at all like her. 

===== Scale of the Production of ''Salammbo'' =====

* &quot;In Reyer's opera of 'Salammbo,' lately produced at the Grand Opera in Paris, there were 1,400 persons on the stage in the last act.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Facts and Fancies.&quot; ''Louth and North Lincolnshire Advertiser'' 9 July 1892, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 6c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000313/18920709/038/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;the battle scene in [''Salammbo''] requires no less than 3000 square yards of 'decorative surface' [probably canvas]. This establishes a record, the next largest surface being that of the salles des fetes in 'Don Giovanni.'&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A French paper gives interesting details....&quot; ''Sevenoaks Chronicle and Kentish Advertiser'' 26 August 1892, Friday: 2 [of 8], Col. 3c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001067/18920826/032/0002. Same print title, n.p.

&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Influence of the Production of ''Salammbo'' =====
Rose Caron's productions were influential, including for the costumes she wore. The 1892 ''Lohengrin'' she starred in was the source of the costumes worn by [[Social Victorians/People/Stonor#Julia Caroline Stonor, Marquise of Hautpoul|Julia Stonor, Marquise of Hautpoul]] and her brother, [[Social Victorians/People/Stonor#Hon. Harry Stonor|Hon. Harry Stonor]].

Women's clothing was influenced by the costumes in the opera, particularly those worn by Rose Caron. One color of intense red was called Salammbo. A bonnet was named the Salammbô:&lt;blockquote&gt;About the smartest thing in bonnets for ordinary complimentary mourning is called the Salammbô, and is copied from a head-dress worn by a leading artiste at one of the Paris theatres. It is made of jet, and has a rose on each side of the front from the centres of which rise two black ospreys.&lt;ref&gt;Mantalini, Miss. &quot;The Shows in the London Shops. With Mems. about Millinery.&quot; ''Pall Mall Budget'' 29 December 1892, Thursday: 22 [of 40], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005967/18921229/092/0022. Same print title, p. 1928.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;In a long illustrated article describing the wedding of Princess Marie of Edinburgh, the ''Lady's Pictorial'' provides a sketch of &quot;a very pretty [hat] (No. 4) of brown mirror velvet trimmed with mink and a brown velvet bow in front '''with Salammbo''' '&lt;nowiki/&gt;''fantaisie''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'&quot; that is among the bride's millinery.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Marriage of H.R.H. Princess Marie of Edinburgh and H.R.H. Ferdinand Crown Prince of Roumania.&quot; ''Lady's Pictorial'' 14 January 1893, Saturday: 40 [of 76], Col. 3c [of 3]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005980/18930114/064/0040. Same print title, p. 56.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

Shoes appeared:&lt;blockquote&gt;At Mrs Merritt's, Savile-street, the stock is particularly attractive, there being so many new styles in shoes this season. One of the latest designs is the Salammbo Shoe, glace kid, with one strap, a jet buckle, and very low French heels. This shoe is especially designed for tender feet, as it is very light in weight.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;House and Home. Local Letter for Women Reader [sic], (By Our Lady Contributor).&quot; ''Hull Daily Mail'' 22 July 1897, Thursday: 5 [of 6], Col. 1b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000324/18970722/069/0005. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Patterns for making the Tunique Romaine and Corsage Salammbo were for sale just a few months after the opening:&lt;blockquote&gt;Some of the leading fashionable novelties described in ''Le Follet de Paris'' are almost ahead of the season, but they look so well that it will not be long before our provincial dressmakers have them. A revival and modification of the ancient tunic is one item which is transforming the modern gowns of tailor-built tweeds into long clinging draperies, of simple cut but ineffable grace. We have had the Russian blouse with us now for the last couple of months. Now the reign of Tunique Romaine and Corsage Salambo is upon us.

... [including the address to send off for the patterns]

A very successful novelty is the ''corsage'' “Salammbo.” In reality, it is more of a blouse and short tunic than a ''corsage'', as there is no attempt at shaping to the figure. In [sic] consists, indeed, of two straight pieces of material cut round on the shoulders, where the back and front are fastened together by clasps. There is no arm-hole, and the two pieces meet at the waist under the arm, and then hang open on to the skirt. There being no dart, the waist is as wide as the shoulders; the fullness is drawn to the centre under a ''ceinture Russe'', or of oxydised silver. The outlines are trimmed with ''galon'' or some similar garniture. The &quot;Salammbo” ''guimpe'' or ''corsage'' are made of flannel or ''mousseline de laine'' of bright colour, and are worn with fitting bodices or skirts of serge, or woollen of dark colour. They are very effective, and nothing can be easier to make, while their addition to a frock constitutes a separate costume.

The fitting bodices worn under the ''guimpes'' or ''robes'' &quot;Salammbo&quot; are very simply made; being round-waisted, they are without side pieces, and only require a seam under each arm; one in the centre of the back, and one or two darts in front, according to the figure. The skirt is mounted on a round waistband, and the ''ceinture'' worn over this gives the bodice and skirt the effect of a princess dress.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Womans Ceilidh.&quot; ''Oban Times and Argyllshire Advertiser'' 3 September 1892, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 6a–b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000462/18920903/078/0003. Print title: ''The Oban Times'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Stationery even before the opera opened in Paris:&lt;blockquote&gt;The last fad in fancy stationery is the carte Salammbo, a delightfully smooth surface for writing upon, the envelopes are very small, square, and of the wallet make; the paper folds over once to fit. The newest shades are rose pink, pale English blue, apple green, and the evergreen heliotrope.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Fashions of the Month.&quot; ''Nottinghamshire Guardian'' 27 February 1892, Saturday: 7 [of 8], Col. 2b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000176/18920227/059/0007. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:Algernon Henry Bourke Vanity Fair 20 January 1898.jpg|thumb|alt=Old colored drawing of an elegant elderly man dressed in a 19th-century tuxedo with a cloak, top hat and formal pointed shoes with bows, standing facing 1/4 to his right|''Algy'' — Algernon Henry Bourke — by &quot;Spy,&quot; ''Vanity Fair'' 20 January 1898]]

=== Hon. Algernon Bourke ===
[[File:Hon-Algernon-Henry-Bourke-as-Izaak-Walton.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a man richly dressed in an historical costume sitting in a fireplace that does not have a fire and holding a tankard|Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke as Izaak Walton. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]
'''Lafayette's portrait''' (left) of &quot;Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke as Izaak Walton&quot; in costume is photogravure #129 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; The printing on the portrait says, &quot;The Hon. Algernon Bourke as Izaak Walton.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hon. Algernon Bourke as Izaak Walton.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158492/Hon-Algernon-Henry-Bourke-as-Izaak-Walton.&lt;/ref&gt;

This portrait is amazing and unusual: Algernon Bourke is not using a photographer's set with theatrical flats and props, certainly not one used by anyone else at the ball itself. Isaak Walton (baptised 21 September 1593 – 15 December 1683) wrote ''The Compleat Angler''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2021-09-15|title=Izaak Walton|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Izaak_Walton&amp;oldid=1044447858|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izaak_Walton.&lt;/ref&gt; A cottage Walton lived in and willed to the people of Stafford was photographed in 1888, suggesting that its relationship to Walton was known in 1897, raising a question about whether Bourke could have used the fireplace in the cottage for his portrait. (This same cottage still exists, as the [https://www.staffordbc.gov.uk/izaak-waltons-cottage Isaak Walton Cottage] museum.)

A caricature portrait (right) of the Hon. Algernon Bourke, called &quot;Algy,&quot; by Leslie Ward (&quot;Spy&quot;) was published in the 20 January 1898 issue of ''Vanity Fair'' as Number 702 in its &quot;Men of the Day&quot; series,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-01-14|title=List of Vanity Fair (British magazine) caricatures (1895–1899)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)_caricatures_(1895%E2%80%931899)&amp;oldid=1195518024|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)_caricatures_(1895%E2%80%931899).&lt;/ref&gt; giving an indication of what he looked like out of costume.

=== Mr. and Mrs. Bourke ===
The ''Times'' made a distinction between the Hon. Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke and Mr. and Mrs. Bourke, including both in the article.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Occasionally this same article mentions the same people more than once in different contexts and parts of the article, so they may be the same couple. (See [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#Notes and Question|Notes and Question]] #2, below.)

== Demographics ==

=== The Bourkes ===
*Nationality: Anglo-Irish&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020-11-14|title=Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo&amp;oldid=988654078|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Occupation: journalist. 1895: restaurant, hotel and club owner and manager&lt;ref&gt;''Cheltenham Looker-On'', 23 March 1895. Via Ancestry but taken from the BNA.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Residences ====
*Ireland: 1873: Palmerston House, Straffan, Co. Kildare.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; Not Co. Mayo?
*1888–1891: 33 Cadogan Terrace, S.W., Kensington and Chelsea, a dwelling house&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970, Register of Voters, 1891.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1894: 181 Pavilion Road, Kensington and Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970. Register of Voters, 1894. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1900: 181 Pavilion Road, Kensington and Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970. Register of Voters, 1900. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1904: Algernon Bourke was &quot;usually liv[ing] in Venice&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;
*1906: 75, Gloucester-place, W.&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot; /&gt;
*Guendoline Bourke
*1911: 1911 Fulham, London&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
*20 Eaton Square, S.W. (in 1897)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pl0oAAAAYAAJ|title=Who's who|date=1897|publisher=A. &amp; C. Black|language=en}} 712, Col. 1b.&lt;/ref&gt; (London home of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]])

=== The Sloane-Stanleys ===

==== Residences ====

* 1871: Chester Street, St George Hanover Square (Census), with 5 servants, including a cook and a footman.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;The National Archives; Kew, London, England; ''1871 England Census''; Class: ''RG10''; Piece: ''104''; Folio: ''21''; Page: ''37''; GSU roll: ''838763''. Ancestry.com. ''1871 England Census'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1881–1885&lt;ref&gt;''UK, City and County Directories, 1600s-1900s''. Ancestry.com. ''UK, City and County Directories, 1766 - 1946'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; [at least]: 14 Halkin Street, W., St. Georges, 14 servants, including a governess, a house steward, an under butler, a footman and a cook.&lt;ref&gt;''Census Returns of England and Wales, 1881''. Kew, Surrey, England: The National Archives of the UK (TNA): Public Record Office (PRO), 1881. Class: ''RG11''; Piece: ''98''; Folio: ''66''; Page: ''37''; GSU roll: ''1341022''. Ancestry.com and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. ''1881 England Census'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1888: 49, Cadogan-square, St. Luke, Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Ancestry.com. ''London, England, Overseer Returns, 1863-1894'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1899, Roger Cyril Sloane-Stanley: 4 Down St., St George, Hanover Square&lt;ref&gt;London Metropolitan Archives; London, England; ''Electoral Registers''. Ancestry.com. ''London, England, Electoral Registers, 1832-1965'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1911, Roger Cyril Sloane-Stanley: Paultons, Ower, Romsey

== Family ==
*Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke (31 December 1854 – 7 April 1922)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p29657.htm#i296561|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Guendoline Irene Emily Sloane-Stanley Bourke (c. 1869 – 30 December 1967)&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&quot;Guendoline Irene Emily Stanley.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p51525.htm#i515247|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
#Daphne Marjory Bourke (5 April 1895 – 22 May 1962)

=== Relations ===
*Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke (the 3rd son of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|6th Earl of Mayo]]) was the older brother of Lady Florence Bourke.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
*Wilfred Blunt was a cousin of Algernon Bourke: Bourke's mother's &quot;mother was one of the Blunts of Crabbet Park, Sussex, which makes them kinswomen of Mr. Alfred Scawen Blunt, poet, Egyptophil and counsel for Arabi Pasha in his trial.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From ''Truth''.&quot; ''Mid-Lothian Journal'' 23 August 1912, Friday: 8 [of 8], 2c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002721/19120823/147/0008. Print title and p. same.&lt;/ref&gt;
*Lord Alfred Douglas was a cousin of Algernon Bourke.

==== Other Bourkes ====
*Hubert Edward Madden Bourke (after 1925, Bourke-Borrowes)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hubert Edward Madden Bourke-Borrowes.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p52401.htm#i524004|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2021-08-25}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p52401.htm#i524004.&lt;/ref&gt;
*Lady Eva Constance Aline Bourke, who married [[Social Victorians/People/Dunraven|Windham Henry Wyndham-Quin]] on 7 July 1885;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lady Eva Constance Aline Bourke.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p2575.htm#i25747|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-02}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p2575.htm#i25747.&lt;/ref&gt; he became 5th Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl on 14 June 1926.

=== The Sloane-Stanleys ===
* Emilie Josephine S Stanley ( 21 December 1848 [baptism]&lt;ref&gt;London Metropolitan Archives; &quot;London, England, UK&quot; ; ''London Church of England Parish Registers''; Reference Number: ''P87/Tri/001''. Ancestry.com. ''London, England, Church of England Births and Baptisms, 1813-1923'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;  – October 1945)
* Hans T Sloane Stanley (11 May 1840 [baptism]&lt;ref&gt;Ancestry.com. ''England, Select Births and Christenings, 1538-1975'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; – 15 December 1888&lt;ref&gt;Ancestry.com. ''UK and Ireland, Find a Grave® Index, 1300s-Current'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;)
* James Shell[e?]y Bontein ()
*# Gwendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt; Irene Emily G Stanley (c. 1870&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt; – )
*# '''Roger Cyril Hans Sloane Stanley''' (29 April 1875&lt;ref&gt;The National Archives; Kew, Surrey, England; ''WO 42 War Office: Officers' Birth Certificates, Wills and Personal Papers 1755-1908''; Reference: ''WO 42/72''. Ancestry.com. ''UK, Officers' Birth Certificates, Wills and Personal Papers, 1755-1908'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; – 18 November 1944&lt;ref&gt;''Find a Grave''. Find a Grave®. http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi. Ancestry.com. ''UK and Ireland, Find a Grave® Index, 1300s-Current'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;)


* Olivia Elizabeth Berens, Countess Cairns&lt;ref&gt;The National Archives of the UK (TNA); Kew, Surrey, England; ''Census Returns of England and Wales, 1911''. Ancestry.com. ''1911 England Census'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; (c. 1871 – 20 June 1951&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Olivia Elizabeth Berens.&quot; Person Page 3908; person #39077. ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as well as the Royal Families of Europe''. https://www.thepeerage.com/p3908.htm#i39077.

&lt;/ref&gt;)
* Arthur William Cairns, 2nd Earl Cairns (21 December 1861 – 14 January 1890)&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot;&gt;&quot;Arthur William Cairns, 2nd Earl Cairns.&quot; Person Page 3908; Person #39076. ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as well as the Royal Families of Europe''. https://www.thepeerage.com/p3908.htm#i39076.&lt;/ref&gt;
*# Lady Louise Rosemary Kathleen Virginia Cairns (10 March 1889 – 17 May 1962)&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot; /&gt;
* Roger Cyril Hans Sloane Stanley (1875 – 18 November 1944)
*# Lavender Elizabeth (20 May 1900 [baptism]&lt;ref&gt;Hampshire Archives and Local Studies; Winchester, England, UK; ''Anglican Parish Registers''; Reference: ''35M76/PR3''. Ancestry.com. ''Hampshire, England, Church of England Baptisms, 1813-1921''[database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; – )
*# Diane Sloane Stanley (c. 1905 – )


* Lavender Elizabeth (20 May 1900 [baptism] – )
* John Everett ()


* Diane Sloane Stanley (c. 1905 – )
* Elwyn Villiers Rhys ()

== Writings, Memoirs, Biographies, Papers ==

=== Writings ===
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon. ''The History of White's''. London: Algernon Bourke [privately published], 1892.
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon, ed., &quot;with a brief Memoir.&quot; ''Correspondence of Mr Joseph Jekyll with His Sister-in-Law, Lady Gertrude Sloane Stanley, 1818–1838''. John Murray, 1893.
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon, ed. ''Correspondence of Mr Joseph Jekyll''. John Murray, 1894.

=== Papers ===
* Where are the papers for the Earl of Mayo family? Are Algernon and Guendoline Bourke's papers with them?

== Notes and Questions ==
#The portrait of Algernon Bourke in costume as Isaac Walton is really an amazing portrait with a very interesting setting, far more specific than any of the other Lafayette portraits of these people in their costumes. Where was it shot? Lafayette is given credit, but it's not one of his usual backdrops. If this portrait was taken the night of the ball, then this fireplace was in Devonshire House; if not, then whose fireplace is it?
#The ''Times'' lists Hon. A. Bourke (at 325) and Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke (at 236) as members of a the &quot;Oriental&quot; procession, Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke (in the general list of attendees), and then a small distance down Mr. and Mrs. Bourke (now at 511 and 512, respectively). This last couple with no honorifics is also mentioned in the report in the London ''Evening Standard'', which means the Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke, so the ''Times'' may have repeated the Bourkes, who otherwise are not obviously anyone recognizable. If they are not the Hon. Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke, then they are unidentified. It seems likely that they are the same, however, as the newspapers were not perfectly consistent in naming people with their honorifics, even in a single story, especially a very long and detailed one in which people could be named more than once.
#Three slightly difficult-to-identify men were among the Suite of Men in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#&quot;Oriental&quot; Procession|&quot;Oriental&quot; procession]]: [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax|Gordon Wood]], [[Social Victorians/People/Portman|Arthur B. Portman]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Wilfred Wilson]]. The identification of Gordon Wood and Wilfred Wilson is high because of contemporary newspaper accounts. The Hon. Algernon Bourke, who was also in the Suite of Men, is not difficult to identify at all. Arthur Portman appears in a number of similar newspaper accounts, but none of them mentions his family of origin.
#[http://thepeerage.com The Peerage] has no other Algernon Bourkes.
#The Hon Algernon Bourke is #235 on the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball#List of People Who Attended|list of people who were present]]; the Hon. Guendoline Bourke is #236; a Mr. Bourke is #703; a Mrs. Bourke is #704.
#Hans Stanley-Sloane's estate was £33,704 7s. 5d. in the final probate in December 1889,&lt;ref&gt;Principal Probate Registry; London, England; ''Calendar of the Grants of Probate and Letters of Administration made in the Probate Registries of the High Court of Justice in England''. Ancestry.com. ''England &amp; Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1995'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; which might lead his widow to consider remarrying.
== Footnotes ==
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      <text bytes="172638" sha1="6qpoawa0sk4gmna00bo4m7b3mbyc7l4" xml:space="preserve">Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were &quot;satirized&quot; by [[Social Victorians/People/Oscar Wilde|Oscar Wilde]] in his 1895 ''The Importance of Being Earnest''.&lt;ref&gt;Fahey, David M. ''The Politics of Drink in England, from Gladstone to Lloyd George''. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, 2022: p. 21, n. 34. ''Google Books'' (retrieved July 2025) https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Politics_of_Drink_in_England_from_Gl/8HRjEAAAQBAJ.&lt;/ref&gt; Algernon Bourke was a cousin of Lord Alfred Douglas, Wilde's Bosie, in 1898 attempting to facilitate a reconciliation between Bosie and his father.&lt;ref name=&quot;:26&quot;&gt;Ellmann, Richard. ''Osar Wilde''. Alfred A. Knopf, 1988.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|568}}[[File:Leslie Ward - Vanity Fair, Newspapermen, ^Algy^, The Hon Algernon Henry Bourke, Januray 20, 1898 - B1979.14.521 - Yale Center for British Art.jpg|thumb|Hon. Algernon Bourke, ''Vanity Fair'', 1898]]

==Also Known As==
* Family name: Bourke [pronounced ''burk'']&lt;ref name=&quot;:62&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-05-07|title=Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earl_of_Mayo&amp;oldid=1222668659|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Mayo.&lt;/ref&gt;
* The Hon. Algernon Bourke
** Button Bourke&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Tory 'Reformer' at the India Office.&quot; ''India'' 10 November 1911, Friday: 4 [of 12], Col. 1b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004300/19111110/007/0004#. Print: same title, p. 228.&lt;/ref&gt;
** Algy Bourke
* Mrs. Guendoline Bourke
** Guendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; [The National Portrait Gallery, London, uses this spelling for Lafayette's portrait of Bourke in costume for the ball,&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt; as does Russell Harris in the Lafayette Archive, held by the Victoria and Albert&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot;&gt;Harris, Russell. &quot;Hon Mrs Algernon Bourke, née Guendoline Irene Emily Sloane-Stanley (1870-1967), as Salammbô.&quot; ''In Calm Prose'' 2011. http://www.rvondeh.dircon.co.uk/incalmprose/.&lt;/ref&gt;.]
** Gwendolen&lt;ref&gt;General Register Office. ''England and Wales Civil Registration Indexes''. London, England: General Register Office. FreeBMD. ''England &amp; Wales, Civil Registration Marriage Index, 1837-1915''[database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Marriage Index}} &lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt;{{rp|''Morning Post'' article about her name}} &lt;ref&gt;General Register Office. ''England and Wales Civil Registration Indexes''. London, England: General Register Office. FreeBMD. ''England &amp; Wales, Civil Registration Marriage Index, 1837-1915''[database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Electoral Register}}
** Gwendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;City of Westminster Archives Centre; London, England; ''Westminster Church of England Parish Registers''; Reference: ''SPWP/PR/1/2''. Ancestry.com. ''Westminster, London, England, Church of England Births and Baptisms, 1813-1919'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Births and Baptisms}}
* Shelley Bontein and Emilie Sloane-Stanley Bontein
* See also the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|page for the Earl of Mayo]], the Hon. Algernon Bourke's father and then brother, and other Bourkes

== Overview ==

=== Algernon Bourke ===
Although the Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke was born in Dublin in 1854 and came from a family whose title is in the Peerage of Ireland,&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;1911 England Census.&lt;/ref&gt; he seems to have spent much of his adult life generally in England and especially in London. He was &quot;a noted fisherman.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London Correspondence.&quot; ''Freeman's Journal'' 21 December 1897, Tuesday: 5 [of 8], Col. 5c [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000056/18971221/027/0005. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

Because he was the son of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]], perhaps, or perhaps because he was so involved in projects that got reported on, he was mentioned a great deal in the newspapers, but after his bankruptcy, he seems to have receded in prominence, in part because he was living outside of the U.K., and apparently separately from his wife, Guendoline Bourke.

Bourke ran as the Conservative candidate for Parliament from Clapham (population, c. 70,000) in 1885, a race he did not win. As a candidate he is described like this:&lt;blockquote&gt;Acted as a newspaper correspondent during the Zulu war. Subsequently Poor-law inspector in the West of Ireland. &quot;A loyal supporter of Church and State.&quot; Desires to reduce the School Board expenditure, and revive trade; and is opposed to Mr. Chamberlain's &quot;police of hasty and experimental reform.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Clapham (70,000).&quot; ''South London Chronicle'' 17 October 1885, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000443/18851017/113/0005. Print title ''South London Chronicle and Southwark and Lambeth Ensign'', p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The London ''Weekly Dispatch'' says he is &quot;a dashing and unscrupulous young Tory.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Political Campaign in London.&quot; ''Weekly Dispatch'' (London) 15 November 1885, Sunday: 9 [of 16], Col. 3c [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003358/18851115/069/0009. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

&quot;Algy&quot; Bourke was &quot;Man of the Day&quot; (No. DCCII [522) for ''Vanity Fair'' in 1898, caricatured by Leslie Ward (above right) and damned, perhaps, with faint praise:&lt;blockquote&gt;Son of the great and murdered Lord Mayo, he is contemporary with the outbreak of the Crimean War, he is a Member of the London Stock Exchange, he has a beautiful wife and a daughter, and, being a very fashionable young man, he was once refused as their Member by the worthy electors of Clapham. He was an Eton boy, of course: and less naturally he went to Cambridge; where he was made President of the Beefsteak, the Amateur Dramatic, the Athenaeum, the True Blue, and the Hibernian Clubs. When he came down he tried journalism and went to Zululand as a ''Daily Telegraph'' ‘‘special”; after which he was improved into an Inspector of Workhouses [2, Col. 2c – 3, Col. 1a] in Ireland: which may account for his proficiency as a caterer. For seven years he worked under the late Mr. Chinnery on ''The Times'': being popularly supposed to look after that journal's morals. He is a good man of business, and a great organiser who has made White's Club pay even if it be less “smart&quot; than it was. He has done much for Willis’s since he took it in hand; he did well with his Battersea venture, and he thinks that he only failed with the Summer Club in Kensington Gardens because people would not go to the wrong side of the Park. Moreover, he runs a Club at Brighton, and he is Chairman of the Grand Hotel at Monte Carlo: whither he once organised a cheap trip. Altogether he is a veritable Clubman, and a very successful arranger of amusements, associations, and restaurants.

He is a popular fellow who is known to all of us; and though he is a little inclined to be quarrelsome, no one can get much the better of him. He is also a quick grasper of facts and a good talker. His favourite sports are fishing and the organising of associations for the introduction of salmon to the Thames. By way of being an art critic, he has made an interesting collection of engravings of the members of White’s Club from its foundation; but his friends say that he is not a well-dressed man. He has also written a history of White’s, and he is now writing one of Brooks's Club. He is a genial person, who looks as if the world agreed with him well.

He is an aquisition [sic] to a house party; and they call him “Algy.”&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Men of the Day.&quot; — No. DCCII [522]. The Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke.&quot; ''Vanity Fair'' 20 January 1898, Thursday: 2 [of 4], Col. 2c – 3, Col. 3a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9900020/18980120/010/0002 and https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/9900020/18980120/005/0003. Same print title, pp. 41–42. Portrait is full page, on p. 1.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The Hon. Algernon Bourke and Mr. Algernon Bourke, depending on the newspaper article, were the same person. Calling him Mr. Bourke in the newspapers, especially when considered as a businessman or (potential) member of Parliament, does not rule out the son of an earl, who would normally be accorded the honorific of ''Honorable''.

=== Guendoline Sloane-Stanley Bourke ===

Mrs. Guendoline Bourke exhibited at dog shows successfully and was a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Society Sportswomen|noted deerstalker]] and &quot;an appreciative listener to good music.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Vanity Fair.&quot; ''Lady of the House'' 15 June 1899, Thursday: 4 [of 44], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004836/18990615/019/0004.&lt;/ref&gt; She was a sponsor of Irish art needlework as well. Her personal beauty is often mentioned in reports, and ''The World'' says she was &quot;a magnificent woman.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Beauties of To-Day. From the ''World''.&quot; ''Clifton Society'' 24 June 1897, Thursday: 14 [of 16], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002164/18970624/066/0014. Same print and p.&lt;/ref&gt; She is the first listed in the ''Graphic''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s 1891 &quot;Leading Ladies of Society&quot;:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke is a daughter (Gwendoline Irene Emily) of the late Hans Sloane Stanley, Esq., of Poultons, Southampton, and 49, Cadogan Square, S.W. She married, on December 15th, 1887, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, third son of the sixth Earl of Mayo, Governor-General of India (who was assassinated in 1872), and nephew of Lord Connemara, Governor of Madras. Mr. Bourke is a member of the London Stock Exchange, and resides at 33, Cadogan Terrace, S.W.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Leading Ladies of Society.&quot; The Graphic 28 March 1891, Saturday: 6 [of 28], Col. 2c [of 3]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9000057/18910328/019/0006. Print: same title, p. 346.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;She attended many social events without her husband, especially into the 20th century, usually described with an appreciation of what she wore. Unlike her husband's, Guendoline's social status seems to have risen as time passed, and she appears in stories associated with the Princess of Wales, and then later with Queen Alexandra.

=== The Sloane-Stanley Family ===
Guendoline's family consisted of a younger brother, Cyril Sloane-Stanley, as well as her parents, Hans Sloane-Stanley and Emilie Edwards Sloane-Stanley. Exactly one year after she and Algernon Bourke married, Hans Sloane-Stanley died (in 1888), leaving an estate worth £33,704 7s. 5d.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;&gt;Principal Probate Registry; London, England; ''Calendar of the Grants of Probate and Letters of Administration made in the Probate Registries of the High Court of Justice in England''. Ancestry.com. ''England &amp; Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1995'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; (1888, 321) Her mother remarried almost exactly a year after that, to James Shelly Bontein. Bontein's father had been Gentleman Usher and Clerk of the Robes to Queen Victoria.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot;&gt;&quot;Marriages.&quot; &quot;Births, Marriages, and Deaths.&quot; ''Belfast News-Letter'' 6 December 1889, Friday: 1 [of 8], Col. 1a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000038/18891206/001/0001. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

Shortly after his death ''Truth'' described Guendoline and Cyril's father Hans Sloane-Stanley:&lt;blockquote&gt;The death of Mr. Sloane Stanley, of Paultons Park, is much regretted in South Hants, as he was one of the most popular landlords in the county, and was greatly esteemed. Mr. Sloane Stanley was well known in yachting circles, and for many years he was Commodore of the Royal Southern Yacht Club, and owned the schooner ''Star of the West''. He was one of the very few owners who continued to keep up the old custom of giving his crew a laying-up supper at the close of each season. There were great festivities at Paultons only a few months ago, when Miss Sloane Stanley was married to Mr. Algernon Bourke.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Entre Nous.&quot; ''Truth'' 27 December 1888, Thursday: 6 [of 48], Col. 2b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18881227/023/0006# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18881227/023/0006]. Same print title, p. 1136.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;When he died in 1944, Cyril Sloane-Stanley's estate was quite a bit larger than his father's had been 50 years before. The probate was divided between what was limited to &quot;settled land&quot; and what was &quot;save and except settled land.&quot; What was not settled land totalled £356,114 12s. 10d. and went to John Everett, company director; the Hon. Elwyn Villiers Rhys, captain, H.M. army; and William Adam de Geijer, retired captain, H.M. army.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt; (1944, 430) His daughter Lavender was married to John Everett, and Diane was married to Elwyn Villiers Rhys. What was settled land totalled £168,975 and went to William Adam de Geijer, retired captain, H.M. army, and George Lawrence Stewart, solicitor.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt; (1944, 430)

The Sloane-Stanleys descend from Hans Sloane (1660–1753), whose 71,000-item collections &quot;provid[ed] the foundation of the British Museum, the British Library, and the Natural History Museum, London.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2025-01-07|title=Hans Sloane|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane|journal=Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane|language=en|via=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Much of this Hans Sloane's wealth came from his medical practice in Jamaica, where he went as physician to the Governor General of Jamaica, the 2nd Duke of Albemarle, and where he married &quot;a wealthy heiress of sugar plantations&quot; worked by enslaved Jamaicans.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot; /&gt; His great-nephew, Hans Sloane, inherited Paultons, near Romsey, &quot;and in recognition of this he adopted the additional surname of Stanley in 1821.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-10-06|title=Hans Sloane (MP)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane_(MP)|journal=Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane_(MP)|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Acquaintances, Friends and Enemies ==

=== Algernon Bourke ===

* Best man at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Wedding of Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Sloane Stanley|his wedding]]: the Hon. Michael Sandys
* [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Marcus Henry Milner]], &quot;one of the zealous assistants of that well-known firm of stockbrokers, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;&quot;Metropolitan Notes.&quot; ''Nottingham Evening Post'' 31 July 1888, Tuesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 2a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/18880731/025/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Caroline, Duchess of Montrose — her &quot;legal advisor&quot; on the day of her marriage to Marcus Henry Milner&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Metropolitan Notes.&quot; ''Nottingham Evening Post'' 31 July 1888, Tuesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 1b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/18880731/025/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Wilfred Scawen Blunt
* Alexander Meyrick Broadley&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot;&gt;Broadley, Alexander Meyrick. ''How We Defended Arábi and His Friends, a Story of Egypt and the Egyptians''. London: Chapman and Hall, 1884. Google Books: [https://www.google.com/books/edition/How_We_Defended_Ar%C3%A1bi_and_His_Friends/75YRzFDvaO4C?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;bsq=Bourke https://www.google.com/books/edition/How_We_Defended_Ar%C3%A1bi_and_His_Friends/75YRzFDvaO4C].&lt;/ref&gt; (2) [Blunt, Broadley and Bourke were mutual friends; Blunt and Bourke were cousins.]
* &quot;Natty Rothschild,&quot; according to Blunt
* Brett, who was Hartington's secretary in the early 80s.&lt;ref&gt;Blunt, Wilfred Scawen. ''Gordon at Khartoum, Being a Personal Narrative of Events in Continuation of &quot;A Secret History of the English Occupation of Egypt''.&quot; London: Stephen Swift, 1911.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Guendoline Bourke ===

* Bridesmaids at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Wedding of Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Sloane Stanley|her wedding]]: Lady Florence Bourke, Miss Nora Bourke, Miss Edwards, and Miss Ewart
* Lord and Lady Alington, Belvedere House, Scarborough
* [[Social Victorians/People/William James|Evelyn James]] 

== Organizations ==

=== Guendoline Bourke ===

* Member, the Ladies Committee for the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Skating Club|Prince's Skating Club]], which also included [[Social Victorians/People/Princess Louise|Princess Louise]] (Duchess of Argyll), the [[Social Victorians/People/Portland|Duchess of Portland]], [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Lady Londonderry]], [[Social Victorians/People/Campbell|Lady Archibald Campbell]], [[Social Victorians/People/Ribblesdale|Lady Ribblesdale]], and [[Social Victorians/People/Asquith|Mrs. Asquith]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;&quot;What the 'World' Says.&quot; ''Northwich Guardian'' 01 November 1902, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Col. 8a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001975/19021101/134/0006. Print title: The ''Guardian'', p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt; (in 1902, at least)

=== Algernon Bourke ===
* [[Social Victorians/Schools#Eton|Eton]]
* Cambridge University, Trinity College, 1873, Michaelmas term&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;Cambridge University Alumni, 1261–1900. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Conservative Party
* 1879: Appointed a Poor Law Inspector in Ireland, Relief of Distress Act
* 1881: Partner, with 2 uncles, in Brunton, Bourke, and Co.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From Our London Correspondent.&quot; ''Manchester Courier'' 24 August 1881, Wednesday: 5 [of 8], Col. 4a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000206/18810824/030/0005. Print: ''Manchester Courier and Lancaster General Advertiser'', p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt; (one of the [[Social Victorians/British Aristocracy#Sons of Peers on the Stock Exchange|sons of peers on the Stock Exchange]])
* 1885: Office of the 7th Surrey Rifles Regiment&lt;ref&gt;&quot;7th Surrey Rifles.&quot; ''South London Press'' 08 August 1885, Saturday: 12 [of 16], Col. 4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18850808/165/0012. Print p. 12.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1886: Battersea Friendly Angling Society&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Battersea Friendly Angling Society.&quot; ''Fishing Gazette'' 17 April 1886, Saturday: 6 [of 20], Col. 2a [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002553/18860417/030/0006. Same print title, p. 218.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 27 February 1886: one of the Vice Presidents of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Bolingbroke Reading-Room and Institute|Bolingbroke Reading-Room and Institute]]
* Special Correspondent of The ''Times'' for the Zulu War, accompanying Lord Chelmsford
* Head, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys, &quot;that well-known firm of stockbrokers&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; ( – 1901 [at least])
* White's gentleman's club, St. James's,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-10-09|title=White's|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White's|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%27s.&lt;/ref&gt; Manager (1897)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Side Lights on Drinking.&quot; ''Waterford Standard'' 28 April 1897, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001678/18970428/053/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Willis's Rooms (described in 1895):&lt;blockquote&gt;... the Hon. Algernon Burke [sic], son of the 6th Earl of Mayo, has turned the place into a smart restaurant where choice dinners are served and eaten while a stringed band discourses music. Willis's Rooms are now the favourite dining place for ladies who have no club of their own, or for gentlemen who are debarred by rules from inviting ladies to one of their own clubs. The same gentleman runs a hotel in Brighton, and has promoted several clubs. He has a special faculty for organising places of the kind, without which such projects end in failure.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lenten Dullness.&quot; ''Cheltenham Looker-On'' 23 March 1895, Saturday: 11 [of 24], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000226/18950323/004/0011. Print p. 275.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
*The [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Pelican|Pelican Club]], known for its boxing (1891)

==== Boards of Directors ====
*1883: One of the directors, the Franco-English Tunisian Esparto Fibre Supply Company, Ltd.&lt;ref&gt;''Money Market Review'', 20 Jan 1883 (Vol 46): 124.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1891: One of the founders, the Discount Banking Company, Ltd., which says Algernon Bourke is a director of District Messenger Services and News Company, Ltd.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Public Company.&quot; ''Nottingham Journal'' 31 October 1891, Saturday: 4 [of 8], Col. 8a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001896/18911031/099/0004. Print title: ''The Nottingham Daily Express'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1894: One of the directors, the Frozen Lake, Ltd., with Admiral Maxse, Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Marcus Beresford]], [[Social Victorians/People/Williams|Hwfa Williams]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Frozen Lake, Limited.&quot; ''St James's Gazette'' 08 June 1894, Friday: 15 [of 16], Col. 4a [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001485/18940608/085/0015. Print p. 15.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;London is to have new amusement this winter, for which Mr Algernon Bourke, who has taught us that it is possible to eat as well in St. James’s as on the Boulevards, and Mr Hwfa Williams, of Sandown fame, are jointly responsible. The &quot;Frozen Lake,&quot; under which title a real ice-skating rink is about to be constructed under their auspices, will no doubt be gladly welcomed by all skaters, and the venture is likely to prove a success.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip.&quot; ''Weston-super-Mare Gazette, and General Advertiser'' 6 June 1894, Wednesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 4b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001444/18940606/044/0004. Print title: ''Weston-super-Mare Gazette'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== Committees ====

*Member, General Committee, [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Baths|the Baths Club]] (1892)
*Member, Men's Committee of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Skating Club|Prince's Skating Club]], which also included Lord Edward Cecil, Lord Redesdale, Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Lyttelton|Alfred Lyttelton]], Sir Edgar Vincent, Sir William Hart Dyke, and Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Grenfell|W. H. Grenfell]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; (1902, at least)
*[[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#25 March 1896, Wednesday|The Sala Memorial Fund]], member of the committee (from 25 March 1896)
* Member of an &quot;influential committee&quot; headed by the Lord Mayor &quot;to restore salmon to the Thames&quot; (June 1899)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Salmon in the Thames.&quot; ''Berks and Oxon Advertiser'' 30 June 1899, Friday: 5 [of 8], Col. 4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002298/18990630/079/0005. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Timeline ==

=== 1870s ===
'''1872 February 8''', Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo was assassinated while inspecting a &quot;convict settlement at Port Blair in the Andaman Islands ... by Sher Ali Afridi, a former Afghan soldier.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-12-01|title=Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo.&lt;/ref&gt; The Hon. Algernon's brother Dermot became the 7th Earl at 19 years old.

'''1876 November 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was one of 6 men (2 students, one of whom was Bourke; 2 doctors; a tutor and another man) from Cambridge who gave evidence as witnesses in an inquest about the death of a student falling off a horse.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Fatal Accident to a Sheffield Student at Cambridge.&quot; ''Sheffield Independent'' 25 November 1876, Saturday: 7 [of 12], Col. 5a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000181/18761125/040/0007. Print title: ''Sheffield and Rotherham Independent'', n. p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1879 December 27, Saturday – 29, Monday''', Algernon Bourke was in Kilrush as a Local Government Board Inspector:&lt;blockquote&gt;Among many distinguished visitors at the Vandeleur Arms Hotel, Kilrush this week was the Hon. Algernon Bourke Local Government Board Inspector who arrived on Saturday, and sojourned there until 2 o'clock on Monday, when the honourable gentleman left by Steamer tor Limerick.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Fashionable Intelligence.&quot; ''Kilrush Herald and Kilkee Gazette'' 01 January 1880, Thursday: 2 [of 5], Col. 3a [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003186/18800101/011/0002. Print title ''Kilrush Herald'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 1880s ===
'''4 February 1880, Wednesday''', Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880#Grand Ball at Palmerstown House Hosted by the Earl of Mayo|grand ball at Palmerstown House hosted by the Earl of Mayo]]. 

'''1880 March 30, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was working in the judicial system in Newcastle, County Limerick, possibly as Poorhouse Inspector:&lt;blockquote&gt;A sworn enquiry was held to-day at the Workhorse, Newcastle West, by the Hon Algernon Bourke, L.G.I., to enquire into charges preferred by Dr. Pierce, Medical Office, against Dr. O'Shaughnesay. The enquiry was adjourned till Thursday next. Mr Moran, sol., Rathkeale, was engaged for Dr. O'Shaughnessy.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Sworn Enquiry.&quot; &quot;Limerick County. Newcastle West Intelligence.&quot; ''Bassett's Chronicle'' 31 March 1880, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 3b–c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003471/18800331/044/0003.  Print title ''Bassett's Daily Chronicle'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1880 April 17, Saturday''', in-jokes dominate this report mentioning Algernon Bourke in the context of the Kildare and National Hunt races in Dublin:&lt;blockquote&gt;And in mopy Upper Mount-street, where young Algernon Bourke, of the Onety-oneth, had promised to call for, and afterwards spin down to the races in his mail phaeton, the Blake girls; and in fastidious Fitzwilliam-place, and exclusive &quot;Murryan-squeer,&quot; from which dashing army men, in their neatly-appointed, well horsed drags were to &quot;tool&quot; down sweet young Dublin lasses of the ''crême d la crême'' [sic], many an anxious forecasting of the weather was taken, lest by an unpropitious shower that last triumph of Mrs. Manning, or the Forrests, or Miss Sedford, or any of the ''grandes dames de la mode'' should be rendered as worthless as a Confederate &quot;greenback.&quot; But by ten o'clock all doubts were happily set aside, and up struck the lovely April day in all its spring-time glory and then the road, oh, the road!&lt;ref&gt;&quot;To Punchestown and Back by the Old Road.&quot; ''Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News'' 17 April 1880, Saturday: 6 [of 24], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001857/18800417/013/0006. Same print title, p. 102.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1881 May 10, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#1881 May 10, Tuesday|wedding of Marion Lascelles, eldest daughter of the Hon. Egremont W. Lascelles, brother of the Earl of Harewood, and Lieutenant Henry Dent Brocklehurst, of the Second Life Guards, nephew of Mr. Philip Brocklehurst, of Swithamley Park, Macclesfield]]. His gift was an &quot;old enamelled watch set in pearls.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Nuptial Rejoicings at Middlethorpe Manor. Marriage of Miss Lascelles and Lieut. Brocklehurst.&quot; ''Yorkshire Gazette'' 14 May 1881, Saturday: 9 [of 12], Cols. 3a–4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive''https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000266/18810514/057/0009. Print same title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1881 May 23, Monday, 2:00 p.m.''', Algernon Bourke is listed among the Honourables at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace|Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace]].

'''1881 July 14, Thursday afternoon, beginning about 2 p.m.''', Algernon Bourke was invited to a Garden Party at Marlborough House hosted by [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]]. Members of the family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] were also among the 1,500 or so invited guests.

'''1881 July 22, Friday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to an [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#22 July 1881, Friday|evening party at Marlborough House hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales]].

'''1881 September 17, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was reported among the company at Doncaster during race week.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;List of the Company.&quot; ''York Herald'' 17 September 1881, Saturday: 8 [of 16], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000499/18810917/183/0008. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1881 November 22, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was sued in Dublin by Henry Naylor because he &quot;had declined to pay&quot; for a £35 piano.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Henry Naylor v. the Hon. Algernon Bourke.&quot; &quot;Exchequer Division.&quot; &quot;High Court of Justice.&quot; ''Belfast Morning News'' 23 November 1881, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 8a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000428/18811123/015/0003. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1881 December 8, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke was part of a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#Battue at Palmerstown|battue at Palmerstown]], when the group bagged 172 pheasants, hares and rabbits.

'''1882 March 7, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882#7 March 1882, Tuesday|fashionable wedding of Reginald Chandos-Pole and Violet Denison]].

'''1882 March 15, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882#The Marchioness of Salisbury's Assembly|the Marchioness of Salisbury's first reception of the season]].

'''1882 July 13, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to the [[Social Victorians/1882-07-13 Marlborough House Garden Party|Garden Party at Marlborough House for Queen Victoria]] hosted by [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]]. The more than 1,000 people invited also included a number of people from the family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]].

'''1882 September 19''', Alexander M. Broadley in Tunis received a letter from Algernon Bourke asking him to provide legal counsel to defend prisoner-of war Arábi in Egypt, with Wilfred Scawen Blunt, which he did.&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot; /&gt; (2)

'''1882 September 28, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882#The Wedding of John M'Donald and Georgiana Lambart|wedding of John M'Donald and Georgiana Lambart]].

'''1883 March 21, Wednesday''', the Evening Irish Times announced that Algernon Bourke &quot;has arrived at Kingstown from England.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Fashion.&quot; ''Evening Irish Times'' 21 March 1883, Wednesday: 7 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003464/18830321/086/0007. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''23 July 1883, Monday, noon''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1883#Garden Party at Marlborough House, at Noon|garden party at Marlborough House]] hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales.

'''31 October 1883, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the wedding of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1883#Wedding of Lady Cecelia Hay and Captain George Webbe|Lady Cecelia Hay and Captain George Webbe]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 February 16, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#16 February 1884, Saturday|the funeral of Thomas Chenery, editor of the ''Times'']].&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 April 4, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was (may have been?) one of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#5 April 1884, Saturday|&quot;Supporters of the Pall&quot; at the funeral]] of [[Social Victorians/People/Leopold|Prince Leopold George Duncan Albert, Duke of Albany]] at St. George's, Windsor.&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 April 26, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#26 April 1884, Saturday|dinner party at the Lord Mayor's Mansion House for conservatives to meet Sir Stafford Northcote]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 May 3, Saturday''', the &quot;Rochester Conservatives&quot; announced that they would &quot;bring forward the Hon. Algernon Bourke, brother of Lord Mayo, as their second candidate,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Election Intelligence.&quot; ''Yorkshire Gazette'' 03 May 1884, Saturday: 4 [of 12], Col. 6a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000266/18840503/011/0004.&lt;/ref&gt; but because he would not be the first candidate, Bourke declined.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rochester.&quot; London ''Daily Chronicle'' 09 May 1884, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 8b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005049/18840509/049/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 June 18, Wednesday''', Mr. Algernon Bourke was on a committee to watch a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#18 June 1884, Wednesday|Mr. Bishop's &quot;thought-reading&quot; experiment]], which was based on a challenge by Henry Labourchere made the year before. This &quot;experiment&quot; took place before a fashionable audience.&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 July 25, Friday, afternoon''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#Garden Party at Marlborough House hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales|Garden Party at Marlborough House hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1885 January 22, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke's gift to [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#Wedding of George Buckle and Alicia Payn|George Buckle and Alicia Payn for their wedding]] was an antique cabinet.&lt;p&gt;

'''1885 July 7, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#7 July 1885, Tuesday|Eva Bourke's wedding to Windham Wyndham-Quin]] at St. Mary Abbots, Kensington.&lt;p&gt;

'''1885 July 13, Monday''', Algernon Bouurke was at Victoria Station as part of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#Arrival of Lord Wolseley in London from Egypt|crowd greeting Lord Wolseley on his return from Egypt]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1885 July 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/1885-07-24 Marlborough House Ball|ball at Marlborough House]] hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales.&lt;p&gt;

'''1885 September 26, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke took part in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#26 September 1885, Saturday|Ealing Conservative Club fete and meeting]] supporting Salisbury's government and condemning &quot;the dictates of one man&quot; — Gladstone — for Gordon's death.&lt;p&gt;

'''1885 October 3, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was named as the Conservative candidate for Clapham in the Battersea and Clapham borough after the Redistribution Bill determined the electoral districts for South London.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;South London Candidates.&quot; ''South London Press'' 03 October 1885, Saturday: 9 [of 16], Col. 5b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18851003/096/0009. Print p. 9.&lt;/ref&gt; On Sunday 15 November 1885 the London ''Weekly Dispatch'' supported Moulton, the Liberal candidate, who ultimately won the election:&lt;blockquote&gt;

Though a successful lawyer, Mr. Moulton is much more than that. He is a thorough and independent student of political science, who may be trusted to do good service to the Liberal cause with brain as well as with tongue. It will be matter for hearty congratulation if he defeats the Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke, who is a dashing and unscrupulous young Tory, and a nephew of the well-known politician with the same surname.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Political Campaign in London. VI. — The South-West Divisions.&quot; ''Weekly Dispatch'' (London) 15 November 1885, Sunday: 9 [of 16], Col. 3c [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003358/18851115/069/0009. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

On Saturday 21 November 1885 the ''South London Press'' reported on posters for Bourke's candidacy:&lt;blockquote&gt;

The Hon. Algernon Bourke, Conservative candidate for Clapham, has a very industrious billsticker, who pastes up his patron’s bills in every possible place where they can be seen to advantage. It is unfortunate, however, that choosing the flank wall of an auctioneer’s the modern &quot;Sam Slap&quot; has produced some curious combinations, such as — &quot;Vote for Bourke,&quot; &quot;Now on View;&quot; &quot;Electors of Clapham, Vote for Mr. Bourke, and&quot; &quot;Be Sold Without Reserve;&quot; &quot;Mr, Bourke will&quot; &quot;Advance Money to&quot; &quot;the Electors of Clapham;&quot; &quot;Great Conservative Meeting. The British Constitution will be&quot; &quot;Offered for Sale this Evening,&quot; &amp;c.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pick-up Notes.&quot; ''South London Press'' 21 November 1885, Saturday: 10 [of 16], Col. 1b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18851121/155/0010. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1885 November 3, Tuesday, 11:00 a.m.''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Mayo-Ponsonby Wedding 1885-11-03|wedding of his brother, Dermot, 7th  Earl of Mayo and Geraldine Ponsonby]]. He gave them 2 Sheraton secretaires.

'''1886 January 5, Tuesday, late''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Twelfth Night|Twelfth Night celebration at the Drury Lane theatre]].

'''1886 March 13, Saturday evening''', an Hon. Mr. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/1886-03-13 Reception at the French Embassy|reception at the French Embassy]], possibly Algernon Bourke or possibly [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|one of his brothers]].

'''1886 July 10, Saturday''', Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Garden Party at Marlborough House Given to the Queen|garden party at Marlborough House given to the Queen]]. Guendoline Sloane Stanley is not mentioned but Mr. and Mrs. Hans Sloane Stanley are, as are Mr. and Mrs. F. Sloane Stanley.&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 July 21, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to the [[Social Victorians/1886-07-21 Marlborough House Ball|Ball at Marlborough House]], as were a [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#The Sloane-Stanleys 2|Mr. and Mrs. F. Sloane-Stanley]], possibly the parents of Guendoline Sloane-Stanley (if the &quot;F&quot; is a mistake), who married Bourke on 15 December 1887. Guendoline is not mentioned as having been invited.

'''1886 July 27, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended a service honoring a memorial at St. Paul's for his father, who had been assassinated.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Memorial to the Late Earl of Mayo.&quot; ''Northern Whig'' 28 July 1886, Wednesday: 6 [of 8], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000434/18860728/143/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1886 September 2, Thursday''', Mr. Algernon Bourke was part of a group of mostly aristocratic men taking part in [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Augustus Harris's A Run of Luck|a &quot;trial-rehearsal&quot; as part of Augustus Harris's production]] ''A Run of Luck'', about sports.

'''1886 October 2, Saturday''', the Duke of Beaufort and the Hon. Algernon Bourke arrived in Yougal: &quot;His grace has taken a residence at Lismore for a few weeks, to enjoy some salmon fishing on the Blackwater before the close of the season.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Chippenham.&quot; ''Wilts and Gloucestershire Standard'' 02 October 1886, Saturday: 8 [of 8], Col. 6a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001955/18861002/142/0008. Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1886 October 11, Monday''', Algernon Bourke may have been taking part in a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Performance of Run of Luck|performance of ''Run of Luck'' at the Drury Lane]].

'''1886 October 23, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Party at Wemyss Castle, Fife|staying at Wemyss Castle, Fife]].

'''1886 December 30, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke was back in London and attending the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Augustus Harris's The Forty Thieves|&quot;Forty Thieves&quot; pantomime at the Drury Lane Theatre]].

'''1887 January 5, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was one of the chief mourners at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Funeral of Lady Margaret Harriett Bourke|funeral of Lady Margaret Harriett Bourke]].

'''1887 March 1, 2:00 p.m.''', Algernon Bourke is listed among the Messieurs attending the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace|Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1887 May''', a &quot;signalling incident&quot; in 1907 [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#May 1887|caused the Waterford ''Evening News'' to recall a similar event]] that had occurred 20 years earlier, in which Algernon Bourke, as special correspondent for the ''Times'', caused the incident to be publicized:&lt;blockquote&gt;During the manoeuvres in connection with the 1887 Jubilee of Queen Victoria a signal was observed going up from [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles [Beresford]]]'s ship. It was a message to his wife, Lady Beresford, to the effect that, as he should be late for dinner, she was not to wait. Beyond the hilarity this domestic signal evoked, nothing more would have been heard of it, but Mr. Algernon Bourke (Lord Mayo's brother) was acting as special correspondent for the &quot;Times,&quot; and that paper the next morning contained a full and humorous report of the incident. Then there was trouble.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Signalling Incident.&quot; ''Evening News'' (Waterford) 13 November 1907, Wednesday: 1 [of 4], Col. 6c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004557/19071113/021/0001.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1887 June 15, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians Foreign Office Reception 1887-06-15|reception at the Foreign Office in honor of Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee]].

'''1887 July 6, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to and, presumably, attended the State Ball at Buckingham Palace.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The State Ball at Buckingham Palace.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 08 July 1887, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 5a–6c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18870708/013/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 1c)

'''1887 August 6, Saturday''', the ''Brighton Gazette'' says that the &quot;Hon. Mrs and Mr Algernon Bourke&quot; were staying at the Royal Crescent Hotel in Brighton, but they didn't marry until 15 December 1887.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Royal Crescent Hotel.&quot; ''Brighton Gazette'' 6 August 1887, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 5c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000938/18870806/047/0003. Print title ''Brighton Gazette and Sussex Telegraph'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt; Perhaps an elder relative, because she is mentioned first?

'''1887 November 9, Wednesday''', the ''Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper'' announced that&lt;blockquote&gt;A marriage is arranged, and will take place early in January, between Mr. Algernon Bourke, third son of the late Earl of Mayo, and Miss Guendolen Sloane Stanley, only daughter of Mr. Hans Sloane Stanley, of Paultons.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Romsey, Nov. 9.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 9 November 1887, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18871109/034/0003. Print title ''Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Shortly after, the papers announced that the wedding would not take place.

'''1887 December 15, Thursday''', Hon. [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Wedding of Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Sloane Stanley|Algernon Bourke and Guendoline Stanley were married at St. Paul's]], Knightsbridge, by Bourke's uncle the Hon. and Rev. George Bourke. Only family members attended because of &quot;the recent death of a near relative of the bride.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court Circular.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 16 December 1887, Friday: 5 [of 8], Col. 7c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18871216/066/0005.&lt;/ref&gt; Who the &quot;near relative of the bride&quot; was not in her nuclear family, and perhaps that explains the cancellation of the wedding and then the changing of the wedding date and not some problem in the couple.

'''1888 – 1899 January 1''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was &quot;proprietor&quot; of [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#White's|White's Club, St. James's Street]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;&quot;The Hon. Algernon Bourke's Affairs.&quot; ''Eastern Morning News'' 19 October 1899, Thursday: 6 [of 8], Col. 7c [of7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001152/18991019/139/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1888 January 21, Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the wedding of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#Hamilton-Ewart Wedding|Florence Ewart and Henry Hamilton]].

'''1888 March 7, Wednesday''', assuming that this date is not a week after the actual date, [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lady Charles Beresford]] held a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#1888 March 7, Wednesday|notable and well-attended &quot;at home&quot;]] that Guendoline Bourke attended, reported for being dressed in white and being among the beautiful women present.

'''6 April 1888, Friday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#6 April 1888, Friday|New Forest United Hunt ball at the New Forest Hall, Lyndhurst]].

'''1888 May 2, Wednesday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#The Marchioness of Salisbury's Reception|Marchioness of Salisbury's reception]] at the Salisbury home on Arlington-street.

'''1888 May 22, Tuesday''', the Dowager Countess of Mayo presented Guendoline Bourke at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#Queen's Drawing Room|Queen's drawing-room]] hosted by the Princess of Wales. This is Guendoline Bourke's dress:&lt;blockquote&gt;Empire robe de cour of white satin duchesse, lined with rich pink silk, sufficiently bright to give a beautiful shell-like tint through the satin; tulle underdress, with upper skirt, embroidered with pearl, and caught up in Greek folds with large pink Tosca roses; white satin bodice, with Josephine pink sash tied at side, Headdress, veil and plumes; ornaments, diamonds.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Dresses at the Drawing-Room.&quot; ''Epsom Journal'' 22 May 1888, Tuesday: 3 [of 6], Col. 5b–c [of 6]. ''British Newspapers Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004837/18880522/034/0003. Print: title ''Local Journal'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Another description:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke's train was of white satin lined with pink, which showed through with charmingly shell-like effect. The dress, fashioned after those of the Empire period, was of white satin embroidered with pearls. A very broad sash of pink satin made the waist seem quaintly short, a trying thing to any but the young and tall, both of which qualifications Mrs. Bourke most happily possesses. She carried a lovely posy of La France roses.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Gossip on Dress.&quot; ''Boston Spa News'' 25 May 1888, Friday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1b–2b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003395/18880525/014/0002. Print title The News, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 1c)&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1888 June 8, Friday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#Dinner and Dance Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne at Hamilton House|dinner and dance Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne at Hamilton House]] featuring Prince and Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein, and for the ball, the King of Sweden and Norway and the Prince and Princess of Wales and their daughters were present.

'''1888 June 19, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke was one of the principal guests at the wedding of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#19 June 1888, Tuesday|Captain Philip Green and Miss Mabel Emilie Scott]].

'''1888 July 26''', [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Caroline Graham Stirling-Crawford]] (known as Mr. Manton for her horse-breeding and -racing operations) and Marcus Henry Milner married.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;&quot;Hon. Caroline Agnes Horsley-Beresford.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://thepeerage.com/p6863.htm#i68622|title=Person Page|website=thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the ''Nottingham Evening Post'' of 31 July 1888,&lt;blockquote&gt;LONDON GOSSIP.

(From the ''World''.)

The marriage of &quot;Mr. Manton&quot; was the surprise as well the sensation of last week. Although some wise people noticed a certain amount of youthful ardour in the attentions paid by Mr. Marcus Henry Milner to Caroline Duchess of Montrose at '''Mrs. Oppenheim's ball''', nobody was prepared for the sudden ''dénouement''; '''and it''' were not for the accidental and unseen presence [[Social Victorians/People/Mildmay|a well-known musical amateur]] who had received permission to practice on the organ, the ceremony performed at half-past nine on Thursday morning at St. Andrew's, Fulham, by the Rev. Mr. Propert, would possibly have remained a secret for some time to come. Although the evergreen Duchess attains this year the limit of age prescribed the Psalmist, the bridegroom was only born in 1864. Mr. &quot;Harry&quot; Milner (familiarly known in the City as &quot;Millions&quot;) was one of the zealous assistants of that well-known firm of stockbrokers, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys, and Mr. Algernon Bourke, the head of the house (who, of course, takes a fatherly interest in the match) went down to Fulham to give away the Duchess. The ceremony was followed by a ''partie carrée'' luncheon at the Bristol, and the honeymoon began with a visit to the Jockey Club box at Sandown. Mr. Milner and the Duchess of Montrose have now gone to Newmarket. The marriage causes a curious reshuffling of the cards of affinity. Mr. Milner is now the stepfather of the [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Duke of Montrose]], his senior by twelve years; he is also the father-in-law of [[Social Victorians/People/Lady Violet Greville|Lord Greville]], Mr. Murray of Polnaise, and [[Social Victorians/People/Breadalbane|Lord Breadalbane]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1888 December 1st week''', according to &quot;Society Gossip&quot; from the ''World'', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was suffering from malaria, presumably which he caught when he was in South Africa:&lt;blockquote&gt;I am sorry to hear that Mr. Algernon Bourke, who married Miss Sloane-Stanley a short time ago, has been very dangerously ill. Certain complications followed an attack of malarian fever, and last week his mother, the Dowager Lady Mayo, and his brother, Lord Mayo, were hastily summoned to Brighton. Since then a change for the better has taken place, and he is now out of danger.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip. What the ''World'' Says.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 08 December 1888, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18881208/037/0002. Print title: ''The Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper''; print p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1888 December 20, Thursday''', the Sloane-Stanley family, including Guendoline Bourke, attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#20 December 1888, Thursday|funeral of Hans Sloane Stanley]]. Algernon Bourke did not attend because he was still too ill.

'''1889 January 22, 2:30 p.m., Tuesday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke sent a gift for the [[Social Victorians/Cecil Lambton Wedding 1889 January 22|wedding of Lady Eleanor Lambton and Lord Robert]] Cecil, a pair of antique mirrors.

'''1889 May 18, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#18 May 1889, Saturday|opening of the Italian Opera season at Covent Garden]].

'''1889 May 27, Monday, 11 p.m.''', the dancing commenced at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#The Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace|the Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace]], with both the Hon. Algernon and the Hon. Guendoline Bourke present.

'''1889 June 8, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke contributed some art he owned to the collection of the Royal Institute of Painters in Water-Colours' [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#8 June 1889, Saturday|exhibition of &quot;the works of the 'English Humourists in Art.'&quot;]]

'''1889 July 2, Tuesday''', Guendoline and Algernon Bourke sat in the Muriettas' box at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#The Shah at a Covent Garden Opera Performance|gala performance at Covent Garden also attended by the Prince and Princess of Wales, a number of other royals and the Shah]].

'''1889 27 July, Saturday''', Guendoline and Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#Garden Party Hosted by Mr. and Mrs. Augustus Harris|garden party hosted by Mr. and Mrs. Augustus Harris]], which was attended by a people from the theatre and arts worlds.

'''1889 August 15''', Thursday, because of mourning on both sides, only the closest friends and family were invited to the [[Social Victorians/Pleydell-Bouverie Skelmersdale Wedding|wedding of Lady Wilma Pleydell-Bouverie and Lord Skelmersdale]], so she may not have attended, but the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave the bride a miniature silver kettle.&lt;p&gt;

'''1889 December 2, Monday''', Guendoline Bourk's mother, Emilie Sloane-Stanley, married James Shelly Bontein:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

BONTEIN—STANLEY — December 2, at St. George's, Hanover Square, London, by the Rev. G. S. de Sansmarez, James Shelly, only son of the late James Bontein, Gentleman Usher and Clerk of the Robes to the Queen, to Emilie Josephine, widow of Hans Sloane Stanley, of Paultons.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1889 December 17, Tuesday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke gave a gift to [[Dangan-Neville Wedding|Lady Violet Nevill for her wedding to Henry Wellesley, Viscount Dangan]] and so were probably in attendance.

=== 1890s ===
'''1890 January 9, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#The York Hunt Ball|fancy-dress Hunt Ball in York]]. She&lt;blockquote&gt;looked a picture in a Gainsborough gown. The white satin skirt was flounced with sable and veiled with ''chiffon'', the setuage of which was left to show without being hemmed up. There was a broad sash of rose-pink silk and each buttonhole was filled round with crimped lisse.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Our London Letter.&quot; ''Irish Society'' (Dublin) 11 January 1890, Saturday: 17 [of 24], Col. 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001939/18900111/042/0017. Same print title, p. 29.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1890 February''' '''12, Wednesday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Lady Constance Leslie's Reception|Lady Constance Leslie's reception]] at her house in Stratford-place.

'''1890 April 9, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#The New Forest United Hunt Ball|the New Forest United Hunt Ball]].

'''1890 June 3, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the 2:30 p.m. [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Münster-Hay Wedding|wedding of Count Alexander Münster and Lady Muriel Henrietta Constance Hay]]. She is also listed as having attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Dinner and Concert Hosted by Mrs. Arthur Williams and Ball by Mrs. Menzies|ball hosted by Mrs. J. Menzies (daughter of Mrs. Arthur Wilson)]] that Prince Eddie, the Duke of Clarence and Avondale, also attended, that night.  

'''1890 July 4, Friday, 11 p.m.''', the Hon. Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#The Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace|the Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace]]. The dancing commenced shortly after 11:00. 

'''1890 July 15, Tuesday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke were invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Garden Party at Marlborough House to Meet the Queen|garden party at Marlborough House to meet the Queen]]. 

'''1890 July 19, Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Wedding of James Francis Harry St. Clair-Erskine and Violet Aline Vyner|wedding of James Francis Harry St. Clair-Erskine and Violet Aline Vyner]], the two of them giving &quot;four small silver dessert dishes&quot; and Guendoline giving an &quot;enamel and diamond pin.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marriage of Lord Loughborough with Miss Vyner.&quot; ''Fife Free Press'' 26 July 1890, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1a–2b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001110/18900726/015/0002. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 2b)

'''1890 July 24, Thursday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Dinner and Dance Hosted by Lord Alington|dance hosted by Lord Alington]] attended also by the Prince and Princess of Wales and Princesses Victoria and Maud.

'''1890 September 6, Saturday''', the ''Country Gentleman'' (as it was called at the time) reported that &quot;Muckross, the only deer forest in Ireland, it may be said, has this year been rented by Mr. Algernon Bourke, who will next week be joined there for the stalking season by his brother, Lord Mayo.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Shooting. Moors, Forests, and Fishings.&quot; ''Sporting Gazette'' 06 September 1890, Saturday: 11 [of 38], Col. 1c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002525/18900906/065/0011. Print: ''Country Gentleman'', p. 1251.&lt;/ref&gt; On 11 October 1890 the ''St. James's Gazette'' says,&lt;blockquote&gt;The Earl of Durham has been staying at Muchross, county Kerry, on a visit to the Hon. A. Bourke, who has rented the celebrated shootings and fishings on that estate for the autumn.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Society.&quot; ''St James's Gazette'' 11 October 1890, Saturday: 12 [of 16], Col. 1b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001485/18901011/064/0012. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1890 October 25, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke gave a gold-mounted box to [[Social Victorians/Loder De Vere Beauclerk Wedding|Lady Louise De Vere Beauclerk on her wedding to Gerald Loder, M.P.]], so they were probably present at the wedding, or at least the reception. Mrs. Bontein [sic Bontine], Guendoline's mother, gave a silver box, suggesting the relationship was through the women.

'''1890 November 29, 11:30 Saturday morning''', Algernon Bourke's gift for the [[Social Victorians/Dudley-Beckwith Wedding 1890-11-29|wedding of the Hon. Francis Dudley and Miss Forbes Beckwith]] was some cases of a Bordeaux wine: &quot;three dozen Cantenac, 1875 vintage.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marriage of Lord Leigh's Heir. Descriptive Sketch of the Ceremony, and Full List of Guests and Presents.&quot; ''Leamington Spa Courier'' 6 December 1890, Saturday: 6 [of 10], Cols. 1a–4a. ''British Newspaper Archive''  https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000319/18901206/021/0006. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 3b}} Guendoline Bourke is not listed as having been invited to the reception, but this list from the ''Leamington Spa Courier'' has some gaps.

'''1890 December 4, Thursday''', Guendoline and Algernon Bourke attended the [[Mure-Portal Wedding 1890-12-04|wedding of Miss Mure and Mr. S. J. Portal]]. Their gift is not recorded.

'''1891 January''', Algernon Bourke took party in a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Shooting Party in Kallarnet, Totton|shooting party in Kallarnet, Totton]].

'''1891 June 24, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Dinner and Ball Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne|dinner and ball Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne]] featuring Princess Mary Adelaide, the Duke of Teck, and Princess Victoria.

'''1891 July 9, Thursday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were invited to a [[Social Victorians/1891-07-09 Garden Party|large Garden Party at Marlborough House]] hosted by the [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]] in honor of Queen Victoria and the German Emperor and Empress. The more than 3,000 people invited also included a number of people from the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|family of the Earl of Mayo]].

'''1891 July 22, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Dinner and Dance at Alington House|dance at the Earl and Countess Alington]]'s that also included the Prince and Princess of Wales.

'''1891 October 22, Thursday''', Hon. and Mrs. Bourke attended at least the reception of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Le Strange Astley Wedding|Le Strange—Astley Wedding]], although perhaps the couple is not the Algernon Bourkes.

'''1891 November 22, Sunday''', the London ''Weekly Dispatch'' reports a performance by American &quot;Lady Magnet&quot; Mrs. Abbott, who claimed to be able to lift anybody using only her magnetic properties. An enthusiastic &quot;committee of some fifteen gentlemen presented a written and signed testimonial&quot; supporting Mrs. Abbott, &quot;the Hon. Algernon Bourke, Professor Atkinson, Dr. Hides, and three other doctors who prefer to remain incog., being among the signatories. All the medical gentlemen concerned assured the ''Evening News and Post'' reporter of their complete and unconditional surrender. One of them went so far as to say that he had come with the full determination of disbelieving, but had been quite able to act up to his resolve.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Lady Magnet. Draws Crowds of People Who Divide in Opinion about Her.&quot; ''Weekly Dispatch'' (London) 22 November 1891, Sunday: 16 [of 16], Cols. 3a–4b [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003358/18911122/203/0016. Print: same title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1892''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke privately published his ''The History of White's'', the exclusive gentleman's club.

'''1892 January 27, Saturday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the very fashionable [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892#The Wedding of Lord Henry Cavendish Bentinck, M.P., and Lady Olivia Taylour|wedding of Lord Henry Cavendish Bentinck, M.P., and Lady Olivia Taylour]]. Their gift was not noted in the list.

'''1892 February''' '''10, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1892-02-10 Alington Leigh Wedding|very fashionable wedding of Henry, Lord Alington and Evelyn Henriette Leigh]] [[Social Victorians/1892-02-10 Alington Leigh Wedding|in St. Paul's, Knightsbridge]]

'''1892 April''' '''10, Wednesday, about 2:30 p.m.''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/1892-02-10 Alington Leigh Wedding|the very fashionable wedding between Henry Sturt, Lord Alington and Evelyn Leigh]]. Her gift was a &quot;tortoiseshell and gold heart-shaped tray.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;&quot;Lord Alington to Miss Leigh.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 20 February 1892, Saturday: 21 [of 46], Cols. 1a–3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18920220/092/0021. Same print title, p. 237.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 3a) 

'''1892 June 25, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird&quot; says &quot;That pretty Mrs. Algernon Bourke has been staying here, but returned to England in time for Ascot.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Little Bird, The. &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 25 June 1892, Saturday: 32 [of 60], Col. 3b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18920625/157/0032. Same print title, p. 860.&lt;/ref&gt; 

'''1892 December 13, Tuesday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' says Guendoline Bourke is lovely in its coverage of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892#Wedding of Miss Eleanor M. Ewart and Captain Guy Withington|Eleanor M. Ewart and Captain Guy Withington's wedding]]. 

'''1892 December 22, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892#22 December 1892, Thursday|monthly meeting of the Zoological Society in Hanover-square]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 February 11, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke opened Willis's Restaurant:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Algernon Bourke has in his time done many things, and has generally done them well. His recently published history of White's Club is now a standard work. White's Club itself was a few years ago in its agony when Mr. Bourke stepped in and gave it a renewed lease of life. Under Mr. Bourke's auspices &quot;Willis's Restaurant&quot; opened its doors to the public on Tuesday last in a portion of the premises formerly so well known as Willis's Rooms. This new venture is to rival the Amphitryon in the matter of cuisine and wines; but it is not, like the Amphitryon, a club, but open to the public generally. Besides the restaurant proper, there are several ''cabinets particuliers'', and these are decorated with the very best of taste, and contain some fine portraits of the Georges.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marmaduke.&quot; &quot;Letter from the Linkman.&quot; ''Truth'' 20 April 1893, Thursday: 25 [of 56], Col. 1a [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18930420/075/0025# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18930420/075/0025]. Print p. 855.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1893 February 7, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#1893 February 7, Tuesday|the reception after Lady Emily Cadogan's wedding]].

'''1893 February 20, Monday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke is listed as having attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace|Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace]] held by the Prince of Wales; because wives generally are not listed, it seems likely Guendoline Bourke attended as well.

'''1893 February 28, Tuesday, 3:00 p.m.''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Queens Drawing Room 1893-02-28|Queen's Drawing Room at Buckingham Palace]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 March 22, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#22 March 1893, Wednesday|Lady Wimborne's reception]].

'''1893 April 1, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke published a letter to the editor of the ''Times'', reprinted in the ''Kildare Observer'', arguing against Gladstone's Home Rule bill on the grounds that Ireland would not be able to take out a loan on its own behalf because of its obligations to the U.K., including what was called its share of the national debt.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Irish Unionist Alliance.&quot; ''Kildare Observer and Eastern Counties Advertiser'' 01 April 1893, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001870/18930401/062/0006. Print: The ''Kildare Observer'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1893 May 13, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was seen at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#13 May 1893, Saturday|exhibitions of art and furniture for sale by Christie's and on display by Lord Clifden]].

'''1893 July 13, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#The Countess of Listowel's Garden Party|Countess of Listowel's Garden Party]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#The Countess of Listowel's Garden Party|at her residence, Kingston House, Princes-gate]], accompanied by Miss Adeane.

'''1893 July 14, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Sandown Races 1893-07-14|the races at Sandown]] wearing a dark-blue-and-white outfit and black hat that got described in the newspaper.

'''1893 August 1, Tuesday – August 4, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke, at least, was at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#1 August 1893, Tuesday – 4 August 1893, Friday|the Goodwood races]], mentioned in the ''Gentlewoman'' for her beauty, although none of the dresses were noted.

'''1893 November 4–11, Wednesday–Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke was at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#Ralph and Mary Sneyd Hosted a Shooting Party|shooting party at Keele Hall hosted by Ralph and Mary Sneyd]].

'''1893 November 30, Thursday''', with Sir Walter Gilbey the Hon. Algernon Bourke &quot;assisted&quot; in &quot;forming [a] collection&quot; of engravings by George Morland that was exhibited at Messrs. J. and W. Vokins’s, Great Portland-street.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The George Morland Exhibition at Vokins's.&quot; ''Sporting Life'' 30 November 1893, Thursday: 4 [of 4], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000893/18931130/058/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1893 December 14, Thursday, afternoon''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1893-12-14 Wedding Adele Grant and George, 7th Earl of Essex|wedding of American Adele Grant and George, 7th Earl of Essex]] and gave a &quot;pearl and gold box.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;&quot;Wedding of the Earl of Essex.&quot; ''Herts Advertiser'' 16 December 1893, Saturday; 8 [of 8], Col. 1a–4b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000415/18931216/125/0008. Print title: ''The Herts Advertiser and St Albans Times'', p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 3c}} Mr. and Mrs. Shelley Bontein also attended, and Mrs. Bontein gave a &quot;green leather bag and purse, with coronet and monogram in gold.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;{{rp|3b}}

'''1894 January 27, Saturday''', Psyche in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; in the ''Gentlewoman'' reported on a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#27 January 1894, Saturday|ball hosted by Lord and Lady Dunraven at Adare Manor]] that Guendoline Bourke attended.

'''1894 January 31, Wednesday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke, who was dressed more stylishly than most, attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Also 31 January 1894, Wednesday|Kildare Hunt Ball]] hosted by Dermot, [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] and Geraldine, Countess of Mayo.

'''1894 February 24, Saturday''', ''The Field'' reported on a series of tennis matches; Algernon Bourke attended the one played at the Prince's Club.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Tennis.&quot; ''Field'' 24 February 1894, Saturday: 39 [of 72], Col. 1c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002446/18940224/349/0039. Print title ''The Field, The Country Gentleman's Newspaper'', p. 249.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1894 March 31, Saturday''', Psyche, in the &quot;Social Peepshow&quot; column in the ''Gentlewoman'', says that &quot;Mr. Algernon Bourke has still further embellished Willis's restaurant hard by [the St. James's Theatre], by the addition of some valuable old tapestry that lately came to the hammer at Christie's.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 31 March 1894, Saturday: 16 [of 56], Col. 2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18940331/081/0016. Same print title, p. 408.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1894 April 13, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke set sail on the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#P. and O. Line S.S. Rome for Gibraltar|P. and O. Line ''S.S. Rome'' for Gibraltar]] along with her stepfather, Mr. Shelley Bontein, and her brother, Mr. Sloane Stanley.

'''31 May 1894, Thursday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Reception at Devonshire House|Duchess of Devonshire's reception at Devonshire House]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 June 18, Monday''', the London ''Echo'' reported that Algernon Bourke was [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Brooks'|writing a history of Brooks' Club]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 June 20, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Princess Louise, Marchioness of Lorne Opened the Annual Sale of the Scottish Home Industries|Annual Sale of the Scottish Home Industries]]; her outfit was described in the article in ''Lady's Pictorial''.

'''1894 August 2, Thursday''', the column &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird&quot; says, &quot;At Willis' [restaurant] — 'What a smart cotillon Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave on Thursday evening.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Bird, The Little. &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 04 August 1894, Saturday: 30 [of 56], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18940804/148/0030. Print title same, p. 144.&lt;/ref&gt; Willis's Restaurant, King-street, St. James's, was a restaurant Algernon Bourke opened in 1893.&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 September 7, Saturday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#7 September 1894, Saturday|shooting party at Witley]], which had been loaned to one of his brothers by William Ward, 2nd Earl of Dudley.&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 October 22, Thursday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Wedding of Lord Connemara and Mrs. Coleman|luncheon after the wedding of Lord Connemara and Mrs. Coleman]].

'''1894 November 3, Saturday''', Psyche, in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; for the Gentlewoman, reported that Guendoline Bourke had been [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#3 November 1894, Saturday|seen shopping in London]].

'''1895 January 5, Saturday, 2:00 p.m.''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke gave an old mother-of-pearl workbox to [[Wolverton-Ward Wedding 1895-01-05|Lady Edith Ward for her wedding to Frederick Glyn, Lord Wolverton]] and presumably attended the wedding and reception afterwards.&lt;p&gt;

'''1895 February 23, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#23 February 1895, Saturday|fashionable wedding of Laurence Currie and Edith Sibyl Mary Finch]]. Guendoline Bourke is not listed as having attended, but she is not noted as absent, either. Daphne Bourke was born on 5 April 1895, probably explaining Guendoline's absence.

'''1895 March 24, Sunday – 30 March, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#24, Sunday – 30 March 1895, Saturday|enjoying the sunny weather in Brighton]].

'''1895 April 27, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#1895 April 27, Saturday|wedding of Norah Bourke and Henry E. A. Lindsay]]. Again, Guendoline Bourke is not listed as having attended. Daphne Bourke was born on 5 April 1895, and Psyche, writing the &quot;Social Peepshow&quot; column in the Gentlewoman, says,&lt;blockquote&gt;

I regret to hear of the serious illness of Mrs. Algernon Bourke, whose first child was born a fortnight ago. It is feared that the attack is of the nature of typhoid, but happily the patient's strength keeps up. Mrs. Bourke is at her mother's house in Clarges-street.&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 27 April 1895, Saturday: 28 [of 84], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18950427/147/0028. Same print title, p. 506.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1895 July 13, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke donated 10s. to the ''Daily Telegraph'' National Shilling Testimonial to W. G. Grace.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;''Daily Telegraph'' National Shilling Testimonial to W. G. Grace.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London) 13 July 1895, Saturday: 7 [of 12], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/18950713/079/0007. Print: ''Daily Telegraph'', p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1895 August 24, Saturday''', &quot;Marmaduke&quot; in the ''Graphic'' says that Algernon Bourke &quot;opened a cyclists' club in Chelsea.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marmaduke.&quot; &quot;Court and Club.&quot; The ''Graphic'' 24 August 1895, Saturday: 11 [of 32], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9000057/18950824/017/0011. Print p. 223.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1895 October''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#24 October 1902, Friday|opened the Prince's ice-skating rink for the]] season.if the newspapers were right that 1902 was the 7th season. He also was planning a bicycling club for Kensington Gardens to open the following season.&lt;ref&gt;Mackenzie, Ethel Morell (Miss). &quot;Pins and Needles.&quot; ''Hull Daily News'' 12 October 1895, Saturday: 24 [of 40], Col. 1a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003443/18951012/024/0024. Print title: ''Hull News Supplement'', p. 1[6? 8?].&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1895 October 7, Monday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#Adeane-Cator Wedding|Maud Adeane–John Cator wedding]].

'''1895 December 11, Wednesday''', Guendoline and Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#Sneyd Party to Meet the Duke of Coburg|shooting party at the Sneyds' to meet the Duke of Coburg]].

'''1895 December 18, Wednesday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#Wedding of Lady Albreda Fitzwilliam and the Hon. Charles Bourke|wedding of Lady Albreda Fitzwilliam and the Hon. Charles Bourke]]. Their gift is not noted in the newspaper account.

'''1896 March 17, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#17 March 1896, Tuesday|annual dinner of the Cymmrodorion, or the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion]], a society for Welsh culture and history.

'''1896 April 21, Monday''', Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke sent a gift — a &quot;box for miniature&quot; — for [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Monday, 1896 April 27|the wedding of Lady Angela St. Clair Erskine and James Stewart Forbes]].

'''1896 May 21, Thursday''', the Hon. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Mrs. C. H. Wilson's Ball|Mrs. C. H. Wilson's ball in Grosvenor-square, London]].

'''1896 May 26, Tuesday,  through 28 May, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Coming of Age of Mr Sloane Stanley|3-day celebration in honor of the coming of age of her brother, Cyril Sloane Stanley]].

'''1896 June 15, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Dinner and Dance Hosted by the Countess of Huntingdon|dance hosted by the Earl and Countess of Huntingdon]] after their dinner party.

'''1896 July 13, Monday''', Algernon Bourke (listed among the &quot;Honourables&quot;) and Mrs. A. Bourke (Listed among the &quot;Honourable Ladies&quot;) were invited to the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Queen's Garden Party at Buckingham Palace|Queen's Garden Party at Buckingham Palace]].

'''1896 June 29, Monday''', the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Cadogan-Scott Wedding 1896-06-29|wedding and reception of Lady Sophie Cadogan and Sir Samuel Scott]]. Algernon Bourke published a letter to the editor of the ''Daily Telegraph'' about White's Club — and thus Bourke's — &quot;[[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Summer Club|Summer Club]]&quot; in Kensington Park, the subject of a little controversy.

'''1896 July 21, Tuesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Dinner Hosted by Sir Horace and Lady Farquhar|dinner hosted by Sir Horace and Lady Farquhar in Grosvenor-square]].

'''1896 August 5, Wednesday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#5 August 1896|wedding of the Hon. Terence Bourke and Miss Eveline Haines]] and gave the bride an &quot;enamel muff chain.&quot;&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 August 10, Monday''', the Morning Leader reported that the Hon. Algernon Bourke, for the Foreign Office, received Li Hung Chang at St. Paul's:&lt;blockquote&gt;At St. Paul's Li Hung was received by Field-Marshal Simmons, Colonel Lane, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, of the Foreign Office (who made the necessary arrangements for the visit) and Canon Newbolt, on behalf of the Dean and Chapter. A crowd greeted Li with a cheer as he drove up in Lord Lonsdale’s striking equipage, and his Excellency was carried up the steps in an invalid chair by two stalwart constables. He walked through the centre door with his suite, and was immediately conducted by Canon Newbolt to General Gordon’s tomb in the north aisle, where a detachment of boys from the Gordon Home received him as a guard of honor.

Li inspected the monument with marked interest, and drew the attention of his suite to the remarkable likeness to the dead hero. He laid a handsome wreath of royal purple asters, lilies, maidenhair fern, and laurel, tied with a broad band of purple silk, on the tomb.

The visit was not one of inspection of the building, but on passing the middle aisle the interpreter called the attention of His Excellency to the exquisite architecture and decoration of the chancel. Li shook hands in hearty English fashion with Canon Newbolt and the other gentlemen who had received him, and, assisted by his two sons, walked down the steps to his carriage. He returned with his suite to Carlton House-terrace by way of St. Paul’s Churchyard, Cannon-st., Queen Victoria-st., and the Embankment.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;At St. Paul's.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 10 August 1896, Monday: 7 [of 12], Col. 2b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18960810/134/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 August 19, Wednesday''', the ''Edinburgh Evening News'' reported on the catering that White's Club and Mr Algernon Bourke arranged for the visiting Li Hung Chang:&lt;blockquote&gt;It is probably not generally known (says the &quot;Chef&quot;) that Mr Algernon Bourke, manager of White's Club, London, has undertaken to the whole of the catering for our illustrious visitor front the Flowery Land. Li Hung Chang has five native cooks in his retinue, and the greatest good fellowship exists between them and their English ''confreres'', although considerable difficulty is experienced in conversation in understanding one another's meaning. There are between 40 and and 50 to cater for daily, besides a staff about 30; that Mr Lemaire finds his time fully occupied. The dishes for his Excellency are varied and miscellaneous, and from 14 to 20 courses are served at each meal. The bills of fare contain such items as bird's-nest soup, pigs' kidneys stewed in cream, boiled ducks and green ginger, sharks' fins, shrimps and prawns stewed with leeks and muscatel grapes, fat pork saute with peas and kidney beans. The meal usually winds with fruit and sponge cake, and freshly-picked green tea as liqueur.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Li Hung Chang's Diet.&quot; ''Edinburgh Evening News'' 19 August 1896, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 8b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000452/18960819/057/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 November 6, Friday''', both Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were on the committee for the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Skating Club|Prince's Club ice-skating rink]], which [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Opening of the Prince's Club Skating Rink|opened on this day]].

'''1896 November 22, week of''', Mrs. Algernon Bourke was part of a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Shooting Party at the Charles Wilsons' Warter Priory, Yorkshire|shooting party at the Charles Wilsons' Warter Priory, Yorkshire]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 November 25, Wednesday''', Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bouke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Lord and Lady Burton Hosted a Party for Derby Day|Lord and Lady Burton's party for Derby Day]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 December 4, Friday''', the Orleans Club at Brighton was robbed:&lt;blockquote&gt;The old building of the Orleans Club at Brighton, which opens its new club house at 33, Brunswick-terrace to-day, was the scene of a very ingenious burglary during the small hours of yesterday morning. The greater portion of the club property had already been removed to the new premises, but Mr Algernon Bourke, his private secretary, and some of the officials of the club, still occupied bed-rooms at the house in the King’s-road. The corner shop of the street front is occupied by Mr. Marx, a jeweller in a large way of business, and upon his manager arriving at nine o'clock he discovered that the place had been entered through hole in the ceiling, and a great part of a very valuable stock of jewelry extracted. An examination of the morning rooms of the club, which runs over Mr. Marx's establishment reveal a singularly neat  specimen of the burglar's art. A piece of the flooring about 15in square had been removed by a series of holes bored side by side with a centre-bit, at a spot where access to the lofty shop was rendered easy by a tall showcase which stood convemently near. A massive iron girder had been avoided by a quarter of an inch, and this circumstance and the general finish of the operation point to an artist in his profession, who had acquired an intimate knowledge of the premises. The club doors were all found locked yesterday morning, and the means of egress adopted by the thief are at present a mystery.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Burglary at Brighton.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London) 05 December 1896, Saturday: 5 [of 12], Col. 7a [of 7]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/18961205/090/0005. Print title: ''Daily Telegraph''; p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 December 10, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke was present to help staff a stall at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#10 December 1896, Thursday|Irish Industries Exhibition and Sale, Brighton]].

'''1896 December 31, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke hosted a New Year's Eve dance:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave a highly satisfactory and enjoyable dance on Thursday night, when the old year was danced out and the new one danced in. Most of the silver gilters at present in to len were to the fore.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Man about Town.&quot; ''Sporting Gazette'' 02 January 1897, Saturday: 7 [of 34], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002525/18970102/041/0007. Print title ''The County Gentleman'', p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 January 9, Saturday''', Psyche in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; says that Algernon Bourke's &quot;cheerful countenance was quite in keeping with the [Christmas] season,&quot; seen in London.&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 9 January 1897, Saturday: 22 [of 56], Col. 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970109/097/0022. Same print title, p. 40.&lt;/ref&gt; 

'''1897 January 13, Wednesday – 18, Monday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were guests of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Warwickshire Hunt Club Ball|house party associated with the Warwickshire Hunt Ball]] at [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Warwick Castle]].

'''1897 January 30, Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke was reported to have been out shopping in London: &quot;Another charming figure was that of Mrs. Algernon Bourke all in chinchilla, with something of pale blue in a smart toque.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 30 January 1897, Saturday: 20 [of 59]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970130/107/0020. Same print title, p. 134.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 May 31, Monday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke were present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#House Party at Warwick Castle|House Party at Warwick Castle]] hosted by the Earl and Countess of Warwick.

'''1897 June 2, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Reception at the Foreign Office|reception at the Foreign Office]].

'''1897 June 12, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' reported on Guendoline Bourke's dress and hat at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Duchess of Albany's Bazaar at the Imperial Institute|Duchess of Albany's Bazaar at the Imperial Institute]]. 

'''1897 June 19, Saturday''', Psyche in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; column in the ''Gentlewoman'' writes that Guendoline Bourke was seen driving in London, &quot;in blue, ... looking as usual very handsome.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 19 June 1897, Saturday: 28 [of 108], Col. 2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970619/159/0028. Same print title, p. 848.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 June 28, Monday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were invited to the [[Social Victorians/Diamond Jubilee Garden Party|Garden Party at Buckingham Palace]], the final official event of the London Diamond Jubilee celebrations. Members of the family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] were also among the 5,000–6,000 people invited.

'''1897 July 2, Friday''', the Hon. A. and Mrs. A. Bourke and Mr. and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] at Devonshire House.

'''1897 July 8, Thursday, 11:00 p.m.''', Hon. Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were present at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace|the Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace]]. The dancing commenced shortly after 11:00 p.m.

'''1897 July 11–16, week of''', a dog of Guendoline Bourke's won a prize at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Ladies' Kennel Association show in the Royal Botanic Gardens in Regent's Park|Ladies' Kennel Association show in the Royal Botanic Gardens in Regent's Park]]. 

'''1897 July 23, Friday''', both the Hon. Algernon Bourke and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Bourke-Curzon Cricket Match at the Queen's Club|Bourke-Curzon cricket match at the Queen's Club]], which Algernon Bourke's team lost. 

'''1897 July 23 — or July 30, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Lady Burton's party at Chesterfield House|Lady Burton's party at Chesterfield House]]. &lt;blockquote&gt;Far the prettiest women in the room were Lady Henry Bentinck (who looked perfectly lovely in pale yellow, with a Iong blue sash; and Mrs. Algernon Bourke, who was as smart as possible in pink, with pink and white ruchings on her sleeves and a tall pink feather in her hair.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lady Burton's Party at Chesterfield House.&quot; ''Belper &amp; Alfreton Chronicle'' 30 July 1897, Friday: 7 [of 8], Col. 1c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004151/18970730/162/0007. Print title: ''Belper and Alfreton Chronicle''; n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 August 2, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Warwick House Party for the Easton Lodge Cricket Week Games|Earl and Countess of Warwick's house party for Easton Lodge cricket week]].

'''1897 August 2, Monday''', Mrs. Algernon Bourke was listed as among [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Most Beautiful Women in England|the most beautiful women in England]] in an article from ''Vanity Fair'' that was reprinted elsewhere.

'''1897 September 25, Saturday''', according to the ''Pall Mall Gazette'',&lt;blockquote&gt;The [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Dowager-Countess of Mayo]] is staying with her son, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, at Bramnber, near Brighton.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pall Mall Gazette Office.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 25 September 1897, Saturday: 8 [of 10], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18970925/023/0008. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1897 October 2, Saturday''', &quot;Yenatrix&quot; in &quot;Kennel Column&quot; in the ''Gentlewoman'' reported that Guendoline Bourke had joined the Ladies' Kennel Association.&lt;ref&gt;Yenatrix. &quot;Kennel Column.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 02 October 1897, Saturday: 39 [of 61], Col. 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18971002/182/0039. Same print title, p. 434.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 October 9, Saturday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Harrogate|Harrogate, presumably taking the waters and baths]]. Lady May was on her way to visit Algernon Bourke in Brighton:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Earl of Mayo is expected to return from Sweden on Saturday next. Lady Mayo leaves Bournemouth on Sarurday for Brighton, where she will pay a two days' visit to her brother-in-law, the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]]. The Earl and Countess will then return to Palmerstown, their seat in County Kildare.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pall Mall Gazette Office.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 7 October 1897, Thursday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18971007/022/0008. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1897 October 30, Saturday''', ''Black and White'' published '''J.P.B.'''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s &quot;The Case of Mrs. Elliott,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;J.P.B. &quot;The Case of Mrs. Elliott.&quot; ''Black &amp; White'' 30 October 1897, Saturday: 12 [of 34], Cols. 1a–2b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004617/18971030/036/0012. Print title ''Black and White'', p. 542.&lt;/ref&gt; an odd short short story in which the Honourable Algernon Bourke Herriott is &quot;rude to Mrs. Elliott,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2b}} presumably having proposed sexual relations while her husband is out. J.P.B. links to the biographical Algernon Bourke's career in the stock market in the description of Mrs. Christine Elliott not even simulating interest in her husband's bicycling: &quot;a soul is a grievous burthen for a stockbroker's wife,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2a}} suggesting that Mr. Elliott rather than Algernon Bourke Herriott is the stockbroker. The Hon. Algy&lt;blockquote&gt;was a senior member of several junior clubs. A woman had dubbed him once &quot;a rip with a taste for verses.&quot; The description was severe, but not unwarranted. His was a pretty pagan sensualism, though, singing from a wine palate to Church music. For the rest, he had just imagination enough to despise mediocrity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2a}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 November 25–26, Thursday–Friday''', Guendoline Bourke was in Brighton, helping the Countess of Mayo at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Irish Industries' Association Annual Exhibition|bazaar of the Irish Industries' Association]].

'''1897 December 7, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#7 December 1897, Tuesday|7th annual dinner for the Actors' Benevolent Fund]].

'''1897 December 20, Monday, the week of''', Guendoline Bourke's Mousie was the smallest dog in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Ladies' Kennel Association's Dog Show|Ladies' Kennel Association show in Earl's Court]].

'''1897 December 30''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Blenheim Palace Party with Amateur Theatricals|party at Blenheim Palace in which people performed tableaux vivants]] that got reported on, many of whom wearing the costumes from the Duchess of Devonshire's ball. The ''Irish Independent'' said Algernon Bourke was &quot;mainly responsible for the living pictures.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr Algernon Bourke ....&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 05 January 1898, Wednesday: 6 [of 8], Col. 2c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001985/18980105/115/0006.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1898''', Algernon Bourke called a meeting at White's Club about attempting to [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Thames Salmon Experiment|restock the Thames with salmon]]. In 1899 he was on a [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#Committees|committee led by the Lord Mayor about this topic]] as well.

'''1898 February 3, Thursday''',  Algernon Bourke was among [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#The Dundee Evening Telegraph Report on People at Monte Carlo|those visiting Monte Carlo according to the Dundee ''Evening Telegraph'']].

'''1898 March 12, Saturday''', ''The World'' reported on Algernon Bourke's upgrading of the Orleans Club at Brighton:&lt;blockquote&gt;

The Orleans Club at Brighton is flourishing exceedingly, and the new buildings which Mr. Algernon Bourke has just had erected at the back of the comfortable mansion at the corner of Lansdowne-place now provide all that was wanting to make the present habitat of the club all that its members desire. The new billiard-room is rapidly approaching completion, and the coffee-room, excellent and spacious now, was open on Saturday night, when every table was occupied by club diners and their guests, all of whom were enthusiastic over the excellence of this latest addition to the comfort of the house. All interested may be congratulated on what is practically new lease of life to the Orleans Club, than which there is no more comfortable place stay within the four seas.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From '''The World''.'&quot; ''East &amp; South Devon Advertiser'' 12 March 1898, Saturday: 6 pop 8], Col. 2b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001639/18980312/132/0006. Print title ''The East and South Devon Advertiser'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1898 March 30, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke was charged with assaulting a Mr. Potter, but it is not clear from this account what exactly happened:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Hon. Algernon H. Bourke, of Bramber, was summoned, at the instance of Mr. Walter John Potter, clerk to Mr. G. A. Flowers, solicitor, of Steyning, for assault, on the 30th March. — Mr. J. Edward Dell supported the case, and Mr. J. C. Buckwell defended, and pleaded not guilty. — The evidence was to the effect that Mr. Potter had occasion go to defendant's house on Wednesday last to serve a writ. He was going to drop the letter into [Col. 5c–6a] defendant's pocket when he turned and struck him a violent blow on the chest, making witness stagger backwards. Witness put up his hands to keep his balance, and defendant then struck him violently across the head with a weeding spud. — Richard Reed, who was at work for Mr. Bourke on the date named, and was working in garden at the time of the alleged assault, gave corroborative evidence. — Defendant, in the witness box, made a similar statement. — The magistrates differed as to whether the assault was committed, and dismissed the case.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Steyning.&quot; ''Sussex Express'' 9 April 1898, Saturday: 2 [of 12], Col. 5c–6a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000654/18980409/036/0002. Print: ''The Sussex Express, Surrey Standard, Weald of the Kent Mail, Hants and County Advertiser'', p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1898 April 12, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was among [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#1898 April 12, Tuesday|those visiting Monte Carlo according to the ''Gentlewoman'']].

'''1898 May 25, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke wore pink to [[Social Victorians/1898-05-25 Savoy Dinner Dance Hwfa|Mrs. Hwfa Williams' dinner-dance at the Savoy]].

'''1898 June 7, Tuesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. A. Bourke were invited to and probably attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#7 June 1898, Tuesday|State Ball at Buckingham Palace hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales]].

'''1898 July 4, Thursday afternoon''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke were invited to and probably attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#Garden Party at Marlborough House|Garden Party at Marlborough House given to the Queen and Shah of Persia]].

'''1898 October 29, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#Tennis Championship Game at Prince's Club, Knightsbridge|tennis match at Prince's Club, Knightsbridge]].

'''1898 November''', Algernon Bourke received a letter from Lord Alfred Douglas and attempted to help Douglas and his father, the Marquis of Queensberry, to reconcile. Bourke met with the Marquis and sent a positive reply to Douglas the next day.&lt;ref name=&quot;:26&quot; /&gt; (568–569)

'''1898 November 22, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#Shooting Party Hosted by William James|shooting party hosted by Mr. William James]].

'''1898 December 3, Saturday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. A. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#The Funeral of Lady Connemara|funeral of Lady Connemara in Christ Church]], Down street, Piccadilly.&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 January 10, Tuesday''', the Brighton Championship Dog Show opened:&lt;blockquote&gt;Princess of Wales a Winner at the Ladies’ Kennel Club Show.

[Exclusive to &quot;The Leader.&quot;)

The Brighton Championship Dog Show opened in the Dome and Corn Exchange yesterday, and was very well patronised by visitors and exhibitors. Among the latter was H.R.H. the Princess of Wales, who did very well; and others included Princess Sophie Duleep Singh, Countess De Grey, Sir Edgar Boehm, the Hon Mrs. Algernon Bourke, Lady Cathcart, Lady Reid, Mr. Shirley (chairman of the Kennel Club), and the Rev. Hans Hamiiton (president of the Kennel Club).

The entry of bloodhounds is one of the best seen for some time; the Great Danes are another strong lot; deerhounds are a fine entry, all good dogs, and most of the best kennels represented; borzois are another very stylish lot. The bigger dogs are, as usual, in the Corn Exchange and the &quot;toy&quot; dogs in the Dome. To everyone's satsfaction the Princess of Wales carried off two first prizes with Alex in the borzois class.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Dogs at Brighton.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 11 January 1899, Wednesday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18990111/142/0008. Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 January 11, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#11 January 1899, Wednesday|a luncheon at Stanfield-hall, home of Mr. and Mrs. Basil Montogomery, for Princess Henry of Battenberg]], that also included the Countess of Dudley (sister of Mrs. Montgomery), General Oliphant, and the Mayor and Mayoress of Romsey.

'''1899 January 17–18, Tuesday and Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Ladies' Kennel Association in Brighton|Ladies' Kennel Association in Brighton]], where she showed an Italian greyhound named Brenda.

'''1899 February 7, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke was a member of the very high-ranking committee organizing the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Gordon Memorial College Ball|Gordon Memorial College Ball at the Hotel Cecil on 7 February 1899]]. The committee had been planning for the ball, of course, for at least 3 weeks before.

'''1899 February 22, Wednesday – April''', Guendoline Bourke was part of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Society in St. Moritz|Society in St. Moritz]]. 1899 March 29, Wednesday, the ''Dundee Advertiser'' says that [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#29 March 1899, Wednesday|Cyril Sloane-Stanley was spending part of the winter in St. Moritz]] with his sister Guendoline Bourke.

'''1899 April 7, Friday, probably''', oddly, Algernon and Guendoline Bourke are not reported to have attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Funeral of the Hon. Charles Bourke, C.B.|Funeral of the Hon. Charles Bourke, C.B.]] or even to have sent flowers.

'''1899 April 8, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' reported that Guendoline Bourke had gone to [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#8 April 1899, Saturday|St. Moritz with her brother, Mr. Stanley, who had gotten engaged to Lady Cairns]].

'''1899 April 26, Wednesday''', according to &quot;Local and District News&quot; for Totton, Guendoline Bourke was &quot;ill with influenza in Paris, and Mrs. Shelley Bontein, her mother, has gone out to nurse her.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Local and District News. Totton.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 26 April 1899, Wednesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 2b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18990426/037/0004. Print title ''Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1899 June 1, Thursday, or 2, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Wedding of Roger Cyril Sloane Stanley and Olivia, Countess Cairns|wedding of her brother, Sloane Stanley and Olivia Countess Cairns]] at Holy Trinity Church, Brompton.

'''1899 June 8, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke's money troubles:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Hon. Algernon Bourke, son of the Earl of Mayo, has been appearing before the official receivers in connection with a winding-up order made against Willis’ Restaurant, Limited. The companyf [sic] was formed to acquire the well known restaurant from the Hon. H. A. Bourke. The chairman reminded the creditors that on the last occasion the meeting was adjourned because Mr. Bourke said he thought he would be able in the course of a fortnight to obtain an offer for a sum sufficient to satisfy the creditors and debenture holders. He had received a letter from Mr. Bourke to the effect that he had been unable to complete arrangements. Having looked into the affairs of the company more closely, it appeared to him that Mr. Bourke was legally liable to repay the sum of £5,000 which was advanced to White's Club, and the question would arise whether Mr. Bourke was not also liable to repay the sum of £4,000.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr. Bourke Must Pay.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 8 June 1899, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 8c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001985/18990608/118/0004. Print title: ''The Irish Weekly Independent'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1899 July 1, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#1 July 1899, Saturday|meeting in London at the Duke of Westminster's Grosvenor House]] about preserving Killarney as part of the National Trust and seems to have been acting for someone who wanted to purchase the Muckross Estate.

'''1899 July 5, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Dinner and Dance at Devonshire House|dance at Devonshire House hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire]].

'''1899 July 6, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Joan Wilson and Guy Fairfax's Wedding|wedding of Joan Wilson and Guy Fairfax in St. Mark's, near Grosvenor Square]].

'''1899 July 14, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#14 July 1899, Friday|Ernest Beckett's dinner party]].

'''1899 July 18, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Ludovici Lecture on Impressionism|lecture on Impressionism by Ludovici hosted by the Countess of Mayo]].

'''1899 July 28, Friday''', [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#White's|White's Club]] was no longer under Algernon Bourke's management and was reconstituting itself after the possibility that it would have to close.

'''1889 July 31, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#Fete of the Uxbridge Habitation of the Primrose League|Fete of the Uxbridge Habitation of the Primrose League]] at Hillingdon Court and hosted by the Hon. Algernon and Lady Mary Mills.

'''1899 September 9, Saturday''', the ''Eastern Morning News'' includes Algernon Bourke (&quot;St. James's-street, London, club proprietor&quot;) in a list of men &quot;Receiving Orders,&quot; which it is reprinting from the ''London Gazette''.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Receiving Orders.&quot; ''Eastern Morning'' News 9 September 1899, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 3c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001152/18990909/074/0005. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 October 19, Thursday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke had a bankruptcy hearing:&lt;blockquote&gt;The public examination of the Hon. Algernon Bourke was held before Mr Registrar Giffard yesterday, at the London Bankruptcy Court. The debtor, described as proprietor of a St. James's-street club, furnished a statement of affairs showing unsecured debts £13,694 and debts fully secured £12,800, with assets which are estimated at £4,489 [?]. He stated, in reply to the Official Receiver, that he was formerly a member of the Stock Exchange, but had nothing to do with the firm of which he was a member during the last ten years. He severed his connection with the firm in May last, and believed he was indebted to them to the extent of £2,000 or £3,000. He repudiated a claim which they now made for £37,300. In 1889 he became proprietor of White's Club, St. James's-street, and carried it on until January 1st last, when he transferred it to a company called Recreations, Limited. One of the objects of the company was to raise money on debentures. The examination was formally adjourned.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 October 20, Friday''', the ''Morning Leader'' mentions Bourke's bankruptcy:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Algernon Bourke, whose bankruptcy is much talked about, has been connected with numerous enterprises in clubland. He raised White's from the slough into which it had sunk after the secession of the Prince of Wales. He started the Willis Restaurant, put fresh life into the Orleans Club at Brighton, arranged a big restaurant for the bicyclists in the time of the bicycle parade, and was concerned at first in the smart and short-lived Trafalgar Bicycle Club. At one time his name spelt success. Latterly his luck has left him. He is a brother of Lord Mayo, a son of the peer who was assassinated at the post of duty, and is one of the best known men about town of the day.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Club, Stage, and Salon.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 20 October 1899, Friday: 6 [of 12], Col. 5b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18991020/085/0006. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1899 November 8, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke's bankruptcy case came up again:&lt;blockquote&gt;At Bankruptcy Court, yesterday, the case the Hon. Algernon Bourke again came on for hearing before Mr. Registrar Giffard, and the examination was concluded. The debtor has at various times been proprietor of White’s Club, St. James’s-street, and the Orleans’ Club, Brighton, and also of Willis's Restaurant, King-street, St. James's. He attributed his failure to losses sustained by the conversion of White’s Club and the Orleans' Club into limited companies, to the payment of excessive Interest on borrowed money, and other causes. The liabilities amount to £26,590, of which £13,694 are stated to be unsecured, and assets £4,409.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Affairs of the Hon. A. Bourke.&quot; ''Globe'' 09 November 1899, Thursday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001652/18991109/020/0002. Print p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 December 23, Saturday''', &quot;Mr. Algernon Bourke has departed for a tour in Africa, being at present the guest of his brother in Tunis.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Society Pages.&quot; ''Walsall Advertiser'' 23 December 1899, Saturday: 7 [of 8], Col. 7b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001028/18991223/143/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1899 December 29, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke was at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Christmas Party Hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough|Christmas Party Hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 December 31''', the San Francisco newspaper ''The Wave'' wrote the following about London society:&lt;blockquote&gt;The most prominent untitled people in London may be said to be Mr. and Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Williams|Hwfa Williams]], Mr. and Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Grenfell|Willie Grenfell]] and Mr. Algy Bourke. That they are passing rich, goes without saying, and that they entertain lavishly, understood — for to be untitled, prominent and successful, argues wealth, hospitality and cleverness.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London.&quot; The (San Francisco) ''Wave'' 14 January 1899 (Vol. XIX, No. 2): 14. ''The Internet Archive'' https://archive.org/details/wave19unse/page/n20/mode/1up.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 1900s ===

'''1900 February 15, Thursday''', Daphne Bourke, the four-year-old daughter of the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke was a bridesmaid in the [[Social Victorians/Wilson Chesterfield Wedding 1900-02-15|wedding of Enid Wilson and the Earl of Chesterfield]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London Day by Day.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph'' 15 February 1900, Thursday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/19000215/175/0008. Name in British Newspaper Archive: ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London). Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt; Guendoline Bourke, &quot;who was in grey, wore a chinchilla toque with violets.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society. Entertainments, Balls, &amp;c.&quot; ''The Queen'' 24 February 1900, Saturday: 40 [of 76], Col. 1a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/19000224/235/0040. Print: ''The Queen, The Lady's Newspaper'', p. 308.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1900 March 10, Saturday''', the ''Weekly Irish Times'' reprinted society gossip from ''The World'':&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke, who has been staying with her husband's uncle, old Connemara, during Mr. Algernon Bourke's absence abroad, has taken a new house near Portman square, and will be settling there before Easter.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip.&quot; ''Weekly Irish Times'' 10 March 1900, Saturday: 17 [of 20], Col. 1b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001684/19000310/116/0017. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1900 July''' '''17, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke took part in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#17 July 1900, Tuesday|Children's Fete in support of the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children]] on the grounds of the Royal Botanic Society. Daphe was 5 at this time, so it seems logical that she would have been there, too.

'''1900 July 30, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Barber of Seville at Covent Garden|''The Barber of Seville'' at Covent Garden]].

'''1890 August 6, Friday''', &quot;[[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Beautiful Women|Beautiful Women]],&quot; an article in ''Vanity Fair'' that was reprinted elsewhere, mentions Guendoline Bourke (&quot;Lady Algernon Bourke&quot;) as one of the most beautiful women in England.

'''1900 August 11, Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke got&lt;blockquote&gt;the pretty little Yorkshire String, an especially tiny mite, weighing only 2&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;/&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;lb, and carrying a very promising coat, ... at the Aquarium Show.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Witchampton Kennel.&quot; &quot;Ladies Kennels.&quot; ''Ladies' Field'' 11 August 1900, Saturday: 16 [of 60], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0006043/19000811/043/0016. Print title same, p. 390.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1900 September 16''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke became the heir presumptive to the Earldom of Mayo when his older brother Captain Hon. Sir Maurice Archibald Bourke died.&lt;p&gt;

'''1900 October 06, Saturday''', the ''Weekly Irish Times'' says that Mr. Algernon Bourke, now heir presumptive to the earldom of Mayo, &quot;has been for some months lately staying with Mr. Terence Bourke in Morocco.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip.&quot; ''Weekly Irish Times'' 06 October 1900, Saturday: 14 [of 20], Col. 3b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001684/19001006/121/0014. Print p. 14.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 May 30, Thursday''', the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke attended the fashionable [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1901 May 30, Thursday|Ladies' Kennel Association Dog Show at the Botanic Garden]].

'''1901 July 2, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke — &quot;pretty Mrs. Algernon Bourke, in a mauve gown and and purple tulle toque&quot; — attended a children's party at the Botanic Gardens hosted by the Earl and Countess of Kilmorey.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Earl of Kilmorey, K.P.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 13 July 1901: Saturday, 50 [of 84], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010713/237/0050. Print: title the same, p. 60.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1901 July 4, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke — dressed &quot;in pale grey, with her pretty little girl,&quot; 6-year-old Daphne — attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Countess of Yarborough's Children's Party|children's party hosted by the Countess of Yarborough]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Countess of Yarborough ....&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 13 July 1901, Saturday: 76 [of 84], Col. 2b, 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010713/381/0076. Print p. xxxvi.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 3a}}

'''1901 July 4–6, Thursday–Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke helped staff the Perthshire stall&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Great County Sale.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 29 June 1901, Saturday: 43 [of 72], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010629/223/0043# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010629/223/0043]. Same print title, pp. 679.&lt;/ref&gt; at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Great County Sale|Great County Sale in the Imperial Gardens of the Earl's Court Exhibition]].

'''1901 July 20, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' published the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke's portrait (identified with &quot;Perthshire&quot;) in its 3rd series of &quot;The Great County Sale at Earl's Court. Portraits of Stallholders.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Great County Sale at Earl's Court. Portraits of Stallholders.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 20 July 1901, Saturday: 31 [of 60], Col. 4b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010720/141/0031. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt; Their daughter Daphne appears in the portrait as well.

'''1901 July 23, Tuesday''', an &quot;Hon. Mrs. Bourke&quot; was in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox|party &quot;entertained by Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox]].&quot;&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 September 12, Thursday''', Mrs. Guendoline Bourke wanted her name listed as Mrs. Algernon Bourke in the Electoral Register, apparently a frequent complaint:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Underhill, the Conservative agent, mentioned to the Revising Barrister (Mr. William F. Webster) that the name of the Hon. Mrs. Guendoline Bourke was on the list in respect of the house, 75, Gloucester-place. The lady had written to him to say that she was the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke and that she wished that name to appear on the register. In reply to the Revising Barrister, Mr. Underhill said that “Algernon” was the name of the lady’s husband.

Mr. Cooke, the rate-collector, said that Mrs. Bourke had asked to be addressed Mrs. Algernon Bourke, but that the Town Clerk thought the address was not a correct one. The lady signed her cheques Guendoline.”

Mr. Underhill said the agents frequently had indignant letters from ladies because they were not addressed by their husband’s Christian name.

The Revising Barrister — lf a lady gave me the name of Mrs. John Smith I should say I had not got the voter’s name. The name Guendoline must remain.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;&quot;Ladies’ Names.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 12 September 1901, Thursday: 7 [of 10], Col. 3a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/19010912/130/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1901 October 26, Friday''', Algernon Bourke was on the Men's Committee of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Club Ice-skating Rink|Prince's Club Ice-skating Rink]], which had [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Prince's Club Ice-skating Rink Opening|its official opening on his day]]. 

'''1902 January''', Algernon Bourke is mentioned in [[Social Victorians/Schools#&quot;More of My Contemporaries at School.&quot;|reminiscences of Eton written by the &quot;Earl of X&quot;]] as being among those in the &quot;world of letters,&quot; and whose brother, later the Earl of Mayo, the Earl of X did not like. 

'''1902 January 25, Saturday''', Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave a box to Lady Helen Stewart-Vane-Tempest in honor of [[Social Victorians/Stewart-Stavordale Wedding 1902-01-25|Lady Helen's wedding to Giles Fox-Strangways, Lord Stavordale]]. 

'''1902 April 26, Saturday''', Mrs. A. Bourke is listed as being at the Norfolk Hotel in Brighton.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Guide to Visitors at Hotels and Boarding Houses.&quot; ''Brighton Gazette'' 26 April 1902, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000938/19020426/116/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt; 

'''1902 May, End of''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#End of May 1902|party at Blenheim Palace hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough]]. 

'''1902 June 11, Monday''', the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke had a dog entered in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Ladies' Kennel Association Show|Ladies' Kennel Association competitions in the Botanic Gardens]]. 

'''1902 September 4, Thursday''', the ''Daily Express'' reported that &quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke is staying with Lord and Lady Alington at Scarborough.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Onlooker.&quot; &quot;My Social Diary.&quot; &quot;Where People Are.&quot; ''Daily Express'' 04 September 1902, Thursday: 5 [of 8], Col. 1b? [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004848/19020904/099/0005. Print p. 4, Col. 7b [of 7].&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1902 September 22, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke was a guest at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Earl and Countess of Mar and Kellie's House Party|large house party hosted by the Earl and Countess of Mar and Kellie]].

'''1902 October 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Annual Opening of the Prince's Ice-skating Rink|opened the Prince's ice-skating rink for the season]], which he had been doing since 1895.

'''1902 October 25, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was bequeathed £500 by his uncle [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Robert Bourke]], who had died 3 September 1902.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Will of Lord Connemara.&quot; ''Kildare Observer and Eastern Counties Advertiser'' 25 October 1902, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 4b–c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001870/19021025/037/0002. Print title the ''Kildare Observer'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 October 31, Friday''', the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Annual Opening of the Prince's Ice-skating Rink|7th opening of the Prince's Skating Club]]. Guendoline Bourke was on the Women's Committee and Algernon Bourke was on the Men's.&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 November 8, Friday, beginning, perhaps''', Guendoline Bourke was part of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#8 November 1902, Saturday|Earl and Countess of Warwick's shooting party at Easton Lodge]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 December 9, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#9 December 1902, Tuesday|Lady Eva Wyndham-Quin's &quot;at home,&quot; held at the Welch Industrial depot]] for the sale Welsh-made Christmas gifts and cards. Bourke wore &quot;a fur coat and a black picture hat.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Lady Correspondent.&quot; &quot;Society in London.&quot; ''South Wales Daily News'' 11 December 1902, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000919/19021211/082/0004. Print p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1903 February 6, Friday''', Hon. Mrs A. Bourke was present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Dinner Party Hosted by Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and the Countess of Dudley|dinner party Hosted by Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and the Countess of Dudley]]. &lt;p&gt;

'''1903 February 9, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke was present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Dinner Party Hosted by Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and the Countess of Dudley|house party at Dublin Castle hosted by the Lord Lieutenant and Countess of Dudley that began the Viceregal season]].

'''1903 March 17, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke staffed a booth at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1903 March 17, Tuesday|sale of the Irish Industries Association]] on St. Patrick's Day with [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Lady Mayo]], [[Social Victorians/People/Dudley|Georgina Lady Dudley]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Miss Beresford]]. A number of other aristocratic women were also present at the sale in other booths, including [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Lady Londonderry]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Lucan|Lady Lucan]].

'''1903 June 19, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke was invited to the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Grand Ball in the Waterloo Chamber at Windsor Castle|grand ball at Windsor Castle]], the end of the Ascot-week festivities.

'''1903 June 23, Tuesday''', Guendoline and Daphne Bourke were invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1903 June 23, Tuesday|children's party at Buckingham Palace for Prince Eddie's birthday]].

'''1903 July 10, Friday, or so''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Party Hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough|party hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough]].

'''1904 May 17, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke had agreed to let Daphne appear in the tableaux vivants arranged by Sir Philip Burne-Jones for the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Countess Cadogan's Great Bazaar|Countess of Cadogan's great bazaar]]. Some mothers had had to decline because of the outbreaks of measles and chicken pox.&lt;p&gt;

'''1904 June 30, Thursday''', Guendoline and Daphne Bourke attended another birthday party for Prince Eddie at Buckingham Palace, and the ''Gentlewoman'' says, &quot;No prettier little girl was to be seen that day than little Miss Daphne Bourke, the daughter of the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke, with her wonderful Irish eyes and colouring, her pretty white frock being relieved with a rose pink sash.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Prince Eddie's Birthday.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 02 July 1904, Saturday: 68 [of 92]. Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19040702/360/0068. Print: title the same, p. 42.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1904 September 15, Thursday''', according to what was at the time called the ''Irish Daily Independent and Nation'', Algernon Bourke was living in Venice and not in the UK at this point:&lt;blockquote&gt;Algernon Bourke, who usually lives in Venice, has spent some time in England during the present summer, and has now gone on a fishing expedition to Sweden, accompanied by his brother, Lord Mayo. Lady Mayo has been staying meanwhile in Ireland, and has had a visit from her mother, Lady Maria Ponsonby, who is a sister of Lend Obventry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;&quot;Society Notes.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 15 September 1904, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001986/19040915/131/0004. Print title: ''Irish Daily Independent and Nation'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1904 October 22, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' reported that &quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke is paying a visit to Venice, which Mr. Bourke has made his headquarters for several years past, as he is connected with some very artistic stone and marble works situated near the Grand Canal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 22 October 1904, Saturday: 24 [of 6ths 8], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19041022/112/0024. Print title same, p. 672.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1905 February 17, Friday''', the Dundee ''Evening Post'' reported that Algernon Bourke &quot;set up a shop in Venice for the sale of art treasures and old furniture.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social News.&quot; Dundee ''Evening Post'' 17 February 1905, Friday: 6 [of 6], Col. 7b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000582/19050217/105/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1905 April 26, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#New Forest United Hunt Ball|New Forest United Hunt Ball]], as did her brother Captain R. C. H. Sloane Stanley and his wife Olivia Countess Cairns.&lt;p&gt;

'''1905 June 5, Monday''', Algernon Bourke wrote to the ''Times'' from Venice that &quot;The Venetian wits have suggested a motto for Admiral Togo, Togo Tenga Tutto (Togo takes the lot).&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr. Algernon Bourke.&quot; ''Hull Daily Mail'' 08 June 1905, Thursday: 2 [of 6], Col. 6a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000324/19050608/008/0002. Print title ''Daily Mail'', p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1905, last week of July''', Guendoline Bourke and daughter Daphne Bourke — who was 10 years old — attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Last week of July, 1905|Lady Cadogan's children's party at Chelsea House]]. Daphne was &quot;One of loveliest little girls present.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Social News.&quot; ''Belfast News-Letter'' 01 August 1905, Tuesday: 7 [of 10], Col. 6b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000038/19050801/157/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1906 March 9, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke was a reference for Mr. Frances Burgess, who taught piano, singing, voice production, organ and music theory. Burgess was &quot;Organist and Choirmaster of St. Columbs', North Kensington, Director of the Plainsong and Medieval Music Society's Choir, etc., etc.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot;&gt;&quot;Mr. Francis Burgess.&quot; ''Kilburn Times'' 9 March 1906, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001813/19060309/086/0003. Print title: ''Kilburn Times Hampstead and North-western Press'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1906 December 10, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke was seen in the tea room, possibly with Lady Grosvenor, at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1906 December 10, Monday|Lady Dudley's sale of Irish needlework]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1907 May''', a &quot;naval signalling incident&quot; [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#May 1887|caused the Waterford ''Evening News'' to recall a similar event]] that had occurred 20 years earlier, in which Algernon Bourke, as special correspondent for the ''Times'', publicized [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles Beresford]]'s use of his ship's signalling capabilities to send a message to his wife about being late for dinner:&lt;blockquote&gt;

The naval signalling incident is still in the air. It is expected that the matter will not be threshed out until Emperor William leaves England. A story of a former signalling incident in which [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles Beresford]] was concerned is going the rounds at the moment.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1907 August 24, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was present at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Polo Week at Eaton Hall, Duke and Duchess of Westminster|Polo Week at Eaton Hall, hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Westminster]].

'''1908 July 30, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke was at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Glorious Goodwood. Cup Day and Dresses.|Cup Day at the Goodwood races]], wearing salmon-pink with a matching hat.

'''1909 April 20, Tuesday''', Lady Rosemary Cairns — daughter of Olivia Sloan-Stanley, Countess Cairns and Cyril Sloane-Stanley — and Wyndham Portal were [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#20 April 1909, Tuesday|married in St. Margaret's, Westminster]]. Lavender and Diane Sloane-Stanley were bridesmaids.&lt;p&gt;

'''1909 May 22, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke appears to have been living in Pisa. A columnist for the ''Queen'' reported on the Royal School of Art Needlework:&lt;blockquote&gt;Lady Leconfield [?] was there, also her sister-in-law, the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Dowager Lady Mayo]], only just back from her winter on the Continent, when she spent most of the time at Pisa, where her son Mr Algernon Bourke has also been staying. The latter is a great connoisseur as regards [art?] notably in what is really good in the way of old Italian sculpture and carving. He and his handsome wife have a place near to Putney, and this winter again Mr Bourke, as the result of his Italian travels, has been sending home such relics of the old Italian palace gardens as as stone and marble carved vases, garden seats, and what-not of the kind — not all for himself and his own gardens by any means, I fancy; but his friends, relying on his knowledge in such matters, get him when abroad to choose for [them?] the adornment of their English terraces and gardens.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;My Social Diary.&quot; The ''Queen'' 22 May 1909, Saturday: 31 [of 86], Col. 1b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/19090522/203/0031. Print p. 871.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1909 September''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was among the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Visitors in Venice from the U.K.|many visitors from &quot;England&quot; in Venice]] in September.

=== 1910s ===
'''1910 April 20, Wednesday''', the ''Tatler'' printed an &quot;open letter&quot; to Geraldine, Countess of Mayo, as part of its &quot;The Searchlight in Society&quot; series and mentioned Algernon Bourke, saying he had been keeping &quot;a curiosity shop at Venice&quot;:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Bourkes have brains, and a good example is afforded by Mr. Algernon Bourke, next brother to Lord Mayo and heir-presumptive to the title. He is a good-looking man who used to be known as Buttons Bourke, and he married well, as his wife was the rich and pretty Miss Guendolen Sloane Stanley. He may be described as a &quot;Jack of all trades,&quot; but it is not I who will say that he is a master of none. He was once in the Stock Exchange, then he took White's Club in hand and restored it to much of its former prestige. After that he dabbled in smart hotels and restaurants, and the last thing I heard of him was that he kept a curiosity shop at Venice.&lt;ref&gt;Candida. &quot;The Searchlight in Society. Our Open Letter. No. CII. The Countess of Mayo.&quot; The ''Tatler'' 20 April 1910, Wednesday: 18 [of 42], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001852/19100420/023/0018. Print title same, p. 72.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1911 November 21, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke assisted the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#21 November 1911, Tuesday|Duchess of Marlborough at her at-home]] that included a sale of work by the wives of prisoners.&lt;p&gt;

'''1912 September 27, Friday''', Guendoline and Daphne Bourke were visiting Mr. and Mrs. Shelley Bontein, her mother and stepfather.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From 'The World.'&quot; ''Berks and Oxon Advertiser'' 27 September 1912, Friday: 2 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002298/19120927/014/0002. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1913 April 23, Wednesday''', the Irish Independent reported that Guendoline and Daphne Bourke had arrived in London for the season:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke and Miss Bourke have arrived for the season at 75 Gloucester place, Portman square, London.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social and Personal.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 23 April 1913, Wednesday: 4 [of 10], Col. 5b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001715/19130423/081/0004. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1913 May 7, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke presented her daughter Daphne Bourke at court:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke presented her daughter, and wore blue and gold broché with a gold lace train.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social and Personal.&quot; London ''Daily Chronicle'' 08 May 1913, Thursday: 6 [of 12], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005049/19130508/120/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

The ''Pall Mall Gazette'' has a description of Daphne Bourke's dress, but what exactly &quot;chiffon [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hoops|paniers]]&quot; means in 1913 is not clear:&lt;blockquote&gt;Court dressmakers appear to have surpassed all previous records in their efforts to make the dresses for to-night’s Court as beautiful as possible. Noticeable among these is the dainty presentation gown to be worn by Miss Bourke, who will be presented by her mother, the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke. This has a skirt of soft white satin draped with chiffon [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hoops|paniers]] and a bodice veiled with chiffon and trimmed with diamanté and crystal embroidery. Miss Bourke’s train, gracefully hung from the shoulders, is of white satin lined with pale rose pink chiffon and embroidered with crystal and diamanté.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Fashion Day by Day. Lovely Gowns for To-night's Court.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 07 May 1913, Wednesday: 13 [of 18], Col. 1a [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/19130507/199/0013. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The ''London Evening Standard'' describes Guendoline and Daphne Bourke the same way except with differences in editing:&lt;blockquote&gt;Miss Bourke: Presented by her mother, the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke. Dainty presentation gown of white satin, the skirt draped with chiffon paniers, bodice veiled chiffon and trimmed with diamanté and crystal embroidery. Train gracefully hung from shoulder of white satin embroidered with crystal and diamanté, lined with pale rose pink chiffon.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Some of the Dresses.&quot; &quot;The King and Queen. Third Court. Most Brilliant of the Year.&quot; ''London Evening Standard'' 08 May 1913, Thursday: 11 [of 18], Col. 4b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/19130508/237/0011. Print title ''The Standard'', p. 11.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

According to the ''Lady's Pictorial'', Daphne Bourke's dress was designed and constructed by [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Messrs Russell and Allen|Messrs. Russell and Allen]], Old Bond-street, W., and the description is identical (except for a couple of commas).&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Their Majesties' Court.&quot; ''Lady's Pictorial'' 17 May 1913, Saturday: 35 [of 64], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005980/19130517/296/0035. Same print title, p. 787.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1914 May 11, Monday''', Guendoline and Daphne Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#Dance at the Ritz Hosted by Mrs. George Marjoribanks|dance at the Ritz hosted by Mrs. George Marjoribanks]].

'''1915 January 1, Friday''', Algernon Bourke is listed as being on the Executive Committee of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#1915 January 1, Friday|National Food Fund, publicized by the ''Conservative and Unionist Women's Franchise Review'']].

'''1916 August 25, Friday''', Daphne Bourke's and John Fortescue's engagement was announced:&lt;blockquote&gt;A most attractive prospective bride (says the &quot;Star&quot;) is Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke's only daughter, Miss Daphne Bourke, whose engagement has just taken place to Mr. Fortescue, of the Coldstream Guards. Miss Bourke is tall, dark, and very beautiful; and Mr. Fortescue is one of the family of Boconoc, Cornwall, and Dropmore, Maidenhead. At the latter place the two families have been neighbours, for Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke have a charming country residence at Taplow, while Dropmore is famous for its magnificent gardens.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Personalia.&quot; ''Uxbridge &amp; W. Drayton Gazette'' 25 August 1916, Friday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002285/19160825/043/0004. Print title ''The Advertiser'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''1917 June 7, Thursday''', Daphne Bourke and John Grenville Fortescue [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#7 June 1917, Thursday|married in the Coldstream Guards' chapel]].

== Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball ==
According to both the ''Morning Post'' and the ''Times'', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was among the Suite of Men in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#&quot;Oriental&quot; Procession|&quot;Oriental&quot; procession]] at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&quot;Fancy Dress Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; ''Morning Post'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 4a–8 Col. 2b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970703/054/0007.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;&quot;Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; The ''Times'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 12, Cols. 1a–4c ''The Times Digital Archive''. Web. 28 Nov. 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Based on the people they were dressed as, Guendoline Bourke was probably in this procession but it seems unlikely that Algernone Bourke was.

[[File:Guendoline-Irene-Emily-Bourke-ne-Sloane-Stanley-as-Salammb.jpg|thumb|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a standing woman richly dressed in an historical costume with a headdress and a very large fan|Hon. '''Guendoline''' Bourke as Salammbô. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]
=== Hon. Guendoline Bourke ===
[[File:Alfons Mucha - 1896 - Salammbô.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Highly stylized orange-and-yellow painting of a bare-chested woman with a man playing a harp at her feet|Alfons Mucha's 1896 ''Salammbô''.]]
Lafayette's portrait (right) of &quot;Guendoline Irene Emily Bourke (née Sloane-Stanley) as Salammbô&quot; in costume is photogravure #128 in the '''Album''' presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;&quot;Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball (1897): photogravures by Walker &amp; Boutall after various photographers.&quot; 1899. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait-list.php?set=515.&lt;/ref&gt; The printing on the portrait says, &quot;The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke as Salammbo.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;&quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke as Salammbo.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158491/Guendoline-Irene-Emily-Bourke-ne-Sloane-Stanley-as-Salammb.&lt;/ref&gt;

The Lafayette Archive has 2 additional poses from the same session on 5 July 1897 as the one chosen for the Album:

* Same image as the Album photograph but higher resolution than the one the National Portrait Gallery, London, gives permission to post (Neg. No. GP [L] [http://lafayette.org.uk/bou1369.html 1369]).
* Standing with fan behind head, includes close-up of skirt fabric and left hand (Neg. No. GP [L] [http://lafayette.org.uk/bou1368-444.html 1368-444]).
* Reclining on pillows and furs, includes close-up of face and headdress (Neg. No. GP [L] [http://lafayette.org.uk/bou1368-442.html 1368-442]).

==== Newspaper Accounts ====
The Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke was dressed as Salambo in the Oriental procession&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; in a costume made by [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Mrs. Mason|Mrs. Mason]], although Russell Harris says [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Mr. Charles Alias|Charles Alias]] was the &quot;Costume supplier.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://lafayette.org.uk/bou1369.html|title=Hon Mrs Algernon Bourke (1870-1967), née Guendoline Irene Emily Sloane-Stanley by Lafayette 1897|website=lafayette.org.uk|access-date=2025-07-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Besides the two that mention her — the ''Morning Post'' and the ''Times'' — only two describe her costume, the London ''Evening Standard'' and the ''Gentlewoman'':
* &quot;Mrs. A. Bourke, as an Egyptian Princess, with the Salambo coiffure, wore a flowing gown of white and silver gauze covered with embroidery of lotus flowers. The top of the gown was ornamented with old green satin embroidered with blue turquoise and gold, and studded with rubies. The train was of old green broché with sides of orange and gold embroidery, and from the ceinture depended long bullion fringe and an embroidered ibis.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“The Ball at Devonshire House. Magnificent Spectacle. Description of the Dresses.” London ''Evening Standard'' 3 July 1897 Saturday: 3 [of 12], Cols. 1a–5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/18970703/015/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 3, Col. 3b}}
* &quot;(Egyptian Princess), drapery gown of white and silver gauze, covered with embroidery of lotus flowers; the top of gown appliqué with old green satin embroidered blue turquoise and gold, studded rubies; train of old green broché.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 40, Col. 3a}}

==== Commentary on Her Costume ====

*The heavy headdress is likely attached to a wig and further stabilized by something under Bourke's chin and by the filet around her forehead. The flowers appear to have jewels at the center. What looks like a neck treatment is probably part of the structure holding the headpiece in place. The placement of the flowers is clearly a copy of the headdress worn by Rose Caron in the 1892 Paris production of the Reyer opera. Made by Eugène Lacoste, this textile, metal and pearl ''coiffe'' still exists (https://www.gazette-drouot.com/article/bijoux-d-opera/54941) and is held by the Bibliothèque Nationale de France.&lt;ref&gt;Merle, Sandrine. &quot;Les bijoux d’Opéra en pleine lumière au Palais Garnier.&quot; ''La Gazette Druout'' 4 July 2025 (No. 26). Retrieved July 2025

https://www.gazette-drouot.com/article/bijoux-d-opera/54941.&lt;/ref&gt; It seems to have been constructed from metal for the gold framework with the leaf design, beads attached to hanging metal frameworks (the blue-green beads look like they're covered with fabric or wrapped with thread) and flowers that may have been made from stiffened pinked fabric (likely organdy) whose color may have darkened in the century that has passed.
*Bourke's posture as she leans in the reclining odalisque pose shows she is wearing a corset.
*The translucent overskirt looks like an apron attached under the bust and hanging from the bodice.
*Russell Harris says the large fan looks more Egyptian rather than Carthaginian.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt; 
*The fullness of the skirt is very controlled.
*Her shoes are slippers decorated with real or artificial jewels.

==== Salammbô ====
Salammbô is the fictitious protagonist in Gustave Flaubert's 1862 novel ''Salammbô'', set during the Roman war against Carthage.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-04-29|title=Salammbô|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salammb%C3%B4&amp;oldid=1221352216|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salammb%C3%B4.&lt;/ref&gt; Salammbô is a Carthaginian priestess of the lunar goddess Tanit. Matho, a Roman mercenary, breaks into Tanit's temple and steals her sacred veil — the spiritual guardian of Carthage. Salammbô sneaks into the enemy encampment to steal the veil back. She meets Matho in his tent, and &quot;believing each other to be divine apparitions,&quot; they make love,&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; although it is also a defilement. Salammbô succceds in getting the veil back, but Matho is tortured and executed, which causes her to die of shock, the effect of both having touched the veil. The plot of the opera is not identical to that of the novel.

What Guendoline Bourke saw in Salammbo as representative of herself is difficult to know, unless the costume itself appealed to her. A production of Ernest Reyer's opera ''Salammbô'', based on Flaubert's novel and published in Paris in 1890, opened at the Paris Opéra on 16 May 1892,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-04-11|title=Ernest Reyer|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Reyer&amp;oldid=1218353215|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Reyer.&lt;/ref&gt; starring Madame Rose Caron, with Mademoiselle Lucienne Bréval performing when Caron was on vacation.&lt;ref&gt;Jullienn, Adolphe. &quot;Mademoiselle Lucienne Bréval de L'Académie Nationale de Musique [or de l'Opéra in the Table of Contents].&quot; ''Le Théatre'' April 1898 (No. 4). Google Books https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/_oxRAQAAMAAJ. Pp. 8–10.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|8, Col. 2c}} This production was widely reviewed and discussed in the papers in the UK, and its production design was notable, especially Caron's costumes, the sets and [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#Scale of the Production of Salammbo|the very scale of the production]]. Bourke or her costumier clearly saw the opera or images of the performers or its posters, certainly influencing the design of her costume.

* Rose Caron in her Salammbo costume is here: https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/rose-caron-french-soprano-in-costume-in-the-title-role-of-news-photo/1439485238.
* A headshot of Bréval in costume is here: https://books.google.com/books/content?id=_oxRAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=RA3-PP7&amp;img=1&amp;zoom=3&amp;hl=en&amp;bul=1&amp;sig=ACfU3U2Gv8Os_rEmx2gM9SakJkYLJ9hW7g&amp;ci=6%2C1%2C988%2C1371&amp;edge=0.)
* &quot;Salammbo's hair [was] powdered with a violet dust when she first appeared before the eyes of Matho.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Salome.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 27 February 1893, Monday: 3 [of 8]. Col. 2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18930227/010/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

Salammbo figured in paintings, sculptures and illustrations of editions of Flaubert's novel before Ernest Reyer's 1890 opera. Translations and illustrated editions of Flaubert's novel had come out steadily beginning in the 1880s. Alfons Mucha's 1896 lithograph of Salammbô (above left) was published the year before the ball. Salammbo is often depicted as nude and highly sexual or sexualized (kissing a huge snake, for example, that she holds aloft). Reyer's opera was first produced in 1890 in Brussels. Both Modest Mussorgsky and Sergei Rachmaninoff had attempted but not completed operas based on the novel as well.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; 


Guendoline Bourke's costume and her social life as reported in the newspapers do not suggest that she was a big risk-taker like, for example, the eccentric la Comtesse de Castiglione, who appeared at a ball in a Salammbo costume in 1886, 4 years after Flaubert's novel was first published. In 1889 the ''Edinburgh Evening News'' exaggerates her nudity and doesn't describe the rush in the ballroom to see her but does address the lingering memory:&lt;blockquote&gt;The late Countess Castiglione, whose death in Paris is recorded yesterday, made her first appearance at the Imperial Court in 1866, where her extraordinary beauty made a great impression on Napoleon III., and eventually led to the Empress Eugenie’s undertaking an unexpected and much-talked-of visit to Scotland. The Countess had a face and complexion which would have enchanted Rubens, and her lovely golden hair touched her feet. Even at the present day Paris has not forgotten her costume, or rather absence of costume as Salammbo, in which character she figured at a certain memorable ball at the Tuileries, wearing her hair, her jewels, and very little else. The Empress Eugenie, when she was presented to her thus lightly arrayed, declared that she must be cold, and insisted upon her there and then donning a mantle. Mme. de Castiglione was never again invited to an entertainment over which the Empress Eugenie presided.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Countess’ Queer Ball Costume.&quot; ''Edinburgh Evening News'' 2 December 1899, Saturday: 2 [of 6], Col. 7b [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000452/18991202/024/0002. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Given how widely this incident was discussed at the time of the death of la Comtesse in 1889, Guendoline Bourke might easily have known about it. But she was developing relationships with people like the Princess of Wales, and what Countess Castigiolone did does not sound at all like her. 

===== Scale of the Production of ''Salammbo'' =====

* &quot;In Reyer's opera of 'Salammbo,' lately produced at the Grand Opera in Paris, there were 1,400 persons on the stage in the last act.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Facts and Fancies.&quot; ''Louth and North Lincolnshire Advertiser'' 9 July 1892, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 6c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000313/18920709/038/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;the battle scene in [''Salammbo''] requires no less than 3000 square yards of 'decorative surface' [probably canvas]. This establishes a record, the next largest surface being that of the salles des fetes in 'Don Giovanni.'&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A French paper gives interesting details....&quot; ''Sevenoaks Chronicle and Kentish Advertiser'' 26 August 1892, Friday: 2 [of 8], Col. 3c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001067/18920826/032/0002. Same print title, n.p.

&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Influence of the Production of ''Salammbo'' =====
Rose Caron's productions were influential, including for the costumes she wore. The 1892 ''Lohengrin'' she starred in was the source of the costumes worn by [[Social Victorians/People/Stonor#Julia Caroline Stonor, Marquise of Hautpoul|Julia Stonor, Marquise of Hautpoul]] and her brother, [[Social Victorians/People/Stonor#Hon. Harry Stonor|Hon. Harry Stonor]].

Women's clothing was influenced by the costumes in the opera, particularly those worn by Rose Caron. One color of intense red was called Salammbo. A bonnet was named the Salammbô:&lt;blockquote&gt;About the smartest thing in bonnets for ordinary complimentary mourning is called the Salammbô, and is copied from a head-dress worn by a leading artiste at one of the Paris theatres. It is made of jet, and has a rose on each side of the front from the centres of which rise two black ospreys.&lt;ref&gt;Mantalini, Miss. &quot;The Shows in the London Shops. With Mems. about Millinery.&quot; ''Pall Mall Budget'' 29 December 1892, Thursday: 22 [of 40], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005967/18921229/092/0022. Same print title, p. 1928.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;In a long illustrated article describing the wedding of Princess Marie of Edinburgh, the ''Lady's Pictorial'' provides a sketch of &quot;a very pretty [hat] (No. 4) of brown mirror velvet trimmed with mink and a brown velvet bow in front '''with Salammbo''' '&lt;nowiki/&gt;''fantaisie''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'&quot; that is among the bride's millinery.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Marriage of H.R.H. Princess Marie of Edinburgh and H.R.H. Ferdinand Crown Prince of Roumania.&quot; ''Lady's Pictorial'' 14 January 1893, Saturday: 40 [of 76], Col. 3c [of 3]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005980/18930114/064/0040. Same print title, p. 56.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

Shoes appeared:&lt;blockquote&gt;At Mrs Merritt's, Savile-street, the stock is particularly attractive, there being so many new styles in shoes this season. One of the latest designs is the Salammbo Shoe, glace kid, with one strap, a jet buckle, and very low French heels. This shoe is especially designed for tender feet, as it is very light in weight.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;House and Home. Local Letter for Women Reader [sic], (By Our Lady Contributor).&quot; ''Hull Daily Mail'' 22 July 1897, Thursday: 5 [of 6], Col. 1b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000324/18970722/069/0005. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Patterns for making the Tunique Romaine and Corsage Salammbo were for sale just a few months after the opening:&lt;blockquote&gt;Some of the leading fashionable novelties described in ''Le Follet de Paris'' are almost ahead of the season, but they look so well that it will not be long before our provincial dressmakers have them. A revival and modification of the ancient tunic is one item which is transforming the modern gowns of tailor-built tweeds into long clinging draperies, of simple cut but ineffable grace. We have had the Russian blouse with us now for the last couple of months. Now the reign of Tunique Romaine and Corsage Salambo is upon us.

... [including the address to send off for the patterns]

A very successful novelty is the ''corsage'' “Salammbo.” In reality, it is more of a blouse and short tunic than a ''corsage'', as there is no attempt at shaping to the figure. In [sic] consists, indeed, of two straight pieces of material cut round on the shoulders, where the back and front are fastened together by clasps. There is no arm-hole, and the two pieces meet at the waist under the arm, and then hang open on to the skirt. There being no dart, the waist is as wide as the shoulders; the fullness is drawn to the centre under a ''ceinture Russe'', or of oxydised silver. The outlines are trimmed with ''galon'' or some similar garniture. The &quot;Salammbo” ''guimpe'' or ''corsage'' are made of flannel or ''mousseline de laine'' of bright colour, and are worn with fitting bodices or skirts of serge, or woollen of dark colour. They are very effective, and nothing can be easier to make, while their addition to a frock constitutes a separate costume.

The fitting bodices worn under the ''guimpes'' or ''robes'' &quot;Salammbo&quot; are very simply made; being round-waisted, they are without side pieces, and only require a seam under each arm; one in the centre of the back, and one or two darts in front, according to the figure. The skirt is mounted on a round waistband, and the ''ceinture'' worn over this gives the bodice and skirt the effect of a princess dress.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Womans Ceilidh.&quot; ''Oban Times and Argyllshire Advertiser'' 3 September 1892, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 6a–b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000462/18920903/078/0003. Print title: ''The Oban Times'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Stationery even before the opera opened in Paris:&lt;blockquote&gt;The last fad in fancy stationery is the carte Salammbo, a delightfully smooth surface for writing upon, the envelopes are very small, square, and of the wallet make; the paper folds over once to fit. The newest shades are rose pink, pale English blue, apple green, and the evergreen heliotrope.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Fashions of the Month.&quot; ''Nottinghamshire Guardian'' 27 February 1892, Saturday: 7 [of 8], Col. 2b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000176/18920227/059/0007. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:Algernon Henry Bourke Vanity Fair 20 January 1898.jpg|thumb|alt=Old colored drawing of an elegant elderly man dressed in a 19th-century tuxedo with a cloak, top hat and formal pointed shoes with bows, standing facing 1/4 to his right|''Algy'' — Algernon Henry Bourke — by &quot;Spy,&quot; ''Vanity Fair'' 20 January 1898]]

=== Hon. Algernon Bourke ===
[[File:Hon-Algernon-Henry-Bourke-as-Izaak-Walton.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a man richly dressed in an historical costume sitting in a fireplace that does not have a fire and holding a tankard|Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke as Izaak Walton. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]
'''Lafayette's portrait''' (left) of &quot;Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke as Izaak Walton&quot; in costume is photogravure #129 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; The printing on the portrait says, &quot;The Hon. Algernon Bourke as Izaak Walton.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hon. Algernon Bourke as Izaak Walton.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158492/Hon-Algernon-Henry-Bourke-as-Izaak-Walton.&lt;/ref&gt;

This portrait is amazing and unusual: Algernon Bourke is not using a photographer's set with theatrical flats and props, certainly not one used by anyone else at the ball itself. Isaak Walton (baptised 21 September 1593 – 15 December 1683) wrote ''The Compleat Angler''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2021-09-15|title=Izaak Walton|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Izaak_Walton&amp;oldid=1044447858|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izaak_Walton.&lt;/ref&gt; A cottage Walton lived in and willed to the people of Stafford was photographed in 1888, suggesting that its relationship to Walton was known in 1897, raising a question about whether Bourke could have used the fireplace in the cottage for his portrait. (This same cottage still exists, as the [https://www.staffordbc.gov.uk/izaak-waltons-cottage Isaak Walton Cottage] museum.)

A caricature portrait (right) of the Hon. Algernon Bourke, called &quot;Algy,&quot; by Leslie Ward (&quot;Spy&quot;) was published in the 20 January 1898 issue of ''Vanity Fair'' as Number 702 in its &quot;Men of the Day&quot; series,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-01-14|title=List of Vanity Fair (British magazine) caricatures (1895–1899)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)_caricatures_(1895%E2%80%931899)&amp;oldid=1195518024|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)_caricatures_(1895%E2%80%931899).&lt;/ref&gt; giving an indication of what he looked like out of costume.

=== Mr. and Mrs. Bourke ===
The ''Times'' made a distinction between the Hon. Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke and Mr. and Mrs. Bourke, including both in the article.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Occasionally this same article mentions the same people more than once in different contexts and parts of the article, so they may be the same couple. (See [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#Notes and Question|Notes and Question]] #2, below.)

== Demographics ==

=== The Bourkes ===
*Nationality: Anglo-Irish&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020-11-14|title=Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo&amp;oldid=988654078|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Occupation: journalist. 1895: restaurant, hotel and club owner and manager&lt;ref&gt;''Cheltenham Looker-On'', 23 March 1895. Via Ancestry but taken from the BNA.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Residences ====
*Ireland: 1873: Palmerston House, Straffan, Co. Kildare.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; Not Co. Mayo?
*1888–1891: 33 Cadogan Terrace, S.W., Kensington and Chelsea, a dwelling house&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970, Register of Voters, 1891.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1894: 181 Pavilion Road, Kensington and Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970. Register of Voters, 1894. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1900: 181 Pavilion Road, Kensington and Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970. Register of Voters, 1900. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1904: Algernon Bourke was &quot;usually liv[ing] in Venice&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;
*1906: 75, Gloucester-place, W.&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot; /&gt;
*Guendoline Bourke
*1911: 1911 Fulham, London&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
*20 Eaton Square, S.W. (in 1897)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pl0oAAAAYAAJ|title=Who's who|date=1897|publisher=A. &amp; C. Black|language=en}} 712, Col. 1b.&lt;/ref&gt; (London home of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]])

=== The Sloane-Stanleys ===

==== Residences ====

* 1871: Chester Street, St George Hanover Square (Census), with 5 servants, including a cook and a footman.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;The National Archives; Kew, London, England; ''1871 England Census''; Class: ''RG10''; Piece: ''104''; Folio: ''21''; Page: ''37''; GSU roll: ''838763''. Ancestry.com. ''1871 England Census'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1881–1885&lt;ref&gt;''UK, City and County Directories, 1600s-1900s''. Ancestry.com. ''UK, City and County Directories, 1766 - 1946'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; [at least]: 14 Halkin Street, W., St. Georges, 14 servants, including a governess, a house steward, an under butler, a footman and a cook.&lt;ref&gt;''Census Returns of England and Wales, 1881''. Kew, Surrey, England: The National Archives of the UK (TNA): Public Record Office (PRO), 1881. Class: ''RG11''; Piece: ''98''; Folio: ''66''; Page: ''37''; GSU roll: ''1341022''. Ancestry.com and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. ''1881 England Census'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1888: 49, Cadogan-square, St. Luke, Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Ancestry.com. ''London, England, Overseer Returns, 1863-1894'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1899, Roger Cyril Sloane-Stanley: 4 Down St., St George, Hanover Square&lt;ref&gt;London Metropolitan Archives; London, England; ''Electoral Registers''. Ancestry.com. ''London, England, Electoral Registers, 1832-1965'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1911, Roger Cyril Sloane-Stanley: Paultons, Ower, Romsey

== Family ==
*Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke (31 December 1854 – 7 April 1922)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p29657.htm#i296561|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Guendoline Irene Emily Sloane-Stanley Bourke (c. 1869 – 30 December 1967)&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&quot;Guendoline Irene Emily Stanley.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p51525.htm#i515247|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
#Daphne Marjory Bourke (5 April 1895 – 22 May 1962)

=== Relations ===
*Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke (the 3rd son of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|6th Earl of Mayo]]) was the older brother of Lady Florence Bourke.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
*Wilfred Blunt was a cousin of Algernon Bourke: Bourke's mother's &quot;mother was one of the Blunts of Crabbet Park, Sussex, which makes them kinswomen of Mr. Alfred Scawen Blunt, poet, Egyptophil and counsel for Arabi Pasha in his trial.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From ''Truth''.&quot; ''Mid-Lothian Journal'' 23 August 1912, Friday: 8 [of 8], 2c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002721/19120823/147/0008. Print title and p. same.&lt;/ref&gt;
*Lord Alfred Douglas was a cousin of Algernon Bourke.

==== Other Bourkes ====
*Hubert Edward Madden Bourke (after 1925, Bourke-Borrowes)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hubert Edward Madden Bourke-Borrowes.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p52401.htm#i524004|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2021-08-25}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p52401.htm#i524004.&lt;/ref&gt;
*Lady Eva Constance Aline Bourke, who married [[Social Victorians/People/Dunraven|Windham Henry Wyndham-Quin]] on 7 July 1885;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lady Eva Constance Aline Bourke.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p2575.htm#i25747|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-02}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p2575.htm#i25747.&lt;/ref&gt; he became 5th Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl on 14 June 1926.

=== The Sloane-Stanleys ===
* Emilie Josephine S Stanley ( 21 December 1848 [baptism]&lt;ref&gt;London Metropolitan Archives; &quot;London, England, UK&quot; ; ''London Church of England Parish Registers''; Reference Number: ''P87/Tri/001''. Ancestry.com. ''London, England, Church of England Births and Baptisms, 1813-1923'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;  – October 1945)
* Hans T Sloane Stanley (11 May 1840 [baptism]&lt;ref&gt;Ancestry.com. ''England, Select Births and Christenings, 1538-1975'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; – 15 December 1888&lt;ref&gt;Ancestry.com. ''UK and Ireland, Find a Grave® Index, 1300s-Current'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;)
* James Shell[e?]y Bontein ()
*# Gwendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt; Irene Emily G Stanley (c. 1870&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt; – )
*# '''Roger Cyril Hans Sloane Stanley''' (29 April 1875&lt;ref&gt;The National Archives; Kew, Surrey, England; ''WO 42 War Office: Officers' Birth Certificates, Wills and Personal Papers 1755-1908''; Reference: ''WO 42/72''. Ancestry.com. ''UK, Officers' Birth Certificates, Wills and Personal Papers, 1755-1908'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; – 18 November 1944&lt;ref&gt;''Find a Grave''. Find a Grave®. http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi. Ancestry.com. ''UK and Ireland, Find a Grave® Index, 1300s-Current'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;)


* Olivia Elizabeth Berens, Countess Cairns&lt;ref&gt;The National Archives of the UK (TNA); Kew, Surrey, England; ''Census Returns of England and Wales, 1911''. Ancestry.com. ''1911 England Census'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; (c. 1871 – 20 June 1951&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Olivia Elizabeth Berens.&quot; Person Page 3908; person #39077. ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as well as the Royal Families of Europe''. https://www.thepeerage.com/p3908.htm#i39077.

&lt;/ref&gt;)
* Arthur William Cairns, 2nd Earl Cairns (21 December 1861 – 14 January 1890)&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot;&gt;&quot;Arthur William Cairns, 2nd Earl Cairns.&quot; Person Page 3908; Person #39076. ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as well as the Royal Families of Europe''. https://www.thepeerage.com/p3908.htm#i39076.&lt;/ref&gt;
*# Lady Louise Rosemary Kathleen Virginia Cairns (10 March 1889 – 17 May 1962)&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot; /&gt;
* Roger Cyril Hans Sloane Stanley (1875 – 18 November 1944)
*# Lavender Elizabeth (20 May 1900 [baptism]&lt;ref&gt;Hampshire Archives and Local Studies; Winchester, England, UK; ''Anglican Parish Registers''; Reference: ''35M76/PR3''. Ancestry.com. ''Hampshire, England, Church of England Baptisms, 1813-1921''[database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; – )
*# Diane Sloane Stanley (c. 1905 – )


* Lavender Elizabeth (20 May 1900 [baptism] – )
* John Everett ()


* Diane Sloane Stanley (c. 1905 – )
* Elwyn Villiers Rhys ()

== Writings, Memoirs, Biographies, Papers ==

=== Writings ===
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon. ''The History of White's''. London: Algernon Bourke [privately published], 1892.
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon, ed., &quot;with a brief Memoir.&quot; ''Correspondence of Mr Joseph Jekyll with His Sister-in-Law, Lady Gertrude Sloane Stanley, 1818–1838''. John Murray, 1893.
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon, ed. ''Correspondence of Mr Joseph Jekyll''. John Murray, 1894.

=== Papers ===
* Where are the papers for the Earl of Mayo family? Are Algernon and Guendoline Bourke's papers with them?

== Notes and Questions ==
#The portrait of Algernon Bourke in costume as Isaac Walton is really an amazing portrait with a very interesting setting, far more specific than any of the other Lafayette portraits of these people in their costumes. Where was it shot? Lafayette is given credit, but it's not one of his usual backdrops. If this portrait was taken the night of the ball, then this fireplace was in Devonshire House; if not, then whose fireplace is it?
#The ''Times'' lists Hon. A. Bourke (at 325) and Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke (at 236) as members of a the &quot;Oriental&quot; procession, Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke (in the general list of attendees), and then a small distance down Mr. and Mrs. Bourke (now at 511 and 512, respectively). This last couple with no honorifics is also mentioned in the report in the London ''Evening Standard'', which means the Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke, so the ''Times'' may have repeated the Bourkes, who otherwise are not obviously anyone recognizable. If they are not the Hon. Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke, then they are unidentified. It seems likely that they are the same, however, as the newspapers were not perfectly consistent in naming people with their honorifics, even in a single story, especially a very long and detailed one in which people could be named more than once.
#Three slightly difficult-to-identify men were among the Suite of Men in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#&quot;Oriental&quot; Procession|&quot;Oriental&quot; procession]]: [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax|Gordon Wood]], [[Social Victorians/People/Portman|Arthur B. Portman]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Wilfred Wilson]]. The identification of Gordon Wood and Wilfred Wilson is high because of contemporary newspaper accounts. The Hon. Algernon Bourke, who was also in the Suite of Men, is not difficult to identify at all. Arthur Portman appears in a number of similar newspaper accounts, but none of them mentions his family of origin.
#[http://thepeerage.com The Peerage] has no other Algernon Bourkes.
#The Hon Algernon Bourke is #235 on the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball#List of People Who Attended|list of people who were present]]; the Hon. Guendoline Bourke is #236; a Mr. Bourke is #703; a Mrs. Bourke is #704.
#Hans Stanley-Sloane's estate was £33,704 7s. 5d. in the final probate in December 1889,&lt;ref&gt;Principal Probate Registry; London, England; ''Calendar of the Grants of Probate and Letters of Administration made in the Probate Registries of the High Court of Justice in England''. Ancestry.com. ''England &amp; Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1995'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; which might lead his widow to consider remarrying.
== Footnotes ==
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      <text bytes="172662" sha1="nuieea7k4vjvhjjb62vb317nhql46y4" xml:space="preserve">Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were &quot;satirized&quot; by [[Social Victorians/People/Oscar Wilde|Oscar Wilde]] in his 1895 ''The Importance of Being Earnest''.&lt;ref&gt;Fahey, David M. ''The Politics of Drink in England, from Gladstone to Lloyd George''. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, 2022: p. 21, n. 34. ''Google Books'' (retrieved July 2025) https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Politics_of_Drink_in_England_from_Gl/8HRjEAAAQBAJ.&lt;/ref&gt; Algernon Bourke was a cousin of Lord Alfred Douglas, Wilde's Bosie, in 1898 attempting to facilitate a reconciliation between Bosie and his father.&lt;ref name=&quot;:26&quot;&gt;Ellmann, Richard. ''Osar Wilde''. Alfred A. Knopf, 1988.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|568}}[[File:Leslie Ward - Vanity Fair, Newspapermen, ^Algy^, The Hon Algernon Henry Bourke, Januray 20, 1898 - B1979.14.521 - Yale Center for British Art.jpg|thumb|Hon. Algernon Bourke, ''Vanity Fair'', 1898]]

==Also Known As==
* Family name: Bourke [pronounced ''burk'']&lt;ref name=&quot;:62&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-05-07|title=Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earl_of_Mayo&amp;oldid=1222668659|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Mayo.&lt;/ref&gt;
* The Hon. Algernon Bourke
** Button Bourke&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Tory 'Reformer' at the India Office.&quot; ''India'' 10 November 1911, Friday: 4 [of 12], Col. 1b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004300/19111110/007/0004#. Print: same title, p. 228.&lt;/ref&gt;
** Algy Bourke
* Mrs. Guendoline Bourke
** Guendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; [The National Portrait Gallery, London, uses this spelling for Lafayette's portrait of Bourke in costume for the ball,&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt; as does Russell Harris in the Lafayette Archive, held by the Victoria and Albert&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot;&gt;Harris, Russell. &quot;Hon Mrs Algernon Bourke, née Guendoline Irene Emily Sloane-Stanley (1870-1967), as Salammbô.&quot; ''In Calm Prose'' 2011. http://www.rvondeh.dircon.co.uk/incalmprose/.&lt;/ref&gt;.]
** Gwendolen&lt;ref&gt;General Register Office. ''England and Wales Civil Registration Indexes''. London, England: General Register Office. FreeBMD. ''England &amp; Wales, Civil Registration Marriage Index, 1837-1915''[database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Marriage Index}} &lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt;{{rp|''Morning Post'' article about her name}} &lt;ref&gt;General Register Office. ''England and Wales Civil Registration Indexes''. London, England: General Register Office. FreeBMD. ''England &amp; Wales, Civil Registration Marriage Index, 1837-1915''[database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Electoral Register}}
** Gwendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;City of Westminster Archives Centre; London, England; ''Westminster Church of England Parish Registers''; Reference: ''SPWP/PR/1/2''. Ancestry.com. ''Westminster, London, England, Church of England Births and Baptisms, 1813-1919'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Births and Baptisms}}
* Shelley Bontein and Emilie Sloane-Stanley Bontein
* See also the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|page for the Earl of Mayo]], the Hon. Algernon Bourke's father and then brother, and other Bourkes

== Overview ==

=== Algernon Bourke ===
Although the Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke was born in Dublin in 1854 and came from a family whose title is in the Peerage of Ireland,&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;1911 England Census.&lt;/ref&gt; he seems to have spent much of his adult life generally in England and especially in London. He was &quot;a noted fisherman.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London Correspondence.&quot; ''Freeman's Journal'' 21 December 1897, Tuesday: 5 [of 8], Col. 5c [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000056/18971221/027/0005. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

Because he was the son of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]], perhaps, or perhaps because he was so involved in projects that got reported on, he was mentioned a great deal in the newspapers, but after his bankruptcy, he seems to have receded in prominence, in part because he was living outside of the U.K., and apparently separately from his wife, Guendoline Bourke.

Bourke ran as the Conservative candidate for Parliament from Clapham (population, c. 70,000) in 1885, a race he did not win. As a candidate he is described like this:&lt;blockquote&gt;Acted as a newspaper correspondent during the Zulu war. Subsequently Poor-law inspector in the West of Ireland. &quot;A loyal supporter of Church and State.&quot; Desires to reduce the School Board expenditure, and revive trade; and is opposed to Mr. Chamberlain's &quot;police of hasty and experimental reform.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Clapham (70,000).&quot; ''South London Chronicle'' 17 October 1885, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000443/18851017/113/0005. Print title ''South London Chronicle and Southwark and Lambeth Ensign'', p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The London ''Weekly Dispatch'' says he is &quot;a dashing and unscrupulous young Tory.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Political Campaign in London.&quot; ''Weekly Dispatch'' (London) 15 November 1885, Sunday: 9 [of 16], Col. 3c [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003358/18851115/069/0009. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

&quot;Algy&quot; Bourke was &quot;Man of the Day&quot; (No. DCCII [522) for ''Vanity Fair'' in 1898, caricatured by Leslie Ward (above right) and damned, perhaps, with faint praise:&lt;blockquote&gt;Son of the great and murdered Lord Mayo, he is contemporary with the outbreak of the Crimean War, he is a Member of the London Stock Exchange, he has a beautiful wife and a daughter, and, being a very fashionable young man, he was once refused as their Member by the worthy electors of Clapham. He was an Eton boy, of course: and less naturally he went to Cambridge; where he was made President of the Beefsteak, the Amateur Dramatic, the Athenaeum, the True Blue, and the Hibernian Clubs. When he came down he tried journalism and went to Zululand as a ''Daily Telegraph'' ‘‘special”; after which he was improved into an Inspector of Workhouses [2, Col. 2c – 3, Col. 1a] in Ireland: which may account for his proficiency as a caterer. For seven years he worked under the late Mr. Chinnery on ''The Times'': being popularly supposed to look after that journal's morals. He is a good man of business, and a great organiser who has made White's Club pay even if it be less “smart&quot; than it was. He has done much for Willis’s since he took it in hand; he did well with his Battersea venture, and he thinks that he only failed with the Summer Club in Kensington Gardens because people would not go to the wrong side of the Park. Moreover, he runs a Club at Brighton, and he is Chairman of the Grand Hotel at Monte Carlo: whither he once organised a cheap trip. Altogether he is a veritable Clubman, and a very successful arranger of amusements, associations, and restaurants.

He is a popular fellow who is known to all of us; and though he is a little inclined to be quarrelsome, no one can get much the better of him. He is also a quick grasper of facts and a good talker. His favourite sports are fishing and the organising of associations for the introduction of salmon to the Thames. By way of being an art critic, he has made an interesting collection of engravings of the members of White’s Club from its foundation; but his friends say that he is not a well-dressed man. He has also written a history of White’s, and he is now writing one of Brooks's Club. He is a genial person, who looks as if the world agreed with him well.

He is an aquisition [sic] to a house party; and they call him “Algy.”&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Men of the Day.&quot; — No. DCCII [522]. The Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke.&quot; ''Vanity Fair'' 20 January 1898, Thursday: 2 [of 4], Col. 2c – 3, Col. 3a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9900020/18980120/010/0002 and https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/9900020/18980120/005/0003. Same print title, pp. 41–42. Portrait is full page, on p. 1.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The Hon. Algernon Bourke and Mr. Algernon Bourke, depending on the newspaper article, were the same person. Calling him Mr. Bourke in the newspapers, especially when considered as a businessman or (potential) member of Parliament, does not rule out the son of an earl, who would normally be accorded the honorific of ''Honorable''.

=== Guendoline Sloane-Stanley Bourke ===

Mrs. Guendoline Bourke exhibited at dog shows successfully and was a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Society Sportswomen|noted deerstalker]] and &quot;an appreciative listener to good music.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Vanity Fair.&quot; ''Lady of the House'' 15 June 1899, Thursday: 4 [of 44], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004836/18990615/019/0004.&lt;/ref&gt; She was a sponsor of Irish art needlework as well. Her personal beauty is often mentioned in reports, and ''The World'' says she was &quot;a magnificent woman.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Beauties of To-Day. From the ''World''.&quot; ''Clifton Society'' 24 June 1897, Thursday: 14 [of 16], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002164/18970624/066/0014. Same print and p.&lt;/ref&gt; She is the first listed in the ''Graphic''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s 1891 &quot;Leading Ladies of Society&quot;:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke is a daughter (Gwendoline Irene Emily) of the late Hans Sloane Stanley, Esq., of Poultons, Southampton, and 49, Cadogan Square, S.W. She married, on December 15th, 1887, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, third son of the sixth Earl of Mayo, Governor-General of India (who was assassinated in 1872), and nephew of Lord Connemara, Governor of Madras. Mr. Bourke is a member of the London Stock Exchange, and resides at 33, Cadogan Terrace, S.W.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Leading Ladies of Society.&quot; The Graphic 28 March 1891, Saturday: 6 [of 28], Col. 2c [of 3]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9000057/18910328/019/0006. Print: same title, p. 346.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;She attended many social events without her husband, especially into the 20th century, usually described with an appreciation of what she wore. Unlike her husband's, Guendoline's social status seems to have risen as time passed, and she appears in stories associated with the Princess of Wales, and then later with Queen Alexandra.

=== The Sloane-Stanley Family ===
Guendoline's family consisted of a younger brother, Cyril Sloane-Stanley, as well as her parents, Hans Sloane-Stanley and Emilie Edwards Sloane-Stanley. Exactly one year after she and Algernon Bourke married, Hans Sloane-Stanley died (in 1888), leaving an estate worth £33,704 7s. 5d.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;&gt;Principal Probate Registry; London, England; ''Calendar of the Grants of Probate and Letters of Administration made in the Probate Registries of the High Court of Justice in England''. Ancestry.com. ''England &amp; Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1995'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; (1888, 321) Her mother remarried almost exactly a year after that, to James Shelly Bontein. Bontein's father had been Gentleman Usher and Clerk of the Robes to Queen Victoria.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot;&gt;&quot;Marriages.&quot; &quot;Births, Marriages, and Deaths.&quot; ''Belfast News-Letter'' 6 December 1889, Friday: 1 [of 8], Col. 1a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000038/18891206/001/0001. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

Shortly after his death ''Truth'' described Guendoline and Cyril's father Hans Sloane-Stanley:&lt;blockquote&gt;The death of Mr. Sloane Stanley, of Paultons Park, is much regretted in South Hants, as he was one of the most popular landlords in the county, and was greatly esteemed. Mr. Sloane Stanley was well known in yachting circles, and for many years he was Commodore of the Royal Southern Yacht Club, and owned the schooner ''Star of the West''. He was one of the very few owners who continued to keep up the old custom of giving his crew a laying-up supper at the close of each season. There were great festivities at Paultons only a few months ago, when Miss Sloane Stanley was married to Mr. Algernon Bourke.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Entre Nous.&quot; ''Truth'' 27 December 1888, Thursday: 6 [of 48], Col. 2b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18881227/023/0006# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18881227/023/0006]. Same print title, p. 1136.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;When he died in 1944, Cyril Sloane-Stanley's estate was quite a bit larger than his father's had been 50 years before. The probate was divided between what was limited to &quot;settled land&quot; and what was &quot;save and except settled land.&quot; What was not settled land totalled £356,114 12s. 10d. and went to John Everett, company director; the Hon. Elwyn Villiers Rhys, captain, H.M. army; and William Adam de Geijer, retired captain, H.M. army.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt; (1944, 430) His daughter Lavender was married to John Everett, and Diane was married to Elwyn Villiers Rhys. What was settled land totalled £168,975 and went to William Adam de Geijer, retired captain, H.M. army, and George Lawrence Stewart, solicitor.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt; (1944, 430)

The Sloane-Stanleys descend from Hans Sloane (1660–1753), whose 71,000-item collections &quot;provid[ed] the foundation of the British Museum, the British Library, and the Natural History Museum, London.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2025-01-07|title=Hans Sloane|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane|journal=Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane|language=en|via=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Much of this Hans Sloane's wealth came from his medical practice in Jamaica, where he went as physician to the Governor General of Jamaica, the 2nd Duke of Albemarle, and where he married &quot;a wealthy heiress of sugar plantations&quot; worked by enslaved Jamaicans.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot; /&gt; His great-nephew, Hans Sloane, inherited Paultons, near Romsey, &quot;and in recognition of this he adopted the additional surname of Stanley in 1821.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-10-06|title=Hans Sloane (MP)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane_(MP)|journal=Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane_(MP)|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Acquaintances, Friends and Enemies ==

=== Algernon Bourke ===

* Best man at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Wedding of Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Sloane Stanley|his wedding]]: the Hon. Michael Sandys
* [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Marcus Henry Milner]], &quot;one of the zealous assistants of that well-known firm of stockbrokers, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;&quot;Metropolitan Notes.&quot; ''Nottingham Evening Post'' 31 July 1888, Tuesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 2a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/18880731/025/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Caroline, Duchess of Montrose — her &quot;legal advisor&quot; on the day of her marriage to Marcus Henry Milner&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Metropolitan Notes.&quot; ''Nottingham Evening Post'' 31 July 1888, Tuesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 1b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/18880731/025/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Wilfred Scawen Blunt
* Alexander Meyrick Broadley&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot;&gt;Broadley, Alexander Meyrick. ''How We Defended Arábi and His Friends, a Story of Egypt and the Egyptians''. London: Chapman and Hall, 1884. Google Books: [https://www.google.com/books/edition/How_We_Defended_Ar%C3%A1bi_and_His_Friends/75YRzFDvaO4C?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;bsq=Bourke https://www.google.com/books/edition/How_We_Defended_Ar%C3%A1bi_and_His_Friends/75YRzFDvaO4C].&lt;/ref&gt; (2) [Blunt, Broadley and Bourke were mutual friends; Blunt and Bourke were cousins.]
* &quot;Natty Rothschild,&quot; according to Blunt
* Brett, who was Hartington's secretary in the early 80s.&lt;ref&gt;Blunt, Wilfred Scawen. ''Gordon at Khartoum, Being a Personal Narrative of Events in Continuation of &quot;A Secret History of the English Occupation of Egypt''.&quot; London: Stephen Swift, 1911.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Guendoline Bourke ===

* Bridesmaids at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Wedding of Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Sloane Stanley|her wedding]]: Lady Florence Bourke, Miss Nora Bourke, Miss Edwards, and Miss Ewart
* Lord and Lady Alington, Belvedere House, Scarborough
* [[Social Victorians/People/William James|Evelyn James]] 

== Organizations ==

=== Guendoline Bourke ===

* Member, the Ladies Committee for the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Skating Club|Prince's Skating Club]], which also included [[Social Victorians/People/Princess Louise|Princess Louise]] (Duchess of Argyll), the [[Social Victorians/People/Portland|Duchess of Portland]], [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Lady Londonderry]], [[Social Victorians/People/Campbell|Lady Archibald Campbell]], [[Social Victorians/People/Ribblesdale|Lady Ribblesdale]], and [[Social Victorians/People/Asquith|Mrs. Asquith]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;&quot;What the 'World' Says.&quot; ''Northwich Guardian'' 01 November 1902, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Col. 8a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001975/19021101/134/0006. Print title: The ''Guardian'', p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt; (in 1902, at least)

=== Algernon Bourke ===
* [[Social Victorians/Schools#Eton|Eton]]
* Cambridge University, Trinity College, 1873, Michaelmas term&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;Cambridge University Alumni, 1261–1900. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Conservative Party
* 1879: Appointed a Poor Law Inspector in Ireland, Relief of Distress Act
* 1881: Partner, with 2 uncles, in Brunton, Bourke, and Co.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From Our London Correspondent.&quot; ''Manchester Courier'' 24 August 1881, Wednesday: 5 [of 8], Col. 4a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000206/18810824/030/0005. Print: ''Manchester Courier and Lancaster General Advertiser'', p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt; (one of the [[Social Victorians/British Aristocracy#Sons of Peers on the Stock Exchange|sons of peers on the Stock Exchange]])
* 1885: Office of the 7th Surrey Rifles Regiment&lt;ref&gt;&quot;7th Surrey Rifles.&quot; ''South London Press'' 08 August 1885, Saturday: 12 [of 16], Col. 4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18850808/165/0012. Print p. 12.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1886: Battersea Friendly Angling Society&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Battersea Friendly Angling Society.&quot; ''Fishing Gazette'' 17 April 1886, Saturday: 6 [of 20], Col. 2a [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002553/18860417/030/0006. Same print title, p. 218.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 27 February 1886: one of the Vice Presidents of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Bolingbroke Reading-Room and Institute|Bolingbroke Reading-Room and Institute]]
* Special Correspondent of The ''Times'' for the Zulu War, accompanying Lord Chelmsford
* Head, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys, &quot;that well-known firm of stockbrokers&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; ( – 1901 [at least])
* White's gentleman's club, St. James's,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-10-09|title=White's|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White's|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%27s.&lt;/ref&gt; Manager (1897)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Side Lights on Drinking.&quot; ''Waterford Standard'' 28 April 1897, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001678/18970428/053/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Willis's Rooms (described in 1895):&lt;blockquote&gt;... the Hon. Algernon Burke [sic], son of the 6th Earl of Mayo, has turned the place into a smart restaurant where choice dinners are served and eaten while a stringed band discourses music. Willis's Rooms are now the favourite dining place for ladies who have no club of their own, or for gentlemen who are debarred by rules from inviting ladies to one of their own clubs. The same gentleman runs a hotel in Brighton, and has promoted several clubs. He has a special faculty for organising places of the kind, without which such projects end in failure.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lenten Dullness.&quot; ''Cheltenham Looker-On'' 23 March 1895, Saturday: 11 [of 24], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000226/18950323/004/0011. Print p. 275.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
*The [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Pelican|Pelican Club]], known for its boxing (1891)

==== Boards of Directors ====
*1883: One of the directors, the Franco-English Tunisian Esparto Fibre Supply Company, Ltd.&lt;ref&gt;''Money Market Review'', 20 Jan 1883 (Vol 46): 124.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1891: One of the founders, the Discount Banking Company, Ltd., which says Algernon Bourke is a director of District Messenger Services and News Company, Ltd.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Public Company.&quot; ''Nottingham Journal'' 31 October 1891, Saturday: 4 [of 8], Col. 8a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001896/18911031/099/0004. Print title: ''The Nottingham Daily Express'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1894: One of the directors, the Frozen Lake, Ltd., with Admiral Maxse, Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Marcus Beresford]], [[Social Victorians/People/Williams|Hwfa Williams]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Frozen Lake, Limited.&quot; ''St James's Gazette'' 08 June 1894, Friday: 15 [of 16], Col. 4a [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001485/18940608/085/0015. Print p. 15.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;London is to have new amusement this winter, for which Mr Algernon Bourke, who has taught us that it is possible to eat as well in St. James’s as on the Boulevards, and Mr Hwfa Williams, of Sandown fame, are jointly responsible. The &quot;Frozen Lake,&quot; under which title a real ice-skating rink is about to be constructed under their auspices, will no doubt be gladly welcomed by all skaters, and the venture is likely to prove a success.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip.&quot; ''Weston-super-Mare Gazette, and General Advertiser'' 6 June 1894, Wednesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 4b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001444/18940606/044/0004. Print title: ''Weston-super-Mare Gazette'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== Committees ====

*Member, General Committee, [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Baths|the Baths Club]] (1892)
*Member, Men's Committee of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Skating Club|Prince's Skating Club]], which also included Lord Edward Cecil, Lord Redesdale, Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Lyttelton|Alfred Lyttelton]], Sir Edgar Vincent, Sir William Hart Dyke, and Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Grenfell|W. H. Grenfell]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; (1902, at least)
*[[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#25 March 1896, Wednesday|The Sala Memorial Fund]], member of the committee (from 25 March 1896)
* Member of an &quot;influential committee&quot; headed by the Lord Mayor &quot;to restore salmon to the Thames&quot; (June 1899)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Salmon in the Thames.&quot; ''Berks and Oxon Advertiser'' 30 June 1899, Friday: 5 [of 8], Col. 4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002298/18990630/079/0005. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Timeline ==

=== 1870s ===
'''1872 February 8''', Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo was assassinated while inspecting a &quot;convict settlement at Port Blair in the Andaman Islands ... by Sher Ali Afridi, a former Afghan soldier.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-12-01|title=Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo.&lt;/ref&gt; The Hon. Algernon's brother Dermot became the 7th Earl at 19 years old.

'''1876 November 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was one of 6 men (2 students, one of whom was Bourke; 2 doctors; a tutor and another man) from Cambridge who gave evidence as witnesses in an inquest about the death of a student falling off a horse.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Fatal Accident to a Sheffield Student at Cambridge.&quot; ''Sheffield Independent'' 25 November 1876, Saturday: 7 [of 12], Col. 5a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000181/18761125/040/0007. Print title: ''Sheffield and Rotherham Independent'', n. p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1879 December 27, Saturday – 29, Monday''', Algernon Bourke was in Kilrush as a Local Government Board Inspector:&lt;blockquote&gt;Among many distinguished visitors at the Vandeleur Arms Hotel, Kilrush this week was the Hon. Algernon Bourke Local Government Board Inspector who arrived on Saturday, and sojourned there until 2 o'clock on Monday, when the honourable gentleman left by Steamer tor Limerick.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Fashionable Intelligence.&quot; ''Kilrush Herald and Kilkee Gazette'' 01 January 1880, Thursday: 2 [of 5], Col. 3a [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003186/18800101/011/0002. Print title ''Kilrush Herald'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 1880s ===
'''4 February 1880, Wednesday''', Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880#Grand Ball at Palmerstown House Hosted by the Earl of Mayo|grand ball at Palmerstown House hosted by the Earl of Mayo]]. 

'''1880 March 30, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was working in the judicial system in Newcastle, County Limerick, possibly as Poorhouse Inspector:&lt;blockquote&gt;A sworn enquiry was held to-day at the Workhorse, Newcastle West, by the Hon Algernon Bourke, L.G.I., to enquire into charges preferred by Dr. Pierce, Medical Office, against Dr. O'Shaughnesay. The enquiry was adjourned till Thursday next. Mr Moran, sol., Rathkeale, was engaged for Dr. O'Shaughnessy.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Sworn Enquiry.&quot; &quot;Limerick County. Newcastle West Intelligence.&quot; ''Bassett's Chronicle'' 31 March 1880, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 3b–c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003471/18800331/044/0003.  Print title ''Bassett's Daily Chronicle'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1880 April 17, Saturday''', in-jokes dominate this report mentioning Algernon Bourke in the context of the Kildare and National Hunt races in Dublin:&lt;blockquote&gt;And in mopy Upper Mount-street, where young Algernon Bourke, of the Onety-oneth, had promised to call for, and afterwards spin down to the races in his mail phaeton, the Blake girls; and in fastidious Fitzwilliam-place, and exclusive &quot;Murryan-squeer,&quot; from which dashing army men, in their neatly-appointed, well horsed drags were to &quot;tool&quot; down sweet young Dublin lasses of the ''crême d la crême'' [sic], many an anxious forecasting of the weather was taken, lest by an unpropitious shower that last triumph of Mrs. Manning, or the Forrests, or Miss Sedford, or any of the ''grandes dames de la mode'' should be rendered as worthless as a Confederate &quot;greenback.&quot; But by ten o'clock all doubts were happily set aside, and up struck the lovely April day in all its spring-time glory and then the road, oh, the road!&lt;ref&gt;&quot;To Punchestown and Back by the Old Road.&quot; ''Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News'' 17 April 1880, Saturday: 6 [of 24], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001857/18800417/013/0006. Same print title, p. 102.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1881 May 10, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#1881 May 10, Tuesday|wedding of Marion Lascelles, eldest daughter of the Hon. Egremont W. Lascelles, brother of the Earl of Harewood, and Lieutenant Henry Dent Brocklehurst, of the Second Life Guards, nephew of Mr. Philip Brocklehurst, of Swithamley Park, Macclesfield]]. His gift was an &quot;old enamelled watch set in pearls.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Nuptial Rejoicings at Middlethorpe Manor. Marriage of Miss Lascelles and Lieut. Brocklehurst.&quot; ''Yorkshire Gazette'' 14 May 1881, Saturday: 9 [of 12], Cols. 3a–4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive''https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000266/18810514/057/0009. Print same title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1881 May 23, Monday, 2:00 p.m.''', Algernon Bourke is listed among the Honourables at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace|Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace]].

'''1881 July 14, Thursday afternoon, beginning about 2 p.m.''', Algernon Bourke was invited to a Garden Party at Marlborough House hosted by [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]]. Members of the family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] were also among the 1,500 or so invited guests.

'''1881 July 22, Friday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to an [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#22 July 1881, Friday|evening party at Marlborough House hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales]].

'''1881 September 17, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was reported among the company at Doncaster during race week.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;List of the Company.&quot; ''York Herald'' 17 September 1881, Saturday: 8 [of 16], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000499/18810917/183/0008. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1881 November 22, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was sued in Dublin by Henry Naylor because he &quot;had declined to pay&quot; for a £35 piano.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Henry Naylor v. the Hon. Algernon Bourke.&quot; &quot;Exchequer Division.&quot; &quot;High Court of Justice.&quot; ''Belfast Morning News'' 23 November 1881, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 8a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000428/18811123/015/0003. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1881 December 8, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke was part of a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#Battue at Palmerstown|battue at Palmerstown]], when the group bagged 172 pheasants, hares and rabbits.

'''1882 March 7, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882#7 March 1882, Tuesday|fashionable wedding of Reginald Chandos-Pole and Violet Denison]].

'''1882 March 15, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882#The Marchioness of Salisbury's Assembly|the Marchioness of Salisbury's first reception of the season]].

'''1882 July 13, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to the [[Social Victorians/1882-07-13 Marlborough House Garden Party|Garden Party at Marlborough House for Queen Victoria]] hosted by [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]]. The more than 1,000 people invited also included a number of people from the family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]].

'''1882 September 19''', Alexander M. Broadley in Tunis received a letter from Algernon Bourke asking him to provide legal counsel to defend prisoner-of war Arábi in Egypt, with Wilfred Scawen Blunt, which he did.&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot; /&gt; (2)

'''1882 September 28, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882#The Wedding of John M'Donald and Georgiana Lambart|wedding of John M'Donald and Georgiana Lambart]].

'''1883 March 21, Wednesday''', the Evening Irish Times announced that Algernon Bourke &quot;has arrived at Kingstown from England.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Fashion.&quot; ''Evening Irish Times'' 21 March 1883, Wednesday: 7 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003464/18830321/086/0007. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''23 July 1883, Monday, noon''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1883#Garden Party at Marlborough House, at Noon|garden party at Marlborough House]] hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales.

'''31 October 1883, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the wedding of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1883#Wedding of Lady Cecelia Hay and Captain George Webbe|Lady Cecelia Hay and Captain George Webbe]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 February 16, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#16 February 1884, Saturday|the funeral of Thomas Chenery, editor of the ''Times'']].&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 April 4, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was (may have been?) one of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#5 April 1884, Saturday|&quot;Supporters of the Pall&quot; at the funeral]] of [[Social Victorians/People/Leopold|Prince Leopold George Duncan Albert, Duke of Albany]] at St. George's, Windsor.&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 April 26, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#26 April 1884, Saturday|dinner party at the Lord Mayor's Mansion House for conservatives to meet Sir Stafford Northcote]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 May 3, Saturday''', the &quot;Rochester Conservatives&quot; announced that they would &quot;bring forward the Hon. Algernon Bourke, brother of Lord Mayo, as their second candidate,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Election Intelligence.&quot; ''Yorkshire Gazette'' 03 May 1884, Saturday: 4 [of 12], Col. 6a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000266/18840503/011/0004.&lt;/ref&gt; but because he would not be the first candidate, Bourke declined.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rochester.&quot; London ''Daily Chronicle'' 09 May 1884, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 8b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005049/18840509/049/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 June 18, Wednesday''', Mr. Algernon Bourke was on a committee to watch a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#18 June 1884, Wednesday|Mr. Bishop's &quot;thought-reading&quot; experiment]], which was based on a challenge by Henry Labourchere made the year before. This &quot;experiment&quot; took place before a fashionable audience.&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 July 25, Friday, afternoon''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#Garden Party at Marlborough House hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales|Garden Party at Marlborough House hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1885 January 22, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke's gift to [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#Wedding of George Buckle and Alicia Payn|George Buckle and Alicia Payn for their wedding]] was an antique cabinet.&lt;p&gt;

'''1885 July 7, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#7 July 1885, Tuesday|Eva Bourke's wedding to Windham Wyndham-Quin]] at St. Mary Abbots, Kensington.&lt;p&gt;

'''1885 July 13, Monday''', Algernon Bouurke was at Victoria Station as part of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#Arrival of Lord Wolseley in London from Egypt|crowd greeting Lord Wolseley on his return from Egypt]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1885 July 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/1885-07-24 Marlborough House Ball|ball at Marlborough House]] hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales.&lt;p&gt;

'''1885 September 26, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke took part in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#26 September 1885, Saturday|Ealing Conservative Club fete and meeting]] supporting Salisbury's government and condemning &quot;the dictates of one man&quot; — Gladstone — for Gordon's death.&lt;p&gt;

'''1885 October 3, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was named as the Conservative candidate for Clapham in the Battersea and Clapham borough after the Redistribution Bill determined the electoral districts for South London.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;South London Candidates.&quot; ''South London Press'' 03 October 1885, Saturday: 9 [of 16], Col. 5b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18851003/096/0009. Print p. 9.&lt;/ref&gt; On Sunday 15 November 1885 the London ''Weekly Dispatch'' supported Moulton, the Liberal candidate, who ultimately won the election:&lt;blockquote&gt;

Though a successful lawyer, Mr. Moulton is much more than that. He is a thorough and independent student of political science, who may be trusted to do good service to the Liberal cause with brain as well as with tongue. It will be matter for hearty congratulation if he defeats the Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke, who is a dashing and unscrupulous young Tory, and a nephew of the well-known politician with the same surname.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Political Campaign in London. VI. — The South-West Divisions.&quot; ''Weekly Dispatch'' (London) 15 November 1885, Sunday: 9 [of 16], Col. 3c [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003358/18851115/069/0009. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

On Saturday 21 November 1885 the ''South London Press'' reported on posters for Bourke's candidacy:&lt;blockquote&gt;

The Hon. Algernon Bourke, Conservative candidate for Clapham, has a very industrious billsticker, who pastes up his patron’s bills in every possible place where they can be seen to advantage. It is unfortunate, however, that choosing the flank wall of an auctioneer’s the modern &quot;Sam Slap&quot; has produced some curious combinations, such as — &quot;Vote for Bourke,&quot; &quot;Now on View;&quot; &quot;Electors of Clapham, Vote for Mr. Bourke, and&quot; &quot;Be Sold Without Reserve;&quot; &quot;Mr, Bourke will&quot; &quot;Advance Money to&quot; &quot;the Electors of Clapham;&quot; &quot;Great Conservative Meeting. The British Constitution will be&quot; &quot;Offered for Sale this Evening,&quot; &amp;c.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pick-up Notes.&quot; ''South London Press'' 21 November 1885, Saturday: 10 [of 16], Col. 1b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18851121/155/0010. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1885 November 3, Tuesday, 11:00 a.m.''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Mayo-Ponsonby Wedding 1885-11-03|wedding of his brother, Dermot, 7th  Earl of Mayo and Geraldine Ponsonby]]. He gave them 2 Sheraton secretaires.

'''1886 January 5, Tuesday, late''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Twelfth Night|Twelfth Night celebration at the Drury Lane theatre]].

'''1886 March 13, Saturday evening''', an Hon. Mr. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/1886-03-13 Reception at the French Embassy|reception at the French Embassy]], possibly Algernon Bourke or possibly [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|one of his brothers]].

'''1886 July 10, Saturday''', Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Garden Party at Marlborough House Given to the Queen|garden party at Marlborough House given to the Queen]]. Guendoline Sloane Stanley is not mentioned but Mr. and Mrs. Hans Sloane Stanley are, as are Mr. and Mrs. F. Sloane Stanley.&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 July 21, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to the [[Social Victorians/1886-07-21 Marlborough House Ball|Ball at Marlborough House]], as were a [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#The Sloane-Stanleys 2|Mr. and Mrs. F. Sloane-Stanley]], possibly the parents of Guendoline Sloane-Stanley (if the &quot;F&quot; is a mistake), who married Bourke on 15 December 1887. Guendoline is not mentioned as having been invited.&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 July 27, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended a service honoring a memorial at St. Paul's for his father, who had been assassinated.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Memorial to the Late Earl of Mayo.&quot; ''Northern Whig'' 28 July 1886, Wednesday: 6 [of 8], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000434/18860728/143/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 September 2, Thursday''', Mr. Algernon Bourke was part of a group of mostly aristocratic men taking part in [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Augustus Harris's A Run of Luck|a &quot;trial-rehearsal&quot; as part of Augustus Harris's production]] ''A Run of Luck'', about sports.&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 October 2, Saturday''', the Duke of Beaufort and the Hon. Algernon Bourke arrived in Yougal: &quot;His grace has taken a residence at Lismore for a few weeks, to enjoy some salmon fishing on the Blackwater before the close of the season.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Chippenham.&quot; ''Wilts and Gloucestershire Standard'' 02 October 1886, Saturday: 8 [of 8], Col. 6a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001955/18861002/142/0008. Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 October 11, Monday''', Algernon Bourke may have been taking part in a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Performance of Run of Luck|performance of ''Run of Luck'' at the Drury Lane]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 October 23, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Party at Wemyss Castle, Fife|staying at Wemyss Castle, Fife]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 December 30, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke was back in London and attending the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Augustus Harris's The Forty Thieves|&quot;Forty Thieves&quot; pantomime at the Drury Lane Theatre]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1887 January 5, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was one of the chief mourners at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Funeral of Lady Margaret Harriett Bourke|funeral of Lady Margaret Harriett Bourke]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1887 March 1, 2:00 p.m.''', Algernon Bourke is listed among the Messieurs attending the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace|Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1887 May''', a &quot;signalling incident&quot; in 1907 [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#May 1887|caused the Waterford ''Evening News'' to recall a similar event]] that had occurred 20 years earlier, in which Algernon Bourke, as special correspondent for the ''Times'', caused the incident to be publicized:&lt;blockquote&gt;During the manoeuvres in connection with the 1887 Jubilee of Queen Victoria a signal was observed going up from [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles [Beresford]]]'s ship. It was a message to his wife, Lady Beresford, to the effect that, as he should be late for dinner, she was not to wait. Beyond the hilarity this domestic signal evoked, nothing more would have been heard of it, but Mr. Algernon Bourke (Lord Mayo's brother) was acting as special correspondent for the &quot;Times,&quot; and that paper the next morning contained a full and humorous report of the incident. Then there was trouble.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Signalling Incident.&quot; ''Evening News'' (Waterford) 13 November 1907, Wednesday: 1 [of 4], Col. 6c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004557/19071113/021/0001.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1887 June 15, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians Foreign Office Reception 1887-06-15|reception at the Foreign Office in honor of Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee]].

'''1887 July 6, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to and, presumably, attended the State Ball at Buckingham Palace.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The State Ball at Buckingham Palace.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 08 July 1887, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 5a–6c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18870708/013/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 1c)

'''1887 August 6, Saturday''', the ''Brighton Gazette'' says that the &quot;Hon. Mrs and Mr Algernon Bourke&quot; were staying at the Royal Crescent Hotel in Brighton, but they didn't marry until 15 December 1887.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Royal Crescent Hotel.&quot; ''Brighton Gazette'' 6 August 1887, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 5c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000938/18870806/047/0003. Print title ''Brighton Gazette and Sussex Telegraph'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt; Perhaps an elder relative, because she is mentioned first?

'''1887 November 9, Wednesday''', the ''Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper'' announced that&lt;blockquote&gt;A marriage is arranged, and will take place early in January, between Mr. Algernon Bourke, third son of the late Earl of Mayo, and Miss Guendolen Sloane Stanley, only daughter of Mr. Hans Sloane Stanley, of Paultons.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Romsey, Nov. 9.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 9 November 1887, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18871109/034/0003. Print title ''Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Shortly after, the papers announced that the wedding would not take place.

'''1887 December 15, Thursday''', Hon. [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Wedding of Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Sloane Stanley|Algernon Bourke and Guendoline Stanley were married at St. Paul's]], Knightsbridge, by Bourke's uncle the Hon. and Rev. George Bourke. Only family members attended because of &quot;the recent death of a near relative of the bride.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court Circular.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 16 December 1887, Friday: 5 [of 8], Col. 7c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18871216/066/0005.&lt;/ref&gt; Who the &quot;near relative of the bride&quot; was not in her nuclear family, and perhaps that explains the cancellation of the wedding and then the changing of the wedding date and not some problem in the couple.

'''1888 – 1899 January 1''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was &quot;proprietor&quot; of [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#White's|White's Club, St. James's Street]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;&quot;The Hon. Algernon Bourke's Affairs.&quot; ''Eastern Morning News'' 19 October 1899, Thursday: 6 [of 8], Col. 7c [of7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001152/18991019/139/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1888 January 21, Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the wedding of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#Hamilton-Ewart Wedding|Florence Ewart and Henry Hamilton]].

'''1888 March 7, Wednesday''', assuming that this date is not a week after the actual date, [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lady Charles Beresford]] held a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#1888 March 7, Wednesday|notable and well-attended &quot;at home&quot;]] that Guendoline Bourke attended, reported for being dressed in white and being among the beautiful women present.

'''6 April 1888, Friday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#6 April 1888, Friday|New Forest United Hunt ball at the New Forest Hall, Lyndhurst]].

'''1888 May 2, Wednesday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#The Marchioness of Salisbury's Reception|Marchioness of Salisbury's reception]] at the Salisbury home on Arlington-street.

'''1888 May 22, Tuesday''', the Dowager Countess of Mayo presented Guendoline Bourke at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#Queen's Drawing Room|Queen's drawing-room]] hosted by the Princess of Wales. This is Guendoline Bourke's dress:&lt;blockquote&gt;Empire robe de cour of white satin duchesse, lined with rich pink silk, sufficiently bright to give a beautiful shell-like tint through the satin; tulle underdress, with upper skirt, embroidered with pearl, and caught up in Greek folds with large pink Tosca roses; white satin bodice, with Josephine pink sash tied at side, Headdress, veil and plumes; ornaments, diamonds.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Dresses at the Drawing-Room.&quot; ''Epsom Journal'' 22 May 1888, Tuesday: 3 [of 6], Col. 5b–c [of 6]. ''British Newspapers Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004837/18880522/034/0003. Print: title ''Local Journal'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Another description:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke's train was of white satin lined with pink, which showed through with charmingly shell-like effect. The dress, fashioned after those of the Empire period, was of white satin embroidered with pearls. A very broad sash of pink satin made the waist seem quaintly short, a trying thing to any but the young and tall, both of which qualifications Mrs. Bourke most happily possesses. She carried a lovely posy of La France roses.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Gossip on Dress.&quot; ''Boston Spa News'' 25 May 1888, Friday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1b–2b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003395/18880525/014/0002. Print title The News, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 1c)&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1888 June 8, Friday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#Dinner and Dance Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne at Hamilton House|dinner and dance Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne at Hamilton House]] featuring Prince and Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein, and for the ball, the King of Sweden and Norway and the Prince and Princess of Wales and their daughters were present.

'''1888 June 19, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke was one of the principal guests at the wedding of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#19 June 1888, Tuesday|Captain Philip Green and Miss Mabel Emilie Scott]].

'''1888 July 26''', [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Caroline Graham Stirling-Crawford]] (known as Mr. Manton for her horse-breeding and -racing operations) and Marcus Henry Milner married.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;&quot;Hon. Caroline Agnes Horsley-Beresford.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://thepeerage.com/p6863.htm#i68622|title=Person Page|website=thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the ''Nottingham Evening Post'' of 31 July 1888,&lt;blockquote&gt;LONDON GOSSIP.

(From the ''World''.)

The marriage of &quot;Mr. Manton&quot; was the surprise as well the sensation of last week. Although some wise people noticed a certain amount of youthful ardour in the attentions paid by Mr. Marcus Henry Milner to Caroline Duchess of Montrose at '''Mrs. Oppenheim's ball''', nobody was prepared for the sudden ''dénouement''; '''and it''' were not for the accidental and unseen presence [[Social Victorians/People/Mildmay|a well-known musical amateur]] who had received permission to practice on the organ, the ceremony performed at half-past nine on Thursday morning at St. Andrew's, Fulham, by the Rev. Mr. Propert, would possibly have remained a secret for some time to come. Although the evergreen Duchess attains this year the limit of age prescribed the Psalmist, the bridegroom was only born in 1864. Mr. &quot;Harry&quot; Milner (familiarly known in the City as &quot;Millions&quot;) was one of the zealous assistants of that well-known firm of stockbrokers, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys, and Mr. Algernon Bourke, the head of the house (who, of course, takes a fatherly interest in the match) went down to Fulham to give away the Duchess. The ceremony was followed by a ''partie carrée'' luncheon at the Bristol, and the honeymoon began with a visit to the Jockey Club box at Sandown. Mr. Milner and the Duchess of Montrose have now gone to Newmarket. The marriage causes a curious reshuffling of the cards of affinity. Mr. Milner is now the stepfather of the [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Duke of Montrose]], his senior by twelve years; he is also the father-in-law of [[Social Victorians/People/Lady Violet Greville|Lord Greville]], Mr. Murray of Polnaise, and [[Social Victorians/People/Breadalbane|Lord Breadalbane]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1888 December 1st week''', according to &quot;Society Gossip&quot; from the ''World'', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was suffering from malaria, presumably which he caught when he was in South Africa:&lt;blockquote&gt;I am sorry to hear that Mr. Algernon Bourke, who married Miss Sloane-Stanley a short time ago, has been very dangerously ill. Certain complications followed an attack of malarian fever, and last week his mother, the Dowager Lady Mayo, and his brother, Lord Mayo, were hastily summoned to Brighton. Since then a change for the better has taken place, and he is now out of danger.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip. What the ''World'' Says.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 08 December 1888, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18881208/037/0002. Print title: ''The Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper''; print p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1888 December 20, Thursday''', the Sloane-Stanley family, including Guendoline Bourke, attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#20 December 1888, Thursday|funeral of Hans Sloane Stanley]]. Algernon Bourke did not attend because he was still too ill.

'''1889 January 22, 2:30 p.m., Tuesday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke sent a gift for the [[Social Victorians/Cecil Lambton Wedding 1889 January 22|wedding of Lady Eleanor Lambton and Lord Robert]] Cecil, a pair of antique mirrors.

'''1889 May 18, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#18 May 1889, Saturday|opening of the Italian Opera season at Covent Garden]].

'''1889 May 27, Monday, 11 p.m.''', the dancing commenced at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#The Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace|the Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace]], with both the Hon. Algernon and the Hon. Guendoline Bourke present.

'''1889 June 8, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke contributed some art he owned to the collection of the Royal Institute of Painters in Water-Colours' [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#8 June 1889, Saturday|exhibition of &quot;the works of the 'English Humourists in Art.'&quot;]]

'''1889 July 2, Tuesday''', Guendoline and Algernon Bourke sat in the Muriettas' box at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#The Shah at a Covent Garden Opera Performance|gala performance at Covent Garden also attended by the Prince and Princess of Wales, a number of other royals and the Shah]].

'''1889 27 July, Saturday''', Guendoline and Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#Garden Party Hosted by Mr. and Mrs. Augustus Harris|garden party hosted by Mr. and Mrs. Augustus Harris]], which was attended by a people from the theatre and arts worlds.

'''1889 August 15''', Thursday, because of mourning on both sides, only the closest friends and family were invited to the [[Social Victorians/Pleydell-Bouverie Skelmersdale Wedding|wedding of Lady Wilma Pleydell-Bouverie and Lord Skelmersdale]], so she may not have attended, but the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave the bride a miniature silver kettle.&lt;p&gt;

'''1889 December 2, Monday''', Guendoline Bourk's mother, Emilie Sloane-Stanley, married James Shelly Bontein:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

BONTEIN—STANLEY — December 2, at St. George's, Hanover Square, London, by the Rev. G. S. de Sansmarez, James Shelly, only son of the late James Bontein, Gentleman Usher and Clerk of the Robes to the Queen, to Emilie Josephine, widow of Hans Sloane Stanley, of Paultons.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1889 December 17, Tuesday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke gave a gift to [[Dangan-Neville Wedding|Lady Violet Nevill for her wedding to Henry Wellesley, Viscount Dangan]] and so were probably in attendance.

=== 1890s ===
'''1890 January 9, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#The York Hunt Ball|fancy-dress Hunt Ball in York]]. She&lt;blockquote&gt;looked a picture in a Gainsborough gown. The white satin skirt was flounced with sable and veiled with ''chiffon'', the setuage of which was left to show without being hemmed up. There was a broad sash of rose-pink silk and each buttonhole was filled round with crimped lisse.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Our London Letter.&quot; ''Irish Society'' (Dublin) 11 January 1890, Saturday: 17 [of 24], Col. 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001939/18900111/042/0017. Same print title, p. 29.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1890 February''' '''12, Wednesday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Lady Constance Leslie's Reception|Lady Constance Leslie's reception]] at her house in Stratford-place.

'''1890 April 9, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#The New Forest United Hunt Ball|the New Forest United Hunt Ball]].

'''1890 June 3, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the 2:30 p.m. [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Münster-Hay Wedding|wedding of Count Alexander Münster and Lady Muriel Henrietta Constance Hay]]. She is also listed as having attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Dinner and Concert Hosted by Mrs. Arthur Williams and Ball by Mrs. Menzies|ball hosted by Mrs. J. Menzies (daughter of Mrs. Arthur Wilson)]] that Prince Eddie, the Duke of Clarence and Avondale, also attended, that night.  

'''1890 July 4, Friday, 11 p.m.''', the Hon. Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#The Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace|the Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace]]. The dancing commenced shortly after 11:00. 

'''1890 July 15, Tuesday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke were invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Garden Party at Marlborough House to Meet the Queen|garden party at Marlborough House to meet the Queen]]. 

'''1890 July 19, Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Wedding of James Francis Harry St. Clair-Erskine and Violet Aline Vyner|wedding of James Francis Harry St. Clair-Erskine and Violet Aline Vyner]], the two of them giving &quot;four small silver dessert dishes&quot; and Guendoline giving an &quot;enamel and diamond pin.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marriage of Lord Loughborough with Miss Vyner.&quot; ''Fife Free Press'' 26 July 1890, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1a–2b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001110/18900726/015/0002. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 2b)

'''1890 July 24, Thursday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Dinner and Dance Hosted by Lord Alington|dance hosted by Lord Alington]] attended also by the Prince and Princess of Wales and Princesses Victoria and Maud.

'''1890 September 6, Saturday''', the ''Country Gentleman'' (as it was called at the time) reported that &quot;Muckross, the only deer forest in Ireland, it may be said, has this year been rented by Mr. Algernon Bourke, who will next week be joined there for the stalking season by his brother, Lord Mayo.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Shooting. Moors, Forests, and Fishings.&quot; ''Sporting Gazette'' 06 September 1890, Saturday: 11 [of 38], Col. 1c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002525/18900906/065/0011. Print: ''Country Gentleman'', p. 1251.&lt;/ref&gt; On 11 October 1890 the ''St. James's Gazette'' says,&lt;blockquote&gt;The Earl of Durham has been staying at Muchross, county Kerry, on a visit to the Hon. A. Bourke, who has rented the celebrated shootings and fishings on that estate for the autumn.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Society.&quot; ''St James's Gazette'' 11 October 1890, Saturday: 12 [of 16], Col. 1b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001485/18901011/064/0012. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1890 October 25, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke gave a gold-mounted box to [[Social Victorians/Loder De Vere Beauclerk Wedding|Lady Louise De Vere Beauclerk on her wedding to Gerald Loder, M.P.]], so they were probably present at the wedding, or at least the reception. Mrs. Bontein [sic Bontine], Guendoline's mother, gave a silver box, suggesting the relationship was through the women.

'''1890 November 29, 11:30 Saturday morning''', Algernon Bourke's gift for the [[Social Victorians/Dudley-Beckwith Wedding 1890-11-29|wedding of the Hon. Francis Dudley and Miss Forbes Beckwith]] was some cases of a Bordeaux wine: &quot;three dozen Cantenac, 1875 vintage.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marriage of Lord Leigh's Heir. Descriptive Sketch of the Ceremony, and Full List of Guests and Presents.&quot; ''Leamington Spa Courier'' 6 December 1890, Saturday: 6 [of 10], Cols. 1a–4a. ''British Newspaper Archive''  https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000319/18901206/021/0006. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 3b}} Guendoline Bourke is not listed as having been invited to the reception, but this list from the ''Leamington Spa Courier'' has some gaps.

'''1890 December 4, Thursday''', Guendoline and Algernon Bourke attended the [[Mure-Portal Wedding 1890-12-04|wedding of Miss Mure and Mr. S. J. Portal]]. Their gift is not recorded.

'''1891 January''', Algernon Bourke took party in a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Shooting Party in Kallarnet, Totton|shooting party in Kallarnet, Totton]].

'''1891 June 24, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Dinner and Ball Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne|dinner and ball Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne]] featuring Princess Mary Adelaide, the Duke of Teck, and Princess Victoria.

'''1891 July 9, Thursday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were invited to a [[Social Victorians/1891-07-09 Garden Party|large Garden Party at Marlborough House]] hosted by the [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]] in honor of Queen Victoria and the German Emperor and Empress. The more than 3,000 people invited also included a number of people from the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|family of the Earl of Mayo]].

'''1891 July 22, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Dinner and Dance at Alington House|dance at the Earl and Countess Alington]]'s that also included the Prince and Princess of Wales.

'''1891 October 22, Thursday''', Hon. and Mrs. Bourke attended at least the reception of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Le Strange Astley Wedding|Le Strange—Astley Wedding]], although perhaps the couple is not the Algernon Bourkes.

'''1891 November 22, Sunday''', the London ''Weekly Dispatch'' reports a performance by American &quot;Lady Magnet&quot; Mrs. Abbott, who claimed to be able to lift anybody using only her magnetic properties. An enthusiastic &quot;committee of some fifteen gentlemen presented a written and signed testimonial&quot; supporting Mrs. Abbott, &quot;the Hon. Algernon Bourke, Professor Atkinson, Dr. Hides, and three other doctors who prefer to remain incog., being among the signatories. All the medical gentlemen concerned assured the ''Evening News and Post'' reporter of their complete and unconditional surrender. One of them went so far as to say that he had come with the full determination of disbelieving, but had been quite able to act up to his resolve.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Lady Magnet. Draws Crowds of People Who Divide in Opinion about Her.&quot; ''Weekly Dispatch'' (London) 22 November 1891, Sunday: 16 [of 16], Cols. 3a–4b [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003358/18911122/203/0016. Print: same title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1892''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke privately published his ''The History of White's'', the exclusive gentleman's club.

'''1892 January 27, Saturday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the very fashionable [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892#The Wedding of Lord Henry Cavendish Bentinck, M.P., and Lady Olivia Taylour|wedding of Lord Henry Cavendish Bentinck, M.P., and Lady Olivia Taylour]]. Their gift was not noted in the list.

'''1892 February''' '''10, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1892-02-10 Alington Leigh Wedding|very fashionable wedding of Henry, Lord Alington and Evelyn Henriette Leigh]] [[Social Victorians/1892-02-10 Alington Leigh Wedding|in St. Paul's, Knightsbridge]]

'''1892 April''' '''10, Wednesday, about 2:30 p.m.''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/1892-02-10 Alington Leigh Wedding|the very fashionable wedding between Henry Sturt, Lord Alington and Evelyn Leigh]]. Her gift was a &quot;tortoiseshell and gold heart-shaped tray.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;&quot;Lord Alington to Miss Leigh.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 20 February 1892, Saturday: 21 [of 46], Cols. 1a–3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18920220/092/0021. Same print title, p. 237.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 3a) 

'''1892 June 25, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird&quot; says &quot;That pretty Mrs. Algernon Bourke has been staying here, but returned to England in time for Ascot.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Little Bird, The. &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 25 June 1892, Saturday: 32 [of 60], Col. 3b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18920625/157/0032. Same print title, p. 860.&lt;/ref&gt; 

'''1892 December 13, Tuesday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' says Guendoline Bourke is lovely in its coverage of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892#Wedding of Miss Eleanor M. Ewart and Captain Guy Withington|Eleanor M. Ewart and Captain Guy Withington's wedding]]. 

'''1892 December 22, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892#22 December 1892, Thursday|monthly meeting of the Zoological Society in Hanover-square]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 February 11, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke opened Willis's Restaurant:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Algernon Bourke has in his time done many things, and has generally done them well. His recently published history of White's Club is now a standard work. White's Club itself was a few years ago in its agony when Mr. Bourke stepped in and gave it a renewed lease of life. Under Mr. Bourke's auspices &quot;Willis's Restaurant&quot; opened its doors to the public on Tuesday last in a portion of the premises formerly so well known as Willis's Rooms. This new venture is to rival the Amphitryon in the matter of cuisine and wines; but it is not, like the Amphitryon, a club, but open to the public generally. Besides the restaurant proper, there are several ''cabinets particuliers'', and these are decorated with the very best of taste, and contain some fine portraits of the Georges.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marmaduke.&quot; &quot;Letter from the Linkman.&quot; ''Truth'' 20 April 1893, Thursday: 25 [of 56], Col. 1a [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18930420/075/0025# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18930420/075/0025]. Print p. 855.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1893 February 7, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#1893 February 7, Tuesday|the reception after Lady Emily Cadogan's wedding]].

'''1893 February 20, Monday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke is listed as having attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace|Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace]] held by the Prince of Wales; because wives generally are not listed, it seems likely Guendoline Bourke attended as well.

'''1893 February 28, Tuesday, 3:00 p.m.''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Queens Drawing Room 1893-02-28|Queen's Drawing Room at Buckingham Palace]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 March 22, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#22 March 1893, Wednesday|Lady Wimborne's reception]].

'''1893 April 1, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke published a letter to the editor of the ''Times'', reprinted in the ''Kildare Observer'', arguing against Gladstone's Home Rule bill on the grounds that Ireland would not be able to take out a loan on its own behalf because of its obligations to the U.K., including what was called its share of the national debt.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Irish Unionist Alliance.&quot; ''Kildare Observer and Eastern Counties Advertiser'' 01 April 1893, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001870/18930401/062/0006. Print: The ''Kildare Observer'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1893 May 13, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was seen at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#13 May 1893, Saturday|exhibitions of art and furniture for sale by Christie's and on display by Lord Clifden]].

'''1893 July 13, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#The Countess of Listowel's Garden Party|Countess of Listowel's Garden Party]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#The Countess of Listowel's Garden Party|at her residence, Kingston House, Princes-gate]], accompanied by Miss Adeane.

'''1893 July 14, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Sandown Races 1893-07-14|the races at Sandown]] wearing a dark-blue-and-white outfit and black hat that got described in the newspaper.

'''1893 August 1, Tuesday – August 4, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke, at least, was at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#1 August 1893, Tuesday – 4 August 1893, Friday|the Goodwood races]], mentioned in the ''Gentlewoman'' for her beauty, although none of the dresses were noted.

'''1893 November 4–11, Wednesday–Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke was at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#Ralph and Mary Sneyd Hosted a Shooting Party|shooting party at Keele Hall hosted by Ralph and Mary Sneyd]].

'''1893 November 30, Thursday''', with Sir Walter Gilbey the Hon. Algernon Bourke &quot;assisted&quot; in &quot;forming [a] collection&quot; of engravings by George Morland that was exhibited at Messrs. J. and W. Vokins’s, Great Portland-street.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The George Morland Exhibition at Vokins's.&quot; ''Sporting Life'' 30 November 1893, Thursday: 4 [of 4], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000893/18931130/058/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1893 December 14, Thursday, afternoon''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1893-12-14 Wedding Adele Grant and George, 7th Earl of Essex|wedding of American Adele Grant and George, 7th Earl of Essex]] and gave a &quot;pearl and gold box.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;&quot;Wedding of the Earl of Essex.&quot; ''Herts Advertiser'' 16 December 1893, Saturday; 8 [of 8], Col. 1a–4b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000415/18931216/125/0008. Print title: ''The Herts Advertiser and St Albans Times'', p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 3c}} Mr. and Mrs. Shelley Bontein also attended, and Mrs. Bontein gave a &quot;green leather bag and purse, with coronet and monogram in gold.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;{{rp|3b}}

'''1894 January 27, Saturday''', Psyche in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; in the ''Gentlewoman'' reported on a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#27 January 1894, Saturday|ball hosted by Lord and Lady Dunraven at Adare Manor]] that Guendoline Bourke attended.

'''1894 January 31, Wednesday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke, who was dressed more stylishly than most, attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Also 31 January 1894, Wednesday|Kildare Hunt Ball]] hosted by Dermot, [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] and Geraldine, Countess of Mayo.

'''1894 February 24, Saturday''', ''The Field'' reported on a series of tennis matches; Algernon Bourke attended the one played at the Prince's Club.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Tennis.&quot; ''Field'' 24 February 1894, Saturday: 39 [of 72], Col. 1c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002446/18940224/349/0039. Print title ''The Field, The Country Gentleman's Newspaper'', p. 249.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1894 March 31, Saturday''', Psyche, in the &quot;Social Peepshow&quot; column in the ''Gentlewoman'', says that &quot;Mr. Algernon Bourke has still further embellished Willis's restaurant hard by [the St. James's Theatre], by the addition of some valuable old tapestry that lately came to the hammer at Christie's.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 31 March 1894, Saturday: 16 [of 56], Col. 2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18940331/081/0016. Same print title, p. 408.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1894 April 13, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke set sail on the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#P. and O. Line S.S. Rome for Gibraltar|P. and O. Line ''S.S. Rome'' for Gibraltar]] along with her stepfather, Mr. Shelley Bontein, and her brother, Mr. Sloane Stanley.

'''31 May 1894, Thursday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Reception at Devonshire House|Duchess of Devonshire's reception at Devonshire House]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 June 18, Monday''', the London ''Echo'' reported that Algernon Bourke was [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Brooks'|writing a history of Brooks' Club]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 June 20, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Princess Louise, Marchioness of Lorne Opened the Annual Sale of the Scottish Home Industries|Annual Sale of the Scottish Home Industries]]; her outfit was described in the article in ''Lady's Pictorial''.

'''1894 August 2, Thursday''', the column &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird&quot; says, &quot;At Willis' [restaurant] — 'What a smart cotillon Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave on Thursday evening.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Bird, The Little. &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 04 August 1894, Saturday: 30 [of 56], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18940804/148/0030. Print title same, p. 144.&lt;/ref&gt; Willis's Restaurant, King-street, St. James's, was a restaurant Algernon Bourke opened in 1893.&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 September 7, Saturday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#7 September 1894, Saturday|shooting party at Witley]], which had been loaned to one of his brothers by William Ward, 2nd Earl of Dudley.&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 October 22, Thursday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Wedding of Lord Connemara and Mrs. Coleman|luncheon after the wedding of Lord Connemara and Mrs. Coleman]].

'''1894 November 3, Saturday''', Psyche, in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; for the Gentlewoman, reported that Guendoline Bourke had been [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#3 November 1894, Saturday|seen shopping in London]].

'''1895 January 5, Saturday, 2:00 p.m.''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke gave an old mother-of-pearl workbox to [[Wolverton-Ward Wedding 1895-01-05|Lady Edith Ward for her wedding to Frederick Glyn, Lord Wolverton]] and presumably attended the wedding and reception afterwards.&lt;p&gt;

'''1895 February 23, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#23 February 1895, Saturday|fashionable wedding of Laurence Currie and Edith Sibyl Mary Finch]]. Guendoline Bourke is not listed as having attended, but she is not noted as absent, either. Daphne Bourke was born on 5 April 1895, probably explaining Guendoline's absence.

'''1895 March 24, Sunday – 30 March, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#24, Sunday – 30 March 1895, Saturday|enjoying the sunny weather in Brighton]].

'''1895 April 27, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#1895 April 27, Saturday|wedding of Norah Bourke and Henry E. A. Lindsay]]. Again, Guendoline Bourke is not listed as having attended. Daphne Bourke was born on 5 April 1895, and Psyche, writing the &quot;Social Peepshow&quot; column in the Gentlewoman, says,&lt;blockquote&gt;

I regret to hear of the serious illness of Mrs. Algernon Bourke, whose first child was born a fortnight ago. It is feared that the attack is of the nature of typhoid, but happily the patient's strength keeps up. Mrs. Bourke is at her mother's house in Clarges-street.&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 27 April 1895, Saturday: 28 [of 84], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18950427/147/0028. Same print title, p. 506.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1895 July 13, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke donated 10s. to the ''Daily Telegraph'' National Shilling Testimonial to W. G. Grace.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;''Daily Telegraph'' National Shilling Testimonial to W. G. Grace.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London) 13 July 1895, Saturday: 7 [of 12], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/18950713/079/0007. Print: ''Daily Telegraph'', p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1895 August 24, Saturday''', &quot;Marmaduke&quot; in the ''Graphic'' says that Algernon Bourke &quot;opened a cyclists' club in Chelsea.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marmaduke.&quot; &quot;Court and Club.&quot; The ''Graphic'' 24 August 1895, Saturday: 11 [of 32], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9000057/18950824/017/0011. Print p. 223.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1895 October''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#24 October 1902, Friday|opened the Prince's ice-skating rink for the]] season.if the newspapers were right that 1902 was the 7th season. He also was planning a bicycling club for Kensington Gardens to open the following season.&lt;ref&gt;Mackenzie, Ethel Morell (Miss). &quot;Pins and Needles.&quot; ''Hull Daily News'' 12 October 1895, Saturday: 24 [of 40], Col. 1a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003443/18951012/024/0024. Print title: ''Hull News Supplement'', p. 1[6? 8?].&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1895 October 7, Monday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#Adeane-Cator Wedding|Maud Adeane–John Cator wedding]].

'''1895 December 11, Wednesday''', Guendoline and Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#Sneyd Party to Meet the Duke of Coburg|shooting party at the Sneyds' to meet the Duke of Coburg]].

'''1895 December 18, Wednesday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#Wedding of Lady Albreda Fitzwilliam and the Hon. Charles Bourke|wedding of Lady Albreda Fitzwilliam and the Hon. Charles Bourke]]. Their gift is not noted in the newspaper account.

'''1896 March 17, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#17 March 1896, Tuesday|annual dinner of the Cymmrodorion, or the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion]], a society for Welsh culture and history.

'''1896 April 21, Monday''', Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke sent a gift — a &quot;box for miniature&quot; — for [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Monday, 1896 April 27|the wedding of Lady Angela St. Clair Erskine and James Stewart Forbes]].

'''1896 May 21, Thursday''', the Hon. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Mrs. C. H. Wilson's Ball|Mrs. C. H. Wilson's ball in Grosvenor-square, London]].

'''1896 May 26, Tuesday,  through 28 May, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Coming of Age of Mr Sloane Stanley|3-day celebration in honor of the coming of age of her brother, Cyril Sloane Stanley]].

'''1896 June 15, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Dinner and Dance Hosted by the Countess of Huntingdon|dance hosted by the Earl and Countess of Huntingdon]] after their dinner party.

'''1896 July 13, Monday''', Algernon Bourke (listed among the &quot;Honourables&quot;) and Mrs. A. Bourke (Listed among the &quot;Honourable Ladies&quot;) were invited to the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Queen's Garden Party at Buckingham Palace|Queen's Garden Party at Buckingham Palace]].

'''1896 June 29, Monday''', the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Cadogan-Scott Wedding 1896-06-29|wedding and reception of Lady Sophie Cadogan and Sir Samuel Scott]]. Algernon Bourke published a letter to the editor of the ''Daily Telegraph'' about White's Club — and thus Bourke's — &quot;[[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Summer Club|Summer Club]]&quot; in Kensington Park, the subject of a little controversy.

'''1896 July 21, Tuesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Dinner Hosted by Sir Horace and Lady Farquhar|dinner hosted by Sir Horace and Lady Farquhar in Grosvenor-square]].

'''1896 August 5, Wednesday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#5 August 1896|wedding of the Hon. Terence Bourke and Miss Eveline Haines]] and gave the bride an &quot;enamel muff chain.&quot;&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 August 10, Monday''', the Morning Leader reported that the Hon. Algernon Bourke, for the Foreign Office, received Li Hung Chang at St. Paul's:&lt;blockquote&gt;At St. Paul's Li Hung was received by Field-Marshal Simmons, Colonel Lane, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, of the Foreign Office (who made the necessary arrangements for the visit) and Canon Newbolt, on behalf of the Dean and Chapter. A crowd greeted Li with a cheer as he drove up in Lord Lonsdale’s striking equipage, and his Excellency was carried up the steps in an invalid chair by two stalwart constables. He walked through the centre door with his suite, and was immediately conducted by Canon Newbolt to General Gordon’s tomb in the north aisle, where a detachment of boys from the Gordon Home received him as a guard of honor.

Li inspected the monument with marked interest, and drew the attention of his suite to the remarkable likeness to the dead hero. He laid a handsome wreath of royal purple asters, lilies, maidenhair fern, and laurel, tied with a broad band of purple silk, on the tomb.

The visit was not one of inspection of the building, but on passing the middle aisle the interpreter called the attention of His Excellency to the exquisite architecture and decoration of the chancel. Li shook hands in hearty English fashion with Canon Newbolt and the other gentlemen who had received him, and, assisted by his two sons, walked down the steps to his carriage. He returned with his suite to Carlton House-terrace by way of St. Paul’s Churchyard, Cannon-st., Queen Victoria-st., and the Embankment.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;At St. Paul's.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 10 August 1896, Monday: 7 [of 12], Col. 2b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18960810/134/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 August 19, Wednesday''', the ''Edinburgh Evening News'' reported on the catering that White's Club and Mr Algernon Bourke arranged for the visiting Li Hung Chang:&lt;blockquote&gt;It is probably not generally known (says the &quot;Chef&quot;) that Mr Algernon Bourke, manager of White's Club, London, has undertaken to the whole of the catering for our illustrious visitor front the Flowery Land. Li Hung Chang has five native cooks in his retinue, and the greatest good fellowship exists between them and their English ''confreres'', although considerable difficulty is experienced in conversation in understanding one another's meaning. There are between 40 and and 50 to cater for daily, besides a staff about 30; that Mr Lemaire finds his time fully occupied. The dishes for his Excellency are varied and miscellaneous, and from 14 to 20 courses are served at each meal. The bills of fare contain such items as bird's-nest soup, pigs' kidneys stewed in cream, boiled ducks and green ginger, sharks' fins, shrimps and prawns stewed with leeks and muscatel grapes, fat pork saute with peas and kidney beans. The meal usually winds with fruit and sponge cake, and freshly-picked green tea as liqueur.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Li Hung Chang's Diet.&quot; ''Edinburgh Evening News'' 19 August 1896, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 8b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000452/18960819/057/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 November 6, Friday''', both Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were on the committee for the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Skating Club|Prince's Club ice-skating rink]], which [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Opening of the Prince's Club Skating Rink|opened on this day]].

'''1896 November 22, week of''', Mrs. Algernon Bourke was part of a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Shooting Party at the Charles Wilsons' Warter Priory, Yorkshire|shooting party at the Charles Wilsons' Warter Priory, Yorkshire]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 November 25, Wednesday''', Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bouke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Lord and Lady Burton Hosted a Party for Derby Day|Lord and Lady Burton's party for Derby Day]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 December 4, Friday''', the Orleans Club at Brighton was robbed:&lt;blockquote&gt;The old building of the Orleans Club at Brighton, which opens its new club house at 33, Brunswick-terrace to-day, was the scene of a very ingenious burglary during the small hours of yesterday morning. The greater portion of the club property had already been removed to the new premises, but Mr Algernon Bourke, his private secretary, and some of the officials of the club, still occupied bed-rooms at the house in the King’s-road. The corner shop of the street front is occupied by Mr. Marx, a jeweller in a large way of business, and upon his manager arriving at nine o'clock he discovered that the place had been entered through hole in the ceiling, and a great part of a very valuable stock of jewelry extracted. An examination of the morning rooms of the club, which runs over Mr. Marx's establishment reveal a singularly neat  specimen of the burglar's art. A piece of the flooring about 15in square had been removed by a series of holes bored side by side with a centre-bit, at a spot where access to the lofty shop was rendered easy by a tall showcase which stood convemently near. A massive iron girder had been avoided by a quarter of an inch, and this circumstance and the general finish of the operation point to an artist in his profession, who had acquired an intimate knowledge of the premises. The club doors were all found locked yesterday morning, and the means of egress adopted by the thief are at present a mystery.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Burglary at Brighton.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London) 05 December 1896, Saturday: 5 [of 12], Col. 7a [of 7]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/18961205/090/0005. Print title: ''Daily Telegraph''; p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 December 10, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke was present to help staff a stall at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#10 December 1896, Thursday|Irish Industries Exhibition and Sale, Brighton]].

'''1896 December 31, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke hosted a New Year's Eve dance:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave a highly satisfactory and enjoyable dance on Thursday night, when the old year was danced out and the new one danced in. Most of the silver gilters at present in to len were to the fore.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Man about Town.&quot; ''Sporting Gazette'' 02 January 1897, Saturday: 7 [of 34], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002525/18970102/041/0007. Print title ''The County Gentleman'', p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 January 9, Saturday''', Psyche in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; says that Algernon Bourke's &quot;cheerful countenance was quite in keeping with the [Christmas] season,&quot; seen in London.&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 9 January 1897, Saturday: 22 [of 56], Col. 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970109/097/0022. Same print title, p. 40.&lt;/ref&gt; 

'''1897 January 13, Wednesday – 18, Monday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were guests of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Warwickshire Hunt Club Ball|house party associated with the Warwickshire Hunt Ball]] at [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Warwick Castle]].

'''1897 January 30, Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke was reported to have been out shopping in London: &quot;Another charming figure was that of Mrs. Algernon Bourke all in chinchilla, with something of pale blue in a smart toque.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 30 January 1897, Saturday: 20 [of 59]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970130/107/0020. Same print title, p. 134.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 May 31, Monday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke were present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#House Party at Warwick Castle|House Party at Warwick Castle]] hosted by the Earl and Countess of Warwick.

'''1897 June 2, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Reception at the Foreign Office|reception at the Foreign Office]].

'''1897 June 12, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' reported on Guendoline Bourke's dress and hat at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Duchess of Albany's Bazaar at the Imperial Institute|Duchess of Albany's Bazaar at the Imperial Institute]]. 

'''1897 June 19, Saturday''', Psyche in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; column in the ''Gentlewoman'' writes that Guendoline Bourke was seen driving in London, &quot;in blue, ... looking as usual very handsome.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 19 June 1897, Saturday: 28 [of 108], Col. 2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970619/159/0028. Same print title, p. 848.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 June 28, Monday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were invited to the [[Social Victorians/Diamond Jubilee Garden Party|Garden Party at Buckingham Palace]], the final official event of the London Diamond Jubilee celebrations. Members of the family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] were also among the 5,000–6,000 people invited.

'''1897 July 2, Friday''', the Hon. A. and Mrs. A. Bourke and Mr. and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] at Devonshire House.

'''1897 July 8, Thursday, 11:00 p.m.''', Hon. Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were present at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace|the Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace]]. The dancing commenced shortly after 11:00 p.m.

'''1897 July 11–16, week of''', a dog of Guendoline Bourke's won a prize at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Ladies' Kennel Association show in the Royal Botanic Gardens in Regent's Park|Ladies' Kennel Association show in the Royal Botanic Gardens in Regent's Park]]. 

'''1897 July 23, Friday''', both the Hon. Algernon Bourke and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Bourke-Curzon Cricket Match at the Queen's Club|Bourke-Curzon cricket match at the Queen's Club]], which Algernon Bourke's team lost. 

'''1897 July 23 — or July 30, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Lady Burton's party at Chesterfield House|Lady Burton's party at Chesterfield House]]. &lt;blockquote&gt;Far the prettiest women in the room were Lady Henry Bentinck (who looked perfectly lovely in pale yellow, with a Iong blue sash; and Mrs. Algernon Bourke, who was as smart as possible in pink, with pink and white ruchings on her sleeves and a tall pink feather in her hair.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lady Burton's Party at Chesterfield House.&quot; ''Belper &amp; Alfreton Chronicle'' 30 July 1897, Friday: 7 [of 8], Col. 1c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004151/18970730/162/0007. Print title: ''Belper and Alfreton Chronicle''; n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 August 2, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Warwick House Party for the Easton Lodge Cricket Week Games|Earl and Countess of Warwick's house party for Easton Lodge cricket week]].

'''1897 August 2, Monday''', Mrs. Algernon Bourke was listed as among [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Most Beautiful Women in England|the most beautiful women in England]] in an article from ''Vanity Fair'' that was reprinted elsewhere.

'''1897 September 25, Saturday''', according to the ''Pall Mall Gazette'',&lt;blockquote&gt;The [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Dowager-Countess of Mayo]] is staying with her son, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, at Bramnber, near Brighton.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pall Mall Gazette Office.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 25 September 1897, Saturday: 8 [of 10], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18970925/023/0008. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1897 October 2, Saturday''', &quot;Yenatrix&quot; in &quot;Kennel Column&quot; in the ''Gentlewoman'' reported that Guendoline Bourke had joined the Ladies' Kennel Association.&lt;ref&gt;Yenatrix. &quot;Kennel Column.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 02 October 1897, Saturday: 39 [of 61], Col. 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18971002/182/0039. Same print title, p. 434.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 October 9, Saturday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Harrogate|Harrogate, presumably taking the waters and baths]]. Lady May was on her way to visit Algernon Bourke in Brighton:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Earl of Mayo is expected to return from Sweden on Saturday next. Lady Mayo leaves Bournemouth on Sarurday for Brighton, where she will pay a two days' visit to her brother-in-law, the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]]. The Earl and Countess will then return to Palmerstown, their seat in County Kildare.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pall Mall Gazette Office.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 7 October 1897, Thursday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18971007/022/0008. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1897 October 30, Saturday''', ''Black and White'' published '''J.P.B.'''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s &quot;The Case of Mrs. Elliott,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;J.P.B. &quot;The Case of Mrs. Elliott.&quot; ''Black &amp; White'' 30 October 1897, Saturday: 12 [of 34], Cols. 1a–2b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004617/18971030/036/0012. Print title ''Black and White'', p. 542.&lt;/ref&gt; an odd short short story in which the Honourable Algernon Bourke Herriott is &quot;rude to Mrs. Elliott,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2b}} presumably having proposed sexual relations while her husband is out. J.P.B. links to the biographical Algernon Bourke's career in the stock market in the description of Mrs. Christine Elliott not even simulating interest in her husband's bicycling: &quot;a soul is a grievous burthen for a stockbroker's wife,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2a}} suggesting that Mr. Elliott rather than Algernon Bourke Herriott is the stockbroker. The Hon. Algy&lt;blockquote&gt;was a senior member of several junior clubs. A woman had dubbed him once &quot;a rip with a taste for verses.&quot; The description was severe, but not unwarranted. His was a pretty pagan sensualism, though, singing from a wine palate to Church music. For the rest, he had just imagination enough to despise mediocrity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2a}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 November 25–26, Thursday–Friday''', Guendoline Bourke was in Brighton, helping the Countess of Mayo at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Irish Industries' Association Annual Exhibition|bazaar of the Irish Industries' Association]].

'''1897 December 7, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#7 December 1897, Tuesday|7th annual dinner for the Actors' Benevolent Fund]].

'''1897 December 20, Monday, the week of''', Guendoline Bourke's Mousie was the smallest dog in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Ladies' Kennel Association's Dog Show|Ladies' Kennel Association show in Earl's Court]].

'''1897 December 30''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Blenheim Palace Party with Amateur Theatricals|party at Blenheim Palace in which people performed tableaux vivants]] that got reported on, many of whom wearing the costumes from the Duchess of Devonshire's ball. The ''Irish Independent'' said Algernon Bourke was &quot;mainly responsible for the living pictures.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr Algernon Bourke ....&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 05 January 1898, Wednesday: 6 [of 8], Col. 2c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001985/18980105/115/0006.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1898''', Algernon Bourke called a meeting at White's Club about attempting to [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Thames Salmon Experiment|restock the Thames with salmon]]. In 1899 he was on a [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#Committees|committee led by the Lord Mayor about this topic]] as well.

'''1898 February 3, Thursday''',  Algernon Bourke was among [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#The Dundee Evening Telegraph Report on People at Monte Carlo|those visiting Monte Carlo according to the Dundee ''Evening Telegraph'']].

'''1898 March 12, Saturday''', ''The World'' reported on Algernon Bourke's upgrading of the Orleans Club at Brighton:&lt;blockquote&gt;

The Orleans Club at Brighton is flourishing exceedingly, and the new buildings which Mr. Algernon Bourke has just had erected at the back of the comfortable mansion at the corner of Lansdowne-place now provide all that was wanting to make the present habitat of the club all that its members desire. The new billiard-room is rapidly approaching completion, and the coffee-room, excellent and spacious now, was open on Saturday night, when every table was occupied by club diners and their guests, all of whom were enthusiastic over the excellence of this latest addition to the comfort of the house. All interested may be congratulated on what is practically new lease of life to the Orleans Club, than which there is no more comfortable place stay within the four seas.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From '''The World''.'&quot; ''East &amp; South Devon Advertiser'' 12 March 1898, Saturday: 6 pop 8], Col. 2b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001639/18980312/132/0006. Print title ''The East and South Devon Advertiser'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1898 March 30, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke was charged with assaulting a Mr. Potter, but it is not clear from this account what exactly happened:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Hon. Algernon H. Bourke, of Bramber, was summoned, at the instance of Mr. Walter John Potter, clerk to Mr. G. A. Flowers, solicitor, of Steyning, for assault, on the 30th March. — Mr. J. Edward Dell supported the case, and Mr. J. C. Buckwell defended, and pleaded not guilty. — The evidence was to the effect that Mr. Potter had occasion go to defendant's house on Wednesday last to serve a writ. He was going to drop the letter into [Col. 5c–6a] defendant's pocket when he turned and struck him a violent blow on the chest, making witness stagger backwards. Witness put up his hands to keep his balance, and defendant then struck him violently across the head with a weeding spud. — Richard Reed, who was at work for Mr. Bourke on the date named, and was working in garden at the time of the alleged assault, gave corroborative evidence. — Defendant, in the witness box, made a similar statement. — The magistrates differed as to whether the assault was committed, and dismissed the case.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Steyning.&quot; ''Sussex Express'' 9 April 1898, Saturday: 2 [of 12], Col. 5c–6a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000654/18980409/036/0002. Print: ''The Sussex Express, Surrey Standard, Weald of the Kent Mail, Hants and County Advertiser'', p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1898 April 12, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was among [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#1898 April 12, Tuesday|those visiting Monte Carlo according to the ''Gentlewoman'']].

'''1898 May 25, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke wore pink to [[Social Victorians/1898-05-25 Savoy Dinner Dance Hwfa|Mrs. Hwfa Williams' dinner-dance at the Savoy]].

'''1898 June 7, Tuesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. A. Bourke were invited to and probably attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#7 June 1898, Tuesday|State Ball at Buckingham Palace hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales]].

'''1898 July 4, Thursday afternoon''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke were invited to and probably attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#Garden Party at Marlborough House|Garden Party at Marlborough House given to the Queen and Shah of Persia]].

'''1898 October 29, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#Tennis Championship Game at Prince's Club, Knightsbridge|tennis match at Prince's Club, Knightsbridge]].

'''1898 November''', Algernon Bourke received a letter from Lord Alfred Douglas and attempted to help Douglas and his father, the Marquis of Queensberry, to reconcile. Bourke met with the Marquis and sent a positive reply to Douglas the next day.&lt;ref name=&quot;:26&quot; /&gt; (568–569)

'''1898 November 22, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#Shooting Party Hosted by William James|shooting party hosted by Mr. William James]].

'''1898 December 3, Saturday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. A. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#The Funeral of Lady Connemara|funeral of Lady Connemara in Christ Church]], Down street, Piccadilly.&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 January 10, Tuesday''', the Brighton Championship Dog Show opened:&lt;blockquote&gt;Princess of Wales a Winner at the Ladies’ Kennel Club Show.

[Exclusive to &quot;The Leader.&quot;)

The Brighton Championship Dog Show opened in the Dome and Corn Exchange yesterday, and was very well patronised by visitors and exhibitors. Among the latter was H.R.H. the Princess of Wales, who did very well; and others included Princess Sophie Duleep Singh, Countess De Grey, Sir Edgar Boehm, the Hon Mrs. Algernon Bourke, Lady Cathcart, Lady Reid, Mr. Shirley (chairman of the Kennel Club), and the Rev. Hans Hamiiton (president of the Kennel Club).

The entry of bloodhounds is one of the best seen for some time; the Great Danes are another strong lot; deerhounds are a fine entry, all good dogs, and most of the best kennels represented; borzois are another very stylish lot. The bigger dogs are, as usual, in the Corn Exchange and the &quot;toy&quot; dogs in the Dome. To everyone's satsfaction the Princess of Wales carried off two first prizes with Alex in the borzois class.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Dogs at Brighton.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 11 January 1899, Wednesday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18990111/142/0008. Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 January 11, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#11 January 1899, Wednesday|a luncheon at Stanfield-hall, home of Mr. and Mrs. Basil Montogomery, for Princess Henry of Battenberg]], that also included the Countess of Dudley (sister of Mrs. Montgomery), General Oliphant, and the Mayor and Mayoress of Romsey.

'''1899 January 17–18, Tuesday and Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Ladies' Kennel Association in Brighton|Ladies' Kennel Association in Brighton]], where she showed an Italian greyhound named Brenda.

'''1899 February 7, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke was a member of the very high-ranking committee organizing the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Gordon Memorial College Ball|Gordon Memorial College Ball at the Hotel Cecil on 7 February 1899]]. The committee had been planning for the ball, of course, for at least 3 weeks before.

'''1899 February 22, Wednesday – April''', Guendoline Bourke was part of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Society in St. Moritz|Society in St. Moritz]]. 1899 March 29, Wednesday, the ''Dundee Advertiser'' says that [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#29 March 1899, Wednesday|Cyril Sloane-Stanley was spending part of the winter in St. Moritz]] with his sister Guendoline Bourke.

'''1899 April 7, Friday, probably''', oddly, Algernon and Guendoline Bourke are not reported to have attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Funeral of the Hon. Charles Bourke, C.B.|Funeral of the Hon. Charles Bourke, C.B.]] or even to have sent flowers.

'''1899 April 8, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' reported that Guendoline Bourke had gone to [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#8 April 1899, Saturday|St. Moritz with her brother, Mr. Stanley, who had gotten engaged to Lady Cairns]].

'''1899 April 26, Wednesday''', according to &quot;Local and District News&quot; for Totton, Guendoline Bourke was &quot;ill with influenza in Paris, and Mrs. Shelley Bontein, her mother, has gone out to nurse her.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Local and District News. Totton.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 26 April 1899, Wednesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 2b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18990426/037/0004. Print title ''Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1899 June 1, Thursday, or 2, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Wedding of Roger Cyril Sloane Stanley and Olivia, Countess Cairns|wedding of her brother, Sloane Stanley and Olivia Countess Cairns]] at Holy Trinity Church, Brompton.

'''1899 June 8, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke's money troubles:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Hon. Algernon Bourke, son of the Earl of Mayo, has been appearing before the official receivers in connection with a winding-up order made against Willis’ Restaurant, Limited. The companyf [sic] was formed to acquire the well known restaurant from the Hon. H. A. Bourke. The chairman reminded the creditors that on the last occasion the meeting was adjourned because Mr. Bourke said he thought he would be able in the course of a fortnight to obtain an offer for a sum sufficient to satisfy the creditors and debenture holders. He had received a letter from Mr. Bourke to the effect that he had been unable to complete arrangements. Having looked into the affairs of the company more closely, it appeared to him that Mr. Bourke was legally liable to repay the sum of £5,000 which was advanced to White's Club, and the question would arise whether Mr. Bourke was not also liable to repay the sum of £4,000.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr. Bourke Must Pay.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 8 June 1899, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 8c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001985/18990608/118/0004. Print title: ''The Irish Weekly Independent'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1899 July 1, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#1 July 1899, Saturday|meeting in London at the Duke of Westminster's Grosvenor House]] about preserving Killarney as part of the National Trust and seems to have been acting for someone who wanted to purchase the Muckross Estate.

'''1899 July 5, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Dinner and Dance at Devonshire House|dance at Devonshire House hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire]].

'''1899 July 6, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Joan Wilson and Guy Fairfax's Wedding|wedding of Joan Wilson and Guy Fairfax in St. Mark's, near Grosvenor Square]].

'''1899 July 14, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#14 July 1899, Friday|Ernest Beckett's dinner party]].

'''1899 July 18, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Ludovici Lecture on Impressionism|lecture on Impressionism by Ludovici hosted by the Countess of Mayo]].

'''1899 July 28, Friday''', [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#White's|White's Club]] was no longer under Algernon Bourke's management and was reconstituting itself after the possibility that it would have to close.

'''1889 July 31, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#Fete of the Uxbridge Habitation of the Primrose League|Fete of the Uxbridge Habitation of the Primrose League]] at Hillingdon Court and hosted by the Hon. Algernon and Lady Mary Mills.

'''1899 September 9, Saturday''', the ''Eastern Morning News'' includes Algernon Bourke (&quot;St. James's-street, London, club proprietor&quot;) in a list of men &quot;Receiving Orders,&quot; which it is reprinting from the ''London Gazette''.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Receiving Orders.&quot; ''Eastern Morning'' News 9 September 1899, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 3c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001152/18990909/074/0005. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 October 19, Thursday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke had a bankruptcy hearing:&lt;blockquote&gt;The public examination of the Hon. Algernon Bourke was held before Mr Registrar Giffard yesterday, at the London Bankruptcy Court. The debtor, described as proprietor of a St. James's-street club, furnished a statement of affairs showing unsecured debts £13,694 and debts fully secured £12,800, with assets which are estimated at £4,489 [?]. He stated, in reply to the Official Receiver, that he was formerly a member of the Stock Exchange, but had nothing to do with the firm of which he was a member during the last ten years. He severed his connection with the firm in May last, and believed he was indebted to them to the extent of £2,000 or £3,000. He repudiated a claim which they now made for £37,300. In 1889 he became proprietor of White's Club, St. James's-street, and carried it on until January 1st last, when he transferred it to a company called Recreations, Limited. One of the objects of the company was to raise money on debentures. The examination was formally adjourned.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 October 20, Friday''', the ''Morning Leader'' mentions Bourke's bankruptcy:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Algernon Bourke, whose bankruptcy is much talked about, has been connected with numerous enterprises in clubland. He raised White's from the slough into which it had sunk after the secession of the Prince of Wales. He started the Willis Restaurant, put fresh life into the Orleans Club at Brighton, arranged a big restaurant for the bicyclists in the time of the bicycle parade, and was concerned at first in the smart and short-lived Trafalgar Bicycle Club. At one time his name spelt success. Latterly his luck has left him. He is a brother of Lord Mayo, a son of the peer who was assassinated at the post of duty, and is one of the best known men about town of the day.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Club, Stage, and Salon.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 20 October 1899, Friday: 6 [of 12], Col. 5b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18991020/085/0006. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1899 November 8, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke's bankruptcy case came up again:&lt;blockquote&gt;At Bankruptcy Court, yesterday, the case the Hon. Algernon Bourke again came on for hearing before Mr. Registrar Giffard, and the examination was concluded. The debtor has at various times been proprietor of White’s Club, St. James’s-street, and the Orleans’ Club, Brighton, and also of Willis's Restaurant, King-street, St. James's. He attributed his failure to losses sustained by the conversion of White’s Club and the Orleans' Club into limited companies, to the payment of excessive Interest on borrowed money, and other causes. The liabilities amount to £26,590, of which £13,694 are stated to be unsecured, and assets £4,409.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Affairs of the Hon. A. Bourke.&quot; ''Globe'' 09 November 1899, Thursday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001652/18991109/020/0002. Print p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 December 23, Saturday''', &quot;Mr. Algernon Bourke has departed for a tour in Africa, being at present the guest of his brother in Tunis.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Society Pages.&quot; ''Walsall Advertiser'' 23 December 1899, Saturday: 7 [of 8], Col. 7b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001028/18991223/143/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1899 December 29, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke was at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Christmas Party Hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough|Christmas Party Hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 December 31''', the San Francisco newspaper ''The Wave'' wrote the following about London society:&lt;blockquote&gt;The most prominent untitled people in London may be said to be Mr. and Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Williams|Hwfa Williams]], Mr. and Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Grenfell|Willie Grenfell]] and Mr. Algy Bourke. That they are passing rich, goes without saying, and that they entertain lavishly, understood — for to be untitled, prominent and successful, argues wealth, hospitality and cleverness.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London.&quot; The (San Francisco) ''Wave'' 14 January 1899 (Vol. XIX, No. 2): 14. ''The Internet Archive'' https://archive.org/details/wave19unse/page/n20/mode/1up.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 1900s ===

'''1900 February 15, Thursday''', Daphne Bourke, the four-year-old daughter of the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke was a bridesmaid in the [[Social Victorians/Wilson Chesterfield Wedding 1900-02-15|wedding of Enid Wilson and the Earl of Chesterfield]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London Day by Day.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph'' 15 February 1900, Thursday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/19000215/175/0008. Name in British Newspaper Archive: ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London). Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt; Guendoline Bourke, &quot;who was in grey, wore a chinchilla toque with violets.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society. Entertainments, Balls, &amp;c.&quot; ''The Queen'' 24 February 1900, Saturday: 40 [of 76], Col. 1a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/19000224/235/0040. Print: ''The Queen, The Lady's Newspaper'', p. 308.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1900 March 10, Saturday''', the ''Weekly Irish Times'' reprinted society gossip from ''The World'':&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke, who has been staying with her husband's uncle, old Connemara, during Mr. Algernon Bourke's absence abroad, has taken a new house near Portman square, and will be settling there before Easter.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip.&quot; ''Weekly Irish Times'' 10 March 1900, Saturday: 17 [of 20], Col. 1b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001684/19000310/116/0017. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1900 July''' '''17, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke took part in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#17 July 1900, Tuesday|Children's Fete in support of the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children]] on the grounds of the Royal Botanic Society. Daphe was 5 at this time, so it seems logical that she would have been there, too.

'''1900 July 30, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Barber of Seville at Covent Garden|''The Barber of Seville'' at Covent Garden]].

'''1890 August 6, Friday''', &quot;[[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Beautiful Women|Beautiful Women]],&quot; an article in ''Vanity Fair'' that was reprinted elsewhere, mentions Guendoline Bourke (&quot;Lady Algernon Bourke&quot;) as one of the most beautiful women in England.

'''1900 August 11, Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke got&lt;blockquote&gt;the pretty little Yorkshire String, an especially tiny mite, weighing only 2&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;/&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;lb, and carrying a very promising coat, ... at the Aquarium Show.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Witchampton Kennel.&quot; &quot;Ladies Kennels.&quot; ''Ladies' Field'' 11 August 1900, Saturday: 16 [of 60], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0006043/19000811/043/0016. Print title same, p. 390.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1900 September 16''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke became the heir presumptive to the Earldom of Mayo when his older brother Captain Hon. Sir Maurice Archibald Bourke died.&lt;p&gt;

'''1900 October 06, Saturday''', the ''Weekly Irish Times'' says that Mr. Algernon Bourke, now heir presumptive to the earldom of Mayo, &quot;has been for some months lately staying with Mr. Terence Bourke in Morocco.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip.&quot; ''Weekly Irish Times'' 06 October 1900, Saturday: 14 [of 20], Col. 3b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001684/19001006/121/0014. Print p. 14.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 May 30, Thursday''', the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke attended the fashionable [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1901 May 30, Thursday|Ladies' Kennel Association Dog Show at the Botanic Garden]].

'''1901 July 2, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke — &quot;pretty Mrs. Algernon Bourke, in a mauve gown and and purple tulle toque&quot; — attended a children's party at the Botanic Gardens hosted by the Earl and Countess of Kilmorey.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Earl of Kilmorey, K.P.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 13 July 1901: Saturday, 50 [of 84], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010713/237/0050. Print: title the same, p. 60.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1901 July 4, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke — dressed &quot;in pale grey, with her pretty little girl,&quot; 6-year-old Daphne — attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Countess of Yarborough's Children's Party|children's party hosted by the Countess of Yarborough]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Countess of Yarborough ....&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 13 July 1901, Saturday: 76 [of 84], Col. 2b, 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010713/381/0076. Print p. xxxvi.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 3a}}

'''1901 July 4–6, Thursday–Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke helped staff the Perthshire stall&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Great County Sale.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 29 June 1901, Saturday: 43 [of 72], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010629/223/0043# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010629/223/0043]. Same print title, pp. 679.&lt;/ref&gt; at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Great County Sale|Great County Sale in the Imperial Gardens of the Earl's Court Exhibition]].

'''1901 July 20, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' published the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke's portrait (identified with &quot;Perthshire&quot;) in its 3rd series of &quot;The Great County Sale at Earl's Court. Portraits of Stallholders.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Great County Sale at Earl's Court. Portraits of Stallholders.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 20 July 1901, Saturday: 31 [of 60], Col. 4b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010720/141/0031. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt; Their daughter Daphne appears in the portrait as well.

'''1901 July 23, Tuesday''', an &quot;Hon. Mrs. Bourke&quot; was in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox|party &quot;entertained by Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox]].&quot;&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 September 12, Thursday''', Mrs. Guendoline Bourke wanted her name listed as Mrs. Algernon Bourke in the Electoral Register, apparently a frequent complaint:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Underhill, the Conservative agent, mentioned to the Revising Barrister (Mr. William F. Webster) that the name of the Hon. Mrs. Guendoline Bourke was on the list in respect of the house, 75, Gloucester-place. The lady had written to him to say that she was the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke and that she wished that name to appear on the register. In reply to the Revising Barrister, Mr. Underhill said that “Algernon” was the name of the lady’s husband.

Mr. Cooke, the rate-collector, said that Mrs. Bourke had asked to be addressed Mrs. Algernon Bourke, but that the Town Clerk thought the address was not a correct one. The lady signed her cheques Guendoline.”

Mr. Underhill said the agents frequently had indignant letters from ladies because they were not addressed by their husband’s Christian name.

The Revising Barrister — lf a lady gave me the name of Mrs. John Smith I should say I had not got the voter’s name. The name Guendoline must remain.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;&quot;Ladies’ Names.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 12 September 1901, Thursday: 7 [of 10], Col. 3a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/19010912/130/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1901 October 26, Friday''', Algernon Bourke was on the Men's Committee of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Club Ice-skating Rink|Prince's Club Ice-skating Rink]], which had [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Prince's Club Ice-skating Rink Opening|its official opening on his day]]. 

'''1902 January''', Algernon Bourke is mentioned in [[Social Victorians/Schools#&quot;More of My Contemporaries at School.&quot;|reminiscences of Eton written by the &quot;Earl of X&quot;]] as being among those in the &quot;world of letters,&quot; and whose brother, later the Earl of Mayo, the Earl of X did not like. 

'''1902 January 25, Saturday''', Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave a box to Lady Helen Stewart-Vane-Tempest in honor of [[Social Victorians/Stewart-Stavordale Wedding 1902-01-25|Lady Helen's wedding to Giles Fox-Strangways, Lord Stavordale]]. 

'''1902 April 26, Saturday''', Mrs. A. Bourke is listed as being at the Norfolk Hotel in Brighton.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Guide to Visitors at Hotels and Boarding Houses.&quot; ''Brighton Gazette'' 26 April 1902, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000938/19020426/116/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt; 

'''1902 May, End of''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#End of May 1902|party at Blenheim Palace hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough]]. 

'''1902 June 11, Monday''', the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke had a dog entered in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Ladies' Kennel Association Show|Ladies' Kennel Association competitions in the Botanic Gardens]]. 

'''1902 September 4, Thursday''', the ''Daily Express'' reported that &quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke is staying with Lord and Lady Alington at Scarborough.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Onlooker.&quot; &quot;My Social Diary.&quot; &quot;Where People Are.&quot; ''Daily Express'' 04 September 1902, Thursday: 5 [of 8], Col. 1b? [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004848/19020904/099/0005. Print p. 4, Col. 7b [of 7].&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1902 September 22, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke was a guest at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Earl and Countess of Mar and Kellie's House Party|large house party hosted by the Earl and Countess of Mar and Kellie]].

'''1902 October 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Annual Opening of the Prince's Ice-skating Rink|opened the Prince's ice-skating rink for the season]], which he had been doing since 1895.

'''1902 October 25, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was bequeathed £500 by his uncle [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Robert Bourke]], who had died 3 September 1902.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Will of Lord Connemara.&quot; ''Kildare Observer and Eastern Counties Advertiser'' 25 October 1902, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 4b–c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001870/19021025/037/0002. Print title the ''Kildare Observer'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 October 31, Friday''', the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Annual Opening of the Prince's Ice-skating Rink|7th opening of the Prince's Skating Club]]. Guendoline Bourke was on the Women's Committee and Algernon Bourke was on the Men's.&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 November 8, Friday, beginning, perhaps''', Guendoline Bourke was part of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#8 November 1902, Saturday|Earl and Countess of Warwick's shooting party at Easton Lodge]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 December 9, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#9 December 1902, Tuesday|Lady Eva Wyndham-Quin's &quot;at home,&quot; held at the Welch Industrial depot]] for the sale Welsh-made Christmas gifts and cards. Bourke wore &quot;a fur coat and a black picture hat.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Lady Correspondent.&quot; &quot;Society in London.&quot; ''South Wales Daily News'' 11 December 1902, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000919/19021211/082/0004. Print p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1903 February 6, Friday''', Hon. Mrs A. Bourke was present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Dinner Party Hosted by Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and the Countess of Dudley|dinner party Hosted by Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and the Countess of Dudley]]. &lt;p&gt;

'''1903 February 9, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke was present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Dinner Party Hosted by Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and the Countess of Dudley|house party at Dublin Castle hosted by the Lord Lieutenant and Countess of Dudley that began the Viceregal season]].

'''1903 March 17, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke staffed a booth at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1903 March 17, Tuesday|sale of the Irish Industries Association]] on St. Patrick's Day with [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Lady Mayo]], [[Social Victorians/People/Dudley|Georgina Lady Dudley]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Miss Beresford]]. A number of other aristocratic women were also present at the sale in other booths, including [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Lady Londonderry]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Lucan|Lady Lucan]].

'''1903 June 19, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke was invited to the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Grand Ball in the Waterloo Chamber at Windsor Castle|grand ball at Windsor Castle]], the end of the Ascot-week festivities.

'''1903 June 23, Tuesday''', Guendoline and Daphne Bourke were invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1903 June 23, Tuesday|children's party at Buckingham Palace for Prince Eddie's birthday]].

'''1903 July 10, Friday, or so''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Party Hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough|party hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough]].

'''1904 May 17, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke had agreed to let Daphne appear in the tableaux vivants arranged by Sir Philip Burne-Jones for the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Countess Cadogan's Great Bazaar|Countess of Cadogan's great bazaar]]. Some mothers had had to decline because of the outbreaks of measles and chicken pox.&lt;p&gt;

'''1904 June 30, Thursday''', Guendoline and Daphne Bourke attended another birthday party for Prince Eddie at Buckingham Palace, and the ''Gentlewoman'' says, &quot;No prettier little girl was to be seen that day than little Miss Daphne Bourke, the daughter of the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke, with her wonderful Irish eyes and colouring, her pretty white frock being relieved with a rose pink sash.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Prince Eddie's Birthday.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 02 July 1904, Saturday: 68 [of 92]. Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19040702/360/0068. Print: title the same, p. 42.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1904 September 15, Thursday''', according to what was at the time called the ''Irish Daily Independent and Nation'', Algernon Bourke was living in Venice and not in the UK at this point:&lt;blockquote&gt;Algernon Bourke, who usually lives in Venice, has spent some time in England during the present summer, and has now gone on a fishing expedition to Sweden, accompanied by his brother, Lord Mayo. Lady Mayo has been staying meanwhile in Ireland, and has had a visit from her mother, Lady Maria Ponsonby, who is a sister of Lend Obventry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;&quot;Society Notes.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 15 September 1904, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001986/19040915/131/0004. Print title: ''Irish Daily Independent and Nation'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1904 October 22, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' reported that &quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke is paying a visit to Venice, which Mr. Bourke has made his headquarters for several years past, as he is connected with some very artistic stone and marble works situated near the Grand Canal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 22 October 1904, Saturday: 24 [of 6ths 8], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19041022/112/0024. Print title same, p. 672.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1905 February 17, Friday''', the Dundee ''Evening Post'' reported that Algernon Bourke &quot;set up a shop in Venice for the sale of art treasures and old furniture.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social News.&quot; Dundee ''Evening Post'' 17 February 1905, Friday: 6 [of 6], Col. 7b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000582/19050217/105/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1905 April 26, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#New Forest United Hunt Ball|New Forest United Hunt Ball]], as did her brother Captain R. C. H. Sloane Stanley and his wife Olivia Countess Cairns.&lt;p&gt;

'''1905 June 5, Monday''', Algernon Bourke wrote to the ''Times'' from Venice that &quot;The Venetian wits have suggested a motto for Admiral Togo, Togo Tenga Tutto (Togo takes the lot).&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr. Algernon Bourke.&quot; ''Hull Daily Mail'' 08 June 1905, Thursday: 2 [of 6], Col. 6a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000324/19050608/008/0002. Print title ''Daily Mail'', p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1905, last week of July''', Guendoline Bourke and daughter Daphne Bourke — who was 10 years old — attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Last week of July, 1905|Lady Cadogan's children's party at Chelsea House]]. Daphne was &quot;One of loveliest little girls present.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Social News.&quot; ''Belfast News-Letter'' 01 August 1905, Tuesday: 7 [of 10], Col. 6b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000038/19050801/157/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1906 March 9, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke was a reference for Mr. Frances Burgess, who taught piano, singing, voice production, organ and music theory. Burgess was &quot;Organist and Choirmaster of St. Columbs', North Kensington, Director of the Plainsong and Medieval Music Society's Choir, etc., etc.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot;&gt;&quot;Mr. Francis Burgess.&quot; ''Kilburn Times'' 9 March 1906, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001813/19060309/086/0003. Print title: ''Kilburn Times Hampstead and North-western Press'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1906 December 10, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke was seen in the tea room, possibly with Lady Grosvenor, at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1906 December 10, Monday|Lady Dudley's sale of Irish needlework]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1907 May''', a &quot;naval signalling incident&quot; [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#May 1887|caused the Waterford ''Evening News'' to recall a similar event]] that had occurred 20 years earlier, in which Algernon Bourke, as special correspondent for the ''Times'', publicized [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles Beresford]]'s use of his ship's signalling capabilities to send a message to his wife about being late for dinner:&lt;blockquote&gt;

The naval signalling incident is still in the air. It is expected that the matter will not be threshed out until Emperor William leaves England. A story of a former signalling incident in which [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles Beresford]] was concerned is going the rounds at the moment.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1907 August 24, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was present at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Polo Week at Eaton Hall, Duke and Duchess of Westminster|Polo Week at Eaton Hall, hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Westminster]].

'''1908 July 30, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke was at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Glorious Goodwood. Cup Day and Dresses.|Cup Day at the Goodwood races]], wearing salmon-pink with a matching hat.

'''1909 April 20, Tuesday''', Lady Rosemary Cairns — daughter of Olivia Sloan-Stanley, Countess Cairns and Cyril Sloane-Stanley — and Wyndham Portal were [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#20 April 1909, Tuesday|married in St. Margaret's, Westminster]]. Lavender and Diane Sloane-Stanley were bridesmaids.&lt;p&gt;

'''1909 May 22, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke appears to have been living in Pisa. A columnist for the ''Queen'' reported on the Royal School of Art Needlework:&lt;blockquote&gt;Lady Leconfield [?] was there, also her sister-in-law, the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Dowager Lady Mayo]], only just back from her winter on the Continent, when she spent most of the time at Pisa, where her son Mr Algernon Bourke has also been staying. The latter is a great connoisseur as regards [art?] notably in what is really good in the way of old Italian sculpture and carving. He and his handsome wife have a place near to Putney, and this winter again Mr Bourke, as the result of his Italian travels, has been sending home such relics of the old Italian palace gardens as as stone and marble carved vases, garden seats, and what-not of the kind — not all for himself and his own gardens by any means, I fancy; but his friends, relying on his knowledge in such matters, get him when abroad to choose for [them?] the adornment of their English terraces and gardens.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;My Social Diary.&quot; The ''Queen'' 22 May 1909, Saturday: 31 [of 86], Col. 1b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/19090522/203/0031. Print p. 871.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1909 September''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was among the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Visitors in Venice from the U.K.|many visitors from &quot;England&quot; in Venice]] in September.

=== 1910s ===
'''1910 April 20, Wednesday''', the ''Tatler'' printed an &quot;open letter&quot; to Geraldine, Countess of Mayo, as part of its &quot;The Searchlight in Society&quot; series and mentioned Algernon Bourke, saying he had been keeping &quot;a curiosity shop at Venice&quot;:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Bourkes have brains, and a good example is afforded by Mr. Algernon Bourke, next brother to Lord Mayo and heir-presumptive to the title. He is a good-looking man who used to be known as Buttons Bourke, and he married well, as his wife was the rich and pretty Miss Guendolen Sloane Stanley. He may be described as a &quot;Jack of all trades,&quot; but it is not I who will say that he is a master of none. He was once in the Stock Exchange, then he took White's Club in hand and restored it to much of its former prestige. After that he dabbled in smart hotels and restaurants, and the last thing I heard of him was that he kept a curiosity shop at Venice.&lt;ref&gt;Candida. &quot;The Searchlight in Society. Our Open Letter. No. CII. The Countess of Mayo.&quot; The ''Tatler'' 20 April 1910, Wednesday: 18 [of 42], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001852/19100420/023/0018. Print title same, p. 72.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1911 November 21, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke assisted the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#21 November 1911, Tuesday|Duchess of Marlborough at her at-home]] that included a sale of work by the wives of prisoners.&lt;p&gt;

'''1912 September 27, Friday''', Guendoline and Daphne Bourke were visiting Mr. and Mrs. Shelley Bontein, her mother and stepfather.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From 'The World.'&quot; ''Berks and Oxon Advertiser'' 27 September 1912, Friday: 2 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002298/19120927/014/0002. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1913 April 23, Wednesday''', the Irish Independent reported that Guendoline and Daphne Bourke had arrived in London for the season:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke and Miss Bourke have arrived for the season at 75 Gloucester place, Portman square, London.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social and Personal.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 23 April 1913, Wednesday: 4 [of 10], Col. 5b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001715/19130423/081/0004. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1913 May 7, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke presented her daughter Daphne Bourke at court:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke presented her daughter, and wore blue and gold broché with a gold lace train.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social and Personal.&quot; London ''Daily Chronicle'' 08 May 1913, Thursday: 6 [of 12], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005049/19130508/120/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

The ''Pall Mall Gazette'' has a description of Daphne Bourke's dress, but what exactly &quot;chiffon [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hoops|paniers]]&quot; means in 1913 is not clear:&lt;blockquote&gt;Court dressmakers appear to have surpassed all previous records in their efforts to make the dresses for to-night’s Court as beautiful as possible. Noticeable among these is the dainty presentation gown to be worn by Miss Bourke, who will be presented by her mother, the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke. This has a skirt of soft white satin draped with chiffon [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hoops|paniers]] and a bodice veiled with chiffon and trimmed with diamanté and crystal embroidery. Miss Bourke’s train, gracefully hung from the shoulders, is of white satin lined with pale rose pink chiffon and embroidered with crystal and diamanté.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Fashion Day by Day. Lovely Gowns for To-night's Court.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 07 May 1913, Wednesday: 13 [of 18], Col. 1a [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/19130507/199/0013. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The ''London Evening Standard'' describes Guendoline and Daphne Bourke the same way except with differences in editing:&lt;blockquote&gt;Miss Bourke: Presented by her mother, the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke. Dainty presentation gown of white satin, the skirt draped with chiffon paniers, bodice veiled chiffon and trimmed with diamanté and crystal embroidery. Train gracefully hung from shoulder of white satin embroidered with crystal and diamanté, lined with pale rose pink chiffon.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Some of the Dresses.&quot; &quot;The King and Queen. Third Court. Most Brilliant of the Year.&quot; ''London Evening Standard'' 08 May 1913, Thursday: 11 [of 18], Col. 4b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/19130508/237/0011. Print title ''The Standard'', p. 11.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

According to the ''Lady's Pictorial'', Daphne Bourke's dress was designed and constructed by [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Messrs Russell and Allen|Messrs. Russell and Allen]], Old Bond-street, W., and the description is identical (except for a couple of commas).&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Their Majesties' Court.&quot; ''Lady's Pictorial'' 17 May 1913, Saturday: 35 [of 64], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005980/19130517/296/0035. Same print title, p. 787.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1914 May 11, Monday''', Guendoline and Daphne Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#Dance at the Ritz Hosted by Mrs. George Marjoribanks|dance at the Ritz hosted by Mrs. George Marjoribanks]].

'''1915 January 1, Friday''', Algernon Bourke is listed as being on the Executive Committee of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#1915 January 1, Friday|National Food Fund, publicized by the ''Conservative and Unionist Women's Franchise Review'']].

'''1916 August 25, Friday''', Daphne Bourke's and John Fortescue's engagement was announced:&lt;blockquote&gt;A most attractive prospective bride (says the &quot;Star&quot;) is Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke's only daughter, Miss Daphne Bourke, whose engagement has just taken place to Mr. Fortescue, of the Coldstream Guards. Miss Bourke is tall, dark, and very beautiful; and Mr. Fortescue is one of the family of Boconoc, Cornwall, and Dropmore, Maidenhead. At the latter place the two families have been neighbours, for Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke have a charming country residence at Taplow, while Dropmore is famous for its magnificent gardens.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Personalia.&quot; ''Uxbridge &amp; W. Drayton Gazette'' 25 August 1916, Friday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002285/19160825/043/0004. Print title ''The Advertiser'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''1917 June 7, Thursday''', Daphne Bourke and John Grenville Fortescue [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#7 June 1917, Thursday|married in the Coldstream Guards' chapel]].

== Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball ==
According to both the ''Morning Post'' and the ''Times'', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was among the Suite of Men in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#&quot;Oriental&quot; Procession|&quot;Oriental&quot; procession]] at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&quot;Fancy Dress Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; ''Morning Post'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 4a–8 Col. 2b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970703/054/0007.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;&quot;Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; The ''Times'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 12, Cols. 1a–4c ''The Times Digital Archive''. Web. 28 Nov. 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Based on the people they were dressed as, Guendoline Bourke was probably in this procession but it seems unlikely that Algernone Bourke was.

[[File:Guendoline-Irene-Emily-Bourke-ne-Sloane-Stanley-as-Salammb.jpg|thumb|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a standing woman richly dressed in an historical costume with a headdress and a very large fan|Hon. '''Guendoline''' Bourke as Salammbô. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]
=== Hon. Guendoline Bourke ===
[[File:Alfons Mucha - 1896 - Salammbô.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Highly stylized orange-and-yellow painting of a bare-chested woman with a man playing a harp at her feet|Alfons Mucha's 1896 ''Salammbô''.]]
Lafayette's portrait (right) of &quot;Guendoline Irene Emily Bourke (née Sloane-Stanley) as Salammbô&quot; in costume is photogravure #128 in the '''Album''' presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;&quot;Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball (1897): photogravures by Walker &amp; Boutall after various photographers.&quot; 1899. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait-list.php?set=515.&lt;/ref&gt; The printing on the portrait says, &quot;The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke as Salammbo.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;&quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke as Salammbo.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158491/Guendoline-Irene-Emily-Bourke-ne-Sloane-Stanley-as-Salammb.&lt;/ref&gt;

The Lafayette Archive has 2 additional poses from the same session on 5 July 1897 as the one chosen for the Album:

* Same image as the Album photograph but higher resolution than the one the National Portrait Gallery, London, gives permission to post (Neg. No. GP [L] [http://lafayette.org.uk/bou1369.html 1369]).
* Standing with fan behind head, includes close-up of skirt fabric and left hand (Neg. No. GP [L] [http://lafayette.org.uk/bou1368-444.html 1368-444]).
* Reclining on pillows and furs, includes close-up of face and headdress (Neg. No. GP [L] [http://lafayette.org.uk/bou1368-442.html 1368-442]).

==== Newspaper Accounts ====
The Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke was dressed as Salambo in the Oriental procession&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; in a costume made by [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Mrs. Mason|Mrs. Mason]], although Russell Harris says [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Mr. Charles Alias|Charles Alias]] was the &quot;Costume supplier.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://lafayette.org.uk/bou1369.html|title=Hon Mrs Algernon Bourke (1870-1967), née Guendoline Irene Emily Sloane-Stanley by Lafayette 1897|website=lafayette.org.uk|access-date=2025-07-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Besides the two that mention her — the ''Morning Post'' and the ''Times'' — only two describe her costume, the London ''Evening Standard'' and the ''Gentlewoman'':
* &quot;Mrs. A. Bourke, as an Egyptian Princess, with the Salambo coiffure, wore a flowing gown of white and silver gauze covered with embroidery of lotus flowers. The top of the gown was ornamented with old green satin embroidered with blue turquoise and gold, and studded with rubies. The train was of old green broché with sides of orange and gold embroidery, and from the ceinture depended long bullion fringe and an embroidered ibis.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“The Ball at Devonshire House. Magnificent Spectacle. Description of the Dresses.” London ''Evening Standard'' 3 July 1897 Saturday: 3 [of 12], Cols. 1a–5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/18970703/015/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 3, Col. 3b}}
* &quot;(Egyptian Princess), drapery gown of white and silver gauze, covered with embroidery of lotus flowers; the top of gown appliqué with old green satin embroidered blue turquoise and gold, studded rubies; train of old green broché.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 40, Col. 3a}}

==== Commentary on Her Costume ====

*The heavy headdress is likely attached to a wig and further stabilized by something under Bourke's chin and by the filet around her forehead. The flowers appear to have jewels at the center. What looks like a neck treatment is probably part of the structure holding the headpiece in place. The placement of the flowers is clearly a copy of the headdress worn by Rose Caron in the 1892 Paris production of the Reyer opera. Made by Eugène Lacoste, this textile, metal and pearl ''coiffe'' still exists (https://www.gazette-drouot.com/article/bijoux-d-opera/54941) and is held by the Bibliothèque Nationale de France.&lt;ref&gt;Merle, Sandrine. &quot;Les bijoux d’Opéra en pleine lumière au Palais Garnier.&quot; ''La Gazette Druout'' 4 July 2025 (No. 26). Retrieved July 2025

https://www.gazette-drouot.com/article/bijoux-d-opera/54941.&lt;/ref&gt; It seems to have been constructed from metal for the gold framework with the leaf design, beads attached to hanging metal frameworks (the blue-green beads look like they're covered with fabric or wrapped with thread) and flowers that may have been made from stiffened pinked fabric (likely organdy) whose color may have darkened in the century that has passed.
*Bourke's posture as she leans in the reclining odalisque pose shows she is wearing a corset.
*The translucent overskirt looks like an apron attached under the bust and hanging from the bodice.
*Russell Harris says the large fan looks more Egyptian rather than Carthaginian.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt; 
*The fullness of the skirt is very controlled.
*Her shoes are slippers decorated with real or artificial jewels.

==== Salammbô ====
Salammbô is the fictitious protagonist in Gustave Flaubert's 1862 novel ''Salammbô'', set during the Roman war against Carthage.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-04-29|title=Salammbô|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salammb%C3%B4&amp;oldid=1221352216|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salammb%C3%B4.&lt;/ref&gt; Salammbô is a Carthaginian priestess of the lunar goddess Tanit. Matho, a Roman mercenary, breaks into Tanit's temple and steals her sacred veil — the spiritual guardian of Carthage. Salammbô sneaks into the enemy encampment to steal the veil back. She meets Matho in his tent, and &quot;believing each other to be divine apparitions,&quot; they make love,&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; although it is also a defilement. Salammbô succceds in getting the veil back, but Matho is tortured and executed, which causes her to die of shock, the effect of both having touched the veil. The plot of the opera is not identical to that of the novel.

What Guendoline Bourke saw in Salammbo as representative of herself is difficult to know, unless the costume itself appealed to her. A production of Ernest Reyer's opera ''Salammbô'', based on Flaubert's novel and published in Paris in 1890, opened at the Paris Opéra on 16 May 1892,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-04-11|title=Ernest Reyer|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Reyer&amp;oldid=1218353215|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Reyer.&lt;/ref&gt; starring Madame Rose Caron, with Mademoiselle Lucienne Bréval performing when Caron was on vacation.&lt;ref&gt;Jullienn, Adolphe. &quot;Mademoiselle Lucienne Bréval de L'Académie Nationale de Musique [or de l'Opéra in the Table of Contents].&quot; ''Le Théatre'' April 1898 (No. 4). Google Books https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/_oxRAQAAMAAJ. Pp. 8–10.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|8, Col. 2c}} This production was widely reviewed and discussed in the papers in the UK, and its production design was notable, especially Caron's costumes, the sets and [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#Scale of the Production of Salammbo|the very scale of the production]]. Bourke or her costumier clearly saw the opera or images of the performers or its posters, certainly influencing the design of her costume.

* Rose Caron in her Salammbo costume is here: https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/rose-caron-french-soprano-in-costume-in-the-title-role-of-news-photo/1439485238.
* A headshot of Bréval in costume is here: https://books.google.com/books/content?id=_oxRAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=RA3-PP7&amp;img=1&amp;zoom=3&amp;hl=en&amp;bul=1&amp;sig=ACfU3U2Gv8Os_rEmx2gM9SakJkYLJ9hW7g&amp;ci=6%2C1%2C988%2C1371&amp;edge=0.)
* &quot;Salammbo's hair [was] powdered with a violet dust when she first appeared before the eyes of Matho.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Salome.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 27 February 1893, Monday: 3 [of 8]. Col. 2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18930227/010/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

Salammbo figured in paintings, sculptures and illustrations of editions of Flaubert's novel before Ernest Reyer's 1890 opera. Translations and illustrated editions of Flaubert's novel had come out steadily beginning in the 1880s. Alfons Mucha's 1896 lithograph of Salammbô (above left) was published the year before the ball. Salammbo is often depicted as nude and highly sexual or sexualized (kissing a huge snake, for example, that she holds aloft). Reyer's opera was first produced in 1890 in Brussels. Both Modest Mussorgsky and Sergei Rachmaninoff had attempted but not completed operas based on the novel as well.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; 


Guendoline Bourke's costume and her social life as reported in the newspapers do not suggest that she was a big risk-taker like, for example, the eccentric la Comtesse de Castiglione, who appeared at a ball in a Salammbo costume in 1886, 4 years after Flaubert's novel was first published. In 1889 the ''Edinburgh Evening News'' exaggerates her nudity and doesn't describe the rush in the ballroom to see her but does address the lingering memory:&lt;blockquote&gt;The late Countess Castiglione, whose death in Paris is recorded yesterday, made her first appearance at the Imperial Court in 1866, where her extraordinary beauty made a great impression on Napoleon III., and eventually led to the Empress Eugenie’s undertaking an unexpected and much-talked-of visit to Scotland. The Countess had a face and complexion which would have enchanted Rubens, and her lovely golden hair touched her feet. Even at the present day Paris has not forgotten her costume, or rather absence of costume as Salammbo, in which character she figured at a certain memorable ball at the Tuileries, wearing her hair, her jewels, and very little else. The Empress Eugenie, when she was presented to her thus lightly arrayed, declared that she must be cold, and insisted upon her there and then donning a mantle. Mme. de Castiglione was never again invited to an entertainment over which the Empress Eugenie presided.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Countess’ Queer Ball Costume.&quot; ''Edinburgh Evening News'' 2 December 1899, Saturday: 2 [of 6], Col. 7b [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000452/18991202/024/0002. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Given how widely this incident was discussed at the time of the death of la Comtesse in 1889, Guendoline Bourke might easily have known about it. But she was developing relationships with people like the Princess of Wales, and what Countess Castigiolone did does not sound at all like her. 

===== Scale of the Production of ''Salammbo'' =====

* &quot;In Reyer's opera of 'Salammbo,' lately produced at the Grand Opera in Paris, there were 1,400 persons on the stage in the last act.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Facts and Fancies.&quot; ''Louth and North Lincolnshire Advertiser'' 9 July 1892, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 6c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000313/18920709/038/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;the battle scene in [''Salammbo''] requires no less than 3000 square yards of 'decorative surface' [probably canvas]. This establishes a record, the next largest surface being that of the salles des fetes in 'Don Giovanni.'&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A French paper gives interesting details....&quot; ''Sevenoaks Chronicle and Kentish Advertiser'' 26 August 1892, Friday: 2 [of 8], Col. 3c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001067/18920826/032/0002. Same print title, n.p.

&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Influence of the Production of ''Salammbo'' =====
Rose Caron's productions were influential, including for the costumes she wore. The 1892 ''Lohengrin'' she starred in was the source of the costumes worn by [[Social Victorians/People/Stonor#Julia Caroline Stonor, Marquise of Hautpoul|Julia Stonor, Marquise of Hautpoul]] and her brother, [[Social Victorians/People/Stonor#Hon. Harry Stonor|Hon. Harry Stonor]].

Women's clothing was influenced by the costumes in the opera, particularly those worn by Rose Caron. One color of intense red was called Salammbo. A bonnet was named the Salammbô:&lt;blockquote&gt;About the smartest thing in bonnets for ordinary complimentary mourning is called the Salammbô, and is copied from a head-dress worn by a leading artiste at one of the Paris theatres. It is made of jet, and has a rose on each side of the front from the centres of which rise two black ospreys.&lt;ref&gt;Mantalini, Miss. &quot;The Shows in the London Shops. With Mems. about Millinery.&quot; ''Pall Mall Budget'' 29 December 1892, Thursday: 22 [of 40], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005967/18921229/092/0022. Same print title, p. 1928.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;In a long illustrated article describing the wedding of Princess Marie of Edinburgh, the ''Lady's Pictorial'' provides a sketch of &quot;a very pretty [hat] (No. 4) of brown mirror velvet trimmed with mink and a brown velvet bow in front '''with Salammbo''' '&lt;nowiki/&gt;''fantaisie''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'&quot; that is among the bride's millinery.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Marriage of H.R.H. Princess Marie of Edinburgh and H.R.H. Ferdinand Crown Prince of Roumania.&quot; ''Lady's Pictorial'' 14 January 1893, Saturday: 40 [of 76], Col. 3c [of 3]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005980/18930114/064/0040. Same print title, p. 56.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

Shoes appeared:&lt;blockquote&gt;At Mrs Merritt's, Savile-street, the stock is particularly attractive, there being so many new styles in shoes this season. One of the latest designs is the Salammbo Shoe, glace kid, with one strap, a jet buckle, and very low French heels. This shoe is especially designed for tender feet, as it is very light in weight.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;House and Home. Local Letter for Women Reader [sic], (By Our Lady Contributor).&quot; ''Hull Daily Mail'' 22 July 1897, Thursday: 5 [of 6], Col. 1b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000324/18970722/069/0005. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Patterns for making the Tunique Romaine and Corsage Salammbo were for sale just a few months after the opening:&lt;blockquote&gt;Some of the leading fashionable novelties described in ''Le Follet de Paris'' are almost ahead of the season, but they look so well that it will not be long before our provincial dressmakers have them. A revival and modification of the ancient tunic is one item which is transforming the modern gowns of tailor-built tweeds into long clinging draperies, of simple cut but ineffable grace. We have had the Russian blouse with us now for the last couple of months. Now the reign of Tunique Romaine and Corsage Salambo is upon us.

... [including the address to send off for the patterns]

A very successful novelty is the ''corsage'' “Salammbo.” In reality, it is more of a blouse and short tunic than a ''corsage'', as there is no attempt at shaping to the figure. In [sic] consists, indeed, of two straight pieces of material cut round on the shoulders, where the back and front are fastened together by clasps. There is no arm-hole, and the two pieces meet at the waist under the arm, and then hang open on to the skirt. There being no dart, the waist is as wide as the shoulders; the fullness is drawn to the centre under a ''ceinture Russe'', or of oxydised silver. The outlines are trimmed with ''galon'' or some similar garniture. The &quot;Salammbo” ''guimpe'' or ''corsage'' are made of flannel or ''mousseline de laine'' of bright colour, and are worn with fitting bodices or skirts of serge, or woollen of dark colour. They are very effective, and nothing can be easier to make, while their addition to a frock constitutes a separate costume.

The fitting bodices worn under the ''guimpes'' or ''robes'' &quot;Salammbo&quot; are very simply made; being round-waisted, they are without side pieces, and only require a seam under each arm; one in the centre of the back, and one or two darts in front, according to the figure. The skirt is mounted on a round waistband, and the ''ceinture'' worn over this gives the bodice and skirt the effect of a princess dress.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Womans Ceilidh.&quot; ''Oban Times and Argyllshire Advertiser'' 3 September 1892, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 6a–b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000462/18920903/078/0003. Print title: ''The Oban Times'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Stationery even before the opera opened in Paris:&lt;blockquote&gt;The last fad in fancy stationery is the carte Salammbo, a delightfully smooth surface for writing upon, the envelopes are very small, square, and of the wallet make; the paper folds over once to fit. The newest shades are rose pink, pale English blue, apple green, and the evergreen heliotrope.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Fashions of the Month.&quot; ''Nottinghamshire Guardian'' 27 February 1892, Saturday: 7 [of 8], Col. 2b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000176/18920227/059/0007. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:Algernon Henry Bourke Vanity Fair 20 January 1898.jpg|thumb|alt=Old colored drawing of an elegant elderly man dressed in a 19th-century tuxedo with a cloak, top hat and formal pointed shoes with bows, standing facing 1/4 to his right|''Algy'' — Algernon Henry Bourke — by &quot;Spy,&quot; ''Vanity Fair'' 20 January 1898]]

=== Hon. Algernon Bourke ===
[[File:Hon-Algernon-Henry-Bourke-as-Izaak-Walton.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a man richly dressed in an historical costume sitting in a fireplace that does not have a fire and holding a tankard|Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke as Izaak Walton. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]
'''Lafayette's portrait''' (left) of &quot;Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke as Izaak Walton&quot; in costume is photogravure #129 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; The printing on the portrait says, &quot;The Hon. Algernon Bourke as Izaak Walton.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hon. Algernon Bourke as Izaak Walton.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158492/Hon-Algernon-Henry-Bourke-as-Izaak-Walton.&lt;/ref&gt;

This portrait is amazing and unusual: Algernon Bourke is not using a photographer's set with theatrical flats and props, certainly not one used by anyone else at the ball itself. Isaak Walton (baptised 21 September 1593 – 15 December 1683) wrote ''The Compleat Angler''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2021-09-15|title=Izaak Walton|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Izaak_Walton&amp;oldid=1044447858|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izaak_Walton.&lt;/ref&gt; A cottage Walton lived in and willed to the people of Stafford was photographed in 1888, suggesting that its relationship to Walton was known in 1897, raising a question about whether Bourke could have used the fireplace in the cottage for his portrait. (This same cottage still exists, as the [https://www.staffordbc.gov.uk/izaak-waltons-cottage Isaak Walton Cottage] museum.)

A caricature portrait (right) of the Hon. Algernon Bourke, called &quot;Algy,&quot; by Leslie Ward (&quot;Spy&quot;) was published in the 20 January 1898 issue of ''Vanity Fair'' as Number 702 in its &quot;Men of the Day&quot; series,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-01-14|title=List of Vanity Fair (British magazine) caricatures (1895–1899)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)_caricatures_(1895%E2%80%931899)&amp;oldid=1195518024|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)_caricatures_(1895%E2%80%931899).&lt;/ref&gt; giving an indication of what he looked like out of costume.

=== Mr. and Mrs. Bourke ===
The ''Times'' made a distinction between the Hon. Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke and Mr. and Mrs. Bourke, including both in the article.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Occasionally this same article mentions the same people more than once in different contexts and parts of the article, so they may be the same couple. (See [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#Notes and Question|Notes and Question]] #2, below.)

== Demographics ==

=== The Bourkes ===
*Nationality: Anglo-Irish&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020-11-14|title=Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo&amp;oldid=988654078|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Occupation: journalist. 1895: restaurant, hotel and club owner and manager&lt;ref&gt;''Cheltenham Looker-On'', 23 March 1895. Via Ancestry but taken from the BNA.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Residences ====
*Ireland: 1873: Palmerston House, Straffan, Co. Kildare.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; Not Co. Mayo?
*1888–1891: 33 Cadogan Terrace, S.W., Kensington and Chelsea, a dwelling house&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970, Register of Voters, 1891.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1894: 181 Pavilion Road, Kensington and Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970. Register of Voters, 1894. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1900: 181 Pavilion Road, Kensington and Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970. Register of Voters, 1900. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1904: Algernon Bourke was &quot;usually liv[ing] in Venice&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;
*1906: 75, Gloucester-place, W.&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot; /&gt;
*Guendoline Bourke
*1911: 1911 Fulham, London&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
*20 Eaton Square, S.W. (in 1897)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pl0oAAAAYAAJ|title=Who's who|date=1897|publisher=A. &amp; C. Black|language=en}} 712, Col. 1b.&lt;/ref&gt; (London home of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]])

=== The Sloane-Stanleys ===

==== Residences ====

* 1871: Chester Street, St George Hanover Square (Census), with 5 servants, including a cook and a footman.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;The National Archives; Kew, London, England; ''1871 England Census''; Class: ''RG10''; Piece: ''104''; Folio: ''21''; Page: ''37''; GSU roll: ''838763''. Ancestry.com. ''1871 England Census'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1881–1885&lt;ref&gt;''UK, City and County Directories, 1600s-1900s''. Ancestry.com. ''UK, City and County Directories, 1766 - 1946'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; [at least]: 14 Halkin Street, W., St. Georges, 14 servants, including a governess, a house steward, an under butler, a footman and a cook.&lt;ref&gt;''Census Returns of England and Wales, 1881''. Kew, Surrey, England: The National Archives of the UK (TNA): Public Record Office (PRO), 1881. Class: ''RG11''; Piece: ''98''; Folio: ''66''; Page: ''37''; GSU roll: ''1341022''. Ancestry.com and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. ''1881 England Census'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1888: 49, Cadogan-square, St. Luke, Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Ancestry.com. ''London, England, Overseer Returns, 1863-1894'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1899, Roger Cyril Sloane-Stanley: 4 Down St., St George, Hanover Square&lt;ref&gt;London Metropolitan Archives; London, England; ''Electoral Registers''. Ancestry.com. ''London, England, Electoral Registers, 1832-1965'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1911, Roger Cyril Sloane-Stanley: Paultons, Ower, Romsey

== Family ==
*Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke (31 December 1854 – 7 April 1922)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p29657.htm#i296561|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Guendoline Irene Emily Sloane-Stanley Bourke (c. 1869 – 30 December 1967)&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&quot;Guendoline Irene Emily Stanley.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p51525.htm#i515247|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
#Daphne Marjory Bourke (5 April 1895 – 22 May 1962)

=== Relations ===
*Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke (the 3rd son of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|6th Earl of Mayo]]) was the older brother of Lady Florence Bourke.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
*Wilfred Blunt was a cousin of Algernon Bourke: Bourke's mother's &quot;mother was one of the Blunts of Crabbet Park, Sussex, which makes them kinswomen of Mr. Alfred Scawen Blunt, poet, Egyptophil and counsel for Arabi Pasha in his trial.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From ''Truth''.&quot; ''Mid-Lothian Journal'' 23 August 1912, Friday: 8 [of 8], 2c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002721/19120823/147/0008. Print title and p. same.&lt;/ref&gt;
*Lord Alfred Douglas was a cousin of Algernon Bourke.

==== Other Bourkes ====
*Hubert Edward Madden Bourke (after 1925, Bourke-Borrowes)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hubert Edward Madden Bourke-Borrowes.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p52401.htm#i524004|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2021-08-25}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p52401.htm#i524004.&lt;/ref&gt;
*Lady Eva Constance Aline Bourke, who married [[Social Victorians/People/Dunraven|Windham Henry Wyndham-Quin]] on 7 July 1885;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lady Eva Constance Aline Bourke.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p2575.htm#i25747|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-02}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p2575.htm#i25747.&lt;/ref&gt; he became 5th Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl on 14 June 1926.

=== The Sloane-Stanleys ===
* Emilie Josephine S Stanley ( 21 December 1848 [baptism]&lt;ref&gt;London Metropolitan Archives; &quot;London, England, UK&quot; ; ''London Church of England Parish Registers''; Reference Number: ''P87/Tri/001''. Ancestry.com. ''London, England, Church of England Births and Baptisms, 1813-1923'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;  – October 1945)
* Hans T Sloane Stanley (11 May 1840 [baptism]&lt;ref&gt;Ancestry.com. ''England, Select Births and Christenings, 1538-1975'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; – 15 December 1888&lt;ref&gt;Ancestry.com. ''UK and Ireland, Find a Grave® Index, 1300s-Current'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;)
* James Shell[e?]y Bontein ()
*# Gwendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt; Irene Emily G Stanley (c. 1870&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt; – )
*# '''Roger Cyril Hans Sloane Stanley''' (29 April 1875&lt;ref&gt;The National Archives; Kew, Surrey, England; ''WO 42 War Office: Officers' Birth Certificates, Wills and Personal Papers 1755-1908''; Reference: ''WO 42/72''. Ancestry.com. ''UK, Officers' Birth Certificates, Wills and Personal Papers, 1755-1908'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; – 18 November 1944&lt;ref&gt;''Find a Grave''. Find a Grave®. http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi. Ancestry.com. ''UK and Ireland, Find a Grave® Index, 1300s-Current'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;)


* Olivia Elizabeth Berens, Countess Cairns&lt;ref&gt;The National Archives of the UK (TNA); Kew, Surrey, England; ''Census Returns of England and Wales, 1911''. Ancestry.com. ''1911 England Census'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; (c. 1871 – 20 June 1951&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Olivia Elizabeth Berens.&quot; Person Page 3908; person #39077. ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as well as the Royal Families of Europe''. https://www.thepeerage.com/p3908.htm#i39077.

&lt;/ref&gt;)
* Arthur William Cairns, 2nd Earl Cairns (21 December 1861 – 14 January 1890)&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot;&gt;&quot;Arthur William Cairns, 2nd Earl Cairns.&quot; Person Page 3908; Person #39076. ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as well as the Royal Families of Europe''. https://www.thepeerage.com/p3908.htm#i39076.&lt;/ref&gt;
*# Lady Louise Rosemary Kathleen Virginia Cairns (10 March 1889 – 17 May 1962)&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot; /&gt;
* Roger Cyril Hans Sloane Stanley (1875 – 18 November 1944)
*# Lavender Elizabeth (20 May 1900 [baptism]&lt;ref&gt;Hampshire Archives and Local Studies; Winchester, England, UK; ''Anglican Parish Registers''; Reference: ''35M76/PR3''. Ancestry.com. ''Hampshire, England, Church of England Baptisms, 1813-1921''[database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; – )
*# Diane Sloane Stanley (c. 1905 – )


* Lavender Elizabeth (20 May 1900 [baptism] – )
* John Everett ()


* Diane Sloane Stanley (c. 1905 – )
* Elwyn Villiers Rhys ()

== Writings, Memoirs, Biographies, Papers ==

=== Writings ===
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon. ''The History of White's''. London: Algernon Bourke [privately published], 1892.
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon, ed., &quot;with a brief Memoir.&quot; ''Correspondence of Mr Joseph Jekyll with His Sister-in-Law, Lady Gertrude Sloane Stanley, 1818–1838''. John Murray, 1893.
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon, ed. ''Correspondence of Mr Joseph Jekyll''. John Murray, 1894.

=== Papers ===
* Where are the papers for the Earl of Mayo family? Are Algernon and Guendoline Bourke's papers with them?

== Notes and Questions ==
#The portrait of Algernon Bourke in costume as Isaac Walton is really an amazing portrait with a very interesting setting, far more specific than any of the other Lafayette portraits of these people in their costumes. Where was it shot? Lafayette is given credit, but it's not one of his usual backdrops. If this portrait was taken the night of the ball, then this fireplace was in Devonshire House; if not, then whose fireplace is it?
#The ''Times'' lists Hon. A. Bourke (at 325) and Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke (at 236) as members of a the &quot;Oriental&quot; procession, Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke (in the general list of attendees), and then a small distance down Mr. and Mrs. Bourke (now at 511 and 512, respectively). This last couple with no honorifics is also mentioned in the report in the London ''Evening Standard'', which means the Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke, so the ''Times'' may have repeated the Bourkes, who otherwise are not obviously anyone recognizable. If they are not the Hon. Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke, then they are unidentified. It seems likely that they are the same, however, as the newspapers were not perfectly consistent in naming people with their honorifics, even in a single story, especially a very long and detailed one in which people could be named more than once.
#Three slightly difficult-to-identify men were among the Suite of Men in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#&quot;Oriental&quot; Procession|&quot;Oriental&quot; procession]]: [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax|Gordon Wood]], [[Social Victorians/People/Portman|Arthur B. Portman]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Wilfred Wilson]]. The identification of Gordon Wood and Wilfred Wilson is high because of contemporary newspaper accounts. The Hon. Algernon Bourke, who was also in the Suite of Men, is not difficult to identify at all. Arthur Portman appears in a number of similar newspaper accounts, but none of them mentions his family of origin.
#[http://thepeerage.com The Peerage] has no other Algernon Bourkes.
#The Hon Algernon Bourke is #235 on the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball#List of People Who Attended|list of people who were present]]; the Hon. Guendoline Bourke is #236; a Mr. Bourke is #703; a Mrs. Bourke is #704.
#Hans Stanley-Sloane's estate was £33,704 7s. 5d. in the final probate in December 1889,&lt;ref&gt;Principal Probate Registry; London, England; ''Calendar of the Grants of Probate and Letters of Administration made in the Probate Registries of the High Court of Justice in England''. Ancestry.com. ''England &amp; Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1995'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; which might lead his widow to consider remarrying.
== Footnotes ==
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      <text bytes="172691" sha1="8jbrcxz5uzfedgu547x800guutwmxqy" xml:space="preserve">Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were &quot;satirized&quot; by [[Social Victorians/People/Oscar Wilde|Oscar Wilde]] in his 1895 ''The Importance of Being Earnest''.&lt;ref&gt;Fahey, David M. ''The Politics of Drink in England, from Gladstone to Lloyd George''. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, 2022: p. 21, n. 34. ''Google Books'' (retrieved July 2025) https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Politics_of_Drink_in_England_from_Gl/8HRjEAAAQBAJ.&lt;/ref&gt; Algernon Bourke was a cousin of Lord Alfred Douglas, Wilde's Bosie, in 1898 attempting to facilitate a reconciliation between Bosie and his father, the Marquess of Queensberry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:26&quot;&gt;Ellmann, Richard. ''Osar Wilde''. Alfred A. Knopf, 1988.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|568}}[[File:Leslie Ward - Vanity Fair, Newspapermen, ^Algy^, The Hon Algernon Henry Bourke, Januray 20, 1898 - B1979.14.521 - Yale Center for British Art.jpg|thumb|Hon. Algernon Bourke, ''Vanity Fair'', 1898]]

==Also Known As==
* Family name: Bourke [pronounced ''burk'']&lt;ref name=&quot;:62&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-05-07|title=Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earl_of_Mayo&amp;oldid=1222668659|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Mayo.&lt;/ref&gt;
* The Hon. Algernon Bourke
** Button Bourke&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Tory 'Reformer' at the India Office.&quot; ''India'' 10 November 1911, Friday: 4 [of 12], Col. 1b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004300/19111110/007/0004#. Print: same title, p. 228.&lt;/ref&gt;
** Algy Bourke
* Mrs. Guendoline Bourke
** Guendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; [The National Portrait Gallery, London, uses this spelling for Lafayette's portrait of Bourke in costume for the ball,&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt; as does Russell Harris in the Lafayette Archive, held by the Victoria and Albert&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot;&gt;Harris, Russell. &quot;Hon Mrs Algernon Bourke, née Guendoline Irene Emily Sloane-Stanley (1870-1967), as Salammbô.&quot; ''In Calm Prose'' 2011. http://www.rvondeh.dircon.co.uk/incalmprose/.&lt;/ref&gt;.]
** Gwendolen&lt;ref&gt;General Register Office. ''England and Wales Civil Registration Indexes''. London, England: General Register Office. FreeBMD. ''England &amp; Wales, Civil Registration Marriage Index, 1837-1915''[database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Marriage Index}} &lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt;{{rp|''Morning Post'' article about her name}} &lt;ref&gt;General Register Office. ''England and Wales Civil Registration Indexes''. London, England: General Register Office. FreeBMD. ''England &amp; Wales, Civil Registration Marriage Index, 1837-1915''[database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Electoral Register}}
** Gwendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;City of Westminster Archives Centre; London, England; ''Westminster Church of England Parish Registers''; Reference: ''SPWP/PR/1/2''. Ancestry.com. ''Westminster, London, England, Church of England Births and Baptisms, 1813-1919'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Births and Baptisms}}
* Shelley Bontein and Emilie Sloane-Stanley Bontein
* See also the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|page for the Earl of Mayo]], the Hon. Algernon Bourke's father and then brother, and other Bourkes

== Overview ==

=== Algernon Bourke ===
Although the Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke was born in Dublin in 1854 and came from a family whose title is in the Peerage of Ireland,&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;1911 England Census.&lt;/ref&gt; he seems to have spent much of his adult life generally in England and especially in London. He was &quot;a noted fisherman.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London Correspondence.&quot; ''Freeman's Journal'' 21 December 1897, Tuesday: 5 [of 8], Col. 5c [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000056/18971221/027/0005. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

Because he was the son of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]], perhaps, or perhaps because he was so involved in projects that got reported on, he was mentioned a great deal in the newspapers, but after his bankruptcy, he seems to have receded in prominence, in part because he was living outside of the U.K., and apparently separately from his wife, Guendoline Bourke.

Bourke ran as the Conservative candidate for Parliament from Clapham (population, c. 70,000) in 1885, a race he did not win. As a candidate he is described like this:&lt;blockquote&gt;Acted as a newspaper correspondent during the Zulu war. Subsequently Poor-law inspector in the West of Ireland. &quot;A loyal supporter of Church and State.&quot; Desires to reduce the School Board expenditure, and revive trade; and is opposed to Mr. Chamberlain's &quot;police of hasty and experimental reform.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Clapham (70,000).&quot; ''South London Chronicle'' 17 October 1885, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000443/18851017/113/0005. Print title ''South London Chronicle and Southwark and Lambeth Ensign'', p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The London ''Weekly Dispatch'' says he is &quot;a dashing and unscrupulous young Tory.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Political Campaign in London.&quot; ''Weekly Dispatch'' (London) 15 November 1885, Sunday: 9 [of 16], Col. 3c [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003358/18851115/069/0009. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

&quot;Algy&quot; Bourke was &quot;Man of the Day&quot; (No. DCCII [522) for ''Vanity Fair'' in 1898, caricatured by Leslie Ward (above right) and damned, perhaps, with faint praise:&lt;blockquote&gt;Son of the great and murdered Lord Mayo, he is contemporary with the outbreak of the Crimean War, he is a Member of the London Stock Exchange, he has a beautiful wife and a daughter, and, being a very fashionable young man, he was once refused as their Member by the worthy electors of Clapham. He was an Eton boy, of course: and less naturally he went to Cambridge; where he was made President of the Beefsteak, the Amateur Dramatic, the Athenaeum, the True Blue, and the Hibernian Clubs. When he came down he tried journalism and went to Zululand as a ''Daily Telegraph'' ‘‘special”; after which he was improved into an Inspector of Workhouses [2, Col. 2c – 3, Col. 1a] in Ireland: which may account for his proficiency as a caterer. For seven years he worked under the late Mr. Chinnery on ''The Times'': being popularly supposed to look after that journal's morals. He is a good man of business, and a great organiser who has made White's Club pay even if it be less “smart&quot; than it was. He has done much for Willis’s since he took it in hand; he did well with his Battersea venture, and he thinks that he only failed with the Summer Club in Kensington Gardens because people would not go to the wrong side of the Park. Moreover, he runs a Club at Brighton, and he is Chairman of the Grand Hotel at Monte Carlo: whither he once organised a cheap trip. Altogether he is a veritable Clubman, and a very successful arranger of amusements, associations, and restaurants.

He is a popular fellow who is known to all of us; and though he is a little inclined to be quarrelsome, no one can get much the better of him. He is also a quick grasper of facts and a good talker. His favourite sports are fishing and the organising of associations for the introduction of salmon to the Thames. By way of being an art critic, he has made an interesting collection of engravings of the members of White’s Club from its foundation; but his friends say that he is not a well-dressed man. He has also written a history of White’s, and he is now writing one of Brooks's Club. He is a genial person, who looks as if the world agreed with him well.

He is an aquisition [sic] to a house party; and they call him “Algy.”&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Men of the Day.&quot; — No. DCCII [522]. The Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke.&quot; ''Vanity Fair'' 20 January 1898, Thursday: 2 [of 4], Col. 2c – 3, Col. 3a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9900020/18980120/010/0002 and https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/9900020/18980120/005/0003. Same print title, pp. 41–42. Portrait is full page, on p. 1.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The Hon. Algernon Bourke and Mr. Algernon Bourke, depending on the newspaper article, were the same person. Calling him Mr. Bourke in the newspapers, especially when considered as a businessman or (potential) member of Parliament, does not rule out the son of an earl, who would normally be accorded the honorific of ''Honorable''.

=== Guendoline Sloane-Stanley Bourke ===

Mrs. Guendoline Bourke exhibited at dog shows successfully and was a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Society Sportswomen|noted deerstalker]] and &quot;an appreciative listener to good music.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Vanity Fair.&quot; ''Lady of the House'' 15 June 1899, Thursday: 4 [of 44], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004836/18990615/019/0004.&lt;/ref&gt; She was a sponsor of Irish art needlework as well. Her personal beauty is often mentioned in reports, and ''The World'' says she was &quot;a magnificent woman.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Beauties of To-Day. From the ''World''.&quot; ''Clifton Society'' 24 June 1897, Thursday: 14 [of 16], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002164/18970624/066/0014. Same print and p.&lt;/ref&gt; She is the first listed in the ''Graphic''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s 1891 &quot;Leading Ladies of Society&quot;:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke is a daughter (Gwendoline Irene Emily) of the late Hans Sloane Stanley, Esq., of Poultons, Southampton, and 49, Cadogan Square, S.W. She married, on December 15th, 1887, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, third son of the sixth Earl of Mayo, Governor-General of India (who was assassinated in 1872), and nephew of Lord Connemara, Governor of Madras. Mr. Bourke is a member of the London Stock Exchange, and resides at 33, Cadogan Terrace, S.W.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Leading Ladies of Society.&quot; The Graphic 28 March 1891, Saturday: 6 [of 28], Col. 2c [of 3]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9000057/18910328/019/0006. Print: same title, p. 346.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;She attended many social events without her husband, especially into the 20th century, usually described with an appreciation of what she wore. Unlike her husband's, Guendoline's social status seems to have risen as time passed, and she appears in stories associated with the Princess of Wales, and then later with Queen Alexandra.

=== The Sloane-Stanley Family ===
Guendoline's family consisted of a younger brother, Cyril Sloane-Stanley, as well as her parents, Hans Sloane-Stanley and Emilie Edwards Sloane-Stanley. Exactly one year after she and Algernon Bourke married, Hans Sloane-Stanley died (in 1888), leaving an estate worth £33,704 7s. 5d.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;&gt;Principal Probate Registry; London, England; ''Calendar of the Grants of Probate and Letters of Administration made in the Probate Registries of the High Court of Justice in England''. Ancestry.com. ''England &amp; Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1995'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; (1888, 321) Her mother remarried almost exactly a year after that, to James Shelly Bontein. Bontein's father had been Gentleman Usher and Clerk of the Robes to Queen Victoria.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot;&gt;&quot;Marriages.&quot; &quot;Births, Marriages, and Deaths.&quot; ''Belfast News-Letter'' 6 December 1889, Friday: 1 [of 8], Col. 1a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000038/18891206/001/0001. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

Shortly after his death ''Truth'' described Guendoline and Cyril's father Hans Sloane-Stanley:&lt;blockquote&gt;The death of Mr. Sloane Stanley, of Paultons Park, is much regretted in South Hants, as he was one of the most popular landlords in the county, and was greatly esteemed. Mr. Sloane Stanley was well known in yachting circles, and for many years he was Commodore of the Royal Southern Yacht Club, and owned the schooner ''Star of the West''. He was one of the very few owners who continued to keep up the old custom of giving his crew a laying-up supper at the close of each season. There were great festivities at Paultons only a few months ago, when Miss Sloane Stanley was married to Mr. Algernon Bourke.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Entre Nous.&quot; ''Truth'' 27 December 1888, Thursday: 6 [of 48], Col. 2b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18881227/023/0006# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18881227/023/0006]. Same print title, p. 1136.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;When he died in 1944, Cyril Sloane-Stanley's estate was quite a bit larger than his father's had been 50 years before. The probate was divided between what was limited to &quot;settled land&quot; and what was &quot;save and except settled land.&quot; What was not settled land totalled £356,114 12s. 10d. and went to John Everett, company director; the Hon. Elwyn Villiers Rhys, captain, H.M. army; and William Adam de Geijer, retired captain, H.M. army.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt; (1944, 430) His daughter Lavender was married to John Everett, and Diane was married to Elwyn Villiers Rhys. What was settled land totalled £168,975 and went to William Adam de Geijer, retired captain, H.M. army, and George Lawrence Stewart, solicitor.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt; (1944, 430)

The Sloane-Stanleys descend from Hans Sloane (1660–1753), whose 71,000-item collections &quot;provid[ed] the foundation of the British Museum, the British Library, and the Natural History Museum, London.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2025-01-07|title=Hans Sloane|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane|journal=Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane|language=en|via=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Much of this Hans Sloane's wealth came from his medical practice in Jamaica, where he went as physician to the Governor General of Jamaica, the 2nd Duke of Albemarle, and where he married &quot;a wealthy heiress of sugar plantations&quot; worked by enslaved Jamaicans.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot; /&gt; His great-nephew, Hans Sloane, inherited Paultons, near Romsey, &quot;and in recognition of this he adopted the additional surname of Stanley in 1821.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-10-06|title=Hans Sloane (MP)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane_(MP)|journal=Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane_(MP)|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Acquaintances, Friends and Enemies ==

=== Algernon Bourke ===

* Best man at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Wedding of Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Sloane Stanley|his wedding]]: the Hon. Michael Sandys
* [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Marcus Henry Milner]], &quot;one of the zealous assistants of that well-known firm of stockbrokers, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;&quot;Metropolitan Notes.&quot; ''Nottingham Evening Post'' 31 July 1888, Tuesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 2a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/18880731/025/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Caroline, Duchess of Montrose — her &quot;legal advisor&quot; on the day of her marriage to Marcus Henry Milner&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Metropolitan Notes.&quot; ''Nottingham Evening Post'' 31 July 1888, Tuesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 1b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/18880731/025/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Wilfred Scawen Blunt
* Alexander Meyrick Broadley&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot;&gt;Broadley, Alexander Meyrick. ''How We Defended Arábi and His Friends, a Story of Egypt and the Egyptians''. London: Chapman and Hall, 1884. Google Books: [https://www.google.com/books/edition/How_We_Defended_Ar%C3%A1bi_and_His_Friends/75YRzFDvaO4C?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;bsq=Bourke https://www.google.com/books/edition/How_We_Defended_Ar%C3%A1bi_and_His_Friends/75YRzFDvaO4C].&lt;/ref&gt; (2) [Blunt, Broadley and Bourke were mutual friends; Blunt and Bourke were cousins.]
* &quot;Natty Rothschild,&quot; according to Blunt
* Brett, who was Hartington's secretary in the early 80s.&lt;ref&gt;Blunt, Wilfred Scawen. ''Gordon at Khartoum, Being a Personal Narrative of Events in Continuation of &quot;A Secret History of the English Occupation of Egypt''.&quot; London: Stephen Swift, 1911.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Guendoline Bourke ===

* Bridesmaids at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Wedding of Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Sloane Stanley|her wedding]]: Lady Florence Bourke, Miss Nora Bourke, Miss Edwards, and Miss Ewart
* Lord and Lady Alington, Belvedere House, Scarborough
* [[Social Victorians/People/William James|Evelyn James]] 

== Organizations ==

=== Guendoline Bourke ===

* Member, the Ladies Committee for the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Skating Club|Prince's Skating Club]], which also included [[Social Victorians/People/Princess Louise|Princess Louise]] (Duchess of Argyll), the [[Social Victorians/People/Portland|Duchess of Portland]], [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Lady Londonderry]], [[Social Victorians/People/Campbell|Lady Archibald Campbell]], [[Social Victorians/People/Ribblesdale|Lady Ribblesdale]], and [[Social Victorians/People/Asquith|Mrs. Asquith]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;&quot;What the 'World' Says.&quot; ''Northwich Guardian'' 01 November 1902, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Col. 8a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001975/19021101/134/0006. Print title: The ''Guardian'', p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt; (in 1902, at least)

=== Algernon Bourke ===
* [[Social Victorians/Schools#Eton|Eton]]
* Cambridge University, Trinity College, 1873, Michaelmas term&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;Cambridge University Alumni, 1261–1900. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Conservative Party
* 1879: Appointed a Poor Law Inspector in Ireland, Relief of Distress Act
* 1881: Partner, with 2 uncles, in Brunton, Bourke, and Co.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From Our London Correspondent.&quot; ''Manchester Courier'' 24 August 1881, Wednesday: 5 [of 8], Col. 4a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000206/18810824/030/0005. Print: ''Manchester Courier and Lancaster General Advertiser'', p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt; (one of the [[Social Victorians/British Aristocracy#Sons of Peers on the Stock Exchange|sons of peers on the Stock Exchange]])
* 1885: Office of the 7th Surrey Rifles Regiment&lt;ref&gt;&quot;7th Surrey Rifles.&quot; ''South London Press'' 08 August 1885, Saturday: 12 [of 16], Col. 4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18850808/165/0012. Print p. 12.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1886: Battersea Friendly Angling Society&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Battersea Friendly Angling Society.&quot; ''Fishing Gazette'' 17 April 1886, Saturday: 6 [of 20], Col. 2a [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002553/18860417/030/0006. Same print title, p. 218.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 27 February 1886: one of the Vice Presidents of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Bolingbroke Reading-Room and Institute|Bolingbroke Reading-Room and Institute]]
* Special Correspondent of The ''Times'' for the Zulu War, accompanying Lord Chelmsford
* Head, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys, &quot;that well-known firm of stockbrokers&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; ( – 1901 [at least])
* White's gentleman's club, St. James's,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-10-09|title=White's|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White's|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%27s.&lt;/ref&gt; Manager (1897)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Side Lights on Drinking.&quot; ''Waterford Standard'' 28 April 1897, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001678/18970428/053/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Willis's Rooms (described in 1895):&lt;blockquote&gt;... the Hon. Algernon Burke [sic], son of the 6th Earl of Mayo, has turned the place into a smart restaurant where choice dinners are served and eaten while a stringed band discourses music. Willis's Rooms are now the favourite dining place for ladies who have no club of their own, or for gentlemen who are debarred by rules from inviting ladies to one of their own clubs. The same gentleman runs a hotel in Brighton, and has promoted several clubs. He has a special faculty for organising places of the kind, without which such projects end in failure.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lenten Dullness.&quot; ''Cheltenham Looker-On'' 23 March 1895, Saturday: 11 [of 24], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000226/18950323/004/0011. Print p. 275.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
*The [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Pelican|Pelican Club]], known for its boxing (1891)

==== Boards of Directors ====
*1883: One of the directors, the Franco-English Tunisian Esparto Fibre Supply Company, Ltd.&lt;ref&gt;''Money Market Review'', 20 Jan 1883 (Vol 46): 124.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1891: One of the founders, the Discount Banking Company, Ltd., which says Algernon Bourke is a director of District Messenger Services and News Company, Ltd.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Public Company.&quot; ''Nottingham Journal'' 31 October 1891, Saturday: 4 [of 8], Col. 8a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001896/18911031/099/0004. Print title: ''The Nottingham Daily Express'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1894: One of the directors, the Frozen Lake, Ltd., with Admiral Maxse, Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Marcus Beresford]], [[Social Victorians/People/Williams|Hwfa Williams]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Frozen Lake, Limited.&quot; ''St James's Gazette'' 08 June 1894, Friday: 15 [of 16], Col. 4a [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001485/18940608/085/0015. Print p. 15.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;London is to have new amusement this winter, for which Mr Algernon Bourke, who has taught us that it is possible to eat as well in St. James’s as on the Boulevards, and Mr Hwfa Williams, of Sandown fame, are jointly responsible. The &quot;Frozen Lake,&quot; under which title a real ice-skating rink is about to be constructed under their auspices, will no doubt be gladly welcomed by all skaters, and the venture is likely to prove a success.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip.&quot; ''Weston-super-Mare Gazette, and General Advertiser'' 6 June 1894, Wednesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 4b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001444/18940606/044/0004. Print title: ''Weston-super-Mare Gazette'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== Committees ====

*Member, General Committee, [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Baths|the Baths Club]] (1892)
*Member, Men's Committee of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Skating Club|Prince's Skating Club]], which also included Lord Edward Cecil, Lord Redesdale, Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Lyttelton|Alfred Lyttelton]], Sir Edgar Vincent, Sir William Hart Dyke, and Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Grenfell|W. H. Grenfell]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; (1902, at least)
*[[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#25 March 1896, Wednesday|The Sala Memorial Fund]], member of the committee (from 25 March 1896)
* Member of an &quot;influential committee&quot; headed by the Lord Mayor &quot;to restore salmon to the Thames&quot; (June 1899)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Salmon in the Thames.&quot; ''Berks and Oxon Advertiser'' 30 June 1899, Friday: 5 [of 8], Col. 4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002298/18990630/079/0005. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Timeline ==

=== 1870s ===
'''1872 February 8''', Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo was assassinated while inspecting a &quot;convict settlement at Port Blair in the Andaman Islands ... by Sher Ali Afridi, a former Afghan soldier.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-12-01|title=Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo.&lt;/ref&gt; The Hon. Algernon's brother Dermot became the 7th Earl at 19 years old.

'''1876 November 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was one of 6 men (2 students, one of whom was Bourke; 2 doctors; a tutor and another man) from Cambridge who gave evidence as witnesses in an inquest about the death of a student falling off a horse.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Fatal Accident to a Sheffield Student at Cambridge.&quot; ''Sheffield Independent'' 25 November 1876, Saturday: 7 [of 12], Col. 5a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000181/18761125/040/0007. Print title: ''Sheffield and Rotherham Independent'', n. p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1879 December 27, Saturday – 29, Monday''', Algernon Bourke was in Kilrush as a Local Government Board Inspector:&lt;blockquote&gt;Among many distinguished visitors at the Vandeleur Arms Hotel, Kilrush this week was the Hon. Algernon Bourke Local Government Board Inspector who arrived on Saturday, and sojourned there until 2 o'clock on Monday, when the honourable gentleman left by Steamer tor Limerick.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Fashionable Intelligence.&quot; ''Kilrush Herald and Kilkee Gazette'' 01 January 1880, Thursday: 2 [of 5], Col. 3a [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003186/18800101/011/0002. Print title ''Kilrush Herald'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 1880s ===
'''4 February 1880, Wednesday''', Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880#Grand Ball at Palmerstown House Hosted by the Earl of Mayo|grand ball at Palmerstown House hosted by the Earl of Mayo]]. 

'''1880 March 30, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was working in the judicial system in Newcastle, County Limerick, possibly as Poorhouse Inspector:&lt;blockquote&gt;A sworn enquiry was held to-day at the Workhorse, Newcastle West, by the Hon Algernon Bourke, L.G.I., to enquire into charges preferred by Dr. Pierce, Medical Office, against Dr. O'Shaughnesay. The enquiry was adjourned till Thursday next. Mr Moran, sol., Rathkeale, was engaged for Dr. O'Shaughnessy.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Sworn Enquiry.&quot; &quot;Limerick County. Newcastle West Intelligence.&quot; ''Bassett's Chronicle'' 31 March 1880, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 3b–c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003471/18800331/044/0003.  Print title ''Bassett's Daily Chronicle'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1880 April 17, Saturday''', in-jokes dominate this report mentioning Algernon Bourke in the context of the Kildare and National Hunt races in Dublin:&lt;blockquote&gt;And in mopy Upper Mount-street, where young Algernon Bourke, of the Onety-oneth, had promised to call for, and afterwards spin down to the races in his mail phaeton, the Blake girls; and in fastidious Fitzwilliam-place, and exclusive &quot;Murryan-squeer,&quot; from which dashing army men, in their neatly-appointed, well horsed drags were to &quot;tool&quot; down sweet young Dublin lasses of the ''crême d la crême'' [sic], many an anxious forecasting of the weather was taken, lest by an unpropitious shower that last triumph of Mrs. Manning, or the Forrests, or Miss Sedford, or any of the ''grandes dames de la mode'' should be rendered as worthless as a Confederate &quot;greenback.&quot; But by ten o'clock all doubts were happily set aside, and up struck the lovely April day in all its spring-time glory and then the road, oh, the road!&lt;ref&gt;&quot;To Punchestown and Back by the Old Road.&quot; ''Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News'' 17 April 1880, Saturday: 6 [of 24], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001857/18800417/013/0006. Same print title, p. 102.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1881 May 10, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#1881 May 10, Tuesday|wedding of Marion Lascelles, eldest daughter of the Hon. Egremont W. Lascelles, brother of the Earl of Harewood, and Lieutenant Henry Dent Brocklehurst, of the Second Life Guards, nephew of Mr. Philip Brocklehurst, of Swithamley Park, Macclesfield]]. His gift was an &quot;old enamelled watch set in pearls.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Nuptial Rejoicings at Middlethorpe Manor. Marriage of Miss Lascelles and Lieut. Brocklehurst.&quot; ''Yorkshire Gazette'' 14 May 1881, Saturday: 9 [of 12], Cols. 3a–4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive''https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000266/18810514/057/0009. Print same title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1881 May 23, Monday, 2:00 p.m.''', Algernon Bourke is listed among the Honourables at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace|Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace]].

'''1881 July 14, Thursday afternoon, beginning about 2 p.m.''', Algernon Bourke was invited to a Garden Party at Marlborough House hosted by [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]]. Members of the family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] were also among the 1,500 or so invited guests.

'''1881 July 22, Friday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to an [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#22 July 1881, Friday|evening party at Marlborough House hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales]].

'''1881 September 17, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was reported among the company at Doncaster during race week.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;List of the Company.&quot; ''York Herald'' 17 September 1881, Saturday: 8 [of 16], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000499/18810917/183/0008. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1881 November 22, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was sued in Dublin by Henry Naylor because he &quot;had declined to pay&quot; for a £35 piano.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Henry Naylor v. the Hon. Algernon Bourke.&quot; &quot;Exchequer Division.&quot; &quot;High Court of Justice.&quot; ''Belfast Morning News'' 23 November 1881, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 8a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000428/18811123/015/0003. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1881 December 8, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke was part of a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#Battue at Palmerstown|battue at Palmerstown]], when the group bagged 172 pheasants, hares and rabbits.

'''1882 March 7, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882#7 March 1882, Tuesday|fashionable wedding of Reginald Chandos-Pole and Violet Denison]].

'''1882 March 15, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882#The Marchioness of Salisbury's Assembly|the Marchioness of Salisbury's first reception of the season]].

'''1882 July 13, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to the [[Social Victorians/1882-07-13 Marlborough House Garden Party|Garden Party at Marlborough House for Queen Victoria]] hosted by [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]]. The more than 1,000 people invited also included a number of people from the family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]].

'''1882 September 19''', Alexander M. Broadley in Tunis received a letter from Algernon Bourke asking him to provide legal counsel to defend prisoner-of war Arábi in Egypt, with Wilfred Scawen Blunt, which he did.&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot; /&gt; (2)

'''1882 September 28, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882#The Wedding of John M'Donald and Georgiana Lambart|wedding of John M'Donald and Georgiana Lambart]].

'''1883 March 21, Wednesday''', the Evening Irish Times announced that Algernon Bourke &quot;has arrived at Kingstown from England.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Fashion.&quot; ''Evening Irish Times'' 21 March 1883, Wednesday: 7 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003464/18830321/086/0007. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''23 July 1883, Monday, noon''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1883#Garden Party at Marlborough House, at Noon|garden party at Marlborough House]] hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales.

'''31 October 1883, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the wedding of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1883#Wedding of Lady Cecelia Hay and Captain George Webbe|Lady Cecelia Hay and Captain George Webbe]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 February 16, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#16 February 1884, Saturday|the funeral of Thomas Chenery, editor of the ''Times'']].&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 April 4, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was (may have been?) one of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#5 April 1884, Saturday|&quot;Supporters of the Pall&quot; at the funeral]] of [[Social Victorians/People/Leopold|Prince Leopold George Duncan Albert, Duke of Albany]] at St. George's, Windsor.&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 April 26, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#26 April 1884, Saturday|dinner party at the Lord Mayor's Mansion House for conservatives to meet Sir Stafford Northcote]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 May 3, Saturday''', the &quot;Rochester Conservatives&quot; announced that they would &quot;bring forward the Hon. Algernon Bourke, brother of Lord Mayo, as their second candidate,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Election Intelligence.&quot; ''Yorkshire Gazette'' 03 May 1884, Saturday: 4 [of 12], Col. 6a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000266/18840503/011/0004.&lt;/ref&gt; but because he would not be the first candidate, Bourke declined.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rochester.&quot; London ''Daily Chronicle'' 09 May 1884, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 8b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005049/18840509/049/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 June 18, Wednesday''', Mr. Algernon Bourke was on a committee to watch a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#18 June 1884, Wednesday|Mr. Bishop's &quot;thought-reading&quot; experiment]], which was based on a challenge by Henry Labourchere made the year before. This &quot;experiment&quot; took place before a fashionable audience.&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 July 25, Friday, afternoon''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#Garden Party at Marlborough House hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales|Garden Party at Marlborough House hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1885 January 22, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke's gift to [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#Wedding of George Buckle and Alicia Payn|George Buckle and Alicia Payn for their wedding]] was an antique cabinet.&lt;p&gt;

'''1885 July 7, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#7 July 1885, Tuesday|Eva Bourke's wedding to Windham Wyndham-Quin]] at St. Mary Abbots, Kensington.&lt;p&gt;

'''1885 July 13, Monday''', Algernon Bouurke was at Victoria Station as part of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#Arrival of Lord Wolseley in London from Egypt|crowd greeting Lord Wolseley on his return from Egypt]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1885 July 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/1885-07-24 Marlborough House Ball|ball at Marlborough House]] hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales.&lt;p&gt;

'''1885 September 26, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke took part in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#26 September 1885, Saturday|Ealing Conservative Club fete and meeting]] supporting Salisbury's government and condemning &quot;the dictates of one man&quot; — Gladstone — for Gordon's death.&lt;p&gt;

'''1885 October 3, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was named as the Conservative candidate for Clapham in the Battersea and Clapham borough after the Redistribution Bill determined the electoral districts for South London.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;South London Candidates.&quot; ''South London Press'' 03 October 1885, Saturday: 9 [of 16], Col. 5b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18851003/096/0009. Print p. 9.&lt;/ref&gt; On Sunday 15 November 1885 the London ''Weekly Dispatch'' supported Moulton, the Liberal candidate, who ultimately won the election:&lt;blockquote&gt;

Though a successful lawyer, Mr. Moulton is much more than that. He is a thorough and independent student of political science, who may be trusted to do good service to the Liberal cause with brain as well as with tongue. It will be matter for hearty congratulation if he defeats the Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke, who is a dashing and unscrupulous young Tory, and a nephew of the well-known politician with the same surname.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Political Campaign in London. VI. — The South-West Divisions.&quot; ''Weekly Dispatch'' (London) 15 November 1885, Sunday: 9 [of 16], Col. 3c [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003358/18851115/069/0009. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

On Saturday 21 November 1885 the ''South London Press'' reported on posters for Bourke's candidacy:&lt;blockquote&gt;

The Hon. Algernon Bourke, Conservative candidate for Clapham, has a very industrious billsticker, who pastes up his patron’s bills in every possible place where they can be seen to advantage. It is unfortunate, however, that choosing the flank wall of an auctioneer’s the modern &quot;Sam Slap&quot; has produced some curious combinations, such as — &quot;Vote for Bourke,&quot; &quot;Now on View;&quot; &quot;Electors of Clapham, Vote for Mr. Bourke, and&quot; &quot;Be Sold Without Reserve;&quot; &quot;Mr, Bourke will&quot; &quot;Advance Money to&quot; &quot;the Electors of Clapham;&quot; &quot;Great Conservative Meeting. The British Constitution will be&quot; &quot;Offered for Sale this Evening,&quot; &amp;c.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pick-up Notes.&quot; ''South London Press'' 21 November 1885, Saturday: 10 [of 16], Col. 1b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18851121/155/0010. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1885 November 3, Tuesday, 11:00 a.m.''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Mayo-Ponsonby Wedding 1885-11-03|wedding of his brother, Dermot, 7th  Earl of Mayo and Geraldine Ponsonby]]. He gave them 2 Sheraton secretaires.

'''1886 January 5, Tuesday, late''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Twelfth Night|Twelfth Night celebration at the Drury Lane theatre]].

'''1886 March 13, Saturday evening''', an Hon. Mr. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/1886-03-13 Reception at the French Embassy|reception at the French Embassy]], possibly Algernon Bourke or possibly [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|one of his brothers]].

'''1886 July 10, Saturday''', Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Garden Party at Marlborough House Given to the Queen|garden party at Marlborough House given to the Queen]]. Guendoline Sloane Stanley is not mentioned but Mr. and Mrs. Hans Sloane Stanley are, as are Mr. and Mrs. F. Sloane Stanley.&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 July 21, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to the [[Social Victorians/1886-07-21 Marlborough House Ball|Ball at Marlborough House]], as were a [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#The Sloane-Stanleys 2|Mr. and Mrs. F. Sloane-Stanley]], possibly the parents of Guendoline Sloane-Stanley (if the &quot;F&quot; is a mistake), who married Bourke on 15 December 1887. Guendoline is not mentioned as having been invited.&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 July 27, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended a service honoring a memorial at St. Paul's for his father, who had been assassinated.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Memorial to the Late Earl of Mayo.&quot; ''Northern Whig'' 28 July 1886, Wednesday: 6 [of 8], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000434/18860728/143/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 September 2, Thursday''', Mr. Algernon Bourke was part of a group of mostly aristocratic men taking part in [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Augustus Harris's A Run of Luck|a &quot;trial-rehearsal&quot; as part of Augustus Harris's production]] ''A Run of Luck'', about sports.&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 October 2, Saturday''', the Duke of Beaufort and the Hon. Algernon Bourke arrived in Yougal: &quot;His grace has taken a residence at Lismore for a few weeks, to enjoy some salmon fishing on the Blackwater before the close of the season.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Chippenham.&quot; ''Wilts and Gloucestershire Standard'' 02 October 1886, Saturday: 8 [of 8], Col. 6a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001955/18861002/142/0008. Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 October 11, Monday''', Algernon Bourke may have been taking part in a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Performance of Run of Luck|performance of ''Run of Luck'' at the Drury Lane]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 October 23, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Party at Wemyss Castle, Fife|staying at Wemyss Castle, Fife]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 December 30, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke was back in London and attending the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Augustus Harris's The Forty Thieves|&quot;Forty Thieves&quot; pantomime at the Drury Lane Theatre]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1887 January 5, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was one of the chief mourners at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Funeral of Lady Margaret Harriett Bourke|funeral of Lady Margaret Harriett Bourke]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1887 March 1, 2:00 p.m.''', Algernon Bourke is listed among the Messieurs attending the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace|Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1887 May''', a &quot;signalling incident&quot; in 1907 [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#May 1887|caused the Waterford ''Evening News'' to recall a similar event]] that had occurred 20 years earlier, in which Algernon Bourke, as special correspondent for the ''Times'', caused the incident to be publicized:&lt;blockquote&gt;During the manoeuvres in connection with the 1887 Jubilee of Queen Victoria a signal was observed going up from [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles [Beresford]]]'s ship. It was a message to his wife, Lady Beresford, to the effect that, as he should be late for dinner, she was not to wait. Beyond the hilarity this domestic signal evoked, nothing more would have been heard of it, but Mr. Algernon Bourke (Lord Mayo's brother) was acting as special correspondent for the &quot;Times,&quot; and that paper the next morning contained a full and humorous report of the incident. Then there was trouble.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Signalling Incident.&quot; ''Evening News'' (Waterford) 13 November 1907, Wednesday: 1 [of 4], Col. 6c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004557/19071113/021/0001.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1887 June 15, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians Foreign Office Reception 1887-06-15|reception at the Foreign Office in honor of Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee]].

'''1887 July 6, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to and, presumably, attended the State Ball at Buckingham Palace.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The State Ball at Buckingham Palace.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 08 July 1887, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 5a–6c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18870708/013/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 1c)

'''1887 August 6, Saturday''', the ''Brighton Gazette'' says that the &quot;Hon. Mrs and Mr Algernon Bourke&quot; were staying at the Royal Crescent Hotel in Brighton, but they didn't marry until 15 December 1887.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Royal Crescent Hotel.&quot; ''Brighton Gazette'' 6 August 1887, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 5c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000938/18870806/047/0003. Print title ''Brighton Gazette and Sussex Telegraph'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt; Perhaps an elder relative, because she is mentioned first?

'''1887 November 9, Wednesday''', the ''Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper'' announced that&lt;blockquote&gt;A marriage is arranged, and will take place early in January, between Mr. Algernon Bourke, third son of the late Earl of Mayo, and Miss Guendolen Sloane Stanley, only daughter of Mr. Hans Sloane Stanley, of Paultons.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Romsey, Nov. 9.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 9 November 1887, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18871109/034/0003. Print title ''Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Shortly after, the papers announced that the wedding would not take place.

'''1887 December 15, Thursday''', Hon. [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Wedding of Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Sloane Stanley|Algernon Bourke and Guendoline Stanley were married at St. Paul's]], Knightsbridge, by Bourke's uncle the Hon. and Rev. George Bourke. Only family members attended because of &quot;the recent death of a near relative of the bride.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court Circular.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 16 December 1887, Friday: 5 [of 8], Col. 7c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18871216/066/0005.&lt;/ref&gt; Who the &quot;near relative of the bride&quot; was not in her nuclear family, and perhaps that explains the cancellation of the wedding and then the changing of the wedding date and not some problem in the couple.

'''1888 – 1899 January 1''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was &quot;proprietor&quot; of [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#White's|White's Club, St. James's Street]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;&quot;The Hon. Algernon Bourke's Affairs.&quot; ''Eastern Morning News'' 19 October 1899, Thursday: 6 [of 8], Col. 7c [of7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001152/18991019/139/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1888 January 21, Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the wedding of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#Hamilton-Ewart Wedding|Florence Ewart and Henry Hamilton]].

'''1888 March 7, Wednesday''', assuming that this date is not a week after the actual date, [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lady Charles Beresford]] held a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#1888 March 7, Wednesday|notable and well-attended &quot;at home&quot;]] that Guendoline Bourke attended, reported for being dressed in white and being among the beautiful women present.

'''6 April 1888, Friday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#6 April 1888, Friday|New Forest United Hunt ball at the New Forest Hall, Lyndhurst]].

'''1888 May 2, Wednesday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#The Marchioness of Salisbury's Reception|Marchioness of Salisbury's reception]] at the Salisbury home on Arlington-street.

'''1888 May 22, Tuesday''', the Dowager Countess of Mayo presented Guendoline Bourke at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#Queen's Drawing Room|Queen's drawing-room]] hosted by the Princess of Wales. This is Guendoline Bourke's dress:&lt;blockquote&gt;Empire robe de cour of white satin duchesse, lined with rich pink silk, sufficiently bright to give a beautiful shell-like tint through the satin; tulle underdress, with upper skirt, embroidered with pearl, and caught up in Greek folds with large pink Tosca roses; white satin bodice, with Josephine pink sash tied at side, Headdress, veil and plumes; ornaments, diamonds.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Dresses at the Drawing-Room.&quot; ''Epsom Journal'' 22 May 1888, Tuesday: 3 [of 6], Col. 5b–c [of 6]. ''British Newspapers Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004837/18880522/034/0003. Print: title ''Local Journal'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Another description:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke's train was of white satin lined with pink, which showed through with charmingly shell-like effect. The dress, fashioned after those of the Empire period, was of white satin embroidered with pearls. A very broad sash of pink satin made the waist seem quaintly short, a trying thing to any but the young and tall, both of which qualifications Mrs. Bourke most happily possesses. She carried a lovely posy of La France roses.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Gossip on Dress.&quot; ''Boston Spa News'' 25 May 1888, Friday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1b–2b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003395/18880525/014/0002. Print title The News, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 1c)&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1888 June 8, Friday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#Dinner and Dance Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne at Hamilton House|dinner and dance Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne at Hamilton House]] featuring Prince and Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein, and for the ball, the King of Sweden and Norway and the Prince and Princess of Wales and their daughters were present.

'''1888 June 19, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke was one of the principal guests at the wedding of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#19 June 1888, Tuesday|Captain Philip Green and Miss Mabel Emilie Scott]].

'''1888 July 26''', [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Caroline Graham Stirling-Crawford]] (known as Mr. Manton for her horse-breeding and -racing operations) and Marcus Henry Milner married.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;&quot;Hon. Caroline Agnes Horsley-Beresford.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://thepeerage.com/p6863.htm#i68622|title=Person Page|website=thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the ''Nottingham Evening Post'' of 31 July 1888,&lt;blockquote&gt;LONDON GOSSIP.

(From the ''World''.)

The marriage of &quot;Mr. Manton&quot; was the surprise as well the sensation of last week. Although some wise people noticed a certain amount of youthful ardour in the attentions paid by Mr. Marcus Henry Milner to Caroline Duchess of Montrose at '''Mrs. Oppenheim's ball''', nobody was prepared for the sudden ''dénouement''; '''and it''' were not for the accidental and unseen presence [[Social Victorians/People/Mildmay|a well-known musical amateur]] who had received permission to practice on the organ, the ceremony performed at half-past nine on Thursday morning at St. Andrew's, Fulham, by the Rev. Mr. Propert, would possibly have remained a secret for some time to come. Although the evergreen Duchess attains this year the limit of age prescribed the Psalmist, the bridegroom was only born in 1864. Mr. &quot;Harry&quot; Milner (familiarly known in the City as &quot;Millions&quot;) was one of the zealous assistants of that well-known firm of stockbrokers, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys, and Mr. Algernon Bourke, the head of the house (who, of course, takes a fatherly interest in the match) went down to Fulham to give away the Duchess. The ceremony was followed by a ''partie carrée'' luncheon at the Bristol, and the honeymoon began with a visit to the Jockey Club box at Sandown. Mr. Milner and the Duchess of Montrose have now gone to Newmarket. The marriage causes a curious reshuffling of the cards of affinity. Mr. Milner is now the stepfather of the [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Duke of Montrose]], his senior by twelve years; he is also the father-in-law of [[Social Victorians/People/Lady Violet Greville|Lord Greville]], Mr. Murray of Polnaise, and [[Social Victorians/People/Breadalbane|Lord Breadalbane]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1888 December 1st week''', according to &quot;Society Gossip&quot; from the ''World'', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was suffering from malaria, presumably which he caught when he was in South Africa:&lt;blockquote&gt;I am sorry to hear that Mr. Algernon Bourke, who married Miss Sloane-Stanley a short time ago, has been very dangerously ill. Certain complications followed an attack of malarian fever, and last week his mother, the Dowager Lady Mayo, and his brother, Lord Mayo, were hastily summoned to Brighton. Since then a change for the better has taken place, and he is now out of danger.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip. What the ''World'' Says.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 08 December 1888, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18881208/037/0002. Print title: ''The Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper''; print p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1888 December 20, Thursday''', the Sloane-Stanley family, including Guendoline Bourke, attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#20 December 1888, Thursday|funeral of Hans Sloane Stanley]]. Algernon Bourke did not attend because he was still too ill.

'''1889 January 22, 2:30 p.m., Tuesday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke sent a gift for the [[Social Victorians/Cecil Lambton Wedding 1889 January 22|wedding of Lady Eleanor Lambton and Lord Robert]] Cecil, a pair of antique mirrors.

'''1889 May 18, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#18 May 1889, Saturday|opening of the Italian Opera season at Covent Garden]].

'''1889 May 27, Monday, 11 p.m.''', the dancing commenced at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#The Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace|the Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace]], with both the Hon. Algernon and the Hon. Guendoline Bourke present.

'''1889 June 8, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke contributed some art he owned to the collection of the Royal Institute of Painters in Water-Colours' [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#8 June 1889, Saturday|exhibition of &quot;the works of the 'English Humourists in Art.'&quot;]]

'''1889 July 2, Tuesday''', Guendoline and Algernon Bourke sat in the Muriettas' box at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#The Shah at a Covent Garden Opera Performance|gala performance at Covent Garden also attended by the Prince and Princess of Wales, a number of other royals and the Shah]].

'''1889 27 July, Saturday''', Guendoline and Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#Garden Party Hosted by Mr. and Mrs. Augustus Harris|garden party hosted by Mr. and Mrs. Augustus Harris]], which was attended by a people from the theatre and arts worlds.

'''1889 August 15''', Thursday, because of mourning on both sides, only the closest friends and family were invited to the [[Social Victorians/Pleydell-Bouverie Skelmersdale Wedding|wedding of Lady Wilma Pleydell-Bouverie and Lord Skelmersdale]], so she may not have attended, but the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave the bride a miniature silver kettle.&lt;p&gt;

'''1889 December 2, Monday''', Guendoline Bourk's mother, Emilie Sloane-Stanley, married James Shelly Bontein:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

BONTEIN—STANLEY — December 2, at St. George's, Hanover Square, London, by the Rev. G. S. de Sansmarez, James Shelly, only son of the late James Bontein, Gentleman Usher and Clerk of the Robes to the Queen, to Emilie Josephine, widow of Hans Sloane Stanley, of Paultons.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1889 December 17, Tuesday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke gave a gift to [[Dangan-Neville Wedding|Lady Violet Nevill for her wedding to Henry Wellesley, Viscount Dangan]] and so were probably in attendance.

=== 1890s ===
'''1890 January 9, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#The York Hunt Ball|fancy-dress Hunt Ball in York]]. She&lt;blockquote&gt;looked a picture in a Gainsborough gown. The white satin skirt was flounced with sable and veiled with ''chiffon'', the setuage of which was left to show without being hemmed up. There was a broad sash of rose-pink silk and each buttonhole was filled round with crimped lisse.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Our London Letter.&quot; ''Irish Society'' (Dublin) 11 January 1890, Saturday: 17 [of 24], Col. 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001939/18900111/042/0017. Same print title, p. 29.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1890 February''' '''12, Wednesday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Lady Constance Leslie's Reception|Lady Constance Leslie's reception]] at her house in Stratford-place.

'''1890 April 9, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#The New Forest United Hunt Ball|the New Forest United Hunt Ball]].

'''1890 June 3, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the 2:30 p.m. [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Münster-Hay Wedding|wedding of Count Alexander Münster and Lady Muriel Henrietta Constance Hay]]. She is also listed as having attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Dinner and Concert Hosted by Mrs. Arthur Williams and Ball by Mrs. Menzies|ball hosted by Mrs. J. Menzies (daughter of Mrs. Arthur Wilson)]] that Prince Eddie, the Duke of Clarence and Avondale, also attended, that night.  

'''1890 July 4, Friday, 11 p.m.''', the Hon. Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#The Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace|the Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace]]. The dancing commenced shortly after 11:00. 

'''1890 July 15, Tuesday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke were invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Garden Party at Marlborough House to Meet the Queen|garden party at Marlborough House to meet the Queen]]. 

'''1890 July 19, Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Wedding of James Francis Harry St. Clair-Erskine and Violet Aline Vyner|wedding of James Francis Harry St. Clair-Erskine and Violet Aline Vyner]], the two of them giving &quot;four small silver dessert dishes&quot; and Guendoline giving an &quot;enamel and diamond pin.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marriage of Lord Loughborough with Miss Vyner.&quot; ''Fife Free Press'' 26 July 1890, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1a–2b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001110/18900726/015/0002. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 2b)

'''1890 July 24, Thursday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Dinner and Dance Hosted by Lord Alington|dance hosted by Lord Alington]] attended also by the Prince and Princess of Wales and Princesses Victoria and Maud.

'''1890 September 6, Saturday''', the ''Country Gentleman'' (as it was called at the time) reported that &quot;Muckross, the only deer forest in Ireland, it may be said, has this year been rented by Mr. Algernon Bourke, who will next week be joined there for the stalking season by his brother, Lord Mayo.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Shooting. Moors, Forests, and Fishings.&quot; ''Sporting Gazette'' 06 September 1890, Saturday: 11 [of 38], Col. 1c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002525/18900906/065/0011. Print: ''Country Gentleman'', p. 1251.&lt;/ref&gt; On 11 October 1890 the ''St. James's Gazette'' says,&lt;blockquote&gt;The Earl of Durham has been staying at Muchross, county Kerry, on a visit to the Hon. A. Bourke, who has rented the celebrated shootings and fishings on that estate for the autumn.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Society.&quot; ''St James's Gazette'' 11 October 1890, Saturday: 12 [of 16], Col. 1b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001485/18901011/064/0012. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1890 October 25, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke gave a gold-mounted box to [[Social Victorians/Loder De Vere Beauclerk Wedding|Lady Louise De Vere Beauclerk on her wedding to Gerald Loder, M.P.]], so they were probably present at the wedding, or at least the reception. Mrs. Bontein [sic Bontine], Guendoline's mother, gave a silver box, suggesting the relationship was through the women.

'''1890 November 29, 11:30 Saturday morning''', Algernon Bourke's gift for the [[Social Victorians/Dudley-Beckwith Wedding 1890-11-29|wedding of the Hon. Francis Dudley and Miss Forbes Beckwith]] was some cases of a Bordeaux wine: &quot;three dozen Cantenac, 1875 vintage.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marriage of Lord Leigh's Heir. Descriptive Sketch of the Ceremony, and Full List of Guests and Presents.&quot; ''Leamington Spa Courier'' 6 December 1890, Saturday: 6 [of 10], Cols. 1a–4a. ''British Newspaper Archive''  https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000319/18901206/021/0006. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 3b}} Guendoline Bourke is not listed as having been invited to the reception, but this list from the ''Leamington Spa Courier'' has some gaps.

'''1890 December 4, Thursday''', Guendoline and Algernon Bourke attended the [[Mure-Portal Wedding 1890-12-04|wedding of Miss Mure and Mr. S. J. Portal]]. Their gift is not recorded.

'''1891 January''', Algernon Bourke took party in a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Shooting Party in Kallarnet, Totton|shooting party in Kallarnet, Totton]].

'''1891 June 24, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Dinner and Ball Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne|dinner and ball Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne]] featuring Princess Mary Adelaide, the Duke of Teck, and Princess Victoria.

'''1891 July 9, Thursday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were invited to a [[Social Victorians/1891-07-09 Garden Party|large Garden Party at Marlborough House]] hosted by the [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]] in honor of Queen Victoria and the German Emperor and Empress. The more than 3,000 people invited also included a number of people from the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|family of the Earl of Mayo]].

'''1891 July 22, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Dinner and Dance at Alington House|dance at the Earl and Countess Alington]]'s that also included the Prince and Princess of Wales.

'''1891 October 22, Thursday''', Hon. and Mrs. Bourke attended at least the reception of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Le Strange Astley Wedding|Le Strange—Astley Wedding]], although perhaps the couple is not the Algernon Bourkes.

'''1891 November 22, Sunday''', the London ''Weekly Dispatch'' reports a performance by American &quot;Lady Magnet&quot; Mrs. Abbott, who claimed to be able to lift anybody using only her magnetic properties. An enthusiastic &quot;committee of some fifteen gentlemen presented a written and signed testimonial&quot; supporting Mrs. Abbott, &quot;the Hon. Algernon Bourke, Professor Atkinson, Dr. Hides, and three other doctors who prefer to remain incog., being among the signatories. All the medical gentlemen concerned assured the ''Evening News and Post'' reporter of their complete and unconditional surrender. One of them went so far as to say that he had come with the full determination of disbelieving, but had been quite able to act up to his resolve.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Lady Magnet. Draws Crowds of People Who Divide in Opinion about Her.&quot; ''Weekly Dispatch'' (London) 22 November 1891, Sunday: 16 [of 16], Cols. 3a–4b [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003358/18911122/203/0016. Print: same title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1892''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke privately published his ''The History of White's'', the exclusive gentleman's club.

'''1892 January 27, Saturday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the very fashionable [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892#The Wedding of Lord Henry Cavendish Bentinck, M.P., and Lady Olivia Taylour|wedding of Lord Henry Cavendish Bentinck, M.P., and Lady Olivia Taylour]]. Their gift was not noted in the list.

'''1892 February''' '''10, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1892-02-10 Alington Leigh Wedding|very fashionable wedding of Henry, Lord Alington and Evelyn Henriette Leigh]] [[Social Victorians/1892-02-10 Alington Leigh Wedding|in St. Paul's, Knightsbridge]]

'''1892 April''' '''10, Wednesday, about 2:30 p.m.''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/1892-02-10 Alington Leigh Wedding|the very fashionable wedding between Henry Sturt, Lord Alington and Evelyn Leigh]]. Her gift was a &quot;tortoiseshell and gold heart-shaped tray.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;&quot;Lord Alington to Miss Leigh.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 20 February 1892, Saturday: 21 [of 46], Cols. 1a–3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18920220/092/0021. Same print title, p. 237.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 3a) 

'''1892 June 25, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird&quot; says &quot;That pretty Mrs. Algernon Bourke has been staying here, but returned to England in time for Ascot.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Little Bird, The. &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 25 June 1892, Saturday: 32 [of 60], Col. 3b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18920625/157/0032. Same print title, p. 860.&lt;/ref&gt; 

'''1892 December 13, Tuesday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' says Guendoline Bourke is lovely in its coverage of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892#Wedding of Miss Eleanor M. Ewart and Captain Guy Withington|Eleanor M. Ewart and Captain Guy Withington's wedding]]. 

'''1892 December 22, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892#22 December 1892, Thursday|monthly meeting of the Zoological Society in Hanover-square]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 February 11, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke opened Willis's Restaurant:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Algernon Bourke has in his time done many things, and has generally done them well. His recently published history of White's Club is now a standard work. White's Club itself was a few years ago in its agony when Mr. Bourke stepped in and gave it a renewed lease of life. Under Mr. Bourke's auspices &quot;Willis's Restaurant&quot; opened its doors to the public on Tuesday last in a portion of the premises formerly so well known as Willis's Rooms. This new venture is to rival the Amphitryon in the matter of cuisine and wines; but it is not, like the Amphitryon, a club, but open to the public generally. Besides the restaurant proper, there are several ''cabinets particuliers'', and these are decorated with the very best of taste, and contain some fine portraits of the Georges.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marmaduke.&quot; &quot;Letter from the Linkman.&quot; ''Truth'' 20 April 1893, Thursday: 25 [of 56], Col. 1a [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18930420/075/0025# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18930420/075/0025]. Print p. 855.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1893 February 7, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#1893 February 7, Tuesday|the reception after Lady Emily Cadogan's wedding]].

'''1893 February 20, Monday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke is listed as having attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace|Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace]] held by the Prince of Wales; because wives generally are not listed, it seems likely Guendoline Bourke attended as well.

'''1893 February 28, Tuesday, 3:00 p.m.''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Queens Drawing Room 1893-02-28|Queen's Drawing Room at Buckingham Palace]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 March 22, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#22 March 1893, Wednesday|Lady Wimborne's reception]].

'''1893 April 1, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke published a letter to the editor of the ''Times'', reprinted in the ''Kildare Observer'', arguing against Gladstone's Home Rule bill on the grounds that Ireland would not be able to take out a loan on its own behalf because of its obligations to the U.K., including what was called its share of the national debt.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Irish Unionist Alliance.&quot; ''Kildare Observer and Eastern Counties Advertiser'' 01 April 1893, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001870/18930401/062/0006. Print: The ''Kildare Observer'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1893 May 13, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was seen at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#13 May 1893, Saturday|exhibitions of art and furniture for sale by Christie's and on display by Lord Clifden]].

'''1893 July 13, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#The Countess of Listowel's Garden Party|Countess of Listowel's Garden Party]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#The Countess of Listowel's Garden Party|at her residence, Kingston House, Princes-gate]], accompanied by Miss Adeane.

'''1893 July 14, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Sandown Races 1893-07-14|the races at Sandown]] wearing a dark-blue-and-white outfit and black hat that got described in the newspaper.

'''1893 August 1, Tuesday – August 4, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke, at least, was at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#1 August 1893, Tuesday – 4 August 1893, Friday|the Goodwood races]], mentioned in the ''Gentlewoman'' for her beauty, although none of the dresses were noted.

'''1893 November 4–11, Wednesday–Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke was at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#Ralph and Mary Sneyd Hosted a Shooting Party|shooting party at Keele Hall hosted by Ralph and Mary Sneyd]].

'''1893 November 30, Thursday''', with Sir Walter Gilbey the Hon. Algernon Bourke &quot;assisted&quot; in &quot;forming [a] collection&quot; of engravings by George Morland that was exhibited at Messrs. J. and W. Vokins’s, Great Portland-street.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The George Morland Exhibition at Vokins's.&quot; ''Sporting Life'' 30 November 1893, Thursday: 4 [of 4], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000893/18931130/058/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1893 December 14, Thursday, afternoon''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1893-12-14 Wedding Adele Grant and George, 7th Earl of Essex|wedding of American Adele Grant and George, 7th Earl of Essex]] and gave a &quot;pearl and gold box.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;&quot;Wedding of the Earl of Essex.&quot; ''Herts Advertiser'' 16 December 1893, Saturday; 8 [of 8], Col. 1a–4b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000415/18931216/125/0008. Print title: ''The Herts Advertiser and St Albans Times'', p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 3c}} Mr. and Mrs. Shelley Bontein also attended, and Mrs. Bontein gave a &quot;green leather bag and purse, with coronet and monogram in gold.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;{{rp|3b}}

'''1894 January 27, Saturday''', Psyche in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; in the ''Gentlewoman'' reported on a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#27 January 1894, Saturday|ball hosted by Lord and Lady Dunraven at Adare Manor]] that Guendoline Bourke attended.

'''1894 January 31, Wednesday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke, who was dressed more stylishly than most, attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Also 31 January 1894, Wednesday|Kildare Hunt Ball]] hosted by Dermot, [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] and Geraldine, Countess of Mayo.

'''1894 February 24, Saturday''', ''The Field'' reported on a series of tennis matches; Algernon Bourke attended the one played at the Prince's Club.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Tennis.&quot; ''Field'' 24 February 1894, Saturday: 39 [of 72], Col. 1c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002446/18940224/349/0039. Print title ''The Field, The Country Gentleman's Newspaper'', p. 249.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1894 March 31, Saturday''', Psyche, in the &quot;Social Peepshow&quot; column in the ''Gentlewoman'', says that &quot;Mr. Algernon Bourke has still further embellished Willis's restaurant hard by [the St. James's Theatre], by the addition of some valuable old tapestry that lately came to the hammer at Christie's.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 31 March 1894, Saturday: 16 [of 56], Col. 2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18940331/081/0016. Same print title, p. 408.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1894 April 13, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke set sail on the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#P. and O. Line S.S. Rome for Gibraltar|P. and O. Line ''S.S. Rome'' for Gibraltar]] along with her stepfather, Mr. Shelley Bontein, and her brother, Mr. Sloane Stanley.

'''31 May 1894, Thursday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Reception at Devonshire House|Duchess of Devonshire's reception at Devonshire House]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 June 18, Monday''', the London ''Echo'' reported that Algernon Bourke was [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Brooks'|writing a history of Brooks' Club]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 June 20, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Princess Louise, Marchioness of Lorne Opened the Annual Sale of the Scottish Home Industries|Annual Sale of the Scottish Home Industries]]; her outfit was described in the article in ''Lady's Pictorial''.

'''1894 August 2, Thursday''', the column &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird&quot; says, &quot;At Willis' [restaurant] — 'What a smart cotillon Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave on Thursday evening.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Bird, The Little. &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 04 August 1894, Saturday: 30 [of 56], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18940804/148/0030. Print title same, p. 144.&lt;/ref&gt; Willis's Restaurant, King-street, St. James's, was a restaurant Algernon Bourke opened in 1893.&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 September 7, Saturday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#7 September 1894, Saturday|shooting party at Witley]], which had been loaned to one of his brothers by William Ward, 2nd Earl of Dudley.&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 October 22, Thursday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Wedding of Lord Connemara and Mrs. Coleman|luncheon after the wedding of Lord Connemara and Mrs. Coleman]].

'''1894 November 3, Saturday''', Psyche, in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; for the Gentlewoman, reported that Guendoline Bourke had been [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#3 November 1894, Saturday|seen shopping in London]].

'''1895 January 5, Saturday, 2:00 p.m.''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke gave an old mother-of-pearl workbox to [[Wolverton-Ward Wedding 1895-01-05|Lady Edith Ward for her wedding to Frederick Glyn, Lord Wolverton]] and presumably attended the wedding and reception afterwards.&lt;p&gt;

'''1895 February 23, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#23 February 1895, Saturday|fashionable wedding of Laurence Currie and Edith Sibyl Mary Finch]]. Guendoline Bourke is not listed as having attended, but she is not noted as absent, either. Daphne Bourke was born on 5 April 1895, probably explaining Guendoline's absence.

'''1895 March 24, Sunday – 30 March, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#24, Sunday – 30 March 1895, Saturday|enjoying the sunny weather in Brighton]].

'''1895 April 27, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#1895 April 27, Saturday|wedding of Norah Bourke and Henry E. A. Lindsay]]. Again, Guendoline Bourke is not listed as having attended. Daphne Bourke was born on 5 April 1895, and Psyche, writing the &quot;Social Peepshow&quot; column in the Gentlewoman, says,&lt;blockquote&gt;

I regret to hear of the serious illness of Mrs. Algernon Bourke, whose first child was born a fortnight ago. It is feared that the attack is of the nature of typhoid, but happily the patient's strength keeps up. Mrs. Bourke is at her mother's house in Clarges-street.&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 27 April 1895, Saturday: 28 [of 84], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18950427/147/0028. Same print title, p. 506.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1895 July 13, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke donated 10s. to the ''Daily Telegraph'' National Shilling Testimonial to W. G. Grace.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;''Daily Telegraph'' National Shilling Testimonial to W. G. Grace.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London) 13 July 1895, Saturday: 7 [of 12], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/18950713/079/0007. Print: ''Daily Telegraph'', p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1895 August 24, Saturday''', &quot;Marmaduke&quot; in the ''Graphic'' says that Algernon Bourke &quot;opened a cyclists' club in Chelsea.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marmaduke.&quot; &quot;Court and Club.&quot; The ''Graphic'' 24 August 1895, Saturday: 11 [of 32], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9000057/18950824/017/0011. Print p. 223.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1895 October''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#24 October 1902, Friday|opened the Prince's ice-skating rink for the]] season.if the newspapers were right that 1902 was the 7th season. He also was planning a bicycling club for Kensington Gardens to open the following season.&lt;ref&gt;Mackenzie, Ethel Morell (Miss). &quot;Pins and Needles.&quot; ''Hull Daily News'' 12 October 1895, Saturday: 24 [of 40], Col. 1a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003443/18951012/024/0024. Print title: ''Hull News Supplement'', p. 1[6? 8?].&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1895 October 7, Monday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#Adeane-Cator Wedding|Maud Adeane–John Cator wedding]].

'''1895 December 11, Wednesday''', Guendoline and Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#Sneyd Party to Meet the Duke of Coburg|shooting party at the Sneyds' to meet the Duke of Coburg]].

'''1895 December 18, Wednesday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#Wedding of Lady Albreda Fitzwilliam and the Hon. Charles Bourke|wedding of Lady Albreda Fitzwilliam and the Hon. Charles Bourke]]. Their gift is not noted in the newspaper account.

'''1896 March 17, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#17 March 1896, Tuesday|annual dinner of the Cymmrodorion, or the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion]], a society for Welsh culture and history.

'''1896 April 21, Monday''', Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke sent a gift — a &quot;box for miniature&quot; — for [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Monday, 1896 April 27|the wedding of Lady Angela St. Clair Erskine and James Stewart Forbes]].

'''1896 May 21, Thursday''', the Hon. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Mrs. C. H. Wilson's Ball|Mrs. C. H. Wilson's ball in Grosvenor-square, London]].

'''1896 May 26, Tuesday,  through 28 May, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Coming of Age of Mr Sloane Stanley|3-day celebration in honor of the coming of age of her brother, Cyril Sloane Stanley]].

'''1896 June 15, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Dinner and Dance Hosted by the Countess of Huntingdon|dance hosted by the Earl and Countess of Huntingdon]] after their dinner party.

'''1896 July 13, Monday''', Algernon Bourke (listed among the &quot;Honourables&quot;) and Mrs. A. Bourke (Listed among the &quot;Honourable Ladies&quot;) were invited to the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Queen's Garden Party at Buckingham Palace|Queen's Garden Party at Buckingham Palace]].

'''1896 June 29, Monday''', the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Cadogan-Scott Wedding 1896-06-29|wedding and reception of Lady Sophie Cadogan and Sir Samuel Scott]]. Algernon Bourke published a letter to the editor of the ''Daily Telegraph'' about White's Club — and thus Bourke's — &quot;[[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Summer Club|Summer Club]]&quot; in Kensington Park, the subject of a little controversy.

'''1896 July 21, Tuesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Dinner Hosted by Sir Horace and Lady Farquhar|dinner hosted by Sir Horace and Lady Farquhar in Grosvenor-square]].

'''1896 August 5, Wednesday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#5 August 1896|wedding of the Hon. Terence Bourke and Miss Eveline Haines]] and gave the bride an &quot;enamel muff chain.&quot;&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 August 10, Monday''', the Morning Leader reported that the Hon. Algernon Bourke, for the Foreign Office, received Li Hung Chang at St. Paul's:&lt;blockquote&gt;At St. Paul's Li Hung was received by Field-Marshal Simmons, Colonel Lane, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, of the Foreign Office (who made the necessary arrangements for the visit) and Canon Newbolt, on behalf of the Dean and Chapter. A crowd greeted Li with a cheer as he drove up in Lord Lonsdale’s striking equipage, and his Excellency was carried up the steps in an invalid chair by two stalwart constables. He walked through the centre door with his suite, and was immediately conducted by Canon Newbolt to General Gordon’s tomb in the north aisle, where a detachment of boys from the Gordon Home received him as a guard of honor.

Li inspected the monument with marked interest, and drew the attention of his suite to the remarkable likeness to the dead hero. He laid a handsome wreath of royal purple asters, lilies, maidenhair fern, and laurel, tied with a broad band of purple silk, on the tomb.

The visit was not one of inspection of the building, but on passing the middle aisle the interpreter called the attention of His Excellency to the exquisite architecture and decoration of the chancel. Li shook hands in hearty English fashion with Canon Newbolt and the other gentlemen who had received him, and, assisted by his two sons, walked down the steps to his carriage. He returned with his suite to Carlton House-terrace by way of St. Paul’s Churchyard, Cannon-st., Queen Victoria-st., and the Embankment.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;At St. Paul's.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 10 August 1896, Monday: 7 [of 12], Col. 2b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18960810/134/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 August 19, Wednesday''', the ''Edinburgh Evening News'' reported on the catering that White's Club and Mr Algernon Bourke arranged for the visiting Li Hung Chang:&lt;blockquote&gt;It is probably not generally known (says the &quot;Chef&quot;) that Mr Algernon Bourke, manager of White's Club, London, has undertaken to the whole of the catering for our illustrious visitor front the Flowery Land. Li Hung Chang has five native cooks in his retinue, and the greatest good fellowship exists between them and their English ''confreres'', although considerable difficulty is experienced in conversation in understanding one another's meaning. There are between 40 and and 50 to cater for daily, besides a staff about 30; that Mr Lemaire finds his time fully occupied. The dishes for his Excellency are varied and miscellaneous, and from 14 to 20 courses are served at each meal. The bills of fare contain such items as bird's-nest soup, pigs' kidneys stewed in cream, boiled ducks and green ginger, sharks' fins, shrimps and prawns stewed with leeks and muscatel grapes, fat pork saute with peas and kidney beans. The meal usually winds with fruit and sponge cake, and freshly-picked green tea as liqueur.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Li Hung Chang's Diet.&quot; ''Edinburgh Evening News'' 19 August 1896, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 8b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000452/18960819/057/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 November 6, Friday''', both Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were on the committee for the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Skating Club|Prince's Club ice-skating rink]], which [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Opening of the Prince's Club Skating Rink|opened on this day]].

'''1896 November 22, week of''', Mrs. Algernon Bourke was part of a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Shooting Party at the Charles Wilsons' Warter Priory, Yorkshire|shooting party at the Charles Wilsons' Warter Priory, Yorkshire]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 November 25, Wednesday''', Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bouke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Lord and Lady Burton Hosted a Party for Derby Day|Lord and Lady Burton's party for Derby Day]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 December 4, Friday''', the Orleans Club at Brighton was robbed:&lt;blockquote&gt;The old building of the Orleans Club at Brighton, which opens its new club house at 33, Brunswick-terrace to-day, was the scene of a very ingenious burglary during the small hours of yesterday morning. The greater portion of the club property had already been removed to the new premises, but Mr Algernon Bourke, his private secretary, and some of the officials of the club, still occupied bed-rooms at the house in the King’s-road. The corner shop of the street front is occupied by Mr. Marx, a jeweller in a large way of business, and upon his manager arriving at nine o'clock he discovered that the place had been entered through hole in the ceiling, and a great part of a very valuable stock of jewelry extracted. An examination of the morning rooms of the club, which runs over Mr. Marx's establishment reveal a singularly neat  specimen of the burglar's art. A piece of the flooring about 15in square had been removed by a series of holes bored side by side with a centre-bit, at a spot where access to the lofty shop was rendered easy by a tall showcase which stood convemently near. A massive iron girder had been avoided by a quarter of an inch, and this circumstance and the general finish of the operation point to an artist in his profession, who had acquired an intimate knowledge of the premises. The club doors were all found locked yesterday morning, and the means of egress adopted by the thief are at present a mystery.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Burglary at Brighton.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London) 05 December 1896, Saturday: 5 [of 12], Col. 7a [of 7]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/18961205/090/0005. Print title: ''Daily Telegraph''; p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 December 10, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke was present to help staff a stall at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#10 December 1896, Thursday|Irish Industries Exhibition and Sale, Brighton]].

'''1896 December 31, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke hosted a New Year's Eve dance:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave a highly satisfactory and enjoyable dance on Thursday night, when the old year was danced out and the new one danced in. Most of the silver gilters at present in to len were to the fore.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Man about Town.&quot; ''Sporting Gazette'' 02 January 1897, Saturday: 7 [of 34], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002525/18970102/041/0007. Print title ''The County Gentleman'', p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 January 9, Saturday''', Psyche in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; says that Algernon Bourke's &quot;cheerful countenance was quite in keeping with the [Christmas] season,&quot; seen in London.&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 9 January 1897, Saturday: 22 [of 56], Col. 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970109/097/0022. Same print title, p. 40.&lt;/ref&gt; 

'''1897 January 13, Wednesday – 18, Monday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were guests of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Warwickshire Hunt Club Ball|house party associated with the Warwickshire Hunt Ball]] at [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Warwick Castle]].

'''1897 January 30, Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke was reported to have been out shopping in London: &quot;Another charming figure was that of Mrs. Algernon Bourke all in chinchilla, with something of pale blue in a smart toque.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 30 January 1897, Saturday: 20 [of 59]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970130/107/0020. Same print title, p. 134.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 May 31, Monday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke were present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#House Party at Warwick Castle|House Party at Warwick Castle]] hosted by the Earl and Countess of Warwick.

'''1897 June 2, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Reception at the Foreign Office|reception at the Foreign Office]].

'''1897 June 12, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' reported on Guendoline Bourke's dress and hat at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Duchess of Albany's Bazaar at the Imperial Institute|Duchess of Albany's Bazaar at the Imperial Institute]]. 

'''1897 June 19, Saturday''', Psyche in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; column in the ''Gentlewoman'' writes that Guendoline Bourke was seen driving in London, &quot;in blue, ... looking as usual very handsome.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 19 June 1897, Saturday: 28 [of 108], Col. 2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970619/159/0028. Same print title, p. 848.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 June 28, Monday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were invited to the [[Social Victorians/Diamond Jubilee Garden Party|Garden Party at Buckingham Palace]], the final official event of the London Diamond Jubilee celebrations. Members of the family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] were also among the 5,000–6,000 people invited.

'''1897 July 2, Friday''', the Hon. A. and Mrs. A. Bourke and Mr. and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] at Devonshire House.

'''1897 July 8, Thursday, 11:00 p.m.''', Hon. Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were present at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace|the Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace]]. The dancing commenced shortly after 11:00 p.m.

'''1897 July 11–16, week of''', a dog of Guendoline Bourke's won a prize at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Ladies' Kennel Association show in the Royal Botanic Gardens in Regent's Park|Ladies' Kennel Association show in the Royal Botanic Gardens in Regent's Park]]. 

'''1897 July 23, Friday''', both the Hon. Algernon Bourke and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Bourke-Curzon Cricket Match at the Queen's Club|Bourke-Curzon cricket match at the Queen's Club]], which Algernon Bourke's team lost. 

'''1897 July 23 — or July 30, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Lady Burton's party at Chesterfield House|Lady Burton's party at Chesterfield House]]. &lt;blockquote&gt;Far the prettiest women in the room were Lady Henry Bentinck (who looked perfectly lovely in pale yellow, with a Iong blue sash; and Mrs. Algernon Bourke, who was as smart as possible in pink, with pink and white ruchings on her sleeves and a tall pink feather in her hair.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lady Burton's Party at Chesterfield House.&quot; ''Belper &amp; Alfreton Chronicle'' 30 July 1897, Friday: 7 [of 8], Col. 1c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004151/18970730/162/0007. Print title: ''Belper and Alfreton Chronicle''; n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 August 2, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Warwick House Party for the Easton Lodge Cricket Week Games|Earl and Countess of Warwick's house party for Easton Lodge cricket week]].

'''1897 August 2, Monday''', Mrs. Algernon Bourke was listed as among [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Most Beautiful Women in England|the most beautiful women in England]] in an article from ''Vanity Fair'' that was reprinted elsewhere.

'''1897 September 25, Saturday''', according to the ''Pall Mall Gazette'',&lt;blockquote&gt;The [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Dowager-Countess of Mayo]] is staying with her son, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, at Bramnber, near Brighton.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pall Mall Gazette Office.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 25 September 1897, Saturday: 8 [of 10], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18970925/023/0008. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1897 October 2, Saturday''', &quot;Yenatrix&quot; in &quot;Kennel Column&quot; in the ''Gentlewoman'' reported that Guendoline Bourke had joined the Ladies' Kennel Association.&lt;ref&gt;Yenatrix. &quot;Kennel Column.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 02 October 1897, Saturday: 39 [of 61], Col. 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18971002/182/0039. Same print title, p. 434.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 October 9, Saturday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Harrogate|Harrogate, presumably taking the waters and baths]]. Lady May was on her way to visit Algernon Bourke in Brighton:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Earl of Mayo is expected to return from Sweden on Saturday next. Lady Mayo leaves Bournemouth on Sarurday for Brighton, where she will pay a two days' visit to her brother-in-law, the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]]. The Earl and Countess will then return to Palmerstown, their seat in County Kildare.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pall Mall Gazette Office.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 7 October 1897, Thursday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18971007/022/0008. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1897 October 30, Saturday''', ''Black and White'' published '''J.P.B.'''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s &quot;The Case of Mrs. Elliott,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;J.P.B. &quot;The Case of Mrs. Elliott.&quot; ''Black &amp; White'' 30 October 1897, Saturday: 12 [of 34], Cols. 1a–2b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004617/18971030/036/0012. Print title ''Black and White'', p. 542.&lt;/ref&gt; an odd short short story in which the Honourable Algernon Bourke Herriott is &quot;rude to Mrs. Elliott,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2b}} presumably having proposed sexual relations while her husband is out. J.P.B. links to the biographical Algernon Bourke's career in the stock market in the description of Mrs. Christine Elliott not even simulating interest in her husband's bicycling: &quot;a soul is a grievous burthen for a stockbroker's wife,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2a}} suggesting that Mr. Elliott rather than Algernon Bourke Herriott is the stockbroker. The Hon. Algy&lt;blockquote&gt;was a senior member of several junior clubs. A woman had dubbed him once &quot;a rip with a taste for verses.&quot; The description was severe, but not unwarranted. His was a pretty pagan sensualism, though, singing from a wine palate to Church music. For the rest, he had just imagination enough to despise mediocrity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2a}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 November 25–26, Thursday–Friday''', Guendoline Bourke was in Brighton, helping the Countess of Mayo at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Irish Industries' Association Annual Exhibition|bazaar of the Irish Industries' Association]].

'''1897 December 7, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#7 December 1897, Tuesday|7th annual dinner for the Actors' Benevolent Fund]].

'''1897 December 20, Monday, the week of''', Guendoline Bourke's Mousie was the smallest dog in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Ladies' Kennel Association's Dog Show|Ladies' Kennel Association show in Earl's Court]].

'''1897 December 30''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Blenheim Palace Party with Amateur Theatricals|party at Blenheim Palace in which people performed tableaux vivants]] that got reported on, many of whom wearing the costumes from the Duchess of Devonshire's ball. The ''Irish Independent'' said Algernon Bourke was &quot;mainly responsible for the living pictures.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr Algernon Bourke ....&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 05 January 1898, Wednesday: 6 [of 8], Col. 2c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001985/18980105/115/0006.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1898''', Algernon Bourke called a meeting at White's Club about attempting to [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Thames Salmon Experiment|restock the Thames with salmon]]. In 1899 he was on a [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#Committees|committee led by the Lord Mayor about this topic]] as well.

'''1898 February 3, Thursday''',  Algernon Bourke was among [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#The Dundee Evening Telegraph Report on People at Monte Carlo|those visiting Monte Carlo according to the Dundee ''Evening Telegraph'']].

'''1898 March 12, Saturday''', ''The World'' reported on Algernon Bourke's upgrading of the Orleans Club at Brighton:&lt;blockquote&gt;

The Orleans Club at Brighton is flourishing exceedingly, and the new buildings which Mr. Algernon Bourke has just had erected at the back of the comfortable mansion at the corner of Lansdowne-place now provide all that was wanting to make the present habitat of the club all that its members desire. The new billiard-room is rapidly approaching completion, and the coffee-room, excellent and spacious now, was open on Saturday night, when every table was occupied by club diners and their guests, all of whom were enthusiastic over the excellence of this latest addition to the comfort of the house. All interested may be congratulated on what is practically new lease of life to the Orleans Club, than which there is no more comfortable place stay within the four seas.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From '''The World''.'&quot; ''East &amp; South Devon Advertiser'' 12 March 1898, Saturday: 6 pop 8], Col. 2b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001639/18980312/132/0006. Print title ''The East and South Devon Advertiser'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1898 March 30, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke was charged with assaulting a Mr. Potter, but it is not clear from this account what exactly happened:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Hon. Algernon H. Bourke, of Bramber, was summoned, at the instance of Mr. Walter John Potter, clerk to Mr. G. A. Flowers, solicitor, of Steyning, for assault, on the 30th March. — Mr. J. Edward Dell supported the case, and Mr. J. C. Buckwell defended, and pleaded not guilty. — The evidence was to the effect that Mr. Potter had occasion go to defendant's house on Wednesday last to serve a writ. He was going to drop the letter into [Col. 5c–6a] defendant's pocket when he turned and struck him a violent blow on the chest, making witness stagger backwards. Witness put up his hands to keep his balance, and defendant then struck him violently across the head with a weeding spud. — Richard Reed, who was at work for Mr. Bourke on the date named, and was working in garden at the time of the alleged assault, gave corroborative evidence. — Defendant, in the witness box, made a similar statement. — The magistrates differed as to whether the assault was committed, and dismissed the case.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Steyning.&quot; ''Sussex Express'' 9 April 1898, Saturday: 2 [of 12], Col. 5c–6a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000654/18980409/036/0002. Print: ''The Sussex Express, Surrey Standard, Weald of the Kent Mail, Hants and County Advertiser'', p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1898 April 12, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was among [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#1898 April 12, Tuesday|those visiting Monte Carlo according to the ''Gentlewoman'']].

'''1898 May 25, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke wore pink to [[Social Victorians/1898-05-25 Savoy Dinner Dance Hwfa|Mrs. Hwfa Williams' dinner-dance at the Savoy]].

'''1898 June 7, Tuesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. A. Bourke were invited to and probably attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#7 June 1898, Tuesday|State Ball at Buckingham Palace hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales]].

'''1898 July 4, Thursday afternoon''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke were invited to and probably attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#Garden Party at Marlborough House|Garden Party at Marlborough House given to the Queen and Shah of Persia]].

'''1898 October 29, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#Tennis Championship Game at Prince's Club, Knightsbridge|tennis match at Prince's Club, Knightsbridge]].

'''1898 November''', Algernon Bourke received a letter from Lord Alfred Douglas and attempted to help Douglas and his father, the Marquis of Queensberry, to reconcile. Bourke met with the Marquis and sent a positive reply to Douglas the next day.&lt;ref name=&quot;:26&quot; /&gt; (568–569)

'''1898 November 22, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#Shooting Party Hosted by William James|shooting party hosted by Mr. William James]].

'''1898 December 3, Saturday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. A. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#The Funeral of Lady Connemara|funeral of Lady Connemara in Christ Church]], Down street, Piccadilly.&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 January 10, Tuesday''', the Brighton Championship Dog Show opened:&lt;blockquote&gt;Princess of Wales a Winner at the Ladies’ Kennel Club Show.

[Exclusive to &quot;The Leader.&quot;)

The Brighton Championship Dog Show opened in the Dome and Corn Exchange yesterday, and was very well patronised by visitors and exhibitors. Among the latter was H.R.H. the Princess of Wales, who did very well; and others included Princess Sophie Duleep Singh, Countess De Grey, Sir Edgar Boehm, the Hon Mrs. Algernon Bourke, Lady Cathcart, Lady Reid, Mr. Shirley (chairman of the Kennel Club), and the Rev. Hans Hamiiton (president of the Kennel Club).

The entry of bloodhounds is one of the best seen for some time; the Great Danes are another strong lot; deerhounds are a fine entry, all good dogs, and most of the best kennels represented; borzois are another very stylish lot. The bigger dogs are, as usual, in the Corn Exchange and the &quot;toy&quot; dogs in the Dome. To everyone's satsfaction the Princess of Wales carried off two first prizes with Alex in the borzois class.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Dogs at Brighton.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 11 January 1899, Wednesday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18990111/142/0008. Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 January 11, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#11 January 1899, Wednesday|a luncheon at Stanfield-hall, home of Mr. and Mrs. Basil Montogomery, for Princess Henry of Battenberg]], that also included the Countess of Dudley (sister of Mrs. Montgomery), General Oliphant, and the Mayor and Mayoress of Romsey.

'''1899 January 17–18, Tuesday and Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Ladies' Kennel Association in Brighton|Ladies' Kennel Association in Brighton]], where she showed an Italian greyhound named Brenda.

'''1899 February 7, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke was a member of the very high-ranking committee organizing the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Gordon Memorial College Ball|Gordon Memorial College Ball at the Hotel Cecil on 7 February 1899]]. The committee had been planning for the ball, of course, for at least 3 weeks before.

'''1899 February 22, Wednesday – April''', Guendoline Bourke was part of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Society in St. Moritz|Society in St. Moritz]]. 1899 March 29, Wednesday, the ''Dundee Advertiser'' says that [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#29 March 1899, Wednesday|Cyril Sloane-Stanley was spending part of the winter in St. Moritz]] with his sister Guendoline Bourke.

'''1899 April 7, Friday, probably''', oddly, Algernon and Guendoline Bourke are not reported to have attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Funeral of the Hon. Charles Bourke, C.B.|Funeral of the Hon. Charles Bourke, C.B.]] or even to have sent flowers.

'''1899 April 8, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' reported that Guendoline Bourke had gone to [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#8 April 1899, Saturday|St. Moritz with her brother, Mr. Stanley, who had gotten engaged to Lady Cairns]].

'''1899 April 26, Wednesday''', according to &quot;Local and District News&quot; for Totton, Guendoline Bourke was &quot;ill with influenza in Paris, and Mrs. Shelley Bontein, her mother, has gone out to nurse her.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Local and District News. Totton.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 26 April 1899, Wednesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 2b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18990426/037/0004. Print title ''Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1899 June 1, Thursday, or 2, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Wedding of Roger Cyril Sloane Stanley and Olivia, Countess Cairns|wedding of her brother, Sloane Stanley and Olivia Countess Cairns]] at Holy Trinity Church, Brompton.

'''1899 June 8, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke's money troubles:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Hon. Algernon Bourke, son of the Earl of Mayo, has been appearing before the official receivers in connection with a winding-up order made against Willis’ Restaurant, Limited. The companyf [sic] was formed to acquire the well known restaurant from the Hon. H. A. Bourke. The chairman reminded the creditors that on the last occasion the meeting was adjourned because Mr. Bourke said he thought he would be able in the course of a fortnight to obtain an offer for a sum sufficient to satisfy the creditors and debenture holders. He had received a letter from Mr. Bourke to the effect that he had been unable to complete arrangements. Having looked into the affairs of the company more closely, it appeared to him that Mr. Bourke was legally liable to repay the sum of £5,000 which was advanced to White's Club, and the question would arise whether Mr. Bourke was not also liable to repay the sum of £4,000.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr. Bourke Must Pay.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 8 June 1899, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 8c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001985/18990608/118/0004. Print title: ''The Irish Weekly Independent'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1899 July 1, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#1 July 1899, Saturday|meeting in London at the Duke of Westminster's Grosvenor House]] about preserving Killarney as part of the National Trust and seems to have been acting for someone who wanted to purchase the Muckross Estate.

'''1899 July 5, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Dinner and Dance at Devonshire House|dance at Devonshire House hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire]].

'''1899 July 6, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Joan Wilson and Guy Fairfax's Wedding|wedding of Joan Wilson and Guy Fairfax in St. Mark's, near Grosvenor Square]].

'''1899 July 14, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#14 July 1899, Friday|Ernest Beckett's dinner party]].

'''1899 July 18, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Ludovici Lecture on Impressionism|lecture on Impressionism by Ludovici hosted by the Countess of Mayo]].

'''1899 July 28, Friday''', [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#White's|White's Club]] was no longer under Algernon Bourke's management and was reconstituting itself after the possibility that it would have to close.

'''1889 July 31, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#Fete of the Uxbridge Habitation of the Primrose League|Fete of the Uxbridge Habitation of the Primrose League]] at Hillingdon Court and hosted by the Hon. Algernon and Lady Mary Mills.

'''1899 September 9, Saturday''', the ''Eastern Morning News'' includes Algernon Bourke (&quot;St. James's-street, London, club proprietor&quot;) in a list of men &quot;Receiving Orders,&quot; which it is reprinting from the ''London Gazette''.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Receiving Orders.&quot; ''Eastern Morning'' News 9 September 1899, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 3c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001152/18990909/074/0005. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 October 19, Thursday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke had a bankruptcy hearing:&lt;blockquote&gt;The public examination of the Hon. Algernon Bourke was held before Mr Registrar Giffard yesterday, at the London Bankruptcy Court. The debtor, described as proprietor of a St. James's-street club, furnished a statement of affairs showing unsecured debts £13,694 and debts fully secured £12,800, with assets which are estimated at £4,489 [?]. He stated, in reply to the Official Receiver, that he was formerly a member of the Stock Exchange, but had nothing to do with the firm of which he was a member during the last ten years. He severed his connection with the firm in May last, and believed he was indebted to them to the extent of £2,000 or £3,000. He repudiated a claim which they now made for £37,300. In 1889 he became proprietor of White's Club, St. James's-street, and carried it on until January 1st last, when he transferred it to a company called Recreations, Limited. One of the objects of the company was to raise money on debentures. The examination was formally adjourned.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 October 20, Friday''', the ''Morning Leader'' mentions Bourke's bankruptcy:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Algernon Bourke, whose bankruptcy is much talked about, has been connected with numerous enterprises in clubland. He raised White's from the slough into which it had sunk after the secession of the Prince of Wales. He started the Willis Restaurant, put fresh life into the Orleans Club at Brighton, arranged a big restaurant for the bicyclists in the time of the bicycle parade, and was concerned at first in the smart and short-lived Trafalgar Bicycle Club. At one time his name spelt success. Latterly his luck has left him. He is a brother of Lord Mayo, a son of the peer who was assassinated at the post of duty, and is one of the best known men about town of the day.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Club, Stage, and Salon.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 20 October 1899, Friday: 6 [of 12], Col. 5b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18991020/085/0006. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1899 November 8, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke's bankruptcy case came up again:&lt;blockquote&gt;At Bankruptcy Court, yesterday, the case the Hon. Algernon Bourke again came on for hearing before Mr. Registrar Giffard, and the examination was concluded. The debtor has at various times been proprietor of White’s Club, St. James’s-street, and the Orleans’ Club, Brighton, and also of Willis's Restaurant, King-street, St. James's. He attributed his failure to losses sustained by the conversion of White’s Club and the Orleans' Club into limited companies, to the payment of excessive Interest on borrowed money, and other causes. The liabilities amount to £26,590, of which £13,694 are stated to be unsecured, and assets £4,409.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Affairs of the Hon. A. Bourke.&quot; ''Globe'' 09 November 1899, Thursday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001652/18991109/020/0002. Print p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 December 23, Saturday''', &quot;Mr. Algernon Bourke has departed for a tour in Africa, being at present the guest of his brother in Tunis.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Society Pages.&quot; ''Walsall Advertiser'' 23 December 1899, Saturday: 7 [of 8], Col. 7b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001028/18991223/143/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1899 December 29, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke was at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Christmas Party Hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough|Christmas Party Hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 December 31''', the San Francisco newspaper ''The Wave'' wrote the following about London society:&lt;blockquote&gt;The most prominent untitled people in London may be said to be Mr. and Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Williams|Hwfa Williams]], Mr. and Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Grenfell|Willie Grenfell]] and Mr. Algy Bourke. That they are passing rich, goes without saying, and that they entertain lavishly, understood — for to be untitled, prominent and successful, argues wealth, hospitality and cleverness.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London.&quot; The (San Francisco) ''Wave'' 14 January 1899 (Vol. XIX, No. 2): 14. ''The Internet Archive'' https://archive.org/details/wave19unse/page/n20/mode/1up.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 1900s ===

'''1900 February 15, Thursday''', Daphne Bourke, the four-year-old daughter of the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke was a bridesmaid in the [[Social Victorians/Wilson Chesterfield Wedding 1900-02-15|wedding of Enid Wilson and the Earl of Chesterfield]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London Day by Day.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph'' 15 February 1900, Thursday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/19000215/175/0008. Name in British Newspaper Archive: ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London). Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt; Guendoline Bourke, &quot;who was in grey, wore a chinchilla toque with violets.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society. Entertainments, Balls, &amp;c.&quot; ''The Queen'' 24 February 1900, Saturday: 40 [of 76], Col. 1a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/19000224/235/0040. Print: ''The Queen, The Lady's Newspaper'', p. 308.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1900 March 10, Saturday''', the ''Weekly Irish Times'' reprinted society gossip from ''The World'':&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke, who has been staying with her husband's uncle, old Connemara, during Mr. Algernon Bourke's absence abroad, has taken a new house near Portman square, and will be settling there before Easter.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip.&quot; ''Weekly Irish Times'' 10 March 1900, Saturday: 17 [of 20], Col. 1b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001684/19000310/116/0017. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1900 July''' '''17, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke took part in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#17 July 1900, Tuesday|Children's Fete in support of the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children]] on the grounds of the Royal Botanic Society. Daphe was 5 at this time, so it seems logical that she would have been there, too.

'''1900 July 30, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Barber of Seville at Covent Garden|''The Barber of Seville'' at Covent Garden]].

'''1890 August 6, Friday''', &quot;[[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Beautiful Women|Beautiful Women]],&quot; an article in ''Vanity Fair'' that was reprinted elsewhere, mentions Guendoline Bourke (&quot;Lady Algernon Bourke&quot;) as one of the most beautiful women in England.

'''1900 August 11, Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke got&lt;blockquote&gt;the pretty little Yorkshire String, an especially tiny mite, weighing only 2&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;/&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;lb, and carrying a very promising coat, ... at the Aquarium Show.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Witchampton Kennel.&quot; &quot;Ladies Kennels.&quot; ''Ladies' Field'' 11 August 1900, Saturday: 16 [of 60], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0006043/19000811/043/0016. Print title same, p. 390.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1900 September 16''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke became the heir presumptive to the Earldom of Mayo when his older brother Captain Hon. Sir Maurice Archibald Bourke died.&lt;p&gt;

'''1900 October 06, Saturday''', the ''Weekly Irish Times'' says that Mr. Algernon Bourke, now heir presumptive to the earldom of Mayo, &quot;has been for some months lately staying with Mr. Terence Bourke in Morocco.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip.&quot; ''Weekly Irish Times'' 06 October 1900, Saturday: 14 [of 20], Col. 3b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001684/19001006/121/0014. Print p. 14.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 May 30, Thursday''', the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke attended the fashionable [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1901 May 30, Thursday|Ladies' Kennel Association Dog Show at the Botanic Garden]].

'''1901 July 2, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke — &quot;pretty Mrs. Algernon Bourke, in a mauve gown and and purple tulle toque&quot; — attended a children's party at the Botanic Gardens hosted by the Earl and Countess of Kilmorey.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Earl of Kilmorey, K.P.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 13 July 1901: Saturday, 50 [of 84], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010713/237/0050. Print: title the same, p. 60.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1901 July 4, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke — dressed &quot;in pale grey, with her pretty little girl,&quot; 6-year-old Daphne — attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Countess of Yarborough's Children's Party|children's party hosted by the Countess of Yarborough]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Countess of Yarborough ....&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 13 July 1901, Saturday: 76 [of 84], Col. 2b, 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010713/381/0076. Print p. xxxvi.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 3a}}

'''1901 July 4–6, Thursday–Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke helped staff the Perthshire stall&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Great County Sale.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 29 June 1901, Saturday: 43 [of 72], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010629/223/0043# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010629/223/0043]. Same print title, pp. 679.&lt;/ref&gt; at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Great County Sale|Great County Sale in the Imperial Gardens of the Earl's Court Exhibition]].

'''1901 July 20, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' published the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke's portrait (identified with &quot;Perthshire&quot;) in its 3rd series of &quot;The Great County Sale at Earl's Court. Portraits of Stallholders.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Great County Sale at Earl's Court. Portraits of Stallholders.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 20 July 1901, Saturday: 31 [of 60], Col. 4b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010720/141/0031. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt; Their daughter Daphne appears in the portrait as well.

'''1901 July 23, Tuesday''', an &quot;Hon. Mrs. Bourke&quot; was in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox|party &quot;entertained by Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox]].&quot;&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 September 12, Thursday''', Mrs. Guendoline Bourke wanted her name listed as Mrs. Algernon Bourke in the Electoral Register, apparently a frequent complaint:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Underhill, the Conservative agent, mentioned to the Revising Barrister (Mr. William F. Webster) that the name of the Hon. Mrs. Guendoline Bourke was on the list in respect of the house, 75, Gloucester-place. The lady had written to him to say that she was the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke and that she wished that name to appear on the register. In reply to the Revising Barrister, Mr. Underhill said that “Algernon” was the name of the lady’s husband.

Mr. Cooke, the rate-collector, said that Mrs. Bourke had asked to be addressed Mrs. Algernon Bourke, but that the Town Clerk thought the address was not a correct one. The lady signed her cheques Guendoline.”

Mr. Underhill said the agents frequently had indignant letters from ladies because they were not addressed by their husband’s Christian name.

The Revising Barrister — lf a lady gave me the name of Mrs. John Smith I should say I had not got the voter’s name. The name Guendoline must remain.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;&quot;Ladies’ Names.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 12 September 1901, Thursday: 7 [of 10], Col. 3a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/19010912/130/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1901 October 26, Friday''', Algernon Bourke was on the Men's Committee of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Club Ice-skating Rink|Prince's Club Ice-skating Rink]], which had [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Prince's Club Ice-skating Rink Opening|its official opening on his day]]. 

'''1902 January''', Algernon Bourke is mentioned in [[Social Victorians/Schools#&quot;More of My Contemporaries at School.&quot;|reminiscences of Eton written by the &quot;Earl of X&quot;]] as being among those in the &quot;world of letters,&quot; and whose brother, later the Earl of Mayo, the Earl of X did not like. 

'''1902 January 25, Saturday''', Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave a box to Lady Helen Stewart-Vane-Tempest in honor of [[Social Victorians/Stewart-Stavordale Wedding 1902-01-25|Lady Helen's wedding to Giles Fox-Strangways, Lord Stavordale]]. 

'''1902 April 26, Saturday''', Mrs. A. Bourke is listed as being at the Norfolk Hotel in Brighton.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Guide to Visitors at Hotels and Boarding Houses.&quot; ''Brighton Gazette'' 26 April 1902, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000938/19020426/116/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt; 

'''1902 May, End of''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#End of May 1902|party at Blenheim Palace hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough]]. 

'''1902 June 11, Monday''', the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke had a dog entered in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Ladies' Kennel Association Show|Ladies' Kennel Association competitions in the Botanic Gardens]]. 

'''1902 September 4, Thursday''', the ''Daily Express'' reported that &quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke is staying with Lord and Lady Alington at Scarborough.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Onlooker.&quot; &quot;My Social Diary.&quot; &quot;Where People Are.&quot; ''Daily Express'' 04 September 1902, Thursday: 5 [of 8], Col. 1b? [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004848/19020904/099/0005. Print p. 4, Col. 7b [of 7].&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1902 September 22, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke was a guest at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Earl and Countess of Mar and Kellie's House Party|large house party hosted by the Earl and Countess of Mar and Kellie]].

'''1902 October 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Annual Opening of the Prince's Ice-skating Rink|opened the Prince's ice-skating rink for the season]], which he had been doing since 1895.

'''1902 October 25, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was bequeathed £500 by his uncle [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Robert Bourke]], who had died 3 September 1902.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Will of Lord Connemara.&quot; ''Kildare Observer and Eastern Counties Advertiser'' 25 October 1902, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 4b–c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001870/19021025/037/0002. Print title the ''Kildare Observer'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 October 31, Friday''', the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Annual Opening of the Prince's Ice-skating Rink|7th opening of the Prince's Skating Club]]. Guendoline Bourke was on the Women's Committee and Algernon Bourke was on the Men's.&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 November 8, Friday, beginning, perhaps''', Guendoline Bourke was part of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#8 November 1902, Saturday|Earl and Countess of Warwick's shooting party at Easton Lodge]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 December 9, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#9 December 1902, Tuesday|Lady Eva Wyndham-Quin's &quot;at home,&quot; held at the Welch Industrial depot]] for the sale Welsh-made Christmas gifts and cards. Bourke wore &quot;a fur coat and a black picture hat.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Lady Correspondent.&quot; &quot;Society in London.&quot; ''South Wales Daily News'' 11 December 1902, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000919/19021211/082/0004. Print p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1903 February 6, Friday''', Hon. Mrs A. Bourke was present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Dinner Party Hosted by Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and the Countess of Dudley|dinner party Hosted by Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and the Countess of Dudley]]. &lt;p&gt;

'''1903 February 9, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke was present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Dinner Party Hosted by Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and the Countess of Dudley|house party at Dublin Castle hosted by the Lord Lieutenant and Countess of Dudley that began the Viceregal season]].

'''1903 March 17, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke staffed a booth at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1903 March 17, Tuesday|sale of the Irish Industries Association]] on St. Patrick's Day with [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Lady Mayo]], [[Social Victorians/People/Dudley|Georgina Lady Dudley]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Miss Beresford]]. A number of other aristocratic women were also present at the sale in other booths, including [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Lady Londonderry]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Lucan|Lady Lucan]].

'''1903 June 19, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke was invited to the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Grand Ball in the Waterloo Chamber at Windsor Castle|grand ball at Windsor Castle]], the end of the Ascot-week festivities.

'''1903 June 23, Tuesday''', Guendoline and Daphne Bourke were invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1903 June 23, Tuesday|children's party at Buckingham Palace for Prince Eddie's birthday]].

'''1903 July 10, Friday, or so''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Party Hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough|party hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough]].

'''1904 May 17, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke had agreed to let Daphne appear in the tableaux vivants arranged by Sir Philip Burne-Jones for the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Countess Cadogan's Great Bazaar|Countess of Cadogan's great bazaar]]. Some mothers had had to decline because of the outbreaks of measles and chicken pox.&lt;p&gt;

'''1904 June 30, Thursday''', Guendoline and Daphne Bourke attended another birthday party for Prince Eddie at Buckingham Palace, and the ''Gentlewoman'' says, &quot;No prettier little girl was to be seen that day than little Miss Daphne Bourke, the daughter of the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke, with her wonderful Irish eyes and colouring, her pretty white frock being relieved with a rose pink sash.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Prince Eddie's Birthday.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 02 July 1904, Saturday: 68 [of 92]. Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19040702/360/0068. Print: title the same, p. 42.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1904 September 15, Thursday''', according to what was at the time called the ''Irish Daily Independent and Nation'', Algernon Bourke was living in Venice and not in the UK at this point:&lt;blockquote&gt;Algernon Bourke, who usually lives in Venice, has spent some time in England during the present summer, and has now gone on a fishing expedition to Sweden, accompanied by his brother, Lord Mayo. Lady Mayo has been staying meanwhile in Ireland, and has had a visit from her mother, Lady Maria Ponsonby, who is a sister of Lend Obventry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;&quot;Society Notes.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 15 September 1904, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001986/19040915/131/0004. Print title: ''Irish Daily Independent and Nation'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1904 October 22, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' reported that &quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke is paying a visit to Venice, which Mr. Bourke has made his headquarters for several years past, as he is connected with some very artistic stone and marble works situated near the Grand Canal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 22 October 1904, Saturday: 24 [of 6ths 8], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19041022/112/0024. Print title same, p. 672.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1905 February 17, Friday''', the Dundee ''Evening Post'' reported that Algernon Bourke &quot;set up a shop in Venice for the sale of art treasures and old furniture.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social News.&quot; Dundee ''Evening Post'' 17 February 1905, Friday: 6 [of 6], Col. 7b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000582/19050217/105/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1905 April 26, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#New Forest United Hunt Ball|New Forest United Hunt Ball]], as did her brother Captain R. C. H. Sloane Stanley and his wife Olivia Countess Cairns.&lt;p&gt;

'''1905 June 5, Monday''', Algernon Bourke wrote to the ''Times'' from Venice that &quot;The Venetian wits have suggested a motto for Admiral Togo, Togo Tenga Tutto (Togo takes the lot).&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr. Algernon Bourke.&quot; ''Hull Daily Mail'' 08 June 1905, Thursday: 2 [of 6], Col. 6a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000324/19050608/008/0002. Print title ''Daily Mail'', p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1905, last week of July''', Guendoline Bourke and daughter Daphne Bourke — who was 10 years old — attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Last week of July, 1905|Lady Cadogan's children's party at Chelsea House]]. Daphne was &quot;One of loveliest little girls present.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Social News.&quot; ''Belfast News-Letter'' 01 August 1905, Tuesday: 7 [of 10], Col. 6b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000038/19050801/157/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1906 March 9, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke was a reference for Mr. Frances Burgess, who taught piano, singing, voice production, organ and music theory. Burgess was &quot;Organist and Choirmaster of St. Columbs', North Kensington, Director of the Plainsong and Medieval Music Society's Choir, etc., etc.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot;&gt;&quot;Mr. Francis Burgess.&quot; ''Kilburn Times'' 9 March 1906, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001813/19060309/086/0003. Print title: ''Kilburn Times Hampstead and North-western Press'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1906 December 10, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke was seen in the tea room, possibly with Lady Grosvenor, at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1906 December 10, Monday|Lady Dudley's sale of Irish needlework]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1907 May''', a &quot;naval signalling incident&quot; [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#May 1887|caused the Waterford ''Evening News'' to recall a similar event]] that had occurred 20 years earlier, in which Algernon Bourke, as special correspondent for the ''Times'', publicized [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles Beresford]]'s use of his ship's signalling capabilities to send a message to his wife about being late for dinner:&lt;blockquote&gt;

The naval signalling incident is still in the air. It is expected that the matter will not be threshed out until Emperor William leaves England. A story of a former signalling incident in which [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles Beresford]] was concerned is going the rounds at the moment.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1907 August 24, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was present at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Polo Week at Eaton Hall, Duke and Duchess of Westminster|Polo Week at Eaton Hall, hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Westminster]].

'''1908 July 30, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke was at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Glorious Goodwood. Cup Day and Dresses.|Cup Day at the Goodwood races]], wearing salmon-pink with a matching hat.

'''1909 April 20, Tuesday''', Lady Rosemary Cairns — daughter of Olivia Sloan-Stanley, Countess Cairns and Cyril Sloane-Stanley — and Wyndham Portal were [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#20 April 1909, Tuesday|married in St. Margaret's, Westminster]]. Lavender and Diane Sloane-Stanley were bridesmaids.&lt;p&gt;

'''1909 May 22, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke appears to have been living in Pisa. A columnist for the ''Queen'' reported on the Royal School of Art Needlework:&lt;blockquote&gt;Lady Leconfield [?] was there, also her sister-in-law, the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Dowager Lady Mayo]], only just back from her winter on the Continent, when she spent most of the time at Pisa, where her son Mr Algernon Bourke has also been staying. The latter is a great connoisseur as regards [art?] notably in what is really good in the way of old Italian sculpture and carving. He and his handsome wife have a place near to Putney, and this winter again Mr Bourke, as the result of his Italian travels, has been sending home such relics of the old Italian palace gardens as as stone and marble carved vases, garden seats, and what-not of the kind — not all for himself and his own gardens by any means, I fancy; but his friends, relying on his knowledge in such matters, get him when abroad to choose for [them?] the adornment of their English terraces and gardens.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;My Social Diary.&quot; The ''Queen'' 22 May 1909, Saturday: 31 [of 86], Col. 1b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/19090522/203/0031. Print p. 871.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1909 September''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was among the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Visitors in Venice from the U.K.|many visitors from &quot;England&quot; in Venice]] in September.

=== 1910s ===
'''1910 April 20, Wednesday''', the ''Tatler'' printed an &quot;open letter&quot; to Geraldine, Countess of Mayo, as part of its &quot;The Searchlight in Society&quot; series and mentioned Algernon Bourke, saying he had been keeping &quot;a curiosity shop at Venice&quot;:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Bourkes have brains, and a good example is afforded by Mr. Algernon Bourke, next brother to Lord Mayo and heir-presumptive to the title. He is a good-looking man who used to be known as Buttons Bourke, and he married well, as his wife was the rich and pretty Miss Guendolen Sloane Stanley. He may be described as a &quot;Jack of all trades,&quot; but it is not I who will say that he is a master of none. He was once in the Stock Exchange, then he took White's Club in hand and restored it to much of its former prestige. After that he dabbled in smart hotels and restaurants, and the last thing I heard of him was that he kept a curiosity shop at Venice.&lt;ref&gt;Candida. &quot;The Searchlight in Society. Our Open Letter. No. CII. The Countess of Mayo.&quot; The ''Tatler'' 20 April 1910, Wednesday: 18 [of 42], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001852/19100420/023/0018. Print title same, p. 72.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1911 November 21, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke assisted the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#21 November 1911, Tuesday|Duchess of Marlborough at her at-home]] that included a sale of work by the wives of prisoners.&lt;p&gt;

'''1912 September 27, Friday''', Guendoline and Daphne Bourke were visiting Mr. and Mrs. Shelley Bontein, her mother and stepfather.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From 'The World.'&quot; ''Berks and Oxon Advertiser'' 27 September 1912, Friday: 2 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002298/19120927/014/0002. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1913 April 23, Wednesday''', the Irish Independent reported that Guendoline and Daphne Bourke had arrived in London for the season:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke and Miss Bourke have arrived for the season at 75 Gloucester place, Portman square, London.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social and Personal.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 23 April 1913, Wednesday: 4 [of 10], Col. 5b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001715/19130423/081/0004. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1913 May 7, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke presented her daughter Daphne Bourke at court:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke presented her daughter, and wore blue and gold broché with a gold lace train.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social and Personal.&quot; London ''Daily Chronicle'' 08 May 1913, Thursday: 6 [of 12], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005049/19130508/120/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

The ''Pall Mall Gazette'' has a description of Daphne Bourke's dress, but what exactly &quot;chiffon [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hoops|paniers]]&quot; means in 1913 is not clear:&lt;blockquote&gt;Court dressmakers appear to have surpassed all previous records in their efforts to make the dresses for to-night’s Court as beautiful as possible. Noticeable among these is the dainty presentation gown to be worn by Miss Bourke, who will be presented by her mother, the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke. This has a skirt of soft white satin draped with chiffon [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hoops|paniers]] and a bodice veiled with chiffon and trimmed with diamanté and crystal embroidery. Miss Bourke’s train, gracefully hung from the shoulders, is of white satin lined with pale rose pink chiffon and embroidered with crystal and diamanté.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Fashion Day by Day. Lovely Gowns for To-night's Court.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 07 May 1913, Wednesday: 13 [of 18], Col. 1a [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/19130507/199/0013. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The ''London Evening Standard'' describes Guendoline and Daphne Bourke the same way except with differences in editing:&lt;blockquote&gt;Miss Bourke: Presented by her mother, the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke. Dainty presentation gown of white satin, the skirt draped with chiffon paniers, bodice veiled chiffon and trimmed with diamanté and crystal embroidery. Train gracefully hung from shoulder of white satin embroidered with crystal and diamanté, lined with pale rose pink chiffon.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Some of the Dresses.&quot; &quot;The King and Queen. Third Court. Most Brilliant of the Year.&quot; ''London Evening Standard'' 08 May 1913, Thursday: 11 [of 18], Col. 4b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/19130508/237/0011. Print title ''The Standard'', p. 11.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

According to the ''Lady's Pictorial'', Daphne Bourke's dress was designed and constructed by [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Messrs Russell and Allen|Messrs. Russell and Allen]], Old Bond-street, W., and the description is identical (except for a couple of commas).&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Their Majesties' Court.&quot; ''Lady's Pictorial'' 17 May 1913, Saturday: 35 [of 64], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005980/19130517/296/0035. Same print title, p. 787.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1914 May 11, Monday''', Guendoline and Daphne Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#Dance at the Ritz Hosted by Mrs. George Marjoribanks|dance at the Ritz hosted by Mrs. George Marjoribanks]].

'''1915 January 1, Friday''', Algernon Bourke is listed as being on the Executive Committee of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#1915 January 1, Friday|National Food Fund, publicized by the ''Conservative and Unionist Women's Franchise Review'']].

'''1916 August 25, Friday''', Daphne Bourke's and John Fortescue's engagement was announced:&lt;blockquote&gt;A most attractive prospective bride (says the &quot;Star&quot;) is Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke's only daughter, Miss Daphne Bourke, whose engagement has just taken place to Mr. Fortescue, of the Coldstream Guards. Miss Bourke is tall, dark, and very beautiful; and Mr. Fortescue is one of the family of Boconoc, Cornwall, and Dropmore, Maidenhead. At the latter place the two families have been neighbours, for Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke have a charming country residence at Taplow, while Dropmore is famous for its magnificent gardens.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Personalia.&quot; ''Uxbridge &amp; W. Drayton Gazette'' 25 August 1916, Friday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002285/19160825/043/0004. Print title ''The Advertiser'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''1917 June 7, Thursday''', Daphne Bourke and John Grenville Fortescue [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#7 June 1917, Thursday|married in the Coldstream Guards' chapel]].

== Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball ==
According to both the ''Morning Post'' and the ''Times'', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was among the Suite of Men in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#&quot;Oriental&quot; Procession|&quot;Oriental&quot; procession]] at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&quot;Fancy Dress Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; ''Morning Post'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 4a–8 Col. 2b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970703/054/0007.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;&quot;Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; The ''Times'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 12, Cols. 1a–4c ''The Times Digital Archive''. Web. 28 Nov. 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Based on the people they were dressed as, Guendoline Bourke was probably in this procession but it seems unlikely that Algernone Bourke was.

[[File:Guendoline-Irene-Emily-Bourke-ne-Sloane-Stanley-as-Salammb.jpg|thumb|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a standing woman richly dressed in an historical costume with a headdress and a very large fan|Hon. '''Guendoline''' Bourke as Salammbô. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]
=== Hon. Guendoline Bourke ===
[[File:Alfons Mucha - 1896 - Salammbô.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Highly stylized orange-and-yellow painting of a bare-chested woman with a man playing a harp at her feet|Alfons Mucha's 1896 ''Salammbô''.]]
Lafayette's portrait (right) of &quot;Guendoline Irene Emily Bourke (née Sloane-Stanley) as Salammbô&quot; in costume is photogravure #128 in the '''Album''' presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;&quot;Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball (1897): photogravures by Walker &amp; Boutall after various photographers.&quot; 1899. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait-list.php?set=515.&lt;/ref&gt; The printing on the portrait says, &quot;The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke as Salammbo.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;&quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke as Salammbo.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158491/Guendoline-Irene-Emily-Bourke-ne-Sloane-Stanley-as-Salammb.&lt;/ref&gt;

The Lafayette Archive has 2 additional poses from the same session on 5 July 1897 as the one chosen for the Album:

* Same image as the Album photograph but higher resolution than the one the National Portrait Gallery, London, gives permission to post (Neg. No. GP [L] [http://lafayette.org.uk/bou1369.html 1369]).
* Standing with fan behind head, includes close-up of skirt fabric and left hand (Neg. No. GP [L] [http://lafayette.org.uk/bou1368-444.html 1368-444]).
* Reclining on pillows and furs, includes close-up of face and headdress (Neg. No. GP [L] [http://lafayette.org.uk/bou1368-442.html 1368-442]).

==== Newspaper Accounts ====
The Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke was dressed as Salambo in the Oriental procession&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; in a costume made by [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Mrs. Mason|Mrs. Mason]], although Russell Harris says [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Mr. Charles Alias|Charles Alias]] was the &quot;Costume supplier.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://lafayette.org.uk/bou1369.html|title=Hon Mrs Algernon Bourke (1870-1967), née Guendoline Irene Emily Sloane-Stanley by Lafayette 1897|website=lafayette.org.uk|access-date=2025-07-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Besides the two that mention her — the ''Morning Post'' and the ''Times'' — only two describe her costume, the London ''Evening Standard'' and the ''Gentlewoman'':
* &quot;Mrs. A. Bourke, as an Egyptian Princess, with the Salambo coiffure, wore a flowing gown of white and silver gauze covered with embroidery of lotus flowers. The top of the gown was ornamented with old green satin embroidered with blue turquoise and gold, and studded with rubies. The train was of old green broché with sides of orange and gold embroidery, and from the ceinture depended long bullion fringe and an embroidered ibis.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“The Ball at Devonshire House. Magnificent Spectacle. Description of the Dresses.” London ''Evening Standard'' 3 July 1897 Saturday: 3 [of 12], Cols. 1a–5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/18970703/015/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 3, Col. 3b}}
* &quot;(Egyptian Princess), drapery gown of white and silver gauze, covered with embroidery of lotus flowers; the top of gown appliqué with old green satin embroidered blue turquoise and gold, studded rubies; train of old green broché.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 40, Col. 3a}}

==== Commentary on Her Costume ====

*The heavy headdress is likely attached to a wig and further stabilized by something under Bourke's chin and by the filet around her forehead. The flowers appear to have jewels at the center. What looks like a neck treatment is probably part of the structure holding the headpiece in place. The placement of the flowers is clearly a copy of the headdress worn by Rose Caron in the 1892 Paris production of the Reyer opera. Made by Eugène Lacoste, this textile, metal and pearl ''coiffe'' still exists (https://www.gazette-drouot.com/article/bijoux-d-opera/54941) and is held by the Bibliothèque Nationale de France.&lt;ref&gt;Merle, Sandrine. &quot;Les bijoux d’Opéra en pleine lumière au Palais Garnier.&quot; ''La Gazette Druout'' 4 July 2025 (No. 26). Retrieved July 2025

https://www.gazette-drouot.com/article/bijoux-d-opera/54941.&lt;/ref&gt; It seems to have been constructed from metal for the gold framework with the leaf design, beads attached to hanging metal frameworks (the blue-green beads look like they're covered with fabric or wrapped with thread) and flowers that may have been made from stiffened pinked fabric (likely organdy) whose color may have darkened in the century that has passed.
*Bourke's posture as she leans in the reclining odalisque pose shows she is wearing a corset.
*The translucent overskirt looks like an apron attached under the bust and hanging from the bodice.
*Russell Harris says the large fan looks more Egyptian rather than Carthaginian.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt; 
*The fullness of the skirt is very controlled.
*Her shoes are slippers decorated with real or artificial jewels.

==== Salammbô ====
Salammbô is the fictitious protagonist in Gustave Flaubert's 1862 novel ''Salammbô'', set during the Roman war against Carthage.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-04-29|title=Salammbô|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salammb%C3%B4&amp;oldid=1221352216|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salammb%C3%B4.&lt;/ref&gt; Salammbô is a Carthaginian priestess of the lunar goddess Tanit. Matho, a Roman mercenary, breaks into Tanit's temple and steals her sacred veil — the spiritual guardian of Carthage. Salammbô sneaks into the enemy encampment to steal the veil back. She meets Matho in his tent, and &quot;believing each other to be divine apparitions,&quot; they make love,&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; although it is also a defilement. Salammbô succceds in getting the veil back, but Matho is tortured and executed, which causes her to die of shock, the effect of both having touched the veil. The plot of the opera is not identical to that of the novel.

What Guendoline Bourke saw in Salammbo as representative of herself is difficult to know, unless the costume itself appealed to her. A production of Ernest Reyer's opera ''Salammbô'', based on Flaubert's novel and published in Paris in 1890, opened at the Paris Opéra on 16 May 1892,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-04-11|title=Ernest Reyer|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Reyer&amp;oldid=1218353215|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Reyer.&lt;/ref&gt; starring Madame Rose Caron, with Mademoiselle Lucienne Bréval performing when Caron was on vacation.&lt;ref&gt;Jullienn, Adolphe. &quot;Mademoiselle Lucienne Bréval de L'Académie Nationale de Musique [or de l'Opéra in the Table of Contents].&quot; ''Le Théatre'' April 1898 (No. 4). Google Books https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/_oxRAQAAMAAJ. Pp. 8–10.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|8, Col. 2c}} This production was widely reviewed and discussed in the papers in the UK, and its production design was notable, especially Caron's costumes, the sets and [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#Scale of the Production of Salammbo|the very scale of the production]]. Bourke or her costumier clearly saw the opera or images of the performers or its posters, certainly influencing the design of her costume.

* Rose Caron in her Salammbo costume is here: https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/rose-caron-french-soprano-in-costume-in-the-title-role-of-news-photo/1439485238.
* A headshot of Bréval in costume is here: https://books.google.com/books/content?id=_oxRAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=RA3-PP7&amp;img=1&amp;zoom=3&amp;hl=en&amp;bul=1&amp;sig=ACfU3U2Gv8Os_rEmx2gM9SakJkYLJ9hW7g&amp;ci=6%2C1%2C988%2C1371&amp;edge=0.)
* &quot;Salammbo's hair [was] powdered with a violet dust when she first appeared before the eyes of Matho.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Salome.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 27 February 1893, Monday: 3 [of 8]. Col. 2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18930227/010/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

Salammbo figured in paintings, sculptures and illustrations of editions of Flaubert's novel before Ernest Reyer's 1890 opera. Translations and illustrated editions of Flaubert's novel had come out steadily beginning in the 1880s. Alfons Mucha's 1896 lithograph of Salammbô (above left) was published the year before the ball. Salammbo is often depicted as nude and highly sexual or sexualized (kissing a huge snake, for example, that she holds aloft). Reyer's opera was first produced in 1890 in Brussels. Both Modest Mussorgsky and Sergei Rachmaninoff had attempted but not completed operas based on the novel as well.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; 


Guendoline Bourke's costume and her social life as reported in the newspapers do not suggest that she was a big risk-taker like, for example, the eccentric la Comtesse de Castiglione, who appeared at a ball in a Salammbo costume in 1886, 4 years after Flaubert's novel was first published. In 1889 the ''Edinburgh Evening News'' exaggerates her nudity and doesn't describe the rush in the ballroom to see her but does address the lingering memory:&lt;blockquote&gt;The late Countess Castiglione, whose death in Paris is recorded yesterday, made her first appearance at the Imperial Court in 1866, where her extraordinary beauty made a great impression on Napoleon III., and eventually led to the Empress Eugenie’s undertaking an unexpected and much-talked-of visit to Scotland. The Countess had a face and complexion which would have enchanted Rubens, and her lovely golden hair touched her feet. Even at the present day Paris has not forgotten her costume, or rather absence of costume as Salammbo, in which character she figured at a certain memorable ball at the Tuileries, wearing her hair, her jewels, and very little else. The Empress Eugenie, when she was presented to her thus lightly arrayed, declared that she must be cold, and insisted upon her there and then donning a mantle. Mme. de Castiglione was never again invited to an entertainment over which the Empress Eugenie presided.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Countess’ Queer Ball Costume.&quot; ''Edinburgh Evening News'' 2 December 1899, Saturday: 2 [of 6], Col. 7b [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000452/18991202/024/0002. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Given how widely this incident was discussed at the time of the death of la Comtesse in 1889, Guendoline Bourke might easily have known about it. But she was developing relationships with people like the Princess of Wales, and what Countess Castigiolone did does not sound at all like her. 

===== Scale of the Production of ''Salammbo'' =====

* &quot;In Reyer's opera of 'Salammbo,' lately produced at the Grand Opera in Paris, there were 1,400 persons on the stage in the last act.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Facts and Fancies.&quot; ''Louth and North Lincolnshire Advertiser'' 9 July 1892, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 6c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000313/18920709/038/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;the battle scene in [''Salammbo''] requires no less than 3000 square yards of 'decorative surface' [probably canvas]. This establishes a record, the next largest surface being that of the salles des fetes in 'Don Giovanni.'&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A French paper gives interesting details....&quot; ''Sevenoaks Chronicle and Kentish Advertiser'' 26 August 1892, Friday: 2 [of 8], Col. 3c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001067/18920826/032/0002. Same print title, n.p.

&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Influence of the Production of ''Salammbo'' =====
Rose Caron's productions were influential, including for the costumes she wore. The 1892 ''Lohengrin'' she starred in was the source of the costumes worn by [[Social Victorians/People/Stonor#Julia Caroline Stonor, Marquise of Hautpoul|Julia Stonor, Marquise of Hautpoul]] and her brother, [[Social Victorians/People/Stonor#Hon. Harry Stonor|Hon. Harry Stonor]].

Women's clothing was influenced by the costumes in the opera, particularly those worn by Rose Caron. One color of intense red was called Salammbo. A bonnet was named the Salammbô:&lt;blockquote&gt;About the smartest thing in bonnets for ordinary complimentary mourning is called the Salammbô, and is copied from a head-dress worn by a leading artiste at one of the Paris theatres. It is made of jet, and has a rose on each side of the front from the centres of which rise two black ospreys.&lt;ref&gt;Mantalini, Miss. &quot;The Shows in the London Shops. With Mems. about Millinery.&quot; ''Pall Mall Budget'' 29 December 1892, Thursday: 22 [of 40], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005967/18921229/092/0022. Same print title, p. 1928.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;In a long illustrated article describing the wedding of Princess Marie of Edinburgh, the ''Lady's Pictorial'' provides a sketch of &quot;a very pretty [hat] (No. 4) of brown mirror velvet trimmed with mink and a brown velvet bow in front '''with Salammbo''' '&lt;nowiki/&gt;''fantaisie''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'&quot; that is among the bride's millinery.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Marriage of H.R.H. Princess Marie of Edinburgh and H.R.H. Ferdinand Crown Prince of Roumania.&quot; ''Lady's Pictorial'' 14 January 1893, Saturday: 40 [of 76], Col. 3c [of 3]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005980/18930114/064/0040. Same print title, p. 56.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

Shoes appeared:&lt;blockquote&gt;At Mrs Merritt's, Savile-street, the stock is particularly attractive, there being so many new styles in shoes this season. One of the latest designs is the Salammbo Shoe, glace kid, with one strap, a jet buckle, and very low French heels. This shoe is especially designed for tender feet, as it is very light in weight.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;House and Home. Local Letter for Women Reader [sic], (By Our Lady Contributor).&quot; ''Hull Daily Mail'' 22 July 1897, Thursday: 5 [of 6], Col. 1b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000324/18970722/069/0005. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Patterns for making the Tunique Romaine and Corsage Salammbo were for sale just a few months after the opening:&lt;blockquote&gt;Some of the leading fashionable novelties described in ''Le Follet de Paris'' are almost ahead of the season, but they look so well that it will not be long before our provincial dressmakers have them. A revival and modification of the ancient tunic is one item which is transforming the modern gowns of tailor-built tweeds into long clinging draperies, of simple cut but ineffable grace. We have had the Russian blouse with us now for the last couple of months. Now the reign of Tunique Romaine and Corsage Salambo is upon us.

... [including the address to send off for the patterns]

A very successful novelty is the ''corsage'' “Salammbo.” In reality, it is more of a blouse and short tunic than a ''corsage'', as there is no attempt at shaping to the figure. In [sic] consists, indeed, of two straight pieces of material cut round on the shoulders, where the back and front are fastened together by clasps. There is no arm-hole, and the two pieces meet at the waist under the arm, and then hang open on to the skirt. There being no dart, the waist is as wide as the shoulders; the fullness is drawn to the centre under a ''ceinture Russe'', or of oxydised silver. The outlines are trimmed with ''galon'' or some similar garniture. The &quot;Salammbo” ''guimpe'' or ''corsage'' are made of flannel or ''mousseline de laine'' of bright colour, and are worn with fitting bodices or skirts of serge, or woollen of dark colour. They are very effective, and nothing can be easier to make, while their addition to a frock constitutes a separate costume.

The fitting bodices worn under the ''guimpes'' or ''robes'' &quot;Salammbo&quot; are very simply made; being round-waisted, they are without side pieces, and only require a seam under each arm; one in the centre of the back, and one or two darts in front, according to the figure. The skirt is mounted on a round waistband, and the ''ceinture'' worn over this gives the bodice and skirt the effect of a princess dress.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Womans Ceilidh.&quot; ''Oban Times and Argyllshire Advertiser'' 3 September 1892, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 6a–b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000462/18920903/078/0003. Print title: ''The Oban Times'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Stationery even before the opera opened in Paris:&lt;blockquote&gt;The last fad in fancy stationery is the carte Salammbo, a delightfully smooth surface for writing upon, the envelopes are very small, square, and of the wallet make; the paper folds over once to fit. The newest shades are rose pink, pale English blue, apple green, and the evergreen heliotrope.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Fashions of the Month.&quot; ''Nottinghamshire Guardian'' 27 February 1892, Saturday: 7 [of 8], Col. 2b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000176/18920227/059/0007. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:Algernon Henry Bourke Vanity Fair 20 January 1898.jpg|thumb|alt=Old colored drawing of an elegant elderly man dressed in a 19th-century tuxedo with a cloak, top hat and formal pointed shoes with bows, standing facing 1/4 to his right|''Algy'' — Algernon Henry Bourke — by &quot;Spy,&quot; ''Vanity Fair'' 20 January 1898]]

=== Hon. Algernon Bourke ===
[[File:Hon-Algernon-Henry-Bourke-as-Izaak-Walton.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a man richly dressed in an historical costume sitting in a fireplace that does not have a fire and holding a tankard|Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke as Izaak Walton. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]
'''Lafayette's portrait''' (left) of &quot;Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke as Izaak Walton&quot; in costume is photogravure #129 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; The printing on the portrait says, &quot;The Hon. Algernon Bourke as Izaak Walton.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hon. Algernon Bourke as Izaak Walton.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158492/Hon-Algernon-Henry-Bourke-as-Izaak-Walton.&lt;/ref&gt;

This portrait is amazing and unusual: Algernon Bourke is not using a photographer's set with theatrical flats and props, certainly not one used by anyone else at the ball itself. Isaak Walton (baptised 21 September 1593 – 15 December 1683) wrote ''The Compleat Angler''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2021-09-15|title=Izaak Walton|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Izaak_Walton&amp;oldid=1044447858|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izaak_Walton.&lt;/ref&gt; A cottage Walton lived in and willed to the people of Stafford was photographed in 1888, suggesting that its relationship to Walton was known in 1897, raising a question about whether Bourke could have used the fireplace in the cottage for his portrait. (This same cottage still exists, as the [https://www.staffordbc.gov.uk/izaak-waltons-cottage Isaak Walton Cottage] museum.)

A caricature portrait (right) of the Hon. Algernon Bourke, called &quot;Algy,&quot; by Leslie Ward (&quot;Spy&quot;) was published in the 20 January 1898 issue of ''Vanity Fair'' as Number 702 in its &quot;Men of the Day&quot; series,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-01-14|title=List of Vanity Fair (British magazine) caricatures (1895–1899)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)_caricatures_(1895%E2%80%931899)&amp;oldid=1195518024|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)_caricatures_(1895%E2%80%931899).&lt;/ref&gt; giving an indication of what he looked like out of costume.

=== Mr. and Mrs. Bourke ===
The ''Times'' made a distinction between the Hon. Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke and Mr. and Mrs. Bourke, including both in the article.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Occasionally this same article mentions the same people more than once in different contexts and parts of the article, so they may be the same couple. (See [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#Notes and Question|Notes and Question]] #2, below.)

== Demographics ==

=== The Bourkes ===
*Nationality: Anglo-Irish&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020-11-14|title=Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo&amp;oldid=988654078|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Occupation: journalist. 1895: restaurant, hotel and club owner and manager&lt;ref&gt;''Cheltenham Looker-On'', 23 March 1895. Via Ancestry but taken from the BNA.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Residences ====
*Ireland: 1873: Palmerston House, Straffan, Co. Kildare.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; Not Co. Mayo?
*1888–1891: 33 Cadogan Terrace, S.W., Kensington and Chelsea, a dwelling house&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970, Register of Voters, 1891.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1894: 181 Pavilion Road, Kensington and Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970. Register of Voters, 1894. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1900: 181 Pavilion Road, Kensington and Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970. Register of Voters, 1900. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1904: Algernon Bourke was &quot;usually liv[ing] in Venice&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;
*1906: 75, Gloucester-place, W.&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot; /&gt;
*Guendoline Bourke
*1911: 1911 Fulham, London&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
*20 Eaton Square, S.W. (in 1897)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pl0oAAAAYAAJ|title=Who's who|date=1897|publisher=A. &amp; C. Black|language=en}} 712, Col. 1b.&lt;/ref&gt; (London home of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]])

=== The Sloane-Stanleys ===

==== Residences ====

* 1871: Chester Street, St George Hanover Square (Census), with 5 servants, including a cook and a footman.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;The National Archives; Kew, London, England; ''1871 England Census''; Class: ''RG10''; Piece: ''104''; Folio: ''21''; Page: ''37''; GSU roll: ''838763''. Ancestry.com. ''1871 England Census'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1881–1885&lt;ref&gt;''UK, City and County Directories, 1600s-1900s''. Ancestry.com. ''UK, City and County Directories, 1766 - 1946'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; [at least]: 14 Halkin Street, W., St. Georges, 14 servants, including a governess, a house steward, an under butler, a footman and a cook.&lt;ref&gt;''Census Returns of England and Wales, 1881''. Kew, Surrey, England: The National Archives of the UK (TNA): Public Record Office (PRO), 1881. Class: ''RG11''; Piece: ''98''; Folio: ''66''; Page: ''37''; GSU roll: ''1341022''. Ancestry.com and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. ''1881 England Census'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1888: 49, Cadogan-square, St. Luke, Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Ancestry.com. ''London, England, Overseer Returns, 1863-1894'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1899, Roger Cyril Sloane-Stanley: 4 Down St., St George, Hanover Square&lt;ref&gt;London Metropolitan Archives; London, England; ''Electoral Registers''. Ancestry.com. ''London, England, Electoral Registers, 1832-1965'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1911, Roger Cyril Sloane-Stanley: Paultons, Ower, Romsey

== Family ==
*Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke (31 December 1854 – 7 April 1922)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p29657.htm#i296561|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Guendoline Irene Emily Sloane-Stanley Bourke (c. 1869 – 30 December 1967)&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&quot;Guendoline Irene Emily Stanley.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p51525.htm#i515247|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
#Daphne Marjory Bourke (5 April 1895 – 22 May 1962)

=== Relations ===
*Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke (the 3rd son of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|6th Earl of Mayo]]) was the older brother of Lady Florence Bourke.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
*Wilfred Blunt was a cousin of Algernon Bourke: Bourke's mother's &quot;mother was one of the Blunts of Crabbet Park, Sussex, which makes them kinswomen of Mr. Alfred Scawen Blunt, poet, Egyptophil and counsel for Arabi Pasha in his trial.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From ''Truth''.&quot; ''Mid-Lothian Journal'' 23 August 1912, Friday: 8 [of 8], 2c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002721/19120823/147/0008. Print title and p. same.&lt;/ref&gt;
*Lord Alfred Douglas was a cousin of Algernon Bourke.

==== Other Bourkes ====
*Hubert Edward Madden Bourke (after 1925, Bourke-Borrowes)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hubert Edward Madden Bourke-Borrowes.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p52401.htm#i524004|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2021-08-25}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p52401.htm#i524004.&lt;/ref&gt;
*Lady Eva Constance Aline Bourke, who married [[Social Victorians/People/Dunraven|Windham Henry Wyndham-Quin]] on 7 July 1885;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lady Eva Constance Aline Bourke.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p2575.htm#i25747|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-02}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p2575.htm#i25747.&lt;/ref&gt; he became 5th Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl on 14 June 1926.

=== The Sloane-Stanleys ===
* Emilie Josephine S Stanley ( 21 December 1848 [baptism]&lt;ref&gt;London Metropolitan Archives; &quot;London, England, UK&quot; ; ''London Church of England Parish Registers''; Reference Number: ''P87/Tri/001''. Ancestry.com. ''London, England, Church of England Births and Baptisms, 1813-1923'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;  – October 1945)
* Hans T Sloane Stanley (11 May 1840 [baptism]&lt;ref&gt;Ancestry.com. ''England, Select Births and Christenings, 1538-1975'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; – 15 December 1888&lt;ref&gt;Ancestry.com. ''UK and Ireland, Find a Grave® Index, 1300s-Current'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;)
* James Shell[e?]y Bontein ()
*# Gwendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt; Irene Emily G Stanley (c. 1870&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt; – )
*# '''Roger Cyril Hans Sloane Stanley''' (29 April 1875&lt;ref&gt;The National Archives; Kew, Surrey, England; ''WO 42 War Office: Officers' Birth Certificates, Wills and Personal Papers 1755-1908''; Reference: ''WO 42/72''. Ancestry.com. ''UK, Officers' Birth Certificates, Wills and Personal Papers, 1755-1908'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; – 18 November 1944&lt;ref&gt;''Find a Grave''. Find a Grave®. http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi. Ancestry.com. ''UK and Ireland, Find a Grave® Index, 1300s-Current'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;)


* Olivia Elizabeth Berens, Countess Cairns&lt;ref&gt;The National Archives of the UK (TNA); Kew, Surrey, England; ''Census Returns of England and Wales, 1911''. Ancestry.com. ''1911 England Census'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; (c. 1871 – 20 June 1951&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Olivia Elizabeth Berens.&quot; Person Page 3908; person #39077. ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as well as the Royal Families of Europe''. https://www.thepeerage.com/p3908.htm#i39077.

&lt;/ref&gt;)
* Arthur William Cairns, 2nd Earl Cairns (21 December 1861 – 14 January 1890)&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot;&gt;&quot;Arthur William Cairns, 2nd Earl Cairns.&quot; Person Page 3908; Person #39076. ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as well as the Royal Families of Europe''. https://www.thepeerage.com/p3908.htm#i39076.&lt;/ref&gt;
*# Lady Louise Rosemary Kathleen Virginia Cairns (10 March 1889 – 17 May 1962)&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot; /&gt;
* Roger Cyril Hans Sloane Stanley (1875 – 18 November 1944)
*# Lavender Elizabeth (20 May 1900 [baptism]&lt;ref&gt;Hampshire Archives and Local Studies; Winchester, England, UK; ''Anglican Parish Registers''; Reference: ''35M76/PR3''. Ancestry.com. ''Hampshire, England, Church of England Baptisms, 1813-1921''[database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; – )
*# Diane Sloane Stanley (c. 1905 – )


* Lavender Elizabeth (20 May 1900 [baptism] – )
* John Everett ()


* Diane Sloane Stanley (c. 1905 – )
* Elwyn Villiers Rhys ()

== Writings, Memoirs, Biographies, Papers ==

=== Writings ===
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon. ''The History of White's''. London: Algernon Bourke [privately published], 1892.
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon, ed., &quot;with a brief Memoir.&quot; ''Correspondence of Mr Joseph Jekyll with His Sister-in-Law, Lady Gertrude Sloane Stanley, 1818–1838''. John Murray, 1893.
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon, ed. ''Correspondence of Mr Joseph Jekyll''. John Murray, 1894.

=== Papers ===
* Where are the papers for the Earl of Mayo family? Are Algernon and Guendoline Bourke's papers with them?

== Notes and Questions ==
#The portrait of Algernon Bourke in costume as Isaac Walton is really an amazing portrait with a very interesting setting, far more specific than any of the other Lafayette portraits of these people in their costumes. Where was it shot? Lafayette is given credit, but it's not one of his usual backdrops. If this portrait was taken the night of the ball, then this fireplace was in Devonshire House; if not, then whose fireplace is it?
#The ''Times'' lists Hon. A. Bourke (at 325) and Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke (at 236) as members of a the &quot;Oriental&quot; procession, Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke (in the general list of attendees), and then a small distance down Mr. and Mrs. Bourke (now at 511 and 512, respectively). This last couple with no honorifics is also mentioned in the report in the London ''Evening Standard'', which means the Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke, so the ''Times'' may have repeated the Bourkes, who otherwise are not obviously anyone recognizable. If they are not the Hon. Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke, then they are unidentified. It seems likely that they are the same, however, as the newspapers were not perfectly consistent in naming people with their honorifics, even in a single story, especially a very long and detailed one in which people could be named more than once.
#Three slightly difficult-to-identify men were among the Suite of Men in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#&quot;Oriental&quot; Procession|&quot;Oriental&quot; procession]]: [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax|Gordon Wood]], [[Social Victorians/People/Portman|Arthur B. Portman]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Wilfred Wilson]]. The identification of Gordon Wood and Wilfred Wilson is high because of contemporary newspaper accounts. The Hon. Algernon Bourke, who was also in the Suite of Men, is not difficult to identify at all. Arthur Portman appears in a number of similar newspaper accounts, but none of them mentions his family of origin.
#[http://thepeerage.com The Peerage] has no other Algernon Bourkes.
#The Hon Algernon Bourke is #235 on the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball#List of People Who Attended|list of people who were present]]; the Hon. Guendoline Bourke is #236; a Mr. Bourke is #703; a Mrs. Bourke is #704.
#Hans Stanley-Sloane's estate was £33,704 7s. 5d. in the final probate in December 1889,&lt;ref&gt;Principal Probate Registry; London, England; ''Calendar of the Grants of Probate and Letters of Administration made in the Probate Registries of the High Court of Justice in England''. Ancestry.com. ''England &amp; Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1995'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; which might lead his widow to consider remarrying.
== Footnotes ==
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      <text bytes="172736" sha1="6vev0bnfa3zya05af97nomdm2dhnmqj" xml:space="preserve">Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were &quot;satirized&quot; by [[Social Victorians/People/Oscar Wilde|Oscar Wilde]] in his 1895 ''The Importance of Being Earnest''.&lt;ref&gt;Fahey, David M. ''The Politics of Drink in England, from Gladstone to Lloyd George''. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, 2022: p. 21, n. 34. ''Google Books'' (retrieved July 2025) https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Politics_of_Drink_in_England_from_Gl/8HRjEAAAQBAJ.&lt;/ref&gt; Algernon Bourke was a cousin of Lord Alfred Douglas, Wilde's Bosie, in 1898 attempting to facilitate a reconciliation between Bosie and his father, the Marquess of Queensberry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:26&quot;&gt;Ellmann, Richard. ''Osar Wilde''. Alfred A. Knopf, 1988.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|568}}[[File:Leslie Ward - Vanity Fair, Newspapermen, ^Algy^, The Hon Algernon Henry Bourke, Januray 20, 1898 - B1979.14.521 - Yale Center for British Art.jpg|thumb|Hon. Algernon Bourke, ''Vanity Fair'', 1898]]

==Also Known As==
* Family name: Bourke [pronounced ''burk'']&lt;ref name=&quot;:62&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-05-07|title=Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earl_of_Mayo&amp;oldid=1222668659|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Mayo.&lt;/ref&gt;
* The Hon. Algernon Bourke
** Button Bourke&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Tory 'Reformer' at the India Office.&quot; ''India'' 10 November 1911, Friday: 4 [of 12], Col. 1b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004300/19111110/007/0004#. Print: same title, p. 228.&lt;/ref&gt;
** Algy Bourke
* Mrs. Guendoline Bourke
** Guendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; [The National Portrait Gallery, London, uses this spelling for Lafayette's portrait of Bourke in costume for the ball,&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt; as does Russell Harris in the Lafayette Archive, held by the Victoria and Albert&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot;&gt;Harris, Russell. &quot;Hon Mrs Algernon Bourke, née Guendoline Irene Emily Sloane-Stanley (1870-1967), as Salammbô.&quot; ''In Calm Prose'' 2011. http://www.rvondeh.dircon.co.uk/incalmprose/.&lt;/ref&gt;.]
** Gwendolen&lt;ref&gt;General Register Office. ''England and Wales Civil Registration Indexes''. London, England: General Register Office. FreeBMD. ''England &amp; Wales, Civil Registration Marriage Index, 1837-1915''[database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Marriage Index}} &lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt;{{rp|''Morning Post'' article about her name}} &lt;ref&gt;General Register Office. ''England and Wales Civil Registration Indexes''. London, England: General Register Office. FreeBMD. ''England &amp; Wales, Civil Registration Marriage Index, 1837-1915''[database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Electoral Register}}
** Gwendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;City of Westminster Archives Centre; London, England; ''Westminster Church of England Parish Registers''; Reference: ''SPWP/PR/1/2''. Ancestry.com. ''Westminster, London, England, Church of England Births and Baptisms, 1813-1919'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Births and Baptisms}}
* Shelley Bontein and Emilie Sloane-Stanley Bontein
* See also the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|page for the Earl of Mayo]], the Hon. Algernon Bourke's father and then brother, and other Bourkes

== Overview ==

=== Algernon Bourke ===
Although the Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke was born in Dublin in 1854 and came from a family whose title is in the Peerage of Ireland,&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;1911 England Census.&lt;/ref&gt; he seems to have spent much of his adult life generally in England and especially in London. He was &quot;a noted fisherman.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London Correspondence.&quot; ''Freeman's Journal'' 21 December 1897, Tuesday: 5 [of 8], Col. 5c [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000056/18971221/027/0005. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

Because he was the son of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]], perhaps, or perhaps because he was so involved in projects that got reported on, he was mentioned a great deal in the newspapers, but after his bankruptcy, he seems to have receded in prominence, in part because he was living outside of the U.K., and apparently separately from his wife, Guendoline Bourke.

Bourke ran as the Conservative candidate for Parliament from Clapham (population, c. 70,000) in 1885, a race he did not win. As a candidate he is described like this:&lt;blockquote&gt;Acted as a newspaper correspondent during the Zulu war. Subsequently Poor-law inspector in the West of Ireland. &quot;A loyal supporter of Church and State.&quot; Desires to reduce the School Board expenditure, and revive trade; and is opposed to Mr. Chamberlain's &quot;police of hasty and experimental reform.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Clapham (70,000).&quot; ''South London Chronicle'' 17 October 1885, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000443/18851017/113/0005. Print title ''South London Chronicle and Southwark and Lambeth Ensign'', p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The London ''Weekly Dispatch'' says he is &quot;a dashing and unscrupulous young Tory.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Political Campaign in London.&quot; ''Weekly Dispatch'' (London) 15 November 1885, Sunday: 9 [of 16], Col. 3c [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003358/18851115/069/0009. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

&quot;Algy&quot; Bourke was &quot;Man of the Day&quot; (No. DCCII [522) for ''Vanity Fair'' in 1898, caricatured by Leslie Ward (above right) and damned, perhaps, with faint praise:&lt;blockquote&gt;Son of the great and murdered Lord Mayo, he is contemporary with the outbreak of the Crimean War, he is a Member of the London Stock Exchange, he has a beautiful wife and a daughter, and, being a very fashionable young man, he was once refused as their Member by the worthy electors of Clapham. He was an Eton boy, of course: and less naturally he went to Cambridge; where he was made President of the Beefsteak, the Amateur Dramatic, the Athenaeum, the True Blue, and the Hibernian Clubs. When he came down he tried journalism and went to Zululand as a ''Daily Telegraph'' ‘‘special”; after which he was improved into an Inspector of Workhouses [2, Col. 2c – 3, Col. 1a] in Ireland: which may account for his proficiency as a caterer. For seven years he worked under the late Mr. Chinnery on ''The Times'': being popularly supposed to look after that journal's morals. He is a good man of business, and a great organiser who has made White's Club pay even if it be less “smart&quot; than it was. He has done much for Willis’s since he took it in hand; he did well with his Battersea venture, and he thinks that he only failed with the Summer Club in Kensington Gardens because people would not go to the wrong side of the Park. Moreover, he runs a Club at Brighton, and he is Chairman of the Grand Hotel at Monte Carlo: whither he once organised a cheap trip. Altogether he is a veritable Clubman, and a very successful arranger of amusements, associations, and restaurants.

He is a popular fellow who is known to all of us; and though he is a little inclined to be quarrelsome, no one can get much the better of him. He is also a quick grasper of facts and a good talker. His favourite sports are fishing and the organising of associations for the introduction of salmon to the Thames. By way of being an art critic, he has made an interesting collection of engravings of the members of White’s Club from its foundation; but his friends say that he is not a well-dressed man. He has also written a history of White’s, and he is now writing one of Brooks's Club. He is a genial person, who looks as if the world agreed with him well.

He is an aquisition [sic] to a house party; and they call him “Algy.”&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Men of the Day.&quot; — No. DCCII [522]. The Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke.&quot; ''Vanity Fair'' 20 January 1898, Thursday: 2 [of 4], Col. 2c – 3, Col. 3a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9900020/18980120/010/0002 and https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/9900020/18980120/005/0003. Same print title, pp. 41–42. Portrait is full page, on p. 1.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The Hon. Algernon Bourke and Mr. Algernon Bourke, depending on the newspaper article, were the same person. Calling him Mr. Bourke in the newspapers, especially when considered as a businessman or (potential) member of Parliament, does not rule out the son of an earl, who would normally be accorded the honorific of ''Honorable''.

=== Guendoline Sloane-Stanley Bourke ===

Mrs. Guendoline Bourke exhibited at dog shows successfully and was a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Society Sportswomen|noted deerstalker]] and &quot;an appreciative listener to good music.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Vanity Fair.&quot; ''Lady of the House'' 15 June 1899, Thursday: 4 [of 44], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004836/18990615/019/0004.&lt;/ref&gt; She was a sponsor of Irish art needlework as well. Her personal beauty is often mentioned in reports, and ''The World'' says she was &quot;a magnificent woman.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Beauties of To-Day. From the ''World''.&quot; ''Clifton Society'' 24 June 1897, Thursday: 14 [of 16], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002164/18970624/066/0014. Same print and p.&lt;/ref&gt; She is the first listed in the ''Graphic''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s 1891 &quot;Leading Ladies of Society&quot;:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke is a daughter (Gwendoline Irene Emily) of the late Hans Sloane Stanley, Esq., of Poultons, Southampton, and 49, Cadogan Square, S.W. She married, on December 15th, 1887, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, third son of the sixth Earl of Mayo, Governor-General of India (who was assassinated in 1872), and nephew of Lord Connemara, Governor of Madras. Mr. Bourke is a member of the London Stock Exchange, and resides at 33, Cadogan Terrace, S.W.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Leading Ladies of Society.&quot; The Graphic 28 March 1891, Saturday: 6 [of 28], Col. 2c [of 3]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9000057/18910328/019/0006. Print: same title, p. 346.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;She attended many social events without her husband, especially into the 20th century, usually described with an appreciation of what she wore. Unlike her husband's, Guendoline's social status seems to have risen as time passed, and she appears in stories associated with the Princess of Wales, and then later with Queen Alexandra.

=== The Sloane-Stanley Family ===
Guendoline's family consisted of a younger brother, Cyril Sloane-Stanley, as well as her parents, Hans Sloane-Stanley and Emilie Edwards Sloane-Stanley. Exactly one year after she and Algernon Bourke married, Hans Sloane-Stanley died (in 1888), leaving an estate worth £33,704 7s. 5d.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;&gt;Principal Probate Registry; London, England; ''Calendar of the Grants of Probate and Letters of Administration made in the Probate Registries of the High Court of Justice in England''. Ancestry.com. ''England &amp; Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1995'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; (1888, 321) Her mother remarried almost exactly a year after that, to James Shelly Bontein. Bontein's father had been Gentleman Usher and Clerk of the Robes to Queen Victoria.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot;&gt;&quot;Marriages.&quot; &quot;Births, Marriages, and Deaths.&quot; ''Belfast News-Letter'' 6 December 1889, Friday: 1 [of 8], Col. 1a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000038/18891206/001/0001. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

Shortly after his death ''Truth'' described Guendoline and Cyril's father Hans Sloane-Stanley:&lt;blockquote&gt;The death of Mr. Sloane Stanley, of Paultons Park, is much regretted in South Hants, as he was one of the most popular landlords in the county, and was greatly esteemed. Mr. Sloane Stanley was well known in yachting circles, and for many years he was Commodore of the Royal Southern Yacht Club, and owned the schooner ''Star of the West''. He was one of the very few owners who continued to keep up the old custom of giving his crew a laying-up supper at the close of each season. There were great festivities at Paultons only a few months ago, when Miss Sloane Stanley was married to Mr. Algernon Bourke.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Entre Nous.&quot; ''Truth'' 27 December 1888, Thursday: 6 [of 48], Col. 2b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18881227/023/0006# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18881227/023/0006]. Same print title, p. 1136.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;When he died in 1944, Cyril Sloane-Stanley's estate was quite a bit larger than his father's had been 50 years before. The probate was divided between what was limited to &quot;settled land&quot; and what was &quot;save and except settled land.&quot; What was not settled land totalled £356,114 12s. 10d. and went to John Everett, company director; the Hon. Elwyn Villiers Rhys, captain, H.M. army; and William Adam de Geijer, retired captain, H.M. army.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt; (1944, 430) His daughter Lavender was married to John Everett, and Diane was married to Elwyn Villiers Rhys. What was settled land totalled £168,975 and went to William Adam de Geijer, retired captain, H.M. army, and George Lawrence Stewart, solicitor.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt; (1944, 430)

The Sloane-Stanleys descend from Hans Sloane (1660–1753), whose 71,000-item collections &quot;provid[ed] the foundation of the British Museum, the British Library, and the Natural History Museum, London.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2025-01-07|title=Hans Sloane|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane|journal=Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane|language=en|via=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Much of this Hans Sloane's wealth came from his medical practice in Jamaica, where he went as physician to the Governor General of Jamaica, the 2nd Duke of Albemarle, and where he married &quot;a wealthy heiress of sugar plantations&quot; worked by enslaved Jamaicans.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot; /&gt; His great-nephew, Hans Sloane, inherited Paultons, near Romsey, &quot;and in recognition of this he adopted the additional surname of Stanley in 1821.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-10-06|title=Hans Sloane (MP)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane_(MP)|journal=Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane_(MP)|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Acquaintances, Friends and Enemies ==

=== Algernon Bourke ===

* Best man at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Wedding of Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Sloane Stanley|his wedding]]: the Hon. Michael Sandys
* [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Marcus Henry Milner]], &quot;one of the zealous assistants of that well-known firm of stockbrokers, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;&quot;Metropolitan Notes.&quot; ''Nottingham Evening Post'' 31 July 1888, Tuesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 2a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/18880731/025/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Caroline, Duchess of Montrose — her &quot;legal advisor&quot; on the day of her marriage to Marcus Henry Milner&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Metropolitan Notes.&quot; ''Nottingham Evening Post'' 31 July 1888, Tuesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 1b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/18880731/025/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Wilfred Scawen Blunt
* Alexander Meyrick Broadley&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot;&gt;Broadley, Alexander Meyrick. ''How We Defended Arábi and His Friends, a Story of Egypt and the Egyptians''. London: Chapman and Hall, 1884. Google Books: [https://www.google.com/books/edition/How_We_Defended_Ar%C3%A1bi_and_His_Friends/75YRzFDvaO4C?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;bsq=Bourke https://www.google.com/books/edition/How_We_Defended_Ar%C3%A1bi_and_His_Friends/75YRzFDvaO4C].&lt;/ref&gt; (2) [Blunt, Broadley and Bourke were mutual friends; Blunt and Bourke were cousins.]
* &quot;Natty Rothschild,&quot; according to Blunt
* Brett, who was Hartington's secretary in the early 80s.&lt;ref&gt;Blunt, Wilfred Scawen. ''Gordon at Khartoum, Being a Personal Narrative of Events in Continuation of &quot;A Secret History of the English Occupation of Egypt''.&quot; London: Stephen Swift, 1911.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Guendoline Bourke ===

* Bridesmaids at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Wedding of Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Sloane Stanley|her wedding]]: Lady Florence Bourke, Miss Nora Bourke, Miss Edwards, and Miss Ewart
* Lord and Lady Alington, Belvedere House, Scarborough
* [[Social Victorians/People/William James|Evelyn James]] 

== Organizations ==

=== Guendoline Bourke ===

* Member, the Ladies Committee for the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Skating Club|Prince's Skating Club]], which also included [[Social Victorians/People/Princess Louise|Princess Louise]] (Duchess of Argyll), the [[Social Victorians/People/Portland|Duchess of Portland]], [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Lady Londonderry]], [[Social Victorians/People/Campbell|Lady Archibald Campbell]], [[Social Victorians/People/Ribblesdale|Lady Ribblesdale]], and [[Social Victorians/People/Asquith|Mrs. Asquith]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;&quot;What the 'World' Says.&quot; ''Northwich Guardian'' 01 November 1902, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Col. 8a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001975/19021101/134/0006. Print title: The ''Guardian'', p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt; (in 1902, at least)

=== Algernon Bourke ===
* [[Social Victorians/Schools#Eton|Eton]]
* Cambridge University, Trinity College, 1873, Michaelmas term&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;Cambridge University Alumni, 1261–1900. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Conservative Party
* 1879: Appointed a Poor Law Inspector in Ireland, Relief of Distress Act
* 1881: Partner, with 2 uncles, in Brunton, Bourke, and Co.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From Our London Correspondent.&quot; ''Manchester Courier'' 24 August 1881, Wednesday: 5 [of 8], Col. 4a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000206/18810824/030/0005. Print: ''Manchester Courier and Lancaster General Advertiser'', p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt; (one of the [[Social Victorians/British Aristocracy#Sons of Peers on the Stock Exchange|sons of peers on the Stock Exchange]])
* 1885: Office of the 7th Surrey Rifles Regiment&lt;ref&gt;&quot;7th Surrey Rifles.&quot; ''South London Press'' 08 August 1885, Saturday: 12 [of 16], Col. 4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18850808/165/0012. Print p. 12.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1886: Battersea Friendly Angling Society&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Battersea Friendly Angling Society.&quot; ''Fishing Gazette'' 17 April 1886, Saturday: 6 [of 20], Col. 2a [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002553/18860417/030/0006. Same print title, p. 218.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 27 February 1886: one of the Vice Presidents of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Bolingbroke Reading-Room and Institute|Bolingbroke Reading-Room and Institute]]
* Special Correspondent of The ''Times'' for the Zulu War, accompanying Lord Chelmsford
* Head, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys, &quot;that well-known firm of stockbrokers&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; ( – 1901 [at least])
* White's gentleman's club, St. James's,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-10-09|title=White's|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White's|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%27s.&lt;/ref&gt; Manager (1897)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Side Lights on Drinking.&quot; ''Waterford Standard'' 28 April 1897, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001678/18970428/053/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Willis's Rooms (described in 1895):&lt;blockquote&gt;... the Hon. Algernon Burke [sic], son of the 6th Earl of Mayo, has turned the place into a smart restaurant where choice dinners are served and eaten while a stringed band discourses music. Willis's Rooms are now the favourite dining place for ladies who have no club of their own, or for gentlemen who are debarred by rules from inviting ladies to one of their own clubs. The same gentleman runs a hotel in Brighton, and has promoted several clubs. He has a special faculty for organising places of the kind, without which such projects end in failure.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lenten Dullness.&quot; ''Cheltenham Looker-On'' 23 March 1895, Saturday: 11 [of 24], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000226/18950323/004/0011. Print p. 275.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
*The [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Pelican|Pelican Club]], known for its boxing (1891)

==== Boards of Directors ====
*1883: One of the directors, the Franco-English Tunisian Esparto Fibre Supply Company, Ltd.&lt;ref&gt;''Money Market Review'', 20 Jan 1883 (Vol 46): 124.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1891: One of the founders, the Discount Banking Company, Ltd., which says Algernon Bourke is a director of District Messenger Services and News Company, Ltd.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Public Company.&quot; ''Nottingham Journal'' 31 October 1891, Saturday: 4 [of 8], Col. 8a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001896/18911031/099/0004. Print title: ''The Nottingham Daily Express'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1894: One of the directors, the Frozen Lake, Ltd., with Admiral Maxse, Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Marcus Beresford]], [[Social Victorians/People/Williams|Hwfa Williams]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Frozen Lake, Limited.&quot; ''St James's Gazette'' 08 June 1894, Friday: 15 [of 16], Col. 4a [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001485/18940608/085/0015. Print p. 15.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;London is to have new amusement this winter, for which Mr Algernon Bourke, who has taught us that it is possible to eat as well in St. James’s as on the Boulevards, and Mr Hwfa Williams, of Sandown fame, are jointly responsible. The &quot;Frozen Lake,&quot; under which title a real ice-skating rink is about to be constructed under their auspices, will no doubt be gladly welcomed by all skaters, and the venture is likely to prove a success.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip.&quot; ''Weston-super-Mare Gazette, and General Advertiser'' 6 June 1894, Wednesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 4b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001444/18940606/044/0004. Print title: ''Weston-super-Mare Gazette'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== Committees ====

*Member, General Committee, [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Baths|the Baths Club]] (1892)
*Member, Men's Committee of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Skating Club|Prince's Skating Club]], which also included Lord Edward Cecil, Lord Redesdale, Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Lyttelton|Alfred Lyttelton]], Sir Edgar Vincent, Sir William Hart Dyke, and Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Grenfell|W. H. Grenfell]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; (1902, at least)
*[[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#25 March 1896, Wednesday|The Sala Memorial Fund]], member of the committee (from 25 March 1896)
* Member of an &quot;influential committee&quot; headed by the Lord Mayor &quot;to restore salmon to the Thames&quot; (June 1899)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Salmon in the Thames.&quot; ''Berks and Oxon Advertiser'' 30 June 1899, Friday: 5 [of 8], Col. 4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002298/18990630/079/0005. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Timeline ==

=== 1870s ===
'''1872 February 8''', Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo was assassinated while inspecting a &quot;convict settlement at Port Blair in the Andaman Islands ... by Sher Ali Afridi, a former Afghan soldier.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-12-01|title=Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo.&lt;/ref&gt; The Hon. Algernon's brother Dermot became the 7th Earl at 19 years old.

'''1876 November 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was one of 6 men (2 students, one of whom was Bourke; 2 doctors; a tutor and another man) from Cambridge who gave evidence as witnesses in an inquest about the death of a student falling off a horse.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Fatal Accident to a Sheffield Student at Cambridge.&quot; ''Sheffield Independent'' 25 November 1876, Saturday: 7 [of 12], Col. 5a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000181/18761125/040/0007. Print title: ''Sheffield and Rotherham Independent'', n. p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1879 December 27, Saturday – 29, Monday''', Algernon Bourke was in Kilrush as a Local Government Board Inspector:&lt;blockquote&gt;Among many distinguished visitors at the Vandeleur Arms Hotel, Kilrush this week was the Hon. Algernon Bourke Local Government Board Inspector who arrived on Saturday, and sojourned there until 2 o'clock on Monday, when the honourable gentleman left by Steamer tor Limerick.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Fashionable Intelligence.&quot; ''Kilrush Herald and Kilkee Gazette'' 01 January 1880, Thursday: 2 [of 5], Col. 3a [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003186/18800101/011/0002. Print title ''Kilrush Herald'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 1880s ===
'''4 February 1880, Wednesday''', Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880#Grand Ball at Palmerstown House Hosted by the Earl of Mayo|grand ball at Palmerstown House hosted by the Earl of Mayo]]. 

'''1880 March 30, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was working in the judicial system in Newcastle, County Limerick, possibly as Poorhouse Inspector:&lt;blockquote&gt;A sworn enquiry was held to-day at the Workhorse, Newcastle West, by the Hon Algernon Bourke, L.G.I., to enquire into charges preferred by Dr. Pierce, Medical Office, against Dr. O'Shaughnesay. The enquiry was adjourned till Thursday next. Mr Moran, sol., Rathkeale, was engaged for Dr. O'Shaughnessy.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Sworn Enquiry.&quot; &quot;Limerick County. Newcastle West Intelligence.&quot; ''Bassett's Chronicle'' 31 March 1880, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 3b–c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003471/18800331/044/0003.  Print title ''Bassett's Daily Chronicle'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1880 April 17, Saturday''', in-jokes dominate this report mentioning Algernon Bourke in the context of the Kildare and National Hunt races in Dublin:&lt;blockquote&gt;And in mopy Upper Mount-street, where young Algernon Bourke, of the Onety-oneth, had promised to call for, and afterwards spin down to the races in his mail phaeton, the Blake girls; and in fastidious Fitzwilliam-place, and exclusive &quot;Murryan-squeer,&quot; from which dashing army men, in their neatly-appointed, well horsed drags were to &quot;tool&quot; down sweet young Dublin lasses of the ''crême d la crême'' [sic], many an anxious forecasting of the weather was taken, lest by an unpropitious shower that last triumph of Mrs. Manning, or the Forrests, or Miss Sedford, or any of the ''grandes dames de la mode'' should be rendered as worthless as a Confederate &quot;greenback.&quot; But by ten o'clock all doubts were happily set aside, and up struck the lovely April day in all its spring-time glory and then the road, oh, the road!&lt;ref&gt;&quot;To Punchestown and Back by the Old Road.&quot; ''Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News'' 17 April 1880, Saturday: 6 [of 24], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001857/18800417/013/0006. Same print title, p. 102.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1881 May 10, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#1881 May 10, Tuesday|wedding of Marion Lascelles, eldest daughter of the Hon. Egremont W. Lascelles, brother of the Earl of Harewood, and Lieutenant Henry Dent Brocklehurst, of the Second Life Guards, nephew of Mr. Philip Brocklehurst, of Swithamley Park, Macclesfield]]. His gift was an &quot;old enamelled watch set in pearls.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Nuptial Rejoicings at Middlethorpe Manor. Marriage of Miss Lascelles and Lieut. Brocklehurst.&quot; ''Yorkshire Gazette'' 14 May 1881, Saturday: 9 [of 12], Cols. 3a–4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive''https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000266/18810514/057/0009. Print same title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1881 May 23, Monday, 2:00 p.m.''', Algernon Bourke is listed among the Honourables at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace|Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace]].

'''1881 July 14, Thursday afternoon, beginning about 2 p.m.''', Algernon Bourke was invited to a Garden Party at Marlborough House hosted by [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]]. Members of the family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] were also among the 1,500 or so invited guests.

'''1881 July 22, Friday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to an [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#22 July 1881, Friday|evening party at Marlborough House hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales]].

'''1881 September 17, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was reported among the company at Doncaster during race week.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;List of the Company.&quot; ''York Herald'' 17 September 1881, Saturday: 8 [of 16], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000499/18810917/183/0008. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1881 November 22, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was sued in Dublin by Henry Naylor because he &quot;had declined to pay&quot; for a £35 piano.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Henry Naylor v. the Hon. Algernon Bourke.&quot; &quot;Exchequer Division.&quot; &quot;High Court of Justice.&quot; ''Belfast Morning News'' 23 November 1881, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 8a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000428/18811123/015/0003. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1881 December 8, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke was part of a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#Battue at Palmerstown|battue at Palmerstown]], when the group bagged 172 pheasants, hares and rabbits.

'''1882 March 7, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882#7 March 1882, Tuesday|fashionable wedding of Reginald Chandos-Pole and Violet Denison]].

'''1882 March 15, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882#The Marchioness of Salisbury's Assembly|the Marchioness of Salisbury's first reception of the season]].

'''1882 July 13, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to the [[Social Victorians/1882-07-13 Marlborough House Garden Party|Garden Party at Marlborough House for Queen Victoria]] hosted by [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]]. The more than 1,000 people invited also included a number of people from the family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]].

'''1882 September 19''', Alexander M. Broadley in Tunis received a letter from Algernon Bourke asking him to provide legal counsel to defend prisoner-of war Arábi in Egypt, with Wilfred Scawen Blunt, which he did.&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot; /&gt; (2)

'''1882 September 28, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882#The Wedding of John M'Donald and Georgiana Lambart|wedding of John M'Donald and Georgiana Lambart]].

'''1883 March 21, Wednesday''', the Evening Irish Times announced that Algernon Bourke &quot;has arrived at Kingstown from England.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Fashion.&quot; ''Evening Irish Times'' 21 March 1883, Wednesday: 7 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003464/18830321/086/0007. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''23 July 1883, Monday, noon''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1883#Garden Party at Marlborough House, at Noon|garden party at Marlborough House]] hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales.

'''31 October 1883, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the wedding of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1883#Wedding of Lady Cecelia Hay and Captain George Webbe|Lady Cecelia Hay and Captain George Webbe]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 February 16, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#16 February 1884, Saturday|the funeral of Thomas Chenery, editor of the ''Times'']].&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 April 4, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was (may have been?) one of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#5 April 1884, Saturday|&quot;Supporters of the Pall&quot; at the funeral]] of [[Social Victorians/People/Leopold|Prince Leopold George Duncan Albert, Duke of Albany]] at St. George's, Windsor.&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 April 26, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#26 April 1884, Saturday|dinner party at the Lord Mayor's Mansion House for conservatives to meet Sir Stafford Northcote]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 May 3, Saturday''', the &quot;Rochester Conservatives&quot; announced that they would &quot;bring forward the Hon. Algernon Bourke, brother of Lord Mayo, as their second candidate,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Election Intelligence.&quot; ''Yorkshire Gazette'' 03 May 1884, Saturday: 4 [of 12], Col. 6a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000266/18840503/011/0004.&lt;/ref&gt; but because he would not be the first candidate, Bourke declined.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rochester.&quot; London ''Daily Chronicle'' 09 May 1884, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 8b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005049/18840509/049/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 June 18, Wednesday''', Mr. Algernon Bourke was on a committee to watch a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#18 June 1884, Wednesday|Mr. Bishop's &quot;thought-reading&quot; experiment]], which was based on a challenge by Henry Labourchere made the year before. This &quot;experiment&quot; took place before a fashionable audience.&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 July 25, Friday, afternoon''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#Garden Party at Marlborough House hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales|Garden Party at Marlborough House hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1885 January 22, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke's gift to [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#Wedding of George Buckle and Alicia Payn|George Buckle and Alicia Payn for their wedding]] was an antique cabinet.&lt;p&gt;

'''1885 July 7, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#7 July 1885, Tuesday|Eva Bourke's wedding to Windham Wyndham-Quin]] at St. Mary Abbots, Kensington.&lt;p&gt;

'''1885 July 13, Monday''', Algernon Bouurke was at Victoria Station as part of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#Arrival of Lord Wolseley in London from Egypt|crowd greeting Lord Wolseley on his return from Egypt]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1885 July 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/1885-07-24 Marlborough House Ball|ball at Marlborough House]] hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales.&lt;p&gt;

'''1885 September 26, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke took part in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#26 September 1885, Saturday|Ealing Conservative Club fete and meeting]] supporting Salisbury's government and condemning &quot;the dictates of one man&quot; — Gladstone — for Gordon's death.&lt;p&gt;

'''1885 October 3, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was named as the Conservative candidate for Clapham in the Battersea and Clapham borough after the Redistribution Bill determined the electoral districts for South London.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;South London Candidates.&quot; ''South London Press'' 03 October 1885, Saturday: 9 [of 16], Col. 5b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18851003/096/0009. Print p. 9.&lt;/ref&gt; On Sunday 15 November 1885 the London ''Weekly Dispatch'' supported Moulton, the Liberal candidate, who ultimately won the election:&lt;blockquote&gt;

Though a successful lawyer, Mr. Moulton is much more than that. He is a thorough and independent student of political science, who may be trusted to do good service to the Liberal cause with brain as well as with tongue. It will be matter for hearty congratulation if he defeats the Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke, who is a dashing and unscrupulous young Tory, and a nephew of the well-known politician with the same surname.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Political Campaign in London. VI. — The South-West Divisions.&quot; ''Weekly Dispatch'' (London) 15 November 1885, Sunday: 9 [of 16], Col. 3c [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003358/18851115/069/0009. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

On Saturday 21 November 1885 the ''South London Press'' reported on posters for Bourke's candidacy:&lt;blockquote&gt;

The Hon. Algernon Bourke, Conservative candidate for Clapham, has a very industrious billsticker, who pastes up his patron’s bills in every possible place where they can be seen to advantage. It is unfortunate, however, that choosing the flank wall of an auctioneer’s the modern &quot;Sam Slap&quot; has produced some curious combinations, such as — &quot;Vote for Bourke,&quot; &quot;Now on View;&quot; &quot;Electors of Clapham, Vote for Mr. Bourke, and&quot; &quot;Be Sold Without Reserve;&quot; &quot;Mr, Bourke will&quot; &quot;Advance Money to&quot; &quot;the Electors of Clapham;&quot; &quot;Great Conservative Meeting. The British Constitution will be&quot; &quot;Offered for Sale this Evening,&quot; &amp;c.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pick-up Notes.&quot; ''South London Press'' 21 November 1885, Saturday: 10 [of 16], Col. 1b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18851121/155/0010. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1885 November 3, Tuesday, 11:00 a.m.''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Mayo-Ponsonby Wedding 1885-11-03|wedding of his brother, Dermot, 7th  Earl of Mayo and Geraldine Ponsonby]]. He gave them 2 Sheraton secretaires.

'''1886 January 5, Tuesday, late''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Twelfth Night|Twelfth Night celebration at the Drury Lane theatre]].

'''1886 March 13, Saturday evening''', an Hon. Mr. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/1886-03-13 Reception at the French Embassy|reception at the French Embassy]], possibly Algernon Bourke or possibly [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|one of his brothers]].

'''1886 July 10, Saturday''', Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Garden Party at Marlborough House Given to the Queen|garden party at Marlborough House given to the Queen]]. Guendoline Sloane Stanley is not mentioned but Mr. and Mrs. Hans Sloane Stanley are, as are Mr. and Mrs. F. Sloane Stanley.&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 July 21, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to the [[Social Victorians/1886-07-21 Marlborough House Ball|Ball at Marlborough House]], as were a [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#The Sloane-Stanleys 2|Mr. and Mrs. F. Sloane-Stanley]], possibly the parents of Guendoline Sloane-Stanley (if the &quot;F&quot; is a mistake), who married Bourke on 15 December 1887. Guendoline is not mentioned as having been invited.&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 July 27, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended a service honoring a memorial at St. Paul's for his father, who had been assassinated.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Memorial to the Late Earl of Mayo.&quot; ''Northern Whig'' 28 July 1886, Wednesday: 6 [of 8], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000434/18860728/143/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 September 2, Thursday''', Mr. Algernon Bourke was part of a group of mostly aristocratic men taking part in [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Augustus Harris's A Run of Luck|a &quot;trial-rehearsal&quot; as part of Augustus Harris's production]] ''A Run of Luck'', about sports.&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 October 2, Saturday''', the Duke of Beaufort and the Hon. Algernon Bourke arrived in Yougal: &quot;His grace has taken a residence at Lismore for a few weeks, to enjoy some salmon fishing on the Blackwater before the close of the season.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Chippenham.&quot; ''Wilts and Gloucestershire Standard'' 02 October 1886, Saturday: 8 [of 8], Col. 6a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001955/18861002/142/0008. Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 October 11, Monday''', Algernon Bourke may have been taking part in a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Performance of Run of Luck|performance of ''Run of Luck'' at the Drury Lane]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 October 23, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Party at Wemyss Castle, Fife|staying at Wemyss Castle, Fife]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 December 30, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke was back in London and attending the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Augustus Harris's The Forty Thieves|&quot;Forty Thieves&quot; pantomime at the Drury Lane Theatre]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1887 January 5, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was one of the chief mourners at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Funeral of Lady Margaret Harriett Bourke|funeral of Lady Margaret Harriett Bourke]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1887 March 1, 2:00 p.m.''', Algernon Bourke is listed among the Messieurs attending the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace|Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1887 May''', a &quot;signalling incident&quot; in 1907 [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#May 1887|caused the Waterford ''Evening News'' to recall a similar event]] that had occurred 20 years earlier, in which Algernon Bourke, as special correspondent for the ''Times'', caused the incident to be publicized:&lt;blockquote&gt;During the manoeuvres in connection with the 1887 Jubilee of Queen Victoria a signal was observed going up from [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles [Beresford]]]'s ship. It was a message to his wife, Lady Beresford, to the effect that, as he should be late for dinner, she was not to wait. Beyond the hilarity this domestic signal evoked, nothing more would have been heard of it, but Mr. Algernon Bourke (Lord Mayo's brother) was acting as special correspondent for the &quot;Times,&quot; and that paper the next morning contained a full and humorous report of the incident. Then there was trouble.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Signalling Incident.&quot; ''Evening News'' (Waterford) 13 November 1907, Wednesday: 1 [of 4], Col. 6c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004557/19071113/021/0001.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1887 June 15, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians Foreign Office Reception 1887-06-15|reception at the Foreign Office in honor of Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee]].

'''1887 July 6, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to and, presumably, attended the State Ball at Buckingham Palace.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The State Ball at Buckingham Palace.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 08 July 1887, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 5a–6c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18870708/013/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 1c)

'''1887 August 6, Saturday''', the ''Brighton Gazette'' says that the &quot;Hon. Mrs and Mr Algernon Bourke&quot; were staying at the Royal Crescent Hotel in Brighton, but they didn't marry until 15 December 1887.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Royal Crescent Hotel.&quot; ''Brighton Gazette'' 6 August 1887, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 5c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000938/18870806/047/0003. Print title ''Brighton Gazette and Sussex Telegraph'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt; Perhaps an elder relative, because she is mentioned first?

'''1887 November 9, Wednesday''', the ''Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper'' announced that&lt;blockquote&gt;A marriage is arranged, and will take place early in January, between Mr. Algernon Bourke, third son of the late Earl of Mayo, and Miss Guendolen Sloane Stanley, only daughter of Mr. Hans Sloane Stanley, of Paultons.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Romsey, Nov. 9.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 9 November 1887, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18871109/034/0003. Print title ''Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Shortly after, the papers announced that the wedding would not take place.

'''1887 December 15, Thursday''', Hon. [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Wedding of Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Sloane Stanley|Algernon Bourke and Guendoline Stanley were married at St. Paul's]], Knightsbridge, by Bourke's uncle the Hon. and Rev. George Bourke. Only family members attended because of &quot;the recent death of a near relative of the bride.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court Circular.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 16 December 1887, Friday: 5 [of 8], Col. 7c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18871216/066/0005.&lt;/ref&gt; Who the &quot;near relative of the bride&quot; was not in her nuclear family, and perhaps that explains the cancellation of the wedding and then the changing of the wedding date and not some problem in the couple.

'''1888 – 1899 January 1''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was &quot;proprietor&quot; of [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#White's|White's Club, St. James's Street]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;&quot;The Hon. Algernon Bourke's Affairs.&quot; ''Eastern Morning News'' 19 October 1899, Thursday: 6 [of 8], Col. 7c [of7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001152/18991019/139/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1888 January 21, Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the wedding of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#Hamilton-Ewart Wedding|Florence Ewart and Henry Hamilton]].

'''1888 March 7, Wednesday''', assuming that this date is not a week after the actual date, [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lady Charles Beresford]] held a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#1888 March 7, Wednesday|notable and well-attended &quot;at home&quot;]] that Guendoline Bourke attended, reported for being dressed in white and being among the beautiful women present.

'''6 April 1888, Friday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#6 April 1888, Friday|New Forest United Hunt ball at the New Forest Hall, Lyndhurst]].

'''1888 May 2, Wednesday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#The Marchioness of Salisbury's Reception|Marchioness of Salisbury's reception]] at the Salisbury home on Arlington-street.

'''1888 May 22, Tuesday''', the Dowager Countess of Mayo presented Guendoline Bourke at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#Queen's Drawing Room|Queen's drawing-room]] hosted by the Princess of Wales. This is Guendoline Bourke's dress:&lt;blockquote&gt;Empire robe de cour of white satin duchesse, lined with rich pink silk, sufficiently bright to give a beautiful shell-like tint through the satin; tulle underdress, with upper skirt, embroidered with pearl, and caught up in Greek folds with large pink Tosca roses; white satin bodice, with Josephine pink sash tied at side, Headdress, veil and plumes; ornaments, diamonds.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Dresses at the Drawing-Room.&quot; ''Epsom Journal'' 22 May 1888, Tuesday: 3 [of 6], Col. 5b–c [of 6]. ''British Newspapers Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004837/18880522/034/0003. Print: title ''Local Journal'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Another description:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke's train was of white satin lined with pink, which showed through with charmingly shell-like effect. The dress, fashioned after those of the Empire period, was of white satin embroidered with pearls. A very broad sash of pink satin made the waist seem quaintly short, a trying thing to any but the young and tall, both of which qualifications Mrs. Bourke most happily possesses. She carried a lovely posy of La France roses.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Gossip on Dress.&quot; ''Boston Spa News'' 25 May 1888, Friday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1b–2b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003395/18880525/014/0002. Print title The News, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 1c)&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1888 June 8, Friday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#Dinner and Dance Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne at Hamilton House|dinner and dance Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne at Hamilton House]] featuring Prince and Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein, and for the ball, the King of Sweden and Norway and the Prince and Princess of Wales and their daughters were present.

'''1888 June 19, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke was one of the principal guests at the wedding of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#19 June 1888, Tuesday|Captain Philip Green and Miss Mabel Emilie Scott]].

'''1888 July 26''', [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Caroline Graham Stirling-Crawford]] (known as Mr. Manton for her horse-breeding and -racing operations) and Marcus Henry Milner married.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;&quot;Hon. Caroline Agnes Horsley-Beresford.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://thepeerage.com/p6863.htm#i68622|title=Person Page|website=thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the ''Nottingham Evening Post'' of 31 July 1888,&lt;blockquote&gt;LONDON GOSSIP.

(From the ''World''.)

The marriage of &quot;Mr. Manton&quot; was the surprise as well the sensation of last week. Although some wise people noticed a certain amount of youthful ardour in the attentions paid by Mr. Marcus Henry Milner to Caroline Duchess of Montrose at '''Mrs. Oppenheim's ball''', nobody was prepared for the sudden ''dénouement''; '''and it''' were not for the accidental and unseen presence [[Social Victorians/People/Mildmay|a well-known musical amateur]] who had received permission to practice on the organ, the ceremony performed at half-past nine on Thursday morning at St. Andrew's, Fulham, by the Rev. Mr. Propert, would possibly have remained a secret for some time to come. Although the evergreen Duchess attains this year the limit of age prescribed the Psalmist, the bridegroom was only born in 1864. Mr. &quot;Harry&quot; Milner (familiarly known in the City as &quot;Millions&quot;) was one of the zealous assistants of that well-known firm of stockbrokers, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys, and Mr. Algernon Bourke, the head of the house (who, of course, takes a fatherly interest in the match) went down to Fulham to give away the Duchess. The ceremony was followed by a ''partie carrée'' luncheon at the Bristol, and the honeymoon began with a visit to the Jockey Club box at Sandown. Mr. Milner and the Duchess of Montrose have now gone to Newmarket. The marriage causes a curious reshuffling of the cards of affinity. Mr. Milner is now the stepfather of the [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Duke of Montrose]], his senior by twelve years; he is also the father-in-law of [[Social Victorians/People/Lady Violet Greville|Lord Greville]], Mr. Murray of Polnaise, and [[Social Victorians/People/Breadalbane|Lord Breadalbane]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1888 December 1st week''', according to &quot;Society Gossip&quot; from the ''World'', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was suffering from malaria, presumably which he caught when he was in South Africa:&lt;blockquote&gt;I am sorry to hear that Mr. Algernon Bourke, who married Miss Sloane-Stanley a short time ago, has been very dangerously ill. Certain complications followed an attack of malarian fever, and last week his mother, the Dowager Lady Mayo, and his brother, Lord Mayo, were hastily summoned to Brighton. Since then a change for the better has taken place, and he is now out of danger.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip. What the ''World'' Says.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 08 December 1888, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18881208/037/0002. Print title: ''The Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper''; print p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1888 December 20, Thursday''', the Sloane-Stanley family, including Guendoline Bourke, attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#20 December 1888, Thursday|funeral of Hans Sloane Stanley]]. Algernon Bourke did not attend because he was still too ill.

'''1889 January 22, 2:30 p.m., Tuesday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke sent a gift for the [[Social Victorians/Cecil Lambton Wedding 1889 January 22|wedding of Lady Eleanor Lambton and Lord Robert]] Cecil, a pair of antique mirrors.

'''1889 May 18, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#18 May 1889, Saturday|opening of the Italian Opera season at Covent Garden]].

'''1889 May 27, Monday, 11 p.m.''', the dancing commenced at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#The Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace|the Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace]], with both the Hon. Algernon and the Hon. Guendoline Bourke present.

'''1889 June 8, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke contributed some art he owned to the collection of the Royal Institute of Painters in Water-Colours' [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#8 June 1889, Saturday|exhibition of &quot;the works of the 'English Humourists in Art.'&quot;]]

'''1889 July 2, Tuesday''', Guendoline and Algernon Bourke sat in the Muriettas' box at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#The Shah at a Covent Garden Opera Performance|gala performance at Covent Garden also attended by the Prince and Princess of Wales, a number of other royals and the Shah]].

'''1889 27 July, Saturday''', Guendoline and Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#Garden Party Hosted by Mr. and Mrs. Augustus Harris|garden party hosted by Mr. and Mrs. Augustus Harris]], which was attended by a people from the theatre and arts worlds.

'''1889 August 15''', Thursday, because of mourning on both sides, only the closest friends and family were invited to the [[Social Victorians/Pleydell-Bouverie Skelmersdale Wedding|wedding of Lady Wilma Pleydell-Bouverie and Lord Skelmersdale]], so she may not have attended, but the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave the bride a miniature silver kettle.&lt;p&gt;

'''1889 December 2, Monday''', Guendoline Bourk's mother, Emilie Sloane-Stanley, married James Shelly Bontein:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

BONTEIN—STANLEY — December 2, at St. George's, Hanover Square, London, by the Rev. G. S. de Sansmarez, James Shelly, only son of the late James Bontein, Gentleman Usher and Clerk of the Robes to the Queen, to Emilie Josephine, widow of Hans Sloane Stanley, of Paultons.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1889 December 17, Tuesday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke gave a gift to [[Dangan-Neville Wedding|Lady Violet Nevill for her wedding to Henry Wellesley, Viscount Dangan]] and so were probably in attendance.

=== 1890s ===
'''1890 January 9, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#The York Hunt Ball|fancy-dress Hunt Ball in York]]. She&lt;blockquote&gt;looked a picture in a Gainsborough gown. The white satin skirt was flounced with sable and veiled with ''chiffon'', the setuage of which was left to show without being hemmed up. There was a broad sash of rose-pink silk and each buttonhole was filled round with crimped lisse.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Our London Letter.&quot; ''Irish Society'' (Dublin) 11 January 1890, Saturday: 17 [of 24], Col. 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001939/18900111/042/0017. Same print title, p. 29.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1890 February''' '''12, Wednesday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Lady Constance Leslie's Reception|Lady Constance Leslie's reception]] at her house in Stratford-place.

'''1890 April 9, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#The New Forest United Hunt Ball|the New Forest United Hunt Ball]].

'''1890 June 3, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the 2:30 p.m. [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Münster-Hay Wedding|wedding of Count Alexander Münster and Lady Muriel Henrietta Constance Hay]]. She is also listed as having attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Dinner and Concert Hosted by Mrs. Arthur Williams and Ball by Mrs. Menzies|ball hosted by Mrs. J. Menzies (daughter of Mrs. Arthur Wilson)]] that Prince Eddie, the Duke of Clarence and Avondale, also attended, that night.  

'''1890 July 4, Friday, 11 p.m.''', the Hon. Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#The Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace|the Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace]]. The dancing commenced shortly after 11:00. 

'''1890 July 15, Tuesday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke were invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Garden Party at Marlborough House to Meet the Queen|garden party at Marlborough House to meet the Queen]]. 

'''1890 July 19, Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Wedding of James Francis Harry St. Clair-Erskine and Violet Aline Vyner|wedding of James Francis Harry St. Clair-Erskine and Violet Aline Vyner]], the two of them giving &quot;four small silver dessert dishes&quot; and Guendoline giving an &quot;enamel and diamond pin.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marriage of Lord Loughborough with Miss Vyner.&quot; ''Fife Free Press'' 26 July 1890, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1a–2b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001110/18900726/015/0002. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 2b)

'''1890 July 24, Thursday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Dinner and Dance Hosted by Lord Alington|dance hosted by Lord Alington]] attended also by the Prince and Princess of Wales and Princesses Victoria and Maud.

'''1890 September 6, Saturday''', the ''Country Gentleman'' (as it was called at the time) reported that &quot;Muckross, the only deer forest in Ireland, it may be said, has this year been rented by Mr. Algernon Bourke, who will next week be joined there for the stalking season by his brother, Lord Mayo.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Shooting. Moors, Forests, and Fishings.&quot; ''Sporting Gazette'' 06 September 1890, Saturday: 11 [of 38], Col. 1c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002525/18900906/065/0011. Print: ''Country Gentleman'', p. 1251.&lt;/ref&gt; On 11 October 1890 the ''St. James's Gazette'' says,&lt;blockquote&gt;The Earl of Durham has been staying at Muchross, county Kerry, on a visit to the Hon. A. Bourke, who has rented the celebrated shootings and fishings on that estate for the autumn.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Society.&quot; ''St James's Gazette'' 11 October 1890, Saturday: 12 [of 16], Col. 1b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001485/18901011/064/0012. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1890 October 25, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke gave a gold-mounted box to [[Social Victorians/Loder De Vere Beauclerk Wedding|Lady Louise De Vere Beauclerk on her wedding to Gerald Loder, M.P.]], so they were probably present at the wedding, or at least the reception. Mrs. Bontein [sic Bontine], Guendoline's mother, gave a silver box, suggesting the relationship was through the women.

'''1890 November 29, 11:30 Saturday morning''', Algernon Bourke's gift for the [[Social Victorians/Dudley-Beckwith Wedding 1890-11-29|wedding of the Hon. Francis Dudley and Miss Forbes Beckwith]] was some cases of a Bordeaux wine: &quot;three dozen Cantenac, 1875 vintage.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marriage of Lord Leigh's Heir. Descriptive Sketch of the Ceremony, and Full List of Guests and Presents.&quot; ''Leamington Spa Courier'' 6 December 1890, Saturday: 6 [of 10], Cols. 1a–4a. ''British Newspaper Archive''  https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000319/18901206/021/0006. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 3b}} Guendoline Bourke is not listed as having been invited to the reception, but this list from the ''Leamington Spa Courier'' has some gaps.

'''1890 December 4, Thursday''', Guendoline and Algernon Bourke attended the [[Mure-Portal Wedding 1890-12-04|wedding of Miss Mure and Mr. S. J. Portal]]. Their gift is not recorded.

'''1891 January''', Algernon Bourke took party in a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Shooting Party in Kallarnet, Totton|shooting party in Kallarnet, Totton]].

'''1891 June 24, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Dinner and Ball Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne|dinner and ball Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne]] featuring Princess Mary Adelaide, the Duke of Teck, and Princess Victoria.

'''1891 July 9, Thursday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were invited to a [[Social Victorians/1891-07-09 Garden Party|large Garden Party at Marlborough House]] hosted by the [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]] in honor of Queen Victoria and the German Emperor and Empress. The more than 3,000 people invited also included a number of people from the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|family of the Earl of Mayo]].

'''1891 July 22, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Dinner and Dance at Alington House|dance at the Earl and Countess Alington]]'s that also included the Prince and Princess of Wales.

'''1891 October 22, Thursday''', Hon. and Mrs. Bourke attended at least the reception of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Le Strange Astley Wedding|Le Strange—Astley Wedding]], although perhaps the couple is not the Algernon Bourkes.

'''1891 November 22, Sunday''', the London ''Weekly Dispatch'' reports a performance by American &quot;Lady Magnet&quot; Mrs. Abbott, who claimed to be able to lift anybody using only her magnetic properties. An enthusiastic &quot;committee of some fifteen gentlemen presented a written and signed testimonial&quot; supporting Mrs. Abbott, &quot;the Hon. Algernon Bourke, Professor Atkinson, Dr. Hides, and three other doctors who prefer to remain incog., being among the signatories. All the medical gentlemen concerned assured the ''Evening News and Post'' reporter of their complete and unconditional surrender. One of them went so far as to say that he had come with the full determination of disbelieving, but had been quite able to act up to his resolve.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Lady Magnet. Draws Crowds of People Who Divide in Opinion about Her.&quot; ''Weekly Dispatch'' (London) 22 November 1891, Sunday: 16 [of 16], Cols. 3a–4b [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003358/18911122/203/0016. Print: same title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1892''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke privately published his ''The History of White's'', the exclusive gentleman's club.

'''1892 January 27, Saturday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the very fashionable [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892#The Wedding of Lord Henry Cavendish Bentinck, M.P., and Lady Olivia Taylour|wedding of Lord Henry Cavendish Bentinck, M.P., and Lady Olivia Taylour]]. Their gift was not noted in the list.

'''1892 February''' '''10, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1892-02-10 Alington Leigh Wedding|very fashionable wedding of Henry, Lord Alington and Evelyn Henriette Leigh]] [[Social Victorians/1892-02-10 Alington Leigh Wedding|in St. Paul's, Knightsbridge]]

'''1892 April''' '''10, Wednesday, about 2:30 p.m.''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/1892-02-10 Alington Leigh Wedding|the very fashionable wedding between Henry Sturt, Lord Alington and Evelyn Leigh]]. Her gift was a &quot;tortoiseshell and gold heart-shaped tray.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;&quot;Lord Alington to Miss Leigh.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 20 February 1892, Saturday: 21 [of 46], Cols. 1a–3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18920220/092/0021. Same print title, p. 237.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 3a) 

'''1892 June 25, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird&quot; says &quot;That pretty Mrs. Algernon Bourke has been staying here, but returned to England in time for Ascot.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Little Bird, The. &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 25 June 1892, Saturday: 32 [of 60], Col. 3b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18920625/157/0032. Same print title, p. 860.&lt;/ref&gt; 

'''1892 December 13, Tuesday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' says Guendoline Bourke is lovely in its coverage of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892#Wedding of Miss Eleanor M. Ewart and Captain Guy Withington|Eleanor M. Ewart and Captain Guy Withington's wedding]]. 

'''1892 December 22, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892#22 December 1892, Thursday|monthly meeting of the Zoological Society in Hanover-square]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 February 11, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke opened Willis's Restaurant:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Algernon Bourke has in his time done many things, and has generally done them well. His recently published history of White's Club is now a standard work. White's Club itself was a few years ago in its agony when Mr. Bourke stepped in and gave it a renewed lease of life. Under Mr. Bourke's auspices &quot;Willis's Restaurant&quot; opened its doors to the public on Tuesday last in a portion of the premises formerly so well known as Willis's Rooms. This new venture is to rival the Amphitryon in the matter of cuisine and wines; but it is not, like the Amphitryon, a club, but open to the public generally. Besides the restaurant proper, there are several ''cabinets particuliers'', and these are decorated with the very best of taste, and contain some fine portraits of the Georges.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marmaduke.&quot; &quot;Letter from the Linkman.&quot; ''Truth'' 20 April 1893, Thursday: 25 [of 56], Col. 1a [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18930420/075/0025# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18930420/075/0025]. Print p. 855.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1893 February 7, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#1893 February 7, Tuesday|the reception after Lady Emily Cadogan's wedding]].

'''1893 February 20, Monday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke is listed as having attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace|Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace]] held by the Prince of Wales; because wives generally are not listed, it seems likely Guendoline Bourke attended as well.

'''1893 February 28, Tuesday, 3:00 p.m.''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Queens Drawing Room 1893-02-28|Queen's Drawing Room at Buckingham Palace]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 March 22, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#22 March 1893, Wednesday|Lady Wimborne's reception]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 April 1, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke published a letter to the editor of the ''Times'', reprinted in the ''Kildare Observer'', arguing against Gladstone's Home Rule bill on the grounds that Ireland would not be able to take out a loan on its own behalf because of its obligations to the U.K., including what was called its share of the national debt.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Irish Unionist Alliance.&quot; ''Kildare Observer and Eastern Counties Advertiser'' 01 April 1893, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001870/18930401/062/0006. Print: The ''Kildare Observer'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 May 13, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was seen at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#13 May 1893, Saturday|exhibitions of art and furniture for sale by Christie's and on display by Lord Clifden]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 July 13, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#The Countess of Listowel's Garden Party|Countess of Listowel's Garden Party]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#The Countess of Listowel's Garden Party|at her residence, Kingston House, Princes-gate]], accompanied by Miss Adeane.&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 July 14, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Sandown Races 1893-07-14|the races at Sandown]] wearing a dark-blue-and-white outfit and black hat that got described in the newspaper.&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 August 1, Tuesday – August 4, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke, at least, was at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#1 August 1893, Tuesday – 4 August 1893, Friday|the Goodwood races]], mentioned in the ''Gentlewoman'' for her beauty, although none of the dresses were noted.&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 November 4–11, Wednesday–Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke was at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#Ralph and Mary Sneyd Hosted a Shooting Party|shooting party at Keele Hall hosted by Ralph and Mary Sneyd]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 November 30, Thursday''', with Sir Walter Gilbey the Hon. Algernon Bourke &quot;assisted&quot; in &quot;forming [a] collection&quot; of engravings by George Morland that was exhibited at Messrs. J. and W. Vokins’s, Great Portland-street.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The George Morland Exhibition at Vokins's.&quot; ''Sporting Life'' 30 November 1893, Thursday: 4 [of 4], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000893/18931130/058/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 December 14, Thursday, afternoon''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1893-12-14 Wedding Adele Grant and George, 7th Earl of Essex|wedding of American Adele Grant and George, 7th Earl of Essex]] and gave a &quot;pearl and gold box.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;&quot;Wedding of the Earl of Essex.&quot; ''Herts Advertiser'' 16 December 1893, Saturday; 8 [of 8], Col. 1a–4b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000415/18931216/125/0008. Print title: ''The Herts Advertiser and St Albans Times'', p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 3c}} Mr. and Mrs. Shelley Bontein also attended, and Mrs. Bontein gave a &quot;green leather bag and purse, with coronet and monogram in gold.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;{{rp|3b}}&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 January 27, Saturday''', Psyche in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; in the ''Gentlewoman'' reported on a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#27 January 1894, Saturday|ball hosted by Lord and Lady Dunraven at Adare Manor]] that Guendoline Bourke attended.&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 January 31, Wednesday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke, who was dressed more stylishly than most, attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Also 31 January 1894, Wednesday|Kildare Hunt Ball]] hosted by Dermot, [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] and Geraldine, Countess of Mayo.&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 February 24, Saturday''', ''The Field'' reported on a series of tennis matches; Algernon Bourke attended the one played at the Prince's Club.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Tennis.&quot; ''Field'' 24 February 1894, Saturday: 39 [of 72], Col. 1c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002446/18940224/349/0039. Print title ''The Field, The Country Gentleman's Newspaper'', p. 249.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 March 31, Saturday''', Psyche, in the &quot;Social Peepshow&quot; column in the ''Gentlewoman'', says that &quot;Mr. Algernon Bourke has still further embellished Willis's restaurant hard by [the St. James's Theatre], by the addition of some valuable old tapestry that lately came to the hammer at Christie's.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 31 March 1894, Saturday: 16 [of 56], Col. 2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18940331/081/0016. Same print title, p. 408.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 April 13, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke set sail on the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#P. and O. Line S.S. Rome for Gibraltar|P. and O. Line ''S.S. Rome'' for Gibraltar]] along with her stepfather, Mr. Shelley Bontein, and her brother, Mr. Sloane Stanley.&lt;p&gt;

'''31 May 1894, Thursday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Reception at Devonshire House|Duchess of Devonshire's reception at Devonshire House]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 June 18, Monday''', the London ''Echo'' reported that Algernon Bourke was [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Brooks'|writing a history of Brooks' Club]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 June 20, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Princess Louise, Marchioness of Lorne Opened the Annual Sale of the Scottish Home Industries|Annual Sale of the Scottish Home Industries]]; her outfit was described in the article in ''Lady's Pictorial''.&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 August 2, Thursday''', the column &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird&quot; says, &quot;At Willis' [restaurant] — 'What a smart cotillon Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave on Thursday evening.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Bird, The Little. &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 04 August 1894, Saturday: 30 [of 56], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18940804/148/0030. Print title same, p. 144.&lt;/ref&gt; Willis's Restaurant, King-street, St. James's, was a restaurant Algernon Bourke opened in 1893.&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 September 7, Saturday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#7 September 1894, Saturday|shooting party at Witley]], which had been loaned to one of his brothers by William Ward, 2nd Earl of Dudley.&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 October 22, Thursday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Wedding of Lord Connemara and Mrs. Coleman|luncheon after the wedding of Lord Connemara and Mrs. Coleman]].

'''1894 November 3, Saturday''', Psyche, in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; for the Gentlewoman, reported that Guendoline Bourke had been [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#3 November 1894, Saturday|seen shopping in London]].

'''1895 January 5, Saturday, 2:00 p.m.''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke gave an old mother-of-pearl workbox to [[Wolverton-Ward Wedding 1895-01-05|Lady Edith Ward for her wedding to Frederick Glyn, Lord Wolverton]] and presumably attended the wedding and reception afterwards.&lt;p&gt;

'''1895 February 23, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#23 February 1895, Saturday|fashionable wedding of Laurence Currie and Edith Sibyl Mary Finch]]. Guendoline Bourke is not listed as having attended, but she is not noted as absent, either. Daphne Bourke was born on 5 April 1895, probably explaining Guendoline's absence.

'''1895 March 24, Sunday – 30 March, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#24, Sunday – 30 March 1895, Saturday|enjoying the sunny weather in Brighton]].

'''1895 April 27, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#1895 April 27, Saturday|wedding of Norah Bourke and Henry E. A. Lindsay]]. Again, Guendoline Bourke is not listed as having attended. Daphne Bourke was born on 5 April 1895, and Psyche, writing the &quot;Social Peepshow&quot; column in the Gentlewoman, says,&lt;blockquote&gt;

I regret to hear of the serious illness of Mrs. Algernon Bourke, whose first child was born a fortnight ago. It is feared that the attack is of the nature of typhoid, but happily the patient's strength keeps up. Mrs. Bourke is at her mother's house in Clarges-street.&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 27 April 1895, Saturday: 28 [of 84], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18950427/147/0028. Same print title, p. 506.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1895 July 13, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke donated 10s. to the ''Daily Telegraph'' National Shilling Testimonial to W. G. Grace.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;''Daily Telegraph'' National Shilling Testimonial to W. G. Grace.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London) 13 July 1895, Saturday: 7 [of 12], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/18950713/079/0007. Print: ''Daily Telegraph'', p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1895 August 24, Saturday''', &quot;Marmaduke&quot; in the ''Graphic'' says that Algernon Bourke &quot;opened a cyclists' club in Chelsea.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marmaduke.&quot; &quot;Court and Club.&quot; The ''Graphic'' 24 August 1895, Saturday: 11 [of 32], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9000057/18950824/017/0011. Print p. 223.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1895 October''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#24 October 1902, Friday|opened the Prince's ice-skating rink for the]] season.if the newspapers were right that 1902 was the 7th season. He also was planning a bicycling club for Kensington Gardens to open the following season.&lt;ref&gt;Mackenzie, Ethel Morell (Miss). &quot;Pins and Needles.&quot; ''Hull Daily News'' 12 October 1895, Saturday: 24 [of 40], Col. 1a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003443/18951012/024/0024. Print title: ''Hull News Supplement'', p. 1[6? 8?].&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1895 October 7, Monday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#Adeane-Cator Wedding|Maud Adeane–John Cator wedding]].

'''1895 December 11, Wednesday''', Guendoline and Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#Sneyd Party to Meet the Duke of Coburg|shooting party at the Sneyds' to meet the Duke of Coburg]].

'''1895 December 18, Wednesday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#Wedding of Lady Albreda Fitzwilliam and the Hon. Charles Bourke|wedding of Lady Albreda Fitzwilliam and the Hon. Charles Bourke]]. Their gift is not noted in the newspaper account.

'''1896 March 17, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#17 March 1896, Tuesday|annual dinner of the Cymmrodorion, or the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion]], a society for Welsh culture and history.

'''1896 April 21, Monday''', Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke sent a gift — a &quot;box for miniature&quot; — for [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Monday, 1896 April 27|the wedding of Lady Angela St. Clair Erskine and James Stewart Forbes]].

'''1896 May 21, Thursday''', the Hon. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Mrs. C. H. Wilson's Ball|Mrs. C. H. Wilson's ball in Grosvenor-square, London]].

'''1896 May 26, Tuesday,  through 28 May, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Coming of Age of Mr Sloane Stanley|3-day celebration in honor of the coming of age of her brother, Cyril Sloane Stanley]].

'''1896 June 15, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Dinner and Dance Hosted by the Countess of Huntingdon|dance hosted by the Earl and Countess of Huntingdon]] after their dinner party.

'''1896 July 13, Monday''', Algernon Bourke (listed among the &quot;Honourables&quot;) and Mrs. A. Bourke (Listed among the &quot;Honourable Ladies&quot;) were invited to the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Queen's Garden Party at Buckingham Palace|Queen's Garden Party at Buckingham Palace]].

'''1896 June 29, Monday''', the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Cadogan-Scott Wedding 1896-06-29|wedding and reception of Lady Sophie Cadogan and Sir Samuel Scott]]. Algernon Bourke published a letter to the editor of the ''Daily Telegraph'' about White's Club — and thus Bourke's — &quot;[[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Summer Club|Summer Club]]&quot; in Kensington Park, the subject of a little controversy.

'''1896 July 21, Tuesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Dinner Hosted by Sir Horace and Lady Farquhar|dinner hosted by Sir Horace and Lady Farquhar in Grosvenor-square]].

'''1896 August 5, Wednesday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#5 August 1896|wedding of the Hon. Terence Bourke and Miss Eveline Haines]] and gave the bride an &quot;enamel muff chain.&quot;&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 August 10, Monday''', the Morning Leader reported that the Hon. Algernon Bourke, for the Foreign Office, received Li Hung Chang at St. Paul's:&lt;blockquote&gt;At St. Paul's Li Hung was received by Field-Marshal Simmons, Colonel Lane, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, of the Foreign Office (who made the necessary arrangements for the visit) and Canon Newbolt, on behalf of the Dean and Chapter. A crowd greeted Li with a cheer as he drove up in Lord Lonsdale’s striking equipage, and his Excellency was carried up the steps in an invalid chair by two stalwart constables. He walked through the centre door with his suite, and was immediately conducted by Canon Newbolt to General Gordon’s tomb in the north aisle, where a detachment of boys from the Gordon Home received him as a guard of honor.

Li inspected the monument with marked interest, and drew the attention of his suite to the remarkable likeness to the dead hero. He laid a handsome wreath of royal purple asters, lilies, maidenhair fern, and laurel, tied with a broad band of purple silk, on the tomb.

The visit was not one of inspection of the building, but on passing the middle aisle the interpreter called the attention of His Excellency to the exquisite architecture and decoration of the chancel. Li shook hands in hearty English fashion with Canon Newbolt and the other gentlemen who had received him, and, assisted by his two sons, walked down the steps to his carriage. He returned with his suite to Carlton House-terrace by way of St. Paul’s Churchyard, Cannon-st., Queen Victoria-st., and the Embankment.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;At St. Paul's.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 10 August 1896, Monday: 7 [of 12], Col. 2b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18960810/134/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 August 19, Wednesday''', the ''Edinburgh Evening News'' reported on the catering that White's Club and Mr Algernon Bourke arranged for the visiting Li Hung Chang:&lt;blockquote&gt;It is probably not generally known (says the &quot;Chef&quot;) that Mr Algernon Bourke, manager of White's Club, London, has undertaken to the whole of the catering for our illustrious visitor front the Flowery Land. Li Hung Chang has five native cooks in his retinue, and the greatest good fellowship exists between them and their English ''confreres'', although considerable difficulty is experienced in conversation in understanding one another's meaning. There are between 40 and and 50 to cater for daily, besides a staff about 30; that Mr Lemaire finds his time fully occupied. The dishes for his Excellency are varied and miscellaneous, and from 14 to 20 courses are served at each meal. The bills of fare contain such items as bird's-nest soup, pigs' kidneys stewed in cream, boiled ducks and green ginger, sharks' fins, shrimps and prawns stewed with leeks and muscatel grapes, fat pork saute with peas and kidney beans. The meal usually winds with fruit and sponge cake, and freshly-picked green tea as liqueur.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Li Hung Chang's Diet.&quot; ''Edinburgh Evening News'' 19 August 1896, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 8b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000452/18960819/057/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 November 6, Friday''', both Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were on the committee for the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Skating Club|Prince's Club ice-skating rink]], which [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Opening of the Prince's Club Skating Rink|opened on this day]].

'''1896 November 22, week of''', Mrs. Algernon Bourke was part of a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Shooting Party at the Charles Wilsons' Warter Priory, Yorkshire|shooting party at the Charles Wilsons' Warter Priory, Yorkshire]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 November 25, Wednesday''', Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bouke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Lord and Lady Burton Hosted a Party for Derby Day|Lord and Lady Burton's party for Derby Day]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 December 4, Friday''', the Orleans Club at Brighton was robbed:&lt;blockquote&gt;The old building of the Orleans Club at Brighton, which opens its new club house at 33, Brunswick-terrace to-day, was the scene of a very ingenious burglary during the small hours of yesterday morning. The greater portion of the club property had already been removed to the new premises, but Mr Algernon Bourke, his private secretary, and some of the officials of the club, still occupied bed-rooms at the house in the King’s-road. The corner shop of the street front is occupied by Mr. Marx, a jeweller in a large way of business, and upon his manager arriving at nine o'clock he discovered that the place had been entered through hole in the ceiling, and a great part of a very valuable stock of jewelry extracted. An examination of the morning rooms of the club, which runs over Mr. Marx's establishment reveal a singularly neat  specimen of the burglar's art. A piece of the flooring about 15in square had been removed by a series of holes bored side by side with a centre-bit, at a spot where access to the lofty shop was rendered easy by a tall showcase which stood convemently near. A massive iron girder had been avoided by a quarter of an inch, and this circumstance and the general finish of the operation point to an artist in his profession, who had acquired an intimate knowledge of the premises. The club doors were all found locked yesterday morning, and the means of egress adopted by the thief are at present a mystery.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Burglary at Brighton.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London) 05 December 1896, Saturday: 5 [of 12], Col. 7a [of 7]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/18961205/090/0005. Print title: ''Daily Telegraph''; p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 December 10, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke was present to help staff a stall at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#10 December 1896, Thursday|Irish Industries Exhibition and Sale, Brighton]].

'''1896 December 31, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke hosted a New Year's Eve dance:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave a highly satisfactory and enjoyable dance on Thursday night, when the old year was danced out and the new one danced in. Most of the silver gilters at present in to len were to the fore.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Man about Town.&quot; ''Sporting Gazette'' 02 January 1897, Saturday: 7 [of 34], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002525/18970102/041/0007. Print title ''The County Gentleman'', p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 January 9, Saturday''', Psyche in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; says that Algernon Bourke's &quot;cheerful countenance was quite in keeping with the [Christmas] season,&quot; seen in London.&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 9 January 1897, Saturday: 22 [of 56], Col. 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970109/097/0022. Same print title, p. 40.&lt;/ref&gt; 

'''1897 January 13, Wednesday – 18, Monday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were guests of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Warwickshire Hunt Club Ball|house party associated with the Warwickshire Hunt Ball]] at [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Warwick Castle]].

'''1897 January 30, Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke was reported to have been out shopping in London: &quot;Another charming figure was that of Mrs. Algernon Bourke all in chinchilla, with something of pale blue in a smart toque.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 30 January 1897, Saturday: 20 [of 59]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970130/107/0020. Same print title, p. 134.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 May 31, Monday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke were present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#House Party at Warwick Castle|House Party at Warwick Castle]] hosted by the Earl and Countess of Warwick.

'''1897 June 2, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Reception at the Foreign Office|reception at the Foreign Office]].

'''1897 June 12, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' reported on Guendoline Bourke's dress and hat at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Duchess of Albany's Bazaar at the Imperial Institute|Duchess of Albany's Bazaar at the Imperial Institute]]. 

'''1897 June 19, Saturday''', Psyche in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; column in the ''Gentlewoman'' writes that Guendoline Bourke was seen driving in London, &quot;in blue, ... looking as usual very handsome.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 19 June 1897, Saturday: 28 [of 108], Col. 2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970619/159/0028. Same print title, p. 848.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 June 28, Monday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were invited to the [[Social Victorians/Diamond Jubilee Garden Party|Garden Party at Buckingham Palace]], the final official event of the London Diamond Jubilee celebrations. Members of the family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] were also among the 5,000–6,000 people invited.

'''1897 July 2, Friday''', the Hon. A. and Mrs. A. Bourke and Mr. and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] at Devonshire House.

'''1897 July 8, Thursday, 11:00 p.m.''', Hon. Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were present at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace|the Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace]]. The dancing commenced shortly after 11:00 p.m.

'''1897 July 11–16, week of''', a dog of Guendoline Bourke's won a prize at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Ladies' Kennel Association show in the Royal Botanic Gardens in Regent's Park|Ladies' Kennel Association show in the Royal Botanic Gardens in Regent's Park]]. 

'''1897 July 23, Friday''', both the Hon. Algernon Bourke and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Bourke-Curzon Cricket Match at the Queen's Club|Bourke-Curzon cricket match at the Queen's Club]], which Algernon Bourke's team lost. 

'''1897 July 23 — or July 30, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Lady Burton's party at Chesterfield House|Lady Burton's party at Chesterfield House]]. &lt;blockquote&gt;Far the prettiest women in the room were Lady Henry Bentinck (who looked perfectly lovely in pale yellow, with a Iong blue sash; and Mrs. Algernon Bourke, who was as smart as possible in pink, with pink and white ruchings on her sleeves and a tall pink feather in her hair.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lady Burton's Party at Chesterfield House.&quot; ''Belper &amp; Alfreton Chronicle'' 30 July 1897, Friday: 7 [of 8], Col. 1c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004151/18970730/162/0007. Print title: ''Belper and Alfreton Chronicle''; n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 August 2, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Warwick House Party for the Easton Lodge Cricket Week Games|Earl and Countess of Warwick's house party for Easton Lodge cricket week]].

'''1897 August 2, Monday''', Mrs. Algernon Bourke was listed as among [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Most Beautiful Women in England|the most beautiful women in England]] in an article from ''Vanity Fair'' that was reprinted elsewhere.

'''1897 September 25, Saturday''', according to the ''Pall Mall Gazette'',&lt;blockquote&gt;The [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Dowager-Countess of Mayo]] is staying with her son, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, at Bramnber, near Brighton.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pall Mall Gazette Office.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 25 September 1897, Saturday: 8 [of 10], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18970925/023/0008. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1897 October 2, Saturday''', &quot;Yenatrix&quot; in &quot;Kennel Column&quot; in the ''Gentlewoman'' reported that Guendoline Bourke had joined the Ladies' Kennel Association.&lt;ref&gt;Yenatrix. &quot;Kennel Column.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 02 October 1897, Saturday: 39 [of 61], Col. 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18971002/182/0039. Same print title, p. 434.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 October 9, Saturday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Harrogate|Harrogate, presumably taking the waters and baths]]. Lady May was on her way to visit Algernon Bourke in Brighton:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Earl of Mayo is expected to return from Sweden on Saturday next. Lady Mayo leaves Bournemouth on Sarurday for Brighton, where she will pay a two days' visit to her brother-in-law, the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]]. The Earl and Countess will then return to Palmerstown, their seat in County Kildare.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pall Mall Gazette Office.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 7 October 1897, Thursday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18971007/022/0008. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1897 October 30, Saturday''', ''Black and White'' published '''J.P.B.'''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s &quot;The Case of Mrs. Elliott,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;J.P.B. &quot;The Case of Mrs. Elliott.&quot; ''Black &amp; White'' 30 October 1897, Saturday: 12 [of 34], Cols. 1a–2b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004617/18971030/036/0012. Print title ''Black and White'', p. 542.&lt;/ref&gt; an odd short short story in which the Honourable Algernon Bourke Herriott is &quot;rude to Mrs. Elliott,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2b}} presumably having proposed sexual relations while her husband is out. J.P.B. links to the biographical Algernon Bourke's career in the stock market in the description of Mrs. Christine Elliott not even simulating interest in her husband's bicycling: &quot;a soul is a grievous burthen for a stockbroker's wife,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2a}} suggesting that Mr. Elliott rather than Algernon Bourke Herriott is the stockbroker. The Hon. Algy&lt;blockquote&gt;was a senior member of several junior clubs. A woman had dubbed him once &quot;a rip with a taste for verses.&quot; The description was severe, but not unwarranted. His was a pretty pagan sensualism, though, singing from a wine palate to Church music. For the rest, he had just imagination enough to despise mediocrity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2a}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 November 25–26, Thursday–Friday''', Guendoline Bourke was in Brighton, helping the Countess of Mayo at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Irish Industries' Association Annual Exhibition|bazaar of the Irish Industries' Association]].

'''1897 December 7, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#7 December 1897, Tuesday|7th annual dinner for the Actors' Benevolent Fund]].

'''1897 December 20, Monday, the week of''', Guendoline Bourke's Mousie was the smallest dog in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Ladies' Kennel Association's Dog Show|Ladies' Kennel Association show in Earl's Court]].

'''1897 December 30''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Blenheim Palace Party with Amateur Theatricals|party at Blenheim Palace in which people performed tableaux vivants]] that got reported on, many of whom wearing the costumes from the Duchess of Devonshire's ball. The ''Irish Independent'' said Algernon Bourke was &quot;mainly responsible for the living pictures.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr Algernon Bourke ....&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 05 January 1898, Wednesday: 6 [of 8], Col. 2c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001985/18980105/115/0006.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1898''', Algernon Bourke called a meeting at White's Club about attempting to [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Thames Salmon Experiment|restock the Thames with salmon]]. In 1899 he was on a [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#Committees|committee led by the Lord Mayor about this topic]] as well.

'''1898 February 3, Thursday''',  Algernon Bourke was among [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#The Dundee Evening Telegraph Report on People at Monte Carlo|those visiting Monte Carlo according to the Dundee ''Evening Telegraph'']].

'''1898 March 12, Saturday''', ''The World'' reported on Algernon Bourke's upgrading of the Orleans Club at Brighton:&lt;blockquote&gt;

The Orleans Club at Brighton is flourishing exceedingly, and the new buildings which Mr. Algernon Bourke has just had erected at the back of the comfortable mansion at the corner of Lansdowne-place now provide all that was wanting to make the present habitat of the club all that its members desire. The new billiard-room is rapidly approaching completion, and the coffee-room, excellent and spacious now, was open on Saturday night, when every table was occupied by club diners and their guests, all of whom were enthusiastic over the excellence of this latest addition to the comfort of the house. All interested may be congratulated on what is practically new lease of life to the Orleans Club, than which there is no more comfortable place stay within the four seas.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From '''The World''.'&quot; ''East &amp; South Devon Advertiser'' 12 March 1898, Saturday: 6 pop 8], Col. 2b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001639/18980312/132/0006. Print title ''The East and South Devon Advertiser'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1898 March 30, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke was charged with assaulting a Mr. Potter, but it is not clear from this account what exactly happened:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Hon. Algernon H. Bourke, of Bramber, was summoned, at the instance of Mr. Walter John Potter, clerk to Mr. G. A. Flowers, solicitor, of Steyning, for assault, on the 30th March. — Mr. J. Edward Dell supported the case, and Mr. J. C. Buckwell defended, and pleaded not guilty. — The evidence was to the effect that Mr. Potter had occasion go to defendant's house on Wednesday last to serve a writ. He was going to drop the letter into [Col. 5c–6a] defendant's pocket when he turned and struck him a violent blow on the chest, making witness stagger backwards. Witness put up his hands to keep his balance, and defendant then struck him violently across the head with a weeding spud. — Richard Reed, who was at work for Mr. Bourke on the date named, and was working in garden at the time of the alleged assault, gave corroborative evidence. — Defendant, in the witness box, made a similar statement. — The magistrates differed as to whether the assault was committed, and dismissed the case.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Steyning.&quot; ''Sussex Express'' 9 April 1898, Saturday: 2 [of 12], Col. 5c–6a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000654/18980409/036/0002. Print: ''The Sussex Express, Surrey Standard, Weald of the Kent Mail, Hants and County Advertiser'', p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1898 April 12, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was among [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#1898 April 12, Tuesday|those visiting Monte Carlo according to the ''Gentlewoman'']].

'''1898 May 25, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke wore pink to [[Social Victorians/1898-05-25 Savoy Dinner Dance Hwfa|Mrs. Hwfa Williams' dinner-dance at the Savoy]].

'''1898 June 7, Tuesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. A. Bourke were invited to and probably attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#7 June 1898, Tuesday|State Ball at Buckingham Palace hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales]].

'''1898 July 4, Thursday afternoon''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke were invited to and probably attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#Garden Party at Marlborough House|Garden Party at Marlborough House given to the Queen and Shah of Persia]].

'''1898 October 29, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#Tennis Championship Game at Prince's Club, Knightsbridge|tennis match at Prince's Club, Knightsbridge]].

'''1898 November''', Algernon Bourke received a letter from Lord Alfred Douglas and attempted to help Douglas and his father, the Marquis of Queensberry, to reconcile. Bourke met with the Marquis and sent a positive reply to Douglas the next day.&lt;ref name=&quot;:26&quot; /&gt; (568–569)

'''1898 November 22, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#Shooting Party Hosted by William James|shooting party hosted by Mr. William James]].

'''1898 December 3, Saturday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. A. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#The Funeral of Lady Connemara|funeral of Lady Connemara in Christ Church]], Down street, Piccadilly.&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 January 10, Tuesday''', the Brighton Championship Dog Show opened:&lt;blockquote&gt;Princess of Wales a Winner at the Ladies’ Kennel Club Show.

[Exclusive to &quot;The Leader.&quot;)

The Brighton Championship Dog Show opened in the Dome and Corn Exchange yesterday, and was very well patronised by visitors and exhibitors. Among the latter was H.R.H. the Princess of Wales, who did very well; and others included Princess Sophie Duleep Singh, Countess De Grey, Sir Edgar Boehm, the Hon Mrs. Algernon Bourke, Lady Cathcart, Lady Reid, Mr. Shirley (chairman of the Kennel Club), and the Rev. Hans Hamiiton (president of the Kennel Club).

The entry of bloodhounds is one of the best seen for some time; the Great Danes are another strong lot; deerhounds are a fine entry, all good dogs, and most of the best kennels represented; borzois are another very stylish lot. The bigger dogs are, as usual, in the Corn Exchange and the &quot;toy&quot; dogs in the Dome. To everyone's satsfaction the Princess of Wales carried off two first prizes with Alex in the borzois class.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Dogs at Brighton.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 11 January 1899, Wednesday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18990111/142/0008. Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 January 11, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#11 January 1899, Wednesday|a luncheon at Stanfield-hall, home of Mr. and Mrs. Basil Montogomery, for Princess Henry of Battenberg]], that also included the Countess of Dudley (sister of Mrs. Montgomery), General Oliphant, and the Mayor and Mayoress of Romsey.

'''1899 January 17–18, Tuesday and Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Ladies' Kennel Association in Brighton|Ladies' Kennel Association in Brighton]], where she showed an Italian greyhound named Brenda.

'''1899 February 7, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke was a member of the very high-ranking committee organizing the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Gordon Memorial College Ball|Gordon Memorial College Ball at the Hotel Cecil on 7 February 1899]]. The committee had been planning for the ball, of course, for at least 3 weeks before.

'''1899 February 22, Wednesday – April''', Guendoline Bourke was part of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Society in St. Moritz|Society in St. Moritz]]. 1899 March 29, Wednesday, the ''Dundee Advertiser'' says that [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#29 March 1899, Wednesday|Cyril Sloane-Stanley was spending part of the winter in St. Moritz]] with his sister Guendoline Bourke.

'''1899 April 7, Friday, probably''', oddly, Algernon and Guendoline Bourke are not reported to have attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Funeral of the Hon. Charles Bourke, C.B.|Funeral of the Hon. Charles Bourke, C.B.]] or even to have sent flowers.

'''1899 April 8, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' reported that Guendoline Bourke had gone to [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#8 April 1899, Saturday|St. Moritz with her brother, Mr. Stanley, who had gotten engaged to Lady Cairns]].

'''1899 April 26, Wednesday''', according to &quot;Local and District News&quot; for Totton, Guendoline Bourke was &quot;ill with influenza in Paris, and Mrs. Shelley Bontein, her mother, has gone out to nurse her.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Local and District News. Totton.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 26 April 1899, Wednesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 2b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18990426/037/0004. Print title ''Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1899 June 1, Thursday, or 2, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Wedding of Roger Cyril Sloane Stanley and Olivia, Countess Cairns|wedding of her brother, Sloane Stanley and Olivia Countess Cairns]] at Holy Trinity Church, Brompton.

'''1899 June 8, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke's money troubles:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Hon. Algernon Bourke, son of the Earl of Mayo, has been appearing before the official receivers in connection with a winding-up order made against Willis’ Restaurant, Limited. The companyf [sic] was formed to acquire the well known restaurant from the Hon. H. A. Bourke. The chairman reminded the creditors that on the last occasion the meeting was adjourned because Mr. Bourke said he thought he would be able in the course of a fortnight to obtain an offer for a sum sufficient to satisfy the creditors and debenture holders. He had received a letter from Mr. Bourke to the effect that he had been unable to complete arrangements. Having looked into the affairs of the company more closely, it appeared to him that Mr. Bourke was legally liable to repay the sum of £5,000 which was advanced to White's Club, and the question would arise whether Mr. Bourke was not also liable to repay the sum of £4,000.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr. Bourke Must Pay.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 8 June 1899, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 8c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001985/18990608/118/0004. Print title: ''The Irish Weekly Independent'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1899 July 1, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#1 July 1899, Saturday|meeting in London at the Duke of Westminster's Grosvenor House]] about preserving Killarney as part of the National Trust and seems to have been acting for someone who wanted to purchase the Muckross Estate.

'''1899 July 5, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Dinner and Dance at Devonshire House|dance at Devonshire House hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire]].

'''1899 July 6, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Joan Wilson and Guy Fairfax's Wedding|wedding of Joan Wilson and Guy Fairfax in St. Mark's, near Grosvenor Square]].

'''1899 July 14, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#14 July 1899, Friday|Ernest Beckett's dinner party]].

'''1899 July 18, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Ludovici Lecture on Impressionism|lecture on Impressionism by Ludovici hosted by the Countess of Mayo]].

'''1899 July 28, Friday''', [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#White's|White's Club]] was no longer under Algernon Bourke's management and was reconstituting itself after the possibility that it would have to close.

'''1889 July 31, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#Fete of the Uxbridge Habitation of the Primrose League|Fete of the Uxbridge Habitation of the Primrose League]] at Hillingdon Court and hosted by the Hon. Algernon and Lady Mary Mills.

'''1899 September 9, Saturday''', the ''Eastern Morning News'' includes Algernon Bourke (&quot;St. James's-street, London, club proprietor&quot;) in a list of men &quot;Receiving Orders,&quot; which it is reprinting from the ''London Gazette''.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Receiving Orders.&quot; ''Eastern Morning'' News 9 September 1899, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 3c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001152/18990909/074/0005. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 October 19, Thursday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke had a bankruptcy hearing:&lt;blockquote&gt;The public examination of the Hon. Algernon Bourke was held before Mr Registrar Giffard yesterday, at the London Bankruptcy Court. The debtor, described as proprietor of a St. James's-street club, furnished a statement of affairs showing unsecured debts £13,694 and debts fully secured £12,800, with assets which are estimated at £4,489 [?]. He stated, in reply to the Official Receiver, that he was formerly a member of the Stock Exchange, but had nothing to do with the firm of which he was a member during the last ten years. He severed his connection with the firm in May last, and believed he was indebted to them to the extent of £2,000 or £3,000. He repudiated a claim which they now made for £37,300. In 1889 he became proprietor of White's Club, St. James's-street, and carried it on until January 1st last, when he transferred it to a company called Recreations, Limited. One of the objects of the company was to raise money on debentures. The examination was formally adjourned.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 October 20, Friday''', the ''Morning Leader'' mentions Bourke's bankruptcy:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Algernon Bourke, whose bankruptcy is much talked about, has been connected with numerous enterprises in clubland. He raised White's from the slough into which it had sunk after the secession of the Prince of Wales. He started the Willis Restaurant, put fresh life into the Orleans Club at Brighton, arranged a big restaurant for the bicyclists in the time of the bicycle parade, and was concerned at first in the smart and short-lived Trafalgar Bicycle Club. At one time his name spelt success. Latterly his luck has left him. He is a brother of Lord Mayo, a son of the peer who was assassinated at the post of duty, and is one of the best known men about town of the day.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Club, Stage, and Salon.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 20 October 1899, Friday: 6 [of 12], Col. 5b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18991020/085/0006. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1899 November 8, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke's bankruptcy case came up again:&lt;blockquote&gt;At Bankruptcy Court, yesterday, the case the Hon. Algernon Bourke again came on for hearing before Mr. Registrar Giffard, and the examination was concluded. The debtor has at various times been proprietor of White’s Club, St. James’s-street, and the Orleans’ Club, Brighton, and also of Willis's Restaurant, King-street, St. James's. He attributed his failure to losses sustained by the conversion of White’s Club and the Orleans' Club into limited companies, to the payment of excessive Interest on borrowed money, and other causes. The liabilities amount to £26,590, of which £13,694 are stated to be unsecured, and assets £4,409.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Affairs of the Hon. A. Bourke.&quot; ''Globe'' 09 November 1899, Thursday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001652/18991109/020/0002. Print p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 December 23, Saturday''', &quot;Mr. Algernon Bourke has departed for a tour in Africa, being at present the guest of his brother in Tunis.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Society Pages.&quot; ''Walsall Advertiser'' 23 December 1899, Saturday: 7 [of 8], Col. 7b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001028/18991223/143/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1899 December 29, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke was at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Christmas Party Hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough|Christmas Party Hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 December 31''', the San Francisco newspaper ''The Wave'' wrote the following about London society:&lt;blockquote&gt;The most prominent untitled people in London may be said to be Mr. and Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Williams|Hwfa Williams]], Mr. and Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Grenfell|Willie Grenfell]] and Mr. Algy Bourke. That they are passing rich, goes without saying, and that they entertain lavishly, understood — for to be untitled, prominent and successful, argues wealth, hospitality and cleverness.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London.&quot; The (San Francisco) ''Wave'' 14 January 1899 (Vol. XIX, No. 2): 14. ''The Internet Archive'' https://archive.org/details/wave19unse/page/n20/mode/1up.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 1900s ===

'''1900 February 15, Thursday''', Daphne Bourke, the four-year-old daughter of the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke was a bridesmaid in the [[Social Victorians/Wilson Chesterfield Wedding 1900-02-15|wedding of Enid Wilson and the Earl of Chesterfield]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London Day by Day.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph'' 15 February 1900, Thursday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/19000215/175/0008. Name in British Newspaper Archive: ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London). Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt; Guendoline Bourke, &quot;who was in grey, wore a chinchilla toque with violets.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society. Entertainments, Balls, &amp;c.&quot; ''The Queen'' 24 February 1900, Saturday: 40 [of 76], Col. 1a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/19000224/235/0040. Print: ''The Queen, The Lady's Newspaper'', p. 308.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1900 March 10, Saturday''', the ''Weekly Irish Times'' reprinted society gossip from ''The World'':&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke, who has been staying with her husband's uncle, old Connemara, during Mr. Algernon Bourke's absence abroad, has taken a new house near Portman square, and will be settling there before Easter.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip.&quot; ''Weekly Irish Times'' 10 March 1900, Saturday: 17 [of 20], Col. 1b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001684/19000310/116/0017. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1900 July''' '''17, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke took part in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#17 July 1900, Tuesday|Children's Fete in support of the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children]] on the grounds of the Royal Botanic Society. Daphe was 5 at this time, so it seems logical that she would have been there, too.

'''1900 July 30, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Barber of Seville at Covent Garden|''The Barber of Seville'' at Covent Garden]].

'''1890 August 6, Friday''', &quot;[[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Beautiful Women|Beautiful Women]],&quot; an article in ''Vanity Fair'' that was reprinted elsewhere, mentions Guendoline Bourke (&quot;Lady Algernon Bourke&quot;) as one of the most beautiful women in England.

'''1900 August 11, Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke got&lt;blockquote&gt;the pretty little Yorkshire String, an especially tiny mite, weighing only 2&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;/&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;lb, and carrying a very promising coat, ... at the Aquarium Show.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Witchampton Kennel.&quot; &quot;Ladies Kennels.&quot; ''Ladies' Field'' 11 August 1900, Saturday: 16 [of 60], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0006043/19000811/043/0016. Print title same, p. 390.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1900 September 16''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke became the heir presumptive to the Earldom of Mayo when his older brother Captain Hon. Sir Maurice Archibald Bourke died.&lt;p&gt;

'''1900 October 06, Saturday''', the ''Weekly Irish Times'' says that Mr. Algernon Bourke, now heir presumptive to the earldom of Mayo, &quot;has been for some months lately staying with Mr. Terence Bourke in Morocco.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip.&quot; ''Weekly Irish Times'' 06 October 1900, Saturday: 14 [of 20], Col. 3b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001684/19001006/121/0014. Print p. 14.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 May 30, Thursday''', the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke attended the fashionable [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1901 May 30, Thursday|Ladies' Kennel Association Dog Show at the Botanic Garden]].

'''1901 July 2, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke — &quot;pretty Mrs. Algernon Bourke, in a mauve gown and and purple tulle toque&quot; — attended a children's party at the Botanic Gardens hosted by the Earl and Countess of Kilmorey.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Earl of Kilmorey, K.P.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 13 July 1901: Saturday, 50 [of 84], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010713/237/0050. Print: title the same, p. 60.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1901 July 4, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke — dressed &quot;in pale grey, with her pretty little girl,&quot; 6-year-old Daphne — attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Countess of Yarborough's Children's Party|children's party hosted by the Countess of Yarborough]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Countess of Yarborough ....&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 13 July 1901, Saturday: 76 [of 84], Col. 2b, 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010713/381/0076. Print p. xxxvi.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 3a}}

'''1901 July 4–6, Thursday–Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke helped staff the Perthshire stall&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Great County Sale.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 29 June 1901, Saturday: 43 [of 72], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010629/223/0043# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010629/223/0043]. Same print title, pp. 679.&lt;/ref&gt; at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Great County Sale|Great County Sale in the Imperial Gardens of the Earl's Court Exhibition]].

'''1901 July 20, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' published the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke's portrait (identified with &quot;Perthshire&quot;) in its 3rd series of &quot;The Great County Sale at Earl's Court. Portraits of Stallholders.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Great County Sale at Earl's Court. Portraits of Stallholders.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 20 July 1901, Saturday: 31 [of 60], Col. 4b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010720/141/0031. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt; Their daughter Daphne appears in the portrait as well.

'''1901 July 23, Tuesday''', an &quot;Hon. Mrs. Bourke&quot; was in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox|party &quot;entertained by Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox]].&quot;&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 September 12, Thursday''', Mrs. Guendoline Bourke wanted her name listed as Mrs. Algernon Bourke in the Electoral Register, apparently a frequent complaint:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Underhill, the Conservative agent, mentioned to the Revising Barrister (Mr. William F. Webster) that the name of the Hon. Mrs. Guendoline Bourke was on the list in respect of the house, 75, Gloucester-place. The lady had written to him to say that she was the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke and that she wished that name to appear on the register. In reply to the Revising Barrister, Mr. Underhill said that “Algernon” was the name of the lady’s husband.

Mr. Cooke, the rate-collector, said that Mrs. Bourke had asked to be addressed Mrs. Algernon Bourke, but that the Town Clerk thought the address was not a correct one. The lady signed her cheques Guendoline.”

Mr. Underhill said the agents frequently had indignant letters from ladies because they were not addressed by their husband’s Christian name.

The Revising Barrister — lf a lady gave me the name of Mrs. John Smith I should say I had not got the voter’s name. The name Guendoline must remain.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;&quot;Ladies’ Names.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 12 September 1901, Thursday: 7 [of 10], Col. 3a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/19010912/130/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1901 October 26, Friday''', Algernon Bourke was on the Men's Committee of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Club Ice-skating Rink|Prince's Club Ice-skating Rink]], which had [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Prince's Club Ice-skating Rink Opening|its official opening on his day]]. 

'''1902 January''', Algernon Bourke is mentioned in [[Social Victorians/Schools#&quot;More of My Contemporaries at School.&quot;|reminiscences of Eton written by the &quot;Earl of X&quot;]] as being among those in the &quot;world of letters,&quot; and whose brother, later the Earl of Mayo, the Earl of X did not like. 

'''1902 January 25, Saturday''', Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave a box to Lady Helen Stewart-Vane-Tempest in honor of [[Social Victorians/Stewart-Stavordale Wedding 1902-01-25|Lady Helen's wedding to Giles Fox-Strangways, Lord Stavordale]]. 

'''1902 April 26, Saturday''', Mrs. A. Bourke is listed as being at the Norfolk Hotel in Brighton.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Guide to Visitors at Hotels and Boarding Houses.&quot; ''Brighton Gazette'' 26 April 1902, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000938/19020426/116/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt; 

'''1902 May, End of''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#End of May 1902|party at Blenheim Palace hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough]]. 

'''1902 June 11, Monday''', the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke had a dog entered in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Ladies' Kennel Association Show|Ladies' Kennel Association competitions in the Botanic Gardens]]. 

'''1902 September 4, Thursday''', the ''Daily Express'' reported that &quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke is staying with Lord and Lady Alington at Scarborough.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Onlooker.&quot; &quot;My Social Diary.&quot; &quot;Where People Are.&quot; ''Daily Express'' 04 September 1902, Thursday: 5 [of 8], Col. 1b? [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004848/19020904/099/0005. Print p. 4, Col. 7b [of 7].&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1902 September 22, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke was a guest at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Earl and Countess of Mar and Kellie's House Party|large house party hosted by the Earl and Countess of Mar and Kellie]].

'''1902 October 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Annual Opening of the Prince's Ice-skating Rink|opened the Prince's ice-skating rink for the season]], which he had been doing since 1895.

'''1902 October 25, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was bequeathed £500 by his uncle [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Robert Bourke]], who had died 3 September 1902.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Will of Lord Connemara.&quot; ''Kildare Observer and Eastern Counties Advertiser'' 25 October 1902, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 4b–c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001870/19021025/037/0002. Print title the ''Kildare Observer'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 October 31, Friday''', the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Annual Opening of the Prince's Ice-skating Rink|7th opening of the Prince's Skating Club]]. Guendoline Bourke was on the Women's Committee and Algernon Bourke was on the Men's.&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 November 8, Friday, beginning, perhaps''', Guendoline Bourke was part of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#8 November 1902, Saturday|Earl and Countess of Warwick's shooting party at Easton Lodge]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 December 9, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#9 December 1902, Tuesday|Lady Eva Wyndham-Quin's &quot;at home,&quot; held at the Welch Industrial depot]] for the sale Welsh-made Christmas gifts and cards. Bourke wore &quot;a fur coat and a black picture hat.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Lady Correspondent.&quot; &quot;Society in London.&quot; ''South Wales Daily News'' 11 December 1902, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000919/19021211/082/0004. Print p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1903 February 6, Friday''', Hon. Mrs A. Bourke was present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Dinner Party Hosted by Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and the Countess of Dudley|dinner party Hosted by Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and the Countess of Dudley]]. &lt;p&gt;

'''1903 February 9, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke was present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Dinner Party Hosted by Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and the Countess of Dudley|house party at Dublin Castle hosted by the Lord Lieutenant and Countess of Dudley that began the Viceregal season]].

'''1903 March 17, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke staffed a booth at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1903 March 17, Tuesday|sale of the Irish Industries Association]] on St. Patrick's Day with [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Lady Mayo]], [[Social Victorians/People/Dudley|Georgina Lady Dudley]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Miss Beresford]]. A number of other aristocratic women were also present at the sale in other booths, including [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Lady Londonderry]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Lucan|Lady Lucan]].

'''1903 June 19, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke was invited to the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Grand Ball in the Waterloo Chamber at Windsor Castle|grand ball at Windsor Castle]], the end of the Ascot-week festivities.

'''1903 June 23, Tuesday''', Guendoline and Daphne Bourke were invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1903 June 23, Tuesday|children's party at Buckingham Palace for Prince Eddie's birthday]].

'''1903 July 10, Friday, or so''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Party Hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough|party hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough]].

'''1904 May 17, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke had agreed to let Daphne appear in the tableaux vivants arranged by Sir Philip Burne-Jones for the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Countess Cadogan's Great Bazaar|Countess of Cadogan's great bazaar]]. Some mothers had had to decline because of the outbreaks of measles and chicken pox.&lt;p&gt;

'''1904 June 30, Thursday''', Guendoline and Daphne Bourke attended another birthday party for Prince Eddie at Buckingham Palace, and the ''Gentlewoman'' says, &quot;No prettier little girl was to be seen that day than little Miss Daphne Bourke, the daughter of the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke, with her wonderful Irish eyes and colouring, her pretty white frock being relieved with a rose pink sash.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Prince Eddie's Birthday.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 02 July 1904, Saturday: 68 [of 92]. Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19040702/360/0068. Print: title the same, p. 42.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1904 September 15, Thursday''', according to what was at the time called the ''Irish Daily Independent and Nation'', Algernon Bourke was living in Venice and not in the UK at this point:&lt;blockquote&gt;Algernon Bourke, who usually lives in Venice, has spent some time in England during the present summer, and has now gone on a fishing expedition to Sweden, accompanied by his brother, Lord Mayo. Lady Mayo has been staying meanwhile in Ireland, and has had a visit from her mother, Lady Maria Ponsonby, who is a sister of Lend Obventry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;&quot;Society Notes.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 15 September 1904, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001986/19040915/131/0004. Print title: ''Irish Daily Independent and Nation'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1904 October 22, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' reported that &quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke is paying a visit to Venice, which Mr. Bourke has made his headquarters for several years past, as he is connected with some very artistic stone and marble works situated near the Grand Canal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 22 October 1904, Saturday: 24 [of 6ths 8], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19041022/112/0024. Print title same, p. 672.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1905 February 17, Friday''', the Dundee ''Evening Post'' reported that Algernon Bourke &quot;set up a shop in Venice for the sale of art treasures and old furniture.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social News.&quot; Dundee ''Evening Post'' 17 February 1905, Friday: 6 [of 6], Col. 7b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000582/19050217/105/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1905 April 26, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#New Forest United Hunt Ball|New Forest United Hunt Ball]], as did her brother Captain R. C. H. Sloane Stanley and his wife Olivia Countess Cairns.&lt;p&gt;

'''1905 June 5, Monday''', Algernon Bourke wrote to the ''Times'' from Venice that &quot;The Venetian wits have suggested a motto for Admiral Togo, Togo Tenga Tutto (Togo takes the lot).&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr. Algernon Bourke.&quot; ''Hull Daily Mail'' 08 June 1905, Thursday: 2 [of 6], Col. 6a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000324/19050608/008/0002. Print title ''Daily Mail'', p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1905, last week of July''', Guendoline Bourke and daughter Daphne Bourke — who was 10 years old — attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Last week of July, 1905|Lady Cadogan's children's party at Chelsea House]]. Daphne was &quot;One of loveliest little girls present.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Social News.&quot; ''Belfast News-Letter'' 01 August 1905, Tuesday: 7 [of 10], Col. 6b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000038/19050801/157/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1906 March 9, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke was a reference for Mr. Frances Burgess, who taught piano, singing, voice production, organ and music theory. Burgess was &quot;Organist and Choirmaster of St. Columbs', North Kensington, Director of the Plainsong and Medieval Music Society's Choir, etc., etc.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot;&gt;&quot;Mr. Francis Burgess.&quot; ''Kilburn Times'' 9 March 1906, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001813/19060309/086/0003. Print title: ''Kilburn Times Hampstead and North-western Press'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1906 December 10, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke was seen in the tea room, possibly with Lady Grosvenor, at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1906 December 10, Monday|Lady Dudley's sale of Irish needlework]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1907 May''', a &quot;naval signalling incident&quot; [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#May 1887|caused the Waterford ''Evening News'' to recall a similar event]] that had occurred 20 years earlier, in which Algernon Bourke, as special correspondent for the ''Times'', publicized [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles Beresford]]'s use of his ship's signalling capabilities to send a message to his wife about being late for dinner:&lt;blockquote&gt;

The naval signalling incident is still in the air. It is expected that the matter will not be threshed out until Emperor William leaves England. A story of a former signalling incident in which [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles Beresford]] was concerned is going the rounds at the moment.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1907 August 24, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was present at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Polo Week at Eaton Hall, Duke and Duchess of Westminster|Polo Week at Eaton Hall, hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Westminster]].

'''1908 July 30, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke was at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Glorious Goodwood. Cup Day and Dresses.|Cup Day at the Goodwood races]], wearing salmon-pink with a matching hat.

'''1909 April 20, Tuesday''', Lady Rosemary Cairns — daughter of Olivia Sloan-Stanley, Countess Cairns and Cyril Sloane-Stanley — and Wyndham Portal were [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#20 April 1909, Tuesday|married in St. Margaret's, Westminster]]. Lavender and Diane Sloane-Stanley were bridesmaids.&lt;p&gt;

'''1909 May 22, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke appears to have been living in Pisa. A columnist for the ''Queen'' reported on the Royal School of Art Needlework:&lt;blockquote&gt;Lady Leconfield [?] was there, also her sister-in-law, the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Dowager Lady Mayo]], only just back from her winter on the Continent, when she spent most of the time at Pisa, where her son Mr Algernon Bourke has also been staying. The latter is a great connoisseur as regards [art?] notably in what is really good in the way of old Italian sculpture and carving. He and his handsome wife have a place near to Putney, and this winter again Mr Bourke, as the result of his Italian travels, has been sending home such relics of the old Italian palace gardens as as stone and marble carved vases, garden seats, and what-not of the kind — not all for himself and his own gardens by any means, I fancy; but his friends, relying on his knowledge in such matters, get him when abroad to choose for [them?] the adornment of their English terraces and gardens.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;My Social Diary.&quot; The ''Queen'' 22 May 1909, Saturday: 31 [of 86], Col. 1b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/19090522/203/0031. Print p. 871.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1909 September''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was among the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Visitors in Venice from the U.K.|many visitors from &quot;England&quot; in Venice]] in September.

=== 1910s ===
'''1910 April 20, Wednesday''', the ''Tatler'' printed an &quot;open letter&quot; to Geraldine, Countess of Mayo, as part of its &quot;The Searchlight in Society&quot; series and mentioned Algernon Bourke, saying he had been keeping &quot;a curiosity shop at Venice&quot;:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Bourkes have brains, and a good example is afforded by Mr. Algernon Bourke, next brother to Lord Mayo and heir-presumptive to the title. He is a good-looking man who used to be known as Buttons Bourke, and he married well, as his wife was the rich and pretty Miss Guendolen Sloane Stanley. He may be described as a &quot;Jack of all trades,&quot; but it is not I who will say that he is a master of none. He was once in the Stock Exchange, then he took White's Club in hand and restored it to much of its former prestige. After that he dabbled in smart hotels and restaurants, and the last thing I heard of him was that he kept a curiosity shop at Venice.&lt;ref&gt;Candida. &quot;The Searchlight in Society. Our Open Letter. No. CII. The Countess of Mayo.&quot; The ''Tatler'' 20 April 1910, Wednesday: 18 [of 42], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001852/19100420/023/0018. Print title same, p. 72.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1911 November 21, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke assisted the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#21 November 1911, Tuesday|Duchess of Marlborough at her at-home]] that included a sale of work by the wives of prisoners.&lt;p&gt;

'''1912 September 27, Friday''', Guendoline and Daphne Bourke were visiting Mr. and Mrs. Shelley Bontein, her mother and stepfather.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From 'The World.'&quot; ''Berks and Oxon Advertiser'' 27 September 1912, Friday: 2 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002298/19120927/014/0002. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1913 April 23, Wednesday''', the Irish Independent reported that Guendoline and Daphne Bourke had arrived in London for the season:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke and Miss Bourke have arrived for the season at 75 Gloucester place, Portman square, London.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social and Personal.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 23 April 1913, Wednesday: 4 [of 10], Col. 5b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001715/19130423/081/0004. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1913 May 7, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke presented her daughter Daphne Bourke at court:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke presented her daughter, and wore blue and gold broché with a gold lace train.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social and Personal.&quot; London ''Daily Chronicle'' 08 May 1913, Thursday: 6 [of 12], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005049/19130508/120/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

The ''Pall Mall Gazette'' has a description of Daphne Bourke's dress, but what exactly &quot;chiffon [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hoops|paniers]]&quot; means in 1913 is not clear:&lt;blockquote&gt;Court dressmakers appear to have surpassed all previous records in their efforts to make the dresses for to-night’s Court as beautiful as possible. Noticeable among these is the dainty presentation gown to be worn by Miss Bourke, who will be presented by her mother, the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke. This has a skirt of soft white satin draped with chiffon [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hoops|paniers]] and a bodice veiled with chiffon and trimmed with diamanté and crystal embroidery. Miss Bourke’s train, gracefully hung from the shoulders, is of white satin lined with pale rose pink chiffon and embroidered with crystal and diamanté.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Fashion Day by Day. Lovely Gowns for To-night's Court.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 07 May 1913, Wednesday: 13 [of 18], Col. 1a [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/19130507/199/0013. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The ''London Evening Standard'' describes Guendoline and Daphne Bourke the same way except with differences in editing:&lt;blockquote&gt;Miss Bourke: Presented by her mother, the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke. Dainty presentation gown of white satin, the skirt draped with chiffon paniers, bodice veiled chiffon and trimmed with diamanté and crystal embroidery. Train gracefully hung from shoulder of white satin embroidered with crystal and diamanté, lined with pale rose pink chiffon.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Some of the Dresses.&quot; &quot;The King and Queen. Third Court. Most Brilliant of the Year.&quot; ''London Evening Standard'' 08 May 1913, Thursday: 11 [of 18], Col. 4b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/19130508/237/0011. Print title ''The Standard'', p. 11.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

According to the ''Lady's Pictorial'', Daphne Bourke's dress was designed and constructed by [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Messrs Russell and Allen|Messrs. Russell and Allen]], Old Bond-street, W., and the description is identical (except for a couple of commas).&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Their Majesties' Court.&quot; ''Lady's Pictorial'' 17 May 1913, Saturday: 35 [of 64], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005980/19130517/296/0035. Same print title, p. 787.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1914 May 11, Monday''', Guendoline and Daphne Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#Dance at the Ritz Hosted by Mrs. George Marjoribanks|dance at the Ritz hosted by Mrs. George Marjoribanks]].

'''1915 January 1, Friday''', Algernon Bourke is listed as being on the Executive Committee of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#1915 January 1, Friday|National Food Fund, publicized by the ''Conservative and Unionist Women's Franchise Review'']].

'''1916 August 25, Friday''', Daphne Bourke's and John Fortescue's engagement was announced:&lt;blockquote&gt;A most attractive prospective bride (says the &quot;Star&quot;) is Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke's only daughter, Miss Daphne Bourke, whose engagement has just taken place to Mr. Fortescue, of the Coldstream Guards. Miss Bourke is tall, dark, and very beautiful; and Mr. Fortescue is one of the family of Boconoc, Cornwall, and Dropmore, Maidenhead. At the latter place the two families have been neighbours, for Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke have a charming country residence at Taplow, while Dropmore is famous for its magnificent gardens.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Personalia.&quot; ''Uxbridge &amp; W. Drayton Gazette'' 25 August 1916, Friday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002285/19160825/043/0004. Print title ''The Advertiser'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''1917 June 7, Thursday''', Daphne Bourke and John Grenville Fortescue [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#7 June 1917, Thursday|married in the Coldstream Guards' chapel]].

== Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball ==
According to both the ''Morning Post'' and the ''Times'', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was among the Suite of Men in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#&quot;Oriental&quot; Procession|&quot;Oriental&quot; procession]] at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&quot;Fancy Dress Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; ''Morning Post'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 4a–8 Col. 2b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970703/054/0007.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;&quot;Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; The ''Times'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 12, Cols. 1a–4c ''The Times Digital Archive''. Web. 28 Nov. 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Based on the people they were dressed as, Guendoline Bourke was probably in this procession but it seems unlikely that Algernone Bourke was.

[[File:Guendoline-Irene-Emily-Bourke-ne-Sloane-Stanley-as-Salammb.jpg|thumb|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a standing woman richly dressed in an historical costume with a headdress and a very large fan|Hon. '''Guendoline''' Bourke as Salammbô. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]
=== Hon. Guendoline Bourke ===
[[File:Alfons Mucha - 1896 - Salammbô.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Highly stylized orange-and-yellow painting of a bare-chested woman with a man playing a harp at her feet|Alfons Mucha's 1896 ''Salammbô''.]]
Lafayette's portrait (right) of &quot;Guendoline Irene Emily Bourke (née Sloane-Stanley) as Salammbô&quot; in costume is photogravure #128 in the '''Album''' presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;&quot;Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball (1897): photogravures by Walker &amp; Boutall after various photographers.&quot; 1899. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait-list.php?set=515.&lt;/ref&gt; The printing on the portrait says, &quot;The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke as Salammbo.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;&quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke as Salammbo.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158491/Guendoline-Irene-Emily-Bourke-ne-Sloane-Stanley-as-Salammb.&lt;/ref&gt;

The Lafayette Archive has 2 additional poses from the same session on 5 July 1897 as the one chosen for the Album:

* Same image as the Album photograph but higher resolution than the one the National Portrait Gallery, London, gives permission to post (Neg. No. GP [L] [http://lafayette.org.uk/bou1369.html 1369]).
* Standing with fan behind head, includes close-up of skirt fabric and left hand (Neg. No. GP [L] [http://lafayette.org.uk/bou1368-444.html 1368-444]).
* Reclining on pillows and furs, includes close-up of face and headdress (Neg. No. GP [L] [http://lafayette.org.uk/bou1368-442.html 1368-442]).

==== Newspaper Accounts ====
The Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke was dressed as Salambo in the Oriental procession&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; in a costume made by [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Mrs. Mason|Mrs. Mason]], although Russell Harris says [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Mr. Charles Alias|Charles Alias]] was the &quot;Costume supplier.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://lafayette.org.uk/bou1369.html|title=Hon Mrs Algernon Bourke (1870-1967), née Guendoline Irene Emily Sloane-Stanley by Lafayette 1897|website=lafayette.org.uk|access-date=2025-07-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Besides the two that mention her — the ''Morning Post'' and the ''Times'' — only two describe her costume, the London ''Evening Standard'' and the ''Gentlewoman'':
* &quot;Mrs. A. Bourke, as an Egyptian Princess, with the Salambo coiffure, wore a flowing gown of white and silver gauze covered with embroidery of lotus flowers. The top of the gown was ornamented with old green satin embroidered with blue turquoise and gold, and studded with rubies. The train was of old green broché with sides of orange and gold embroidery, and from the ceinture depended long bullion fringe and an embroidered ibis.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“The Ball at Devonshire House. Magnificent Spectacle. Description of the Dresses.” London ''Evening Standard'' 3 July 1897 Saturday: 3 [of 12], Cols. 1a–5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/18970703/015/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 3, Col. 3b}}
* &quot;(Egyptian Princess), drapery gown of white and silver gauze, covered with embroidery of lotus flowers; the top of gown appliqué with old green satin embroidered blue turquoise and gold, studded rubies; train of old green broché.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 40, Col. 3a}}

==== Commentary on Her Costume ====

*The heavy headdress is likely attached to a wig and further stabilized by something under Bourke's chin and by the filet around her forehead. The flowers appear to have jewels at the center. What looks like a neck treatment is probably part of the structure holding the headpiece in place. The placement of the flowers is clearly a copy of the headdress worn by Rose Caron in the 1892 Paris production of the Reyer opera. Made by Eugène Lacoste, this textile, metal and pearl ''coiffe'' still exists (https://www.gazette-drouot.com/article/bijoux-d-opera/54941) and is held by the Bibliothèque Nationale de France.&lt;ref&gt;Merle, Sandrine. &quot;Les bijoux d’Opéra en pleine lumière au Palais Garnier.&quot; ''La Gazette Druout'' 4 July 2025 (No. 26). Retrieved July 2025

https://www.gazette-drouot.com/article/bijoux-d-opera/54941.&lt;/ref&gt; It seems to have been constructed from metal for the gold framework with the leaf design, beads attached to hanging metal frameworks (the blue-green beads look like they're covered with fabric or wrapped with thread) and flowers that may have been made from stiffened pinked fabric (likely organdy) whose color may have darkened in the century that has passed.
*Bourke's posture as she leans in the reclining odalisque pose shows she is wearing a corset.
*The translucent overskirt looks like an apron attached under the bust and hanging from the bodice.
*Russell Harris says the large fan looks more Egyptian rather than Carthaginian.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt; 
*The fullness of the skirt is very controlled.
*Her shoes are slippers decorated with real or artificial jewels.

==== Salammbô ====
Salammbô is the fictitious protagonist in Gustave Flaubert's 1862 novel ''Salammbô'', set during the Roman war against Carthage.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-04-29|title=Salammbô|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salammb%C3%B4&amp;oldid=1221352216|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salammb%C3%B4.&lt;/ref&gt; Salammbô is a Carthaginian priestess of the lunar goddess Tanit. Matho, a Roman mercenary, breaks into Tanit's temple and steals her sacred veil — the spiritual guardian of Carthage. Salammbô sneaks into the enemy encampment to steal the veil back. She meets Matho in his tent, and &quot;believing each other to be divine apparitions,&quot; they make love,&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; although it is also a defilement. Salammbô succceds in getting the veil back, but Matho is tortured and executed, which causes her to die of shock, the effect of both having touched the veil. The plot of the opera is not identical to that of the novel.

What Guendoline Bourke saw in Salammbo as representative of herself is difficult to know, unless the costume itself appealed to her. A production of Ernest Reyer's opera ''Salammbô'', based on Flaubert's novel and published in Paris in 1890, opened at the Paris Opéra on 16 May 1892,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-04-11|title=Ernest Reyer|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Reyer&amp;oldid=1218353215|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Reyer.&lt;/ref&gt; starring Madame Rose Caron, with Mademoiselle Lucienne Bréval performing when Caron was on vacation.&lt;ref&gt;Jullienn, Adolphe. &quot;Mademoiselle Lucienne Bréval de L'Académie Nationale de Musique [or de l'Opéra in the Table of Contents].&quot; ''Le Théatre'' April 1898 (No. 4). Google Books https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/_oxRAQAAMAAJ. Pp. 8–10.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|8, Col. 2c}} This production was widely reviewed and discussed in the papers in the UK, and its production design was notable, especially Caron's costumes, the sets and [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#Scale of the Production of Salammbo|the very scale of the production]]. Bourke or her costumier clearly saw the opera or images of the performers or its posters, certainly influencing the design of her costume.

* Rose Caron in her Salammbo costume is here: https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/rose-caron-french-soprano-in-costume-in-the-title-role-of-news-photo/1439485238.
* A headshot of Bréval in costume is here: https://books.google.com/books/content?id=_oxRAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=RA3-PP7&amp;img=1&amp;zoom=3&amp;hl=en&amp;bul=1&amp;sig=ACfU3U2Gv8Os_rEmx2gM9SakJkYLJ9hW7g&amp;ci=6%2C1%2C988%2C1371&amp;edge=0.)
* &quot;Salammbo's hair [was] powdered with a violet dust when she first appeared before the eyes of Matho.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Salome.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 27 February 1893, Monday: 3 [of 8]. Col. 2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18930227/010/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

Salammbo figured in paintings, sculptures and illustrations of editions of Flaubert's novel before Ernest Reyer's 1890 opera. Translations and illustrated editions of Flaubert's novel had come out steadily beginning in the 1880s. Alfons Mucha's 1896 lithograph of Salammbô (above left) was published the year before the ball. Salammbo is often depicted as nude and highly sexual or sexualized (kissing a huge snake, for example, that she holds aloft). Reyer's opera was first produced in 1890 in Brussels. Both Modest Mussorgsky and Sergei Rachmaninoff had attempted but not completed operas based on the novel as well.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; 


Guendoline Bourke's costume and her social life as reported in the newspapers do not suggest that she was a big risk-taker like, for example, the eccentric la Comtesse de Castiglione, who appeared at a ball in a Salammbo costume in 1886, 4 years after Flaubert's novel was first published. In 1889 the ''Edinburgh Evening News'' exaggerates her nudity and doesn't describe the rush in the ballroom to see her but does address the lingering memory:&lt;blockquote&gt;The late Countess Castiglione, whose death in Paris is recorded yesterday, made her first appearance at the Imperial Court in 1866, where her extraordinary beauty made a great impression on Napoleon III., and eventually led to the Empress Eugenie’s undertaking an unexpected and much-talked-of visit to Scotland. The Countess had a face and complexion which would have enchanted Rubens, and her lovely golden hair touched her feet. Even at the present day Paris has not forgotten her costume, or rather absence of costume as Salammbo, in which character she figured at a certain memorable ball at the Tuileries, wearing her hair, her jewels, and very little else. The Empress Eugenie, when she was presented to her thus lightly arrayed, declared that she must be cold, and insisted upon her there and then donning a mantle. Mme. de Castiglione was never again invited to an entertainment over which the Empress Eugenie presided.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Countess’ Queer Ball Costume.&quot; ''Edinburgh Evening News'' 2 December 1899, Saturday: 2 [of 6], Col. 7b [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000452/18991202/024/0002. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Given how widely this incident was discussed at the time of the death of la Comtesse in 1889, Guendoline Bourke might easily have known about it. But she was developing relationships with people like the Princess of Wales, and what Countess Castigiolone did does not sound at all like her. 

===== Scale of the Production of ''Salammbo'' =====

* &quot;In Reyer's opera of 'Salammbo,' lately produced at the Grand Opera in Paris, there were 1,400 persons on the stage in the last act.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Facts and Fancies.&quot; ''Louth and North Lincolnshire Advertiser'' 9 July 1892, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 6c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000313/18920709/038/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;the battle scene in [''Salammbo''] requires no less than 3000 square yards of 'decorative surface' [probably canvas]. This establishes a record, the next largest surface being that of the salles des fetes in 'Don Giovanni.'&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A French paper gives interesting details....&quot; ''Sevenoaks Chronicle and Kentish Advertiser'' 26 August 1892, Friday: 2 [of 8], Col. 3c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001067/18920826/032/0002. Same print title, n.p.

&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Influence of the Production of ''Salammbo'' =====
Rose Caron's productions were influential, including for the costumes she wore. The 1892 ''Lohengrin'' she starred in was the source of the costumes worn by [[Social Victorians/People/Stonor#Julia Caroline Stonor, Marquise of Hautpoul|Julia Stonor, Marquise of Hautpoul]] and her brother, [[Social Victorians/People/Stonor#Hon. Harry Stonor|Hon. Harry Stonor]].

Women's clothing was influenced by the costumes in the opera, particularly those worn by Rose Caron. One color of intense red was called Salammbo. A bonnet was named the Salammbô:&lt;blockquote&gt;About the smartest thing in bonnets for ordinary complimentary mourning is called the Salammbô, and is copied from a head-dress worn by a leading artiste at one of the Paris theatres. It is made of jet, and has a rose on each side of the front from the centres of which rise two black ospreys.&lt;ref&gt;Mantalini, Miss. &quot;The Shows in the London Shops. With Mems. about Millinery.&quot; ''Pall Mall Budget'' 29 December 1892, Thursday: 22 [of 40], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005967/18921229/092/0022. Same print title, p. 1928.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;In a long illustrated article describing the wedding of Princess Marie of Edinburgh, the ''Lady's Pictorial'' provides a sketch of &quot;a very pretty [hat] (No. 4) of brown mirror velvet trimmed with mink and a brown velvet bow in front '''with Salammbo''' '&lt;nowiki/&gt;''fantaisie''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'&quot; that is among the bride's millinery.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Marriage of H.R.H. Princess Marie of Edinburgh and H.R.H. Ferdinand Crown Prince of Roumania.&quot; ''Lady's Pictorial'' 14 January 1893, Saturday: 40 [of 76], Col. 3c [of 3]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005980/18930114/064/0040. Same print title, p. 56.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

Shoes appeared:&lt;blockquote&gt;At Mrs Merritt's, Savile-street, the stock is particularly attractive, there being so many new styles in shoes this season. One of the latest designs is the Salammbo Shoe, glace kid, with one strap, a jet buckle, and very low French heels. This shoe is especially designed for tender feet, as it is very light in weight.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;House and Home. Local Letter for Women Reader [sic], (By Our Lady Contributor).&quot; ''Hull Daily Mail'' 22 July 1897, Thursday: 5 [of 6], Col. 1b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000324/18970722/069/0005. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Patterns for making the Tunique Romaine and Corsage Salammbo were for sale just a few months after the opening:&lt;blockquote&gt;Some of the leading fashionable novelties described in ''Le Follet de Paris'' are almost ahead of the season, but they look so well that it will not be long before our provincial dressmakers have them. A revival and modification of the ancient tunic is one item which is transforming the modern gowns of tailor-built tweeds into long clinging draperies, of simple cut but ineffable grace. We have had the Russian blouse with us now for the last couple of months. Now the reign of Tunique Romaine and Corsage Salambo is upon us.

... [including the address to send off for the patterns]

A very successful novelty is the ''corsage'' “Salammbo.” In reality, it is more of a blouse and short tunic than a ''corsage'', as there is no attempt at shaping to the figure. In [sic] consists, indeed, of two straight pieces of material cut round on the shoulders, where the back and front are fastened together by clasps. There is no arm-hole, and the two pieces meet at the waist under the arm, and then hang open on to the skirt. There being no dart, the waist is as wide as the shoulders; the fullness is drawn to the centre under a ''ceinture Russe'', or of oxydised silver. The outlines are trimmed with ''galon'' or some similar garniture. The &quot;Salammbo” ''guimpe'' or ''corsage'' are made of flannel or ''mousseline de laine'' of bright colour, and are worn with fitting bodices or skirts of serge, or woollen of dark colour. They are very effective, and nothing can be easier to make, while their addition to a frock constitutes a separate costume.

The fitting bodices worn under the ''guimpes'' or ''robes'' &quot;Salammbo&quot; are very simply made; being round-waisted, they are without side pieces, and only require a seam under each arm; one in the centre of the back, and one or two darts in front, according to the figure. The skirt is mounted on a round waistband, and the ''ceinture'' worn over this gives the bodice and skirt the effect of a princess dress.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Womans Ceilidh.&quot; ''Oban Times and Argyllshire Advertiser'' 3 September 1892, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 6a–b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000462/18920903/078/0003. Print title: ''The Oban Times'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Stationery even before the opera opened in Paris:&lt;blockquote&gt;The last fad in fancy stationery is the carte Salammbo, a delightfully smooth surface for writing upon, the envelopes are very small, square, and of the wallet make; the paper folds over once to fit. The newest shades are rose pink, pale English blue, apple green, and the evergreen heliotrope.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Fashions of the Month.&quot; ''Nottinghamshire Guardian'' 27 February 1892, Saturday: 7 [of 8], Col. 2b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000176/18920227/059/0007. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:Algernon Henry Bourke Vanity Fair 20 January 1898.jpg|thumb|alt=Old colored drawing of an elegant elderly man dressed in a 19th-century tuxedo with a cloak, top hat and formal pointed shoes with bows, standing facing 1/4 to his right|''Algy'' — Algernon Henry Bourke — by &quot;Spy,&quot; ''Vanity Fair'' 20 January 1898]]

=== Hon. Algernon Bourke ===
[[File:Hon-Algernon-Henry-Bourke-as-Izaak-Walton.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a man richly dressed in an historical costume sitting in a fireplace that does not have a fire and holding a tankard|Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke as Izaak Walton. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]
'''Lafayette's portrait''' (left) of &quot;Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke as Izaak Walton&quot; in costume is photogravure #129 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; The printing on the portrait says, &quot;The Hon. Algernon Bourke as Izaak Walton.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hon. Algernon Bourke as Izaak Walton.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158492/Hon-Algernon-Henry-Bourke-as-Izaak-Walton.&lt;/ref&gt;

This portrait is amazing and unusual: Algernon Bourke is not using a photographer's set with theatrical flats and props, certainly not one used by anyone else at the ball itself. Isaak Walton (baptised 21 September 1593 – 15 December 1683) wrote ''The Compleat Angler''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2021-09-15|title=Izaak Walton|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Izaak_Walton&amp;oldid=1044447858|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izaak_Walton.&lt;/ref&gt; A cottage Walton lived in and willed to the people of Stafford was photographed in 1888, suggesting that its relationship to Walton was known in 1897, raising a question about whether Bourke could have used the fireplace in the cottage for his portrait. (This same cottage still exists, as the [https://www.staffordbc.gov.uk/izaak-waltons-cottage Isaak Walton Cottage] museum.)

A caricature portrait (right) of the Hon. Algernon Bourke, called &quot;Algy,&quot; by Leslie Ward (&quot;Spy&quot;) was published in the 20 January 1898 issue of ''Vanity Fair'' as Number 702 in its &quot;Men of the Day&quot; series,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-01-14|title=List of Vanity Fair (British magazine) caricatures (1895–1899)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)_caricatures_(1895%E2%80%931899)&amp;oldid=1195518024|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)_caricatures_(1895%E2%80%931899).&lt;/ref&gt; giving an indication of what he looked like out of costume.

=== Mr. and Mrs. Bourke ===
The ''Times'' made a distinction between the Hon. Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke and Mr. and Mrs. Bourke, including both in the article.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Occasionally this same article mentions the same people more than once in different contexts and parts of the article, so they may be the same couple. (See [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#Notes and Question|Notes and Question]] #2, below.)

== Demographics ==

=== The Bourkes ===
*Nationality: Anglo-Irish&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020-11-14|title=Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo&amp;oldid=988654078|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Occupation: journalist. 1895: restaurant, hotel and club owner and manager&lt;ref&gt;''Cheltenham Looker-On'', 23 March 1895. Via Ancestry but taken from the BNA.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Residences ====
*Ireland: 1873: Palmerston House, Straffan, Co. Kildare.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; Not Co. Mayo?
*1888–1891: 33 Cadogan Terrace, S.W., Kensington and Chelsea, a dwelling house&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970, Register of Voters, 1891.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1894: 181 Pavilion Road, Kensington and Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970. Register of Voters, 1894. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1900: 181 Pavilion Road, Kensington and Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970. Register of Voters, 1900. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1904: Algernon Bourke was &quot;usually liv[ing] in Venice&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;
*1906: 75, Gloucester-place, W.&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot; /&gt;
*Guendoline Bourke
*1911: 1911 Fulham, London&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
*20 Eaton Square, S.W. (in 1897)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pl0oAAAAYAAJ|title=Who's who|date=1897|publisher=A. &amp; C. Black|language=en}} 712, Col. 1b.&lt;/ref&gt; (London home of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]])

=== The Sloane-Stanleys ===

==== Residences ====

* 1871: Chester Street, St George Hanover Square (Census), with 5 servants, including a cook and a footman.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;The National Archives; Kew, London, England; ''1871 England Census''; Class: ''RG10''; Piece: ''104''; Folio: ''21''; Page: ''37''; GSU roll: ''838763''. Ancestry.com. ''1871 England Census'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1881–1885&lt;ref&gt;''UK, City and County Directories, 1600s-1900s''. Ancestry.com. ''UK, City and County Directories, 1766 - 1946'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; [at least]: 14 Halkin Street, W., St. Georges, 14 servants, including a governess, a house steward, an under butler, a footman and a cook.&lt;ref&gt;''Census Returns of England and Wales, 1881''. Kew, Surrey, England: The National Archives of the UK (TNA): Public Record Office (PRO), 1881. Class: ''RG11''; Piece: ''98''; Folio: ''66''; Page: ''37''; GSU roll: ''1341022''. Ancestry.com and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. ''1881 England Census'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1888: 49, Cadogan-square, St. Luke, Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Ancestry.com. ''London, England, Overseer Returns, 1863-1894'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1899, Roger Cyril Sloane-Stanley: 4 Down St., St George, Hanover Square&lt;ref&gt;London Metropolitan Archives; London, England; ''Electoral Registers''. Ancestry.com. ''London, England, Electoral Registers, 1832-1965'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1911, Roger Cyril Sloane-Stanley: Paultons, Ower, Romsey

== Family ==
*Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke (31 December 1854 – 7 April 1922)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p29657.htm#i296561|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Guendoline Irene Emily Sloane-Stanley Bourke (c. 1869 – 30 December 1967)&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&quot;Guendoline Irene Emily Stanley.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p51525.htm#i515247|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
#Daphne Marjory Bourke (5 April 1895 – 22 May 1962)

=== Relations ===
*Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke (the 3rd son of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|6th Earl of Mayo]]) was the older brother of Lady Florence Bourke.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
*Wilfred Blunt was a cousin of Algernon Bourke: Bourke's mother's &quot;mother was one of the Blunts of Crabbet Park, Sussex, which makes them kinswomen of Mr. Alfred Scawen Blunt, poet, Egyptophil and counsel for Arabi Pasha in his trial.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From ''Truth''.&quot; ''Mid-Lothian Journal'' 23 August 1912, Friday: 8 [of 8], 2c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002721/19120823/147/0008. Print title and p. same.&lt;/ref&gt;
*Lord Alfred Douglas was a cousin of Algernon Bourke.

==== Other Bourkes ====
*Hubert Edward Madden Bourke (after 1925, Bourke-Borrowes)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hubert Edward Madden Bourke-Borrowes.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p52401.htm#i524004|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2021-08-25}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p52401.htm#i524004.&lt;/ref&gt;
*Lady Eva Constance Aline Bourke, who married [[Social Victorians/People/Dunraven|Windham Henry Wyndham-Quin]] on 7 July 1885;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lady Eva Constance Aline Bourke.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p2575.htm#i25747|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-02}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p2575.htm#i25747.&lt;/ref&gt; he became 5th Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl on 14 June 1926.

=== The Sloane-Stanleys ===
* Emilie Josephine S Stanley ( 21 December 1848 [baptism]&lt;ref&gt;London Metropolitan Archives; &quot;London, England, UK&quot; ; ''London Church of England Parish Registers''; Reference Number: ''P87/Tri/001''. Ancestry.com. ''London, England, Church of England Births and Baptisms, 1813-1923'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;  – October 1945)
* Hans T Sloane Stanley (11 May 1840 [baptism]&lt;ref&gt;Ancestry.com. ''England, Select Births and Christenings, 1538-1975'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; – 15 December 1888&lt;ref&gt;Ancestry.com. ''UK and Ireland, Find a Grave® Index, 1300s-Current'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;)
* James Shell[e?]y Bontein ()
*# Gwendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt; Irene Emily G Stanley (c. 1870&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt; – )
*# '''Roger Cyril Hans Sloane Stanley''' (29 April 1875&lt;ref&gt;The National Archives; Kew, Surrey, England; ''WO 42 War Office: Officers' Birth Certificates, Wills and Personal Papers 1755-1908''; Reference: ''WO 42/72''. Ancestry.com. ''UK, Officers' Birth Certificates, Wills and Personal Papers, 1755-1908'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; – 18 November 1944&lt;ref&gt;''Find a Grave''. Find a Grave®. http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi. Ancestry.com. ''UK and Ireland, Find a Grave® Index, 1300s-Current'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;)


* Olivia Elizabeth Berens, Countess Cairns&lt;ref&gt;The National Archives of the UK (TNA); Kew, Surrey, England; ''Census Returns of England and Wales, 1911''. Ancestry.com. ''1911 England Census'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; (c. 1871 – 20 June 1951&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Olivia Elizabeth Berens.&quot; Person Page 3908; person #39077. ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as well as the Royal Families of Europe''. https://www.thepeerage.com/p3908.htm#i39077.

&lt;/ref&gt;)
* Arthur William Cairns, 2nd Earl Cairns (21 December 1861 – 14 January 1890)&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot;&gt;&quot;Arthur William Cairns, 2nd Earl Cairns.&quot; Person Page 3908; Person #39076. ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as well as the Royal Families of Europe''. https://www.thepeerage.com/p3908.htm#i39076.&lt;/ref&gt;
*# Lady Louise Rosemary Kathleen Virginia Cairns (10 March 1889 – 17 May 1962)&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot; /&gt;
* Roger Cyril Hans Sloane Stanley (1875 – 18 November 1944)
*# Lavender Elizabeth (20 May 1900 [baptism]&lt;ref&gt;Hampshire Archives and Local Studies; Winchester, England, UK; ''Anglican Parish Registers''; Reference: ''35M76/PR3''. Ancestry.com. ''Hampshire, England, Church of England Baptisms, 1813-1921''[database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; – )
*# Diane Sloane Stanley (c. 1905 – )


* Lavender Elizabeth (20 May 1900 [baptism] – )
* John Everett ()


* Diane Sloane Stanley (c. 1905 – )
* Elwyn Villiers Rhys ()

== Writings, Memoirs, Biographies, Papers ==

=== Writings ===
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon. ''The History of White's''. London: Algernon Bourke [privately published], 1892.
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon, ed., &quot;with a brief Memoir.&quot; ''Correspondence of Mr Joseph Jekyll with His Sister-in-Law, Lady Gertrude Sloane Stanley, 1818–1838''. John Murray, 1893.
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon, ed. ''Correspondence of Mr Joseph Jekyll''. John Murray, 1894.

=== Papers ===
* Where are the papers for the Earl of Mayo family? Are Algernon and Guendoline Bourke's papers with them?

== Notes and Questions ==
#The portrait of Algernon Bourke in costume as Isaac Walton is really an amazing portrait with a very interesting setting, far more specific than any of the other Lafayette portraits of these people in their costumes. Where was it shot? Lafayette is given credit, but it's not one of his usual backdrops. If this portrait was taken the night of the ball, then this fireplace was in Devonshire House; if not, then whose fireplace is it?
#The ''Times'' lists Hon. A. Bourke (at 325) and Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke (at 236) as members of a the &quot;Oriental&quot; procession, Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke (in the general list of attendees), and then a small distance down Mr. and Mrs. Bourke (now at 511 and 512, respectively). This last couple with no honorifics is also mentioned in the report in the London ''Evening Standard'', which means the Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke, so the ''Times'' may have repeated the Bourkes, who otherwise are not obviously anyone recognizable. If they are not the Hon. Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke, then they are unidentified. It seems likely that they are the same, however, as the newspapers were not perfectly consistent in naming people with their honorifics, even in a single story, especially a very long and detailed one in which people could be named more than once.
#Three slightly difficult-to-identify men were among the Suite of Men in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#&quot;Oriental&quot; Procession|&quot;Oriental&quot; procession]]: [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax|Gordon Wood]], [[Social Victorians/People/Portman|Arthur B. Portman]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Wilfred Wilson]]. The identification of Gordon Wood and Wilfred Wilson is high because of contemporary newspaper accounts. The Hon. Algernon Bourke, who was also in the Suite of Men, is not difficult to identify at all. Arthur Portman appears in a number of similar newspaper accounts, but none of them mentions his family of origin.
#[http://thepeerage.com The Peerage] has no other Algernon Bourkes.
#The Hon Algernon Bourke is #235 on the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball#List of People Who Attended|list of people who were present]]; the Hon. Guendoline Bourke is #236; a Mr. Bourke is #703; a Mrs. Bourke is #704.
#Hans Stanley-Sloane's estate was £33,704 7s. 5d. in the final probate in December 1889,&lt;ref&gt;Principal Probate Registry; London, England; ''Calendar of the Grants of Probate and Letters of Administration made in the Probate Registries of the High Court of Justice in England''. Ancestry.com. ''England &amp; Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1995'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; which might lead his widow to consider remarrying.
== Footnotes ==
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      <text bytes="175377" sha1="0dqkp823tihzbna81extmmg415ijahr" xml:space="preserve">Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were &quot;satirized&quot; by [[Social Victorians/People/Oscar Wilde|Oscar Wilde]] in his 1895 ''The Importance of Being Earnest''.&lt;ref&gt;Fahey, David M. ''The Politics of Drink in England, from Gladstone to Lloyd George''. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, 2022: p. 21, n. 34. ''Google Books'' (retrieved July 2025) https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Politics_of_Drink_in_England_from_Gl/8HRjEAAAQBAJ.&lt;/ref&gt; Algernon Bourke was a cousin of Lord Alfred Douglas, Wilde's Bosie, in 1898 attempting to facilitate a reconciliation between Bosie and his father, the Marquess of Queensberry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:26&quot;&gt;Ellmann, Richard. ''Osar Wilde''. Alfred A. Knopf, 1988.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|568}}[[File:Leslie Ward - Vanity Fair, Newspapermen, ^Algy^, The Hon Algernon Henry Bourke, Januray 20, 1898 - B1979.14.521 - Yale Center for British Art.jpg|thumb|Hon. Algernon Bourke, ''Vanity Fair'', 1898]]

==Also Known As==
* Family name: Bourke [pronounced ''burk'']&lt;ref name=&quot;:62&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-05-07|title=Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earl_of_Mayo&amp;oldid=1222668659|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Mayo.&lt;/ref&gt;
* The Hon. Algernon Bourke
** Button Bourke&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Tory 'Reformer' at the India Office.&quot; ''India'' 10 November 1911, Friday: 4 [of 12], Col. 1b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004300/19111110/007/0004#. Print: same title, p. 228.&lt;/ref&gt;
** Algy Bourke
* Mrs. Guendoline Bourke
** Guendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; [The National Portrait Gallery, London, uses this spelling for Lafayette's portrait of Bourke in costume for the ball,&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt; as does Russell Harris in the Lafayette Archive, held by the Victoria and Albert&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot;&gt;Harris, Russell. &quot;Hon Mrs Algernon Bourke, née Guendoline Irene Emily Sloane-Stanley (1870-1967), as Salammbô.&quot; ''In Calm Prose'' 2011. http://www.rvondeh.dircon.co.uk/incalmprose/.&lt;/ref&gt;.]
** Gwendolen&lt;ref&gt;General Register Office. ''England and Wales Civil Registration Indexes''. London, England: General Register Office. FreeBMD. ''England &amp; Wales, Civil Registration Marriage Index, 1837-1915''[database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Marriage Index}} &lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt;{{rp|''Morning Post'' article about her name}} &lt;ref&gt;General Register Office. ''England and Wales Civil Registration Indexes''. London, England: General Register Office. FreeBMD. ''England &amp; Wales, Civil Registration Marriage Index, 1837-1915''[database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Electoral Register}}
** Gwendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;City of Westminster Archives Centre; London, England; ''Westminster Church of England Parish Registers''; Reference: ''SPWP/PR/1/2''. Ancestry.com. ''Westminster, London, England, Church of England Births and Baptisms, 1813-1919'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Births and Baptisms}}
* Shelley Bontein and Emilie Sloane-Stanley Bontein
* See also the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|page for the Earl of Mayo]], the Hon. Algernon Bourke's father and then brother, and other Bourkes

== Overview ==

=== Algernon Bourke ===
Although the Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke was born in Dublin in 1854 and came from a family whose title is in the Peerage of Ireland,&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;1911 England Census.&lt;/ref&gt; he seems to have spent much of his adult life generally in England and especially in London. He was &quot;a noted fisherman.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London Correspondence.&quot; ''Freeman's Journal'' 21 December 1897, Tuesday: 5 [of 8], Col. 5c [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000056/18971221/027/0005. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

Because he was the son of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]], perhaps, or perhaps because he was so involved in projects that got reported on, he was mentioned a great deal in the newspapers, but after his bankruptcy, he seems to have receded in prominence, in part because he was living outside of the U.K., and apparently separately from his wife, Guendoline Bourke.

Bourke ran as the Conservative candidate for Parliament from Clapham (population, c. 70,000) in 1885, a race he did not win. As a candidate he is described like this:&lt;blockquote&gt;Acted as a newspaper correspondent during the Zulu war. Subsequently Poor-law inspector in the West of Ireland. &quot;A loyal supporter of Church and State.&quot; Desires to reduce the School Board expenditure, and revive trade; and is opposed to Mr. Chamberlain's &quot;police of hasty and experimental reform.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Clapham (70,000).&quot; ''South London Chronicle'' 17 October 1885, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000443/18851017/113/0005. Print title ''South London Chronicle and Southwark and Lambeth Ensign'', p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The London ''Weekly Dispatch'' says he is &quot;a dashing and unscrupulous young Tory.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Political Campaign in London.&quot; ''Weekly Dispatch'' (London) 15 November 1885, Sunday: 9 [of 16], Col. 3c [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003358/18851115/069/0009. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

&quot;Algy&quot; Bourke was &quot;Man of the Day&quot; (No. DCCII [522) for ''Vanity Fair'' in 1898, caricatured by Leslie Ward (above right) and damned, perhaps, with faint praise:&lt;blockquote&gt;Son of the great and murdered Lord Mayo, he is contemporary with the outbreak of the Crimean War, he is a Member of the London Stock Exchange, he has a beautiful wife and a daughter, and, being a very fashionable young man, he was once refused as their Member by the worthy electors of Clapham. He was an Eton boy, of course: and less naturally he went to Cambridge; where he was made President of the Beefsteak, the Amateur Dramatic, the Athenaeum, the True Blue, and the Hibernian Clubs. When he came down he tried journalism and went to Zululand as a ''Daily Telegraph'' ‘‘special”; after which he was improved into an Inspector of Workhouses [2, Col. 2c – 3, Col. 1a] in Ireland: which may account for his proficiency as a caterer. For seven years he worked under the late Mr. Chinnery on ''The Times'': being popularly supposed to look after that journal's morals. He is a good man of business, and a great organiser who has made White's Club pay even if it be less “smart&quot; than it was. He has done much for Willis’s since he took it in hand; he did well with his Battersea venture, and he thinks that he only failed with the Summer Club in Kensington Gardens because people would not go to the wrong side of the Park. Moreover, he runs a Club at Brighton, and he is Chairman of the Grand Hotel at Monte Carlo: whither he once organised a cheap trip. Altogether he is a veritable Clubman, and a very successful arranger of amusements, associations, and restaurants.

He is a popular fellow who is known to all of us; and though he is a little inclined to be quarrelsome, no one can get much the better of him. He is also a quick grasper of facts and a good talker. His favourite sports are fishing and the organising of associations for the introduction of salmon to the Thames. By way of being an art critic, he has made an interesting collection of engravings of the members of White’s Club from its foundation; but his friends say that he is not a well-dressed man. He has also written a history of White’s, and he is now writing one of Brooks's Club. He is a genial person, who looks as if the world agreed with him well.

He is an aquisition [sic] to a house party; and they call him “Algy.”&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Men of the Day.&quot; — No. DCCII [522]. The Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke.&quot; ''Vanity Fair'' 20 January 1898, Thursday: 2 [of 4], Col. 2c – 3, Col. 3a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9900020/18980120/010/0002 and https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/9900020/18980120/005/0003. Same print title, pp. 41–42. Portrait is full page, on p. 1.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The Hon. Algernon Bourke and Mr. Algernon Bourke, depending on the newspaper article, were the same person. Calling him Mr. Bourke in the newspapers, especially when considered as a businessman or (potential) member of Parliament, does not rule out the son of an earl, who would normally be accorded the honorific of ''Honorable''.

=== Guendoline Sloane-Stanley Bourke ===

Mrs. Guendoline Bourke exhibited at dog shows successfully and was a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Society Sportswomen|noted deerstalker]] and &quot;an appreciative listener to good music.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Vanity Fair.&quot; ''Lady of the House'' 15 June 1899, Thursday: 4 [of 44], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004836/18990615/019/0004.&lt;/ref&gt; She was a sponsor of Irish art needlework as well. Her personal beauty is often mentioned in reports, and ''The World'' says she was &quot;a magnificent woman.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Beauties of To-Day. From the ''World''.&quot; ''Clifton Society'' 24 June 1897, Thursday: 14 [of 16], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002164/18970624/066/0014. Same print and p.&lt;/ref&gt; She is the first listed in the ''Graphic''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s 1891 &quot;Leading Ladies of Society&quot;:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke is a daughter (Gwendoline Irene Emily) of the late Hans Sloane Stanley, Esq., of Poultons, Southampton, and 49, Cadogan Square, S.W. She married, on December 15th, 1887, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, third son of the sixth Earl of Mayo, Governor-General of India (who was assassinated in 1872), and nephew of Lord Connemara, Governor of Madras. Mr. Bourke is a member of the London Stock Exchange, and resides at 33, Cadogan Terrace, S.W.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Leading Ladies of Society.&quot; The Graphic 28 March 1891, Saturday: 6 [of 28], Col. 2c [of 3]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9000057/18910328/019/0006. Print: same title, p. 346.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;She attended many social events without her husband, especially into the 20th century, usually described with an appreciation of what she wore. Unlike her husband's, Guendoline's social status seems to have risen as time passed, and she appears in stories associated with the Princess of Wales, and then later with Queen Alexandra.

=== The Sloane-Stanley Family ===
Guendoline's family consisted of a younger brother, Cyril Sloane-Stanley, as well as her parents, Hans Sloane-Stanley and Emilie Edwards Sloane-Stanley. Exactly one year after she and Algernon Bourke married, Hans Sloane-Stanley died (in 1888), leaving an estate worth £33,704 7s. 5d.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;&gt;Principal Probate Registry; London, England; ''Calendar of the Grants of Probate and Letters of Administration made in the Probate Registries of the High Court of Justice in England''. Ancestry.com. ''England &amp; Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1995'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; (1888, 321) Her mother remarried almost exactly a year after that, to James Shelly Bontein. Bontein's father had been Gentleman Usher and Clerk of the Robes to Queen Victoria.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot;&gt;&quot;Marriages.&quot; &quot;Births, Marriages, and Deaths.&quot; ''Belfast News-Letter'' 6 December 1889, Friday: 1 [of 8], Col. 1a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000038/18891206/001/0001. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

Shortly after his death ''Truth'' described Guendoline and Cyril's father Hans Sloane-Stanley:&lt;blockquote&gt;The death of Mr. Sloane Stanley, of Paultons Park, is much regretted in South Hants, as he was one of the most popular landlords in the county, and was greatly esteemed. Mr. Sloane Stanley was well known in yachting circles, and for many years he was Commodore of the Royal Southern Yacht Club, and owned the schooner ''Star of the West''. He was one of the very few owners who continued to keep up the old custom of giving his crew a laying-up supper at the close of each season. There were great festivities at Paultons only a few months ago, when Miss Sloane Stanley was married to Mr. Algernon Bourke.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Entre Nous.&quot; ''Truth'' 27 December 1888, Thursday: 6 [of 48], Col. 2b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18881227/023/0006# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18881227/023/0006]. Same print title, p. 1136.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;When he died in 1944, Cyril Sloane-Stanley's estate was quite a bit larger than his father's had been 50 years before. The probate was divided between what was limited to &quot;settled land&quot; and what was &quot;save and except settled land.&quot; What was not settled land totalled £356,114 12s. 10d. and went to John Everett, company director; the Hon. Elwyn Villiers Rhys, captain, H.M. army; and William Adam de Geijer, retired captain, H.M. army.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt; (1944, 430) His daughter Lavender was married to John Everett, and Diane was married to Elwyn Villiers Rhys. What was settled land totalled £168,975 and went to William Adam de Geijer, retired captain, H.M. army, and George Lawrence Stewart, solicitor.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt; (1944, 430)

The Sloane-Stanleys descend from Hans Sloane (1660–1753), whose 71,000-item collections &quot;provid[ed] the foundation of the British Museum, the British Library, and the Natural History Museum, London.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2025-01-07|title=Hans Sloane|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane|journal=Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane|language=en|via=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Much of this Hans Sloane's wealth came from his medical practice in Jamaica, where he went as physician to the Governor General of Jamaica, the 2nd Duke of Albemarle, and where he married &quot;a wealthy heiress of sugar plantations&quot; worked by enslaved Jamaicans.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot; /&gt; His great-nephew, Hans Sloane, inherited Paultons, near Romsey, &quot;and in recognition of this he adopted the additional surname of Stanley in 1821.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-10-06|title=Hans Sloane (MP)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane_(MP)|journal=Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane_(MP)|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Acquaintances, Friends and Enemies ==

=== Algernon Bourke ===

* Best man at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Wedding of Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Sloane Stanley|his wedding]]: the Hon. Michael Sandys
* [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Marcus Henry Milner]], &quot;one of the zealous assistants of that well-known firm of stockbrokers, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;&quot;Metropolitan Notes.&quot; ''Nottingham Evening Post'' 31 July 1888, Tuesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 2a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/18880731/025/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Caroline, Duchess of Montrose — her &quot;legal advisor&quot; on the day of her marriage to Marcus Henry Milner&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Metropolitan Notes.&quot; ''Nottingham Evening Post'' 31 July 1888, Tuesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 1b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/18880731/025/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Wilfred Scawen Blunt
* Alexander Meyrick Broadley&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot;&gt;Broadley, Alexander Meyrick. ''How We Defended Arábi and His Friends, a Story of Egypt and the Egyptians''. London: Chapman and Hall, 1884. Google Books: [https://www.google.com/books/edition/How_We_Defended_Ar%C3%A1bi_and_His_Friends/75YRzFDvaO4C?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;bsq=Bourke https://www.google.com/books/edition/How_We_Defended_Ar%C3%A1bi_and_His_Friends/75YRzFDvaO4C].&lt;/ref&gt; (2) [Blunt, Broadley and Bourke were mutual friends; Blunt and Bourke were cousins.]
* &quot;Natty Rothschild,&quot; according to Blunt
* Brett, who was Hartington's secretary in the early 80s.&lt;ref&gt;Blunt, Wilfred Scawen. ''Gordon at Khartoum, Being a Personal Narrative of Events in Continuation of &quot;A Secret History of the English Occupation of Egypt''.&quot; London: Stephen Swift, 1911.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Guendoline Bourke ===

* Bridesmaids at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Wedding of Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Sloane Stanley|her wedding]]: Lady Florence Bourke, Miss Nora Bourke, Miss Edwards, and Miss Ewart
* Lord and Lady Alington, Belvedere House, Scarborough
* [[Social Victorians/People/William James|Evelyn James]] 

== Organizations ==

=== Guendoline Bourke ===

* Member, the Ladies Committee for the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Skating Club|Prince's Skating Club]], which also included [[Social Victorians/People/Princess Louise|Princess Louise]] (Duchess of Argyll), the [[Social Victorians/People/Portland|Duchess of Portland]], [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Lady Londonderry]], [[Social Victorians/People/Campbell|Lady Archibald Campbell]], [[Social Victorians/People/Ribblesdale|Lady Ribblesdale]], and [[Social Victorians/People/Asquith|Mrs. Asquith]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;&quot;What the 'World' Says.&quot; ''Northwich Guardian'' 01 November 1902, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Col. 8a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001975/19021101/134/0006. Print title: The ''Guardian'', p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt; (in 1902, at least)

=== Algernon Bourke ===
* [[Social Victorians/Schools#Eton|Eton]]
* Cambridge University, Trinity College, 1873, Michaelmas term&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;Cambridge University Alumni, 1261–1900. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Conservative Party
* 1879: Appointed a Poor Law Inspector in Ireland, Relief of Distress Act
* 1881: Partner, with 2 uncles, in Brunton, Bourke, and Co.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From Our London Correspondent.&quot; ''Manchester Courier'' 24 August 1881, Wednesday: 5 [of 8], Col. 4a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000206/18810824/030/0005. Print: ''Manchester Courier and Lancaster General Advertiser'', p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt; (one of the [[Social Victorians/British Aristocracy#Sons of Peers on the Stock Exchange|sons of peers on the Stock Exchange]])
* 1885: Office of the 7th Surrey Rifles Regiment&lt;ref&gt;&quot;7th Surrey Rifles.&quot; ''South London Press'' 08 August 1885, Saturday: 12 [of 16], Col. 4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18850808/165/0012. Print p. 12.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1886: Battersea Friendly Angling Society&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Battersea Friendly Angling Society.&quot; ''Fishing Gazette'' 17 April 1886, Saturday: 6 [of 20], Col. 2a [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002553/18860417/030/0006. Same print title, p. 218.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 27 February 1886: one of the Vice Presidents of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Bolingbroke Reading-Room and Institute|Bolingbroke Reading-Room and Institute]]
* Special Correspondent of The ''Times'' for the Zulu War, accompanying Lord Chelmsford
* Head, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys, &quot;that well-known firm of stockbrokers&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; ( – 1901 [at least])
* White's gentleman's club, St. James's,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-10-09|title=White's|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White's|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%27s.&lt;/ref&gt; Manager (1897)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Side Lights on Drinking.&quot; ''Waterford Standard'' 28 April 1897, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001678/18970428/053/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Willis's Rooms (described in 1895):&lt;blockquote&gt;... the Hon. Algernon Burke [sic], son of the 6th Earl of Mayo, has turned the place into a smart restaurant where choice dinners are served and eaten while a stringed band discourses music. Willis's Rooms are now the favourite dining place for ladies who have no club of their own, or for gentlemen who are debarred by rules from inviting ladies to one of their own clubs. The same gentleman runs a hotel in Brighton, and has promoted several clubs. He has a special faculty for organising places of the kind, without which such projects end in failure.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lenten Dullness.&quot; ''Cheltenham Looker-On'' 23 March 1895, Saturday: 11 [of 24], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000226/18950323/004/0011. Print p. 275.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
*The [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Pelican|Pelican Club]], known for its boxing (1891)

==== Boards of Directors ====
*1883: One of the directors, the Franco-English Tunisian Esparto Fibre Supply Company, Ltd.&lt;ref&gt;''Money Market Review'', 20 Jan 1883 (Vol 46): 124.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1891: One of the founders, the Discount Banking Company, Ltd., which says Algernon Bourke is a director of District Messenger Services and News Company, Ltd.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Public Company.&quot; ''Nottingham Journal'' 31 October 1891, Saturday: 4 [of 8], Col. 8a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001896/18911031/099/0004. Print title: ''The Nottingham Daily Express'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1894: One of the directors, the Frozen Lake, Ltd., with Admiral Maxse, Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Marcus Beresford]], [[Social Victorians/People/Williams|Hwfa Williams]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Frozen Lake, Limited.&quot; ''St James's Gazette'' 08 June 1894, Friday: 15 [of 16], Col. 4a [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001485/18940608/085/0015. Print p. 15.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;London is to have new amusement this winter, for which Mr Algernon Bourke, who has taught us that it is possible to eat as well in St. James’s as on the Boulevards, and Mr Hwfa Williams, of Sandown fame, are jointly responsible. The &quot;Frozen Lake,&quot; under which title a real ice-skating rink is about to be constructed under their auspices, will no doubt be gladly welcomed by all skaters, and the venture is likely to prove a success.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip.&quot; ''Weston-super-Mare Gazette, and General Advertiser'' 6 June 1894, Wednesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 4b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001444/18940606/044/0004. Print title: ''Weston-super-Mare Gazette'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== Committees ====

*Member, General Committee, [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Baths|the Baths Club]] (1892)
*Member, Men's Committee of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Skating Club|Prince's Skating Club]], which also included Lord Edward Cecil, Lord Redesdale, Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Lyttelton|Alfred Lyttelton]], Sir Edgar Vincent, Sir William Hart Dyke, and Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Grenfell|W. H. Grenfell]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; (1902, at least)
*[[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#25 March 1896, Wednesday|The Sala Memorial Fund]], member of the committee (from 25 March 1896)
* Member of an &quot;influential committee&quot; headed by the Lord Mayor &quot;to restore salmon to the Thames&quot; (June 1899)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Salmon in the Thames.&quot; ''Berks and Oxon Advertiser'' 30 June 1899, Friday: 5 [of 8], Col. 4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002298/18990630/079/0005. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Timeline ==

=== 1870s ===
'''1872 February 8''', Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo was assassinated while inspecting a &quot;convict settlement at Port Blair in the Andaman Islands ... by Sher Ali Afridi, a former Afghan soldier.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-12-01|title=Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo.&lt;/ref&gt; The Hon. Algernon's brother Dermot became the 7th Earl at 19 years old.

'''1876 November 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was one of 6 men (2 students, one of whom was Bourke; 2 doctors; a tutor and another man) from Cambridge who gave evidence as witnesses in an inquest about the death of a student falling off a horse.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Fatal Accident to a Sheffield Student at Cambridge.&quot; ''Sheffield Independent'' 25 November 1876, Saturday: 7 [of 12], Col. 5a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000181/18761125/040/0007. Print title: ''Sheffield and Rotherham Independent'', n. p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1879 December 27, Saturday – 29, Monday''', Algernon Bourke was in Kilrush as a Local Government Board Inspector:&lt;blockquote&gt;Among many distinguished visitors at the Vandeleur Arms Hotel, Kilrush this week was the Hon. Algernon Bourke Local Government Board Inspector who arrived on Saturday, and sojourned there until 2 o'clock on Monday, when the honourable gentleman left by Steamer tor Limerick.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Fashionable Intelligence.&quot; ''Kilrush Herald and Kilkee Gazette'' 01 January 1880, Thursday: 2 [of 5], Col. 3a [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003186/18800101/011/0002. Print title ''Kilrush Herald'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 1880s ===
'''4 February 1880, Wednesday''', Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880#Grand Ball at Palmerstown House Hosted by the Earl of Mayo|grand ball at Palmerstown House hosted by the Earl of Mayo]]. 

'''1880 March 30, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was working in the judicial system in Newcastle, County Limerick, possibly as Poorhouse Inspector:&lt;blockquote&gt;A sworn enquiry was held to-day at the Workhorse, Newcastle West, by the Hon Algernon Bourke, L.G.I., to enquire into charges preferred by Dr. Pierce, Medical Office, against Dr. O'Shaughnesay. The enquiry was adjourned till Thursday next. Mr Moran, sol., Rathkeale, was engaged for Dr. O'Shaughnessy.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Sworn Enquiry.&quot; &quot;Limerick County. Newcastle West Intelligence.&quot; ''Bassett's Chronicle'' 31 March 1880, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 3b–c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003471/18800331/044/0003.  Print title ''Bassett's Daily Chronicle'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1880 April 17, Saturday''', in-jokes dominate this report mentioning Algernon Bourke in the context of the Kildare and National Hunt races in Dublin:&lt;blockquote&gt;And in mopy Upper Mount-street, where young Algernon Bourke, of the Onety-oneth, had promised to call for, and afterwards spin down to the races in his mail phaeton, the Blake girls; and in fastidious Fitzwilliam-place, and exclusive &quot;Murryan-squeer,&quot; from which dashing army men, in their neatly-appointed, well horsed drags were to &quot;tool&quot; down sweet young Dublin lasses of the ''crême d la crême'' [sic], many an anxious forecasting of the weather was taken, lest by an unpropitious shower that last triumph of Mrs. Manning, or the Forrests, or Miss Sedford, or any of the ''grandes dames de la mode'' should be rendered as worthless as a Confederate &quot;greenback.&quot; But by ten o'clock all doubts were happily set aside, and up struck the lovely April day in all its spring-time glory and then the road, oh, the road!&lt;ref&gt;&quot;To Punchestown and Back by the Old Road.&quot; ''Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News'' 17 April 1880, Saturday: 6 [of 24], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001857/18800417/013/0006. Same print title, p. 102.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1881 May 10, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#1881 May 10, Tuesday|wedding of Marion Lascelles, eldest daughter of the Hon. Egremont W. Lascelles, brother of the Earl of Harewood, and Lieutenant Henry Dent Brocklehurst, of the Second Life Guards, nephew of Mr. Philip Brocklehurst, of Swithamley Park, Macclesfield]]. His gift was an &quot;old enamelled watch set in pearls.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Nuptial Rejoicings at Middlethorpe Manor. Marriage of Miss Lascelles and Lieut. Brocklehurst.&quot; ''Yorkshire Gazette'' 14 May 1881, Saturday: 9 [of 12], Cols. 3a–4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive''https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000266/18810514/057/0009. Print same title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1881 May 23, Monday, 2:00 p.m.''', Algernon Bourke is listed among the Honourables at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace|Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace]].

'''1881 July 14, Thursday afternoon, beginning about 2 p.m.''', Algernon Bourke was invited to a Garden Party at Marlborough House hosted by [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]]. Members of the family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] were also among the 1,500 or so invited guests.

'''1881 July 22, Friday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to an [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#22 July 1881, Friday|evening party at Marlborough House hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales]].

'''1881 September 17, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was reported among the company at Doncaster during race week.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;List of the Company.&quot; ''York Herald'' 17 September 1881, Saturday: 8 [of 16], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000499/18810917/183/0008. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1881 November 22, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was sued in Dublin by Henry Naylor because he &quot;had declined to pay&quot; for a £35 piano.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Henry Naylor v. the Hon. Algernon Bourke.&quot; &quot;Exchequer Division.&quot; &quot;High Court of Justice.&quot; ''Belfast Morning News'' 23 November 1881, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 8a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000428/18811123/015/0003. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1881 December 8, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke was part of a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#Battue at Palmerstown|battue at Palmerstown]], when the group bagged 172 pheasants, hares and rabbits.

'''1882 March 7, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882#7 March 1882, Tuesday|fashionable wedding of Reginald Chandos-Pole and Violet Denison]].

'''1882 March 15, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882#The Marchioness of Salisbury's Assembly|the Marchioness of Salisbury's first reception of the season]].

'''1882 July 13, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to the [[Social Victorians/1882-07-13 Marlborough House Garden Party|Garden Party at Marlborough House for Queen Victoria]] hosted by [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]]. The more than 1,000 people invited also included a number of people from the family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]].

'''1882 September 19''', Alexander M. Broadley in Tunis received a letter from Algernon Bourke asking him to provide legal counsel to defend prisoner-of war Arábi in Egypt, with Wilfred Scawen Blunt, which he did.&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot; /&gt; (2)

'''1882 September 28, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882#The Wedding of John M'Donald and Georgiana Lambart|wedding of John M'Donald and Georgiana Lambart]].

'''1883 March 21, Wednesday''', the Evening Irish Times announced that Algernon Bourke &quot;has arrived at Kingstown from England.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Fashion.&quot; ''Evening Irish Times'' 21 March 1883, Wednesday: 7 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003464/18830321/086/0007. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''23 July 1883, Monday, noon''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1883#Garden Party at Marlborough House, at Noon|garden party at Marlborough House]] hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales.

'''31 October 1883, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the wedding of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1883#Wedding of Lady Cecelia Hay and Captain George Webbe|Lady Cecelia Hay and Captain George Webbe]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 February 16, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#16 February 1884, Saturday|the funeral of Thomas Chenery, editor of the ''Times'']].&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 April 4, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was (may have been?) one of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#5 April 1884, Saturday|&quot;Supporters of the Pall&quot; at the funeral]] of [[Social Victorians/People/Leopold|Prince Leopold George Duncan Albert, Duke of Albany]] at St. George's, Windsor.&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 April 26, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#26 April 1884, Saturday|dinner party at the Lord Mayor's Mansion House for conservatives to meet Sir Stafford Northcote]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 May 3, Saturday''', the &quot;Rochester Conservatives&quot; announced that they would &quot;bring forward the Hon. Algernon Bourke, brother of Lord Mayo, as their second candidate,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Election Intelligence.&quot; ''Yorkshire Gazette'' 03 May 1884, Saturday: 4 [of 12], Col. 6a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000266/18840503/011/0004.&lt;/ref&gt; but because he would not be the first candidate, Bourke declined.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rochester.&quot; London ''Daily Chronicle'' 09 May 1884, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 8b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005049/18840509/049/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 June 18, Wednesday''', Mr. Algernon Bourke was on a committee to watch a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#18 June 1884, Wednesday|Mr. Bishop's &quot;thought-reading&quot; experiment]], which was based on a challenge by Henry Labourchere made the year before. This &quot;experiment&quot; took place before a fashionable audience.&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 July 25, Friday, afternoon''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#Garden Party at Marlborough House hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales|Garden Party at Marlborough House hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1885 January 22, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke's gift to [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#Wedding of George Buckle and Alicia Payn|George Buckle and Alicia Payn for their wedding]] was an antique cabinet.&lt;p&gt;

'''1885 July 7, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#7 July 1885, Tuesday|Eva Bourke's wedding to Windham Wyndham-Quin]] at St. Mary Abbots, Kensington.&lt;p&gt;

'''1885 July 13, Monday''', Algernon Bouurke was at Victoria Station as part of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#Arrival of Lord Wolseley in London from Egypt|crowd greeting Lord Wolseley on his return from Egypt]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1885 July 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/1885-07-24 Marlborough House Ball|ball at Marlborough House]] hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales.&lt;p&gt;

'''1885 September 26, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke took part in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#26 September 1885, Saturday|Ealing Conservative Club fete and meeting]] supporting Salisbury's government and condemning &quot;the dictates of one man&quot; — Gladstone — for Gordon's death.&lt;p&gt;

'''1885 October 3, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was named as the Conservative candidate for Clapham in the Battersea and Clapham borough after the Redistribution Bill determined the electoral districts for South London.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;South London Candidates.&quot; ''South London Press'' 03 October 1885, Saturday: 9 [of 16], Col. 5b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18851003/096/0009. Print p. 9.&lt;/ref&gt; On Sunday 15 November 1885 the London ''Weekly Dispatch'' supported Moulton, the Liberal candidate, who ultimately won the election:&lt;blockquote&gt;

Though a successful lawyer, Mr. Moulton is much more than that. He is a thorough and independent student of political science, who may be trusted to do good service to the Liberal cause with brain as well as with tongue. It will be matter for hearty congratulation if he defeats the Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke, who is a dashing and unscrupulous young Tory, and a nephew of the well-known politician with the same surname.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Political Campaign in London. VI. — The South-West Divisions.&quot; ''Weekly Dispatch'' (London) 15 November 1885, Sunday: 9 [of 16], Col. 3c [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003358/18851115/069/0009. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

On Saturday 21 November 1885 the ''South London Press'' reported on posters for Bourke's candidacy:&lt;blockquote&gt;

The Hon. Algernon Bourke, Conservative candidate for Clapham, has a very industrious billsticker, who pastes up his patron’s bills in every possible place where they can be seen to advantage. It is unfortunate, however, that choosing the flank wall of an auctioneer’s the modern &quot;Sam Slap&quot; has produced some curious combinations, such as — &quot;Vote for Bourke,&quot; &quot;Now on View;&quot; &quot;Electors of Clapham, Vote for Mr. Bourke, and&quot; &quot;Be Sold Without Reserve;&quot; &quot;Mr, Bourke will&quot; &quot;Advance Money to&quot; &quot;the Electors of Clapham;&quot; &quot;Great Conservative Meeting. The British Constitution will be&quot; &quot;Offered for Sale this Evening,&quot; &amp;c.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pick-up Notes.&quot; ''South London Press'' 21 November 1885, Saturday: 10 [of 16], Col. 1b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18851121/155/0010. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1885 November 3, Tuesday, 11:00 a.m.''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Mayo-Ponsonby Wedding 1885-11-03|wedding of his brother, Dermot, 7th  Earl of Mayo and Geraldine Ponsonby]]. He gave them 2 Sheraton secretaires.

'''1886 January 5, Tuesday, late''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Twelfth Night|Twelfth Night celebration at the Drury Lane theatre]].

'''1886 March 13, Saturday evening''', an Hon. Mr. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/1886-03-13 Reception at the French Embassy|reception at the French Embassy]], possibly Algernon Bourke or possibly [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|one of his brothers]].

'''1886 July 10, Saturday''', Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Garden Party at Marlborough House Given to the Queen|garden party at Marlborough House given to the Queen]]. Guendoline Sloane Stanley is not mentioned but Mr. and Mrs. Hans Sloane Stanley are, as are Mr. and Mrs. F. Sloane Stanley.&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 July 21, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to the [[Social Victorians/1886-07-21 Marlborough House Ball|Ball at Marlborough House]], as were a [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#The Sloane-Stanleys 2|Mr. and Mrs. F. Sloane-Stanley]], possibly the parents of Guendoline Sloane-Stanley (if the &quot;F&quot; is a mistake), who married Bourke on 15 December 1887. Guendoline is not mentioned as having been invited.&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 July 27, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended a service honoring a memorial at St. Paul's for his father, who had been assassinated.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Memorial to the Late Earl of Mayo.&quot; ''Northern Whig'' 28 July 1886, Wednesday: 6 [of 8], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000434/18860728/143/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 September 2, Thursday''', Mr. Algernon Bourke was part of a group of mostly aristocratic men taking part in [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Augustus Harris's A Run of Luck|a &quot;trial-rehearsal&quot; as part of Augustus Harris's production]] ''A Run of Luck'', about sports.&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 October 2, Saturday''', the Duke of Beaufort and the Hon. Algernon Bourke arrived in Yougal: &quot;His grace has taken a residence at Lismore for a few weeks, to enjoy some salmon fishing on the Blackwater before the close of the season.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Chippenham.&quot; ''Wilts and Gloucestershire Standard'' 02 October 1886, Saturday: 8 [of 8], Col. 6a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001955/18861002/142/0008. Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 October 11, Monday''', Algernon Bourke may have been taking part in a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Performance of Run of Luck|performance of ''Run of Luck'' at the Drury Lane]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 October 23, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Party at Wemyss Castle, Fife|staying at Wemyss Castle, Fife]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 December 30, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke was back in London and attending the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Augustus Harris's The Forty Thieves|&quot;Forty Thieves&quot; pantomime at the Drury Lane Theatre]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1887 January 5, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was one of the chief mourners at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Funeral of Lady Margaret Harriett Bourke|funeral of Lady Margaret Harriett Bourke]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1887 March 1, 2:00 p.m.''', Algernon Bourke is listed among the Messieurs attending the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace|Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1887 May''', a &quot;signalling incident&quot; in 1907 [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#May 1887|caused the Waterford ''Evening News'' to recall a similar event]] that had occurred 20 years earlier, in which Algernon Bourke, as special correspondent for the ''Times'', caused the incident to be publicized:&lt;blockquote&gt;During the manoeuvres in connection with the 1887 Jubilee of Queen Victoria a signal was observed going up from [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles [Beresford]]]'s ship. It was a message to his wife, Lady Beresford, to the effect that, as he should be late for dinner, she was not to wait. Beyond the hilarity this domestic signal evoked, nothing more would have been heard of it, but Mr. Algernon Bourke (Lord Mayo's brother) was acting as special correspondent for the &quot;Times,&quot; and that paper the next morning contained a full and humorous report of the incident. Then there was trouble.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Signalling Incident.&quot; ''Evening News'' (Waterford) 13 November 1907, Wednesday: 1 [of 4], Col. 6c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004557/19071113/021/0001.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1887 June 15, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians Foreign Office Reception 1887-06-15|reception at the Foreign Office in honor of Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee]].

'''1887 July 6, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to and, presumably, attended the State Ball at Buckingham Palace.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The State Ball at Buckingham Palace.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 08 July 1887, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 5a–6c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18870708/013/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 1c)

'''1887 August 6, Saturday''', the ''Brighton Gazette'' says that the &quot;Hon. Mrs and Mr Algernon Bourke&quot; were staying at the Royal Crescent Hotel in Brighton, but they didn't marry until 15 December 1887.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Royal Crescent Hotel.&quot; ''Brighton Gazette'' 6 August 1887, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 5c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000938/18870806/047/0003. Print title ''Brighton Gazette and Sussex Telegraph'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt; Perhaps an elder relative, because she is mentioned first?

'''1887 November 9, Wednesday''', the ''Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper'' announced that&lt;blockquote&gt;A marriage is arranged, and will take place early in January, between Mr. Algernon Bourke, third son of the late Earl of Mayo, and Miss Guendolen Sloane Stanley, only daughter of Mr. Hans Sloane Stanley, of Paultons.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Romsey, Nov. 9.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 9 November 1887, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18871109/034/0003. Print title ''Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Shortly after, the papers announced that the wedding would not take place.

'''1887 December 15, Thursday''', Hon. [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Wedding of Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Sloane Stanley|Algernon Bourke and Guendoline Stanley were married at St. Paul's]], Knightsbridge, by Bourke's uncle the Hon. and Rev. George Bourke. Only family members attended because of &quot;the recent death of a near relative of the bride.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court Circular.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 16 December 1887, Friday: 5 [of 8], Col. 7c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18871216/066/0005.&lt;/ref&gt; Who the &quot;near relative of the bride&quot; was not in her nuclear family, and perhaps that explains the cancellation of the wedding and then the changing of the wedding date and not some problem in the couple.

'''1888 – 1899 January 1''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was &quot;proprietor&quot; of [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#White's|White's Club, St. James's Street]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;&quot;The Hon. Algernon Bourke's Affairs.&quot; ''Eastern Morning News'' 19 October 1899, Thursday: 6 [of 8], Col. 7c [of7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001152/18991019/139/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1888 January 21, Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the wedding of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#Hamilton-Ewart Wedding|Florence Ewart and Henry Hamilton]].

'''1888 March 7, Wednesday''', assuming that this date is not a week after the actual date, [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lady Charles Beresford]] held a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#1888 March 7, Wednesday|notable and well-attended &quot;at home&quot;]] that Guendoline Bourke attended, reported for being dressed in white and being among the beautiful women present.

'''6 April 1888, Friday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#6 April 1888, Friday|New Forest United Hunt ball at the New Forest Hall, Lyndhurst]].

'''1888 May 2, Wednesday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#The Marchioness of Salisbury's Reception|Marchioness of Salisbury's reception]] at the Salisbury home on Arlington-street.

'''1888 May 22, Tuesday''', the Dowager Countess of Mayo presented Guendoline Bourke at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#Queen's Drawing Room|Queen's drawing-room]] hosted by the Princess of Wales. This is Guendoline Bourke's dress:&lt;blockquote&gt;Empire robe de cour of white satin duchesse, lined with rich pink silk, sufficiently bright to give a beautiful shell-like tint through the satin; tulle underdress, with upper skirt, embroidered with pearl, and caught up in Greek folds with large pink Tosca roses; white satin bodice, with Josephine pink sash tied at side, Headdress, veil and plumes; ornaments, diamonds.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Dresses at the Drawing-Room.&quot; ''Epsom Journal'' 22 May 1888, Tuesday: 3 [of 6], Col. 5b–c [of 6]. ''British Newspapers Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004837/18880522/034/0003. Print: title ''Local Journal'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Another description:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke's train was of white satin lined with pink, which showed through with charmingly shell-like effect. The dress, fashioned after those of the Empire period, was of white satin embroidered with pearls. A very broad sash of pink satin made the waist seem quaintly short, a trying thing to any but the young and tall, both of which qualifications Mrs. Bourke most happily possesses. She carried a lovely posy of La France roses.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Gossip on Dress.&quot; ''Boston Spa News'' 25 May 1888, Friday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1b–2b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003395/18880525/014/0002. Print title The News, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 1c)&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1888 June 8, Friday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#Dinner and Dance Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne at Hamilton House|dinner and dance Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne at Hamilton House]] featuring Prince and Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein, and for the ball, the King of Sweden and Norway and the Prince and Princess of Wales and their daughters were present.

'''1888 June 19, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke was one of the principal guests at the wedding of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#19 June 1888, Tuesday|Captain Philip Green and Miss Mabel Emilie Scott]].

'''1888 July 26''', [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Caroline Graham Stirling-Crawford]] (known as Mr. Manton for her horse-breeding and -racing operations) and Marcus Henry Milner married.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;&quot;Hon. Caroline Agnes Horsley-Beresford.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://thepeerage.com/p6863.htm#i68622|title=Person Page|website=thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the ''Nottingham Evening Post'' of 31 July 1888,&lt;blockquote&gt;LONDON GOSSIP.

(From the ''World''.)

The marriage of &quot;Mr. Manton&quot; was the surprise as well the sensation of last week. Although some wise people noticed a certain amount of youthful ardour in the attentions paid by Mr. Marcus Henry Milner to Caroline Duchess of Montrose at '''Mrs. Oppenheim's ball''', nobody was prepared for the sudden ''dénouement''; '''and it''' were not for the accidental and unseen presence [[Social Victorians/People/Mildmay|a well-known musical amateur]] who had received permission to practice on the organ, the ceremony performed at half-past nine on Thursday morning at St. Andrew's, Fulham, by the Rev. Mr. Propert, would possibly have remained a secret for some time to come. Although the evergreen Duchess attains this year the limit of age prescribed the Psalmist, the bridegroom was only born in 1864. Mr. &quot;Harry&quot; Milner (familiarly known in the City as &quot;Millions&quot;) was one of the zealous assistants of that well-known firm of stockbrokers, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys, and Mr. Algernon Bourke, the head of the house (who, of course, takes a fatherly interest in the match) went down to Fulham to give away the Duchess. The ceremony was followed by a ''partie carrée'' luncheon at the Bristol, and the honeymoon began with a visit to the Jockey Club box at Sandown. Mr. Milner and the Duchess of Montrose have now gone to Newmarket. The marriage causes a curious reshuffling of the cards of affinity. Mr. Milner is now the stepfather of the [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Duke of Montrose]], his senior by twelve years; he is also the father-in-law of [[Social Victorians/People/Lady Violet Greville|Lord Greville]], Mr. Murray of Polnaise, and [[Social Victorians/People/Breadalbane|Lord Breadalbane]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1888 December 1st week''', according to &quot;Society Gossip&quot; from the ''World'', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was suffering from malaria, presumably which he caught when he was in South Africa:&lt;blockquote&gt;I am sorry to hear that Mr. Algernon Bourke, who married Miss Sloane-Stanley a short time ago, has been very dangerously ill. Certain complications followed an attack of malarian fever, and last week his mother, the Dowager Lady Mayo, and his brother, Lord Mayo, were hastily summoned to Brighton. Since then a change for the better has taken place, and he is now out of danger.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip. What the ''World'' Says.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 08 December 1888, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18881208/037/0002. Print title: ''The Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper''; print p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1888 December 20, Thursday''', the Sloane-Stanley family, including Guendoline Bourke, attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#20 December 1888, Thursday|funeral of Hans Sloane Stanley]]. Algernon Bourke did not attend because he was still too ill.

'''1889 January 22, 2:30 p.m., Tuesday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke sent a gift for the [[Social Victorians/Cecil Lambton Wedding 1889 January 22|wedding of Lady Eleanor Lambton and Lord Robert]] Cecil, a pair of antique mirrors.

'''1889 May 18, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#18 May 1889, Saturday|opening of the Italian Opera season at Covent Garden]].

'''1889 May 27, Monday, 11 p.m.''', the dancing commenced at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#The Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace|the Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace]], with both the Hon. Algernon and the Hon. Guendoline Bourke present.

'''1889 June 8, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke contributed some art he owned to the collection of the Royal Institute of Painters in Water-Colours' [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#8 June 1889, Saturday|exhibition of &quot;the works of the 'English Humourists in Art.'&quot;]]

'''1889 July 2, Tuesday''', Guendoline and Algernon Bourke sat in the Muriettas' box at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#The Shah at a Covent Garden Opera Performance|gala performance at Covent Garden also attended by the Prince and Princess of Wales, a number of other royals and the Shah]].

'''1889 27 July, Saturday''', Guendoline and Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#Garden Party Hosted by Mr. and Mrs. Augustus Harris|garden party hosted by Mr. and Mrs. Augustus Harris]], which was attended by a people from the theatre and arts worlds.

'''1889 August 15''', Thursday, because of mourning on both sides, only the closest friends and family were invited to the [[Social Victorians/Pleydell-Bouverie Skelmersdale Wedding|wedding of Lady Wilma Pleydell-Bouverie and Lord Skelmersdale]], so she may not have attended, but the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave the bride a miniature silver kettle.&lt;p&gt;

'''1889 December 2, Monday''', Guendoline Bourk's mother, Emilie Sloane-Stanley, married James Shelly Bontein:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

BONTEIN—STANLEY — December 2, at St. George's, Hanover Square, London, by the Rev. G. S. de Sansmarez, James Shelly, only son of the late James Bontein, Gentleman Usher and Clerk of the Robes to the Queen, to Emilie Josephine, widow of Hans Sloane Stanley, of Paultons.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1889 December 17, Tuesday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke gave a gift to [[Dangan-Neville Wedding|Lady Violet Nevill for her wedding to Henry Wellesley, Viscount Dangan]] and so were probably in attendance.

=== 1890s ===
'''1890 January 9, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#The York Hunt Ball|fancy-dress Hunt Ball in York]]. She&lt;blockquote&gt;looked a picture in a Gainsborough gown. The white satin skirt was flounced with sable and veiled with ''chiffon'', the setuage of which was left to show without being hemmed up. There was a broad sash of rose-pink silk and each buttonhole was filled round with crimped lisse.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Our London Letter.&quot; ''Irish Society'' (Dublin) 11 January 1890, Saturday: 17 [of 24], Col. 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001939/18900111/042/0017. Same print title, p. 29.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1890 February''' '''12, Wednesday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Lady Constance Leslie's Reception|Lady Constance Leslie's reception]] at her house in Stratford-place.

'''1890 April 9, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#The New Forest United Hunt Ball|the New Forest United Hunt Ball]].

'''1890 June 3, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the 2:30 p.m. [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Münster-Hay Wedding|wedding of Count Alexander Münster and Lady Muriel Henrietta Constance Hay]]. She is also listed as having attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Dinner and Concert Hosted by Mrs. Arthur Williams and Ball by Mrs. Menzies|ball hosted by Mrs. J. Menzies (daughter of Mrs. Arthur Wilson)]] that Prince Eddie, the Duke of Clarence and Avondale, also attended, that night.  

'''1890 July 4, Friday, 11 p.m.''', the Hon. Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#The Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace|the Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace]]. The dancing commenced shortly after 11:00. 

'''1890 July 15, Tuesday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke were invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Garden Party at Marlborough House to Meet the Queen|garden party at Marlborough House to meet the Queen]]. 

'''1890 July 19, Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Wedding of James Francis Harry St. Clair-Erskine and Violet Aline Vyner|wedding of James Francis Harry St. Clair-Erskine and Violet Aline Vyner]], the two of them giving &quot;four small silver dessert dishes&quot; and Guendoline giving an &quot;enamel and diamond pin.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marriage of Lord Loughborough with Miss Vyner.&quot; ''Fife Free Press'' 26 July 1890, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1a–2b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001110/18900726/015/0002. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 2b)

'''1890 July 24, Thursday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Dinner and Dance Hosted by Lord Alington|dance hosted by Lord Alington]] attended also by the Prince and Princess of Wales and Princesses Victoria and Maud.

'''1890 September 6, Saturday''', the ''Country Gentleman'' (as it was called at the time) reported that &quot;Muckross, the only deer forest in Ireland, it may be said, has this year been rented by Mr. Algernon Bourke, who will next week be joined there for the stalking season by his brother, Lord Mayo.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Shooting. Moors, Forests, and Fishings.&quot; ''Sporting Gazette'' 06 September 1890, Saturday: 11 [of 38], Col. 1c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002525/18900906/065/0011. Print: ''Country Gentleman'', p. 1251.&lt;/ref&gt; On 11 October 1890 the ''St. James's Gazette'' says,&lt;blockquote&gt;The Earl of Durham has been staying at Muchross, county Kerry, on a visit to the Hon. A. Bourke, who has rented the celebrated shootings and fishings on that estate for the autumn.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Society.&quot; ''St James's Gazette'' 11 October 1890, Saturday: 12 [of 16], Col. 1b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001485/18901011/064/0012. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1890 October 25, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke gave a gold-mounted box to [[Social Victorians/Loder De Vere Beauclerk Wedding|Lady Louise De Vere Beauclerk on her wedding to Gerald Loder, M.P.]], so they were probably present at the wedding, or at least the reception. Mrs. Bontein [sic Bontine], Guendoline's mother, gave a silver box, suggesting the relationship was through the women.

'''1890 November 29, 11:30 Saturday morning''', Algernon Bourke's gift for the [[Social Victorians/Dudley-Beckwith Wedding 1890-11-29|wedding of the Hon. Francis Dudley and Miss Forbes Beckwith]] was some cases of a Bordeaux wine: &quot;three dozen Cantenac, 1875 vintage.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marriage of Lord Leigh's Heir. Descriptive Sketch of the Ceremony, and Full List of Guests and Presents.&quot; ''Leamington Spa Courier'' 6 December 1890, Saturday: 6 [of 10], Cols. 1a–4a. ''British Newspaper Archive''  https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000319/18901206/021/0006. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 3b}} Guendoline Bourke is not listed as having been invited to the reception, but this list from the ''Leamington Spa Courier'' has some gaps.

'''1890 December 4, Thursday''', Guendoline and Algernon Bourke attended the [[Mure-Portal Wedding 1890-12-04|wedding of Miss Mure and Mr. S. J. Portal]]. Their gift is not recorded.

'''1891 January''', Algernon Bourke took party in a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Shooting Party in Kallarnet, Totton|shooting party in Kallarnet, Totton]].

'''1891 June 24, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Dinner and Ball Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne|dinner and ball Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne]] featuring Princess Mary Adelaide, the Duke of Teck, and Princess Victoria.

'''1891 July 9, Thursday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were invited to a [[Social Victorians/1891-07-09 Garden Party|large Garden Party at Marlborough House]] hosted by the [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]] in honor of Queen Victoria and the German Emperor and Empress. The more than 3,000 people invited also included a number of people from the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|family of the Earl of Mayo]].

'''1891 July 22, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Dinner and Dance at Alington House|dance at the Earl and Countess Alington]]'s that also included the Prince and Princess of Wales.

'''1891 October 22, Thursday''', Hon. and Mrs. Bourke attended at least the reception of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Le Strange Astley Wedding|Le Strange—Astley Wedding]], although perhaps the couple is not the Algernon Bourkes.

'''1891 November 22, Sunday''', the London ''Weekly Dispatch'' reports a performance by American &quot;Lady Magnet&quot; Mrs. Abbott, who claimed to be able to lift anybody using only her magnetic properties. An enthusiastic &quot;committee of some fifteen gentlemen presented a written and signed testimonial&quot; supporting Mrs. Abbott, &quot;the Hon. Algernon Bourke, Professor Atkinson, Dr. Hides, and three other doctors who prefer to remain incog., being among the signatories. All the medical gentlemen concerned assured the ''Evening News and Post'' reporter of their complete and unconditional surrender. One of them went so far as to say that he had come with the full determination of disbelieving, but had been quite able to act up to his resolve.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Lady Magnet. Draws Crowds of People Who Divide in Opinion about Her.&quot; ''Weekly Dispatch'' (London) 22 November 1891, Sunday: 16 [of 16], Cols. 3a–4b [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003358/18911122/203/0016. Print: same title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1892''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke privately published his ''The History of White's'', the exclusive gentleman's club.

'''1892 January 27, Saturday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the very fashionable [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892#The Wedding of Lord Henry Cavendish Bentinck, M.P., and Lady Olivia Taylour|wedding of Lord Henry Cavendish Bentinck, M.P., and Lady Olivia Taylour]]. Their gift was not noted in the list.

'''1892 February''' '''10, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1892-02-10 Alington Leigh Wedding|very fashionable wedding of Henry, Lord Alington and Evelyn Henriette Leigh]] [[Social Victorians/1892-02-10 Alington Leigh Wedding|in St. Paul's, Knightsbridge]]

'''1892 April''' '''10, Wednesday, about 2:30 p.m.''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/1892-02-10 Alington Leigh Wedding|the very fashionable wedding between Henry Sturt, Lord Alington and Evelyn Leigh]]. Her gift was a &quot;tortoiseshell and gold heart-shaped tray.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;&quot;Lord Alington to Miss Leigh.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 20 February 1892, Saturday: 21 [of 46], Cols. 1a–3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18920220/092/0021. Same print title, p. 237.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 3a) 

'''1892 June 25, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird&quot; says &quot;That pretty Mrs. Algernon Bourke has been staying here, but returned to England in time for Ascot.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Little Bird, The. &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 25 June 1892, Saturday: 32 [of 60], Col. 3b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18920625/157/0032. Same print title, p. 860.&lt;/ref&gt; 

'''1892 December 13, Tuesday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' says Guendoline Bourke is lovely in its coverage of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892#Wedding of Miss Eleanor M. Ewart and Captain Guy Withington|Eleanor M. Ewart and Captain Guy Withington's wedding]]. 

'''1892 December 22, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892#22 December 1892, Thursday|monthly meeting of the Zoological Society in Hanover-square]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 February 11, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke opened Willis's Restaurant:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Algernon Bourke has in his time done many things, and has generally done them well. His recently published history of White's Club is now a standard work. White's Club itself was a few years ago in its agony when Mr. Bourke stepped in and gave it a renewed lease of life. Under Mr. Bourke's auspices &quot;Willis's Restaurant&quot; opened its doors to the public on Tuesday last in a portion of the premises formerly so well known as Willis's Rooms. This new venture is to rival the Amphitryon in the matter of cuisine and wines; but it is not, like the Amphitryon, a club, but open to the public generally. Besides the restaurant proper, there are several ''cabinets particuliers'', and these are decorated with the very best of taste, and contain some fine portraits of the Georges.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marmaduke.&quot; &quot;Letter from the Linkman.&quot; ''Truth'' 20 April 1893, Thursday: 25 [of 56], Col. 1a [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18930420/075/0025# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18930420/075/0025]. Print p. 855.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1893 February 7, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#1893 February 7, Tuesday|the reception after Lady Emily Cadogan's wedding]].

'''1893 February 20, Monday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke is listed as having attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace|Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace]] held by the Prince of Wales; because wives generally are not listed, it seems likely Guendoline Bourke attended as well.

'''1893 February 28, Tuesday, 3:00 p.m.''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Queens Drawing Room 1893-02-28|Queen's Drawing Room at Buckingham Palace]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 March 22, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#22 March 1893, Wednesday|Lady Wimborne's reception]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 April 1, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke published a letter to the editor of the ''Times'', reprinted in the ''Kildare Observer'', arguing against Gladstone's Home Rule bill on the grounds that Ireland would not be able to take out a loan on its own behalf because of its obligations to the U.K., including what was called its share of the national debt.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Irish Unionist Alliance.&quot; ''Kildare Observer and Eastern Counties Advertiser'' 01 April 1893, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001870/18930401/062/0006. Print: The ''Kildare Observer'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 May 13, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was seen at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#13 May 1893, Saturday|exhibitions of art and furniture for sale by Christie's and on display by Lord Clifden]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 July 13, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#The Countess of Listowel's Garden Party|Countess of Listowel's Garden Party]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#The Countess of Listowel's Garden Party|at her residence, Kingston House, Princes-gate]], accompanied by Miss Adeane.&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 July 14, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Sandown Races 1893-07-14|the races at Sandown]] wearing a dark-blue-and-white outfit and black hat that got described in the newspaper.&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 August 1, Tuesday – August 4, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke, at least, was at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#1 August 1893, Tuesday – 4 August 1893, Friday|the Goodwood races]], mentioned in the ''Gentlewoman'' for her beauty, although none of the dresses were noted.&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 November 4–11, Wednesday–Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke was at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#Ralph and Mary Sneyd Hosted a Shooting Party|shooting party at Keele Hall hosted by Ralph and Mary Sneyd]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 November 30, Thursday''', with Sir Walter Gilbey the Hon. Algernon Bourke &quot;assisted&quot; in &quot;forming [a] collection&quot; of engravings by George Morland that was exhibited at Messrs. J. and W. Vokins’s, Great Portland-street.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The George Morland Exhibition at Vokins's.&quot; ''Sporting Life'' 30 November 1893, Thursday: 4 [of 4], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000893/18931130/058/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 December 14, Thursday, afternoon''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1893-12-14 Wedding Adele Grant and George, 7th Earl of Essex|wedding of American Adele Grant and George, 7th Earl of Essex]] and gave a &quot;pearl and gold box.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;&quot;Wedding of the Earl of Essex.&quot; ''Herts Advertiser'' 16 December 1893, Saturday; 8 [of 8], Col. 1a–4b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000415/18931216/125/0008. Print title: ''The Herts Advertiser and St Albans Times'', p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 3c}} Mr. and Mrs. Shelley Bontein also attended, and Mrs. Bontein gave a &quot;green leather bag and purse, with coronet and monogram in gold.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;{{rp|3b}}&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 January 27, Saturday''', Psyche in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; in the ''Gentlewoman'' reported on a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#27 January 1894, Saturday|ball hosted by Lord and Lady Dunraven at Adare Manor]] that Guendoline Bourke attended.&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 January 31, Wednesday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke, who was dressed more stylishly than most, attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Also 31 January 1894, Wednesday|Kildare Hunt Ball]] hosted by Dermot, [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] and Geraldine, Countess of Mayo.&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 February 24, Saturday''', ''The Field'' reported on a series of tennis matches; Algernon Bourke attended the one played at the Prince's Club.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Tennis.&quot; ''Field'' 24 February 1894, Saturday: 39 [of 72], Col. 1c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002446/18940224/349/0039. Print title ''The Field, The Country Gentleman's Newspaper'', p. 249.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 March 31, Saturday''', Psyche, in the &quot;Social Peepshow&quot; column in the ''Gentlewoman'', says that &quot;Mr. Algernon Bourke has still further embellished Willis's restaurant hard by [the St. James's Theatre], by the addition of some valuable old tapestry that lately came to the hammer at Christie's.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 31 March 1894, Saturday: 16 [of 56], Col. 2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18940331/081/0016. Same print title, p. 408.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 April 13, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke set sail on the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#P. and O. Line S.S. Rome for Gibraltar|P. and O. Line ''S.S. Rome'' for Gibraltar]] along with her stepfather, Mr. Shelley Bontein, and her brother, Mr. Sloane Stanley.&lt;p&gt;

'''31 May 1894, Thursday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Reception at Devonshire House|Duchess of Devonshire's reception at Devonshire House]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 June 18, Monday''', the London ''Echo'' reported that Algernon Bourke was [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Brooks'|writing a history of Brooks' Club]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 June 20, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Princess Louise, Marchioness of Lorne Opened the Annual Sale of the Scottish Home Industries|Annual Sale of the Scottish Home Industries]]; her outfit was described in the article in ''Lady's Pictorial''.&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 August 2, Thursday''', the column &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird&quot; says, &quot;At Willis' [restaurant] — 'What a smart cotillon Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave on Thursday evening.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Bird, The Little. &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 04 August 1894, Saturday: 30 [of 56], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18940804/148/0030. Print title same, p. 144.&lt;/ref&gt; Willis's Restaurant, King-street, St. James's, was a restaurant Algernon Bourke opened in 1893.&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 September 7, Saturday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#7 September 1894, Saturday|shooting party at Witley]], which had been loaned to one of his brothers by William Ward, 2nd Earl of Dudley.&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 October 22, Thursday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Wedding of Lord Connemara and Mrs. Coleman|luncheon after the wedding of Lord Connemara and Mrs. Coleman]].

'''1894 November 3, Saturday''', Psyche, in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; for the Gentlewoman, reported that Guendoline Bourke had been [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#3 November 1894, Saturday|seen shopping in London]].

'''1895 January 5, Saturday, 2:00 p.m.''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke gave an old mother-of-pearl workbox to [[Wolverton-Ward Wedding 1895-01-05|Lady Edith Ward for her wedding to Frederick Glyn, Lord Wolverton]] and presumably attended the wedding and reception afterwards.&lt;p&gt;

'''1895 February 23, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#23 February 1895, Saturday|fashionable wedding of Laurence Currie and Edith Sibyl Mary Finch]]. Guendoline Bourke is not listed as having attended, but she is not noted as absent, either. Daphne Bourke was born on 5 April 1895, probably explaining Guendoline's absence.

'''1895 March 24, Sunday – 30 March, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#24, Sunday – 30 March 1895, Saturday|enjoying the sunny weather in Brighton]].

'''1895 April 27, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#1895 April 27, Saturday|wedding of Norah Bourke and Henry E. A. Lindsay]]. Again, Guendoline Bourke is not listed as having attended. Daphne Bourke was born on 5 April 1895, and Psyche, writing the &quot;Social Peepshow&quot; column in the Gentlewoman, says,&lt;blockquote&gt;

I regret to hear of the serious illness of Mrs. Algernon Bourke, whose first child was born a fortnight ago. It is feared that the attack is of the nature of typhoid, but happily the patient's strength keeps up. Mrs. Bourke is at her mother's house in Clarges-street.&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 27 April 1895, Saturday: 28 [of 84], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18950427/147/0028. Same print title, p. 506.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1895 July 13, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke donated 10s. to the ''Daily Telegraph'' National Shilling Testimonial to W. G. Grace.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;''Daily Telegraph'' National Shilling Testimonial to W. G. Grace.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London) 13 July 1895, Saturday: 7 [of 12], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/18950713/079/0007. Print: ''Daily Telegraph'', p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1895 August 24, Saturday''', &quot;Marmaduke&quot; in the ''Graphic'' says that Algernon Bourke &quot;opened a cyclists' club in Chelsea.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marmaduke.&quot; &quot;Court and Club.&quot; The ''Graphic'' 24 August 1895, Saturday: 11 [of 32], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9000057/18950824/017/0011. Print p. 223.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1895 October''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#24 October 1902, Friday|opened the Prince's ice-skating rink for the]] season.if the newspapers were right that 1902 was the 7th season. He also was planning a bicycling club for Kensington Gardens to open the following season.&lt;ref&gt;Mackenzie, Ethel Morell (Miss). &quot;Pins and Needles.&quot; ''Hull Daily News'' 12 October 1895, Saturday: 24 [of 40], Col. 1a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003443/18951012/024/0024. Print title: ''Hull News Supplement'', p. 1[6? 8?].&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1895 October 7, Monday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#Adeane-Cator Wedding|Maud Adeane–John Cator wedding]].

'''1895 December 11, Wednesday''', Guendoline and Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#Sneyd Party to Meet the Duke of Coburg|shooting party at the Sneyds' to meet the Duke of Coburg]].

'''1895 December 18, Wednesday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#Wedding of Lady Albreda Fitzwilliam and the Hon. Charles Bourke|wedding of Lady Albreda Fitzwilliam and the Hon. Charles Bourke]]. Their gift is not noted in the newspaper account.

'''1896 March 17, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#17 March 1896, Tuesday|annual dinner of the Cymmrodorion, or the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion]], a society for Welsh culture and history.

'''1896 April 21, Monday''', Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke sent a gift — a &quot;box for miniature&quot; — for [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Monday, 1896 April 27|the wedding of Lady Angela St. Clair Erskine and James Stewart Forbes]].

'''1896 May 21, Thursday''', the Hon. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Mrs. C. H. Wilson's Ball|Mrs. C. H. Wilson's ball in Grosvenor-square, London]].

'''1896 May 26, Tuesday,  through 28 May, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Coming of Age of Mr Sloane Stanley|3-day celebration in honor of the coming of age of her brother, Cyril Sloane Stanley]].

'''1896 June 15, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Dinner and Dance Hosted by the Countess of Huntingdon|dance hosted by the Earl and Countess of Huntingdon]] after their dinner party.

'''1896 July 13, Monday''', Algernon Bourke (listed among the &quot;Honourables&quot;) and Mrs. A. Bourke (Listed among the &quot;Honourable Ladies&quot;) were invited to the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Queen's Garden Party at Buckingham Palace|Queen's Garden Party at Buckingham Palace]].

'''1896 June 29, Monday''', the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Cadogan-Scott Wedding 1896-06-29|wedding and reception of Lady Sophie Cadogan and Sir Samuel Scott]]. Algernon Bourke published a letter to the editor of the ''Daily Telegraph'' about White's Club — and thus Bourke's — &quot;[[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Summer Club|Summer Club]]&quot; in Kensington Park, the subject of a little controversy.

'''1896 July 21, Tuesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Dinner Hosted by Sir Horace and Lady Farquhar|dinner hosted by Sir Horace and Lady Farquhar in Grosvenor-square]].

'''1896 August 5, Wednesday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#5 August 1896|wedding of the Hon. Terence Bourke and Miss Eveline Haines]] and gave the bride an &quot;enamel muff chain.&quot;&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 August 10, Monday''', the ''Morning Leader'' reported that the Hon. Algernon Bourke, for the Foreign Office, received Li Hung Chang at St. Paul's:&lt;blockquote&gt;At St. Paul's Li Hung was received by Field-Marshal Simmons, Colonel Lane, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, of the Foreign Office (who made the necessary arrangements for the visit) and Canon Newbolt, on behalf of the Dean and Chapter. A crowd greeted Li with a cheer as he drove up in Lord Lonsdale’s striking equipage, and his Excellency was carried up the steps in an invalid chair by two stalwart constables. He walked through the centre door with his suite, and was immediately conducted by Canon Newbolt to General Gordon’s tomb in the north aisle, where a detachment of boys from the Gordon Home received him as a guard of honor.

Li inspected the monument with marked interest, and drew the attention of his suite to the remarkable likeness to the dead hero. He laid a handsome wreath of royal purple asters, lilies, maidenhair fern, and laurel, tied with a broad band of purple silk, on the tomb.

The visit was not one of inspection of the building, but on passing the middle aisle the interpreter called the attention of His Excellency to the exquisite architecture and decoration of the chancel. Li shook hands in hearty English fashion with Canon Newbolt and the other gentlemen who had received him, and, assisted by his two sons, walked down the steps to his carriage. He returned with his suite to Carlton House-terrace by way of St. Paul’s Churchyard, Cannon-st., Queen Victoria-st., and the Embankment.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;At St. Paul's.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 10 August 1896, Monday: 7 [of 12], Col. 2b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18960810/134/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 August 19, Wednesday''', the ''Edinburgh Evening News'' reported on the catering that White's Club and Mr Algernon Bourke arranged for the visiting Li Hung Chang:&lt;blockquote&gt;It is probably not generally known (says the &quot;Chef&quot;) that Mr Algernon Bourke, manager of White's Club, London, has undertaken to the whole of the catering for our illustrious visitor front the Flowery Land. Li Hung Chang has five native cooks in his retinue, and the greatest good fellowship exists between them and their English ''confreres'', although considerable difficulty is experienced in conversation in understanding one another's meaning. There are between 40 and and 50 to cater for daily, besides a staff about 30; that Mr Lemaire finds his time fully occupied. The dishes for his Excellency are varied and miscellaneous, and from 14 to 20 courses are served at each meal. The bills of fare contain such items as bird's-nest soup, pigs' kidneys stewed in cream, boiled ducks and green ginger, sharks' fins, shrimps and prawns stewed with leeks and muscatel grapes, fat pork saute with peas and kidney beans. The meal usually winds with fruit and sponge cake, and freshly-picked green tea as liqueur.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Li Hung Chang's Diet.&quot; ''Edinburgh Evening News'' 19 August 1896, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 8b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000452/18960819/057/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 November 6, Friday''', both Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were on the committee for the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Skating Club|Prince's Club ice-skating rink]], which [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Opening of the Prince's Club Skating Rink|opened on this day]].

'''1896 November 22, week of''', Mrs. Algernon Bourke was part of a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Shooting Party at the Charles Wilsons' Warter Priory, Yorkshire|shooting party at the Charles Wilsons' Warter Priory, Yorkshire]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 November 25, Wednesday''', Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bouke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Lord and Lady Burton Hosted a Party for Derby Day|Lord and Lady Burton's party for Derby Day]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 December 4, Friday''', the Orleans Club at Brighton was robbed:&lt;blockquote&gt;The old building of the Orleans Club at Brighton, which opens its new club house at 33, Brunswick-terrace to-day, was the scene of a very ingenious burglary during the small hours of yesterday morning. The greater portion of the club property had already been removed to the new premises, but Mr Algernon Bourke, his private secretary, and some of the officials of the club, still occupied bed-rooms at the house in the King’s-road. The corner shop of the street front is occupied by Mr. Marx, a jeweller in a large way of business, and upon his manager arriving at nine o'clock he discovered that the place had been entered through hole in the ceiling, and a great part of a very valuable stock of jewelry extracted. An examination of the morning rooms of the club, which runs over Mr. Marx's establishment reveal a singularly neat  specimen of the burglar's art. A piece of the flooring about 15in square had been removed by a series of holes bored side by side with a centre-bit, at a spot where access to the lofty shop was rendered easy by a tall showcase which stood convemently near. A massive iron girder had been avoided by a quarter of an inch, and this circumstance and the general finish of the operation point to an artist in his profession, who had acquired an intimate knowledge of the premises. The club doors were all found locked yesterday morning, and the means of egress adopted by the thief are at present a mystery.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Burglary at Brighton.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London) 05 December 1896, Saturday: 5 [of 12], Col. 7a [of 7]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/18961205/090/0005. Print title: ''Daily Telegraph''; p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 December 10, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke was present to help staff a stall at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#10 December 1896, Thursday|Irish Industries Exhibition and Sale, Brighton]].

'''1896 December 31, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke hosted a New Year's Eve dance:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave a highly satisfactory and enjoyable dance on Thursday night, when the old year was danced out and the new one danced in. Most of the silver gilters at present in to len were to the fore.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Man about Town.&quot; ''Sporting Gazette'' 02 January 1897, Saturday: 7 [of 34], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002525/18970102/041/0007. Print title ''The County Gentleman'', p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 January 9, Saturday''', Psyche in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; says that Algernon Bourke's &quot;cheerful countenance was quite in keeping with the [Christmas] season,&quot; seen in London.&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 9 January 1897, Saturday: 22 [of 56], Col. 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970109/097/0022. Same print title, p. 40.&lt;/ref&gt; 

'''1897 January 13, Wednesday – 18, Monday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were guests of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Warwickshire Hunt Club Ball|house party associated with the Warwickshire Hunt Ball]] at [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Warwick Castle]].

'''1897 January 30, Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke was reported to have been out shopping in London: &quot;Another charming figure was that of Mrs. Algernon Bourke all in chinchilla, with something of pale blue in a smart toque.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 30 January 1897, Saturday: 20 [of 59]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970130/107/0020. Same print title, p. 134.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 May 31, Monday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke were present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#House Party at Warwick Castle|House Party at Warwick Castle]] hosted by the Earl and Countess of Warwick.

'''1897 June 2, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Reception at the Foreign Office|reception at the Foreign Office]].

'''1897 June 12, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' reported on Guendoline Bourke's dress and hat at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Duchess of Albany's Bazaar at the Imperial Institute|Duchess of Albany's Bazaar at the Imperial Institute]]. 

'''1897 June 19, Saturday''', Psyche in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; column in the ''Gentlewoman'' writes that Guendoline Bourke was seen driving in London, &quot;in blue, ... looking as usual very handsome.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 19 June 1897, Saturday: 28 [of 108], Col. 2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970619/159/0028. Same print title, p. 848.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 June 28, Monday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were invited to the [[Social Victorians/Diamond Jubilee Garden Party|Garden Party at Buckingham Palace]], the final official event of the London Diamond Jubilee celebrations. Members of the family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] were also among the 5,000–6,000 people invited.

'''1897 July 2, Friday''', the Hon. A. and Mrs. A. Bourke and Mr. and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] at Devonshire House.

'''1897 July 8, Thursday, 11:00 p.m.''', Hon. Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were present at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace|the Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace]]. The dancing commenced shortly after 11:00 p.m.

'''1897 July 11–16, week of''', a dog of Guendoline Bourke's won a prize at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Ladies' Kennel Association show in the Royal Botanic Gardens in Regent's Park|Ladies' Kennel Association show in the Royal Botanic Gardens in Regent's Park]]. 

'''1897 July 23, Friday''', both the Hon. Algernon Bourke and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Bourke-Curzon Cricket Match at the Queen's Club|Bourke-Curzon cricket match at the Queen's Club]], which Algernon Bourke's team lost. 

'''1897 July 23 — or July 30, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Lady Burton's party at Chesterfield House|Lady Burton's party at Chesterfield House]]. &lt;blockquote&gt;Far the prettiest women in the room were Lady Henry Bentinck (who looked perfectly lovely in pale yellow, with a Iong blue sash; and Mrs. Algernon Bourke, who was as smart as possible in pink, with pink and white ruchings on her sleeves and a tall pink feather in her hair.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lady Burton's Party at Chesterfield House.&quot; ''Belper &amp; Alfreton Chronicle'' 30 July 1897, Friday: 7 [of 8], Col. 1c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004151/18970730/162/0007. Print title: ''Belper and Alfreton Chronicle''; n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 August 2, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Warwick House Party for the Easton Lodge Cricket Week Games|Earl and Countess of Warwick's house party for Easton Lodge cricket week]].

'''1897 August 2, Monday''', Mrs. Algernon Bourke was listed as among [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Most Beautiful Women in England|the most beautiful women in England]] in an article from ''Vanity Fair'' that was reprinted elsewhere.

'''1897 September 25, Saturday''', according to the ''Pall Mall Gazette'',&lt;blockquote&gt;The [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Dowager-Countess of Mayo]] is staying with her son, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, at Bramnber, near Brighton.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pall Mall Gazette Office.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 25 September 1897, Saturday: 8 [of 10], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18970925/023/0008. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1897 October 2, Saturday''', &quot;Yenatrix&quot; in &quot;Kennel Column&quot; in the ''Gentlewoman'' reported that Guendoline Bourke had joined the Ladies' Kennel Association.&lt;ref&gt;Yenatrix. &quot;Kennel Column.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 02 October 1897, Saturday: 39 [of 61], Col. 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18971002/182/0039. Same print title, p. 434.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 October 9, Saturday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Harrogate|Harrogate, presumably taking the waters and baths]]. Lady May was on her way to visit Algernon Bourke in Brighton:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Earl of Mayo is expected to return from Sweden on Saturday next. Lady Mayo leaves Bournemouth on Sarurday for Brighton, where she will pay a two days' visit to her brother-in-law, the Hon. Algernon Bourke. The Earl and Countess will then return to Palmerstown, their seat in County Kildare.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pall Mall Gazette Office.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 7 October 1897, Thursday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18971007/022/0008. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1897 October 30, Saturday''', ''Black and White'' published '''J.P.B.'''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s &quot;The Case of Mrs. Elliott,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;J.P.B. &quot;The Case of Mrs. Elliott.&quot; ''Black &amp; White'' 30 October 1897, Saturday: 12 [of 34], Cols. 1a–2b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004617/18971030/036/0012. Print title ''Black and White'', p. 542.&lt;/ref&gt; an odd short short story in which the Honourable Algernon Bourke Herriott is &quot;rude to Mrs. Elliott,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2b}} presumably having proposed sexual relations while her husband is out. J.P.B. links to the biographical Algernon Bourke's career in the stock market in the description of Mrs. Christine Elliott not even simulating interest in her husband's bicycling: &quot;a soul is a grievous burthen for a stockbroker's wife,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2a}} suggesting that Mr. Elliott rather than Algernon Bourke Herriott is the stockbroker. The Hon. Algy&lt;blockquote&gt;was a senior member of several junior clubs. A woman had dubbed him once &quot;a rip with a taste for verses.&quot; The description was severe, but not unwarranted. His was a pretty pagan sensualism, though, singing from a wine palate to Church music. For the rest, he had just imagination enough to despise mediocrity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2a}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 November 25–26, Thursday–Friday''', Guendoline Bourke was in Brighton, helping the Countess of Mayo at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Irish Industries' Association Annual Exhibition|bazaar of the Irish Industries' Association]].

'''1897 December 7, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#7 December 1897, Tuesday|7th annual dinner for the Actors' Benevolent Fund]].

'''1897 December 20, Monday, the week of''', Guendoline Bourke's Mousie was the smallest dog in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Ladies' Kennel Association's Dog Show|Ladies' Kennel Association show in Earl's Court]].

'''1897 December 30''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Blenheim Palace Party with Amateur Theatricals|party at Blenheim Palace in which people performed tableaux vivants]] that got reported on, many of whom wearing the costumes from the Duchess of Devonshire's ball. The ''Irish Independent'' said Algernon Bourke was &quot;mainly responsible for the living pictures.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr Algernon Bourke ....&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 05 January 1898, Wednesday: 6 [of 8], Col. 2c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001985/18980105/115/0006.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1898''', Algernon Bourke called a meeting at White's Club about attempting to [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Thames Salmon Experiment|restock the Thames with salmon]]. In 1899 he was on a [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#Committees|committee led by the Lord Mayor about this topic]] as well.

'''1898 February 3, Thursday''',  Algernon Bourke was among [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#The Dundee Evening Telegraph Report on People at Monte Carlo|those visiting Monte Carlo according to the Dundee ''Evening Telegraph'']].

'''1898 March 12, Saturday''', ''The World'' reported on Algernon Bourke's upgrading of the Orleans Club at Brighton:&lt;blockquote&gt;

The Orleans Club at Brighton is flourishing exceedingly, and the new buildings which Mr. Algernon Bourke has just had erected at the back of the comfortable mansion at the corner of Lansdowne-place now provide all that was wanting to make the present habitat of the club all that its members desire. The new billiard-room is rapidly approaching completion, and the coffee-room, excellent and spacious now, was open on Saturday night, when every table was occupied by club diners and their guests, all of whom were enthusiastic over the excellence of this latest addition to the comfort of the house. All interested may be congratulated on what is practically new lease of life to the Orleans Club, than which there is no more comfortable place stay within the four seas.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From '''The World''.'&quot; ''East &amp; South Devon Advertiser'' 12 March 1898, Saturday: 6 pop 8], Col. 2b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001639/18980312/132/0006. Print title ''The East and South Devon Advertiser'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1898 March 30, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke was charged with assaulting a Mr. Potter, but it is not clear from this account what exactly happened:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Hon. Algernon H. Bourke, of Bramber, was summoned, at the instance of Mr. Walter John Potter, clerk to Mr. G. A. Flowers, solicitor, of Steyning, for assault, on the 30th March. — Mr. J. Edward Dell supported the case, and Mr. J. C. Buckwell defended, and pleaded not guilty. — The evidence was to the effect that Mr. Potter had occasion go to defendant's house on Wednesday last to serve a writ. He was going to drop the letter into [Col. 5c–6a] defendant's pocket when he turned and struck him a violent blow on the chest, making witness stagger backwards. Witness put up his hands to keep his balance, and defendant then struck him violently across the head with a weeding spud. — Richard Reed, who was at work for Mr. Bourke on the date named, and was working in garden at the time of the alleged assault, gave corroborative evidence. — Defendant, in the witness box, made a similar statement. — The magistrates differed as to whether the assault was committed, and dismissed the case.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Steyning.&quot; ''Sussex Express'' 9 April 1898, Saturday: 2 [of 12], Col. 5c–6a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000654/18980409/036/0002. Print: ''The Sussex Express, Surrey Standard, Weald of the Kent Mail, Hants and County Advertiser'', p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1898 April 12, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was among [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#1898 April 12, Tuesday|those visiting Monte Carlo according to the ''Gentlewoman'']].

'''1898 May 25, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke wore pink to [[Social Victorians/1898-05-25 Savoy Dinner Dance Hwfa|Mrs. Hwfa Williams' dinner-dance at the Savoy]].

'''1898 June 7, Tuesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. A. Bourke were invited to and probably attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#7 June 1898, Tuesday|State Ball at Buckingham Palace hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales]].

'''1898 July 4, Thursday afternoon''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke were invited to and probably attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#Garden Party at Marlborough House|Garden Party at Marlborough House given to the Queen and Shah of Persia]].

'''1898 October 29, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#Tennis Championship Game at Prince's Club, Knightsbridge|tennis match at Prince's Club, Knightsbridge]].

'''1898 November''', Algernon Bourke received a letter from Lord Alfred Douglas and attempted to help Douglas and his father, the Marquis of Queensberry, to reconcile. Bourke met with the Marquis and sent a positive reply to Douglas the next day.&lt;ref name=&quot;:26&quot; /&gt; (568–569)

'''1898 November 22, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#Shooting Party Hosted by William James|shooting party hosted by Mr. William James]].

'''1898 December 3, Saturday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. A. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#The Funeral of Lady Connemara|funeral of Lady Connemara in Christ Church]], Down street, Piccadilly.&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 January 10, Tuesday''', the Brighton Championship Dog Show opened:&lt;blockquote&gt;Princess of Wales a Winner at the Ladies’ Kennel Club Show.

[Exclusive to &quot;The Leader.&quot;)

The Brighton Championship Dog Show opened in the Dome and Corn Exchange yesterday, and was very well patronised by visitors and exhibitors. Among the latter was H.R.H. the Princess of Wales, who did very well; and others included Princess Sophie Duleep Singh, Countess De Grey, Sir Edgar Boehm, the Hon Mrs. Algernon Bourke, Lady Cathcart, Lady Reid, Mr. Shirley (chairman of the Kennel Club), and the Rev. Hans Hamiiton (president of the Kennel Club).

The entry of bloodhounds is one of the best seen for some time; the Great Danes are another strong lot; deerhounds are a fine entry, all good dogs, and most of the best kennels represented; borzois are another very stylish lot. The bigger dogs are, as usual, in the Corn Exchange and the &quot;toy&quot; dogs in the Dome. To everyone's satsfaction the Princess of Wales carried off two first prizes with Alex in the borzois class.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Dogs at Brighton.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 11 January 1899, Wednesday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18990111/142/0008. Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 January 11, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#11 January 1899, Wednesday|a luncheon at Stanfield-hall, home of Mr. and Mrs. Basil Montogomery, for Princess Henry of Battenberg]], that also included the Countess of Dudley (sister of Mrs. Montgomery), General Oliphant, and the Mayor and Mayoress of Romsey.

'''1899 January 17–18, Tuesday and Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Ladies' Kennel Association in Brighton|Ladies' Kennel Association in Brighton]], where she showed an Italian greyhound named Brenda.

'''1899 February 7, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke was a member of the very high-ranking committee organizing the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Gordon Memorial College Ball|Gordon Memorial College Ball at the Hotel Cecil on 7 February 1899]]. The committee had been planning for the ball, of course, for at least 3 weeks before.

'''1899 February 22, Wednesday – April''', Guendoline Bourke was part of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Society in St. Moritz|Society in St. Moritz]]. 1899 March 29, Wednesday, the ''Dundee Advertiser'' says that [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#29 March 1899, Wednesday|Cyril Sloane-Stanley was spending part of the winter in St. Moritz]] with his sister Guendoline Bourke.

'''1899 April 7, Friday, probably''', oddly, Algernon and Guendoline Bourke are not reported to have attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Funeral of the Hon. Charles Bourke, C.B.|Funeral of the Hon. Charles Bourke, C.B.]] or even to have sent flowers.

'''1899 April 8, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' reported that Guendoline Bourke had gone to [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#8 April 1899, Saturday|St. Moritz with her brother, Mr. Stanley, who had gotten engaged to Lady Cairns]].

'''1899 April 26, Wednesday''', according to &quot;Local and District News&quot; for Totton, Guendoline Bourke was &quot;ill with influenza in Paris, and Mrs. Shelley Bontein, her mother, has gone out to nurse her.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Local and District News. Totton.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 26 April 1899, Wednesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 2b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18990426/037/0004. Print title ''Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1899 June 1, Thursday, or 2, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Wedding of Roger Cyril Sloane Stanley and Olivia, Countess Cairns|wedding of her brother, Sloane Stanley and Olivia Countess Cairns]] at Holy Trinity Church, Brompton.

'''1899 June 8, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke's money troubles:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Hon. Algernon Bourke, son of the Earl of Mayo, has been appearing before the official receivers in connection with a winding-up order made against Willis’ Restaurant, Limited. The companyf [sic] was formed to acquire the well known restaurant from the Hon. H. A. Bourke. The chairman reminded the creditors that on the last occasion the meeting was adjourned because Mr. Bourke said he thought he would be able in the course of a fortnight to obtain an offer for a sum sufficient to satisfy the creditors and debenture holders. He had received a letter from Mr. Bourke to the effect that he had been unable to complete arrangements. Having looked into the affairs of the company more closely, it appeared to him that Mr. Bourke was legally liable to repay the sum of £5,000 which was advanced to White's Club, and the question would arise whether Mr. Bourke was not also liable to repay the sum of £4,000.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr. Bourke Must Pay.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 8 June 1899, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 8c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001985/18990608/118/0004. Print title: ''The Irish Weekly Independent'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1899 July 1, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#1 July 1899, Saturday|meeting in London at the Duke of Westminster's Grosvenor House]] about preserving Killarney as part of the National Trust and seems to have been acting for someone who wanted to purchase the Muckross Estate.

'''1899 July 5, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Dinner and Dance at Devonshire House|dance at Devonshire House hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire]].

'''1899 July 6, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Joan Wilson and Guy Fairfax's Wedding|wedding of Joan Wilson and Guy Fairfax in St. Mark's, near Grosvenor Square]].

'''1899 July 14, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#14 July 1899, Friday|Ernest Beckett's dinner party]].

'''1899 July 18, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Ludovici Lecture on Impressionism|lecture on Impressionism by Ludovici hosted by the Countess of Mayo]].

'''1899 July 28, Friday''', [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#White's|White's Club]] was no longer under Algernon Bourke's management and was reconstituting itself after the possibility that it would have to close.

'''1889 July 31, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#Fete of the Uxbridge Habitation of the Primrose League|Fete of the Uxbridge Habitation of the Primrose League]] at Hillingdon Court and hosted by the Hon. Algernon and Lady Mary Mills.

'''1899 September 9, Saturday''', the ''Eastern Morning News'' includes Algernon Bourke (&quot;St. James's-street, London, club proprietor&quot;) in a list of men &quot;Receiving Orders,&quot; which it is reprinting from the ''London Gazette''.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Receiving Orders.&quot; ''Eastern Morning'' News 9 September 1899, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 3c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001152/18990909/074/0005. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 October 19, Thursday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke had a bankruptcy hearing:&lt;blockquote&gt;The public examination of the Hon. Algernon Bourke was held before Mr Registrar Giffard yesterday, at the London Bankruptcy Court. The debtor, described as proprietor of a St. James's-street club, furnished a statement of affairs showing unsecured debts £13,694 and debts fully secured £12,800, with assets which are estimated at £4,489 [?]. He stated, in reply to the Official Receiver, that he was formerly a member of the Stock Exchange, but had nothing to do with the firm of which he was a member during the last ten years. He severed his connection with the firm in May last, and believed he was indebted to them to the extent of £2,000 or £3,000. He repudiated a claim which they now made for £37,300. In 1889 he became proprietor of White's Club, St. James's-street, and carried it on until January 1st last, when he transferred it to a company called Recreations, Limited. One of the objects of the company was to raise money on debentures. The examination was formally adjourned.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 October 20, Friday''', the ''Morning Leader'' mentions Bourke's bankruptcy:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Algernon Bourke, whose bankruptcy is much talked about, has been connected with numerous enterprises in clubland. He raised White's from the slough into which it had sunk after the secession of the Prince of Wales. He started the Willis Restaurant, put fresh life into the Orleans Club at Brighton, arranged a big restaurant for the bicyclists in the time of the bicycle parade, and was concerned at first in the smart and short-lived Trafalgar Bicycle Club. At one time his name spelt success. Latterly his luck has left him. He is a brother of Lord Mayo, a son of the peer who was assassinated at the post of duty, and is one of the best known men about town of the day.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Club, Stage, and Salon.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 20 October 1899, Friday: 6 [of 12], Col. 5b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18991020/085/0006. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1899 November 8, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke's bankruptcy case came up again:&lt;blockquote&gt;At Bankruptcy Court, yesterday, the case the Hon. Algernon Bourke again came on for hearing before Mr. Registrar Giffard, and the examination was concluded. The debtor has at various times been proprietor of White’s Club, St. James’s-street, and the Orleans’ Club, Brighton, and also of Willis's Restaurant, King-street, St. James's. He attributed his failure to losses sustained by the conversion of White’s Club and the Orleans' Club into limited companies, to the payment of excessive Interest on borrowed money, and other causes. The liabilities amount to £26,590, of which £13,694 are stated to be unsecured, and assets £4,409.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Affairs of the Hon. A. Bourke.&quot; ''Globe'' 09 November 1899, Thursday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001652/18991109/020/0002. Print p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 December 23, Saturday''', &quot;Mr. Algernon Bourke has departed for a tour in Africa, being at present the guest of his brother in Tunis.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Society Pages.&quot; ''Walsall Advertiser'' 23 December 1899, Saturday: 7 [of 8], Col. 7b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001028/18991223/143/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1899 December 29, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke was at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Christmas Party Hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough|Christmas Party Hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 December 31''', the San Francisco newspaper ''The Wave'' wrote the following about London society:&lt;blockquote&gt;The most prominent untitled people in London may be said to be Mr. and Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Williams|Hwfa Williams]], Mr. and Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Grenfell|Willie Grenfell]] and Mr. Algy Bourke. That they are passing rich, goes without saying, and that they entertain lavishly, understood — for to be untitled, prominent and successful, argues wealth, hospitality and cleverness.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London.&quot; The (San Francisco) ''Wave'' 14 January 1899 (Vol. XIX, No. 2): 14. ''The Internet Archive'' https://archive.org/details/wave19unse/page/n20/mode/1up.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 1900s ===

'''1900 February 15, Thursday''', Daphne Bourke, the four-year-old daughter of the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke was a bridesmaid in the [[Social Victorians/Wilson Chesterfield Wedding 1900-02-15|wedding of Enid Wilson and the Earl of Chesterfield]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London Day by Day.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph'' 15 February 1900, Thursday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/19000215/175/0008. Name in British Newspaper Archive: ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London). Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt; Guendoline Bourke, &quot;who was in grey, wore a chinchilla toque with violets.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society. Entertainments, Balls, &amp;c.&quot; ''The Queen'' 24 February 1900, Saturday: 40 [of 76], Col. 1a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/19000224/235/0040. Print: ''The Queen, The Lady's Newspaper'', p. 308.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1900 March 10, Saturday''', the ''Weekly Irish Times'' reprinted society gossip from ''The World'':&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke, who has been staying with her husband's uncle, old Connemara, during Mr. Algernon Bourke's absence abroad, has taken a new house near Portman square, and will be settling there before Easter.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip.&quot; ''Weekly Irish Times'' 10 March 1900, Saturday: 17 [of 20], Col. 1b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001684/19000310/116/0017. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1900 July''' '''17, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke took part in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#17 July 1900, Tuesday|Children's Fete in support of the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children]] on the grounds of the Royal Botanic Society. Daphe was 5 at this time, so it seems logical that she would have been there, too.

'''1900 July 30, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Barber of Seville at Covent Garden|''The Barber of Seville'' at Covent Garden]].

'''1890 August 6, Friday''', &quot;[[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Beautiful Women|Beautiful Women]],&quot; an article in ''Vanity Fair'' that was reprinted elsewhere, mentions Guendoline Bourke (&quot;Lady Algernon Bourke&quot;) as one of the most beautiful women in England.

'''1900 August 11, Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke got&lt;blockquote&gt;the pretty little Yorkshire String, an especially tiny mite, weighing only 2&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;/&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;lb, and carrying a very promising coat, ... at the Aquarium Show.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Witchampton Kennel.&quot; &quot;Ladies Kennels.&quot; ''Ladies' Field'' 11 August 1900, Saturday: 16 [of 60], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0006043/19000811/043/0016. Print title same, p. 390.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1900 September 16''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke became the heir presumptive to the Earldom of Mayo when his older brother Captain Hon. Sir Maurice Archibald Bourke died.&lt;p&gt;

'''1900 October 06, Saturday''', the ''Weekly Irish Times'' says that Mr. Algernon Bourke, now heir presumptive to the earldom of Mayo, &quot;has been for some months lately staying with Mr. Terence Bourke in Morocco.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip.&quot; ''Weekly Irish Times'' 06 October 1900, Saturday: 14 [of 20], Col. 3b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001684/19001006/121/0014. Print p. 14.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 May 30, Thursday''', the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke attended the fashionable [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1901 May 30, Thursday|Ladies' Kennel Association Dog Show at the Botanic Garden]].

'''1901 July 2, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke — &quot;pretty Mrs. Algernon Bourke, in a mauve gown and and purple tulle toque&quot; — attended a children's party at the Botanic Gardens hosted by the Earl and Countess of Kilmorey.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Earl of Kilmorey, K.P.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 13 July 1901: Saturday, 50 [of 84], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010713/237/0050. Print: title the same, p. 60.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1901 July 4, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke — dressed &quot;in pale grey, with her pretty little girl,&quot; 6-year-old Daphne — attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Countess of Yarborough's Children's Party|children's party hosted by the Countess of Yarborough]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Countess of Yarborough ....&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 13 July 1901, Saturday: 76 [of 84], Col. 2b, 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010713/381/0076. Print p. xxxvi.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 3a}}

'''1901 July 4–6, Thursday–Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke helped staff the Perthshire stall&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Great County Sale.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 29 June 1901, Saturday: 43 [of 72], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010629/223/0043# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010629/223/0043]. Same print title, pp. 679.&lt;/ref&gt; at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Great County Sale|Great County Sale in the Imperial Gardens of the Earl's Court Exhibition]].

'''1901 July 20, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' published the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke's portrait (identified with &quot;Perthshire&quot;) in its 3rd series of &quot;The Great County Sale at Earl's Court. Portraits of Stallholders.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Great County Sale at Earl's Court. Portraits of Stallholders.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 20 July 1901, Saturday: 31 [of 60], Col. 4b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010720/141/0031. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt; Their daughter Daphne appears in the portrait as well.

'''1901 July 23, Tuesday''', an &quot;Hon. Mrs. Bourke&quot; was in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox|party &quot;entertained by Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox]].&quot;&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 September 12, Thursday''', Mrs. Guendoline Bourke wanted her name listed as Mrs. Algernon Bourke in the Electoral Register, apparently a frequent complaint:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Underhill, the Conservative agent, mentioned to the Revising Barrister (Mr. William F. Webster) that the name of the Hon. Mrs. Gwendolen Bourke was on the list in respect of the house, 75, Gloucester-place. The lady had written to him to say that she was the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke and that she wished that name to appear on the register. In reply to the Revising Barrister, Mr. Underhill said that “Algernon” was the name of the lady’s husband.

Mr. Cooke, the rate-collector, said that Mrs. Bourke had asked to be addressed Mrs. Algernon Bourke, but that the Town Clerk thought the address was not a correct one. The lady signed her cheques Gwendolen.”

Mr. Underhill said the agents frequently had indignant letters from ladies because they were not addressed by their husband’s Christian name.

The Revising Barrister — lf a lady gave me the name of Mrs. John Smith I should say I had not got the voter’s name. The name Gwendolen must remain.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;&quot;Ladies’ Names.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 12 September 1901, Thursday: 7 [of 10], Col. 3a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/19010912/130/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1901 October 26, Friday''', Algernon Bourke was on the Men's Committee of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Club Ice-skating Rink|Prince's Club Ice-skating Rink]], which had [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Prince's Club Ice-skating Rink Opening|its official opening on his day]]. 

'''1902 January''', Algernon Bourke is mentioned in [[Social Victorians/Schools#&quot;More of My Contemporaries at School.&quot;|reminiscences of Eton written by the &quot;Earl of X&quot;]] as being among those in the &quot;world of letters,&quot; and whose brother, later the Earl of Mayo, the Earl of X did not like. 

'''1902 January 25, Saturday''', Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave a box to Lady Helen Stewart-Vane-Tempest in honor of [[Social Victorians/Stewart-Stavordale Wedding 1902-01-25|Lady Helen's wedding to Giles Fox-Strangways, Lord Stavordale]]. 

'''1902 April 26, Saturday''', Mrs. A. Bourke is listed as being at the Norfolk Hotel in Brighton.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Guide to Visitors at Hotels and Boarding Houses.&quot; ''Brighton Gazette'' 26 April 1902, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000938/19020426/116/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt; 

'''1902 May, End of''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#End of May 1902|party at Blenheim Palace hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough]]. 

'''1902 June 11, Monday''', the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke had a dog entered in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Ladies' Kennel Association Show|Ladies' Kennel Association competitions in the Botanic Gardens]]. 

'''1902 September 4, Thursday''', the ''Daily Express'' reported that &quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke is staying with Lord and Lady Alington at Scarborough.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Onlooker.&quot; &quot;My Social Diary.&quot; &quot;Where People Are.&quot; ''Daily Express'' 04 September 1902, Thursday: 5 [of 8], Col. 1b? [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004848/19020904/099/0005. Print p. 4, Col. 7b [of 7].&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1902 September 22, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke was a guest at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Earl and Countess of Mar and Kellie's House Party|large house party hosted by the Earl and Countess of Mar and Kellie]].

'''1902 October 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Annual Opening of the Prince's Ice-skating Rink|opened the Prince's ice-skating rink for the season]], which he had been doing since 1895.

'''1902 October 25, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was bequeathed £500 by his uncle [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Robert Bourke]], who had died 3 September 1902.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Will of Lord Connemara.&quot; ''Kildare Observer and Eastern Counties Advertiser'' 25 October 1902, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 4b–c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001870/19021025/037/0002. Print title the ''Kildare Observer'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 October 31, Friday''', the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Annual Opening of the Prince's Ice-skating Rink|7th opening of the Prince's Skating Club]]. Guendoline Bourke was on the Women's Committee and Algernon Bourke was on the Men's.&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 November 8, Friday, beginning, perhaps''', Guendoline Bourke was part of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#8 November 1902, Saturday|Earl and Countess of Warwick's shooting party at Easton Lodge]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 December 9, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#9 December 1902, Tuesday|Lady Eva Wyndham-Quin's &quot;at home,&quot; held at the Welch Industrial depot]] for the sale Welsh-made Christmas gifts and cards. Bourke wore &quot;a fur coat and a black picture hat.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Lady Correspondent.&quot; &quot;Society in London.&quot; ''South Wales Daily News'' 11 December 1902, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000919/19021211/082/0004. Print p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1903 February 6, Friday''', Hon. Mrs A. Bourke was present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Dinner Party Hosted by Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and the Countess of Dudley|dinner party Hosted by Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and the Countess of Dudley]]. &lt;p&gt;

'''1903 February 9, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke was present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Dinner Party Hosted by Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and the Countess of Dudley|house party at Dublin Castle hosted by the Lord Lieutenant and Countess of Dudley that began the Viceregal season]].

'''1903 March 17, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke staffed a booth at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1903 March 17, Tuesday|sale of the Irish Industries Association]] on St. Patrick's Day with [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Lady Mayo]], [[Social Victorians/People/Dudley|Georgina Lady Dudley]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Miss Beresford]]. A number of other aristocratic women were also present at the sale in other booths, including [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Lady Londonderry]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Lucan|Lady Lucan]].

'''1903 June 19, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke was invited to the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Grand Ball in the Waterloo Chamber at Windsor Castle|grand ball at Windsor Castle]], the end of the Ascot-week festivities.

'''1903 June 23, Tuesday''', Guendoline and Daphne Bourke were invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1903 June 23, Tuesday|children's party at Buckingham Palace for Prince Eddie's birthday]].

'''1903 July 10, Friday, or so''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Party Hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough|party hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough]].

'''1904 May 17, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke had agreed to let Daphne appear in the tableaux vivants arranged by Sir Philip Burne-Jones for the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Countess Cadogan's Great Bazaar|Countess of Cadogan's great bazaar]]. Some mothers had had to decline because of the outbreaks of measles and chicken pox.&lt;p&gt;

'''1904 June 30, Thursday''', Guendoline and Daphne Bourke attended another birthday party for Prince Eddie at Buckingham Palace, and the ''Gentlewoman'' says, &quot;No prettier little girl was to be seen that day than little Miss Daphne Bourke, the daughter of the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke, with her wonderful Irish eyes and colouring, her pretty white frock being relieved with a rose pink sash.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Prince Eddie's Birthday.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 02 July 1904, Saturday: 68 [of 92]. Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19040702/360/0068. Print: title the same, p. 42.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1904 September 15, Thursday''', according to what was at the time called the ''Irish Daily Independent and Nation'', Algernon Bourke was living in Venice and not in the UK at this point:&lt;blockquote&gt;Algernon Bourke, who usually lives in Venice, has spent some time in England during the present summer, and has now gone on a fishing expedition to Sweden, accompanied by his brother, Lord Mayo. Lady Mayo has been staying meanwhile in Ireland, and has had a visit from her mother, Lady Maria Ponsonby, who is a sister of Lend Obventry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;&quot;Society Notes.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 15 September 1904, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001986/19040915/131/0004. Print title: ''Irish Daily Independent and Nation'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1904 October 22, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' reported that &quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke is paying a visit to Venice, which Mr. Bourke has made his headquarters for several years past, as he is connected with some very artistic stone and marble works situated near the Grand Canal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 22 October 1904, Saturday: 24 [of 6ths 8], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19041022/112/0024. Print title same, p. 672.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1905 February 17, Friday''', the Dundee ''Evening Post'' reported that Algernon Bourke &quot;set up a shop in Venice for the sale of art treasures and old furniture.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social News.&quot; Dundee ''Evening Post'' 17 February 1905, Friday: 6 [of 6], Col. 7b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000582/19050217/105/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1905 April 26, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#New Forest United Hunt Ball|New Forest United Hunt Ball]], as did her brother Captain R. C. H. Sloane Stanley and his wife Olivia Countess Cairns.&lt;p&gt;

'''1905 June 5, Monday''', Algernon Bourke wrote to the ''Times'' from Venice that &quot;The Venetian wits have suggested a motto for Admiral Togo, Togo Tenga Tutto (Togo takes the lot).&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr. Algernon Bourke.&quot; ''Hull Daily Mail'' 08 June 1905, Thursday: 2 [of 6], Col. 6a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000324/19050608/008/0002. Print title ''Daily Mail'', p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1905, last week of July''', Guendoline Bourke and daughter Daphne Bourke — who was 10 years old — attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Last week of July, 1905|Lady Cadogan's children's party at Chelsea House]]. Daphne was &quot;One of loveliest little girls present.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Social News.&quot; ''Belfast News-Letter'' 01 August 1905, Tuesday: 7 [of 10], Col. 6b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000038/19050801/157/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1906 March 9, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke was a reference for Mr. Frances Burgess, who taught piano, singing, voice production, organ and music theory. Burgess was &quot;Organist and Choirmaster of St. Columbs', North Kensington, Director of the Plainsong and Medieval Music Society's Choir, etc., etc.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot;&gt;&quot;Mr. Francis Burgess.&quot; ''Kilburn Times'' 9 March 1906, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001813/19060309/086/0003. Print title: ''Kilburn Times Hampstead and North-western Press'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1906 December 10, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke was seen in the tea room, possibly with Lady Grosvenor, at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1906 December 10, Monday|Lady Dudley's sale of Irish needlework]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1907 May''', a &quot;naval signalling incident&quot; [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#May 1887|caused the Waterford ''Evening News'' to recall a similar event]] that had occurred 20 years earlier, in which Algernon Bourke, as special correspondent for the ''Times'', publicized [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles Beresford]]'s use of his ship's signalling capabilities to send a message to his wife about being late for dinner:&lt;blockquote&gt;

The naval signalling incident is still in the air. It is expected that the matter will not be threshed out until Emperor William leaves England. A story of a former signalling incident in which [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles Beresford]] was concerned is going the rounds at the moment.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1907 August 24, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was present at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Polo Week at Eaton Hall, Duke and Duchess of Westminster|Polo Week at Eaton Hall, hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Westminster]].

'''1908 July 30, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke was at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Glorious Goodwood. Cup Day and Dresses.|Cup Day at the Goodwood races]], wearing salmon-pink with a matching hat.

'''1909 April 20, Tuesday''', Lady Rosemary Cairns — daughter of Olivia Sloan-Stanley, Countess Cairns and Cyril Sloane-Stanley — and Wyndham Portal were [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#20 April 1909, Tuesday|married in St. Margaret's, Westminster]]. Lavender and Diane Sloane-Stanley were bridesmaids.&lt;p&gt;

'''1909 May 22, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke appears to have been living in Pisa. A columnist for the ''Queen'' reported on the Royal School of Art Needlework:&lt;blockquote&gt;Lady Leconfield [?] was there, also her sister-in-law, the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Dowager Lady Mayo]], only just back from her winter on the Continent, when she spent most of the time at Pisa, where her son Mr Algernon Bourke has also been staying. The latter is a great connoisseur as regards [art?] notably in what is really good in the way of old Italian sculpture and carving. He and his handsome wife have a place near to Putney, and this winter again Mr Bourke, as the result of his Italian travels, has been sending home such relics of the old Italian palace gardens as as stone and marble carved vases, garden seats, and what-not of the kind — not all for himself and his own gardens by any means, I fancy; but his friends, relying on his knowledge in such matters, get him when abroad to choose for [them?] the adornment of their English terraces and gardens.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;My Social Diary.&quot; The ''Queen'' 22 May 1909, Saturday: 31 [of 86], Col. 1b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/19090522/203/0031. Print p. 871.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1909 September''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was among the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Visitors in Venice from the U.K.|many visitors from &quot;England&quot; in Venice]] in September.

=== 1910s ===
'''1910 April 20, Wednesday''', the ''Tatler'' printed an &quot;open letter&quot; to Geraldine, Countess of Mayo, as part of its &quot;The Searchlight in Society&quot; series and mentioned Algernon Bourke, saying he had been keeping &quot;a curiosity shop at Venice&quot;:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Bourkes have brains, and a good example is afforded by Mr. Algernon Bourke, next brother to Lord Mayo and heir-presumptive to the title. He is a good-looking man who used to be known as Buttons Bourke, and he married well, as his wife was the rich and pretty Miss Guendolen Sloane Stanley. He may be described as a &quot;Jack of all trades,&quot; but it is not I who will say that he is a master of none. He was once in the Stock Exchange, then he took White's Club in hand and restored it to much of its former prestige. After that he dabbled in smart hotels and restaurants, and the last thing I heard of him was that he kept a curiosity shop at Venice.&lt;ref&gt;Candida. &quot;The Searchlight in Society. Our Open Letter. No. CII. The Countess of Mayo.&quot; The ''Tatler'' 20 April 1910, Wednesday: 18 [of 42], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001852/19100420/023/0018. Print title same, p. 72.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1911 November 21, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke assisted the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#21 November 1911, Tuesday|Duchess of Marlborough at her at-home]] that included a sale of work by the wives of prisoners.&lt;p&gt;

'''1912 September 27, Friday''', Guendoline and Daphne Bourke were visiting Mr. and Mrs. Shelley Bontein, her mother and stepfather.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From 'The World.'&quot; ''Berks and Oxon Advertiser'' 27 September 1912, Friday: 2 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002298/19120927/014/0002. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1913 April 23, Wednesday''', the Irish Independent reported that Guendoline and Daphne Bourke had arrived in London for the season:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke and Miss Bourke have arrived for the season at 75 Gloucester place, Portman square, London.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social and Personal.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 23 April 1913, Wednesday: 4 [of 10], Col. 5b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001715/19130423/081/0004. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1913 May 7, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke presented her daughter Daphne Bourke at court:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke presented her daughter, and wore blue and gold broché with a gold lace train.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social and Personal.&quot; London ''Daily Chronicle'' 08 May 1913, Thursday: 6 [of 12], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005049/19130508/120/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

The ''Pall Mall Gazette'' has a description of Daphne Bourke's dress, but what exactly &quot;chiffon [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hoops|paniers]]&quot; means in 1913 is not clear:&lt;blockquote&gt;Court dressmakers appear to have surpassed all previous records in their efforts to make the dresses for to-night’s Court as beautiful as possible. Noticeable among these is the dainty presentation gown to be worn by Miss Bourke, who will be presented by her mother, the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke. This has a skirt of soft white satin draped with chiffon [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hoops|paniers]] and a bodice veiled with chiffon and trimmed with diamanté and crystal embroidery. Miss Bourke’s train, gracefully hung from the shoulders, is of white satin lined with pale rose pink chiffon and embroidered with crystal and diamanté.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Fashion Day by Day. Lovely Gowns for To-night's Court.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 07 May 1913, Wednesday: 13 [of 18], Col. 1a [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/19130507/199/0013. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The ''London Evening Standard'' describes Guendoline and Daphne Bourke the same way except with differences in editing:&lt;blockquote&gt;Miss Bourke: Presented by her mother, the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke. Dainty presentation gown of white satin, the skirt draped with chiffon paniers, bodice veiled chiffon and trimmed with diamanté and crystal embroidery. Train gracefully hung from shoulder of white satin embroidered with crystal and diamanté, lined with pale rose pink chiffon.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Some of the Dresses.&quot; &quot;The King and Queen. Third Court. Most Brilliant of the Year.&quot; ''London Evening Standard'' 08 May 1913, Thursday: 11 [of 18], Col. 4b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/19130508/237/0011. Print title ''The Standard'', p. 11.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

According to the ''Lady's Pictorial'', Daphne Bourke's dress was designed and constructed by [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Messrs Russell and Allen|Messrs. Russell and Allen]], Old Bond-street, W., and the description is identical (except for a couple of commas).&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Their Majesties' Court.&quot; ''Lady's Pictorial'' 17 May 1913, Saturday: 35 [of 64], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005980/19130517/296/0035. Same print title, p. 787.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1914 May 11, Monday''', Guendoline and Daphne Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#Dance at the Ritz Hosted by Mrs. George Marjoribanks|dance at the Ritz hosted by Mrs. George Marjoribanks]].

'''1915 January 1, Friday''', Algernon Bourke is listed as being on the Executive Committee of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#1915 January 1, Friday|National Food Fund, publicized by the ''Conservative and Unionist Women's Franchise Review'']].

'''1916 August 25, Friday''', Daphne Bourke's and John Fortescue's engagement was announced:&lt;blockquote&gt;A most attractive prospective bride (says the &quot;Star&quot;) is Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke's only daughter, Miss Daphne Bourke, whose engagement has just taken place to Mr. Fortescue, of the Coldstream Guards. Miss Bourke is tall, dark, and very beautiful; and Mr. Fortescue is one of the family of Boconoc, Cornwall, and Dropmore, Maidenhead. At the latter place the two families have been neighbours, for Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke have a charming country residence at Taplow, while Dropmore is famous for its magnificent gardens.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Personalia.&quot; ''Uxbridge &amp; W. Drayton Gazette'' 25 August 1916, Friday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002285/19160825/043/0004. Print title ''The Advertiser'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''1917 June 7, Thursday''', Daphne Bourke and John Grenville Fortescue [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#7 June 1917, Thursday|married in the Coldstream Guards' chapel]].

== Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball ==
According to both the ''Morning Post'' and the ''Times'', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was among the Suite of Men in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#&quot;Oriental&quot; Procession|&quot;Oriental&quot; procession]] at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&quot;Fancy Dress Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; ''Morning Post'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 4a–8 Col. 2b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970703/054/0007.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;&quot;Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; The ''Times'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 12, Cols. 1a–4c ''The Times Digital Archive''. Web. 28 Nov. 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Based on the people they were dressed as, Guendoline Bourke was probably in this procession but it seems unlikely that Algernone Bourke was.

[[File:Guendoline-Irene-Emily-Bourke-ne-Sloane-Stanley-as-Salammb.jpg|thumb|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a standing woman richly dressed in an historical costume with a headdress and a very large fan|Hon. Guendoline Bourke as Salammbô. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]
=== Hon. Guendoline Bourke ===
[[File:Alfons Mucha - 1896 - Salammbô.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Highly stylized orange-and-yellow painting of a bare-chested woman with a man playing a harp at her feet|Alfons Mucha's 1896 ''Salammbô''.]]
Lafayette's portrait (right) of &quot;Guendoline Irene Emily Bourke (née Sloane-Stanley) as Salammbô&quot; in costume is photogravure #128 in the '''Album''' presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;&quot;Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball (1897): photogravures by Walker &amp; Boutall after various photographers.&quot; 1899. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait-list.php?set=515.&lt;/ref&gt; The printing on the portrait says, &quot;The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke as Salammbo.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;&quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke as Salammbo.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158491/Guendoline-Irene-Emily-Bourke-ne-Sloane-Stanley-as-Salammb.&lt;/ref&gt;

The Lafayette Archive has 2 additional poses from the same session on 5 July 1897 as the one chosen for the Album:

* Same image as the Album photograph but higher resolution than the one the National Portrait Gallery, London, gives permission to post (Neg. No. GP [L] [http://lafayette.org.uk/bou1369.html 1369]).
* Standing with fan behind head, includes close-up of skirt fabric and left hand (Neg. No. GP [L] [http://lafayette.org.uk/bou1368-444.html 1368-444]).
* Reclining on pillows and furs, includes close-up of face and headdress (Neg. No. GP [L] [http://lafayette.org.uk/bou1368-442.html 1368-442]).

==== Newspaper Accounts ====
The Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke was dressed as Salambo in the Oriental procession&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; in a costume made by [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Mrs. Mason|Mrs. Mason]], according to Russell Harris, although he also says [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Mr. Charles Alias|Charles Alias]] was the &quot;Costume supplier.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://lafayette.org.uk/bou1369.html|title=Hon Mrs Algernon Bourke (1870-1967), née Guendoline Irene Emily Sloane-Stanley by Lafayette 1897|website=lafayette.org.uk|access-date=2025-07-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Besides the two that mention her presence at the ball — the ''Morning Post'' and the ''Times'' — only two describe her costume, the London ''Evening Standard'' and the ''Gentlewoman'':
* &quot;Mrs. A. Bourke, as an Egyptian Princess, with the Salambo coiffure, wore a flowing gown of white and silver gauze covered with embroidery of lotus flowers. The top of the gown was ornamented with old green satin embroidered with blue turquoise and gold, and studded with rubies. The train was of old green broché with sides of orange and gold embroidery, and from the ceinture depended long bullion fringe and an embroidered ibis.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“The Ball at Devonshire House. Magnificent Spectacle. Description of the Dresses.” London ''Evening Standard'' 3 July 1897 Saturday: 3 [of 12], Cols. 1a–5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/18970703/015/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 3, Col. 3b}}
* &quot;(Egyptian Princess), drapery gown of white and silver gauze, covered with embroidery of lotus flowers; the top of gown appliqué with old green satin embroidered blue turquoise and gold, studded rubies; train of old green broché.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 40, Col. 3a}}

==== Commentary on Her Costume ====

*The heavy headdress is likely attached to a wig and further stabilized by something under Bourke's chin and by the filet around her forehead. The flowers appear to have jewels at the center. What looks like a neck treatment is probably part of the structure holding the headpiece in place. The placement of the flowers is clearly a copy of the headdress worn by Rose Caron in the 1892 Paris production of the Reyer opera. Made by Eugène Lacoste, this textile, metal and pearl ''coiffe'' still exists (https://www.gazette-drouot.com/article/bijoux-d-opera/54941) and is held by the Bibliothèque Nationale de France.&lt;ref&gt;Merle, Sandrine. &quot;Les bijoux d’Opéra en pleine lumière au Palais Garnier.&quot; ''La Gazette Druout'' 4 July 2025 (No. 26). Retrieved July 2025

https://www.gazette-drouot.com/article/bijoux-d-opera/54941.&lt;/ref&gt; It seems to have been constructed from metal for the gold framework with the leaf design, beads attached to hanging metal frameworks (the blue-green beads look like they're covered with fabric or wrapped with thread) and flowers that may have been made from stiffened pinked fabric (likely organdy) whose color may have darkened in the century that has passed.
*Bourke's posture as she leans in the reclining odalisque pose shows she is wearing a corset.
*The translucent overskirt looks like an apron attached under the bust and hanging from the bodice.
*Russell Harris says the large fan looks more Egyptian rather than Carthaginian,&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt;  and the newspapers say she was dressed as an Egyptian princess rather than a Carthaginian priestess.
*The fullness of the skirt is very controlled.
*Her shoes are slippers decorated with real or artificial jewels.

==== Salammbô ====
Salammbô is the fictitious protagonist in Gustave Flaubert's 1862 novel ''Salammbô'', set during the Roman war against Carthage.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-04-29|title=Salammbô|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salammb%C3%B4&amp;oldid=1221352216|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salammb%C3%B4.&lt;/ref&gt; Salammbô is a Carthaginian priestess of the lunar goddess Tanit. Matho, a Roman mercenary, breaks into Tanit's temple and steals her sacred veil — the spiritual guardian of Carthage. Salammbô sneaks into the enemy encampment to steal the veil back. She meets Matho in his tent, and &quot;believing each other to be divine apparitions,&quot; they make love,&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; although it is also a defilement. Salammbô succceds in getting the veil back, but Matho is tortured and executed, which causes her to die of shock, the effect of both having touched the veil. The plot of the opera is not identical to that of the novel.

What Guendoline Bourke saw in Salammbô as representative of herself is difficult to know, unless the costume itself appealed to her. A production of Ernest Reyer's opera ''Salammbô'', based on Flaubert's novel and published in Paris in 1890, opened at the Paris Opéra on 16 May 1892,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-04-11|title=Ernest Reyer|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Reyer&amp;oldid=1218353215|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Reyer.&lt;/ref&gt; starring Madame Rose Caron, with Mademoiselle Lucienne Bréval performing when Caron was on vacation.&lt;ref&gt;Jullienn, Adolphe. &quot;Mademoiselle Lucienne Bréval de L'Académie Nationale de Musique [or de l'Opéra in the Table of Contents].&quot; ''Le Théatre'' April 1898 (No. 4). Google Books https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/_oxRAQAAMAAJ. Pp. 8–10.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|8, Col. 2c}} This production was widely reviewed and discussed in the papers in the UK, and its production design was notable, especially Caron's costumes, the sets and [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#Scale of the Production of Salammbo|the very scale of the production]]. Bourke or her costumier clearly saw the opera or images of the performers or its posters, certainly influencing the design of her costume.

* Rose Caron in her Salammbo costume is here: https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/rose-caron-french-soprano-in-costume-in-the-title-role-of-news-photo/1439485238.
* A headshot of Bréval in costume is here: https://books.google.com/books/content?id=_oxRAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=RA3-PP7&amp;img=1&amp;zoom=3&amp;hl=en&amp;bul=1&amp;sig=ACfU3U2Gv8Os_rEmx2gM9SakJkYLJ9hW7g&amp;ci=6%2C1%2C988%2C1371&amp;edge=0.)
* &quot;Salammbo's hair [was] powdered with a violet dust when she first appeared before the eyes of Matho.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Salome.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 27 February 1893, Monday: 3 [of 8]. Col. 2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18930227/010/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

Salammbô figured in paintings, sculptures and illustrations of editions of Flaubert's novel before Ernest Reyer's 1890 opera. Translations and illustrated editions of Flaubert's novel had come out steadily beginning in the 1880s. Alfons Mucha's 1896 lithograph of Salammbô (above left) was published the year before the ball. Salammbo is often depicted as nude and highly sexual or sexualized (kissing a huge snake, for example, that she holds aloft). Reyer's opera was first produced in 1890 in Brussels. Both Modest Mussorgsky and Sergei Rachmaninoff had attempted but not completed operas based on the novel as well.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

===== Comtesse de Castiglione as Salammbô =====
Guendoline Bourke's costume and her social life as reported in the newspapers do not suggest that she was a big risk-taker like, for example, la Comtesse de Castiglione, Napoléon III's mistress at the time, who appeared at a ball in a Salammbô costume in 1886, 4 years after Flaubert's novel was first published. Henry Labouchere's ''Truth'' says of the Comtesse de Castiglione.&lt;blockquote&gt;
The first time I saw her I did not know who she was. She took my breath away; her beauty was so harmonious, and in all points so faultless. When I was told who she was, I thought of Helen and the Trojans. I also saw her at the fancy ball at the Tuileries, where she was in the transparent costume, lightly fastened together with brooches, ''à la'' Salammbô. Comte de Choiseul, son of the notorious Duc de Praelin, with his face blackened to make him resemble a Nubian slave, held up the part of the garment which fell as a gauzy train.

A spectatress I remember of that fancy ball was Mrs. Dayton, wife of the U.S. Minister. When she saw the Countess enter like an Olympian being, her American ideas got the better of diplomatic form, and she said to her daughter, a sweet maidenly young girl, &quot;Annie, dear, you must come away.&quot; A French lady (Madame Rouher) who sat next and was rather bourgeois than fast, remonstrated, I remember, in these words: &quot;Mais, Madame, où en est, donc, le mal ? Tout est si bien chez la Comtesse!&quot; The triumph of the Comtesse, as she walked down the Galerie des Maréchaux, was about as extraordinary a sight as the Tuileries ever presented. What was so astonishing was that the ladies forgot to be jealous, and the gentlemen to fall in love. The great beauty of the Countess excluded from their minds the idea of sex.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Notes from Paris.&quot; ''Truth'' 4 June 1891, Thursday: 22 [of 56], Col. 2b–c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18910604/046/0022. Same print title, p. 1176.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
The same reporter wrote about her again after her death in 1889.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Notes from Paris: The Late Comtesse de Castiglione.&quot; ''Truth'' 7 December 1899, Thursday: 28, Col. 1c – 29 [of 74], Col. 1c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18991207/045/0028 and https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0002961/18991207/045/0029. Same print title, pp. 1410–1411.&lt;/ref&gt; 

In 1889, on the announcement of la Comtesse de Castiglione's death, the ''Edinburgh Evening News'' exaggerates her nudity and doesn't describe the rush in the ballroom to see her, her denial that she was costumed as Salammmbô or the fact that she was Napoléon's mistress, which might go some way to explain the Empress Eugenie's response, but does address the lingering memory:&lt;blockquote&gt;The late Countess Castiglione, whose death in Paris is recorded yesterday, made her first appearance at the Imperial Court in 1866, where her extraordinary beauty made a great impression on Napoleon III., and eventually led to the Empress Eugenie’s undertaking an unexpected and much-talked-of visit to Scotland. The Countess had a face and complexion which would have enchanted Rubens, and her lovely golden hair touched her feet. Even at the present day Paris has not forgotten her costume, or rather absence of costume as Salammbo, in which character she figured at a certain memorable ball at the Tuileries, wearing her hair, her jewels, and very little else. The Empress Eugenie, when she was presented to her thus lightly arrayed, declared that she must be cold, and insisted upon her there and then donning a mantle. Mme. de Castiglione was never again invited to an entertainment over which the Empress Eugenie presided.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Countess’ Queer Ball Costume.&quot; ''Edinburgh Evening News'' 2 December 1899, Saturday: 2 [of 6], Col. 7b [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000452/18991202/024/0002. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Given how widely this incident was discussed at the time of the death of la Comtesse in 1889, brought up again with the discussions of Reyer's opera, Guendoline Bourke might easily have known about it. Perhaps the sexuality or overt sexuality of Salammbô appealed to her, but she was developing relationships with people like the Princess of Wales and had more leeway than the middle classes but would have been careful. 

===== Scale of the Production of ''Salammbo'' =====

* &quot;In Reyer's opera of 'Salammbo,' lately produced at the Grand Opera in Paris, there were 1,400 persons on the stage in the last act.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Facts and Fancies.&quot; ''Louth and North Lincolnshire Advertiser'' 9 July 1892, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 6c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000313/18920709/038/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;the battle scene in [''Salammbo''] requires no less than 3000 square yards of 'decorative surface' [probably canvas]. This establishes a record, the next largest surface being that of the salles des fetes in 'Don Giovanni.'&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A French paper gives interesting details....&quot; ''Sevenoaks Chronicle and Kentish Advertiser'' 26 August 1892, Friday: 2 [of 8], Col. 3c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001067/18920826/032/0002. Same print title, n.p.

&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Influence of the Production of ''Salammbo'' =====
Rose Caron's productions were influential, including for the costumes she wore. The 1892 ''Lohengrin'' she starred in was the source of the costumes worn by [[Social Victorians/People/Stonor#Julia Caroline Stonor, Marquise of Hautpoul|Julia Stonor, Marquise of Hautpoul]] and her brother, [[Social Victorians/People/Stonor#Hon. Harry Stonor|Hon. Harry Stonor]].

Women's clothing was influenced by the costumes in the opera, particularly those worn by Rose Caron. One color of intense red was called Salammbo. A bonnet was named the Salammbô:&lt;blockquote&gt;About the smartest thing in bonnets for ordinary complimentary mourning is called the Salammbô, and is copied from a head-dress worn by a leading artiste at one of the Paris theatres. It is made of jet, and has a rose on each side of the front from the centres of which rise two black ospreys.&lt;ref&gt;Mantalini, Miss. &quot;The Shows in the London Shops. With Mems. about Millinery.&quot; ''Pall Mall Budget'' 29 December 1892, Thursday: 22 [of 40], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005967/18921229/092/0022. Same print title, p. 1928.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;In a long illustrated article describing the wedding of Princess Marie of Edinburgh, the ''Lady's Pictorial'' provides a sketch of &quot;a very pretty [hat] (No. 4) of brown mirror velvet trimmed with mink and a brown velvet bow in front with Salammbo '&lt;nowiki/&gt;''fantaisie''&lt;nowiki/&gt;' [sic]&quot; that is among the bride's millinery.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Marriage of H.R.H. Princess Marie of Edinburgh and H.R.H. Ferdinand Crown Prince of Roumania.&quot; ''Lady's Pictorial'' 14 January 1893, Saturday: 40 [of 76], Col. 3c [of 3]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005980/18930114/064/0040. Same print title, p. 56.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

Shoes appeared:&lt;blockquote&gt;At Mrs Merritt's, Savile-street, the stock is particularly attractive, there being so many new styles in shoes this season. One of the latest designs is the Salammbo Shoe, glace kid, with one strap, a jet buckle, and very low French heels. This shoe is especially designed for tender feet, as it is very light in weight.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;House and Home. Local Letter for Women Reader [sic], (By Our Lady Contributor).&quot; ''Hull Daily Mail'' 22 July 1897, Thursday: 5 [of 6], Col. 1b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000324/18970722/069/0005. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Patterns for making the Tunique Romaine and Corsage Salammbo were for sale just a few months after the opening:&lt;blockquote&gt;Some of the leading fashionable novelties described in ''Le Follet de Paris'' are almost ahead of the season, but they look so well that it will not be long before our provincial dressmakers have them. A revival and modification of the ancient tunic is one item which is transforming the modern gowns of tailor-built tweeds into long clinging draperies, of simple cut but ineffable grace. We have had the Russian blouse with us now for the last couple of months. Now the reign of Tunique Romaine and Corsage Salambo is upon us.

... [including the address to send off for the patterns]

A very successful novelty is the ''corsage'' “Salammbo.” In reality, it is more of a blouse and short tunic than a ''corsage'', as there is no attempt at shaping to the figure. In [sic] consists, indeed, of two straight pieces of material cut round on the shoulders, where the back and front are fastened together by clasps. There is no arm-hole, and the two pieces meet at the waist under the arm, and then hang open on to the skirt. There being no dart, the waist is as wide as the shoulders; the fullness is drawn to the centre under a ''ceinture Russe'', or of oxydised silver. The outlines are trimmed with ''galon'' or some similar garniture. The &quot;Salammbo” ''guimpe'' or ''corsage'' are made of flannel or ''mousseline de laine'' of bright colour, and are worn with fitting bodices or skirts of serge, or woollen of dark colour. They are very effective, and nothing can be easier to make, while their addition to a frock constitutes a separate costume.

The fitting bodices worn under the ''guimpes'' or ''robes'' &quot;Salammbo&quot; are very simply made; being round-waisted, they are without side pieces, and only require a seam under each arm; one in the centre of the back, and one or two darts in front, according to the figure. The skirt is mounted on a round waistband, and the ''ceinture'' worn over this gives the bodice and skirt the effect of a princess dress.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Womans Ceilidh.&quot; ''Oban Times and Argyllshire Advertiser'' 3 September 1892, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 6a–b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000462/18920903/078/0003. Print title: ''The Oban Times'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Stationery even before the opera opened in Paris:&lt;blockquote&gt;The last fad in fancy stationery is the carte Salammbo, a delightfully smooth surface for writing upon, the envelopes are very small, square, and of the wallet make; the paper folds over once to fit. The newest shades are rose pink, pale English blue, apple green, and the evergreen heliotrope.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Fashions of the Month.&quot; ''Nottinghamshire Guardian'' 27 February 1892, Saturday: 7 [of 8], Col. 2b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000176/18920227/059/0007. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:Algernon Henry Bourke Vanity Fair 20 January 1898.jpg|thumb|alt=Old colored drawing of an elegant elderly man dressed in a 19th-century tuxedo with a cloak, top hat and formal pointed shoes with bows, standing facing 1/4 to his right|''Algy'' — Algernon Henry Bourke — by &quot;Spy,&quot; ''Vanity Fair'' 20 January 1898]]

=== Hon. Algernon Bourke ===
[[File:Hon-Algernon-Henry-Bourke-as-Izaak-Walton.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a man richly dressed in an historical costume sitting in a fireplace that does not have a fire and holding a tankard|Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke as Izaak Walton. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]
'''Lafayette's portrait''' (left) of &quot;Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke as Izaak Walton&quot; in costume is photogravure #129 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; The printing on the portrait says, &quot;The Hon. Algernon Bourke as Izaak Walton.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hon. Algernon Bourke as Izaak Walton.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158492/Hon-Algernon-Henry-Bourke-as-Izaak-Walton.&lt;/ref&gt;

This portrait is amazing and unusual: Algernon Bourke is not using a photographer's set with theatrical flats and props, certainly not one used by anyone else at the ball itself. Isaak Walton (baptised 21 September 1593 – 15 December 1683) wrote ''The Compleat Angler''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2021-09-15|title=Izaak Walton|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Izaak_Walton&amp;oldid=1044447858|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izaak_Walton.&lt;/ref&gt; A cottage Walton lived in and willed to the people of Stafford was photographed in 1888, suggesting that its relationship to Walton was known in 1897, raising a question about whether Bourke could have used the fireplace in the cottage for his portrait. (This same cottage still exists, as the [https://www.staffordbc.gov.uk/izaak-waltons-cottage Isaak Walton Cottage] museum.)

A caricature portrait (right) of the Hon. Algernon Bourke, called &quot;Algy,&quot; by Leslie Ward (&quot;Spy&quot;) was published in the 20 January 1898 issue of ''Vanity Fair'' as Number 702 in its &quot;Men of the Day&quot; series,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-01-14|title=List of Vanity Fair (British magazine) caricatures (1895–1899)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)_caricatures_(1895%E2%80%931899)&amp;oldid=1195518024|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)_caricatures_(1895%E2%80%931899).&lt;/ref&gt; giving an indication of what he looked like out of costume.

=== Mr. and Mrs. Bourke ===
The ''Times'' made a distinction between the Hon. Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke and Mr. and Mrs. Bourke, including both in the article.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Occasionally this same article mentions the same people more than once in different contexts and parts of the article, so they may be the same couple. (See [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#Notes and Question|Notes and Question]] #2, below.)

== Demographics ==

=== The Bourkes ===
*Nationality: Anglo-Irish&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020-11-14|title=Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo&amp;oldid=988654078|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Occupation: journalist. 1895: restaurant, hotel and club owner and manager&lt;ref&gt;''Cheltenham Looker-On'', 23 March 1895. Via Ancestry but taken from the BNA.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Residences ====
*Ireland: 1873: Palmerston House, Straffan, Co. Kildare.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; Not Co. Mayo?
*1888–1891: 33 Cadogan Terrace, S.W., Kensington and Chelsea, a dwelling house&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970, Register of Voters, 1891.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1894: 181 Pavilion Road, Kensington and Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970. Register of Voters, 1894. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1900: 181 Pavilion Road, Kensington and Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970. Register of Voters, 1900. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1904: Algernon Bourke was &quot;usually liv[ing] in Venice&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;
*1906: 75, Gloucester-place, W.&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot; /&gt;
*Guendoline Bourke
*1911: 1911 Fulham, London&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
*20 Eaton Square, S.W. (in 1897)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pl0oAAAAYAAJ|title=Who's who|date=1897|publisher=A. &amp; C. Black|language=en}} 712, Col. 1b.&lt;/ref&gt; (London home of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]])

=== The Sloane-Stanleys ===

==== Residences ====

* 1871: Chester Street, St George Hanover Square (Census), with 5 servants, including a cook and a footman.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;The National Archives; Kew, London, England; ''1871 England Census''; Class: ''RG10''; Piece: ''104''; Folio: ''21''; Page: ''37''; GSU roll: ''838763''. Ancestry.com. ''1871 England Census'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1881–1885&lt;ref&gt;''UK, City and County Directories, 1600s-1900s''. Ancestry.com. ''UK, City and County Directories, 1766 - 1946'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; [at least]: 14 Halkin Street, W., St. Georges, 14 servants, including a governess, a house steward, an under butler, a footman and a cook.&lt;ref&gt;''Census Returns of England and Wales, 1881''. Kew, Surrey, England: The National Archives of the UK (TNA): Public Record Office (PRO), 1881. Class: ''RG11''; Piece: ''98''; Folio: ''66''; Page: ''37''; GSU roll: ''1341022''. Ancestry.com and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. ''1881 England Census'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1888: 49, Cadogan-square, St. Luke, Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Ancestry.com. ''London, England, Overseer Returns, 1863-1894'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1899, Roger Cyril Sloane-Stanley: 4 Down St., St George, Hanover Square&lt;ref&gt;London Metropolitan Archives; London, England; ''Electoral Registers''. Ancestry.com. ''London, England, Electoral Registers, 1832-1965'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1911, Roger Cyril Sloane-Stanley: Paultons, Ower, Romsey

== Family ==
*Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke (31 December 1854 – 7 April 1922)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p29657.htm#i296561|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Guendoline Irene Emily Sloane-Stanley Bourke (c. 1869 – 30 December 1967)&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&quot;Guendoline Irene Emily Stanley.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p51525.htm#i515247|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
#Daphne Marjory Bourke (5 April 1895 – 22 May 1962)

=== Relations ===
*Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke (the 3rd son of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|6th Earl of Mayo]]) was the older brother of Lady Florence Bourke.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
*Wilfred Blunt was a cousin of Algernon Bourke: Bourke's mother's &quot;mother was one of the Blunts of Crabbet Park, Sussex, which makes them kinswomen of Mr. Alfred Scawen Blunt, poet, Egyptophil and counsel for Arabi Pasha in his trial.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From ''Truth''.&quot; ''Mid-Lothian Journal'' 23 August 1912, Friday: 8 [of 8], 2c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002721/19120823/147/0008. Print title and p. same.&lt;/ref&gt;
*Lord Alfred Douglas was a cousin of Algernon Bourke.

==== Other Bourkes ====
*Hubert Edward Madden Bourke (after 1925, Bourke-Borrowes)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hubert Edward Madden Bourke-Borrowes.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p52401.htm#i524004|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2021-08-25}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p52401.htm#i524004.&lt;/ref&gt;
*Lady Eva Constance Aline Bourke, who married [[Social Victorians/People/Dunraven|Windham Henry Wyndham-Quin]] on 7 July 1885;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lady Eva Constance Aline Bourke.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p2575.htm#i25747|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-02}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p2575.htm#i25747.&lt;/ref&gt; he became 5th Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl on 14 June 1926.

=== The Sloane-Stanleys ===
* Emilie Josephine S Stanley ( 21 December 1848 [baptism]&lt;ref&gt;London Metropolitan Archives; &quot;London, England, UK&quot; ; ''London Church of England Parish Registers''; Reference Number: ''P87/Tri/001''. Ancestry.com. ''London, England, Church of England Births and Baptisms, 1813-1923'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;  – October 1945)
* Hans T Sloane Stanley (11 May 1840 [baptism]&lt;ref&gt;Ancestry.com. ''England, Select Births and Christenings, 1538-1975'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; – 15 December 1888&lt;ref&gt;Ancestry.com. ''UK and Ireland, Find a Grave® Index, 1300s-Current'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;)
* James Shell[e?]y Bontein ()
*# Gwendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt; Irene Emily G Stanley (c. 1870&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt; – )
*# '''Roger Cyril Hans Sloane Stanley''' (29 April 1875&lt;ref&gt;The National Archives; Kew, Surrey, England; ''WO 42 War Office: Officers' Birth Certificates, Wills and Personal Papers 1755-1908''; Reference: ''WO 42/72''. Ancestry.com. ''UK, Officers' Birth Certificates, Wills and Personal Papers, 1755-1908'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; – 18 November 1944&lt;ref&gt;''Find a Grave''. Find a Grave®. http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi. Ancestry.com. ''UK and Ireland, Find a Grave® Index, 1300s-Current'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;)


* Olivia Elizabeth Berens, Countess Cairns&lt;ref&gt;The National Archives of the UK (TNA); Kew, Surrey, England; ''Census Returns of England and Wales, 1911''. Ancestry.com. ''1911 England Census'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; (c. 1871 – 20 June 1951&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Olivia Elizabeth Berens.&quot; Person Page 3908; person #39077. ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as well as the Royal Families of Europe''. https://www.thepeerage.com/p3908.htm#i39077.

&lt;/ref&gt;)
* Arthur William Cairns, 2nd Earl Cairns (21 December 1861 – 14 January 1890)&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot;&gt;&quot;Arthur William Cairns, 2nd Earl Cairns.&quot; Person Page 3908; Person #39076. ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as well as the Royal Families of Europe''. https://www.thepeerage.com/p3908.htm#i39076.&lt;/ref&gt;
*# Lady Louise Rosemary Kathleen Virginia Cairns (10 March 1889 – 17 May 1962)&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot; /&gt;
* Roger Cyril Hans Sloane Stanley (1875 – 18 November 1944)
*# Lavender Elizabeth (20 May 1900 [baptism]&lt;ref&gt;Hampshire Archives and Local Studies; Winchester, England, UK; ''Anglican Parish Registers''; Reference: ''35M76/PR3''. Ancestry.com. ''Hampshire, England, Church of England Baptisms, 1813-1921''[database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; – )
*# Diane Sloane Stanley (c. 1905 – )


* Lavender Elizabeth (20 May 1900 [baptism] – )
* John Everett ()


* Diane Sloane Stanley (c. 1905 – )
* Elwyn Villiers Rhys ()

== Writings, Memoirs, Biographies, Papers ==

=== Writings ===
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon. ''The History of White's''. London: Algernon Bourke [privately published], 1892.
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon, ed., &quot;with a brief Memoir.&quot; ''Correspondence of Mr Joseph Jekyll with His Sister-in-Law, Lady Gertrude Sloane Stanley, 1818–1838''. John Murray, 1893.
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon, ed. ''Correspondence of Mr Joseph Jekyll''. John Murray, 1894.

=== Papers ===
* Where are the papers for the Earl of Mayo family? Are Algernon and Guendoline Bourke's papers with them?

== Notes and Questions ==
#The portrait of Algernon Bourke in costume as Isaac Walton is really an amazing portrait with a very interesting setting, far more specific than any of the other Lafayette portraits of these people in their costumes. Where was it shot? Lafayette is given credit, but it's not one of his usual backdrops. If this portrait was taken the night of the ball, then this fireplace was in Devonshire House; if not, then whose fireplace is it?
#The ''Times'' lists Hon. A. Bourke (at 325) and Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke (at 236) as members of a the &quot;Oriental&quot; procession, Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke (in the general list of attendees), and then a small distance down Mr. and Mrs. Bourke (now at 511 and 512, respectively). This last couple with no honorifics is also mentioned in the report in the London ''Evening Standard'', which means the Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke, so the ''Times'' may have repeated the Bourkes, who otherwise are not obviously anyone recognizable. If they are not the Hon. Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke, then they are unidentified. It seems likely that they are the same, however, as the newspapers were not perfectly consistent in naming people with their honorifics, even in a single story, especially a very long and detailed one in which people could be named more than once.
#Three slightly difficult-to-identify men were among the Suite of Men in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#&quot;Oriental&quot; Procession|&quot;Oriental&quot; procession]]: [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax|Gordon Wood]], [[Social Victorians/People/Portman|Arthur B. Portman]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Wilfred Wilson]]. The identification of Gordon Wood and Wilfred Wilson is high because of contemporary newspaper accounts. The Hon. Algernon Bourke, who was also in the Suite of Men, is not difficult to identify at all. Arthur Portman appears in a number of similar newspaper accounts, but none of them mentions his family of origin.
#[http://thepeerage.com The Peerage] has no other Algernon Bourkes.
#The Hon Algernon Bourke is #235 on the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball#List of People Who Attended|list of people who were present]]; the Hon. Guendoline Bourke is #236; a Mr. Bourke is #703; a Mrs. Bourke is #704.
#Hans Stanley-Sloane's estate was £33,704 7s. 5d. in the final probate in December 1889,&lt;ref&gt;Principal Probate Registry; London, England; ''Calendar of the Grants of Probate and Letters of Administration made in the Probate Registries of the High Court of Justice in England''. Ancestry.com. ''England &amp; Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1995'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; which might lead his widow to consider remarrying.
== Footnotes ==
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      <text bytes="175394" sha1="pmtz7j2726u9vb7sy61hjvigjxjqr2r" xml:space="preserve">Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were &quot;satirized&quot; by [[Social Victorians/People/Oscar Wilde|Oscar Wilde]] in his 1895 ''The Importance of Being Earnest''.&lt;ref&gt;Fahey, David M. ''The Politics of Drink in England, from Gladstone to Lloyd George''. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, 2022: p. 21, n. 34. ''Google Books'' (retrieved July 2025) https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Politics_of_Drink_in_England_from_Gl/8HRjEAAAQBAJ.&lt;/ref&gt; Algernon Bourke was a cousin of Lord Alfred Douglas, Wilde's Bosie, in 1898 attempting to facilitate a reconciliation between Bosie and his father, the Marquess of Queensberry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:26&quot;&gt;Ellmann, Richard. ''Osar Wilde''. Alfred A. Knopf, 1988.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|568}}[[File:Leslie Ward - Vanity Fair, Newspapermen, ^Algy^, The Hon Algernon Henry Bourke, Januray 20, 1898 - B1979.14.521 - Yale Center for British Art.jpg|thumb|Hon. Algernon Bourke, ''Vanity Fair'', 1898]]

==Also Known As==
* Family name: Bourke [pronounced ''burk'']&lt;ref name=&quot;:62&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-05-07|title=Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earl_of_Mayo&amp;oldid=1222668659|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Mayo.&lt;/ref&gt;
* The Hon. Algernon Bourke
** Button Bourke&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Tory 'Reformer' at the India Office.&quot; ''India'' 10 November 1911, Friday: 4 [of 12], Col. 1b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004300/19111110/007/0004#. Print: same title, p. 228.&lt;/ref&gt;
** Algy Bourke
* Mrs. Guendoline Bourke
** Guendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; [The National Portrait Gallery, London, uses this spelling for Lafayette's portrait of Bourke in costume for the ball,&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt; as does Russell Harris in the Lafayette Archive, held by the Victoria and Albert&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot;&gt;Harris, Russell. &quot;Hon Mrs Algernon Bourke, née Guendoline Irene Emily Sloane-Stanley (1870-1967), as Salammbô.&quot; ''In Calm Prose'' 2011. http://www.rvondeh.dircon.co.uk/incalmprose/.&lt;/ref&gt;.]
** Gwendolen&lt;ref&gt;General Register Office. ''England and Wales Civil Registration Indexes''. London, England: General Register Office. FreeBMD. ''England &amp; Wales, Civil Registration Marriage Index, 1837-1915''[database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Marriage Index}} &lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt;{{rp|''Morning Post'' article about her name}} &lt;ref&gt;General Register Office. ''England and Wales Civil Registration Indexes''. London, England: General Register Office. FreeBMD. ''England &amp; Wales, Civil Registration Marriage Index, 1837-1915''[database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Electoral Register}}
** Gwendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;City of Westminster Archives Centre; London, England; ''Westminster Church of England Parish Registers''; Reference: ''SPWP/PR/1/2''. Ancestry.com. ''Westminster, London, England, Church of England Births and Baptisms, 1813-1919'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Births and Baptisms}}
* Shelley Bontein and Emilie Sloane-Stanley Bontein
* See also the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|page for the Earl of Mayo]], the Hon. Algernon Bourke's father and then brother, and other Bourkes

== Overview ==

=== Algernon Bourke ===
Although the Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke was born in Dublin in 1854 and came from a family whose title is in the Peerage of Ireland,&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;1911 England Census.&lt;/ref&gt; he seems to have spent much of his adult life generally in England and especially in London. He was &quot;a noted fisherman.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London Correspondence.&quot; ''Freeman's Journal'' 21 December 1897, Tuesday: 5 [of 8], Col. 5c [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000056/18971221/027/0005. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

Because he was the son of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]], perhaps, or perhaps because he was so involved in projects that got reported on, he was mentioned a great deal in the newspapers, but after his bankruptcy, he seems to have receded in prominence, in part because he was living outside of the U.K., and apparently separately from his wife, Guendoline Bourke.

Bourke ran as the Conservative candidate for Parliament from Clapham (population, c. 70,000) in 1885, a race he did not win. As a candidate he is described like this:&lt;blockquote&gt;Acted as a newspaper correspondent during the Zulu war. Subsequently Poor-law inspector in the West of Ireland. &quot;A loyal supporter of Church and State.&quot; Desires to reduce the School Board expenditure, and revive trade; and is opposed to Mr. Chamberlain's &quot;police of hasty and experimental reform.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Clapham (70,000).&quot; ''South London Chronicle'' 17 October 1885, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000443/18851017/113/0005. Print title ''South London Chronicle and Southwark and Lambeth Ensign'', p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The London ''Weekly Dispatch'' says he is &quot;a dashing and unscrupulous young Tory.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Political Campaign in London.&quot; ''Weekly Dispatch'' (London) 15 November 1885, Sunday: 9 [of 16], Col. 3c [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003358/18851115/069/0009. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

&quot;Algy&quot; Bourke was &quot;Man of the Day&quot; (No. DCCII [522) for ''Vanity Fair'' in 1898, caricatured by Leslie Ward (above right) and damned, perhaps, with faint praise:&lt;blockquote&gt;Son of the great and murdered Lord Mayo, he is contemporary with the outbreak of the Crimean War, he is a Member of the London Stock Exchange, he has a beautiful wife and a daughter, and, being a very fashionable young man, he was once refused as their Member by the worthy electors of Clapham. He was an Eton boy, of course: and less naturally he went to Cambridge; where he was made President of the Beefsteak, the Amateur Dramatic, the Athenaeum, the True Blue, and the Hibernian Clubs. When he came down he tried journalism and went to Zululand as a ''Daily Telegraph'' ‘‘special”; after which he was improved into an Inspector of Workhouses [2, Col. 2c – 3, Col. 1a] in Ireland: which may account for his proficiency as a caterer. For seven years he worked under the late Mr. Chinnery on ''The Times'': being popularly supposed to look after that journal's morals. He is a good man of business, and a great organiser who has made White's Club pay even if it be less “smart&quot; than it was. He has done much for Willis’s since he took it in hand; he did well with his Battersea venture, and he thinks that he only failed with the Summer Club in Kensington Gardens because people would not go to the wrong side of the Park. Moreover, he runs a Club at Brighton, and he is Chairman of the Grand Hotel at Monte Carlo: whither he once organised a cheap trip. Altogether he is a veritable Clubman, and a very successful arranger of amusements, associations, and restaurants.

He is a popular fellow who is known to all of us; and though he is a little inclined to be quarrelsome, no one can get much the better of him. He is also a quick grasper of facts and a good talker. His favourite sports are fishing and the organising of associations for the introduction of salmon to the Thames. By way of being an art critic, he has made an interesting collection of engravings of the members of White’s Club from its foundation; but his friends say that he is not a well-dressed man. He has also written a history of White’s, and he is now writing one of Brooks's Club. He is a genial person, who looks as if the world agreed with him well.

He is an aquisition [sic] to a house party; and they call him “Algy.”&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Men of the Day.&quot; — No. DCCII [522]. The Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke.&quot; ''Vanity Fair'' 20 January 1898, Thursday: 2 [of 4], Col. 2c – 3, Col. 3a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9900020/18980120/010/0002 and https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/9900020/18980120/005/0003. Same print title, pp. 41–42. Portrait is full page, on p. 1.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The Hon. Algernon Bourke and Mr. Algernon Bourke, depending on the newspaper article, were the same person. Calling him Mr. Bourke in the newspapers, especially when considered as a businessman or (potential) member of Parliament, does not rule out the son of an earl, who would normally be accorded the honorific of ''Honorable''.

=== Guendoline Sloane-Stanley Bourke ===

Mrs. Guendoline Bourke exhibited at dog shows successfully and was a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Society Sportswomen|noted deerstalker]] and &quot;an appreciative listener to good music.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Vanity Fair.&quot; ''Lady of the House'' 15 June 1899, Thursday: 4 [of 44], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004836/18990615/019/0004.&lt;/ref&gt; She was a sponsor of Irish art needlework as well. Her personal beauty is often mentioned in reports, and ''The World'' says she was &quot;a magnificent woman.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Beauties of To-Day. From the ''World''.&quot; ''Clifton Society'' 24 June 1897, Thursday: 14 [of 16], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002164/18970624/066/0014. Same print and p.&lt;/ref&gt; She is the first listed in the ''Graphic''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s 1891 &quot;Leading Ladies of Society&quot;:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke is a daughter (Gwendoline Irene Emily) of the late Hans Sloane Stanley, Esq., of Poultons, Southampton, and 49, Cadogan Square, S.W. She married, on December 15th, 1887, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, third son of the sixth Earl of Mayo, Governor-General of India (who was assassinated in 1872), and nephew of Lord Connemara, Governor of Madras. Mr. Bourke is a member of the London Stock Exchange, and resides at 33, Cadogan Terrace, S.W.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Leading Ladies of Society.&quot; The Graphic 28 March 1891, Saturday: 6 [of 28], Col. 2c [of 3]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9000057/18910328/019/0006. Print: same title, p. 346.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;She attended many social events without her husband, especially into the 20th century, usually described with an appreciation of what she wore. Unlike her husband's, Guendoline's social status seems to have risen as time passed, and she appears in stories associated with the Princess of Wales, and then later with Queen Alexandra.

=== The Sloane-Stanley Family ===
Guendoline's family consisted of a younger brother, Cyril Sloane-Stanley, as well as her parents, Hans Sloane-Stanley and Emilie Edwards Sloane-Stanley. Exactly one year after she and Algernon Bourke married, Hans Sloane-Stanley died (in 1888), leaving an estate worth £33,704 7s. 5d.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;&gt;Principal Probate Registry; London, England; ''Calendar of the Grants of Probate and Letters of Administration made in the Probate Registries of the High Court of Justice in England''. Ancestry.com. ''England &amp; Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1995'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; (1888, 321) Her mother remarried almost exactly a year after that, to James Shelly Bontein. Bontein's father had been Gentleman Usher and Clerk of the Robes to Queen Victoria.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot;&gt;&quot;Marriages.&quot; &quot;Births, Marriages, and Deaths.&quot; ''Belfast News-Letter'' 6 December 1889, Friday: 1 [of 8], Col. 1a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000038/18891206/001/0001. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

Shortly after his death ''Truth'' described Guendoline and Cyril's father Hans Sloane-Stanley:&lt;blockquote&gt;The death of Mr. Sloane Stanley, of Paultons Park, is much regretted in South Hants, as he was one of the most popular landlords in the county, and was greatly esteemed. Mr. Sloane Stanley was well known in yachting circles, and for many years he was Commodore of the Royal Southern Yacht Club, and owned the schooner ''Star of the West''. He was one of the very few owners who continued to keep up the old custom of giving his crew a laying-up supper at the close of each season. There were great festivities at Paultons only a few months ago, when Miss Sloane Stanley was married to Mr. Algernon Bourke.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Entre Nous.&quot; ''Truth'' 27 December 1888, Thursday: 6 [of 48], Col. 2b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18881227/023/0006# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18881227/023/0006]. Same print title, p. 1136.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;When he died in 1944, Cyril Sloane-Stanley's estate was quite a bit larger than his father's had been 50 years before. The probate was divided between what was limited to &quot;settled land&quot; and what was &quot;save and except settled land.&quot; What was not settled land totalled £356,114 12s. 10d. and went to John Everett, company director; the Hon. Elwyn Villiers Rhys, captain, H.M. army; and William Adam de Geijer, retired captain, H.M. army.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt; (1944, 430) His daughter Lavender was married to John Everett, and Diane was married to Elwyn Villiers Rhys. What was settled land totalled £168,975 and went to William Adam de Geijer, retired captain, H.M. army, and George Lawrence Stewart, solicitor.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt; (1944, 430)

The Sloane-Stanleys descend from Hans Sloane (1660–1753), whose 71,000-item collections &quot;provid[ed] the foundation of the British Museum, the British Library, and the Natural History Museum, London.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2025-01-07|title=Hans Sloane|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane|journal=Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane|language=en|via=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Much of this Hans Sloane's wealth came from his medical practice in Jamaica, where he went as physician to the Governor General of Jamaica, the 2nd Duke of Albemarle, and where he married &quot;a wealthy heiress of sugar plantations&quot; worked by enslaved Jamaicans.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot; /&gt; His great-nephew, Hans Sloane, inherited Paultons, near Romsey, &quot;and in recognition of this he adopted the additional surname of Stanley in 1821.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-10-06|title=Hans Sloane (MP)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane_(MP)|journal=Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane_(MP)|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Acquaintances, Friends and Enemies ==

=== Algernon Bourke ===

* Best man at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Wedding of Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Sloane Stanley|his wedding]]: the Hon. Michael Sandys
* [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Marcus Henry Milner]], &quot;one of the zealous assistants of that well-known firm of stockbrokers, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;&quot;Metropolitan Notes.&quot; ''Nottingham Evening Post'' 31 July 1888, Tuesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 2a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/18880731/025/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Caroline, Duchess of Montrose — her &quot;legal advisor&quot; on the day of her marriage to Marcus Henry Milner&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Metropolitan Notes.&quot; ''Nottingham Evening Post'' 31 July 1888, Tuesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 1b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/18880731/025/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Wilfred Scawen Blunt
* Alexander Meyrick Broadley&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot;&gt;Broadley, Alexander Meyrick. ''How We Defended Arábi and His Friends, a Story of Egypt and the Egyptians''. London: Chapman and Hall, 1884. Google Books: [https://www.google.com/books/edition/How_We_Defended_Ar%C3%A1bi_and_His_Friends/75YRzFDvaO4C?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;bsq=Bourke https://www.google.com/books/edition/How_We_Defended_Ar%C3%A1bi_and_His_Friends/75YRzFDvaO4C].&lt;/ref&gt; (2) [Blunt, Broadley and Bourke were mutual friends; Blunt and Bourke were cousins.]
* &quot;Natty Rothschild,&quot; according to Blunt
* Brett, who was Hartington's secretary in the early 80s.&lt;ref&gt;Blunt, Wilfred Scawen. ''Gordon at Khartoum, Being a Personal Narrative of Events in Continuation of &quot;A Secret History of the English Occupation of Egypt''.&quot; London: Stephen Swift, 1911.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Guendoline Bourke ===

* Bridesmaids at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Wedding of Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Sloane Stanley|her wedding]]: Lady Florence Bourke, Miss Nora Bourke, Miss Edwards, and Miss Ewart
* Lord and Lady Alington, Belvedere House, Scarborough
* [[Social Victorians/People/William James|Evelyn James]] 

== Organizations ==

=== Guendoline Bourke ===

* Member, the Ladies Committee for the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Skating Club|Prince's Skating Club]], which also included [[Social Victorians/People/Princess Louise|Princess Louise]] (Duchess of Argyll), the [[Social Victorians/People/Portland|Duchess of Portland]], [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Lady Londonderry]], [[Social Victorians/People/Campbell|Lady Archibald Campbell]], [[Social Victorians/People/Ribblesdale|Lady Ribblesdale]], and [[Social Victorians/People/Asquith|Mrs. Asquith]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;&quot;What the 'World' Says.&quot; ''Northwich Guardian'' 01 November 1902, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Col. 8a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001975/19021101/134/0006. Print title: The ''Guardian'', p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt; (in 1902, at least)

=== Algernon Bourke ===
* [[Social Victorians/Schools#Eton|Eton]]
* Cambridge University, Trinity College, 1873, Michaelmas term&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;Cambridge University Alumni, 1261–1900. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Conservative Party
* 1879: Appointed a Poor Law Inspector in Ireland, Relief of Distress Act
* 1881: Partner, with 2 uncles, in Brunton, Bourke, and Co.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From Our London Correspondent.&quot; ''Manchester Courier'' 24 August 1881, Wednesday: 5 [of 8], Col. 4a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000206/18810824/030/0005. Print: ''Manchester Courier and Lancaster General Advertiser'', p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt; (one of the [[Social Victorians/British Aristocracy#Sons of Peers on the Stock Exchange|sons of peers on the Stock Exchange]])
* 1885: Office of the 7th Surrey Rifles Regiment&lt;ref&gt;&quot;7th Surrey Rifles.&quot; ''South London Press'' 08 August 1885, Saturday: 12 [of 16], Col. 4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18850808/165/0012. Print p. 12.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1886: Battersea Friendly Angling Society&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Battersea Friendly Angling Society.&quot; ''Fishing Gazette'' 17 April 1886, Saturday: 6 [of 20], Col. 2a [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002553/18860417/030/0006. Same print title, p. 218.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 27 February 1886: one of the Vice Presidents of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Bolingbroke Reading-Room and Institute|Bolingbroke Reading-Room and Institute]]
* Special Correspondent of The ''Times'' for the Zulu War, accompanying Lord Chelmsford
* Head, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys, &quot;that well-known firm of stockbrokers&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; ( – 1901 [at least])
* White's gentleman's club, St. James's,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-10-09|title=White's|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White's|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%27s.&lt;/ref&gt; Manager (1897)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Side Lights on Drinking.&quot; ''Waterford Standard'' 28 April 1897, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001678/18970428/053/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Willis's Rooms (described in 1895):&lt;blockquote&gt;... the Hon. Algernon Burke [sic], son of the 6th Earl of Mayo, has turned the place into a smart restaurant where choice dinners are served and eaten while a stringed band discourses music. Willis's Rooms are now the favourite dining place for ladies who have no club of their own, or for gentlemen who are debarred by rules from inviting ladies to one of their own clubs. The same gentleman runs a hotel in Brighton, and has promoted several clubs. He has a special faculty for organising places of the kind, without which such projects end in failure.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lenten Dullness.&quot; ''Cheltenham Looker-On'' 23 March 1895, Saturday: 11 [of 24], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000226/18950323/004/0011. Print p. 275.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
*The [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Pelican|Pelican Club]], known for its boxing (1891)

==== Boards of Directors ====
*1883: One of the directors, the Franco-English Tunisian Esparto Fibre Supply Company, Ltd.&lt;ref&gt;''Money Market Review'', 20 Jan 1883 (Vol 46): 124.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1891: One of the founders, the Discount Banking Company, Ltd., which says Algernon Bourke is a director of District Messenger Services and News Company, Ltd.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Public Company.&quot; ''Nottingham Journal'' 31 October 1891, Saturday: 4 [of 8], Col. 8a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001896/18911031/099/0004. Print title: ''The Nottingham Daily Express'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1894: One of the directors, the Frozen Lake, Ltd., with Admiral Maxse, Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Marcus Beresford]], [[Social Victorians/People/Williams|Hwfa Williams]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Frozen Lake, Limited.&quot; ''St James's Gazette'' 08 June 1894, Friday: 15 [of 16], Col. 4a [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001485/18940608/085/0015. Print p. 15.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;London is to have new amusement this winter, for which Mr Algernon Bourke, who has taught us that it is possible to eat as well in St. James’s as on the Boulevards, and Mr Hwfa Williams, of Sandown fame, are jointly responsible. The &quot;Frozen Lake,&quot; under which title a real ice-skating rink is about to be constructed under their auspices, will no doubt be gladly welcomed by all skaters, and the venture is likely to prove a success.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip.&quot; ''Weston-super-Mare Gazette, and General Advertiser'' 6 June 1894, Wednesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 4b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001444/18940606/044/0004. Print title: ''Weston-super-Mare Gazette'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== Committees ====

*Member, General Committee, [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Baths|the Baths Club]] (1892)
*Member, Men's Committee of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Skating Club|Prince's Skating Club]], which also included Lord Edward Cecil, Lord Redesdale, Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Lyttelton|Alfred Lyttelton]], Sir Edgar Vincent, Sir William Hart Dyke, and Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Grenfell|W. H. Grenfell]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; (1902, at least)
*[[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#25 March 1896, Wednesday|The Sala Memorial Fund]], member of the committee (from 25 March 1896)
* Member of an &quot;influential committee&quot; headed by the Lord Mayor &quot;to restore salmon to the Thames&quot; (June 1899)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Salmon in the Thames.&quot; ''Berks and Oxon Advertiser'' 30 June 1899, Friday: 5 [of 8], Col. 4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002298/18990630/079/0005. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Timeline ==

=== 1870s ===
'''1872 February 8''', Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo was assassinated while inspecting a &quot;convict settlement at Port Blair in the Andaman Islands ... by Sher Ali Afridi, a former Afghan soldier.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-12-01|title=Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo.&lt;/ref&gt; The Hon. Algernon's brother Dermot became the 7th Earl at 19 years old.

'''1876 November 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was one of 6 men (2 students, one of whom was Bourke; 2 doctors; a tutor and another man) from Cambridge who gave evidence as witnesses in an inquest about the death of a student falling off a horse.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Fatal Accident to a Sheffield Student at Cambridge.&quot; ''Sheffield Independent'' 25 November 1876, Saturday: 7 [of 12], Col. 5a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000181/18761125/040/0007. Print title: ''Sheffield and Rotherham Independent'', n. p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1879 December 27, Saturday – 29, Monday''', Algernon Bourke was in Kilrush as a Local Government Board Inspector:&lt;blockquote&gt;Among many distinguished visitors at the Vandeleur Arms Hotel, Kilrush this week was the Hon. Algernon Bourke Local Government Board Inspector who arrived on Saturday, and sojourned there until 2 o'clock on Monday, when the honourable gentleman left by Steamer tor Limerick.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Fashionable Intelligence.&quot; ''Kilrush Herald and Kilkee Gazette'' 01 January 1880, Thursday: 2 [of 5], Col. 3a [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003186/18800101/011/0002. Print title ''Kilrush Herald'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 1880s ===
'''4 February 1880, Wednesday''', Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880#Grand Ball at Palmerstown House Hosted by the Earl of Mayo|grand ball at Palmerstown House hosted by the Earl of Mayo]]. 

'''1880 March 30, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was working in the judicial system in Newcastle, County Limerick, possibly as Poorhouse Inspector:&lt;blockquote&gt;A sworn enquiry was held to-day at the Workhorse, Newcastle West, by the Hon Algernon Bourke, L.G.I., to enquire into charges preferred by Dr. Pierce, Medical Office, against Dr. O'Shaughnesay. The enquiry was adjourned till Thursday next. Mr Moran, sol., Rathkeale, was engaged for Dr. O'Shaughnessy.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Sworn Enquiry.&quot; &quot;Limerick County. Newcastle West Intelligence.&quot; ''Bassett's Chronicle'' 31 March 1880, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 3b–c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003471/18800331/044/0003.  Print title ''Bassett's Daily Chronicle'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1880 April 17, Saturday''', in-jokes dominate this report mentioning Algernon Bourke in the context of the Kildare and National Hunt races in Dublin:&lt;blockquote&gt;And in mopy Upper Mount-street, where young Algernon Bourke, of the Onety-oneth, had promised to call for, and afterwards spin down to the races in his mail phaeton, the Blake girls; and in fastidious Fitzwilliam-place, and exclusive &quot;Murryan-squeer,&quot; from which dashing army men, in their neatly-appointed, well horsed drags were to &quot;tool&quot; down sweet young Dublin lasses of the ''crême d la crême'' [sic], many an anxious forecasting of the weather was taken, lest by an unpropitious shower that last triumph of Mrs. Manning, or the Forrests, or Miss Sedford, or any of the ''grandes dames de la mode'' should be rendered as worthless as a Confederate &quot;greenback.&quot; But by ten o'clock all doubts were happily set aside, and up struck the lovely April day in all its spring-time glory and then the road, oh, the road!&lt;ref&gt;&quot;To Punchestown and Back by the Old Road.&quot; ''Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News'' 17 April 1880, Saturday: 6 [of 24], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001857/18800417/013/0006. Same print title, p. 102.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1881 May 10, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#1881 May 10, Tuesday|wedding of Marion Lascelles, eldest daughter of the Hon. Egremont W. Lascelles, brother of the Earl of Harewood, and Lieutenant Henry Dent Brocklehurst, of the Second Life Guards, nephew of Mr. Philip Brocklehurst, of Swithamley Park, Macclesfield]]. His gift was an &quot;old enamelled watch set in pearls.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Nuptial Rejoicings at Middlethorpe Manor. Marriage of Miss Lascelles and Lieut. Brocklehurst.&quot; ''Yorkshire Gazette'' 14 May 1881, Saturday: 9 [of 12], Cols. 3a–4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive''https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000266/18810514/057/0009. Print same title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1881 May 23, Monday, 2:00 p.m.''', Algernon Bourke is listed among the Honourables at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace|Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace]].

'''1881 July 14, Thursday afternoon, beginning about 2 p.m.''', Algernon Bourke was invited to a Garden Party at Marlborough House hosted by [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]]. Members of the family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] were also among the 1,500 or so invited guests.

'''1881 July 22, Friday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to an [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#22 July 1881, Friday|evening party at Marlborough House hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales]].

'''1881 September 17, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was reported among the company at Doncaster during race week.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;List of the Company.&quot; ''York Herald'' 17 September 1881, Saturday: 8 [of 16], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000499/18810917/183/0008. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1881 November 22, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was sued in Dublin by Henry Naylor because he &quot;had declined to pay&quot; for a £35 piano.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Henry Naylor v. the Hon. Algernon Bourke.&quot; &quot;Exchequer Division.&quot; &quot;High Court of Justice.&quot; ''Belfast Morning News'' 23 November 1881, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 8a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000428/18811123/015/0003. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1881 December 8, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke was part of a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#Battue at Palmerstown|battue at Palmerstown]], when the group bagged 172 pheasants, hares and rabbits.

'''1882 March 7, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882#7 March 1882, Tuesday|fashionable wedding of Reginald Chandos-Pole and Violet Denison]].

'''1882 March 15, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882#The Marchioness of Salisbury's Assembly|the Marchioness of Salisbury's first reception of the season]].

'''1882 July 13, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to the [[Social Victorians/1882-07-13 Marlborough House Garden Party|Garden Party at Marlborough House for Queen Victoria]] hosted by [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]]. The more than 1,000 people invited also included a number of people from the family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]].

'''1882 September 19''', Alexander M. Broadley in Tunis received a letter from Algernon Bourke asking him to provide legal counsel to defend prisoner-of war Arábi in Egypt, with Wilfred Scawen Blunt, which he did.&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot; /&gt; (2)

'''1882 September 28, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882#The Wedding of John M'Donald and Georgiana Lambart|wedding of John M'Donald and Georgiana Lambart]].

'''1883 March 21, Wednesday''', the Evening Irish Times announced that Algernon Bourke &quot;has arrived at Kingstown from England.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Fashion.&quot; ''Evening Irish Times'' 21 March 1883, Wednesday: 7 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003464/18830321/086/0007. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''23 July 1883, Monday, noon''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1883#Garden Party at Marlborough House, at Noon|garden party at Marlborough House]] hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales.

'''31 October 1883, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the wedding of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1883#Wedding of Lady Cecelia Hay and Captain George Webbe|Lady Cecelia Hay and Captain George Webbe]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 February 16, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#16 February 1884, Saturday|the funeral of Thomas Chenery, editor of the ''Times'']].&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 April 4, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was (may have been?) one of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#5 April 1884, Saturday|&quot;Supporters of the Pall&quot; at the funeral]] of [[Social Victorians/People/Leopold|Prince Leopold George Duncan Albert, Duke of Albany]] at St. George's, Windsor.&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 April 26, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#26 April 1884, Saturday|dinner party at the Lord Mayor's Mansion House for conservatives to meet Sir Stafford Northcote]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 May 3, Saturday''', the &quot;Rochester Conservatives&quot; announced that they would &quot;bring forward the Hon. Algernon Bourke, brother of Lord Mayo, as their second candidate,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Election Intelligence.&quot; ''Yorkshire Gazette'' 03 May 1884, Saturday: 4 [of 12], Col. 6a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000266/18840503/011/0004.&lt;/ref&gt; but because he would not be the first candidate, Bourke declined.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rochester.&quot; London ''Daily Chronicle'' 09 May 1884, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 8b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005049/18840509/049/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 June 18, Wednesday''', Mr. Algernon Bourke was on a committee to watch a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#18 June 1884, Wednesday|Mr. Bishop's &quot;thought-reading&quot; experiment]], which was based on a challenge by Henry Labourchere made the year before. This &quot;experiment&quot; took place before a fashionable audience.&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 July 25, Friday, afternoon''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#Garden Party at Marlborough House hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales|Garden Party at Marlborough House hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1885 January 22, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke's gift to [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#Wedding of George Buckle and Alicia Payn|George Buckle and Alicia Payn for their wedding]] was an antique cabinet.&lt;p&gt;

'''1885 July 7, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#7 July 1885, Tuesday|Eva Bourke's wedding to Windham Wyndham-Quin]] at St. Mary Abbots, Kensington.&lt;p&gt;

'''1885 July 13, Monday''', Algernon Bouurke was at Victoria Station as part of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#Arrival of Lord Wolseley in London from Egypt|crowd greeting Lord Wolseley on his return from Egypt]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1885 July 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/1885-07-24 Marlborough House Ball|ball at Marlborough House]] hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales.&lt;p&gt;

'''1885 September 26, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke took part in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#26 September 1885, Saturday|Ealing Conservative Club fete and meeting]] supporting Salisbury's government and condemning &quot;the dictates of one man&quot; — Gladstone — for Gordon's death.&lt;p&gt;

'''1885 October 3, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was named as the Conservative candidate for Clapham in the Battersea and Clapham borough after the Redistribution Bill determined the electoral districts for South London.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;South London Candidates.&quot; ''South London Press'' 03 October 1885, Saturday: 9 [of 16], Col. 5b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18851003/096/0009. Print p. 9.&lt;/ref&gt; On Sunday 15 November 1885 the London ''Weekly Dispatch'' supported Moulton, the Liberal candidate, who ultimately won the election:&lt;blockquote&gt;

Though a successful lawyer, Mr. Moulton is much more than that. He is a thorough and independent student of political science, who may be trusted to do good service to the Liberal cause with brain as well as with tongue. It will be matter for hearty congratulation if he defeats the Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke, who is a dashing and unscrupulous young Tory, and a nephew of the well-known politician with the same surname.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Political Campaign in London. VI. — The South-West Divisions.&quot; ''Weekly Dispatch'' (London) 15 November 1885, Sunday: 9 [of 16], Col. 3c [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003358/18851115/069/0009. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

On Saturday 21 November 1885 the ''South London Press'' reported on posters for Bourke's candidacy:&lt;blockquote&gt;

The Hon. Algernon Bourke, Conservative candidate for Clapham, has a very industrious billsticker, who pastes up his patron’s bills in every possible place where they can be seen to advantage. It is unfortunate, however, that choosing the flank wall of an auctioneer’s the modern &quot;Sam Slap&quot; has produced some curious combinations, such as — &quot;Vote for Bourke,&quot; &quot;Now on View;&quot; &quot;Electors of Clapham, Vote for Mr. Bourke, and&quot; &quot;Be Sold Without Reserve;&quot; &quot;Mr, Bourke will&quot; &quot;Advance Money to&quot; &quot;the Electors of Clapham;&quot; &quot;Great Conservative Meeting. The British Constitution will be&quot; &quot;Offered for Sale this Evening,&quot; &amp;c.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pick-up Notes.&quot; ''South London Press'' 21 November 1885, Saturday: 10 [of 16], Col. 1b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18851121/155/0010. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1885 November 3, Tuesday, 11:00 a.m.''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Mayo-Ponsonby Wedding 1885-11-03|wedding of his brother, Dermot, 7th  Earl of Mayo and Geraldine Ponsonby]]. He gave them 2 Sheraton secretaires.

'''1886 January 5, Tuesday, late''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Twelfth Night|Twelfth Night celebration at the Drury Lane theatre]].

'''1886 March 13, Saturday evening''', an Hon. Mr. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/1886-03-13 Reception at the French Embassy|reception at the French Embassy]], possibly Algernon Bourke or possibly [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|one of his brothers]].

'''1886 July 10, Saturday''', Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Garden Party at Marlborough House Given to the Queen|garden party at Marlborough House given to the Queen]]. Guendoline Sloane Stanley is not mentioned but Mr. and Mrs. Hans Sloane Stanley are, as are Mr. and Mrs. F. Sloane Stanley.&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 July 21, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to the [[Social Victorians/1886-07-21 Marlborough House Ball|Ball at Marlborough House]], as were a [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#The Sloane-Stanleys 2|Mr. and Mrs. F. Sloane-Stanley]], possibly the parents of Guendoline Sloane-Stanley (if the &quot;F&quot; is a mistake), who married Bourke on 15 December 1887. Guendoline is not mentioned as having been invited.&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 July 27, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended a service honoring a memorial at St. Paul's for his father, who had been assassinated.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Memorial to the Late Earl of Mayo.&quot; ''Northern Whig'' 28 July 1886, Wednesday: 6 [of 8], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000434/18860728/143/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 September 2, Thursday''', Mr. Algernon Bourke was part of a group of mostly aristocratic men taking part in [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Augustus Harris's A Run of Luck|a &quot;trial-rehearsal&quot; as part of Augustus Harris's production]] ''A Run of Luck'', about sports.&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 October 2, Saturday''', the Duke of Beaufort and the Hon. Algernon Bourke arrived in Yougal: &quot;His grace has taken a residence at Lismore for a few weeks, to enjoy some salmon fishing on the Blackwater before the close of the season.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Chippenham.&quot; ''Wilts and Gloucestershire Standard'' 02 October 1886, Saturday: 8 [of 8], Col. 6a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001955/18861002/142/0008. Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 October 11, Monday''', Algernon Bourke may have been taking part in a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Performance of Run of Luck|performance of ''Run of Luck'' at the Drury Lane]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 October 23, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Party at Wemyss Castle, Fife|staying at Wemyss Castle, Fife]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 December 30, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke was back in London and attending the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Augustus Harris's The Forty Thieves|&quot;Forty Thieves&quot; pantomime at the Drury Lane Theatre]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1887 January 5, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was one of the chief mourners at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Funeral of Lady Margaret Harriett Bourke|funeral of Lady Margaret Harriett Bourke]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1887 March 1, 2:00 p.m.''', Algernon Bourke is listed among the Messieurs attending the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace|Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1887 May''', a &quot;signalling incident&quot; in 1907 [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#May 1887|caused the Waterford ''Evening News'' to recall a similar event]] that had occurred 20 years earlier, in which Algernon Bourke, as special correspondent for the ''Times'', caused the incident to be publicized:&lt;blockquote&gt;During the manoeuvres in connection with the 1887 Jubilee of Queen Victoria a signal was observed going up from [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles [Beresford]]]'s ship. It was a message to his wife, Lady Beresford, to the effect that, as he should be late for dinner, she was not to wait. Beyond the hilarity this domestic signal evoked, nothing more would have been heard of it, but Mr. Algernon Bourke (Lord Mayo's brother) was acting as special correspondent for the &quot;Times,&quot; and that paper the next morning contained a full and humorous report of the incident. Then there was trouble.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Signalling Incident.&quot; ''Evening News'' (Waterford) 13 November 1907, Wednesday: 1 [of 4], Col. 6c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004557/19071113/021/0001.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1887 June 15, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians Foreign Office Reception 1887-06-15|reception at the Foreign Office in honor of Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee]].

'''1887 July 6, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to and, presumably, attended the State Ball at Buckingham Palace.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The State Ball at Buckingham Palace.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 08 July 1887, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 5a–6c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18870708/013/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 1c)

'''1887 August 6, Saturday''', the ''Brighton Gazette'' says that the &quot;Hon. Mrs and Mr Algernon Bourke&quot; were staying at the Royal Crescent Hotel in Brighton, but they didn't marry until 15 December 1887.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Royal Crescent Hotel.&quot; ''Brighton Gazette'' 6 August 1887, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 5c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000938/18870806/047/0003. Print title ''Brighton Gazette and Sussex Telegraph'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt; Perhaps an elder relative, because she is mentioned first?

'''1887 November 9, Wednesday''', the ''Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper'' announced that&lt;blockquote&gt;A marriage is arranged, and will take place early in January, between Mr. Algernon Bourke, third son of the late Earl of Mayo, and Miss Guendolen Sloane Stanley, only daughter of Mr. Hans Sloane Stanley, of Paultons.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Romsey, Nov. 9.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 9 November 1887, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18871109/034/0003. Print title ''Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Shortly after, the papers announced that the wedding would not take place.

'''1887 December 15, Thursday''', Hon. [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Wedding of Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Sloane Stanley|Algernon Bourke and Guendoline Stanley were married at St. Paul's]], Knightsbridge, by Bourke's uncle the Hon. and Rev. George Bourke. Only family members attended because of &quot;the recent death of a near relative of the bride.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court Circular.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 16 December 1887, Friday: 5 [of 8], Col. 7c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18871216/066/0005.&lt;/ref&gt; Who the &quot;near relative of the bride&quot; was not in her nuclear family, and perhaps that explains the cancellation of the wedding and then the changing of the wedding date and not some problem in the couple.

'''1888 – 1899 January 1''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was &quot;proprietor&quot; of [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#White's|White's Club, St. James's Street]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;&quot;The Hon. Algernon Bourke's Affairs.&quot; ''Eastern Morning News'' 19 October 1899, Thursday: 6 [of 8], Col. 7c [of7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001152/18991019/139/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1888 January 21, Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the wedding of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#Hamilton-Ewart Wedding|Florence Ewart and Henry Hamilton]].

'''1888 March 7, Wednesday''', assuming that this date is not a week after the actual date, [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lady Charles Beresford]] held a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#1888 March 7, Wednesday|notable and well-attended &quot;at home&quot;]] that Guendoline Bourke attended, reported for being dressed in white and being among the beautiful women present.

'''6 April 1888, Friday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#6 April 1888, Friday|New Forest United Hunt ball at the New Forest Hall, Lyndhurst]].

'''1888 May 2, Wednesday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#The Marchioness of Salisbury's Reception|Marchioness of Salisbury's reception]] at the Salisbury home on Arlington-street.

'''1888 May 22, Tuesday''', the Dowager Countess of Mayo presented Guendoline Bourke at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#Queen's Drawing Room|Queen's drawing-room]] hosted by the Princess of Wales. This is Guendoline Bourke's dress:&lt;blockquote&gt;Empire robe de cour of white satin duchesse, lined with rich pink silk, sufficiently bright to give a beautiful shell-like tint through the satin; tulle underdress, with upper skirt, embroidered with pearl, and caught up in Greek folds with large pink Tosca roses; white satin bodice, with Josephine pink sash tied at side, Headdress, veil and plumes; ornaments, diamonds.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Dresses at the Drawing-Room.&quot; ''Epsom Journal'' 22 May 1888, Tuesday: 3 [of 6], Col. 5b–c [of 6]. ''British Newspapers Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004837/18880522/034/0003. Print: title ''Local Journal'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Another description:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke's train was of white satin lined with pink, which showed through with charmingly shell-like effect. The dress, fashioned after those of the Empire period, was of white satin embroidered with pearls. A very broad sash of pink satin made the waist seem quaintly short, a trying thing to any but the young and tall, both of which qualifications Mrs. Bourke most happily possesses. She carried a lovely posy of La France roses.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Gossip on Dress.&quot; ''Boston Spa News'' 25 May 1888, Friday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1b–2b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003395/18880525/014/0002. Print title The News, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 1c)&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1888 June 8, Friday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#Dinner and Dance Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne at Hamilton House|dinner and dance Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne at Hamilton House]] featuring Prince and Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein, and for the ball, the King of Sweden and Norway and the Prince and Princess of Wales and their daughters were present.

'''1888 June 19, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke was one of the principal guests at the wedding of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#19 June 1888, Tuesday|Captain Philip Green and Miss Mabel Emilie Scott]].

'''1888 July 26''', [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Caroline Graham Stirling-Crawford]] (known as Mr. Manton for her horse-breeding and -racing operations) and Marcus Henry Milner married.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;&quot;Hon. Caroline Agnes Horsley-Beresford.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://thepeerage.com/p6863.htm#i68622|title=Person Page|website=thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the ''Nottingham Evening Post'' of 31 July 1888,&lt;blockquote&gt;LONDON GOSSIP.

(From the ''World''.)

The marriage of &quot;Mr. Manton&quot; was the surprise as well the sensation of last week. Although some wise people noticed a certain amount of youthful ardour in the attentions paid by Mr. Marcus Henry Milner to Caroline Duchess of Montrose at '''Mrs. Oppenheim's ball''', nobody was prepared for the sudden ''dénouement''; '''and it''' were not for the accidental and unseen presence [[Social Victorians/People/Mildmay|a well-known musical amateur]] who had received permission to practice on the organ, the ceremony performed at half-past nine on Thursday morning at St. Andrew's, Fulham, by the Rev. Mr. Propert, would possibly have remained a secret for some time to come. Although the evergreen Duchess attains this year the limit of age prescribed the Psalmist, the bridegroom was only born in 1864. Mr. &quot;Harry&quot; Milner (familiarly known in the City as &quot;Millions&quot;) was one of the zealous assistants of that well-known firm of stockbrokers, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys, and Mr. Algernon Bourke, the head of the house (who, of course, takes a fatherly interest in the match) went down to Fulham to give away the Duchess. The ceremony was followed by a ''partie carrée'' luncheon at the Bristol, and the honeymoon began with a visit to the Jockey Club box at Sandown. Mr. Milner and the Duchess of Montrose have now gone to Newmarket. The marriage causes a curious reshuffling of the cards of affinity. Mr. Milner is now the stepfather of the [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Duke of Montrose]], his senior by twelve years; he is also the father-in-law of [[Social Victorians/People/Lady Violet Greville|Lord Greville]], Mr. Murray of Polnaise, and [[Social Victorians/People/Breadalbane|Lord Breadalbane]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1888 December 1st week''', according to &quot;Society Gossip&quot; from the ''World'', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was suffering from malaria, presumably which he caught when he was in South Africa:&lt;blockquote&gt;I am sorry to hear that Mr. Algernon Bourke, who married Miss Sloane-Stanley a short time ago, has been very dangerously ill. Certain complications followed an attack of malarian fever, and last week his mother, the Dowager Lady Mayo, and his brother, Lord Mayo, were hastily summoned to Brighton. Since then a change for the better has taken place, and he is now out of danger.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip. What the ''World'' Says.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 08 December 1888, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18881208/037/0002. Print title: ''The Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper''; print p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1888 December 20, Thursday''', the Sloane-Stanley family, including Guendoline Bourke, attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#20 December 1888, Thursday|funeral of Hans Sloane Stanley]]. Algernon Bourke did not attend because he was still too ill.

'''1889 January 22, 2:30 p.m., Tuesday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke sent a gift for the [[Social Victorians/Cecil Lambton Wedding 1889 January 22|wedding of Lady Eleanor Lambton and Lord Robert]] Cecil, a pair of antique mirrors.

'''1889 May 18, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#18 May 1889, Saturday|opening of the Italian Opera season at Covent Garden]].

'''1889 May 27, Monday, 11 p.m.''', the dancing commenced at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#The Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace|the Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace]], with both the Hon. Algernon and the Hon. Guendoline Bourke present.

'''1889 June 8, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke contributed some art he owned to the collection of the Royal Institute of Painters in Water-Colours' [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#8 June 1889, Saturday|exhibition of &quot;the works of the 'English Humourists in Art.'&quot;]]

'''1889 July 2, Tuesday''', Guendoline and Algernon Bourke sat in the Muriettas' box at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#The Shah at a Covent Garden Opera Performance|gala performance at Covent Garden also attended by the Prince and Princess of Wales, a number of other royals and the Shah]].

'''1889 27 July, Saturday''', Guendoline and Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#Garden Party Hosted by Mr. and Mrs. Augustus Harris|garden party hosted by Mr. and Mrs. Augustus Harris]], which was attended by a people from the theatre and arts worlds.

'''1889 August 15''', Thursday, because of mourning on both sides, only the closest friends and family were invited to the [[Social Victorians/Pleydell-Bouverie Skelmersdale Wedding|wedding of Lady Wilma Pleydell-Bouverie and Lord Skelmersdale]], so she may not have attended, but the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave the bride a miniature silver kettle.&lt;p&gt;

'''1889 December 2, Monday''', Guendoline Bourk's mother, Emilie Sloane-Stanley, married James Shelly Bontein:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

BONTEIN—STANLEY — December 2, at St. George's, Hanover Square, London, by the Rev. G. S. de Sansmarez, James Shelly, only son of the late James Bontein, Gentleman Usher and Clerk of the Robes to the Queen, to Emilie Josephine, widow of Hans Sloane Stanley, of Paultons.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1889 December 17, Tuesday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke gave a gift to [[Dangan-Neville Wedding|Lady Violet Nevill for her wedding to Henry Wellesley, Viscount Dangan]] and so were probably in attendance.

=== 1890s ===
'''1890 January 9, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#The York Hunt Ball|fancy-dress Hunt Ball in York]]. She&lt;blockquote&gt;looked a picture in a Gainsborough gown. The white satin skirt was flounced with sable and veiled with ''chiffon'', the setuage of which was left to show without being hemmed up. There was a broad sash of rose-pink silk and each buttonhole was filled round with crimped lisse.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Our London Letter.&quot; ''Irish Society'' (Dublin) 11 January 1890, Saturday: 17 [of 24], Col. 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001939/18900111/042/0017. Same print title, p. 29.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1890 February''' '''12, Wednesday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Lady Constance Leslie's Reception|Lady Constance Leslie's reception]] at her house in Stratford-place.

'''1890 April 9, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#The New Forest United Hunt Ball|the New Forest United Hunt Ball]].

'''1890 June 3, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the 2:30 p.m. [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Münster-Hay Wedding|wedding of Count Alexander Münster and Lady Muriel Henrietta Constance Hay]]. She is also listed as having attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Dinner and Concert Hosted by Mrs. Arthur Williams and Ball by Mrs. Menzies|ball hosted by Mrs. J. Menzies (daughter of Mrs. Arthur Wilson)]] that Prince Eddie, the Duke of Clarence and Avondale, also attended, that night.  

'''1890 July 4, Friday, 11 p.m.''', the Hon. Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#The Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace|the Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace]]. The dancing commenced shortly after 11:00. 

'''1890 July 15, Tuesday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke were invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Garden Party at Marlborough House to Meet the Queen|garden party at Marlborough House to meet the Queen]]. 

'''1890 July 19, Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Wedding of James Francis Harry St. Clair-Erskine and Violet Aline Vyner|wedding of James Francis Harry St. Clair-Erskine and Violet Aline Vyner]], the two of them giving &quot;four small silver dessert dishes&quot; and Guendoline giving an &quot;enamel and diamond pin.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marriage of Lord Loughborough with Miss Vyner.&quot; ''Fife Free Press'' 26 July 1890, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1a–2b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001110/18900726/015/0002. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 2b)

'''1890 July 24, Thursday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Dinner and Dance Hosted by Lord Alington|dance hosted by Lord Alington]] attended also by the Prince and Princess of Wales and Princesses Victoria and Maud.

'''1890 September 6, Saturday''', the ''Country Gentleman'' (as it was called at the time) reported that &quot;Muckross, the only deer forest in Ireland, it may be said, has this year been rented by Mr. Algernon Bourke, who will next week be joined there for the stalking season by his brother, Lord Mayo.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Shooting. Moors, Forests, and Fishings.&quot; ''Sporting Gazette'' 06 September 1890, Saturday: 11 [of 38], Col. 1c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002525/18900906/065/0011. Print: ''Country Gentleman'', p. 1251.&lt;/ref&gt; On 11 October 1890 the ''St. James's Gazette'' says,&lt;blockquote&gt;The Earl of Durham has been staying at Muchross, county Kerry, on a visit to the Hon. A. Bourke, who has rented the celebrated shootings and fishings on that estate for the autumn.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Society.&quot; ''St James's Gazette'' 11 October 1890, Saturday: 12 [of 16], Col. 1b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001485/18901011/064/0012. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1890 October 25, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke gave a gold-mounted box to [[Social Victorians/Loder De Vere Beauclerk Wedding|Lady Louise De Vere Beauclerk on her wedding to Gerald Loder, M.P.]], so they were probably present at the wedding, or at least the reception. Mrs. Bontein [sic Bontine], Guendoline's mother, gave a silver box, suggesting the relationship was through the women.

'''1890 November 29, 11:30 Saturday morning''', Algernon Bourke's gift for the [[Social Victorians/Dudley-Beckwith Wedding 1890-11-29|wedding of the Hon. Francis Dudley and Miss Forbes Beckwith]] was some cases of a Bordeaux wine: &quot;three dozen Cantenac, 1875 vintage.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marriage of Lord Leigh's Heir. Descriptive Sketch of the Ceremony, and Full List of Guests and Presents.&quot; ''Leamington Spa Courier'' 6 December 1890, Saturday: 6 [of 10], Cols. 1a–4a. ''British Newspaper Archive''  https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000319/18901206/021/0006. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 3b}} Guendoline Bourke is not listed as having been invited to the reception, but this list from the ''Leamington Spa Courier'' has some gaps.

'''1890 December 4, Thursday''', Guendoline and Algernon Bourke attended the [[Mure-Portal Wedding 1890-12-04|wedding of Miss Mure and Mr. S. J. Portal]]. Their gift is not recorded.

'''1891 January''', Algernon Bourke took party in a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Shooting Party in Kallarnet, Totton|shooting party in Kallarnet, Totton]].

'''1891 June 24, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Dinner and Ball Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne|dinner and ball Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne]] featuring Princess Mary Adelaide, the Duke of Teck, and Princess Victoria.

'''1891 July 9, Thursday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were invited to a [[Social Victorians/1891-07-09 Garden Party|large Garden Party at Marlborough House]] hosted by the [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]] in honor of Queen Victoria and the German Emperor and Empress. The more than 3,000 people invited also included a number of people from the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|family of the Earl of Mayo]].

'''1891 July 22, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Dinner and Dance at Alington House|dance at the Earl and Countess Alington]]'s that also included the Prince and Princess of Wales.

'''1891 October 22, Thursday''', Hon. and Mrs. Bourke attended at least the reception of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Le Strange Astley Wedding|Le Strange—Astley Wedding]], although perhaps the couple is not the Algernon Bourkes.

'''1891 November 22, Sunday''', the London ''Weekly Dispatch'' reports a performance by American &quot;Lady Magnet&quot; Mrs. Abbott, who claimed to be able to lift anybody using only her magnetic properties. An enthusiastic &quot;committee of some fifteen gentlemen presented a written and signed testimonial&quot; supporting Mrs. Abbott, &quot;the Hon. Algernon Bourke, Professor Atkinson, Dr. Hides, and three other doctors who prefer to remain incog., being among the signatories. All the medical gentlemen concerned assured the ''Evening News and Post'' reporter of their complete and unconditional surrender. One of them went so far as to say that he had come with the full determination of disbelieving, but had been quite able to act up to his resolve.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Lady Magnet. Draws Crowds of People Who Divide in Opinion about Her.&quot; ''Weekly Dispatch'' (London) 22 November 1891, Sunday: 16 [of 16], Cols. 3a–4b [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003358/18911122/203/0016. Print: same title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1892''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke privately published his ''The History of White's'', the exclusive gentleman's club.

'''1892 January 27, Saturday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the very fashionable [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892#The Wedding of Lord Henry Cavendish Bentinck, M.P., and Lady Olivia Taylour|wedding of Lord Henry Cavendish Bentinck, M.P., and Lady Olivia Taylour]]. Their gift was not noted in the list.

'''1892 February''' '''10, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1892-02-10 Alington Leigh Wedding|very fashionable wedding of Henry, Lord Alington and Evelyn Henriette Leigh]] [[Social Victorians/1892-02-10 Alington Leigh Wedding|in St. Paul's, Knightsbridge]]

'''1892 April''' '''10, Wednesday, about 2:30 p.m.''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/1892-02-10 Alington Leigh Wedding|the very fashionable wedding between Henry Sturt, Lord Alington and Evelyn Leigh]]. Her gift was a &quot;tortoiseshell and gold heart-shaped tray.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;&quot;Lord Alington to Miss Leigh.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 20 February 1892, Saturday: 21 [of 46], Cols. 1a–3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18920220/092/0021. Same print title, p. 237.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 3a) 

'''1892 June 25, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird&quot; says &quot;That pretty Mrs. Algernon Bourke has been staying here, but returned to England in time for Ascot.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Little Bird, The. &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 25 June 1892, Saturday: 32 [of 60], Col. 3b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18920625/157/0032. Same print title, p. 860.&lt;/ref&gt; 

'''1892 December 13, Tuesday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' says Guendoline Bourke is lovely in its coverage of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892#Wedding of Miss Eleanor M. Ewart and Captain Guy Withington|Eleanor M. Ewart and Captain Guy Withington's wedding]]. 

'''1892 December 22, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892#22 December 1892, Thursday|monthly meeting of the Zoological Society in Hanover-square]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 February 11, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke opened Willis's Restaurant:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Algernon Bourke has in his time done many things, and has generally done them well. His recently published history of White's Club is now a standard work. White's Club itself was a few years ago in its agony when Mr. Bourke stepped in and gave it a renewed lease of life. Under Mr. Bourke's auspices &quot;Willis's Restaurant&quot; opened its doors to the public on Tuesday last in a portion of the premises formerly so well known as Willis's Rooms. This new venture is to rival the Amphitryon in the matter of cuisine and wines; but it is not, like the Amphitryon, a club, but open to the public generally. Besides the restaurant proper, there are several ''cabinets particuliers'', and these are decorated with the very best of taste, and contain some fine portraits of the Georges.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marmaduke.&quot; &quot;Letter from the Linkman.&quot; ''Truth'' 20 April 1893, Thursday: 25 [of 56], Col. 1a [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18930420/075/0025# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18930420/075/0025]. Print p. 855.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1893 February 7, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#1893 February 7, Tuesday|the reception after Lady Emily Cadogan's wedding]].

'''1893 February 20, Monday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke is listed as having attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace|Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace]] held by the Prince of Wales; because wives generally are not listed, it seems likely Guendoline Bourke attended as well.

'''1893 February 28, Tuesday, 3:00 p.m.''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Queens Drawing Room 1893-02-28|Queen's Drawing Room at Buckingham Palace]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 March 22, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#22 March 1893, Wednesday|Lady Wimborne's reception]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 April 1, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke published a letter to the editor of the ''Times'', reprinted in the ''Kildare Observer'', arguing against Gladstone's Home Rule bill on the grounds that Ireland would not be able to take out a loan on its own behalf because of its obligations to the U.K., including what was called its share of the national debt.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Irish Unionist Alliance.&quot; ''Kildare Observer and Eastern Counties Advertiser'' 01 April 1893, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001870/18930401/062/0006. Print: The ''Kildare Observer'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 May 13, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was seen at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#13 May 1893, Saturday|exhibitions of art and furniture for sale by Christie's and on display by Lord Clifden]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 July 13, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#The Countess of Listowel's Garden Party|Countess of Listowel's Garden Party]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#The Countess of Listowel's Garden Party|at her residence, Kingston House, Princes-gate]], accompanied by Miss Adeane.&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 July 14, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Sandown Races 1893-07-14|the races at Sandown]] wearing a dark-blue-and-white outfit and black hat that got described in the newspaper.&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 August 1, Tuesday – August 4, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke, at least, was at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#1 August 1893, Tuesday – 4 August 1893, Friday|the Goodwood races]], mentioned in the ''Gentlewoman'' for her beauty, although none of the dresses were noted.&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 November 4–11, Wednesday–Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke was at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#Ralph and Mary Sneyd Hosted a Shooting Party|shooting party at Keele Hall hosted by Ralph and Mary Sneyd]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 November 30, Thursday''', with Sir Walter Gilbey the Hon. Algernon Bourke &quot;assisted&quot; in &quot;forming [a] collection&quot; of engravings by George Morland that was exhibited at Messrs. J. and W. Vokins’s, Great Portland-street.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The George Morland Exhibition at Vokins's.&quot; ''Sporting Life'' 30 November 1893, Thursday: 4 [of 4], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000893/18931130/058/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 December 14, Thursday, afternoon''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1893-12-14 Wedding Adele Grant and George, 7th Earl of Essex|wedding of American Adele Grant and George, 7th Earl of Essex]] and gave a &quot;pearl and gold box.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;&quot;Wedding of the Earl of Essex.&quot; ''Herts Advertiser'' 16 December 1893, Saturday; 8 [of 8], Col. 1a–4b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000415/18931216/125/0008. Print title: ''The Herts Advertiser and St Albans Times'', p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 3c}} Mr. and Mrs. Shelley Bontein also attended, and Mrs. Bontein gave a &quot;green leather bag and purse, with coronet and monogram in gold.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;{{rp|3b}}&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 January 27, Saturday''', Psyche in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; in the ''Gentlewoman'' reported on a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#27 January 1894, Saturday|ball hosted by Lord and Lady Dunraven at Adare Manor]] that Guendoline Bourke attended.&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 January 31, Wednesday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke, who was dressed more stylishly than most, attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Also 31 January 1894, Wednesday|Kildare Hunt Ball]] hosted by Dermot, [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] and Geraldine, Countess of Mayo.&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 February 24, Saturday''', ''The Field'' reported on a series of tennis matches; Algernon Bourke attended the one played at the Prince's Club.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Tennis.&quot; ''Field'' 24 February 1894, Saturday: 39 [of 72], Col. 1c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002446/18940224/349/0039. Print title ''The Field, The Country Gentleman's Newspaper'', p. 249.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 March 31, Saturday''', Psyche, in the &quot;Social Peepshow&quot; column in the ''Gentlewoman'', says that &quot;Mr. Algernon Bourke has still further embellished Willis's restaurant hard by [the St. James's Theatre], by the addition of some valuable old tapestry that lately came to the hammer at Christie's.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 31 March 1894, Saturday: 16 [of 56], Col. 2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18940331/081/0016. Same print title, p. 408.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 April 13, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke set sail on the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#P. and O. Line S.S. Rome for Gibraltar|P. and O. Line ''S.S. Rome'' for Gibraltar]] along with her stepfather, Mr. Shelley Bontein, and her brother, Mr. Sloane Stanley.&lt;p&gt;

'''31 May 1894, Thursday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Reception at Devonshire House|Duchess of Devonshire's reception at Devonshire House]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 June 18, Monday''', the London ''Echo'' reported that Algernon Bourke was [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Brooks'|writing a history of Brooks' Club]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 June 20, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Princess Louise, Marchioness of Lorne Opened the Annual Sale of the Scottish Home Industries|Annual Sale of the Scottish Home Industries]]; her outfit was described in the article in ''Lady's Pictorial''.&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 August 2, Thursday''', the column &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird&quot; says, &quot;At Willis' [restaurant] — 'What a smart cotillon Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave on Thursday evening.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Bird, The Little. &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 04 August 1894, Saturday: 30 [of 56], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18940804/148/0030. Print title same, p. 144.&lt;/ref&gt; Willis's Restaurant, King-street, St. James's, was a restaurant Algernon Bourke opened in 1893.&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 September 7, Saturday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#7 September 1894, Saturday|shooting party at Witley]], which had been loaned to one of his brothers by William Ward, 2nd Earl of Dudley.&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 October 22, Thursday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Wedding of Lord Connemara and Mrs. Coleman|luncheon after the wedding of Lord Connemara and Mrs. Coleman]].

'''1894 November 3, Saturday''', Psyche, in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; for the Gentlewoman, reported that Guendoline Bourke had been [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#3 November 1894, Saturday|seen shopping in London]].

'''1895 January 5, Saturday, 2:00 p.m.''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke gave an old mother-of-pearl workbox to [[Wolverton-Ward Wedding 1895-01-05|Lady Edith Ward for her wedding to Frederick Glyn, Lord Wolverton]] and presumably attended the wedding and reception afterwards.&lt;p&gt;

'''1895 February 23, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#23 February 1895, Saturday|fashionable wedding of Laurence Currie and Edith Sibyl Mary Finch]]. Guendoline Bourke is not listed as having attended, but she is not noted as absent, either. Daphne Bourke was born on 5 April 1895, probably explaining Guendoline's absence.

'''1895 March 24, Sunday – 30 March, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#24, Sunday – 30 March 1895, Saturday|enjoying the sunny weather in Brighton]].

'''1895 April 27, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#1895 April 27, Saturday|wedding of Norah Bourke and Henry E. A. Lindsay]]. Again, Guendoline Bourke is not listed as having attended. Daphne Bourke was born on 5 April 1895, and Psyche, writing the &quot;Social Peepshow&quot; column in the Gentlewoman, says,&lt;blockquote&gt;

I regret to hear of the serious illness of Mrs. Algernon Bourke, whose first child was born a fortnight ago. It is feared that the attack is of the nature of typhoid, but happily the patient's strength keeps up. Mrs. Bourke is at her mother's house in Clarges-street.&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 27 April 1895, Saturday: 28 [of 84], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18950427/147/0028. Same print title, p. 506.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1895 July 13, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke donated 10s. to the ''Daily Telegraph'' National Shilling Testimonial to W. G. Grace.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;''Daily Telegraph'' National Shilling Testimonial to W. G. Grace.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London) 13 July 1895, Saturday: 7 [of 12], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/18950713/079/0007. Print: ''Daily Telegraph'', p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1895 August 24, Saturday''', &quot;Marmaduke&quot; in the ''Graphic'' says that Algernon Bourke &quot;opened a cyclists' club in Chelsea.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marmaduke.&quot; &quot;Court and Club.&quot; The ''Graphic'' 24 August 1895, Saturday: 11 [of 32], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9000057/18950824/017/0011. Print p. 223.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1895 October''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#24 October 1902, Friday|opened the Prince's ice-skating rink for the]] season.if the newspapers were right that 1902 was the 7th season. He also was planning a bicycling club for Kensington Gardens to open the following season.&lt;ref&gt;Mackenzie, Ethel Morell (Miss). &quot;Pins and Needles.&quot; ''Hull Daily News'' 12 October 1895, Saturday: 24 [of 40], Col. 1a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003443/18951012/024/0024. Print title: ''Hull News Supplement'', p. 1[6? 8?].&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1895 October 7, Monday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#Adeane-Cator Wedding|Maud Adeane–John Cator wedding]].

'''1895 December 11, Wednesday''', Guendoline and Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#Sneyd Party to Meet the Duke of Coburg|shooting party at the Sneyds' to meet the Duke of Coburg]].

'''1895 December 18, Wednesday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#Wedding of Lady Albreda Fitzwilliam and the Hon. Charles Bourke|wedding of Lady Albreda Fitzwilliam and the Hon. Charles Bourke]]. Their gift is not noted in the newspaper account.

'''1896 March 17, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#17 March 1896, Tuesday|annual dinner of the Cymmrodorion, or the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion]], a society for Welsh culture and history.

'''1896 April 21, Monday''', Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke sent a gift — a &quot;box for miniature&quot; — for [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Monday, 1896 April 27|the wedding of Lady Angela St. Clair Erskine and James Stewart Forbes]].

'''1896 May 21, Thursday''', the Hon. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Mrs. C. H. Wilson's Ball|Mrs. C. H. Wilson's ball in Grosvenor-square, London]].

'''1896 May 26, Tuesday,  through 28 May, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Coming of Age of Mr Sloane Stanley|3-day celebration in honor of the coming of age of her brother, Cyril Sloane Stanley]].

'''1896 June 15, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Dinner and Dance Hosted by the Countess of Huntingdon|dance hosted by the Earl and Countess of Huntingdon]] after their dinner party.

'''1896 July 13, Monday''', Algernon Bourke (listed among the &quot;Honourables&quot;) and Mrs. A. Bourke (Listed among the &quot;Honourable Ladies&quot;) were invited to the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Queen's Garden Party at Buckingham Palace|Queen's Garden Party at Buckingham Palace]].

'''1896 June 29, Monday''', the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Cadogan-Scott Wedding 1896-06-29|wedding and reception of Lady Sophie Cadogan and Sir Samuel Scott]]. Algernon Bourke published a letter to the editor of the ''Daily Telegraph'' about White's Club — and thus Bourke's — &quot;[[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Summer Club|Summer Club]]&quot; in Kensington Park, the subject of a little controversy.

'''1896 July 21, Tuesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Dinner Hosted by Sir Horace and Lady Farquhar|dinner hosted by Sir Horace and Lady Farquhar in Grosvenor-square]].

'''1896 August 5, Wednesday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#5 August 1896|wedding of the Hon. Terence Bourke and Miss Eveline Haines]] and gave the bride an &quot;enamel muff chain.&quot;&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 August 10, Monday''', the ''Morning Leader'' reported that the Hon. Algernon Bourke, for the Foreign Office, received Li Hung Chang at St. Paul's:&lt;blockquote&gt;At St. Paul's Li Hung was received by Field-Marshal Simmons, Colonel Lane, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, of the Foreign Office (who made the necessary arrangements for the visit) and Canon Newbolt, on behalf of the Dean and Chapter. A crowd greeted Li with a cheer as he drove up in Lord Lonsdale’s striking equipage, and his Excellency was carried up the steps in an invalid chair by two stalwart constables. He walked through the centre door with his suite, and was immediately conducted by Canon Newbolt to General Gordon’s tomb in the north aisle, where a detachment of boys from the Gordon Home received him as a guard of honor.

Li inspected the monument with marked interest, and drew the attention of his suite to the remarkable likeness to the dead hero. He laid a handsome wreath of royal purple asters, lilies, maidenhair fern, and laurel, tied with a broad band of purple silk, on the tomb.

The visit was not one of inspection of the building, but on passing the middle aisle the interpreter called the attention of His Excellency to the exquisite architecture and decoration of the chancel. Li shook hands in hearty English fashion with Canon Newbolt and the other gentlemen who had received him, and, assisted by his two sons, walked down the steps to his carriage. He returned with his suite to Carlton House-terrace by way of St. Paul’s Churchyard, Cannon-st., Queen Victoria-st., and the Embankment.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;At St. Paul's.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 10 August 1896, Monday: 7 [of 12], Col. 2b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18960810/134/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 August 19, Wednesday''', the ''Edinburgh Evening News'' reported on the catering that White's Club and Mr Algernon Bourke arranged for the visiting Li Hung Chang:&lt;blockquote&gt;It is probably not generally known (says the &quot;Chef&quot;) that Mr Algernon Bourke, manager of White's Club, London, has undertaken to the whole of the catering for our illustrious visitor front the Flowery Land. Li Hung Chang has five native cooks in his retinue, and the greatest good fellowship exists between them and their English ''confreres'', although considerable difficulty is experienced in conversation in understanding one another's meaning. There are between 40 and and 50 to cater for daily, besides a staff about 30; that Mr Lemaire finds his time fully occupied. The dishes for his Excellency are varied and miscellaneous, and from 14 to 20 courses are served at each meal. The bills of fare contain such items as bird's-nest soup, pigs' kidneys stewed in cream, boiled ducks and green ginger, sharks' fins, shrimps and prawns stewed with leeks and muscatel grapes, fat pork saute with peas and kidney beans. The meal usually winds with fruit and sponge cake, and freshly-picked green tea as liqueur.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Li Hung Chang's Diet.&quot; ''Edinburgh Evening News'' 19 August 1896, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 8b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000452/18960819/057/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 November 6, Friday''', both Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were on the committee for the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Skating Club|Prince's Club ice-skating rink]], which [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Opening of the Prince's Club Skating Rink|opened on this day]].

'''1896 November 22, week of''', Mrs. Algernon Bourke was part of a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Shooting Party at the Charles Wilsons' Warter Priory, Yorkshire|shooting party at the Charles Wilsons' Warter Priory, Yorkshire]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 November 25, Wednesday''', Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bouke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Lord and Lady Burton Hosted a Party for Derby Day|Lord and Lady Burton's party for Derby Day]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 December 4, Friday''', the Orleans Club at Brighton was robbed:&lt;blockquote&gt;The old building of the Orleans Club at Brighton, which opens its new club house at 33, Brunswick-terrace to-day, was the scene of a very ingenious burglary during the small hours of yesterday morning. The greater portion of the club property had already been removed to the new premises, but Mr Algernon Bourke, his private secretary, and some of the officials of the club, still occupied bed-rooms at the house in the King’s-road. The corner shop of the street front is occupied by Mr. Marx, a jeweller in a large way of business, and upon his manager arriving at nine o'clock he discovered that the place had been entered through hole in the ceiling, and a great part of a very valuable stock of jewelry extracted. An examination of the morning rooms of the club, which runs over Mr. Marx's establishment reveal a singularly neat  specimen of the burglar's art. A piece of the flooring about 15in square had been removed by a series of holes bored side by side with a centre-bit, at a spot where access to the lofty shop was rendered easy by a tall showcase which stood convemently near. A massive iron girder had been avoided by a quarter of an inch, and this circumstance and the general finish of the operation point to an artist in his profession, who had acquired an intimate knowledge of the premises. The club doors were all found locked yesterday morning, and the means of egress adopted by the thief are at present a mystery.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Burglary at Brighton.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London) 05 December 1896, Saturday: 5 [of 12], Col. 7a [of 7]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/18961205/090/0005. Print title: ''Daily Telegraph''; p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 December 10, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke was present to help staff a stall at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#10 December 1896, Thursday|Irish Industries Exhibition and Sale, Brighton]].

'''1896 December 31, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke hosted a New Year's Eve dance:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave a highly satisfactory and enjoyable dance on Thursday night, when the old year was danced out and the new one danced in. Most of the silver gilters at present in to len were to the fore.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Man about Town.&quot; ''Sporting Gazette'' 02 January 1897, Saturday: 7 [of 34], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002525/18970102/041/0007. Print title ''The County Gentleman'', p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 January 9, Saturday''', Psyche in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; says that Algernon Bourke's &quot;cheerful countenance was quite in keeping with the [Christmas] season,&quot; seen in London.&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 9 January 1897, Saturday: 22 [of 56], Col. 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970109/097/0022. Same print title, p. 40.&lt;/ref&gt; 

'''1897 January 13, Wednesday – 18, Monday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were guests of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Warwickshire Hunt Club Ball|house party associated with the Warwickshire Hunt Ball]] at [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Warwick Castle]].

'''1897 January 30, Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke was reported to have been out shopping in London: &quot;Another charming figure was that of Mrs. Algernon Bourke all in chinchilla, with something of pale blue in a smart toque.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 30 January 1897, Saturday: 20 [of 59]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970130/107/0020. Same print title, p. 134.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 May 31, Monday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke were present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#House Party at Warwick Castle|House Party at Warwick Castle]] hosted by the Earl and Countess of Warwick.

'''1897 June 2, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Reception at the Foreign Office|reception at the Foreign Office]].

'''1897 June 12, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' reported on Guendoline Bourke's dress and hat at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Duchess of Albany's Bazaar at the Imperial Institute|Duchess of Albany's Bazaar at the Imperial Institute]]. 

'''1897 June 19, Saturday''', Psyche in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; column in the ''Gentlewoman'' writes that Guendoline Bourke was seen driving in London, &quot;in blue, ... looking as usual very handsome.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 19 June 1897, Saturday: 28 [of 108], Col. 2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970619/159/0028. Same print title, p. 848.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 June 28, Monday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were invited to the [[Social Victorians/Diamond Jubilee Garden Party|Garden Party at Buckingham Palace]], the final official event of the London Diamond Jubilee celebrations. Members of the family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] were also among the 5,000–6,000 people invited.

'''1897 July 2, Friday''', the Hon. A. and Mrs. A. Bourke and Mr. and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] at Devonshire House.

'''1897 July 8, Thursday, 11:00 p.m.''', Hon. Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were present at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace|the Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace]]. The dancing commenced shortly after 11:00 p.m.

'''1897 July 11–16, week of''', a dog of Guendoline Bourke's won a prize at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Ladies' Kennel Association show in the Royal Botanic Gardens in Regent's Park|Ladies' Kennel Association show in the Royal Botanic Gardens in Regent's Park]]. 

'''1897 July 23, Friday''', both the Hon. Algernon Bourke and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Bourke-Curzon Cricket Match at the Queen's Club|Bourke-Curzon cricket match at the Queen's Club]], which Algernon Bourke's team lost. 

'''1897 July 23 — or July 30, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Lady Burton's party at Chesterfield House|Lady Burton's party at Chesterfield House]]. &lt;blockquote&gt;Far the prettiest women in the room were Lady Henry Bentinck (who looked perfectly lovely in pale yellow, with a Iong blue sash; and Mrs. Algernon Bourke, who was as smart as possible in pink, with pink and white ruchings on her sleeves and a tall pink feather in her hair.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lady Burton's Party at Chesterfield House.&quot; ''Belper &amp; Alfreton Chronicle'' 30 July 1897, Friday: 7 [of 8], Col. 1c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004151/18970730/162/0007. Print title: ''Belper and Alfreton Chronicle''; n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 August 2, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Warwick House Party for the Easton Lodge Cricket Week Games|Earl and Countess of Warwick's house party for Easton Lodge cricket week]].

'''1897 August 2, Monday''', Mrs. Algernon Bourke was listed as among [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Most Beautiful Women in England|the most beautiful women in England]] in an article from ''Vanity Fair'' that was reprinted elsewhere.

'''1897 September 25, Saturday''', according to the ''Pall Mall Gazette'',&lt;blockquote&gt;The [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Dowager-Countess of Mayo]] is staying with her son, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, at Bramnber, near Brighton.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pall Mall Gazette Office.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 25 September 1897, Saturday: 8 [of 10], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18970925/023/0008. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1897 October 2, Saturday''', &quot;Yenatrix&quot; in &quot;Kennel Column&quot; in the ''Gentlewoman'' reported that Guendoline Bourke had joined the Ladies' Kennel Association.&lt;ref&gt;Yenatrix. &quot;Kennel Column.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 02 October 1897, Saturday: 39 [of 61], Col. 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18971002/182/0039. Same print title, p. 434.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 October 9, Saturday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Harrogate|Harrogate, presumably taking the waters and baths]]. Lady May was on her way to visit Algernon Bourke in Brighton:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Earl of Mayo is expected to return from Sweden on Saturday next. Lady Mayo leaves Bournemouth on Sarurday for Brighton, where she will pay a two days' visit to her brother-in-law, the Hon. Algernon Bourke. The Earl and Countess will then return to Palmerstown, their seat in County Kildare.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pall Mall Gazette Office.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 7 October 1897, Thursday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18971007/022/0008. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1897 October 30, Saturday''', ''Black and White'' published '''J.P.B.'''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s &quot;The Case of Mrs. Elliott,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;J.P.B. &quot;The Case of Mrs. Elliott.&quot; ''Black &amp; White'' 30 October 1897, Saturday: 12 [of 34], Cols. 1a–2b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004617/18971030/036/0012. Print title ''Black and White'', p. 542.&lt;/ref&gt; an odd short short story in which the Honourable Algernon Bourke Herriott is &quot;rude to Mrs. Elliott,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2b}} presumably having proposed sexual relations while her husband is out. J.P.B. links to the biographical Algernon Bourke's career in the stock market in the description of Mrs. Christine Elliott not even simulating interest in her husband's bicycling: &quot;a soul is a grievous burthen for a stockbroker's wife,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2a}} suggesting that Mr. Elliott rather than Algernon Bourke Herriott is the stockbroker. The Hon. Algy&lt;blockquote&gt;was a senior member of several junior clubs. A woman had dubbed him once &quot;a rip with a taste for verses.&quot; The description was severe, but not unwarranted. His was a pretty pagan sensualism, though, singing from a wine palate to Church music. For the rest, he had just imagination enough to despise mediocrity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2a}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 November 25–26, Thursday–Friday''', Guendoline Bourke was in Brighton, helping the Countess of Mayo at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Irish Industries' Association Annual Exhibition|bazaar of the Irish Industries' Association]].

'''1897 December 7, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#7 December 1897, Tuesday|7th annual dinner for the Actors' Benevolent Fund]].

'''1897 December 20, Monday, the week of''', Guendoline Bourke's Mousie was the smallest dog in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Ladies' Kennel Association's Dog Show|Ladies' Kennel Association show in Earl's Court]].

'''1897 December 30''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Blenheim Palace Party with Amateur Theatricals|party at Blenheim Palace in which people performed tableaux vivants]] that got reported on, many of whom wearing the costumes from the Duchess of Devonshire's ball. The ''Irish Independent'' said Algernon Bourke was &quot;mainly responsible for the living pictures.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr Algernon Bourke ....&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 05 January 1898, Wednesday: 6 [of 8], Col. 2c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001985/18980105/115/0006.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1898''', Algernon Bourke called a meeting at White's Club about attempting to [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Thames Salmon Experiment|restock the Thames with salmon]]. In 1899 he was on a [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#Committees|committee led by the Lord Mayor about this topic]] as well.

'''1898 February 3, Thursday''',  Algernon Bourke was among [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#The Dundee Evening Telegraph Report on People at Monte Carlo|those visiting Monte Carlo according to the Dundee ''Evening Telegraph'']].

'''1898 March 12, Saturday''', ''The World'' reported on Algernon Bourke's upgrading of the Orleans Club at Brighton:&lt;blockquote&gt;

The Orleans Club at Brighton is flourishing exceedingly, and the new buildings which Mr. Algernon Bourke has just had erected at the back of the comfortable mansion at the corner of Lansdowne-place now provide all that was wanting to make the present habitat of the club all that its members desire. The new billiard-room is rapidly approaching completion, and the coffee-room, excellent and spacious now, was open on Saturday night, when every table was occupied by club diners and their guests, all of whom were enthusiastic over the excellence of this latest addition to the comfort of the house. All interested may be congratulated on what is practically new lease of life to the Orleans Club, than which there is no more comfortable place stay within the four seas.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From '''The World''.'&quot; ''East &amp; South Devon Advertiser'' 12 March 1898, Saturday: 6 pop 8], Col. 2b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001639/18980312/132/0006. Print title ''The East and South Devon Advertiser'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1898 March 30, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke was charged with assaulting a Mr. Potter, but it is not clear from this account what exactly happened:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Hon. Algernon H. Bourke, of Bramber, was summoned, at the instance of Mr. Walter John Potter, clerk to Mr. G. A. Flowers, solicitor, of Steyning, for assault, on the 30th March. — Mr. J. Edward Dell supported the case, and Mr. J. C. Buckwell defended, and pleaded not guilty. — The evidence was to the effect that Mr. Potter had occasion go to defendant's house on Wednesday last to serve a writ. He was going to drop the letter into [Col. 5c–6a] defendant's pocket when he turned and struck him a violent blow on the chest, making witness stagger backwards. Witness put up his hands to keep his balance, and defendant then struck him violently across the head with a weeding spud. — Richard Reed, who was at work for Mr. Bourke on the date named, and was working in garden at the time of the alleged assault, gave corroborative evidence. — Defendant, in the witness box, made a similar statement. — The magistrates differed as to whether the assault was committed, and dismissed the case.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Steyning.&quot; ''Sussex Express'' 9 April 1898, Saturday: 2 [of 12], Col. 5c–6a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000654/18980409/036/0002. Print: ''The Sussex Express, Surrey Standard, Weald of the Kent Mail, Hants and County Advertiser'', p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1898 April 12, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was among [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#1898 April 12, Tuesday|those visiting Monte Carlo according to the ''Gentlewoman'']].

'''1898 May 25, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke wore pink to [[Social Victorians/1898-05-25 Savoy Dinner Dance Hwfa|Mrs. Hwfa Williams' dinner-dance at the Savoy]].

'''1898 June 7, Tuesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. A. Bourke were invited to and probably attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#7 June 1898, Tuesday|State Ball at Buckingham Palace hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales]].

'''1898 July 4, Thursday afternoon''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke were invited to and probably attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#Garden Party at Marlborough House|Garden Party at Marlborough House given to the Queen and Shah of Persia]].

'''1898 October 29, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#Tennis Championship Game at Prince's Club, Knightsbridge|tennis match at Prince's Club, Knightsbridge]].

'''1898 November''', Algernon Bourke received a letter from Lord Alfred Douglas and attempted to help Douglas and his father, the Marquis of Queensberry, to reconcile. Bourke met with the Marquis and sent a positive reply to Douglas the next day.&lt;ref name=&quot;:26&quot; /&gt; (568–569)

'''1898 November 22, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#Shooting Party Hosted by William James|shooting party hosted by Mr. William James]].

'''1898 December 3, Saturday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. A. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#The Funeral of Lady Connemara|funeral of Lady Connemara in Christ Church]], Down street, Piccadilly.&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 January 10, Tuesday''', the Brighton Championship Dog Show opened:&lt;blockquote&gt;Princess of Wales a Winner at the Ladies’ Kennel Club Show.

[Exclusive to &quot;The Leader.&quot;)

The Brighton Championship Dog Show opened in the Dome and Corn Exchange yesterday, and was very well patronised by visitors and exhibitors. Among the latter was H.R.H. the Princess of Wales, who did very well; and others included Princess Sophie Duleep Singh, Countess De Grey, Sir Edgar Boehm, the Hon Mrs. Algernon Bourke, Lady Cathcart, Lady Reid, Mr. Shirley (chairman of the Kennel Club), and the Rev. Hans Hamiiton (president of the Kennel Club).

The entry of bloodhounds is one of the best seen for some time; the Great Danes are another strong lot; deerhounds are a fine entry, all good dogs, and most of the best kennels represented; borzois are another very stylish lot. The bigger dogs are, as usual, in the Corn Exchange and the &quot;toy&quot; dogs in the Dome. To everyone's satsfaction the Princess of Wales carried off two first prizes with Alex in the borzois class.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Dogs at Brighton.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 11 January 1899, Wednesday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18990111/142/0008. Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 January 11, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#11 January 1899, Wednesday|a luncheon at Stanfield-hall, home of Mr. and Mrs. Basil Montogomery, for Princess Henry of Battenberg]], that also included the Countess of Dudley (sister of Mrs. Montgomery), General Oliphant, and the Mayor and Mayoress of Romsey.

'''1899 January 17–18, Tuesday and Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Ladies' Kennel Association in Brighton|Ladies' Kennel Association in Brighton]], where she showed an Italian greyhound named Brenda.

'''1899 February 7, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke was a member of the very high-ranking committee organizing the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Gordon Memorial College Ball|Gordon Memorial College Ball at the Hotel Cecil on 7 February 1899]]. The committee had been planning for the ball, of course, for at least 3 weeks before.

'''1899 February 22, Wednesday – April''', Guendoline Bourke was part of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Society in St. Moritz|Society in St. Moritz]]. 1899 March 29, Wednesday, the ''Dundee Advertiser'' says that [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#29 March 1899, Wednesday|Cyril Sloane-Stanley was spending part of the winter in St. Moritz]] with his sister Guendoline Bourke.

'''1899 April 7, Friday, probably''', oddly, Algernon and Guendoline Bourke are not reported to have attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Funeral of the Hon. Charles Bourke, C.B.|Funeral of the Hon. Charles Bourke, C.B.]] or even to have sent flowers.

'''1899 April 8, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' reported that Guendoline Bourke had gone to [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#8 April 1899, Saturday|St. Moritz with her brother, Mr. Stanley, who had gotten engaged to Lady Cairns]].

'''1899 April 26, Wednesday''', according to &quot;Local and District News&quot; for Totton, Guendoline Bourke was &quot;ill with influenza in Paris, and Mrs. Shelley Bontein, her mother, has gone out to nurse her.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Local and District News. Totton.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 26 April 1899, Wednesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 2b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18990426/037/0004. Print title ''Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1899 June 1, Thursday, or 2, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Wedding of Roger Cyril Sloane Stanley and Olivia, Countess Cairns|wedding of her brother, Sloane Stanley and Olivia Countess Cairns]] at Holy Trinity Church, Brompton.

'''1899 June 8, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke's money troubles:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Hon. Algernon Bourke, son of the Earl of Mayo, has been appearing before the official receivers in connection with a winding-up order made against Willis’ Restaurant, Limited. The companyf [sic] was formed to acquire the well known restaurant from the Hon. H. A. Bourke. The chairman reminded the creditors that on the last occasion the meeting was adjourned because Mr. Bourke said he thought he would be able in the course of a fortnight to obtain an offer for a sum sufficient to satisfy the creditors and debenture holders. He had received a letter from Mr. Bourke to the effect that he had been unable to complete arrangements. Having looked into the affairs of the company more closely, it appeared to him that Mr. Bourke was legally liable to repay the sum of £5,000 which was advanced to White's Club, and the question would arise whether Mr. Bourke was not also liable to repay the sum of £4,000.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr. Bourke Must Pay.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 8 June 1899, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 8c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001985/18990608/118/0004. Print title: ''The Irish Weekly Independent'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1899 July 1, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#1 July 1899, Saturday|meeting in London at the Duke of Westminster's Grosvenor House]] about preserving Killarney as part of the National Trust and seems to have been acting for someone who wanted to purchase the Muckross Estate.

'''1899 July 5, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Dinner and Dance at Devonshire House|dance at Devonshire House hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire]].

'''1899 July 6, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Joan Wilson and Guy Fairfax's Wedding|wedding of Joan Wilson and Guy Fairfax in St. Mark's, near Grosvenor Square]].

'''1899 July 14, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#14 July 1899, Friday|Ernest Beckett's dinner party]].

'''1899 July 18, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Ludovici Lecture on Impressionism|lecture on Impressionism by Ludovici hosted by the Countess of Mayo]].

'''1899 July 28, Friday''', [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#White's|White's Club]] was no longer under Algernon Bourke's management and was reconstituting itself after the possibility that it would have to close.

'''1889 July 31, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#Fete of the Uxbridge Habitation of the Primrose League|Fete of the Uxbridge Habitation of the Primrose League]] at Hillingdon Court and hosted by the Hon. Algernon and Lady Mary Mills.

'''1899 September 9, Saturday''', the ''Eastern Morning News'' includes Algernon Bourke (&quot;St. James's-street, London, club proprietor&quot;) in a list of men &quot;Receiving Orders,&quot; which it is reprinting from the ''London Gazette''.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Receiving Orders.&quot; ''Eastern Morning'' News 9 September 1899, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 3c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001152/18990909/074/0005. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 October 19, Thursday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke had a bankruptcy hearing:&lt;blockquote&gt;The public examination of the Hon. Algernon Bourke was held before Mr Registrar Giffard yesterday, at the London Bankruptcy Court. The debtor, described as proprietor of a St. James's-street club, furnished a statement of affairs showing unsecured debts £13,694 and debts fully secured £12,800, with assets which are estimated at £4,489 [?]. He stated, in reply to the Official Receiver, that he was formerly a member of the Stock Exchange, but had nothing to do with the firm of which he was a member during the last ten years. He severed his connection with the firm in May last, and believed he was indebted to them to the extent of £2,000 or £3,000. He repudiated a claim which they now made for £37,300. In 1889 he became proprietor of White's Club, St. James's-street, and carried it on until January 1st last, when he transferred it to a company called Recreations, Limited. One of the objects of the company was to raise money on debentures. The examination was formally adjourned.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 October 20, Friday''', the ''Morning Leader'' mentions Bourke's bankruptcy:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Algernon Bourke, whose bankruptcy is much talked about, has been connected with numerous enterprises in clubland. He raised White's from the slough into which it had sunk after the secession of the Prince of Wales. He started the Willis Restaurant, put fresh life into the Orleans Club at Brighton, arranged a big restaurant for the bicyclists in the time of the bicycle parade, and was concerned at first in the smart and short-lived Trafalgar Bicycle Club. At one time his name spelt success. Latterly his luck has left him. He is a brother of Lord Mayo, a son of the peer who was assassinated at the post of duty, and is one of the best known men about town of the day.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Club, Stage, and Salon.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 20 October 1899, Friday: 6 [of 12], Col. 5b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18991020/085/0006. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1899 November 8, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke's bankruptcy case came up again:&lt;blockquote&gt;At Bankruptcy Court, yesterday, the case the Hon. Algernon Bourke again came on for hearing before Mr. Registrar Giffard, and the examination was concluded. The debtor has at various times been proprietor of White’s Club, St. James’s-street, and the Orleans’ Club, Brighton, and also of Willis's Restaurant, King-street, St. James's. He attributed his failure to losses sustained by the conversion of White’s Club and the Orleans' Club into limited companies, to the payment of excessive Interest on borrowed money, and other causes. The liabilities amount to £26,590, of which £13,694 are stated to be unsecured, and assets £4,409.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Affairs of the Hon. A. Bourke.&quot; ''Globe'' 09 November 1899, Thursday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001652/18991109/020/0002. Print p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 December 23, Saturday''', &quot;Mr. Algernon Bourke has departed for a tour in Africa, being at present the guest of his brother in Tunis.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Society Pages.&quot; ''Walsall Advertiser'' 23 December 1899, Saturday: 7 [of 8], Col. 7b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001028/18991223/143/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1899 December 29, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke was at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Christmas Party Hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough|Christmas Party Hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 December 31''', the San Francisco newspaper ''The Wave'' wrote the following about London society:&lt;blockquote&gt;The most prominent untitled people in London may be said to be Mr. and Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Williams|Hwfa Williams]], Mr. and Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Grenfell|Willie Grenfell]] and Mr. Algy Bourke. That they are passing rich, goes without saying, and that they entertain lavishly, understood — for to be untitled, prominent and successful, argues wealth, hospitality and cleverness.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London.&quot; The (San Francisco) ''Wave'' 14 January 1899 (Vol. XIX, No. 2): 14. ''The Internet Archive'' https://archive.org/details/wave19unse/page/n20/mode/1up.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 1900s ===

'''1900 February 15, Thursday''', Daphne Bourke, the four-year-old daughter of the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke was a bridesmaid in the [[Social Victorians/Wilson Chesterfield Wedding 1900-02-15|wedding of Enid Wilson and the Earl of Chesterfield]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London Day by Day.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph'' 15 February 1900, Thursday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/19000215/175/0008. Name in British Newspaper Archive: ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London). Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt; Guendoline Bourke, &quot;who was in grey, wore a chinchilla toque with violets.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society. Entertainments, Balls, &amp;c.&quot; ''The Queen'' 24 February 1900, Saturday: 40 [of 76], Col. 1a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/19000224/235/0040. Print: ''The Queen, The Lady's Newspaper'', p. 308.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1900 March 10, Saturday''', the ''Weekly Irish Times'' reprinted society gossip from ''The World'':&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke, who has been staying with her husband's uncle, old Connemara, during Mr. Algernon Bourke's absence abroad, has taken a new house near Portman square, and will be settling there before Easter.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip.&quot; ''Weekly Irish Times'' 10 March 1900, Saturday: 17 [of 20], Col. 1b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001684/19000310/116/0017. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1900 July''' '''17, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke took part in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#17 July 1900, Tuesday|Children's Fete in support of the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children]] on the grounds of the Royal Botanic Society. Daphe was 5 at this time, so it seems logical that she would have been there, too.

'''1900 July 30, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Barber of Seville at Covent Garden|''The Barber of Seville'' at Covent Garden]].

'''1890 August 6, Friday''', &quot;[[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Beautiful Women|Beautiful Women]],&quot; an article in ''Vanity Fair'' that was reprinted elsewhere, mentions Guendoline Bourke (&quot;Lady Algernon Bourke&quot;) as one of the most beautiful women in England.

'''1900 August 11, Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke got&lt;blockquote&gt;the pretty little Yorkshire String, an especially tiny mite, weighing only 2&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;/&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;lb, and carrying a very promising coat, ... at the Aquarium Show.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Witchampton Kennel.&quot; &quot;Ladies Kennels.&quot; ''Ladies' Field'' 11 August 1900, Saturday: 16 [of 60], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0006043/19000811/043/0016. Print title same, p. 390.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1900 September 16''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke became the heir presumptive to the Earldom of Mayo when his older brother Captain Hon. Sir Maurice Archibald Bourke died.&lt;p&gt;

'''1900 October 06, Saturday''', the ''Weekly Irish Times'' says that Mr. Algernon Bourke, now heir presumptive to the earldom of Mayo, &quot;has been for some months lately staying with Mr. Terence Bourke in Morocco.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip.&quot; ''Weekly Irish Times'' 06 October 1900, Saturday: 14 [of 20], Col. 3b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001684/19001006/121/0014. Print p. 14.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 May 30, Thursday''', the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke attended the fashionable [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1901 May 30, Thursday|Ladies' Kennel Association Dog Show at the Botanic Garden]].

'''1901 July 2, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke — &quot;pretty Mrs. Algernon Bourke, in a mauve gown and and purple tulle toque&quot; — attended a children's party at the Botanic Gardens hosted by the Earl and Countess of Kilmorey.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Earl of Kilmorey, K.P.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 13 July 1901: Saturday, 50 [of 84], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010713/237/0050. Print: title the same, p. 60.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1901 July 4, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke — dressed &quot;in pale grey, with her pretty little girl,&quot; 6-year-old Daphne — attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Countess of Yarborough's Children's Party|children's party hosted by the Countess of Yarborough]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Countess of Yarborough ....&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 13 July 1901, Saturday: 76 [of 84], Col. 2b, 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010713/381/0076. Print p. xxxvi.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 3a}}

'''1901 July 4–6, Thursday–Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke helped staff the Perthshire stall&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Great County Sale.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 29 June 1901, Saturday: 43 [of 72], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010629/223/0043# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010629/223/0043]. Same print title, pp. 679.&lt;/ref&gt; at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Great County Sale|Great County Sale in the Imperial Gardens of the Earl's Court Exhibition]].

'''1901 July 20, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' published the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke's portrait (identified with &quot;Perthshire&quot;) in its 3rd series of &quot;The Great County Sale at Earl's Court. Portraits of Stallholders.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Great County Sale at Earl's Court. Portraits of Stallholders.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 20 July 1901, Saturday: 31 [of 60], Col. 4b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010720/141/0031. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt; Their daughter Daphne appears in the portrait as well.

'''1901 July 23, Tuesday''', an &quot;Hon. Mrs. Bourke&quot; was in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox|party &quot;entertained by Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox]].&quot;&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 September 12, Thursday''', Mrs. Guendoline Bourke wanted her name listed as Mrs. Algernon Bourke in the Electoral Register, apparently a frequent complaint:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Underhill, the Conservative agent, mentioned to the Revising Barrister (Mr. William F. Webster) that the name of the Hon. Mrs. Gwendolen Bourke was on the list in respect of the house, 75, Gloucester-place. The lady had written to him to say that she was the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke and that she wished that name to appear on the register. In reply to the Revising Barrister, Mr. Underhill said that “Algernon” was the name of the lady’s husband.

Mr. Cooke, the rate-collector, said that Mrs. Bourke had asked to be addressed Mrs. Algernon Bourke, but that the Town Clerk thought the address was not a correct one. The lady signed her cheques Gwendolen.”

Mr. Underhill said the agents frequently had indignant letters from ladies because they were not addressed by their husband’s Christian name.

The Revising Barrister — lf a lady gave me the name of Mrs. John Smith I should say I had not got the voter’s name. The name Gwendolen must remain.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;&quot;Ladies’ Names.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 12 September 1901, Thursday: 7 [of 10], Col. 3a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/19010912/130/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1901 October 26, Friday''', Algernon Bourke was on the Men's Committee of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Club Ice-skating Rink|Prince's Club Ice-skating Rink]], which had [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Prince's Club Ice-skating Rink Opening|its official opening on his day]]. 

'''1902 January''', Algernon Bourke is mentioned in [[Social Victorians/Schools#&quot;More of My Contemporaries at School.&quot;|reminiscences of Eton written by the &quot;Earl of X&quot;]] as being among those in the &quot;world of letters,&quot; and whose brother, later the Earl of Mayo, the Earl of X did not like. 

'''1902 January 25, Saturday''', Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave a box to Lady Helen Stewart-Vane-Tempest in honor of [[Social Victorians/Stewart-Stavordale Wedding 1902-01-25|Lady Helen's wedding to Giles Fox-Strangways, Lord Stavordale]]. 

'''1902 April 26, Saturday''', Mrs. A. Bourke is listed as being at the Norfolk Hotel in Brighton.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Guide to Visitors at Hotels and Boarding Houses.&quot; ''Brighton Gazette'' 26 April 1902, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000938/19020426/116/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt; 

'''1902 May, End of''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#End of May 1902|party at Blenheim Palace hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough]]. 

'''1902 June 11, Monday''', the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke had a dog entered in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Ladies' Kennel Association Show|Ladies' Kennel Association competitions in the Botanic Gardens]]. 

'''1902 September 4, Thursday''', the ''Daily Express'' reported that &quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke is staying with Lord and Lady Alington at Scarborough.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Onlooker.&quot; &quot;My Social Diary.&quot; &quot;Where People Are.&quot; ''Daily Express'' 04 September 1902, Thursday: 5 [of 8], Col. 1b? [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004848/19020904/099/0005. Print p. 4, Col. 7b [of 7].&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1902 September 22, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke was a guest at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Earl and Countess of Mar and Kellie's House Party|large house party hosted by the Earl and Countess of Mar and Kellie]].

'''1902 October 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Annual Opening of the Prince's Ice-skating Rink|opened the Prince's ice-skating rink for the season]], which he had been doing since 1895.

'''1902 October 25, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was bequeathed £500 by his uncle [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Robert Bourke]], who had died 3 September 1902.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Will of Lord Connemara.&quot; ''Kildare Observer and Eastern Counties Advertiser'' 25 October 1902, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 4b–c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001870/19021025/037/0002. Print title the ''Kildare Observer'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 October 31, Friday''', the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Annual Opening of the Prince's Ice-skating Rink|7th opening of the Prince's Skating Club]]. Guendoline Bourke was on the Women's Committee and Algernon Bourke was on the Men's.&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 November 8, Friday, beginning, perhaps''', Guendoline Bourke was part of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#8 November 1902, Saturday|Earl and Countess of Warwick's shooting party at Easton Lodge]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 December 9, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#9 December 1902, Tuesday|Lady Eva Wyndham-Quin's &quot;at home,&quot; held at the Welch Industrial depot]] for the sale Welsh-made Christmas gifts and cards. Bourke wore &quot;a fur coat and a black picture hat.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Lady Correspondent.&quot; &quot;Society in London.&quot; ''South Wales Daily News'' 11 December 1902, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000919/19021211/082/0004. Print p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1903 February 6, Friday''', Hon. Mrs A. Bourke was present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Dinner Party Hosted by Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and the Countess of Dudley|dinner party Hosted by Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and the Countess of Dudley]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1903 February 9, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke was present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Dinner Party Hosted by Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and the Countess of Dudley|house party at Dublin Castle hosted by the Lord Lieutenant and Countess of Dudley that began the Viceregal season]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1903 March 17, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke staffed a booth at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1903 March 17, Tuesday|sale of the Irish Industries Association]] on St. Patrick's Day with [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Lady Mayo]], [[Social Victorians/People/Dudley|Georgina Lady Dudley]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Miss Beresford]]. A number of other aristocratic women were also present at the sale in other booths, including [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Lady Londonderry]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Lucan|Lady Lucan]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1903 June 19, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke was invited to the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Grand Ball in the Waterloo Chamber at Windsor Castle|grand ball at Windsor Castle]], the end of the Ascot-week festivities.&lt;p&gt;

'''1903 June 23, Tuesday''', Guendoline and Daphne Bourke were invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1903 June 23, Tuesday|children's party at Buckingham Palace for Prince Eddie's birthday]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1903 July 10, Friday, or so''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Party Hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough|party hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1904 May 17, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke had agreed to let Daphne appear in the tableaux vivants arranged by Sir Philip Burne-Jones for the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Countess Cadogan's Great Bazaar|Countess of Cadogan's great bazaar]]. Some mothers had had to decline because of the outbreaks of measles and chicken pox.&lt;p&gt;

'''1904 June 30, Thursday''', Guendoline and Daphne Bourke attended another birthday party for Prince Eddie at Buckingham Palace, and the ''Gentlewoman'' says, &quot;No prettier little girl was to be seen that day than little Miss Daphne Bourke, the daughter of the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke, with her wonderful Irish eyes and colouring, her pretty white frock being relieved with a rose pink sash.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Prince Eddie's Birthday.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 02 July 1904, Saturday: 68 [of 92]. Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19040702/360/0068. Print: title the same, p. 42.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1904 September 15, Thursday''', according to what was at the time called the ''Irish Daily Independent and Nation'', Algernon Bourke was living in Venice and not in the UK at this point:&lt;blockquote&gt;Algernon Bourke, who usually lives in Venice, has spent some time in England during the present summer, and has now gone on a fishing expedition to Sweden, accompanied by his brother, Lord Mayo. Lady Mayo has been staying meanwhile in Ireland, and has had a visit from her mother, Lady Maria Ponsonby, who is a sister of Lend Obventry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;&quot;Society Notes.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 15 September 1904, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001986/19040915/131/0004. Print title: ''Irish Daily Independent and Nation'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1904 October 22, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' reported that &quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke is paying a visit to Venice, which Mr. Bourke has made his headquarters for several years past, as he is connected with some very artistic stone and marble works situated near the Grand Canal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 22 October 1904, Saturday: 24 [of 6ths 8], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19041022/112/0024. Print title same, p. 672.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1905 February 17, Friday''', the Dundee ''Evening Post'' reported that Algernon Bourke &quot;set up a shop in Venice for the sale of art treasures and old furniture.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social News.&quot; Dundee ''Evening Post'' 17 February 1905, Friday: 6 [of 6], Col. 7b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000582/19050217/105/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1905 April 26, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#New Forest United Hunt Ball|New Forest United Hunt Ball]], as did her brother Captain R. C. H. Sloane Stanley and his wife Olivia Countess Cairns.&lt;p&gt;

'''1905 June 5, Monday''', Algernon Bourke wrote to the ''Times'' from Venice that &quot;The Venetian wits have suggested a motto for Admiral Togo, Togo Tenga Tutto (Togo takes the lot).&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr. Algernon Bourke.&quot; ''Hull Daily Mail'' 08 June 1905, Thursday: 2 [of 6], Col. 6a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000324/19050608/008/0002. Print title ''Daily Mail'', p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1905, last week of July''', Guendoline Bourke and daughter Daphne Bourke — who was 10 years old — attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Last week of July, 1905|Lady Cadogan's children's party at Chelsea House]]. Daphne was &quot;One of loveliest little girls present.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Social News.&quot; ''Belfast News-Letter'' 01 August 1905, Tuesday: 7 [of 10], Col. 6b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000038/19050801/157/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1906 March 9, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke was a reference for Mr. Frances Burgess, who taught piano, singing, voice production, organ and music theory. Burgess was &quot;Organist and Choirmaster of St. Columbs', North Kensington, Director of the Plainsong and Medieval Music Society's Choir, etc., etc.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot;&gt;&quot;Mr. Francis Burgess.&quot; ''Kilburn Times'' 9 March 1906, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001813/19060309/086/0003. Print title: ''Kilburn Times Hampstead and North-western Press'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1906 December 10, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke was seen in the tea room, possibly with Lady Grosvenor, at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1906 December 10, Monday|Lady Dudley's sale of Irish needlework]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1907 May''', a &quot;naval signalling incident&quot; [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#May 1887|caused the Waterford ''Evening News'' to recall a similar event]] that had occurred 20 years earlier, in which Algernon Bourke, as special correspondent for the ''Times'', publicized [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles Beresford]]'s use of his ship's signalling capabilities to send a message to his wife about being late for dinner:&lt;blockquote&gt;

The naval signalling incident is still in the air. It is expected that the matter will not be threshed out until Emperor William leaves England. A story of a former signalling incident in which [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles Beresford]] was concerned is going the rounds at the moment.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1907 August 24, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was present at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Polo Week at Eaton Hall, Duke and Duchess of Westminster|Polo Week at Eaton Hall, hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Westminster]].

'''1908 July 30, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke was at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Glorious Goodwood. Cup Day and Dresses.|Cup Day at the Goodwood races]], wearing salmon-pink with a matching hat.

'''1909 April 20, Tuesday''', Lady Rosemary Cairns — daughter of Olivia Sloan-Stanley, Countess Cairns and Cyril Sloane-Stanley — and Wyndham Portal were [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#20 April 1909, Tuesday|married in St. Margaret's, Westminster]]. Lavender and Diane Sloane-Stanley were bridesmaids.&lt;p&gt;

'''1909 May 22, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke appears to have been living in Pisa. A columnist for the ''Queen'' reported on the Royal School of Art Needlework:&lt;blockquote&gt;Lady Leconfield [?] was there, also her sister-in-law, the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Dowager Lady Mayo]], only just back from her winter on the Continent, when she spent most of the time at Pisa, where her son Mr Algernon Bourke has also been staying. The latter is a great connoisseur as regards [art?] notably in what is really good in the way of old Italian sculpture and carving. He and his handsome wife have a place near to Putney, and this winter again Mr Bourke, as the result of his Italian travels, has been sending home such relics of the old Italian palace gardens as as stone and marble carved vases, garden seats, and what-not of the kind — not all for himself and his own gardens by any means, I fancy; but his friends, relying on his knowledge in such matters, get him when abroad to choose for [them?] the adornment of their English terraces and gardens.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;My Social Diary.&quot; The ''Queen'' 22 May 1909, Saturday: 31 [of 86], Col. 1b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/19090522/203/0031. Print p. 871.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1909 September''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was among the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Visitors in Venice from the U.K.|many visitors from &quot;England&quot; in Venice]] in September.

=== 1910s ===
'''1910 April 20, Wednesday''', the ''Tatler'' printed an &quot;open letter&quot; to Geraldine, Countess of Mayo, as part of its &quot;The Searchlight in Society&quot; series and mentioned Algernon Bourke, saying he had been keeping &quot;a curiosity shop at Venice&quot;:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Bourkes have brains, and a good example is afforded by Mr. Algernon Bourke, next brother to Lord Mayo and heir-presumptive to the title. He is a good-looking man who used to be known as Buttons Bourke, and he married well, as his wife was the rich and pretty Miss Guendolen Sloane Stanley. He may be described as a &quot;Jack of all trades,&quot; but it is not I who will say that he is a master of none. He was once in the Stock Exchange, then he took White's Club in hand and restored it to much of its former prestige. After that he dabbled in smart hotels and restaurants, and the last thing I heard of him was that he kept a curiosity shop at Venice.&lt;ref&gt;Candida. &quot;The Searchlight in Society. Our Open Letter. No. CII. The Countess of Mayo.&quot; The ''Tatler'' 20 April 1910, Wednesday: 18 [of 42], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001852/19100420/023/0018. Print title same, p. 72.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1911 November 21, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke assisted the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#21 November 1911, Tuesday|Duchess of Marlborough at her at-home]] that included a sale of work by the wives of prisoners.&lt;p&gt;

'''1912 September 27, Friday''', Guendoline and Daphne Bourke were visiting Mr. and Mrs. Shelley Bontein, her mother and stepfather.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From 'The World.'&quot; ''Berks and Oxon Advertiser'' 27 September 1912, Friday: 2 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002298/19120927/014/0002. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1913 April 23, Wednesday''', the Irish Independent reported that Guendoline and Daphne Bourke had arrived in London for the season:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke and Miss Bourke have arrived for the season at 75 Gloucester place, Portman square, London.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social and Personal.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 23 April 1913, Wednesday: 4 [of 10], Col. 5b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001715/19130423/081/0004. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1913 May 7, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke presented her daughter Daphne Bourke at court:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke presented her daughter, and wore blue and gold broché with a gold lace train.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social and Personal.&quot; London ''Daily Chronicle'' 08 May 1913, Thursday: 6 [of 12], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005049/19130508/120/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

The ''Pall Mall Gazette'' has a description of Daphne Bourke's dress, but what exactly &quot;chiffon [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hoops|paniers]]&quot; means in 1913 is not clear:&lt;blockquote&gt;Court dressmakers appear to have surpassed all previous records in their efforts to make the dresses for to-night’s Court as beautiful as possible. Noticeable among these is the dainty presentation gown to be worn by Miss Bourke, who will be presented by her mother, the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke. This has a skirt of soft white satin draped with chiffon [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hoops|paniers]] and a bodice veiled with chiffon and trimmed with diamanté and crystal embroidery. Miss Bourke’s train, gracefully hung from the shoulders, is of white satin lined with pale rose pink chiffon and embroidered with crystal and diamanté.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Fashion Day by Day. Lovely Gowns for To-night's Court.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 07 May 1913, Wednesday: 13 [of 18], Col. 1a [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/19130507/199/0013. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The ''London Evening Standard'' describes Guendoline and Daphne Bourke the same way except with differences in editing:&lt;blockquote&gt;Miss Bourke: Presented by her mother, the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke. Dainty presentation gown of white satin, the skirt draped with chiffon paniers, bodice veiled chiffon and trimmed with diamanté and crystal embroidery. Train gracefully hung from shoulder of white satin embroidered with crystal and diamanté, lined with pale rose pink chiffon.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Some of the Dresses.&quot; &quot;The King and Queen. Third Court. Most Brilliant of the Year.&quot; ''London Evening Standard'' 08 May 1913, Thursday: 11 [of 18], Col. 4b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/19130508/237/0011. Print title ''The Standard'', p. 11.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

According to the ''Lady's Pictorial'', Daphne Bourke's dress was designed and constructed by [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Messrs Russell and Allen|Messrs. Russell and Allen]], Old Bond-street, W., and the description is identical (except for a couple of commas).&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Their Majesties' Court.&quot; ''Lady's Pictorial'' 17 May 1913, Saturday: 35 [of 64], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005980/19130517/296/0035. Same print title, p. 787.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1914 May 11, Monday''', Guendoline and Daphne Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#Dance at the Ritz Hosted by Mrs. George Marjoribanks|dance at the Ritz hosted by Mrs. George Marjoribanks]].

'''1915 January 1, Friday''', Algernon Bourke is listed as being on the Executive Committee of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#1915 January 1, Friday|National Food Fund, publicized by the ''Conservative and Unionist Women's Franchise Review'']].

'''1916 August 25, Friday''', Daphne Bourke's and John Fortescue's engagement was announced:&lt;blockquote&gt;A most attractive prospective bride (says the &quot;Star&quot;) is Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke's only daughter, Miss Daphne Bourke, whose engagement has just taken place to Mr. Fortescue, of the Coldstream Guards. Miss Bourke is tall, dark, and very beautiful; and Mr. Fortescue is one of the family of Boconoc, Cornwall, and Dropmore, Maidenhead. At the latter place the two families have been neighbours, for Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke have a charming country residence at Taplow, while Dropmore is famous for its magnificent gardens.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Personalia.&quot; ''Uxbridge &amp; W. Drayton Gazette'' 25 August 1916, Friday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002285/19160825/043/0004. Print title ''The Advertiser'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''1917 June 7, Thursday''', Daphne Bourke and John Grenville Fortescue [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#7 June 1917, Thursday|married in the Coldstream Guards' chapel]].

== Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball ==
According to both the ''Morning Post'' and the ''Times'', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was among the Suite of Men in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#&quot;Oriental&quot; Procession|&quot;Oriental&quot; procession]] at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&quot;Fancy Dress Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; ''Morning Post'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 4a–8 Col. 2b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970703/054/0007.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;&quot;Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; The ''Times'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 12, Cols. 1a–4c ''The Times Digital Archive''. Web. 28 Nov. 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Based on the people they were dressed as, Guendoline Bourke was probably in this procession but it seems unlikely that Algernone Bourke was.

[[File:Guendoline-Irene-Emily-Bourke-ne-Sloane-Stanley-as-Salammb.jpg|thumb|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a standing woman richly dressed in an historical costume with a headdress and a very large fan|Hon. Guendoline Bourke as Salammbô. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]
=== Hon. Guendoline Bourke ===
[[File:Alfons Mucha - 1896 - Salammbô.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Highly stylized orange-and-yellow painting of a bare-chested woman with a man playing a harp at her feet|Alfons Mucha's 1896 ''Salammbô''.]]
Lafayette's portrait (right) of &quot;Guendoline Irene Emily Bourke (née Sloane-Stanley) as Salammbô&quot; in costume is photogravure #128 in the '''Album''' presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;&quot;Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball (1897): photogravures by Walker &amp; Boutall after various photographers.&quot; 1899. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait-list.php?set=515.&lt;/ref&gt; The printing on the portrait says, &quot;The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke as Salammbo.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;&quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke as Salammbo.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158491/Guendoline-Irene-Emily-Bourke-ne-Sloane-Stanley-as-Salammb.&lt;/ref&gt;

The Lafayette Archive has 2 additional poses from the same session on 5 July 1897 as the one chosen for the Album:

* Same image as the Album photograph but higher resolution than the one the National Portrait Gallery, London, gives permission to post (Neg. No. GP [L] [http://lafayette.org.uk/bou1369.html 1369]).
* Standing with fan behind head, includes close-up of skirt fabric and left hand (Neg. No. GP [L] [http://lafayette.org.uk/bou1368-444.html 1368-444]).
* Reclining on pillows and furs, includes close-up of face and headdress (Neg. No. GP [L] [http://lafayette.org.uk/bou1368-442.html 1368-442]).

==== Newspaper Accounts ====
The Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke was dressed as Salambo in the Oriental procession&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; in a costume made by [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Mrs. Mason|Mrs. Mason]], according to Russell Harris, although he also says [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Mr. Charles Alias|Charles Alias]] was the &quot;Costume supplier.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://lafayette.org.uk/bou1369.html|title=Hon Mrs Algernon Bourke (1870-1967), née Guendoline Irene Emily Sloane-Stanley by Lafayette 1897|website=lafayette.org.uk|access-date=2025-07-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Besides the two that mention her presence at the ball — the ''Morning Post'' and the ''Times'' — only two describe her costume, the London ''Evening Standard'' and the ''Gentlewoman'':
* &quot;Mrs. A. Bourke, as an Egyptian Princess, with the Salambo coiffure, wore a flowing gown of white and silver gauze covered with embroidery of lotus flowers. The top of the gown was ornamented with old green satin embroidered with blue turquoise and gold, and studded with rubies. The train was of old green broché with sides of orange and gold embroidery, and from the ceinture depended long bullion fringe and an embroidered ibis.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“The Ball at Devonshire House. Magnificent Spectacle. Description of the Dresses.” London ''Evening Standard'' 3 July 1897 Saturday: 3 [of 12], Cols. 1a–5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/18970703/015/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 3, Col. 3b}}
* &quot;(Egyptian Princess), drapery gown of white and silver gauze, covered with embroidery of lotus flowers; the top of gown appliqué with old green satin embroidered blue turquoise and gold, studded rubies; train of old green broché.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 40, Col. 3a}}

==== Commentary on Her Costume ====

*The heavy headdress is likely attached to a wig and further stabilized by something under Bourke's chin and by the filet around her forehead. The flowers appear to have jewels at the center. What looks like a neck treatment is probably part of the structure holding the headpiece in place. The placement of the flowers is clearly a copy of the headdress worn by Rose Caron in the 1892 Paris production of the Reyer opera. Made by Eugène Lacoste, this textile, metal and pearl ''coiffe'' still exists (https://www.gazette-drouot.com/article/bijoux-d-opera/54941) and is held by the Bibliothèque Nationale de France.&lt;ref&gt;Merle, Sandrine. &quot;Les bijoux d’Opéra en pleine lumière au Palais Garnier.&quot; ''La Gazette Druout'' 4 July 2025 (No. 26). Retrieved July 2025

https://www.gazette-drouot.com/article/bijoux-d-opera/54941.&lt;/ref&gt; It seems to have been constructed from metal for the gold framework with the leaf design, beads attached to hanging metal frameworks (the blue-green beads look like they're covered with fabric or wrapped with thread) and flowers that may have been made from stiffened pinked fabric (likely organdy) whose color may have darkened in the century that has passed.
*Bourke's posture as she leans in the reclining odalisque pose shows she is wearing a corset.
*The translucent overskirt looks like an apron attached under the bust and hanging from the bodice.
*Russell Harris says the large fan looks more Egyptian rather than Carthaginian,&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt;  and the newspapers say she was dressed as an Egyptian princess rather than a Carthaginian priestess.
*The fullness of the skirt is very controlled.
*Her shoes are slippers decorated with real or artificial jewels.

==== Salammbô ====
Salammbô is the fictitious protagonist in Gustave Flaubert's 1862 novel ''Salammbô'', set during the Roman war against Carthage.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-04-29|title=Salammbô|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salammb%C3%B4&amp;oldid=1221352216|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salammb%C3%B4.&lt;/ref&gt; Salammbô is a Carthaginian priestess of the lunar goddess Tanit. Matho, a Roman mercenary, breaks into Tanit's temple and steals her sacred veil — the spiritual guardian of Carthage. Salammbô sneaks into the enemy encampment to steal the veil back. She meets Matho in his tent, and &quot;believing each other to be divine apparitions,&quot; they make love,&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; although it is also a defilement. Salammbô succceds in getting the veil back, but Matho is tortured and executed, which causes her to die of shock, the effect of both having touched the veil. The plot of the opera is not identical to that of the novel.

What Guendoline Bourke saw in Salammbô as representative of herself is difficult to know, unless the costume itself appealed to her. A production of Ernest Reyer's opera ''Salammbô'', based on Flaubert's novel and published in Paris in 1890, opened at the Paris Opéra on 16 May 1892,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-04-11|title=Ernest Reyer|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Reyer&amp;oldid=1218353215|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Reyer.&lt;/ref&gt; starring Madame Rose Caron, with Mademoiselle Lucienne Bréval performing when Caron was on vacation.&lt;ref&gt;Jullienn, Adolphe. &quot;Mademoiselle Lucienne Bréval de L'Académie Nationale de Musique [or de l'Opéra in the Table of Contents].&quot; ''Le Théatre'' April 1898 (No. 4). Google Books https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/_oxRAQAAMAAJ. Pp. 8–10.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|8, Col. 2c}} This production was widely reviewed and discussed in the papers in the UK, and its production design was notable, especially Caron's costumes, the sets and [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#Scale of the Production of Salammbo|the very scale of the production]]. Bourke or her costumier clearly saw the opera or images of the performers or its posters, certainly influencing the design of her costume.

* Rose Caron in her Salammbo costume is here: https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/rose-caron-french-soprano-in-costume-in-the-title-role-of-news-photo/1439485238.
* A headshot of Bréval in costume is here: https://books.google.com/books/content?id=_oxRAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=RA3-PP7&amp;img=1&amp;zoom=3&amp;hl=en&amp;bul=1&amp;sig=ACfU3U2Gv8Os_rEmx2gM9SakJkYLJ9hW7g&amp;ci=6%2C1%2C988%2C1371&amp;edge=0.)
* &quot;Salammbo's hair [was] powdered with a violet dust when she first appeared before the eyes of Matho.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Salome.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 27 February 1893, Monday: 3 [of 8]. Col. 2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18930227/010/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

Salammbô figured in paintings, sculptures and illustrations of editions of Flaubert's novel before Ernest Reyer's 1890 opera. Translations and illustrated editions of Flaubert's novel had come out steadily beginning in the 1880s. Alfons Mucha's 1896 lithograph of Salammbô (above left) was published the year before the ball. Salammbo is often depicted as nude and highly sexual or sexualized (kissing a huge snake, for example, that she holds aloft). Reyer's opera was first produced in 1890 in Brussels. Both Modest Mussorgsky and Sergei Rachmaninoff had attempted but not completed operas based on the novel as well.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

===== Comtesse de Castiglione as Salammbô =====
Guendoline Bourke's costume and her social life as reported in the newspapers do not suggest that she was a big risk-taker like, for example, la Comtesse de Castiglione, Napoléon III's mistress at the time, who appeared at a ball in a Salammbô costume in 1886, 4 years after Flaubert's novel was first published. Henry Labouchere's ''Truth'' says of the Comtesse de Castiglione.&lt;blockquote&gt;
The first time I saw her I did not know who she was. She took my breath away; her beauty was so harmonious, and in all points so faultless. When I was told who she was, I thought of Helen and the Trojans. I also saw her at the fancy ball at the Tuileries, where she was in the transparent costume, lightly fastened together with brooches, ''à la'' Salammbô. Comte de Choiseul, son of the notorious Duc de Praelin, with his face blackened to make him resemble a Nubian slave, held up the part of the garment which fell as a gauzy train.

A spectatress I remember of that fancy ball was Mrs. Dayton, wife of the U.S. Minister. When she saw the Countess enter like an Olympian being, her American ideas got the better of diplomatic form, and she said to her daughter, a sweet maidenly young girl, &quot;Annie, dear, you must come away.&quot; A French lady (Madame Rouher) who sat next and was rather bourgeois than fast, remonstrated, I remember, in these words: &quot;Mais, Madame, où en est, donc, le mal ? Tout est si bien chez la Comtesse!&quot; The triumph of the Comtesse, as she walked down the Galerie des Maréchaux, was about as extraordinary a sight as the Tuileries ever presented. What was so astonishing was that the ladies forgot to be jealous, and the gentlemen to fall in love. The great beauty of the Countess excluded from their minds the idea of sex.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Notes from Paris.&quot; ''Truth'' 4 June 1891, Thursday: 22 [of 56], Col. 2b–c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18910604/046/0022. Same print title, p. 1176.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
The same reporter wrote about her again after her death in 1889.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Notes from Paris: The Late Comtesse de Castiglione.&quot; ''Truth'' 7 December 1899, Thursday: 28, Col. 1c – 29 [of 74], Col. 1c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18991207/045/0028 and https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0002961/18991207/045/0029. Same print title, pp. 1410–1411.&lt;/ref&gt; 

In 1889, on the announcement of la Comtesse de Castiglione's death, the ''Edinburgh Evening News'' exaggerates her nudity and doesn't describe the rush in the ballroom to see her, her denial that she was costumed as Salammmbô or the fact that she was Napoléon's mistress, which might go some way to explain the Empress Eugenie's response, but does address the lingering memory:&lt;blockquote&gt;The late Countess Castiglione, whose death in Paris is recorded yesterday, made her first appearance at the Imperial Court in 1866, where her extraordinary beauty made a great impression on Napoleon III., and eventually led to the Empress Eugenie’s undertaking an unexpected and much-talked-of visit to Scotland. The Countess had a face and complexion which would have enchanted Rubens, and her lovely golden hair touched her feet. Even at the present day Paris has not forgotten her costume, or rather absence of costume as Salammbo, in which character she figured at a certain memorable ball at the Tuileries, wearing her hair, her jewels, and very little else. The Empress Eugenie, when she was presented to her thus lightly arrayed, declared that she must be cold, and insisted upon her there and then donning a mantle. Mme. de Castiglione was never again invited to an entertainment over which the Empress Eugenie presided.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Countess’ Queer Ball Costume.&quot; ''Edinburgh Evening News'' 2 December 1899, Saturday: 2 [of 6], Col. 7b [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000452/18991202/024/0002. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Given how widely this incident was discussed at the time of the death of la Comtesse in 1889, brought up again with the discussions of Reyer's opera, Guendoline Bourke might easily have known about it. Perhaps the sexuality or overt sexuality of Salammbô appealed to her, but she was developing relationships with people like the Princess of Wales and had more leeway than the middle classes but would have been careful. 

===== Scale of the Production of ''Salammbo'' =====

* &quot;In Reyer's opera of 'Salammbo,' lately produced at the Grand Opera in Paris, there were 1,400 persons on the stage in the last act.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Facts and Fancies.&quot; ''Louth and North Lincolnshire Advertiser'' 9 July 1892, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 6c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000313/18920709/038/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;the battle scene in [''Salammbo''] requires no less than 3000 square yards of 'decorative surface' [probably canvas]. This establishes a record, the next largest surface being that of the salles des fetes in 'Don Giovanni.'&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A French paper gives interesting details....&quot; ''Sevenoaks Chronicle and Kentish Advertiser'' 26 August 1892, Friday: 2 [of 8], Col. 3c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001067/18920826/032/0002. Same print title, n.p.

&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Influence of the Production of ''Salammbo'' =====
Rose Caron's productions were influential, including for the costumes she wore. The 1892 ''Lohengrin'' she starred in was the source of the costumes worn by [[Social Victorians/People/Stonor#Julia Caroline Stonor, Marquise of Hautpoul|Julia Stonor, Marquise of Hautpoul]] and her brother, [[Social Victorians/People/Stonor#Hon. Harry Stonor|Hon. Harry Stonor]].

Women's clothing was influenced by the costumes in the opera, particularly those worn by Rose Caron. One color of intense red was called Salammbo. A bonnet was named the Salammbô:&lt;blockquote&gt;About the smartest thing in bonnets for ordinary complimentary mourning is called the Salammbô, and is copied from a head-dress worn by a leading artiste at one of the Paris theatres. It is made of jet, and has a rose on each side of the front from the centres of which rise two black ospreys.&lt;ref&gt;Mantalini, Miss. &quot;The Shows in the London Shops. With Mems. about Millinery.&quot; ''Pall Mall Budget'' 29 December 1892, Thursday: 22 [of 40], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005967/18921229/092/0022. Same print title, p. 1928.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;In a long illustrated article describing the wedding of Princess Marie of Edinburgh, the ''Lady's Pictorial'' provides a sketch of &quot;a very pretty [hat] (No. 4) of brown mirror velvet trimmed with mink and a brown velvet bow in front with Salammbo '&lt;nowiki/&gt;''fantaisie''&lt;nowiki/&gt;' [sic]&quot; that is among the bride's millinery.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Marriage of H.R.H. Princess Marie of Edinburgh and H.R.H. Ferdinand Crown Prince of Roumania.&quot; ''Lady's Pictorial'' 14 January 1893, Saturday: 40 [of 76], Col. 3c [of 3]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005980/18930114/064/0040. Same print title, p. 56.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

Shoes appeared:&lt;blockquote&gt;At Mrs Merritt's, Savile-street, the stock is particularly attractive, there being so many new styles in shoes this season. One of the latest designs is the Salammbo Shoe, glace kid, with one strap, a jet buckle, and very low French heels. This shoe is especially designed for tender feet, as it is very light in weight.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;House and Home. Local Letter for Women Reader [sic], (By Our Lady Contributor).&quot; ''Hull Daily Mail'' 22 July 1897, Thursday: 5 [of 6], Col. 1b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000324/18970722/069/0005. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Patterns for making the Tunique Romaine and Corsage Salammbo were for sale just a few months after the opening:&lt;blockquote&gt;Some of the leading fashionable novelties described in ''Le Follet de Paris'' are almost ahead of the season, but they look so well that it will not be long before our provincial dressmakers have them. A revival and modification of the ancient tunic is one item which is transforming the modern gowns of tailor-built tweeds into long clinging draperies, of simple cut but ineffable grace. We have had the Russian blouse with us now for the last couple of months. Now the reign of Tunique Romaine and Corsage Salambo is upon us.

... [including the address to send off for the patterns]

A very successful novelty is the ''corsage'' “Salammbo.” In reality, it is more of a blouse and short tunic than a ''corsage'', as there is no attempt at shaping to the figure. In [sic] consists, indeed, of two straight pieces of material cut round on the shoulders, where the back and front are fastened together by clasps. There is no arm-hole, and the two pieces meet at the waist under the arm, and then hang open on to the skirt. There being no dart, the waist is as wide as the shoulders; the fullness is drawn to the centre under a ''ceinture Russe'', or of oxydised silver. The outlines are trimmed with ''galon'' or some similar garniture. The &quot;Salammbo” ''guimpe'' or ''corsage'' are made of flannel or ''mousseline de laine'' of bright colour, and are worn with fitting bodices or skirts of serge, or woollen of dark colour. They are very effective, and nothing can be easier to make, while their addition to a frock constitutes a separate costume.

The fitting bodices worn under the ''guimpes'' or ''robes'' &quot;Salammbo&quot; are very simply made; being round-waisted, they are without side pieces, and only require a seam under each arm; one in the centre of the back, and one or two darts in front, according to the figure. The skirt is mounted on a round waistband, and the ''ceinture'' worn over this gives the bodice and skirt the effect of a princess dress.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Womans Ceilidh.&quot; ''Oban Times and Argyllshire Advertiser'' 3 September 1892, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 6a–b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000462/18920903/078/0003. Print title: ''The Oban Times'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Stationery even before the opera opened in Paris:&lt;blockquote&gt;The last fad in fancy stationery is the carte Salammbo, a delightfully smooth surface for writing upon, the envelopes are very small, square, and of the wallet make; the paper folds over once to fit. The newest shades are rose pink, pale English blue, apple green, and the evergreen heliotrope.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Fashions of the Month.&quot; ''Nottinghamshire Guardian'' 27 February 1892, Saturday: 7 [of 8], Col. 2b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000176/18920227/059/0007. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:Algernon Henry Bourke Vanity Fair 20 January 1898.jpg|thumb|alt=Old colored drawing of an elegant elderly man dressed in a 19th-century tuxedo with a cloak, top hat and formal pointed shoes with bows, standing facing 1/4 to his right|''Algy'' — Algernon Henry Bourke — by &quot;Spy,&quot; ''Vanity Fair'' 20 January 1898]]

=== Hon. Algernon Bourke ===
[[File:Hon-Algernon-Henry-Bourke-as-Izaak-Walton.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a man richly dressed in an historical costume sitting in a fireplace that does not have a fire and holding a tankard|Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke as Izaak Walton. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]
'''Lafayette's portrait''' (left) of &quot;Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke as Izaak Walton&quot; in costume is photogravure #129 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; The printing on the portrait says, &quot;The Hon. Algernon Bourke as Izaak Walton.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hon. Algernon Bourke as Izaak Walton.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158492/Hon-Algernon-Henry-Bourke-as-Izaak-Walton.&lt;/ref&gt;

This portrait is amazing and unusual: Algernon Bourke is not using a photographer's set with theatrical flats and props, certainly not one used by anyone else at the ball itself. Isaak Walton (baptised 21 September 1593 – 15 December 1683) wrote ''The Compleat Angler''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2021-09-15|title=Izaak Walton|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Izaak_Walton&amp;oldid=1044447858|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izaak_Walton.&lt;/ref&gt; A cottage Walton lived in and willed to the people of Stafford was photographed in 1888, suggesting that its relationship to Walton was known in 1897, raising a question about whether Bourke could have used the fireplace in the cottage for his portrait. (This same cottage still exists, as the [https://www.staffordbc.gov.uk/izaak-waltons-cottage Isaak Walton Cottage] museum.)

A caricature portrait (right) of the Hon. Algernon Bourke, called &quot;Algy,&quot; by Leslie Ward (&quot;Spy&quot;) was published in the 20 January 1898 issue of ''Vanity Fair'' as Number 702 in its &quot;Men of the Day&quot; series,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-01-14|title=List of Vanity Fair (British magazine) caricatures (1895–1899)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)_caricatures_(1895%E2%80%931899)&amp;oldid=1195518024|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)_caricatures_(1895%E2%80%931899).&lt;/ref&gt; giving an indication of what he looked like out of costume.

=== Mr. and Mrs. Bourke ===
The ''Times'' made a distinction between the Hon. Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke and Mr. and Mrs. Bourke, including both in the article.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Occasionally this same article mentions the same people more than once in different contexts and parts of the article, so they may be the same couple. (See [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#Notes and Question|Notes and Question]] #2, below.)

== Demographics ==

=== The Bourkes ===
*Nationality: Anglo-Irish&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020-11-14|title=Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo&amp;oldid=988654078|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Occupation: journalist. 1895: restaurant, hotel and club owner and manager&lt;ref&gt;''Cheltenham Looker-On'', 23 March 1895. Via Ancestry but taken from the BNA.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Residences ====
*Ireland: 1873: Palmerston House, Straffan, Co. Kildare.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; Not Co. Mayo?
*1888–1891: 33 Cadogan Terrace, S.W., Kensington and Chelsea, a dwelling house&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970, Register of Voters, 1891.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1894: 181 Pavilion Road, Kensington and Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970. Register of Voters, 1894. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1900: 181 Pavilion Road, Kensington and Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970. Register of Voters, 1900. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1904: Algernon Bourke was &quot;usually liv[ing] in Venice&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;
*1906: 75, Gloucester-place, W.&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot; /&gt;
*Guendoline Bourke
*1911: 1911 Fulham, London&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
*20 Eaton Square, S.W. (in 1897)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pl0oAAAAYAAJ|title=Who's who|date=1897|publisher=A. &amp; C. Black|language=en}} 712, Col. 1b.&lt;/ref&gt; (London home of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]])

=== The Sloane-Stanleys ===

==== Residences ====

* 1871: Chester Street, St George Hanover Square (Census), with 5 servants, including a cook and a footman.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;The National Archives; Kew, London, England; ''1871 England Census''; Class: ''RG10''; Piece: ''104''; Folio: ''21''; Page: ''37''; GSU roll: ''838763''. Ancestry.com. ''1871 England Census'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1881–1885&lt;ref&gt;''UK, City and County Directories, 1600s-1900s''. Ancestry.com. ''UK, City and County Directories, 1766 - 1946'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; [at least]: 14 Halkin Street, W., St. Georges, 14 servants, including a governess, a house steward, an under butler, a footman and a cook.&lt;ref&gt;''Census Returns of England and Wales, 1881''. Kew, Surrey, England: The National Archives of the UK (TNA): Public Record Office (PRO), 1881. Class: ''RG11''; Piece: ''98''; Folio: ''66''; Page: ''37''; GSU roll: ''1341022''. Ancestry.com and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. ''1881 England Census'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1888: 49, Cadogan-square, St. Luke, Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Ancestry.com. ''London, England, Overseer Returns, 1863-1894'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1899, Roger Cyril Sloane-Stanley: 4 Down St., St George, Hanover Square&lt;ref&gt;London Metropolitan Archives; London, England; ''Electoral Registers''. Ancestry.com. ''London, England, Electoral Registers, 1832-1965'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1911, Roger Cyril Sloane-Stanley: Paultons, Ower, Romsey

== Family ==
*Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke (31 December 1854 – 7 April 1922)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p29657.htm#i296561|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Guendoline Irene Emily Sloane-Stanley Bourke (c. 1869 – 30 December 1967)&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&quot;Guendoline Irene Emily Stanley.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p51525.htm#i515247|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
#Daphne Marjory Bourke (5 April 1895 – 22 May 1962)

=== Relations ===
*Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke (the 3rd son of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|6th Earl of Mayo]]) was the older brother of Lady Florence Bourke.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
*Wilfred Blunt was a cousin of Algernon Bourke: Bourke's mother's &quot;mother was one of the Blunts of Crabbet Park, Sussex, which makes them kinswomen of Mr. Alfred Scawen Blunt, poet, Egyptophil and counsel for Arabi Pasha in his trial.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From ''Truth''.&quot; ''Mid-Lothian Journal'' 23 August 1912, Friday: 8 [of 8], 2c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002721/19120823/147/0008. Print title and p. same.&lt;/ref&gt;
*Lord Alfred Douglas was a cousin of Algernon Bourke.

==== Other Bourkes ====
*Hubert Edward Madden Bourke (after 1925, Bourke-Borrowes)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hubert Edward Madden Bourke-Borrowes.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p52401.htm#i524004|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2021-08-25}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p52401.htm#i524004.&lt;/ref&gt;
*Lady Eva Constance Aline Bourke, who married [[Social Victorians/People/Dunraven|Windham Henry Wyndham-Quin]] on 7 July 1885;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lady Eva Constance Aline Bourke.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p2575.htm#i25747|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-02}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p2575.htm#i25747.&lt;/ref&gt; he became 5th Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl on 14 June 1926.

=== The Sloane-Stanleys ===
* Emilie Josephine S Stanley ( 21 December 1848 [baptism]&lt;ref&gt;London Metropolitan Archives; &quot;London, England, UK&quot; ; ''London Church of England Parish Registers''; Reference Number: ''P87/Tri/001''. Ancestry.com. ''London, England, Church of England Births and Baptisms, 1813-1923'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;  – October 1945)
* Hans T Sloane Stanley (11 May 1840 [baptism]&lt;ref&gt;Ancestry.com. ''England, Select Births and Christenings, 1538-1975'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; – 15 December 1888&lt;ref&gt;Ancestry.com. ''UK and Ireland, Find a Grave® Index, 1300s-Current'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;)
* James Shell[e?]y Bontein ()
*# Gwendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt; Irene Emily G Stanley (c. 1870&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt; – )
*# '''Roger Cyril Hans Sloane Stanley''' (29 April 1875&lt;ref&gt;The National Archives; Kew, Surrey, England; ''WO 42 War Office: Officers' Birth Certificates, Wills and Personal Papers 1755-1908''; Reference: ''WO 42/72''. Ancestry.com. ''UK, Officers' Birth Certificates, Wills and Personal Papers, 1755-1908'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; – 18 November 1944&lt;ref&gt;''Find a Grave''. Find a Grave®. http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi. Ancestry.com. ''UK and Ireland, Find a Grave® Index, 1300s-Current'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;)


* Olivia Elizabeth Berens, Countess Cairns&lt;ref&gt;The National Archives of the UK (TNA); Kew, Surrey, England; ''Census Returns of England and Wales, 1911''. Ancestry.com. ''1911 England Census'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; (c. 1871 – 20 June 1951&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Olivia Elizabeth Berens.&quot; Person Page 3908; person #39077. ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as well as the Royal Families of Europe''. https://www.thepeerage.com/p3908.htm#i39077.

&lt;/ref&gt;)
* Arthur William Cairns, 2nd Earl Cairns (21 December 1861 – 14 January 1890)&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot;&gt;&quot;Arthur William Cairns, 2nd Earl Cairns.&quot; Person Page 3908; Person #39076. ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as well as the Royal Families of Europe''. https://www.thepeerage.com/p3908.htm#i39076.&lt;/ref&gt;
*# Lady Louise Rosemary Kathleen Virginia Cairns (10 March 1889 – 17 May 1962)&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot; /&gt;
* Roger Cyril Hans Sloane Stanley (1875 – 18 November 1944)
*# Lavender Elizabeth (20 May 1900 [baptism]&lt;ref&gt;Hampshire Archives and Local Studies; Winchester, England, UK; ''Anglican Parish Registers''; Reference: ''35M76/PR3''. Ancestry.com. ''Hampshire, England, Church of England Baptisms, 1813-1921''[database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; – )
*# Diane Sloane Stanley (c. 1905 – )


* Lavender Elizabeth (20 May 1900 [baptism] – )
* John Everett ()


* Diane Sloane Stanley (c. 1905 – )
* Elwyn Villiers Rhys ()

== Writings, Memoirs, Biographies, Papers ==

=== Writings ===
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon. ''The History of White's''. London: Algernon Bourke [privately published], 1892.
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon, ed., &quot;with a brief Memoir.&quot; ''Correspondence of Mr Joseph Jekyll with His Sister-in-Law, Lady Gertrude Sloane Stanley, 1818–1838''. John Murray, 1893.
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon, ed. ''Correspondence of Mr Joseph Jekyll''. John Murray, 1894.

=== Papers ===
* Where are the papers for the Earl of Mayo family? Are Algernon and Guendoline Bourke's papers with them?

== Notes and Questions ==
#The portrait of Algernon Bourke in costume as Isaac Walton is really an amazing portrait with a very interesting setting, far more specific than any of the other Lafayette portraits of these people in their costumes. Where was it shot? Lafayette is given credit, but it's not one of his usual backdrops. If this portrait was taken the night of the ball, then this fireplace was in Devonshire House; if not, then whose fireplace is it?
#The ''Times'' lists Hon. A. Bourke (at 325) and Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke (at 236) as members of a the &quot;Oriental&quot; procession, Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke (in the general list of attendees), and then a small distance down Mr. and Mrs. Bourke (now at 511 and 512, respectively). This last couple with no honorifics is also mentioned in the report in the London ''Evening Standard'', which means the Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke, so the ''Times'' may have repeated the Bourkes, who otherwise are not obviously anyone recognizable. If they are not the Hon. Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke, then they are unidentified. It seems likely that they are the same, however, as the newspapers were not perfectly consistent in naming people with their honorifics, even in a single story, especially a very long and detailed one in which people could be named more than once.
#Three slightly difficult-to-identify men were among the Suite of Men in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#&quot;Oriental&quot; Procession|&quot;Oriental&quot; procession]]: [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax|Gordon Wood]], [[Social Victorians/People/Portman|Arthur B. Portman]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Wilfred Wilson]]. The identification of Gordon Wood and Wilfred Wilson is high because of contemporary newspaper accounts. The Hon. Algernon Bourke, who was also in the Suite of Men, is not difficult to identify at all. Arthur Portman appears in a number of similar newspaper accounts, but none of them mentions his family of origin.
#[http://thepeerage.com The Peerage] has no other Algernon Bourkes.
#The Hon Algernon Bourke is #235 on the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball#List of People Who Attended|list of people who were present]]; the Hon. Guendoline Bourke is #236; a Mr. Bourke is #703; a Mrs. Bourke is #704.
#Hans Stanley-Sloane's estate was £33,704 7s. 5d. in the final probate in December 1889,&lt;ref&gt;Principal Probate Registry; London, England; ''Calendar of the Grants of Probate and Letters of Administration made in the Probate Registries of the High Court of Justice in England''. Ancestry.com. ''England &amp; Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1995'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; which might lead his widow to consider remarrying.
== Footnotes ==
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      <text bytes="175409" sha1="mz837ygkwfhdf0zwzmo4mbwx321c5in" xml:space="preserve">Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were &quot;satirized&quot; by [[Social Victorians/People/Oscar Wilde|Oscar Wilde]] in his 1895 ''The Importance of Being Earnest''.&lt;ref&gt;Fahey, David M. ''The Politics of Drink in England, from Gladstone to Lloyd George''. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, 2022: p. 21, n. 34. ''Google Books'' (retrieved July 2025) https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Politics_of_Drink_in_England_from_Gl/8HRjEAAAQBAJ.&lt;/ref&gt; Algernon Bourke was a cousin of Lord Alfred Douglas, Wilde's Bosie, in 1898 attempting to facilitate a reconciliation between Bosie and his father, the Marquess of Queensberry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:26&quot;&gt;Ellmann, Richard. ''Osar Wilde''. Alfred A. Knopf, 1988.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|568}}[[File:Leslie Ward - Vanity Fair, Newspapermen, ^Algy^, The Hon Algernon Henry Bourke, Januray 20, 1898 - B1979.14.521 - Yale Center for British Art.jpg|thumb|Hon. Algernon Bourke, ''Vanity Fair'', 1898]]

==Also Known As==
* Family name: Bourke [pronounced ''burk'']&lt;ref name=&quot;:62&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-05-07|title=Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earl_of_Mayo&amp;oldid=1222668659|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Mayo.&lt;/ref&gt;
* The Hon. Algernon Bourke
** Button Bourke&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Tory 'Reformer' at the India Office.&quot; ''India'' 10 November 1911, Friday: 4 [of 12], Col. 1b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004300/19111110/007/0004#. Print: same title, p. 228.&lt;/ref&gt;
** Algy Bourke
* Mrs. Guendoline Bourke
** Guendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; [The National Portrait Gallery, London, uses this spelling for Lafayette's portrait of Bourke in costume for the ball,&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt; as does Russell Harris in the Lafayette Archive, held by the Victoria and Albert&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot;&gt;Harris, Russell. &quot;Hon Mrs Algernon Bourke, née Guendoline Irene Emily Sloane-Stanley (1870-1967), as Salammbô.&quot; ''In Calm Prose'' 2011. http://www.rvondeh.dircon.co.uk/incalmprose/.&lt;/ref&gt;.]
** Gwendolen&lt;ref&gt;General Register Office. ''England and Wales Civil Registration Indexes''. London, England: General Register Office. FreeBMD. ''England &amp; Wales, Civil Registration Marriage Index, 1837-1915''[database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Marriage Index}} &lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt;{{rp|''Morning Post'' article about her name}} &lt;ref&gt;General Register Office. ''England and Wales Civil Registration Indexes''. London, England: General Register Office. FreeBMD. ''England &amp; Wales, Civil Registration Marriage Index, 1837-1915''[database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Electoral Register}}
** Gwendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;City of Westminster Archives Centre; London, England; ''Westminster Church of England Parish Registers''; Reference: ''SPWP/PR/1/2''. Ancestry.com. ''Westminster, London, England, Church of England Births and Baptisms, 1813-1919'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Births and Baptisms}}
* Shelley Bontein and Emilie Sloane-Stanley Bontein
* See also the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|page for the Earl of Mayo]], the Hon. Algernon Bourke's father and then brother, and other Bourkes

== Overview ==

=== Algernon Bourke ===
Although the Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke was born in Dublin in 1854 and came from a family whose title is in the Peerage of Ireland,&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;1911 England Census.&lt;/ref&gt; he seems to have spent much of his adult life generally in England and especially in London. He was &quot;a noted fisherman.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London Correspondence.&quot; ''Freeman's Journal'' 21 December 1897, Tuesday: 5 [of 8], Col. 5c [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000056/18971221/027/0005. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

Because he was the son of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]], perhaps, or perhaps because he was so involved in projects that got reported on, he was mentioned a great deal in the newspapers, but after his bankruptcy, he seems to have receded in prominence, in part because he was living outside of the U.K., and apparently separately from his wife, Guendoline Bourke.

Bourke ran as the Conservative candidate for Parliament from Clapham (population, c. 70,000) in 1885, a race he did not win. As a candidate he is described like this:&lt;blockquote&gt;Acted as a newspaper correspondent during the Zulu war. Subsequently Poor-law inspector in the West of Ireland. &quot;A loyal supporter of Church and State.&quot; Desires to reduce the School Board expenditure, and revive trade; and is opposed to Mr. Chamberlain's &quot;police of hasty and experimental reform.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Clapham (70,000).&quot; ''South London Chronicle'' 17 October 1885, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000443/18851017/113/0005. Print title ''South London Chronicle and Southwark and Lambeth Ensign'', p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The London ''Weekly Dispatch'' says he is &quot;a dashing and unscrupulous young Tory.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Political Campaign in London.&quot; ''Weekly Dispatch'' (London) 15 November 1885, Sunday: 9 [of 16], Col. 3c [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003358/18851115/069/0009. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

&quot;Algy&quot; Bourke was &quot;Man of the Day&quot; (No. DCCII [522) for ''Vanity Fair'' in 1898, caricatured by Leslie Ward (above right) and damned, perhaps, with faint praise:&lt;blockquote&gt;Son of the great and murdered Lord Mayo, he is contemporary with the outbreak of the Crimean War, he is a Member of the London Stock Exchange, he has a beautiful wife and a daughter, and, being a very fashionable young man, he was once refused as their Member by the worthy electors of Clapham. He was an Eton boy, of course: and less naturally he went to Cambridge; where he was made President of the Beefsteak, the Amateur Dramatic, the Athenaeum, the True Blue, and the Hibernian Clubs. When he came down he tried journalism and went to Zululand as a ''Daily Telegraph'' ‘‘special”; after which he was improved into an Inspector of Workhouses [2, Col. 2c – 3, Col. 1a] in Ireland: which may account for his proficiency as a caterer. For seven years he worked under the late Mr. Chinnery on ''The Times'': being popularly supposed to look after that journal's morals. He is a good man of business, and a great organiser who has made White's Club pay even if it be less “smart&quot; than it was. He has done much for Willis’s since he took it in hand; he did well with his Battersea venture, and he thinks that he only failed with the Summer Club in Kensington Gardens because people would not go to the wrong side of the Park. Moreover, he runs a Club at Brighton, and he is Chairman of the Grand Hotel at Monte Carlo: whither he once organised a cheap trip. Altogether he is a veritable Clubman, and a very successful arranger of amusements, associations, and restaurants.

He is a popular fellow who is known to all of us; and though he is a little inclined to be quarrelsome, no one can get much the better of him. He is also a quick grasper of facts and a good talker. His favourite sports are fishing and the organising of associations for the introduction of salmon to the Thames. By way of being an art critic, he has made an interesting collection of engravings of the members of White’s Club from its foundation; but his friends say that he is not a well-dressed man. He has also written a history of White’s, and he is now writing one of Brooks's Club. He is a genial person, who looks as if the world agreed with him well.

He is an aquisition [sic] to a house party; and they call him “Algy.”&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Men of the Day.&quot; — No. DCCII [522]. The Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke.&quot; ''Vanity Fair'' 20 January 1898, Thursday: 2 [of 4], Col. 2c – 3, Col. 3a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9900020/18980120/010/0002 and https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/9900020/18980120/005/0003. Same print title, pp. 41–42. Portrait is full page, on p. 1.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The Hon. Algernon Bourke and Mr. Algernon Bourke, depending on the newspaper article, were the same person. Calling him Mr. Bourke in the newspapers, especially when considered as a businessman or (potential) member of Parliament, does not rule out the son of an earl, who would normally be accorded the honorific of ''Honorable''.

=== Guendoline Sloane-Stanley Bourke ===

Mrs. Guendoline Bourke exhibited at dog shows successfully and was a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Society Sportswomen|noted deerstalker]] and &quot;an appreciative listener to good music.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Vanity Fair.&quot; ''Lady of the House'' 15 June 1899, Thursday: 4 [of 44], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004836/18990615/019/0004.&lt;/ref&gt; She was a sponsor of Irish art needlework as well. Her personal beauty is often mentioned in reports, and ''The World'' says she was &quot;a magnificent woman.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Beauties of To-Day. From the ''World''.&quot; ''Clifton Society'' 24 June 1897, Thursday: 14 [of 16], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002164/18970624/066/0014. Same print and p.&lt;/ref&gt; She is the first listed in the ''Graphic''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s 1891 &quot;Leading Ladies of Society&quot;:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke is a daughter (Gwendoline Irene Emily) of the late Hans Sloane Stanley, Esq., of Poultons, Southampton, and 49, Cadogan Square, S.W. She married, on December 15th, 1887, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, third son of the sixth Earl of Mayo, Governor-General of India (who was assassinated in 1872), and nephew of Lord Connemara, Governor of Madras. Mr. Bourke is a member of the London Stock Exchange, and resides at 33, Cadogan Terrace, S.W.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Leading Ladies of Society.&quot; The Graphic 28 March 1891, Saturday: 6 [of 28], Col. 2c [of 3]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9000057/18910328/019/0006. Print: same title, p. 346.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;She attended many social events without her husband, especially into the 20th century, usually described with an appreciation of what she wore. Unlike her husband's, Guendoline's social status seems to have risen as time passed, and she appears in stories associated with the Princess of Wales, and then later with Queen Alexandra.

=== The Sloane-Stanley Family ===
Guendoline's family consisted of a younger brother, Cyril Sloane-Stanley, as well as her parents, Hans Sloane-Stanley and Emilie Edwards Sloane-Stanley. Exactly one year after she and Algernon Bourke married, Hans Sloane-Stanley died (in 1888), leaving an estate worth £33,704 7s. 5d.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;&gt;Principal Probate Registry; London, England; ''Calendar of the Grants of Probate and Letters of Administration made in the Probate Registries of the High Court of Justice in England''. Ancestry.com. ''England &amp; Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1995'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; (1888, 321) Her mother remarried almost exactly a year after that, to James Shelly Bontein. Bontein's father had been Gentleman Usher and Clerk of the Robes to Queen Victoria.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot;&gt;&quot;Marriages.&quot; &quot;Births, Marriages, and Deaths.&quot; ''Belfast News-Letter'' 6 December 1889, Friday: 1 [of 8], Col. 1a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000038/18891206/001/0001. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

Shortly after his death ''Truth'' described Guendoline and Cyril's father Hans Sloane-Stanley:&lt;blockquote&gt;The death of Mr. Sloane Stanley, of Paultons Park, is much regretted in South Hants, as he was one of the most popular landlords in the county, and was greatly esteemed. Mr. Sloane Stanley was well known in yachting circles, and for many years he was Commodore of the Royal Southern Yacht Club, and owned the schooner ''Star of the West''. He was one of the very few owners who continued to keep up the old custom of giving his crew a laying-up supper at the close of each season. There were great festivities at Paultons only a few months ago, when Miss Sloane Stanley was married to Mr. Algernon Bourke.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Entre Nous.&quot; ''Truth'' 27 December 1888, Thursday: 6 [of 48], Col. 2b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18881227/023/0006# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18881227/023/0006]. Same print title, p. 1136.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;When he died in 1944, Cyril Sloane-Stanley's estate was quite a bit larger than his father's had been 50 years before. The probate was divided between what was limited to &quot;settled land&quot; and what was &quot;save and except settled land.&quot; What was not settled land totalled £356,114 12s. 10d. and went to John Everett, company director; the Hon. Elwyn Villiers Rhys, captain, H.M. army; and William Adam de Geijer, retired captain, H.M. army.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt; (1944, 430) His daughter Lavender was married to John Everett, and Diane was married to Elwyn Villiers Rhys. What was settled land totalled £168,975 and went to William Adam de Geijer, retired captain, H.M. army, and George Lawrence Stewart, solicitor.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt; (1944, 430)

The Sloane-Stanleys descend from Hans Sloane (1660–1753), whose 71,000-item collections &quot;provid[ed] the foundation of the British Museum, the British Library, and the Natural History Museum, London.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2025-01-07|title=Hans Sloane|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane|journal=Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane|language=en|via=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Much of this Hans Sloane's wealth came from his medical practice in Jamaica, where he went as physician to the Governor General of Jamaica, the 2nd Duke of Albemarle, and where he married &quot;a wealthy heiress of sugar plantations&quot; worked by enslaved Jamaicans.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot; /&gt; His great-nephew, Hans Sloane, inherited Paultons, near Romsey, &quot;and in recognition of this he adopted the additional surname of Stanley in 1821.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-10-06|title=Hans Sloane (MP)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane_(MP)|journal=Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane_(MP)|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Acquaintances, Friends and Enemies ==

=== Algernon Bourke ===

* Best man at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Wedding of Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Sloane Stanley|his wedding]]: the Hon. Michael Sandys
* [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Marcus Henry Milner]], &quot;one of the zealous assistants of that well-known firm of stockbrokers, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;&quot;Metropolitan Notes.&quot; ''Nottingham Evening Post'' 31 July 1888, Tuesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 2a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/18880731/025/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Caroline, Duchess of Montrose — her &quot;legal advisor&quot; on the day of her marriage to Marcus Henry Milner&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Metropolitan Notes.&quot; ''Nottingham Evening Post'' 31 July 1888, Tuesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 1b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/18880731/025/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Wilfred Scawen Blunt
* Alexander Meyrick Broadley&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot;&gt;Broadley, Alexander Meyrick. ''How We Defended Arábi and His Friends, a Story of Egypt and the Egyptians''. London: Chapman and Hall, 1884. Google Books: [https://www.google.com/books/edition/How_We_Defended_Ar%C3%A1bi_and_His_Friends/75YRzFDvaO4C?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;bsq=Bourke https://www.google.com/books/edition/How_We_Defended_Ar%C3%A1bi_and_His_Friends/75YRzFDvaO4C].&lt;/ref&gt; (2) [Blunt, Broadley and Bourke were mutual friends; Blunt and Bourke were cousins.]
* &quot;Natty Rothschild,&quot; according to Blunt
* Brett, who was Hartington's secretary in the early 80s.&lt;ref&gt;Blunt, Wilfred Scawen. ''Gordon at Khartoum, Being a Personal Narrative of Events in Continuation of &quot;A Secret History of the English Occupation of Egypt''.&quot; London: Stephen Swift, 1911.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Guendoline Bourke ===

* Bridesmaids at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Wedding of Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Sloane Stanley|her wedding]]: Lady Florence Bourke, Miss Nora Bourke, Miss Edwards, and Miss Ewart
* Lord and Lady Alington, Belvedere House, Scarborough
* [[Social Victorians/People/William James|Evelyn James]] 

== Organizations ==

=== Guendoline Bourke ===

* Member, the Ladies Committee for the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Skating Club|Prince's Skating Club]], which also included [[Social Victorians/People/Princess Louise|Princess Louise]] (Duchess of Argyll), the [[Social Victorians/People/Portland|Duchess of Portland]], [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Lady Londonderry]], [[Social Victorians/People/Campbell|Lady Archibald Campbell]], [[Social Victorians/People/Ribblesdale|Lady Ribblesdale]], and [[Social Victorians/People/Asquith|Mrs. Asquith]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;&quot;What the 'World' Says.&quot; ''Northwich Guardian'' 01 November 1902, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Col. 8a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001975/19021101/134/0006. Print title: The ''Guardian'', p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt; (in 1902, at least)

=== Algernon Bourke ===
* [[Social Victorians/Schools#Eton|Eton]]
* Cambridge University, Trinity College, 1873, Michaelmas term&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;Cambridge University Alumni, 1261–1900. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Conservative Party
* 1879: Appointed a Poor Law Inspector in Ireland, Relief of Distress Act
* 1881: Partner, with 2 uncles, in Brunton, Bourke, and Co.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From Our London Correspondent.&quot; ''Manchester Courier'' 24 August 1881, Wednesday: 5 [of 8], Col. 4a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000206/18810824/030/0005. Print: ''Manchester Courier and Lancaster General Advertiser'', p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt; (one of the [[Social Victorians/British Aristocracy#Sons of Peers on the Stock Exchange|sons of peers on the Stock Exchange]])
* 1885: Office of the 7th Surrey Rifles Regiment&lt;ref&gt;&quot;7th Surrey Rifles.&quot; ''South London Press'' 08 August 1885, Saturday: 12 [of 16], Col. 4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18850808/165/0012. Print p. 12.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1886: Battersea Friendly Angling Society&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Battersea Friendly Angling Society.&quot; ''Fishing Gazette'' 17 April 1886, Saturday: 6 [of 20], Col. 2a [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002553/18860417/030/0006. Same print title, p. 218.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 27 February 1886: one of the Vice Presidents of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Bolingbroke Reading-Room and Institute|Bolingbroke Reading-Room and Institute]]
* Special Correspondent of The ''Times'' for the Zulu War, accompanying Lord Chelmsford
* Head, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys, &quot;that well-known firm of stockbrokers&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; ( – 1901 [at least])
* White's gentleman's club, St. James's,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-10-09|title=White's|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White's|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%27s.&lt;/ref&gt; Manager (1897)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Side Lights on Drinking.&quot; ''Waterford Standard'' 28 April 1897, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001678/18970428/053/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Willis's Rooms (described in 1895):&lt;blockquote&gt;... the Hon. Algernon Burke [sic], son of the 6th Earl of Mayo, has turned the place into a smart restaurant where choice dinners are served and eaten while a stringed band discourses music. Willis's Rooms are now the favourite dining place for ladies who have no club of their own, or for gentlemen who are debarred by rules from inviting ladies to one of their own clubs. The same gentleman runs a hotel in Brighton, and has promoted several clubs. He has a special faculty for organising places of the kind, without which such projects end in failure.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lenten Dullness.&quot; ''Cheltenham Looker-On'' 23 March 1895, Saturday: 11 [of 24], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000226/18950323/004/0011. Print p. 275.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
*The [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Pelican|Pelican Club]], known for its boxing (1891)

==== Boards of Directors ====
*1883: One of the directors, the Franco-English Tunisian Esparto Fibre Supply Company, Ltd.&lt;ref&gt;''Money Market Review'', 20 Jan 1883 (Vol 46): 124.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1891: One of the founders, the Discount Banking Company, Ltd., which says Algernon Bourke is a director of District Messenger Services and News Company, Ltd.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Public Company.&quot; ''Nottingham Journal'' 31 October 1891, Saturday: 4 [of 8], Col. 8a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001896/18911031/099/0004. Print title: ''The Nottingham Daily Express'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1894: One of the directors, the Frozen Lake, Ltd., with Admiral Maxse, Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Marcus Beresford]], [[Social Victorians/People/Williams|Hwfa Williams]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Frozen Lake, Limited.&quot; ''St James's Gazette'' 08 June 1894, Friday: 15 [of 16], Col. 4a [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001485/18940608/085/0015. Print p. 15.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;London is to have new amusement this winter, for which Mr Algernon Bourke, who has taught us that it is possible to eat as well in St. James’s as on the Boulevards, and Mr Hwfa Williams, of Sandown fame, are jointly responsible. The &quot;Frozen Lake,&quot; under which title a real ice-skating rink is about to be constructed under their auspices, will no doubt be gladly welcomed by all skaters, and the venture is likely to prove a success.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip.&quot; ''Weston-super-Mare Gazette, and General Advertiser'' 6 June 1894, Wednesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 4b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001444/18940606/044/0004. Print title: ''Weston-super-Mare Gazette'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== Committees ====

*Member, General Committee, [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Baths|the Baths Club]] (1892)
*Member, Men's Committee of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Skating Club|Prince's Skating Club]], which also included Lord Edward Cecil, Lord Redesdale, Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Lyttelton|Alfred Lyttelton]], Sir Edgar Vincent, Sir William Hart Dyke, and Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Grenfell|W. H. Grenfell]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; (1902, at least)
*[[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#25 March 1896, Wednesday|The Sala Memorial Fund]], member of the committee (from 25 March 1896)
* Member of an &quot;influential committee&quot; headed by the Lord Mayor &quot;to restore salmon to the Thames&quot; (June 1899)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Salmon in the Thames.&quot; ''Berks and Oxon Advertiser'' 30 June 1899, Friday: 5 [of 8], Col. 4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002298/18990630/079/0005. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Timeline ==

=== 1870s ===
'''1872 February 8''', Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo was assassinated while inspecting a &quot;convict settlement at Port Blair in the Andaman Islands ... by Sher Ali Afridi, a former Afghan soldier.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-12-01|title=Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo.&lt;/ref&gt; The Hon. Algernon's brother Dermot became the 7th Earl at 19 years old.

'''1876 November 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was one of 6 men (2 students, one of whom was Bourke; 2 doctors; a tutor and another man) from Cambridge who gave evidence as witnesses in an inquest about the death of a student falling off a horse.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Fatal Accident to a Sheffield Student at Cambridge.&quot; ''Sheffield Independent'' 25 November 1876, Saturday: 7 [of 12], Col. 5a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000181/18761125/040/0007. Print title: ''Sheffield and Rotherham Independent'', n. p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1879 December 27, Saturday – 29, Monday''', Algernon Bourke was in Kilrush as a Local Government Board Inspector:&lt;blockquote&gt;Among many distinguished visitors at the Vandeleur Arms Hotel, Kilrush this week was the Hon. Algernon Bourke Local Government Board Inspector who arrived on Saturday, and sojourned there until 2 o'clock on Monday, when the honourable gentleman left by Steamer tor Limerick.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Fashionable Intelligence.&quot; ''Kilrush Herald and Kilkee Gazette'' 01 January 1880, Thursday: 2 [of 5], Col. 3a [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003186/18800101/011/0002. Print title ''Kilrush Herald'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 1880s ===
'''4 February 1880, Wednesday''', Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880#Grand Ball at Palmerstown House Hosted by the Earl of Mayo|grand ball at Palmerstown House hosted by the Earl of Mayo]]. 

'''1880 March 30, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was working in the judicial system in Newcastle, County Limerick, possibly as Poorhouse Inspector:&lt;blockquote&gt;A sworn enquiry was held to-day at the Workhorse, Newcastle West, by the Hon Algernon Bourke, L.G.I., to enquire into charges preferred by Dr. Pierce, Medical Office, against Dr. O'Shaughnesay. The enquiry was adjourned till Thursday next. Mr Moran, sol., Rathkeale, was engaged for Dr. O'Shaughnessy.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Sworn Enquiry.&quot; &quot;Limerick County. Newcastle West Intelligence.&quot; ''Bassett's Chronicle'' 31 March 1880, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 3b–c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003471/18800331/044/0003.  Print title ''Bassett's Daily Chronicle'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1880 April 17, Saturday''', in-jokes dominate this report mentioning Algernon Bourke in the context of the Kildare and National Hunt races in Dublin:&lt;blockquote&gt;And in mopy Upper Mount-street, where young Algernon Bourke, of the Onety-oneth, had promised to call for, and afterwards spin down to the races in his mail phaeton, the Blake girls; and in fastidious Fitzwilliam-place, and exclusive &quot;Murryan-squeer,&quot; from which dashing army men, in their neatly-appointed, well horsed drags were to &quot;tool&quot; down sweet young Dublin lasses of the ''crême d la crême'' [sic], many an anxious forecasting of the weather was taken, lest by an unpropitious shower that last triumph of Mrs. Manning, or the Forrests, or Miss Sedford, or any of the ''grandes dames de la mode'' should be rendered as worthless as a Confederate &quot;greenback.&quot; But by ten o'clock all doubts were happily set aside, and up struck the lovely April day in all its spring-time glory and then the road, oh, the road!&lt;ref&gt;&quot;To Punchestown and Back by the Old Road.&quot; ''Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News'' 17 April 1880, Saturday: 6 [of 24], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001857/18800417/013/0006. Same print title, p. 102.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1881 May 10, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#1881 May 10, Tuesday|wedding of Marion Lascelles, eldest daughter of the Hon. Egremont W. Lascelles, brother of the Earl of Harewood, and Lieutenant Henry Dent Brocklehurst, of the Second Life Guards, nephew of Mr. Philip Brocklehurst, of Swithamley Park, Macclesfield]]. His gift was an &quot;old enamelled watch set in pearls.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Nuptial Rejoicings at Middlethorpe Manor. Marriage of Miss Lascelles and Lieut. Brocklehurst.&quot; ''Yorkshire Gazette'' 14 May 1881, Saturday: 9 [of 12], Cols. 3a–4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive''https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000266/18810514/057/0009. Print same title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1881 May 23, Monday, 2:00 p.m.''', Algernon Bourke is listed among the Honourables at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace|Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace]].

'''1881 July 14, Thursday afternoon, beginning about 2 p.m.''', Algernon Bourke was invited to a Garden Party at Marlborough House hosted by [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]]. Members of the family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] were also among the 1,500 or so invited guests.

'''1881 July 22, Friday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to an [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#22 July 1881, Friday|evening party at Marlborough House hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales]].

'''1881 September 17, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was reported among the company at Doncaster during race week.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;List of the Company.&quot; ''York Herald'' 17 September 1881, Saturday: 8 [of 16], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000499/18810917/183/0008. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1881 November 22, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was sued in Dublin by Henry Naylor because he &quot;had declined to pay&quot; for a £35 piano.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Henry Naylor v. the Hon. Algernon Bourke.&quot; &quot;Exchequer Division.&quot; &quot;High Court of Justice.&quot; ''Belfast Morning News'' 23 November 1881, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 8a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000428/18811123/015/0003. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1881 December 8, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke was part of a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#Battue at Palmerstown|battue at Palmerstown]], when the group bagged 172 pheasants, hares and rabbits.

'''1882 March 7, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882#7 March 1882, Tuesday|fashionable wedding of Reginald Chandos-Pole and Violet Denison]].

'''1882 March 15, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882#The Marchioness of Salisbury's Assembly|the Marchioness of Salisbury's first reception of the season]].

'''1882 July 13, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to the [[Social Victorians/1882-07-13 Marlborough House Garden Party|Garden Party at Marlborough House for Queen Victoria]] hosted by [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]]. The more than 1,000 people invited also included a number of people from the family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]].

'''1882 September 19''', Alexander M. Broadley in Tunis received a letter from Algernon Bourke asking him to provide legal counsel to defend prisoner-of war Arábi in Egypt, with Wilfred Scawen Blunt, which he did.&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot; /&gt; (2)

'''1882 September 28, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882#The Wedding of John M'Donald and Georgiana Lambart|wedding of John M'Donald and Georgiana Lambart]].

'''1883 March 21, Wednesday''', the Evening Irish Times announced that Algernon Bourke &quot;has arrived at Kingstown from England.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Fashion.&quot; ''Evening Irish Times'' 21 March 1883, Wednesday: 7 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003464/18830321/086/0007. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''23 July 1883, Monday, noon''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1883#Garden Party at Marlborough House, at Noon|garden party at Marlborough House]] hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales.

'''31 October 1883, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the wedding of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1883#Wedding of Lady Cecelia Hay and Captain George Webbe|Lady Cecelia Hay and Captain George Webbe]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 February 16, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#16 February 1884, Saturday|the funeral of Thomas Chenery, editor of the ''Times'']].&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 April 4, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was (may have been?) one of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#5 April 1884, Saturday|&quot;Supporters of the Pall&quot; at the funeral]] of [[Social Victorians/People/Leopold|Prince Leopold George Duncan Albert, Duke of Albany]] at St. George's, Windsor.&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 April 26, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#26 April 1884, Saturday|dinner party at the Lord Mayor's Mansion House for conservatives to meet Sir Stafford Northcote]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 May 3, Saturday''', the &quot;Rochester Conservatives&quot; announced that they would &quot;bring forward the Hon. Algernon Bourke, brother of Lord Mayo, as their second candidate,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Election Intelligence.&quot; ''Yorkshire Gazette'' 03 May 1884, Saturday: 4 [of 12], Col. 6a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000266/18840503/011/0004.&lt;/ref&gt; but because he would not be the first candidate, Bourke declined.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rochester.&quot; London ''Daily Chronicle'' 09 May 1884, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 8b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005049/18840509/049/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 June 18, Wednesday''', Mr. Algernon Bourke was on a committee to watch a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#18 June 1884, Wednesday|Mr. Bishop's &quot;thought-reading&quot; experiment]], which was based on a challenge by Henry Labourchere made the year before. This &quot;experiment&quot; took place before a fashionable audience.&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 July 25, Friday, afternoon''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#Garden Party at Marlborough House hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales|Garden Party at Marlborough House hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1885 January 22, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke's gift to [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#Wedding of George Buckle and Alicia Payn|George Buckle and Alicia Payn for their wedding]] was an antique cabinet.&lt;p&gt;

'''1885 July 7, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#7 July 1885, Tuesday|Eva Bourke's wedding to Windham Wyndham-Quin]] at St. Mary Abbots, Kensington.&lt;p&gt;

'''1885 July 13, Monday''', Algernon Bouurke was at Victoria Station as part of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#Arrival of Lord Wolseley in London from Egypt|crowd greeting Lord Wolseley on his return from Egypt]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1885 July 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/1885-07-24 Marlborough House Ball|ball at Marlborough House]] hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales.&lt;p&gt;

'''1885 September 26, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke took part in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#26 September 1885, Saturday|Ealing Conservative Club fete and meeting]] supporting Salisbury's government and condemning &quot;the dictates of one man&quot; — Gladstone — for Gordon's death.&lt;p&gt;

'''1885 October 3, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was named as the Conservative candidate for Clapham in the Battersea and Clapham borough after the Redistribution Bill determined the electoral districts for South London.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;South London Candidates.&quot; ''South London Press'' 03 October 1885, Saturday: 9 [of 16], Col. 5b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18851003/096/0009. Print p. 9.&lt;/ref&gt; On Sunday 15 November 1885 the London ''Weekly Dispatch'' supported Moulton, the Liberal candidate, who ultimately won the election:&lt;blockquote&gt;

Though a successful lawyer, Mr. Moulton is much more than that. He is a thorough and independent student of political science, who may be trusted to do good service to the Liberal cause with brain as well as with tongue. It will be matter for hearty congratulation if he defeats the Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke, who is a dashing and unscrupulous young Tory, and a nephew of the well-known politician with the same surname.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Political Campaign in London. VI. — The South-West Divisions.&quot; ''Weekly Dispatch'' (London) 15 November 1885, Sunday: 9 [of 16], Col. 3c [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003358/18851115/069/0009. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

On Saturday 21 November 1885 the ''South London Press'' reported on posters for Bourke's candidacy:&lt;blockquote&gt;

The Hon. Algernon Bourke, Conservative candidate for Clapham, has a very industrious billsticker, who pastes up his patron’s bills in every possible place where they can be seen to advantage. It is unfortunate, however, that choosing the flank wall of an auctioneer’s the modern &quot;Sam Slap&quot; has produced some curious combinations, such as — &quot;Vote for Bourke,&quot; &quot;Now on View;&quot; &quot;Electors of Clapham, Vote for Mr. Bourke, and&quot; &quot;Be Sold Without Reserve;&quot; &quot;Mr, Bourke will&quot; &quot;Advance Money to&quot; &quot;the Electors of Clapham;&quot; &quot;Great Conservative Meeting. The British Constitution will be&quot; &quot;Offered for Sale this Evening,&quot; &amp;c.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pick-up Notes.&quot; ''South London Press'' 21 November 1885, Saturday: 10 [of 16], Col. 1b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18851121/155/0010. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1885 November 3, Tuesday, 11:00 a.m.''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Mayo-Ponsonby Wedding 1885-11-03|wedding of his brother, Dermot, 7th  Earl of Mayo and Geraldine Ponsonby]]. He gave them 2 Sheraton secretaires.

'''1886 January 5, Tuesday, late''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Twelfth Night|Twelfth Night celebration at the Drury Lane theatre]].

'''1886 March 13, Saturday evening''', an Hon. Mr. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/1886-03-13 Reception at the French Embassy|reception at the French Embassy]], possibly Algernon Bourke or possibly [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|one of his brothers]].

'''1886 July 10, Saturday''', Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Garden Party at Marlborough House Given to the Queen|garden party at Marlborough House given to the Queen]]. Guendoline Sloane Stanley is not mentioned but Mr. and Mrs. Hans Sloane Stanley are, as are Mr. and Mrs. F. Sloane Stanley.&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 July 21, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to the [[Social Victorians/1886-07-21 Marlborough House Ball|Ball at Marlborough House]], as were a [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#The Sloane-Stanleys 2|Mr. and Mrs. F. Sloane-Stanley]], possibly the parents of Guendoline Sloane-Stanley (if the &quot;F&quot; is a mistake), who married Bourke on 15 December 1887. Guendoline is not mentioned as having been invited.&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 July 27, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended a service honoring a memorial at St. Paul's for his father, who had been assassinated.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Memorial to the Late Earl of Mayo.&quot; ''Northern Whig'' 28 July 1886, Wednesday: 6 [of 8], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000434/18860728/143/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 September 2, Thursday''', Mr. Algernon Bourke was part of a group of mostly aristocratic men taking part in [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Augustus Harris's A Run of Luck|a &quot;trial-rehearsal&quot; as part of Augustus Harris's production]] ''A Run of Luck'', about sports.&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 October 2, Saturday''', the Duke of Beaufort and the Hon. Algernon Bourke arrived in Yougal: &quot;His grace has taken a residence at Lismore for a few weeks, to enjoy some salmon fishing on the Blackwater before the close of the season.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Chippenham.&quot; ''Wilts and Gloucestershire Standard'' 02 October 1886, Saturday: 8 [of 8], Col. 6a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001955/18861002/142/0008. Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 October 11, Monday''', Algernon Bourke may have been taking part in a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Performance of Run of Luck|performance of ''Run of Luck'' at the Drury Lane]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 October 23, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Party at Wemyss Castle, Fife|staying at Wemyss Castle, Fife]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 December 30, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke was back in London and attending the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Augustus Harris's The Forty Thieves|&quot;Forty Thieves&quot; pantomime at the Drury Lane Theatre]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1887 January 5, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was one of the chief mourners at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Funeral of Lady Margaret Harriett Bourke|funeral of Lady Margaret Harriett Bourke]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1887 March 1, 2:00 p.m.''', Algernon Bourke is listed among the Messieurs attending the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace|Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1887 May''', a &quot;signalling incident&quot; in 1907 [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#May 1887|caused the Waterford ''Evening News'' to recall a similar event]] that had occurred 20 years earlier, in which Algernon Bourke, as special correspondent for the ''Times'', caused the incident to be publicized:&lt;blockquote&gt;During the manoeuvres in connection with the 1887 Jubilee of Queen Victoria a signal was observed going up from [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles [Beresford]]]'s ship. It was a message to his wife, Lady Beresford, to the effect that, as he should be late for dinner, she was not to wait. Beyond the hilarity this domestic signal evoked, nothing more would have been heard of it, but Mr. Algernon Bourke (Lord Mayo's brother) was acting as special correspondent for the &quot;Times,&quot; and that paper the next morning contained a full and humorous report of the incident. Then there was trouble.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Signalling Incident.&quot; ''Evening News'' (Waterford) 13 November 1907, Wednesday: 1 [of 4], Col. 6c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004557/19071113/021/0001.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1887 June 15, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians Foreign Office Reception 1887-06-15|reception at the Foreign Office in honor of Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee]].

'''1887 July 6, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to and, presumably, attended the State Ball at Buckingham Palace.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The State Ball at Buckingham Palace.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 08 July 1887, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 5a–6c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18870708/013/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 1c)

'''1887 August 6, Saturday''', the ''Brighton Gazette'' says that the &quot;Hon. Mrs and Mr Algernon Bourke&quot; were staying at the Royal Crescent Hotel in Brighton, but they didn't marry until 15 December 1887.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Royal Crescent Hotel.&quot; ''Brighton Gazette'' 6 August 1887, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 5c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000938/18870806/047/0003. Print title ''Brighton Gazette and Sussex Telegraph'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt; Perhaps an elder relative, because she is mentioned first?

'''1887 November 9, Wednesday''', the ''Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper'' announced that&lt;blockquote&gt;A marriage is arranged, and will take place early in January, between Mr. Algernon Bourke, third son of the late Earl of Mayo, and Miss Guendolen Sloane Stanley, only daughter of Mr. Hans Sloane Stanley, of Paultons.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Romsey, Nov. 9.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 9 November 1887, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18871109/034/0003. Print title ''Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Shortly after, the papers announced that the wedding would not take place.

'''1887 December 15, Thursday''', Hon. [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Wedding of Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Sloane Stanley|Algernon Bourke and Guendoline Stanley were married at St. Paul's]], Knightsbridge, by Bourke's uncle the Hon. and Rev. George Bourke. Only family members attended because of &quot;the recent death of a near relative of the bride.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court Circular.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 16 December 1887, Friday: 5 [of 8], Col. 7c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18871216/066/0005.&lt;/ref&gt; Who the &quot;near relative of the bride&quot; was not in her nuclear family, and perhaps that explains the cancellation of the wedding and then the changing of the wedding date and not some problem in the couple.

'''1888 – 1899 January 1''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was &quot;proprietor&quot; of [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#White's|White's Club, St. James's Street]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;&quot;The Hon. Algernon Bourke's Affairs.&quot; ''Eastern Morning News'' 19 October 1899, Thursday: 6 [of 8], Col. 7c [of7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001152/18991019/139/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1888 January 21, Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the wedding of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#Hamilton-Ewart Wedding|Florence Ewart and Henry Hamilton]].

'''1888 March 7, Wednesday''', assuming that this date is not a week after the actual date, [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lady Charles Beresford]] held a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#1888 March 7, Wednesday|notable and well-attended &quot;at home&quot;]] that Guendoline Bourke attended, reported for being dressed in white and being among the beautiful women present.

'''6 April 1888, Friday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#6 April 1888, Friday|New Forest United Hunt ball at the New Forest Hall, Lyndhurst]].

'''1888 May 2, Wednesday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#The Marchioness of Salisbury's Reception|Marchioness of Salisbury's reception]] at the Salisbury home on Arlington-street.

'''1888 May 22, Tuesday''', the Dowager Countess of Mayo presented Guendoline Bourke at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#Queen's Drawing Room|Queen's drawing-room]] hosted by the Princess of Wales. This is Guendoline Bourke's dress:&lt;blockquote&gt;Empire robe de cour of white satin duchesse, lined with rich pink silk, sufficiently bright to give a beautiful shell-like tint through the satin; tulle underdress, with upper skirt, embroidered with pearl, and caught up in Greek folds with large pink Tosca roses; white satin bodice, with Josephine pink sash tied at side, Headdress, veil and plumes; ornaments, diamonds.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Dresses at the Drawing-Room.&quot; ''Epsom Journal'' 22 May 1888, Tuesday: 3 [of 6], Col. 5b–c [of 6]. ''British Newspapers Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004837/18880522/034/0003. Print: title ''Local Journal'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Another description:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke's train was of white satin lined with pink, which showed through with charmingly shell-like effect. The dress, fashioned after those of the Empire period, was of white satin embroidered with pearls. A very broad sash of pink satin made the waist seem quaintly short, a trying thing to any but the young and tall, both of which qualifications Mrs. Bourke most happily possesses. She carried a lovely posy of La France roses.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Gossip on Dress.&quot; ''Boston Spa News'' 25 May 1888, Friday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1b–2b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003395/18880525/014/0002. Print title The News, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 1c)&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1888 June 8, Friday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#Dinner and Dance Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne at Hamilton House|dinner and dance Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne at Hamilton House]] featuring Prince and Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein, and for the ball, the King of Sweden and Norway and the Prince and Princess of Wales and their daughters were present.

'''1888 June 19, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke was one of the principal guests at the wedding of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#19 June 1888, Tuesday|Captain Philip Green and Miss Mabel Emilie Scott]].

'''1888 July 26''', [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Caroline Graham Stirling-Crawford]] (known as Mr. Manton for her horse-breeding and -racing operations) and Marcus Henry Milner married.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;&quot;Hon. Caroline Agnes Horsley-Beresford.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://thepeerage.com/p6863.htm#i68622|title=Person Page|website=thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the ''Nottingham Evening Post'' of 31 July 1888,&lt;blockquote&gt;LONDON GOSSIP.

(From the ''World''.)

The marriage of &quot;Mr. Manton&quot; was the surprise as well the sensation of last week. Although some wise people noticed a certain amount of youthful ardour in the attentions paid by Mr. Marcus Henry Milner to Caroline Duchess of Montrose at '''Mrs. Oppenheim's ball''', nobody was prepared for the sudden ''dénouement''; '''and it''' were not for the accidental and unseen presence [[Social Victorians/People/Mildmay|a well-known musical amateur]] who had received permission to practice on the organ, the ceremony performed at half-past nine on Thursday morning at St. Andrew's, Fulham, by the Rev. Mr. Propert, would possibly have remained a secret for some time to come. Although the evergreen Duchess attains this year the limit of age prescribed the Psalmist, the bridegroom was only born in 1864. Mr. &quot;Harry&quot; Milner (familiarly known in the City as &quot;Millions&quot;) was one of the zealous assistants of that well-known firm of stockbrokers, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys, and Mr. Algernon Bourke, the head of the house (who, of course, takes a fatherly interest in the match) went down to Fulham to give away the Duchess. The ceremony was followed by a ''partie carrée'' luncheon at the Bristol, and the honeymoon began with a visit to the Jockey Club box at Sandown. Mr. Milner and the Duchess of Montrose have now gone to Newmarket. The marriage causes a curious reshuffling of the cards of affinity. Mr. Milner is now the stepfather of the [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Duke of Montrose]], his senior by twelve years; he is also the father-in-law of [[Social Victorians/People/Lady Violet Greville|Lord Greville]], Mr. Murray of Polnaise, and [[Social Victorians/People/Breadalbane|Lord Breadalbane]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1888 December 1st week''', according to &quot;Society Gossip&quot; from the ''World'', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was suffering from malaria, presumably which he caught when he was in South Africa:&lt;blockquote&gt;I am sorry to hear that Mr. Algernon Bourke, who married Miss Sloane-Stanley a short time ago, has been very dangerously ill. Certain complications followed an attack of malarian fever, and last week his mother, the Dowager Lady Mayo, and his brother, Lord Mayo, were hastily summoned to Brighton. Since then a change for the better has taken place, and he is now out of danger.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip. What the ''World'' Says.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 08 December 1888, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18881208/037/0002. Print title: ''The Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper''; print p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1888 December 20, Thursday''', the Sloane-Stanley family, including Guendoline Bourke, attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#20 December 1888, Thursday|funeral of Hans Sloane Stanley]]. Algernon Bourke did not attend because he was still too ill.

'''1889 January 22, 2:30 p.m., Tuesday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke sent a gift for the [[Social Victorians/Cecil Lambton Wedding 1889 January 22|wedding of Lady Eleanor Lambton and Lord Robert]] Cecil, a pair of antique mirrors.

'''1889 May 18, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#18 May 1889, Saturday|opening of the Italian Opera season at Covent Garden]].

'''1889 May 27, Monday, 11 p.m.''', the dancing commenced at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#The Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace|the Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace]], with both the Hon. Algernon and the Hon. Guendoline Bourke present.

'''1889 June 8, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke contributed some art he owned to the collection of the Royal Institute of Painters in Water-Colours' [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#8 June 1889, Saturday|exhibition of &quot;the works of the 'English Humourists in Art.'&quot;]]

'''1889 July 2, Tuesday''', Guendoline and Algernon Bourke sat in the Muriettas' box at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#The Shah at a Covent Garden Opera Performance|gala performance at Covent Garden also attended by the Prince and Princess of Wales, a number of other royals and the Shah]].

'''1889 27 July, Saturday''', Guendoline and Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#Garden Party Hosted by Mr. and Mrs. Augustus Harris|garden party hosted by Mr. and Mrs. Augustus Harris]], which was attended by a people from the theatre and arts worlds.

'''1889 August 15''', Thursday, because of mourning on both sides, only the closest friends and family were invited to the [[Social Victorians/Pleydell-Bouverie Skelmersdale Wedding|wedding of Lady Wilma Pleydell-Bouverie and Lord Skelmersdale]], so she may not have attended, but the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave the bride a miniature silver kettle.&lt;p&gt;

'''1889 December 2, Monday''', Guendoline Bourk's mother, Emilie Sloane-Stanley, married James Shelly Bontein:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

BONTEIN—STANLEY — December 2, at St. George's, Hanover Square, London, by the Rev. G. S. de Sansmarez, James Shelly, only son of the late James Bontein, Gentleman Usher and Clerk of the Robes to the Queen, to Emilie Josephine, widow of Hans Sloane Stanley, of Paultons.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1889 December 17, Tuesday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke gave a gift to [[Dangan-Neville Wedding|Lady Violet Nevill for her wedding to Henry Wellesley, Viscount Dangan]] and so were probably in attendance.

=== 1890s ===
'''1890 January 9, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#The York Hunt Ball|fancy-dress Hunt Ball in York]]. She&lt;blockquote&gt;looked a picture in a Gainsborough gown. The white satin skirt was flounced with sable and veiled with ''chiffon'', the setuage of which was left to show without being hemmed up. There was a broad sash of rose-pink silk and each buttonhole was filled round with crimped lisse.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Our London Letter.&quot; ''Irish Society'' (Dublin) 11 January 1890, Saturday: 17 [of 24], Col. 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001939/18900111/042/0017. Same print title, p. 29.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1890 February''' '''12, Wednesday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Lady Constance Leslie's Reception|Lady Constance Leslie's reception]] at her house in Stratford-place.

'''1890 April 9, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#The New Forest United Hunt Ball|the New Forest United Hunt Ball]].

'''1890 June 3, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the 2:30 p.m. [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Münster-Hay Wedding|wedding of Count Alexander Münster and Lady Muriel Henrietta Constance Hay]]. She is also listed as having attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Dinner and Concert Hosted by Mrs. Arthur Williams and Ball by Mrs. Menzies|ball hosted by Mrs. J. Menzies (daughter of Mrs. Arthur Wilson)]] that Prince Eddie, the Duke of Clarence and Avondale, also attended, that night.  

'''1890 July 4, Friday, 11 p.m.''', the Hon. Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#The Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace|the Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace]]. The dancing commenced shortly after 11:00. 

'''1890 July 15, Tuesday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke were invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Garden Party at Marlborough House to Meet the Queen|garden party at Marlborough House to meet the Queen]]. 

'''1890 July 19, Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Wedding of James Francis Harry St. Clair-Erskine and Violet Aline Vyner|wedding of James Francis Harry St. Clair-Erskine and Violet Aline Vyner]], the two of them giving &quot;four small silver dessert dishes&quot; and Guendoline giving an &quot;enamel and diamond pin.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marriage of Lord Loughborough with Miss Vyner.&quot; ''Fife Free Press'' 26 July 1890, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1a–2b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001110/18900726/015/0002. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 2b)

'''1890 July 24, Thursday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Dinner and Dance Hosted by Lord Alington|dance hosted by Lord Alington]] attended also by the Prince and Princess of Wales and Princesses Victoria and Maud.

'''1890 September 6, Saturday''', the ''Country Gentleman'' (as it was called at the time) reported that &quot;Muckross, the only deer forest in Ireland, it may be said, has this year been rented by Mr. Algernon Bourke, who will next week be joined there for the stalking season by his brother, Lord Mayo.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Shooting. Moors, Forests, and Fishings.&quot; ''Sporting Gazette'' 06 September 1890, Saturday: 11 [of 38], Col. 1c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002525/18900906/065/0011. Print: ''Country Gentleman'', p. 1251.&lt;/ref&gt; On 11 October 1890 the ''St. James's Gazette'' says,&lt;blockquote&gt;The Earl of Durham has been staying at Muchross, county Kerry, on a visit to the Hon. A. Bourke, who has rented the celebrated shootings and fishings on that estate for the autumn.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Society.&quot; ''St James's Gazette'' 11 October 1890, Saturday: 12 [of 16], Col. 1b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001485/18901011/064/0012. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1890 October 25, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke gave a gold-mounted box to [[Social Victorians/Loder De Vere Beauclerk Wedding|Lady Louise De Vere Beauclerk on her wedding to Gerald Loder, M.P.]], so they were probably present at the wedding, or at least the reception. Mrs. Bontein [sic Bontine], Guendoline's mother, gave a silver box, suggesting the relationship was through the women.

'''1890 November 29, 11:30 Saturday morning''', Algernon Bourke's gift for the [[Social Victorians/Dudley-Beckwith Wedding 1890-11-29|wedding of the Hon. Francis Dudley and Miss Forbes Beckwith]] was some cases of a Bordeaux wine: &quot;three dozen Cantenac, 1875 vintage.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marriage of Lord Leigh's Heir. Descriptive Sketch of the Ceremony, and Full List of Guests and Presents.&quot; ''Leamington Spa Courier'' 6 December 1890, Saturday: 6 [of 10], Cols. 1a–4a. ''British Newspaper Archive''  https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000319/18901206/021/0006. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 3b}} Guendoline Bourke is not listed as having been invited to the reception, but this list from the ''Leamington Spa Courier'' has some gaps.

'''1890 December 4, Thursday''', Guendoline and Algernon Bourke attended the [[Mure-Portal Wedding 1890-12-04|wedding of Miss Mure and Mr. S. J. Portal]]. Their gift is not recorded.

'''1891 January''', Algernon Bourke took party in a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Shooting Party in Kallarnet, Totton|shooting party in Kallarnet, Totton]].

'''1891 June 24, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Dinner and Ball Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne|dinner and ball Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne]] featuring Princess Mary Adelaide, the Duke of Teck, and Princess Victoria.

'''1891 July 9, Thursday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were invited to a [[Social Victorians/1891-07-09 Garden Party|large Garden Party at Marlborough House]] hosted by the [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]] in honor of Queen Victoria and the German Emperor and Empress. The more than 3,000 people invited also included a number of people from the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|family of the Earl of Mayo]].

'''1891 July 22, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Dinner and Dance at Alington House|dance at the Earl and Countess Alington]]'s that also included the Prince and Princess of Wales.

'''1891 October 22, Thursday''', Hon. and Mrs. Bourke attended at least the reception of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Le Strange Astley Wedding|Le Strange—Astley Wedding]], although perhaps the couple is not the Algernon Bourkes.

'''1891 November 22, Sunday''', the London ''Weekly Dispatch'' reports a performance by American &quot;Lady Magnet&quot; Mrs. Abbott, who claimed to be able to lift anybody using only her magnetic properties. An enthusiastic &quot;committee of some fifteen gentlemen presented a written and signed testimonial&quot; supporting Mrs. Abbott, &quot;the Hon. Algernon Bourke, Professor Atkinson, Dr. Hides, and three other doctors who prefer to remain incog., being among the signatories. All the medical gentlemen concerned assured the ''Evening News and Post'' reporter of their complete and unconditional surrender. One of them went so far as to say that he had come with the full determination of disbelieving, but had been quite able to act up to his resolve.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Lady Magnet. Draws Crowds of People Who Divide in Opinion about Her.&quot; ''Weekly Dispatch'' (London) 22 November 1891, Sunday: 16 [of 16], Cols. 3a–4b [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003358/18911122/203/0016. Print: same title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1892''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke privately published his ''The History of White's'', the exclusive gentleman's club.

'''1892 January 27, Saturday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the very fashionable [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892#The Wedding of Lord Henry Cavendish Bentinck, M.P., and Lady Olivia Taylour|wedding of Lord Henry Cavendish Bentinck, M.P., and Lady Olivia Taylour]]. Their gift was not noted in the list.

'''1892 February''' '''10, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1892-02-10 Alington Leigh Wedding|very fashionable wedding of Henry, Lord Alington and Evelyn Henriette Leigh]] [[Social Victorians/1892-02-10 Alington Leigh Wedding|in St. Paul's, Knightsbridge]]

'''1892 April''' '''10, Wednesday, about 2:30 p.m.''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/1892-02-10 Alington Leigh Wedding|the very fashionable wedding between Henry Sturt, Lord Alington and Evelyn Leigh]]. Her gift was a &quot;tortoiseshell and gold heart-shaped tray.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;&quot;Lord Alington to Miss Leigh.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 20 February 1892, Saturday: 21 [of 46], Cols. 1a–3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18920220/092/0021. Same print title, p. 237.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 3a) 

'''1892 June 25, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird&quot; says &quot;That pretty Mrs. Algernon Bourke has been staying here, but returned to England in time for Ascot.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Little Bird, The. &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 25 June 1892, Saturday: 32 [of 60], Col. 3b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18920625/157/0032. Same print title, p. 860.&lt;/ref&gt; 

'''1892 December 13, Tuesday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' says Guendoline Bourke is lovely in its coverage of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892#Wedding of Miss Eleanor M. Ewart and Captain Guy Withington|Eleanor M. Ewart and Captain Guy Withington's wedding]]. 

'''1892 December 22, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892#22 December 1892, Thursday|monthly meeting of the Zoological Society in Hanover-square]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 February 11, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke opened Willis's Restaurant:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Algernon Bourke has in his time done many things, and has generally done them well. His recently published history of White's Club is now a standard work. White's Club itself was a few years ago in its agony when Mr. Bourke stepped in and gave it a renewed lease of life. Under Mr. Bourke's auspices &quot;Willis's Restaurant&quot; opened its doors to the public on Tuesday last in a portion of the premises formerly so well known as Willis's Rooms. This new venture is to rival the Amphitryon in the matter of cuisine and wines; but it is not, like the Amphitryon, a club, but open to the public generally. Besides the restaurant proper, there are several ''cabinets particuliers'', and these are decorated with the very best of taste, and contain some fine portraits of the Georges.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marmaduke.&quot; &quot;Letter from the Linkman.&quot; ''Truth'' 20 April 1893, Thursday: 25 [of 56], Col. 1a [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18930420/075/0025# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18930420/075/0025]. Print p. 855.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1893 February 7, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#1893 February 7, Tuesday|the reception after Lady Emily Cadogan's wedding]].

'''1893 February 20, Monday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke is listed as having attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace|Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace]] held by the Prince of Wales; because wives generally are not listed, it seems likely Guendoline Bourke attended as well.

'''1893 February 28, Tuesday, 3:00 p.m.''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Queens Drawing Room 1893-02-28|Queen's Drawing Room at Buckingham Palace]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 March 22, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#22 March 1893, Wednesday|Lady Wimborne's reception]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 April 1, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke published a letter to the editor of the ''Times'', reprinted in the ''Kildare Observer'', arguing against Gladstone's Home Rule bill on the grounds that Ireland would not be able to take out a loan on its own behalf because of its obligations to the U.K., including what was called its share of the national debt.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Irish Unionist Alliance.&quot; ''Kildare Observer and Eastern Counties Advertiser'' 01 April 1893, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001870/18930401/062/0006. Print: The ''Kildare Observer'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 May 13, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was seen at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#13 May 1893, Saturday|exhibitions of art and furniture for sale by Christie's and on display by Lord Clifden]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 July 13, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#The Countess of Listowel's Garden Party|Countess of Listowel's Garden Party]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#The Countess of Listowel's Garden Party|at her residence, Kingston House, Princes-gate]], accompanied by Miss Adeane.&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 July 14, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Sandown Races 1893-07-14|the races at Sandown]] wearing a dark-blue-and-white outfit and black hat that got described in the newspaper.&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 August 1, Tuesday – August 4, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke, at least, was at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#1 August 1893, Tuesday – 4 August 1893, Friday|the Goodwood races]], mentioned in the ''Gentlewoman'' for her beauty, although none of the dresses were noted.&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 November 4–11, Wednesday–Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke was at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#Ralph and Mary Sneyd Hosted a Shooting Party|shooting party at Keele Hall hosted by Ralph and Mary Sneyd]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 November 30, Thursday''', with Sir Walter Gilbey the Hon. Algernon Bourke &quot;assisted&quot; in &quot;forming [a] collection&quot; of engravings by George Morland that was exhibited at Messrs. J. and W. Vokins’s, Great Portland-street.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The George Morland Exhibition at Vokins's.&quot; ''Sporting Life'' 30 November 1893, Thursday: 4 [of 4], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000893/18931130/058/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 December 14, Thursday, afternoon''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1893-12-14 Wedding Adele Grant and George, 7th Earl of Essex|wedding of American Adele Grant and George, 7th Earl of Essex]] and gave a &quot;pearl and gold box.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;&quot;Wedding of the Earl of Essex.&quot; ''Herts Advertiser'' 16 December 1893, Saturday; 8 [of 8], Col. 1a–4b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000415/18931216/125/0008. Print title: ''The Herts Advertiser and St Albans Times'', p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 3c}} Mr. and Mrs. Shelley Bontein also attended, and Mrs. Bontein gave a &quot;green leather bag and purse, with coronet and monogram in gold.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;{{rp|3b}}&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 January 27, Saturday''', Psyche in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; in the ''Gentlewoman'' reported on a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#27 January 1894, Saturday|ball hosted by Lord and Lady Dunraven at Adare Manor]] that Guendoline Bourke attended.&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 January 31, Wednesday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke, who was dressed more stylishly than most, attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Also 31 January 1894, Wednesday|Kildare Hunt Ball]] hosted by Dermot, [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] and Geraldine, Countess of Mayo.&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 February 24, Saturday''', ''The Field'' reported on a series of tennis matches; Algernon Bourke attended the one played at the Prince's Club.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Tennis.&quot; ''Field'' 24 February 1894, Saturday: 39 [of 72], Col. 1c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002446/18940224/349/0039. Print title ''The Field, The Country Gentleman's Newspaper'', p. 249.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 March 31, Saturday''', Psyche, in the &quot;Social Peepshow&quot; column in the ''Gentlewoman'', says that &quot;Mr. Algernon Bourke has still further embellished Willis's restaurant hard by [the St. James's Theatre], by the addition of some valuable old tapestry that lately came to the hammer at Christie's.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 31 March 1894, Saturday: 16 [of 56], Col. 2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18940331/081/0016. Same print title, p. 408.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 April 13, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke set sail on the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#P. and O. Line S.S. Rome for Gibraltar|P. and O. Line ''S.S. Rome'' for Gibraltar]] along with her stepfather, Mr. Shelley Bontein, and her brother, Mr. Sloane Stanley.&lt;p&gt;

'''31 May 1894, Thursday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Reception at Devonshire House|Duchess of Devonshire's reception at Devonshire House]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 June 18, Monday''', the London ''Echo'' reported that Algernon Bourke was [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Brooks'|writing a history of Brooks' Club]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 June 20, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Princess Louise, Marchioness of Lorne Opened the Annual Sale of the Scottish Home Industries|Annual Sale of the Scottish Home Industries]]; her outfit was described in the article in ''Lady's Pictorial''.&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 August 2, Thursday''', the column &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird&quot; says, &quot;At Willis' [restaurant] — 'What a smart cotillon Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave on Thursday evening.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Bird, The Little. &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 04 August 1894, Saturday: 30 [of 56], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18940804/148/0030. Print title same, p. 144.&lt;/ref&gt; Willis's Restaurant, King-street, St. James's, was a restaurant Algernon Bourke opened in 1893.&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 September 7, Saturday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#7 September 1894, Saturday|shooting party at Witley]], which had been loaned to one of his brothers by William Ward, 2nd Earl of Dudley.&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 October 22, Thursday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Wedding of Lord Connemara and Mrs. Coleman|luncheon after the wedding of Lord Connemara and Mrs. Coleman]].

'''1894 November 3, Saturday''', Psyche, in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; for the Gentlewoman, reported that Guendoline Bourke had been [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#3 November 1894, Saturday|seen shopping in London]].

'''1895 January 5, Saturday, 2:00 p.m.''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke gave an old mother-of-pearl workbox to [[Wolverton-Ward Wedding 1895-01-05|Lady Edith Ward for her wedding to Frederick Glyn, Lord Wolverton]] and presumably attended the wedding and reception afterwards.&lt;p&gt;

'''1895 February 23, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#23 February 1895, Saturday|fashionable wedding of Laurence Currie and Edith Sibyl Mary Finch]]. Guendoline Bourke is not listed as having attended, but she is not noted as absent, either. Daphne Bourke was born on 5 April 1895, probably explaining Guendoline's absence.

'''1895 March 24, Sunday – 30 March, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#24, Sunday – 30 March 1895, Saturday|enjoying the sunny weather in Brighton]].

'''1895 April 27, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#1895 April 27, Saturday|wedding of Norah Bourke and Henry E. A. Lindsay]]. Again, Guendoline Bourke is not listed as having attended. Daphne Bourke was born on 5 April 1895, and Psyche, writing the &quot;Social Peepshow&quot; column in the Gentlewoman, says,&lt;blockquote&gt;

I regret to hear of the serious illness of Mrs. Algernon Bourke, whose first child was born a fortnight ago. It is feared that the attack is of the nature of typhoid, but happily the patient's strength keeps up. Mrs. Bourke is at her mother's house in Clarges-street.&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 27 April 1895, Saturday: 28 [of 84], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18950427/147/0028. Same print title, p. 506.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1895 July 13, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke donated 10s. to the ''Daily Telegraph'' National Shilling Testimonial to W. G. Grace.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;''Daily Telegraph'' National Shilling Testimonial to W. G. Grace.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London) 13 July 1895, Saturday: 7 [of 12], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/18950713/079/0007. Print: ''Daily Telegraph'', p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1895 August 24, Saturday''', &quot;Marmaduke&quot; in the ''Graphic'' says that Algernon Bourke &quot;opened a cyclists' club in Chelsea.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marmaduke.&quot; &quot;Court and Club.&quot; The ''Graphic'' 24 August 1895, Saturday: 11 [of 32], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9000057/18950824/017/0011. Print p. 223.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1895 October''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#24 October 1902, Friday|opened the Prince's ice-skating rink for the]] season.if the newspapers were right that 1902 was the 7th season. He also was planning a bicycling club for Kensington Gardens to open the following season.&lt;ref&gt;Mackenzie, Ethel Morell (Miss). &quot;Pins and Needles.&quot; ''Hull Daily News'' 12 October 1895, Saturday: 24 [of 40], Col. 1a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003443/18951012/024/0024. Print title: ''Hull News Supplement'', p. 1[6? 8?].&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1895 October 7, Monday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#Adeane-Cator Wedding|Maud Adeane–John Cator wedding]].

'''1895 December 11, Wednesday''', Guendoline and Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#Sneyd Party to Meet the Duke of Coburg|shooting party at the Sneyds' to meet the Duke of Coburg]].

'''1895 December 18, Wednesday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#Wedding of Lady Albreda Fitzwilliam and the Hon. Charles Bourke|wedding of Lady Albreda Fitzwilliam and the Hon. Charles Bourke]]. Their gift is not noted in the newspaper account.

'''1896 March 17, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#17 March 1896, Tuesday|annual dinner of the Cymmrodorion, or the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion]], a society for Welsh culture and history.

'''1896 April 21, Monday''', Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke sent a gift — a &quot;box for miniature&quot; — for [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Monday, 1896 April 27|the wedding of Lady Angela St. Clair Erskine and James Stewart Forbes]].

'''1896 May 21, Thursday''', the Hon. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Mrs. C. H. Wilson's Ball|Mrs. C. H. Wilson's ball in Grosvenor-square, London]].

'''1896 May 26, Tuesday,  through 28 May, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Coming of Age of Mr Sloane Stanley|3-day celebration in honor of the coming of age of her brother, Cyril Sloane Stanley]].

'''1896 June 15, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Dinner and Dance Hosted by the Countess of Huntingdon|dance hosted by the Earl and Countess of Huntingdon]] after their dinner party.

'''1896 July 13, Monday''', Algernon Bourke (listed among the &quot;Honourables&quot;) and Mrs. A. Bourke (Listed among the &quot;Honourable Ladies&quot;) were invited to the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Queen's Garden Party at Buckingham Palace|Queen's Garden Party at Buckingham Palace]].

'''1896 June 29, Monday''', the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Cadogan-Scott Wedding 1896-06-29|wedding and reception of Lady Sophie Cadogan and Sir Samuel Scott]]. Algernon Bourke published a letter to the editor of the ''Daily Telegraph'' about White's Club — and thus Bourke's — &quot;[[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Summer Club|Summer Club]]&quot; in Kensington Park, the subject of a little controversy.

'''1896 July 21, Tuesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Dinner Hosted by Sir Horace and Lady Farquhar|dinner hosted by Sir Horace and Lady Farquhar in Grosvenor-square]].

'''1896 August 5, Wednesday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#5 August 1896|wedding of the Hon. Terence Bourke and Miss Eveline Haines]] and gave the bride an &quot;enamel muff chain.&quot;&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 August 10, Monday''', the ''Morning Leader'' reported that the Hon. Algernon Bourke, for the Foreign Office, received Li Hung Chang at St. Paul's:&lt;blockquote&gt;At St. Paul's Li Hung was received by Field-Marshal Simmons, Colonel Lane, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, of the Foreign Office (who made the necessary arrangements for the visit) and Canon Newbolt, on behalf of the Dean and Chapter. A crowd greeted Li with a cheer as he drove up in Lord Lonsdale’s striking equipage, and his Excellency was carried up the steps in an invalid chair by two stalwart constables. He walked through the centre door with his suite, and was immediately conducted by Canon Newbolt to General Gordon’s tomb in the north aisle, where a detachment of boys from the Gordon Home received him as a guard of honor.

Li inspected the monument with marked interest, and drew the attention of his suite to the remarkable likeness to the dead hero. He laid a handsome wreath of royal purple asters, lilies, maidenhair fern, and laurel, tied with a broad band of purple silk, on the tomb.

The visit was not one of inspection of the building, but on passing the middle aisle the interpreter called the attention of His Excellency to the exquisite architecture and decoration of the chancel. Li shook hands in hearty English fashion with Canon Newbolt and the other gentlemen who had received him, and, assisted by his two sons, walked down the steps to his carriage. He returned with his suite to Carlton House-terrace by way of St. Paul’s Churchyard, Cannon-st., Queen Victoria-st., and the Embankment.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;At St. Paul's.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 10 August 1896, Monday: 7 [of 12], Col. 2b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18960810/134/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 August 19, Wednesday''', the ''Edinburgh Evening News'' reported on the catering that White's Club and Mr Algernon Bourke arranged for the visiting Li Hung Chang:&lt;blockquote&gt;It is probably not generally known (says the &quot;Chef&quot;) that Mr Algernon Bourke, manager of White's Club, London, has undertaken to the whole of the catering for our illustrious visitor front the Flowery Land. Li Hung Chang has five native cooks in his retinue, and the greatest good fellowship exists between them and their English ''confreres'', although considerable difficulty is experienced in conversation in understanding one another's meaning. There are between 40 and and 50 to cater for daily, besides a staff about 30; that Mr Lemaire finds his time fully occupied. The dishes for his Excellency are varied and miscellaneous, and from 14 to 20 courses are served at each meal. The bills of fare contain such items as bird's-nest soup, pigs' kidneys stewed in cream, boiled ducks and green ginger, sharks' fins, shrimps and prawns stewed with leeks and muscatel grapes, fat pork saute with peas and kidney beans. The meal usually winds with fruit and sponge cake, and freshly-picked green tea as liqueur.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Li Hung Chang's Diet.&quot; ''Edinburgh Evening News'' 19 August 1896, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 8b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000452/18960819/057/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 November 6, Friday''', both Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were on the committee for the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Skating Club|Prince's Club ice-skating rink]], which [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Opening of the Prince's Club Skating Rink|opened on this day]].

'''1896 November 22, week of''', Mrs. Algernon Bourke was part of a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Shooting Party at the Charles Wilsons' Warter Priory, Yorkshire|shooting party at the Charles Wilsons' Warter Priory, Yorkshire]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 November 25, Wednesday''', Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bouke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Lord and Lady Burton Hosted a Party for Derby Day|Lord and Lady Burton's party for Derby Day]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 December 4, Friday''', the Orleans Club at Brighton was robbed:&lt;blockquote&gt;The old building of the Orleans Club at Brighton, which opens its new club house at 33, Brunswick-terrace to-day, was the scene of a very ingenious burglary during the small hours of yesterday morning. The greater portion of the club property had already been removed to the new premises, but Mr Algernon Bourke, his private secretary, and some of the officials of the club, still occupied bed-rooms at the house in the King’s-road. The corner shop of the street front is occupied by Mr. Marx, a jeweller in a large way of business, and upon his manager arriving at nine o'clock he discovered that the place had been entered through hole in the ceiling, and a great part of a very valuable stock of jewelry extracted. An examination of the morning rooms of the club, which runs over Mr. Marx's establishment reveal a singularly neat  specimen of the burglar's art. A piece of the flooring about 15in square had been removed by a series of holes bored side by side with a centre-bit, at a spot where access to the lofty shop was rendered easy by a tall showcase which stood convemently near. A massive iron girder had been avoided by a quarter of an inch, and this circumstance and the general finish of the operation point to an artist in his profession, who had acquired an intimate knowledge of the premises. The club doors were all found locked yesterday morning, and the means of egress adopted by the thief are at present a mystery.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Burglary at Brighton.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London) 05 December 1896, Saturday: 5 [of 12], Col. 7a [of 7]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/18961205/090/0005. Print title: ''Daily Telegraph''; p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 December 10, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke was present to help staff a stall at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#10 December 1896, Thursday|Irish Industries Exhibition and Sale, Brighton]].

'''1896 December 31, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke hosted a New Year's Eve dance:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave a highly satisfactory and enjoyable dance on Thursday night, when the old year was danced out and the new one danced in. Most of the silver gilters at present in to len were to the fore.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Man about Town.&quot; ''Sporting Gazette'' 02 January 1897, Saturday: 7 [of 34], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002525/18970102/041/0007. Print title ''The County Gentleman'', p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 January 9, Saturday''', Psyche in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; says that Algernon Bourke's &quot;cheerful countenance was quite in keeping with the [Christmas] season,&quot; seen in London.&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 9 January 1897, Saturday: 22 [of 56], Col. 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970109/097/0022. Same print title, p. 40.&lt;/ref&gt; 

'''1897 January 13, Wednesday – 18, Monday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were guests of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Warwickshire Hunt Club Ball|house party associated with the Warwickshire Hunt Ball]] at [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Warwick Castle]].

'''1897 January 30, Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke was reported to have been out shopping in London: &quot;Another charming figure was that of Mrs. Algernon Bourke all in chinchilla, with something of pale blue in a smart toque.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 30 January 1897, Saturday: 20 [of 59]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970130/107/0020. Same print title, p. 134.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 May 31, Monday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke were present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#House Party at Warwick Castle|House Party at Warwick Castle]] hosted by the Earl and Countess of Warwick.

'''1897 June 2, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Reception at the Foreign Office|reception at the Foreign Office]].

'''1897 June 12, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' reported on Guendoline Bourke's dress and hat at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Duchess of Albany's Bazaar at the Imperial Institute|Duchess of Albany's Bazaar at the Imperial Institute]]. 

'''1897 June 19, Saturday''', Psyche in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; column in the ''Gentlewoman'' writes that Guendoline Bourke was seen driving in London, &quot;in blue, ... looking as usual very handsome.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 19 June 1897, Saturday: 28 [of 108], Col. 2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970619/159/0028. Same print title, p. 848.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 June 28, Monday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were invited to the [[Social Victorians/Diamond Jubilee Garden Party|Garden Party at Buckingham Palace]], the final official event of the London Diamond Jubilee celebrations. Members of the family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] were also among the 5,000–6,000 people invited.

'''1897 July 2, Friday''', the Hon. A. and Mrs. A. Bourke and Mr. and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] at Devonshire House.

'''1897 July 8, Thursday, 11:00 p.m.''', Hon. Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were present at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace|the Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace]]. The dancing commenced shortly after 11:00 p.m.

'''1897 July 11–16, week of''', a dog of Guendoline Bourke's won a prize at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Ladies' Kennel Association show in the Royal Botanic Gardens in Regent's Park|Ladies' Kennel Association show in the Royal Botanic Gardens in Regent's Park]]. 

'''1897 July 23, Friday''', both the Hon. Algernon Bourke and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Bourke-Curzon Cricket Match at the Queen's Club|Bourke-Curzon cricket match at the Queen's Club]], which Algernon Bourke's team lost. 

'''1897 July 23 — or July 30, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Lady Burton's party at Chesterfield House|Lady Burton's party at Chesterfield House]]. &lt;blockquote&gt;Far the prettiest women in the room were Lady Henry Bentinck (who looked perfectly lovely in pale yellow, with a Iong blue sash; and Mrs. Algernon Bourke, who was as smart as possible in pink, with pink and white ruchings on her sleeves and a tall pink feather in her hair.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lady Burton's Party at Chesterfield House.&quot; ''Belper &amp; Alfreton Chronicle'' 30 July 1897, Friday: 7 [of 8], Col. 1c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004151/18970730/162/0007. Print title: ''Belper and Alfreton Chronicle''; n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 August 2, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Warwick House Party for the Easton Lodge Cricket Week Games|Earl and Countess of Warwick's house party for Easton Lodge cricket week]].

'''1897 August 2, Monday''', Mrs. Algernon Bourke was listed as among [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Most Beautiful Women in England|the most beautiful women in England]] in an article from ''Vanity Fair'' that was reprinted elsewhere.

'''1897 September 25, Saturday''', according to the ''Pall Mall Gazette'',&lt;blockquote&gt;The [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Dowager-Countess of Mayo]] is staying with her son, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, at Bramnber, near Brighton.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pall Mall Gazette Office.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 25 September 1897, Saturday: 8 [of 10], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18970925/023/0008. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1897 October 2, Saturday''', &quot;Yenatrix&quot; in &quot;Kennel Column&quot; in the ''Gentlewoman'' reported that Guendoline Bourke had joined the Ladies' Kennel Association.&lt;ref&gt;Yenatrix. &quot;Kennel Column.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 02 October 1897, Saturday: 39 [of 61], Col. 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18971002/182/0039. Same print title, p. 434.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 October 9, Saturday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Harrogate|Harrogate, presumably taking the waters and baths]]. Lady May was on her way to visit Algernon Bourke in Brighton:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Earl of Mayo is expected to return from Sweden on Saturday next. Lady Mayo leaves Bournemouth on Sarurday for Brighton, where she will pay a two days' visit to her brother-in-law, the Hon. Algernon Bourke. The Earl and Countess will then return to Palmerstown, their seat in County Kildare.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pall Mall Gazette Office.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 7 October 1897, Thursday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18971007/022/0008. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1897 October 30, Saturday''', ''Black and White'' published '''J.P.B.'''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s &quot;The Case of Mrs. Elliott,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;J.P.B. &quot;The Case of Mrs. Elliott.&quot; ''Black &amp; White'' 30 October 1897, Saturday: 12 [of 34], Cols. 1a–2b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004617/18971030/036/0012. Print title ''Black and White'', p. 542.&lt;/ref&gt; an odd short short story in which the Honourable Algernon Bourke Herriott is &quot;rude to Mrs. Elliott,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2b}} presumably having proposed sexual relations while her husband is out. J.P.B. links to the biographical Algernon Bourke's career in the stock market in the description of Mrs. Christine Elliott not even simulating interest in her husband's bicycling: &quot;a soul is a grievous burthen for a stockbroker's wife,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2a}} suggesting that Mr. Elliott rather than Algernon Bourke Herriott is the stockbroker. The Hon. Algy&lt;blockquote&gt;was a senior member of several junior clubs. A woman had dubbed him once &quot;a rip with a taste for verses.&quot; The description was severe, but not unwarranted. His was a pretty pagan sensualism, though, singing from a wine palate to Church music. For the rest, he had just imagination enough to despise mediocrity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2a}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 November 25–26, Thursday–Friday''', Guendoline Bourke was in Brighton, helping the Countess of Mayo at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Irish Industries' Association Annual Exhibition|bazaar of the Irish Industries' Association]].

'''1897 December 7, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#7 December 1897, Tuesday|7th annual dinner for the Actors' Benevolent Fund]].

'''1897 December 20, Monday, the week of''', Guendoline Bourke's Mousie was the smallest dog in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Ladies' Kennel Association's Dog Show|Ladies' Kennel Association show in Earl's Court]].

'''1897 December 30''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Blenheim Palace Party with Amateur Theatricals|party at Blenheim Palace in which people performed tableaux vivants]] that got reported on, many of whom wearing the costumes from the Duchess of Devonshire's ball. The ''Irish Independent'' said Algernon Bourke was &quot;mainly responsible for the living pictures.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr Algernon Bourke ....&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 05 January 1898, Wednesday: 6 [of 8], Col. 2c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001985/18980105/115/0006.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1898''', Algernon Bourke called a meeting at White's Club about attempting to [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Thames Salmon Experiment|restock the Thames with salmon]]. In 1899 he was on a [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#Committees|committee led by the Lord Mayor about this topic]] as well.

'''1898 February 3, Thursday''',  Algernon Bourke was among [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#The Dundee Evening Telegraph Report on People at Monte Carlo|those visiting Monte Carlo according to the Dundee ''Evening Telegraph'']].

'''1898 March 12, Saturday''', ''The World'' reported on Algernon Bourke's upgrading of the Orleans Club at Brighton:&lt;blockquote&gt;

The Orleans Club at Brighton is flourishing exceedingly, and the new buildings which Mr. Algernon Bourke has just had erected at the back of the comfortable mansion at the corner of Lansdowne-place now provide all that was wanting to make the present habitat of the club all that its members desire. The new billiard-room is rapidly approaching completion, and the coffee-room, excellent and spacious now, was open on Saturday night, when every table was occupied by club diners and their guests, all of whom were enthusiastic over the excellence of this latest addition to the comfort of the house. All interested may be congratulated on what is practically new lease of life to the Orleans Club, than which there is no more comfortable place stay within the four seas.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From '''The World''.'&quot; ''East &amp; South Devon Advertiser'' 12 March 1898, Saturday: 6 pop 8], Col. 2b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001639/18980312/132/0006. Print title ''The East and South Devon Advertiser'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1898 March 30, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke was charged with assaulting a Mr. Potter, but it is not clear from this account what exactly happened:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Hon. Algernon H. Bourke, of Bramber, was summoned, at the instance of Mr. Walter John Potter, clerk to Mr. G. A. Flowers, solicitor, of Steyning, for assault, on the 30th March. — Mr. J. Edward Dell supported the case, and Mr. J. C. Buckwell defended, and pleaded not guilty. — The evidence was to the effect that Mr. Potter had occasion go to defendant's house on Wednesday last to serve a writ. He was going to drop the letter into [Col. 5c–6a] defendant's pocket when he turned and struck him a violent blow on the chest, making witness stagger backwards. Witness put up his hands to keep his balance, and defendant then struck him violently across the head with a weeding spud. — Richard Reed, who was at work for Mr. Bourke on the date named, and was working in garden at the time of the alleged assault, gave corroborative evidence. — Defendant, in the witness box, made a similar statement. — The magistrates differed as to whether the assault was committed, and dismissed the case.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Steyning.&quot; ''Sussex Express'' 9 April 1898, Saturday: 2 [of 12], Col. 5c–6a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000654/18980409/036/0002. Print: ''The Sussex Express, Surrey Standard, Weald of the Kent Mail, Hants and County Advertiser'', p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1898 April 12, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was among [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#1898 April 12, Tuesday|those visiting Monte Carlo according to the ''Gentlewoman'']].

'''1898 May 25, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke wore pink to [[Social Victorians/1898-05-25 Savoy Dinner Dance Hwfa|Mrs. Hwfa Williams' dinner-dance at the Savoy]].

'''1898 June 7, Tuesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. A. Bourke were invited to and probably attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#7 June 1898, Tuesday|State Ball at Buckingham Palace hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales]].

'''1898 July 4, Thursday afternoon''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke were invited to and probably attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#Garden Party at Marlborough House|Garden Party at Marlborough House given to the Queen and Shah of Persia]].

'''1898 October 29, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#Tennis Championship Game at Prince's Club, Knightsbridge|tennis match at Prince's Club, Knightsbridge]].

'''1898 November''', Algernon Bourke received a letter from Lord Alfred Douglas and attempted to help Douglas and his father, the Marquis of Queensberry, to reconcile. Bourke met with the Marquis and sent a positive reply to Douglas the next day.&lt;ref name=&quot;:26&quot; /&gt; (568–569)

'''1898 November 22, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#Shooting Party Hosted by William James|shooting party hosted by Mr. William James]].

'''1898 December 3, Saturday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. A. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#The Funeral of Lady Connemara|funeral of Lady Connemara in Christ Church]], Down street, Piccadilly.&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 January 10, Tuesday''', the Brighton Championship Dog Show opened:&lt;blockquote&gt;Princess of Wales a Winner at the Ladies’ Kennel Club Show.

[Exclusive to &quot;The Leader.&quot;)

The Brighton Championship Dog Show opened in the Dome and Corn Exchange yesterday, and was very well patronised by visitors and exhibitors. Among the latter was H.R.H. the Princess of Wales, who did very well; and others included Princess Sophie Duleep Singh, Countess De Grey, Sir Edgar Boehm, the Hon Mrs. Algernon Bourke, Lady Cathcart, Lady Reid, Mr. Shirley (chairman of the Kennel Club), and the Rev. Hans Hamiiton (president of the Kennel Club).

The entry of bloodhounds is one of the best seen for some time; the Great Danes are another strong lot; deerhounds are a fine entry, all good dogs, and most of the best kennels represented; borzois are another very stylish lot. The bigger dogs are, as usual, in the Corn Exchange and the &quot;toy&quot; dogs in the Dome. To everyone's satsfaction the Princess of Wales carried off two first prizes with Alex in the borzois class.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Dogs at Brighton.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 11 January 1899, Wednesday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18990111/142/0008. Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 January 11, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#11 January 1899, Wednesday|a luncheon at Stanfield-hall, home of Mr. and Mrs. Basil Montogomery, for Princess Henry of Battenberg]], that also included the Countess of Dudley (sister of Mrs. Montgomery), General Oliphant, and the Mayor and Mayoress of Romsey.

'''1899 January 17–18, Tuesday and Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Ladies' Kennel Association in Brighton|Ladies' Kennel Association in Brighton]], where she showed an Italian greyhound named Brenda.

'''1899 February 7, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke was a member of the very high-ranking committee organizing the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Gordon Memorial College Ball|Gordon Memorial College Ball at the Hotel Cecil on 7 February 1899]]. The committee had been planning for the ball, of course, for at least 3 weeks before.

'''1899 February 22, Wednesday – April''', Guendoline Bourke was part of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Society in St. Moritz|Society in St. Moritz]]. 1899 March 29, Wednesday, the ''Dundee Advertiser'' says that [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#29 March 1899, Wednesday|Cyril Sloane-Stanley was spending part of the winter in St. Moritz]] with his sister Guendoline Bourke.

'''1899 April 7, Friday, probably''', oddly, Algernon and Guendoline Bourke are not reported to have attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Funeral of the Hon. Charles Bourke, C.B.|Funeral of the Hon. Charles Bourke, C.B.]] or even to have sent flowers.

'''1899 April 8, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' reported that Guendoline Bourke had gone to [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#8 April 1899, Saturday|St. Moritz with her brother, Mr. Stanley, who had gotten engaged to Lady Cairns]].

'''1899 April 26, Wednesday''', according to &quot;Local and District News&quot; for Totton, Guendoline Bourke was &quot;ill with influenza in Paris, and Mrs. Shelley Bontein, her mother, has gone out to nurse her.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Local and District News. Totton.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 26 April 1899, Wednesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 2b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18990426/037/0004. Print title ''Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1899 June 1, Thursday, or 2, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Wedding of Roger Cyril Sloane Stanley and Olivia, Countess Cairns|wedding of her brother, Sloane Stanley and Olivia Countess Cairns]] at Holy Trinity Church, Brompton.

'''1899 June 8, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke's money troubles:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Hon. Algernon Bourke, son of the Earl of Mayo, has been appearing before the official receivers in connection with a winding-up order made against Willis’ Restaurant, Limited. The companyf [sic] was formed to acquire the well known restaurant from the Hon. H. A. Bourke. The chairman reminded the creditors that on the last occasion the meeting was adjourned because Mr. Bourke said he thought he would be able in the course of a fortnight to obtain an offer for a sum sufficient to satisfy the creditors and debenture holders. He had received a letter from Mr. Bourke to the effect that he had been unable to complete arrangements. Having looked into the affairs of the company more closely, it appeared to him that Mr. Bourke was legally liable to repay the sum of £5,000 which was advanced to White's Club, and the question would arise whether Mr. Bourke was not also liable to repay the sum of £4,000.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr. Bourke Must Pay.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 8 June 1899, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 8c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001985/18990608/118/0004. Print title: ''The Irish Weekly Independent'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1899 July 1, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#1 July 1899, Saturday|meeting in London at the Duke of Westminster's Grosvenor House]] about preserving Killarney as part of the National Trust and seems to have been acting for someone who wanted to purchase the Muckross Estate.

'''1899 July 5, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Dinner and Dance at Devonshire House|dance at Devonshire House hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire]].

'''1899 July 6, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Joan Wilson and Guy Fairfax's Wedding|wedding of Joan Wilson and Guy Fairfax in St. Mark's, near Grosvenor Square]].

'''1899 July 14, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#14 July 1899, Friday|Ernest Beckett's dinner party]].

'''1899 July 18, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Ludovici Lecture on Impressionism|lecture on Impressionism by Ludovici hosted by the Countess of Mayo]].

'''1899 July 28, Friday''', [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#White's|White's Club]] was no longer under Algernon Bourke's management and was reconstituting itself after the possibility that it would have to close.

'''1889 July 31, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#Fete of the Uxbridge Habitation of the Primrose League|Fete of the Uxbridge Habitation of the Primrose League]] at Hillingdon Court and hosted by the Hon. Algernon and Lady Mary Mills.

'''1899 September 9, Saturday''', the ''Eastern Morning News'' includes Algernon Bourke (&quot;St. James's-street, London, club proprietor&quot;) in a list of men &quot;Receiving Orders,&quot; which it is reprinting from the ''London Gazette''.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Receiving Orders.&quot; ''Eastern Morning'' News 9 September 1899, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 3c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001152/18990909/074/0005. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 October 19, Thursday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke had a bankruptcy hearing:&lt;blockquote&gt;The public examination of the Hon. Algernon Bourke was held before Mr Registrar Giffard yesterday, at the London Bankruptcy Court. The debtor, described as proprietor of a St. James's-street club, furnished a statement of affairs showing unsecured debts £13,694 and debts fully secured £12,800, with assets which are estimated at £4,489 [?]. He stated, in reply to the Official Receiver, that he was formerly a member of the Stock Exchange, but had nothing to do with the firm of which he was a member during the last ten years. He severed his connection with the firm in May last, and believed he was indebted to them to the extent of £2,000 or £3,000. He repudiated a claim which they now made for £37,300. In 1889 he became proprietor of White's Club, St. James's-street, and carried it on until January 1st last, when he transferred it to a company called Recreations, Limited. One of the objects of the company was to raise money on debentures. The examination was formally adjourned.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 October 20, Friday''', the ''Morning Leader'' mentions Bourke's bankruptcy:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Algernon Bourke, whose bankruptcy is much talked about, has been connected with numerous enterprises in clubland. He raised White's from the slough into which it had sunk after the secession of the Prince of Wales. He started the Willis Restaurant, put fresh life into the Orleans Club at Brighton, arranged a big restaurant for the bicyclists in the time of the bicycle parade, and was concerned at first in the smart and short-lived Trafalgar Bicycle Club. At one time his name spelt success. Latterly his luck has left him. He is a brother of Lord Mayo, a son of the peer who was assassinated at the post of duty, and is one of the best known men about town of the day.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Club, Stage, and Salon.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 20 October 1899, Friday: 6 [of 12], Col. 5b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18991020/085/0006. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1899 November 8, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke's bankruptcy case came up again:&lt;blockquote&gt;At Bankruptcy Court, yesterday, the case the Hon. Algernon Bourke again came on for hearing before Mr. Registrar Giffard, and the examination was concluded. The debtor has at various times been proprietor of White’s Club, St. James’s-street, and the Orleans’ Club, Brighton, and also of Willis's Restaurant, King-street, St. James's. He attributed his failure to losses sustained by the conversion of White’s Club and the Orleans' Club into limited companies, to the payment of excessive Interest on borrowed money, and other causes. The liabilities amount to £26,590, of which £13,694 are stated to be unsecured, and assets £4,409.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Affairs of the Hon. A. Bourke.&quot; ''Globe'' 09 November 1899, Thursday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001652/18991109/020/0002. Print p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 December 23, Saturday''', &quot;Mr. Algernon Bourke has departed for a tour in Africa, being at present the guest of his brother in Tunis.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Society Pages.&quot; ''Walsall Advertiser'' 23 December 1899, Saturday: 7 [of 8], Col. 7b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001028/18991223/143/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1899 December 29, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke was at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Christmas Party Hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough|Christmas Party Hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 December 31''', the San Francisco newspaper ''The Wave'' wrote the following about London society:&lt;blockquote&gt;The most prominent untitled people in London may be said to be Mr. and Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Williams|Hwfa Williams]], Mr. and Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Grenfell|Willie Grenfell]] and Mr. Algy Bourke. That they are passing rich, goes without saying, and that they entertain lavishly, understood — for to be untitled, prominent and successful, argues wealth, hospitality and cleverness.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London.&quot; The (San Francisco) ''Wave'' 14 January 1899 (Vol. XIX, No. 2): 14. ''The Internet Archive'' https://archive.org/details/wave19unse/page/n20/mode/1up.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 1900s ===

'''1900 February 15, Thursday''', Daphne Bourke, the four-year-old daughter of the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke was a bridesmaid in the [[Social Victorians/Wilson Chesterfield Wedding 1900-02-15|wedding of Enid Wilson and the Earl of Chesterfield]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London Day by Day.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph'' 15 February 1900, Thursday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/19000215/175/0008. Name in British Newspaper Archive: ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London). Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt; Guendoline Bourke, &quot;who was in grey, wore a chinchilla toque with violets.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society. Entertainments, Balls, &amp;c.&quot; ''The Queen'' 24 February 1900, Saturday: 40 [of 76], Col. 1a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/19000224/235/0040. Print: ''The Queen, The Lady's Newspaper'', p. 308.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1900 March 10, Saturday''', the ''Weekly Irish Times'' reprinted society gossip from ''The World'':&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke, who has been staying with her husband's uncle, old Connemara, during Mr. Algernon Bourke's absence abroad, has taken a new house near Portman square, and will be settling there before Easter.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip.&quot; ''Weekly Irish Times'' 10 March 1900, Saturday: 17 [of 20], Col. 1b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001684/19000310/116/0017. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1900 July''' '''17, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke took part in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#17 July 1900, Tuesday|Children's Fete in support of the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children]] on the grounds of the Royal Botanic Society. Daphe was 5 at this time, so it seems logical that she would have been there, too.

'''1900 July 30, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Barber of Seville at Covent Garden|''The Barber of Seville'' at Covent Garden]].

'''1890 August 6, Friday''', &quot;[[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Beautiful Women|Beautiful Women]],&quot; an article in ''Vanity Fair'' that was reprinted elsewhere, mentions Guendoline Bourke (&quot;Lady Algernon Bourke&quot;) as one of the most beautiful women in England.

'''1900 August 11, Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke got&lt;blockquote&gt;the pretty little Yorkshire String, an especially tiny mite, weighing only 2&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;/&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;lb, and carrying a very promising coat, ... at the Aquarium Show.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Witchampton Kennel.&quot; &quot;Ladies Kennels.&quot; ''Ladies' Field'' 11 August 1900, Saturday: 16 [of 60], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0006043/19000811/043/0016. Print title same, p. 390.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1900 September 16''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke became the heir presumptive to the Earldom of Mayo when his older brother Captain Hon. Sir Maurice Archibald Bourke died.&lt;p&gt;

'''1900 October 06, Saturday''', the ''Weekly Irish Times'' says that Mr. Algernon Bourke, now heir presumptive to the earldom of Mayo, &quot;has been for some months lately staying with Mr. Terence Bourke in Morocco.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip.&quot; ''Weekly Irish Times'' 06 October 1900, Saturday: 14 [of 20], Col. 3b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001684/19001006/121/0014. Print p. 14.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 May 30, Thursday''', the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke attended the fashionable [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1901 May 30, Thursday|Ladies' Kennel Association Dog Show at the Botanic Garden]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 July 2, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke — &quot;pretty Mrs. Algernon Bourke, in a mauve gown and and purple tulle toque&quot; — attended a children's party at the Botanic Gardens hosted by the Earl and Countess of Kilmorey.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Earl of Kilmorey, K.P.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 13 July 1901: Saturday, 50 [of 84], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010713/237/0050. Print: title the same, p. 60.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 July 4, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke — dressed &quot;in pale grey, with her pretty little girl,&quot; 6-year-old Daphne — attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Countess of Yarborough's Children's Party|children's party hosted by the Countess of Yarborough]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Countess of Yarborough ....&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 13 July 1901, Saturday: 76 [of 84], Col. 2b, 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010713/381/0076. Print p. xxxvi.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 3a}}&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 July 4–6, Thursday–Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke helped staff the Perthshire stall&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Great County Sale.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 29 June 1901, Saturday: 43 [of 72], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010629/223/0043# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010629/223/0043]. Same print title, pp. 679.&lt;/ref&gt; at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Great County Sale|Great County Sale in the Imperial Gardens of the Earl's Court Exhibition]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 July 20, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' published the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke's portrait (identified with &quot;Perthshire&quot;) in its 3rd series of &quot;The Great County Sale at Earl's Court. Portraits of Stallholders.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Great County Sale at Earl's Court. Portraits of Stallholders.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 20 July 1901, Saturday: 31 [of 60], Col. 4b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010720/141/0031. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt; Their daughter Daphne appears in the portrait as well.&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 July 23, Tuesday''', an &quot;Hon. Mrs. Bourke&quot; was in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox|party &quot;entertained by Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox]].&quot;&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 September 12, Thursday''', Mrs. Guendoline Bourke wanted her name listed as Mrs. Algernon Bourke in the Electoral Register, apparently a frequent complaint:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Underhill, the Conservative agent, mentioned to the Revising Barrister (Mr. William F. Webster) that the name of the Hon. Mrs. Gwendolen Bourke was on the list in respect of the house, 75, Gloucester-place. The lady had written to him to say that she was the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke and that she wished that name to appear on the register. In reply to the Revising Barrister, Mr. Underhill said that “Algernon” was the name of the lady’s husband.

Mr. Cooke, the rate-collector, said that Mrs. Bourke had asked to be addressed Mrs. Algernon Bourke, but that the Town Clerk thought the address was not a correct one. The lady signed her cheques Gwendolen.”

Mr. Underhill said the agents frequently had indignant letters from ladies because they were not addressed by their husband’s Christian name.

The Revising Barrister — lf a lady gave me the name of Mrs. John Smith I should say I had not got the voter’s name. The name Gwendolen must remain.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;&quot;Ladies’ Names.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 12 September 1901, Thursday: 7 [of 10], Col. 3a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/19010912/130/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1901 October 26, Friday''', Algernon Bourke was on the Men's Committee of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Club Ice-skating Rink|Prince's Club Ice-skating Rink]], which had [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Prince's Club Ice-skating Rink Opening|its official opening on his day]]. 

'''1902 January''', Algernon Bourke is mentioned in [[Social Victorians/Schools#&quot;More of My Contemporaries at School.&quot;|reminiscences of Eton written by the &quot;Earl of X&quot;]] as being among those in the &quot;world of letters,&quot; and whose brother, later the Earl of Mayo, the Earl of X did not like. 

'''1902 January 25, Saturday''', Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave a box to Lady Helen Stewart-Vane-Tempest in honor of [[Social Victorians/Stewart-Stavordale Wedding 1902-01-25|Lady Helen's wedding to Giles Fox-Strangways, Lord Stavordale]]. 

'''1902 April 26, Saturday''', Mrs. A. Bourke is listed as being at the Norfolk Hotel in Brighton.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Guide to Visitors at Hotels and Boarding Houses.&quot; ''Brighton Gazette'' 26 April 1902, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000938/19020426/116/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt; 

'''1902 May, End of''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#End of May 1902|party at Blenheim Palace hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough]]. 

'''1902 June 11, Monday''', the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke had a dog entered in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Ladies' Kennel Association Show|Ladies' Kennel Association competitions in the Botanic Gardens]]. 

'''1902 September 4, Thursday''', the ''Daily Express'' reported that &quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke is staying with Lord and Lady Alington at Scarborough.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Onlooker.&quot; &quot;My Social Diary.&quot; &quot;Where People Are.&quot; ''Daily Express'' 04 September 1902, Thursday: 5 [of 8], Col. 1b? [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004848/19020904/099/0005. Print p. 4, Col. 7b [of 7].&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1902 September 22, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke was a guest at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Earl and Countess of Mar and Kellie's House Party|large house party hosted by the Earl and Countess of Mar and Kellie]].

'''1902 October 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Annual Opening of the Prince's Ice-skating Rink|opened the Prince's ice-skating rink for the season]], which he had been doing since 1895.

'''1902 October 25, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was bequeathed £500 by his uncle [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Robert Bourke]], who had died 3 September 1902.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Will of Lord Connemara.&quot; ''Kildare Observer and Eastern Counties Advertiser'' 25 October 1902, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 4b–c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001870/19021025/037/0002. Print title the ''Kildare Observer'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 October 31, Friday''', the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Annual Opening of the Prince's Ice-skating Rink|7th opening of the Prince's Skating Club]]. Guendoline Bourke was on the Women's Committee and Algernon Bourke was on the Men's.&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 November 8, Friday, beginning, perhaps''', Guendoline Bourke was part of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#8 November 1902, Saturday|Earl and Countess of Warwick's shooting party at Easton Lodge]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 December 9, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#9 December 1902, Tuesday|Lady Eva Wyndham-Quin's &quot;at home,&quot; held at the Welch Industrial depot]] for the sale Welsh-made Christmas gifts and cards. Bourke wore &quot;a fur coat and a black picture hat.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Lady Correspondent.&quot; &quot;Society in London.&quot; ''South Wales Daily News'' 11 December 1902, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000919/19021211/082/0004. Print p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1903 February 6, Friday''', Hon. Mrs A. Bourke was present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Dinner Party Hosted by Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and the Countess of Dudley|dinner party Hosted by Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and the Countess of Dudley]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1903 February 9, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke was present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Dinner Party Hosted by Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and the Countess of Dudley|house party at Dublin Castle hosted by the Lord Lieutenant and Countess of Dudley that began the Viceregal season]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1903 March 17, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke staffed a booth at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1903 March 17, Tuesday|sale of the Irish Industries Association]] on St. Patrick's Day with [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Lady Mayo]], [[Social Victorians/People/Dudley|Georgina Lady Dudley]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Miss Beresford]]. A number of other aristocratic women were also present at the sale in other booths, including [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Lady Londonderry]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Lucan|Lady Lucan]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1903 June 19, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke was invited to the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Grand Ball in the Waterloo Chamber at Windsor Castle|grand ball at Windsor Castle]], the end of the Ascot-week festivities.&lt;p&gt;

'''1903 June 23, Tuesday''', Guendoline and Daphne Bourke were invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1903 June 23, Tuesday|children's party at Buckingham Palace for Prince Eddie's birthday]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1903 July 10, Friday, or so''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Party Hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough|party hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1904 May 17, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke had agreed to let Daphne appear in the tableaux vivants arranged by Sir Philip Burne-Jones for the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Countess Cadogan's Great Bazaar|Countess of Cadogan's great bazaar]]. Some mothers had had to decline because of the outbreaks of measles and chicken pox.&lt;p&gt;

'''1904 June 30, Thursday''', Guendoline and Daphne Bourke attended another birthday party for Prince Eddie at Buckingham Palace, and the ''Gentlewoman'' says, &quot;No prettier little girl was to be seen that day than little Miss Daphne Bourke, the daughter of the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke, with her wonderful Irish eyes and colouring, her pretty white frock being relieved with a rose pink sash.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Prince Eddie's Birthday.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 02 July 1904, Saturday: 68 [of 92]. Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19040702/360/0068. Print: title the same, p. 42.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1904 September 15, Thursday''', according to what was at the time called the ''Irish Daily Independent and Nation'', Algernon Bourke was living in Venice and not in the UK at this point:&lt;blockquote&gt;Algernon Bourke, who usually lives in Venice, has spent some time in England during the present summer, and has now gone on a fishing expedition to Sweden, accompanied by his brother, Lord Mayo. Lady Mayo has been staying meanwhile in Ireland, and has had a visit from her mother, Lady Maria Ponsonby, who is a sister of Lend Obventry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;&quot;Society Notes.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 15 September 1904, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001986/19040915/131/0004. Print title: ''Irish Daily Independent and Nation'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1904 October 22, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' reported that &quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke is paying a visit to Venice, which Mr. Bourke has made his headquarters for several years past, as he is connected with some very artistic stone and marble works situated near the Grand Canal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 22 October 1904, Saturday: 24 [of 6ths 8], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19041022/112/0024. Print title same, p. 672.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1905 February 17, Friday''', the Dundee ''Evening Post'' reported that Algernon Bourke &quot;set up a shop in Venice for the sale of art treasures and old furniture.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social News.&quot; Dundee ''Evening Post'' 17 February 1905, Friday: 6 [of 6], Col. 7b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000582/19050217/105/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1905 April 26, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#New Forest United Hunt Ball|New Forest United Hunt Ball]], as did her brother Captain R. C. H. Sloane Stanley and his wife Olivia Countess Cairns.&lt;p&gt;

'''1905 June 5, Monday''', Algernon Bourke wrote to the ''Times'' from Venice that &quot;The Venetian wits have suggested a motto for Admiral Togo, Togo Tenga Tutto (Togo takes the lot).&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr. Algernon Bourke.&quot; ''Hull Daily Mail'' 08 June 1905, Thursday: 2 [of 6], Col. 6a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000324/19050608/008/0002. Print title ''Daily Mail'', p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1905, last week of July''', Guendoline Bourke and daughter Daphne Bourke — who was 10 years old — attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Last week of July, 1905|Lady Cadogan's children's party at Chelsea House]]. Daphne was &quot;One of loveliest little girls present.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Social News.&quot; ''Belfast News-Letter'' 01 August 1905, Tuesday: 7 [of 10], Col. 6b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000038/19050801/157/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1906 March 9, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke was a reference for Mr. Frances Burgess, who taught piano, singing, voice production, organ and music theory. Burgess was &quot;Organist and Choirmaster of St. Columbs', North Kensington, Director of the Plainsong and Medieval Music Society's Choir, etc., etc.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot;&gt;&quot;Mr. Francis Burgess.&quot; ''Kilburn Times'' 9 March 1906, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001813/19060309/086/0003. Print title: ''Kilburn Times Hampstead and North-western Press'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1906 December 10, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke was seen in the tea room, possibly with Lady Grosvenor, at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1906 December 10, Monday|Lady Dudley's sale of Irish needlework]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1907 May''', a &quot;naval signalling incident&quot; [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#May 1887|caused the Waterford ''Evening News'' to recall a similar event]] that had occurred 20 years earlier, in which Algernon Bourke, as special correspondent for the ''Times'', publicized [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles Beresford]]'s use of his ship's signalling capabilities to send a message to his wife about being late for dinner:&lt;blockquote&gt;

The naval signalling incident is still in the air. It is expected that the matter will not be threshed out until Emperor William leaves England. A story of a former signalling incident in which [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles Beresford]] was concerned is going the rounds at the moment.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1907 August 24, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was present at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Polo Week at Eaton Hall, Duke and Duchess of Westminster|Polo Week at Eaton Hall, hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Westminster]].

'''1908 July 30, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke was at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Glorious Goodwood. Cup Day and Dresses.|Cup Day at the Goodwood races]], wearing salmon-pink with a matching hat.

'''1909 April 20, Tuesday''', Lady Rosemary Cairns — daughter of Olivia Sloan-Stanley, Countess Cairns and Cyril Sloane-Stanley — and Wyndham Portal were [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#20 April 1909, Tuesday|married in St. Margaret's, Westminster]]. Lavender and Diane Sloane-Stanley were bridesmaids.&lt;p&gt;

'''1909 May 22, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke appears to have been living in Pisa. A columnist for the ''Queen'' reported on the Royal School of Art Needlework:&lt;blockquote&gt;Lady Leconfield [?] was there, also her sister-in-law, the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Dowager Lady Mayo]], only just back from her winter on the Continent, when she spent most of the time at Pisa, where her son Mr Algernon Bourke has also been staying. The latter is a great connoisseur as regards [art?] notably in what is really good in the way of old Italian sculpture and carving. He and his handsome wife have a place near to Putney, and this winter again Mr Bourke, as the result of his Italian travels, has been sending home such relics of the old Italian palace gardens as as stone and marble carved vases, garden seats, and what-not of the kind — not all for himself and his own gardens by any means, I fancy; but his friends, relying on his knowledge in such matters, get him when abroad to choose for [them?] the adornment of their English terraces and gardens.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;My Social Diary.&quot; The ''Queen'' 22 May 1909, Saturday: 31 [of 86], Col. 1b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/19090522/203/0031. Print p. 871.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1909 September''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was among the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Visitors in Venice from the U.K.|many visitors from &quot;England&quot; in Venice]] in September.

=== 1910s ===
'''1910 April 20, Wednesday''', the ''Tatler'' printed an &quot;open letter&quot; to Geraldine, Countess of Mayo, as part of its &quot;The Searchlight in Society&quot; series and mentioned Algernon Bourke, saying he had been keeping &quot;a curiosity shop at Venice&quot;:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Bourkes have brains, and a good example is afforded by Mr. Algernon Bourke, next brother to Lord Mayo and heir-presumptive to the title. He is a good-looking man who used to be known as Buttons Bourke, and he married well, as his wife was the rich and pretty Miss Guendolen Sloane Stanley. He may be described as a &quot;Jack of all trades,&quot; but it is not I who will say that he is a master of none. He was once in the Stock Exchange, then he took White's Club in hand and restored it to much of its former prestige. After that he dabbled in smart hotels and restaurants, and the last thing I heard of him was that he kept a curiosity shop at Venice.&lt;ref&gt;Candida. &quot;The Searchlight in Society. Our Open Letter. No. CII. The Countess of Mayo.&quot; The ''Tatler'' 20 April 1910, Wednesday: 18 [of 42], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001852/19100420/023/0018. Print title same, p. 72.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1911 November 21, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke assisted the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#21 November 1911, Tuesday|Duchess of Marlborough at her at-home]] that included a sale of work by the wives of prisoners.&lt;p&gt;

'''1912 September 27, Friday''', Guendoline and Daphne Bourke were visiting Mr. and Mrs. Shelley Bontein, her mother and stepfather.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From 'The World.'&quot; ''Berks and Oxon Advertiser'' 27 September 1912, Friday: 2 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002298/19120927/014/0002. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1913 April 23, Wednesday''', the Irish Independent reported that Guendoline and Daphne Bourke had arrived in London for the season:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke and Miss Bourke have arrived for the season at 75 Gloucester place, Portman square, London.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social and Personal.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 23 April 1913, Wednesday: 4 [of 10], Col. 5b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001715/19130423/081/0004. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1913 May 7, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke presented her daughter Daphne Bourke at court:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke presented her daughter, and wore blue and gold broché with a gold lace train.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social and Personal.&quot; London ''Daily Chronicle'' 08 May 1913, Thursday: 6 [of 12], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005049/19130508/120/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

The ''Pall Mall Gazette'' has a description of Daphne Bourke's dress, but what exactly &quot;chiffon [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hoops|paniers]]&quot; means in 1913 is not clear:&lt;blockquote&gt;Court dressmakers appear to have surpassed all previous records in their efforts to make the dresses for to-night’s Court as beautiful as possible. Noticeable among these is the dainty presentation gown to be worn by Miss Bourke, who will be presented by her mother, the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke. This has a skirt of soft white satin draped with chiffon [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hoops|paniers]] and a bodice veiled with chiffon and trimmed with diamanté and crystal embroidery. Miss Bourke’s train, gracefully hung from the shoulders, is of white satin lined with pale rose pink chiffon and embroidered with crystal and diamanté.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Fashion Day by Day. Lovely Gowns for To-night's Court.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 07 May 1913, Wednesday: 13 [of 18], Col. 1a [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/19130507/199/0013. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The ''London Evening Standard'' describes Guendoline and Daphne Bourke the same way except with differences in editing:&lt;blockquote&gt;Miss Bourke: Presented by her mother, the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke. Dainty presentation gown of white satin, the skirt draped with chiffon paniers, bodice veiled chiffon and trimmed with diamanté and crystal embroidery. Train gracefully hung from shoulder of white satin embroidered with crystal and diamanté, lined with pale rose pink chiffon.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Some of the Dresses.&quot; &quot;The King and Queen. Third Court. Most Brilliant of the Year.&quot; ''London Evening Standard'' 08 May 1913, Thursday: 11 [of 18], Col. 4b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/19130508/237/0011. Print title ''The Standard'', p. 11.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

According to the ''Lady's Pictorial'', Daphne Bourke's dress was designed and constructed by [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Messrs Russell and Allen|Messrs. Russell and Allen]], Old Bond-street, W., and the description is identical (except for a couple of commas).&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Their Majesties' Court.&quot; ''Lady's Pictorial'' 17 May 1913, Saturday: 35 [of 64], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005980/19130517/296/0035. Same print title, p. 787.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1914 May 11, Monday''', Guendoline and Daphne Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#Dance at the Ritz Hosted by Mrs. George Marjoribanks|dance at the Ritz hosted by Mrs. George Marjoribanks]].

'''1915 January 1, Friday''', Algernon Bourke is listed as being on the Executive Committee of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#1915 January 1, Friday|National Food Fund, publicized by the ''Conservative and Unionist Women's Franchise Review'']].

'''1916 August 25, Friday''', Daphne Bourke's and John Fortescue's engagement was announced:&lt;blockquote&gt;A most attractive prospective bride (says the &quot;Star&quot;) is Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke's only daughter, Miss Daphne Bourke, whose engagement has just taken place to Mr. Fortescue, of the Coldstream Guards. Miss Bourke is tall, dark, and very beautiful; and Mr. Fortescue is one of the family of Boconoc, Cornwall, and Dropmore, Maidenhead. At the latter place the two families have been neighbours, for Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke have a charming country residence at Taplow, while Dropmore is famous for its magnificent gardens.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Personalia.&quot; ''Uxbridge &amp; W. Drayton Gazette'' 25 August 1916, Friday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002285/19160825/043/0004. Print title ''The Advertiser'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''1917 June 7, Thursday''', Daphne Bourke and John Grenville Fortescue [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#7 June 1917, Thursday|married in the Coldstream Guards' chapel]].

== Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball ==
According to both the ''Morning Post'' and the ''Times'', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was among the Suite of Men in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#&quot;Oriental&quot; Procession|&quot;Oriental&quot; procession]] at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&quot;Fancy Dress Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; ''Morning Post'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 4a–8 Col. 2b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970703/054/0007.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;&quot;Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; The ''Times'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 12, Cols. 1a–4c ''The Times Digital Archive''. Web. 28 Nov. 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Based on the people they were dressed as, Guendoline Bourke was probably in this procession but it seems unlikely that Algernone Bourke was.

[[File:Guendoline-Irene-Emily-Bourke-ne-Sloane-Stanley-as-Salammb.jpg|thumb|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a standing woman richly dressed in an historical costume with a headdress and a very large fan|Hon. Guendoline Bourke as Salammbô. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]
=== Hon. Guendoline Bourke ===
[[File:Alfons Mucha - 1896 - Salammbô.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Highly stylized orange-and-yellow painting of a bare-chested woman with a man playing a harp at her feet|Alfons Mucha's 1896 ''Salammbô''.]]
Lafayette's portrait (right) of &quot;Guendoline Irene Emily Bourke (née Sloane-Stanley) as Salammbô&quot; in costume is photogravure #128 in the '''Album''' presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;&quot;Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball (1897): photogravures by Walker &amp; Boutall after various photographers.&quot; 1899. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait-list.php?set=515.&lt;/ref&gt; The printing on the portrait says, &quot;The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke as Salammbo.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;&quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke as Salammbo.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158491/Guendoline-Irene-Emily-Bourke-ne-Sloane-Stanley-as-Salammb.&lt;/ref&gt;

The Lafayette Archive has 2 additional poses from the same session on 5 July 1897 as the one chosen for the Album:

* Same image as the Album photograph but higher resolution than the one the National Portrait Gallery, London, gives permission to post (Neg. No. GP [L] [http://lafayette.org.uk/bou1369.html 1369]).
* Standing with fan behind head, includes close-up of skirt fabric and left hand (Neg. No. GP [L] [http://lafayette.org.uk/bou1368-444.html 1368-444]).
* Reclining on pillows and furs, includes close-up of face and headdress (Neg. No. GP [L] [http://lafayette.org.uk/bou1368-442.html 1368-442]).

==== Newspaper Accounts ====
The Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke was dressed as Salambo in the Oriental procession&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; in a costume made by [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Mrs. Mason|Mrs. Mason]], according to Russell Harris, although he also says [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Mr. Charles Alias|Charles Alias]] was the &quot;Costume supplier.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://lafayette.org.uk/bou1369.html|title=Hon Mrs Algernon Bourke (1870-1967), née Guendoline Irene Emily Sloane-Stanley by Lafayette 1897|website=lafayette.org.uk|access-date=2025-07-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Besides the two that mention her presence at the ball — the ''Morning Post'' and the ''Times'' — only two describe her costume, the London ''Evening Standard'' and the ''Gentlewoman'':
* &quot;Mrs. A. Bourke, as an Egyptian Princess, with the Salambo coiffure, wore a flowing gown of white and silver gauze covered with embroidery of lotus flowers. The top of the gown was ornamented with old green satin embroidered with blue turquoise and gold, and studded with rubies. The train was of old green broché with sides of orange and gold embroidery, and from the ceinture depended long bullion fringe and an embroidered ibis.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“The Ball at Devonshire House. Magnificent Spectacle. Description of the Dresses.” London ''Evening Standard'' 3 July 1897 Saturday: 3 [of 12], Cols. 1a–5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/18970703/015/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 3, Col. 3b}}
* &quot;(Egyptian Princess), drapery gown of white and silver gauze, covered with embroidery of lotus flowers; the top of gown appliqué with old green satin embroidered blue turquoise and gold, studded rubies; train of old green broché.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 40, Col. 3a}}

==== Commentary on Her Costume ====

*The heavy headdress is likely attached to a wig and further stabilized by something under Bourke's chin and by the filet around her forehead. The flowers appear to have jewels at the center. What looks like a neck treatment is probably part of the structure holding the headpiece in place. The placement of the flowers is clearly a copy of the headdress worn by Rose Caron in the 1892 Paris production of the Reyer opera. Made by Eugène Lacoste, this textile, metal and pearl ''coiffe'' still exists (https://www.gazette-drouot.com/article/bijoux-d-opera/54941) and is held by the Bibliothèque Nationale de France.&lt;ref&gt;Merle, Sandrine. &quot;Les bijoux d’Opéra en pleine lumière au Palais Garnier.&quot; ''La Gazette Druout'' 4 July 2025 (No. 26). Retrieved July 2025

https://www.gazette-drouot.com/article/bijoux-d-opera/54941.&lt;/ref&gt; It seems to have been constructed from metal for the gold framework with the leaf design, beads attached to hanging metal frameworks (the blue-green beads look like they're covered with fabric or wrapped with thread) and flowers that may have been made from stiffened pinked fabric (likely organdy) whose color may have darkened in the century that has passed.
*Bourke's posture as she leans in the reclining odalisque pose shows she is wearing a corset.
*The translucent overskirt looks like an apron attached under the bust and hanging from the bodice.
*Russell Harris says the large fan looks more Egyptian rather than Carthaginian,&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt;  and the newspapers say she was dressed as an Egyptian princess rather than a Carthaginian priestess.
*The fullness of the skirt is very controlled.
*Her shoes are slippers decorated with real or artificial jewels.

==== Salammbô ====
Salammbô is the fictitious protagonist in Gustave Flaubert's 1862 novel ''Salammbô'', set during the Roman war against Carthage.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-04-29|title=Salammbô|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salammb%C3%B4&amp;oldid=1221352216|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salammb%C3%B4.&lt;/ref&gt; Salammbô is a Carthaginian priestess of the lunar goddess Tanit. Matho, a Roman mercenary, breaks into Tanit's temple and steals her sacred veil — the spiritual guardian of Carthage. Salammbô sneaks into the enemy encampment to steal the veil back. She meets Matho in his tent, and &quot;believing each other to be divine apparitions,&quot; they make love,&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; although it is also a defilement. Salammbô succceds in getting the veil back, but Matho is tortured and executed, which causes her to die of shock, the effect of both having touched the veil. The plot of the opera is not identical to that of the novel.

What Guendoline Bourke saw in Salammbô as representative of herself is difficult to know, unless the costume itself appealed to her. A production of Ernest Reyer's opera ''Salammbô'', based on Flaubert's novel and published in Paris in 1890, opened at the Paris Opéra on 16 May 1892,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-04-11|title=Ernest Reyer|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Reyer&amp;oldid=1218353215|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Reyer.&lt;/ref&gt; starring Madame Rose Caron, with Mademoiselle Lucienne Bréval performing when Caron was on vacation.&lt;ref&gt;Jullienn, Adolphe. &quot;Mademoiselle Lucienne Bréval de L'Académie Nationale de Musique [or de l'Opéra in the Table of Contents].&quot; ''Le Théatre'' April 1898 (No. 4). Google Books https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/_oxRAQAAMAAJ. Pp. 8–10.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|8, Col. 2c}} This production was widely reviewed and discussed in the papers in the UK, and its production design was notable, especially Caron's costumes, the sets and [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#Scale of the Production of Salammbo|the very scale of the production]]. Bourke or her costumier clearly saw the opera or images of the performers or its posters, certainly influencing the design of her costume.

* Rose Caron in her Salammbo costume is here: https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/rose-caron-french-soprano-in-costume-in-the-title-role-of-news-photo/1439485238.
* A headshot of Bréval in costume is here: https://books.google.com/books/content?id=_oxRAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=RA3-PP7&amp;img=1&amp;zoom=3&amp;hl=en&amp;bul=1&amp;sig=ACfU3U2Gv8Os_rEmx2gM9SakJkYLJ9hW7g&amp;ci=6%2C1%2C988%2C1371&amp;edge=0.)
* &quot;Salammbo's hair [was] powdered with a violet dust when she first appeared before the eyes of Matho.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Salome.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 27 February 1893, Monday: 3 [of 8]. Col. 2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18930227/010/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

Salammbô figured in paintings, sculptures and illustrations of editions of Flaubert's novel before Ernest Reyer's 1890 opera. Translations and illustrated editions of Flaubert's novel had come out steadily beginning in the 1880s. Alfons Mucha's 1896 lithograph of Salammbô (above left) was published the year before the ball. Salammbo is often depicted as nude and highly sexual or sexualized (kissing a huge snake, for example, that she holds aloft). Reyer's opera was first produced in 1890 in Brussels. Both Modest Mussorgsky and Sergei Rachmaninoff had attempted but not completed operas based on the novel as well.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

===== Comtesse de Castiglione as Salammbô =====
Guendoline Bourke's costume and her social life as reported in the newspapers do not suggest that she was a big risk-taker like, for example, la Comtesse de Castiglione, Napoléon III's mistress at the time, who appeared at a ball in a Salammbô costume in 1886, 4 years after Flaubert's novel was first published. Henry Labouchere's ''Truth'' says of the Comtesse de Castiglione.&lt;blockquote&gt;
The first time I saw her I did not know who she was. She took my breath away; her beauty was so harmonious, and in all points so faultless. When I was told who she was, I thought of Helen and the Trojans. I also saw her at the fancy ball at the Tuileries, where she was in the transparent costume, lightly fastened together with brooches, ''à la'' Salammbô. Comte de Choiseul, son of the notorious Duc de Praelin, with his face blackened to make him resemble a Nubian slave, held up the part of the garment which fell as a gauzy train.

A spectatress I remember of that fancy ball was Mrs. Dayton, wife of the U.S. Minister. When she saw the Countess enter like an Olympian being, her American ideas got the better of diplomatic form, and she said to her daughter, a sweet maidenly young girl, &quot;Annie, dear, you must come away.&quot; A French lady (Madame Rouher) who sat next and was rather bourgeois than fast, remonstrated, I remember, in these words: &quot;Mais, Madame, où en est, donc, le mal ? Tout est si bien chez la Comtesse!&quot; The triumph of the Comtesse, as she walked down the Galerie des Maréchaux, was about as extraordinary a sight as the Tuileries ever presented. What was so astonishing was that the ladies forgot to be jealous, and the gentlemen to fall in love. The great beauty of the Countess excluded from their minds the idea of sex.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Notes from Paris.&quot; ''Truth'' 4 June 1891, Thursday: 22 [of 56], Col. 2b–c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18910604/046/0022. Same print title, p. 1176.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
The same reporter wrote about her again after her death in 1889.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Notes from Paris: The Late Comtesse de Castiglione.&quot; ''Truth'' 7 December 1899, Thursday: 28, Col. 1c – 29 [of 74], Col. 1c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18991207/045/0028 and https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0002961/18991207/045/0029. Same print title, pp. 1410–1411.&lt;/ref&gt; 

In 1889, on the announcement of la Comtesse de Castiglione's death, the ''Edinburgh Evening News'' exaggerates her nudity and doesn't describe the rush in the ballroom to see her, her denial that she was costumed as Salammmbô or the fact that she was Napoléon's mistress, which might go some way to explain the Empress Eugenie's response, but does address the lingering memory:&lt;blockquote&gt;The late Countess Castiglione, whose death in Paris is recorded yesterday, made her first appearance at the Imperial Court in 1866, where her extraordinary beauty made a great impression on Napoleon III., and eventually led to the Empress Eugenie’s undertaking an unexpected and much-talked-of visit to Scotland. The Countess had a face and complexion which would have enchanted Rubens, and her lovely golden hair touched her feet. Even at the present day Paris has not forgotten her costume, or rather absence of costume as Salammbo, in which character she figured at a certain memorable ball at the Tuileries, wearing her hair, her jewels, and very little else. The Empress Eugenie, when she was presented to her thus lightly arrayed, declared that she must be cold, and insisted upon her there and then donning a mantle. Mme. de Castiglione was never again invited to an entertainment over which the Empress Eugenie presided.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Countess’ Queer Ball Costume.&quot; ''Edinburgh Evening News'' 2 December 1899, Saturday: 2 [of 6], Col. 7b [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000452/18991202/024/0002. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Given how widely this incident was discussed at the time of the death of la Comtesse in 1889, brought up again with the discussions of Reyer's opera, Guendoline Bourke might easily have known about it. Perhaps the sexuality or overt sexuality of Salammbô appealed to her, but she was developing relationships with people like the Princess of Wales and had more leeway than the middle classes but would have been careful. 

===== Scale of the Production of ''Salammbo'' =====

* &quot;In Reyer's opera of 'Salammbo,' lately produced at the Grand Opera in Paris, there were 1,400 persons on the stage in the last act.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Facts and Fancies.&quot; ''Louth and North Lincolnshire Advertiser'' 9 July 1892, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 6c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000313/18920709/038/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;the battle scene in [''Salammbo''] requires no less than 3000 square yards of 'decorative surface' [probably canvas]. This establishes a record, the next largest surface being that of the salles des fetes in 'Don Giovanni.'&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A French paper gives interesting details....&quot; ''Sevenoaks Chronicle and Kentish Advertiser'' 26 August 1892, Friday: 2 [of 8], Col. 3c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001067/18920826/032/0002. Same print title, n.p.

&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Influence of the Production of ''Salammbo'' =====
Rose Caron's productions were influential, including for the costumes she wore. The 1892 ''Lohengrin'' she starred in was the source of the costumes worn by [[Social Victorians/People/Stonor#Julia Caroline Stonor, Marquise of Hautpoul|Julia Stonor, Marquise of Hautpoul]] and her brother, [[Social Victorians/People/Stonor#Hon. Harry Stonor|Hon. Harry Stonor]].

Women's clothing was influenced by the costumes in the opera, particularly those worn by Rose Caron. One color of intense red was called Salammbo. A bonnet was named the Salammbô:&lt;blockquote&gt;About the smartest thing in bonnets for ordinary complimentary mourning is called the Salammbô, and is copied from a head-dress worn by a leading artiste at one of the Paris theatres. It is made of jet, and has a rose on each side of the front from the centres of which rise two black ospreys.&lt;ref&gt;Mantalini, Miss. &quot;The Shows in the London Shops. With Mems. about Millinery.&quot; ''Pall Mall Budget'' 29 December 1892, Thursday: 22 [of 40], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005967/18921229/092/0022. Same print title, p. 1928.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;In a long illustrated article describing the wedding of Princess Marie of Edinburgh, the ''Lady's Pictorial'' provides a sketch of &quot;a very pretty [hat] (No. 4) of brown mirror velvet trimmed with mink and a brown velvet bow in front with Salammbo '&lt;nowiki/&gt;''fantaisie''&lt;nowiki/&gt;' [sic]&quot; that is among the bride's millinery.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Marriage of H.R.H. Princess Marie of Edinburgh and H.R.H. Ferdinand Crown Prince of Roumania.&quot; ''Lady's Pictorial'' 14 January 1893, Saturday: 40 [of 76], Col. 3c [of 3]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005980/18930114/064/0040. Same print title, p. 56.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

Shoes appeared:&lt;blockquote&gt;At Mrs Merritt's, Savile-street, the stock is particularly attractive, there being so many new styles in shoes this season. One of the latest designs is the Salammbo Shoe, glace kid, with one strap, a jet buckle, and very low French heels. This shoe is especially designed for tender feet, as it is very light in weight.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;House and Home. Local Letter for Women Reader [sic], (By Our Lady Contributor).&quot; ''Hull Daily Mail'' 22 July 1897, Thursday: 5 [of 6], Col. 1b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000324/18970722/069/0005. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Patterns for making the Tunique Romaine and Corsage Salammbo were for sale just a few months after the opening:&lt;blockquote&gt;Some of the leading fashionable novelties described in ''Le Follet de Paris'' are almost ahead of the season, but they look so well that it will not be long before our provincial dressmakers have them. A revival and modification of the ancient tunic is one item which is transforming the modern gowns of tailor-built tweeds into long clinging draperies, of simple cut but ineffable grace. We have had the Russian blouse with us now for the last couple of months. Now the reign of Tunique Romaine and Corsage Salambo is upon us.

... [including the address to send off for the patterns]

A very successful novelty is the ''corsage'' “Salammbo.” In reality, it is more of a blouse and short tunic than a ''corsage'', as there is no attempt at shaping to the figure. In [sic] consists, indeed, of two straight pieces of material cut round on the shoulders, where the back and front are fastened together by clasps. There is no arm-hole, and the two pieces meet at the waist under the arm, and then hang open on to the skirt. There being no dart, the waist is as wide as the shoulders; the fullness is drawn to the centre under a ''ceinture Russe'', or of oxydised silver. The outlines are trimmed with ''galon'' or some similar garniture. The &quot;Salammbo” ''guimpe'' or ''corsage'' are made of flannel or ''mousseline de laine'' of bright colour, and are worn with fitting bodices or skirts of serge, or woollen of dark colour. They are very effective, and nothing can be easier to make, while their addition to a frock constitutes a separate costume.

The fitting bodices worn under the ''guimpes'' or ''robes'' &quot;Salammbo&quot; are very simply made; being round-waisted, they are without side pieces, and only require a seam under each arm; one in the centre of the back, and one or two darts in front, according to the figure. The skirt is mounted on a round waistband, and the ''ceinture'' worn over this gives the bodice and skirt the effect of a princess dress.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Womans Ceilidh.&quot; ''Oban Times and Argyllshire Advertiser'' 3 September 1892, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 6a–b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000462/18920903/078/0003. Print title: ''The Oban Times'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Stationery even before the opera opened in Paris:&lt;blockquote&gt;The last fad in fancy stationery is the carte Salammbo, a delightfully smooth surface for writing upon, the envelopes are very small, square, and of the wallet make; the paper folds over once to fit. The newest shades are rose pink, pale English blue, apple green, and the evergreen heliotrope.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Fashions of the Month.&quot; ''Nottinghamshire Guardian'' 27 February 1892, Saturday: 7 [of 8], Col. 2b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000176/18920227/059/0007. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:Algernon Henry Bourke Vanity Fair 20 January 1898.jpg|thumb|alt=Old colored drawing of an elegant elderly man dressed in a 19th-century tuxedo with a cloak, top hat and formal pointed shoes with bows, standing facing 1/4 to his right|''Algy'' — Algernon Henry Bourke — by &quot;Spy,&quot; ''Vanity Fair'' 20 January 1898]]

=== Hon. Algernon Bourke ===
[[File:Hon-Algernon-Henry-Bourke-as-Izaak-Walton.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a man richly dressed in an historical costume sitting in a fireplace that does not have a fire and holding a tankard|Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke as Izaak Walton. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]
'''Lafayette's portrait''' (left) of &quot;Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke as Izaak Walton&quot; in costume is photogravure #129 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; The printing on the portrait says, &quot;The Hon. Algernon Bourke as Izaak Walton.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hon. Algernon Bourke as Izaak Walton.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158492/Hon-Algernon-Henry-Bourke-as-Izaak-Walton.&lt;/ref&gt;

This portrait is amazing and unusual: Algernon Bourke is not using a photographer's set with theatrical flats and props, certainly not one used by anyone else at the ball itself. Isaak Walton (baptised 21 September 1593 – 15 December 1683) wrote ''The Compleat Angler''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2021-09-15|title=Izaak Walton|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Izaak_Walton&amp;oldid=1044447858|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izaak_Walton.&lt;/ref&gt; A cottage Walton lived in and willed to the people of Stafford was photographed in 1888, suggesting that its relationship to Walton was known in 1897, raising a question about whether Bourke could have used the fireplace in the cottage for his portrait. (This same cottage still exists, as the [https://www.staffordbc.gov.uk/izaak-waltons-cottage Isaak Walton Cottage] museum.)

A caricature portrait (right) of the Hon. Algernon Bourke, called &quot;Algy,&quot; by Leslie Ward (&quot;Spy&quot;) was published in the 20 January 1898 issue of ''Vanity Fair'' as Number 702 in its &quot;Men of the Day&quot; series,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-01-14|title=List of Vanity Fair (British magazine) caricatures (1895–1899)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)_caricatures_(1895%E2%80%931899)&amp;oldid=1195518024|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)_caricatures_(1895%E2%80%931899).&lt;/ref&gt; giving an indication of what he looked like out of costume.

=== Mr. and Mrs. Bourke ===
The ''Times'' made a distinction between the Hon. Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke and Mr. and Mrs. Bourke, including both in the article.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Occasionally this same article mentions the same people more than once in different contexts and parts of the article, so they may be the same couple. (See [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#Notes and Question|Notes and Question]] #2, below.)

== Demographics ==

=== The Bourkes ===
*Nationality: Anglo-Irish&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020-11-14|title=Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo&amp;oldid=988654078|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Occupation: journalist. 1895: restaurant, hotel and club owner and manager&lt;ref&gt;''Cheltenham Looker-On'', 23 March 1895. Via Ancestry but taken from the BNA.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Residences ====
*Ireland: 1873: Palmerston House, Straffan, Co. Kildare.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; Not Co. Mayo?
*1888–1891: 33 Cadogan Terrace, S.W., Kensington and Chelsea, a dwelling house&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970, Register of Voters, 1891.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1894: 181 Pavilion Road, Kensington and Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970. Register of Voters, 1894. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1900: 181 Pavilion Road, Kensington and Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970. Register of Voters, 1900. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1904: Algernon Bourke was &quot;usually liv[ing] in Venice&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;
*1906: 75, Gloucester-place, W.&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot; /&gt;
*Guendoline Bourke
*1911: 1911 Fulham, London&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
*20 Eaton Square, S.W. (in 1897)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pl0oAAAAYAAJ|title=Who's who|date=1897|publisher=A. &amp; C. Black|language=en}} 712, Col. 1b.&lt;/ref&gt; (London home of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]])

=== The Sloane-Stanleys ===

==== Residences ====

* 1871: Chester Street, St George Hanover Square (Census), with 5 servants, including a cook and a footman.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;The National Archives; Kew, London, England; ''1871 England Census''; Class: ''RG10''; Piece: ''104''; Folio: ''21''; Page: ''37''; GSU roll: ''838763''. Ancestry.com. ''1871 England Census'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1881–1885&lt;ref&gt;''UK, City and County Directories, 1600s-1900s''. Ancestry.com. ''UK, City and County Directories, 1766 - 1946'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; [at least]: 14 Halkin Street, W., St. Georges, 14 servants, including a governess, a house steward, an under butler, a footman and a cook.&lt;ref&gt;''Census Returns of England and Wales, 1881''. Kew, Surrey, England: The National Archives of the UK (TNA): Public Record Office (PRO), 1881. Class: ''RG11''; Piece: ''98''; Folio: ''66''; Page: ''37''; GSU roll: ''1341022''. Ancestry.com and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. ''1881 England Census'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1888: 49, Cadogan-square, St. Luke, Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Ancestry.com. ''London, England, Overseer Returns, 1863-1894'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1899, Roger Cyril Sloane-Stanley: 4 Down St., St George, Hanover Square&lt;ref&gt;London Metropolitan Archives; London, England; ''Electoral Registers''. Ancestry.com. ''London, England, Electoral Registers, 1832-1965'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1911, Roger Cyril Sloane-Stanley: Paultons, Ower, Romsey

== Family ==
*Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke (31 December 1854 – 7 April 1922)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p29657.htm#i296561|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Guendoline Irene Emily Sloane-Stanley Bourke (c. 1869 – 30 December 1967)&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&quot;Guendoline Irene Emily Stanley.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p51525.htm#i515247|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
#Daphne Marjory Bourke (5 April 1895 – 22 May 1962)

=== Relations ===
*Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke (the 3rd son of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|6th Earl of Mayo]]) was the older brother of Lady Florence Bourke.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
*Wilfred Blunt was a cousin of Algernon Bourke: Bourke's mother's &quot;mother was one of the Blunts of Crabbet Park, Sussex, which makes them kinswomen of Mr. Alfred Scawen Blunt, poet, Egyptophil and counsel for Arabi Pasha in his trial.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From ''Truth''.&quot; ''Mid-Lothian Journal'' 23 August 1912, Friday: 8 [of 8], 2c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002721/19120823/147/0008. Print title and p. same.&lt;/ref&gt;
*Lord Alfred Douglas was a cousin of Algernon Bourke.

==== Other Bourkes ====
*Hubert Edward Madden Bourke (after 1925, Bourke-Borrowes)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hubert Edward Madden Bourke-Borrowes.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p52401.htm#i524004|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2021-08-25}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p52401.htm#i524004.&lt;/ref&gt;
*Lady Eva Constance Aline Bourke, who married [[Social Victorians/People/Dunraven|Windham Henry Wyndham-Quin]] on 7 July 1885;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lady Eva Constance Aline Bourke.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p2575.htm#i25747|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-02}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p2575.htm#i25747.&lt;/ref&gt; he became 5th Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl on 14 June 1926.

=== The Sloane-Stanleys ===
* Emilie Josephine S Stanley ( 21 December 1848 [baptism]&lt;ref&gt;London Metropolitan Archives; &quot;London, England, UK&quot; ; ''London Church of England Parish Registers''; Reference Number: ''P87/Tri/001''. Ancestry.com. ''London, England, Church of England Births and Baptisms, 1813-1923'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;  – October 1945)
* Hans T Sloane Stanley (11 May 1840 [baptism]&lt;ref&gt;Ancestry.com. ''England, Select Births and Christenings, 1538-1975'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; – 15 December 1888&lt;ref&gt;Ancestry.com. ''UK and Ireland, Find a Grave® Index, 1300s-Current'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;)
* James Shell[e?]y Bontein ()
*# Gwendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt; Irene Emily G Stanley (c. 1870&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt; – )
*# '''Roger Cyril Hans Sloane Stanley''' (29 April 1875&lt;ref&gt;The National Archives; Kew, Surrey, England; ''WO 42 War Office: Officers' Birth Certificates, Wills and Personal Papers 1755-1908''; Reference: ''WO 42/72''. Ancestry.com. ''UK, Officers' Birth Certificates, Wills and Personal Papers, 1755-1908'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; – 18 November 1944&lt;ref&gt;''Find a Grave''. Find a Grave®. http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi. Ancestry.com. ''UK and Ireland, Find a Grave® Index, 1300s-Current'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;)


* Olivia Elizabeth Berens, Countess Cairns&lt;ref&gt;The National Archives of the UK (TNA); Kew, Surrey, England; ''Census Returns of England and Wales, 1911''. Ancestry.com. ''1911 England Census'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; (c. 1871 – 20 June 1951&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Olivia Elizabeth Berens.&quot; Person Page 3908; person #39077. ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as well as the Royal Families of Europe''. https://www.thepeerage.com/p3908.htm#i39077.

&lt;/ref&gt;)
* Arthur William Cairns, 2nd Earl Cairns (21 December 1861 – 14 January 1890)&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot;&gt;&quot;Arthur William Cairns, 2nd Earl Cairns.&quot; Person Page 3908; Person #39076. ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as well as the Royal Families of Europe''. https://www.thepeerage.com/p3908.htm#i39076.&lt;/ref&gt;
*# Lady Louise Rosemary Kathleen Virginia Cairns (10 March 1889 – 17 May 1962)&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot; /&gt;
* Roger Cyril Hans Sloane Stanley (1875 – 18 November 1944)
*# Lavender Elizabeth (20 May 1900 [baptism]&lt;ref&gt;Hampshire Archives and Local Studies; Winchester, England, UK; ''Anglican Parish Registers''; Reference: ''35M76/PR3''. Ancestry.com. ''Hampshire, England, Church of England Baptisms, 1813-1921''[database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; – )
*# Diane Sloane Stanley (c. 1905 – )


* Lavender Elizabeth (20 May 1900 [baptism] – )
* John Everett ()


* Diane Sloane Stanley (c. 1905 – )
* Elwyn Villiers Rhys ()

== Writings, Memoirs, Biographies, Papers ==

=== Writings ===
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon. ''The History of White's''. London: Algernon Bourke [privately published], 1892.
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon, ed., &quot;with a brief Memoir.&quot; ''Correspondence of Mr Joseph Jekyll with His Sister-in-Law, Lady Gertrude Sloane Stanley, 1818–1838''. John Murray, 1893.
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon, ed. ''Correspondence of Mr Joseph Jekyll''. John Murray, 1894.

=== Papers ===
* Where are the papers for the Earl of Mayo family? Are Algernon and Guendoline Bourke's papers with them?

== Notes and Questions ==
#The portrait of Algernon Bourke in costume as Isaac Walton is really an amazing portrait with a very interesting setting, far more specific than any of the other Lafayette portraits of these people in their costumes. Where was it shot? Lafayette is given credit, but it's not one of his usual backdrops. If this portrait was taken the night of the ball, then this fireplace was in Devonshire House; if not, then whose fireplace is it?
#The ''Times'' lists Hon. A. Bourke (at 325) and Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke (at 236) as members of a the &quot;Oriental&quot; procession, Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke (in the general list of attendees), and then a small distance down Mr. and Mrs. Bourke (now at 511 and 512, respectively). This last couple with no honorifics is also mentioned in the report in the London ''Evening Standard'', which means the Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke, so the ''Times'' may have repeated the Bourkes, who otherwise are not obviously anyone recognizable. If they are not the Hon. Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke, then they are unidentified. It seems likely that they are the same, however, as the newspapers were not perfectly consistent in naming people with their honorifics, even in a single story, especially a very long and detailed one in which people could be named more than once.
#Three slightly difficult-to-identify men were among the Suite of Men in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#&quot;Oriental&quot; Procession|&quot;Oriental&quot; procession]]: [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax|Gordon Wood]], [[Social Victorians/People/Portman|Arthur B. Portman]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Wilfred Wilson]]. The identification of Gordon Wood and Wilfred Wilson is high because of contemporary newspaper accounts. The Hon. Algernon Bourke, who was also in the Suite of Men, is not difficult to identify at all. Arthur Portman appears in a number of similar newspaper accounts, but none of them mentions his family of origin.
#[http://thepeerage.com The Peerage] has no other Algernon Bourkes.
#The Hon Algernon Bourke is #235 on the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball#List of People Who Attended|list of people who were present]]; the Hon. Guendoline Bourke is #236; a Mr. Bourke is #703; a Mrs. Bourke is #704.
#Hans Stanley-Sloane's estate was £33,704 7s. 5d. in the final probate in December 1889,&lt;ref&gt;Principal Probate Registry; London, England; ''Calendar of the Grants of Probate and Letters of Administration made in the Probate Registries of the High Court of Justice in England''. Ancestry.com. ''England &amp; Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1995'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; which might lead his widow to consider remarrying.
== Footnotes ==
{{reflist}}</text>
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        <username>Scogdill</username>
        <id>1331941</id>
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      <comment>/* 1890s */</comment>
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      <text bytes="175463" sha1="of07yjvesyk0nsrvp10vrwfbx685g9g" xml:space="preserve">Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were &quot;satirized&quot; by [[Social Victorians/People/Oscar Wilde|Oscar Wilde]] in his 1895 ''The Importance of Being Earnest''.&lt;ref&gt;Fahey, David M. ''The Politics of Drink in England, from Gladstone to Lloyd George''. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, 2022: p. 21, n. 34. ''Google Books'' (retrieved July 2025) https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Politics_of_Drink_in_England_from_Gl/8HRjEAAAQBAJ.&lt;/ref&gt; Algernon Bourke was a cousin of Lord Alfred Douglas, Wilde's Bosie, in 1898 attempting to facilitate a reconciliation between Bosie and his father, the Marquess of Queensberry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:26&quot;&gt;Ellmann, Richard. ''Osar Wilde''. Alfred A. Knopf, 1988.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|568}}[[File:Leslie Ward - Vanity Fair, Newspapermen, ^Algy^, The Hon Algernon Henry Bourke, Januray 20, 1898 - B1979.14.521 - Yale Center for British Art.jpg|thumb|Hon. Algernon Bourke, ''Vanity Fair'', 1898]]

==Also Known As==
* Family name: Bourke [pronounced ''burk'']&lt;ref name=&quot;:62&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-05-07|title=Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earl_of_Mayo&amp;oldid=1222668659|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Mayo.&lt;/ref&gt;
* The Hon. Algernon Bourke
** Button Bourke&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Tory 'Reformer' at the India Office.&quot; ''India'' 10 November 1911, Friday: 4 [of 12], Col. 1b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004300/19111110/007/0004#. Print: same title, p. 228.&lt;/ref&gt;
** Algy Bourke
* Mrs. Guendoline Bourke
** Guendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; [The National Portrait Gallery, London, uses this spelling for Lafayette's portrait of Bourke in costume for the ball,&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt; as does Russell Harris in the Lafayette Archive, held by the Victoria and Albert&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot;&gt;Harris, Russell. &quot;Hon Mrs Algernon Bourke, née Guendoline Irene Emily Sloane-Stanley (1870-1967), as Salammbô.&quot; ''In Calm Prose'' 2011. http://www.rvondeh.dircon.co.uk/incalmprose/.&lt;/ref&gt;.]
** Gwendolen&lt;ref&gt;General Register Office. ''England and Wales Civil Registration Indexes''. London, England: General Register Office. FreeBMD. ''England &amp; Wales, Civil Registration Marriage Index, 1837-1915''[database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Marriage Index}} &lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt;{{rp|''Morning Post'' article about her name}} &lt;ref&gt;General Register Office. ''England and Wales Civil Registration Indexes''. London, England: General Register Office. FreeBMD. ''England &amp; Wales, Civil Registration Marriage Index, 1837-1915''[database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Electoral Register}}
** Gwendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;City of Westminster Archives Centre; London, England; ''Westminster Church of England Parish Registers''; Reference: ''SPWP/PR/1/2''. Ancestry.com. ''Westminster, London, England, Church of England Births and Baptisms, 1813-1919'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Births and Baptisms}}
* Shelley Bontein and Emilie Sloane-Stanley Bontein
* See also the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|page for the Earl of Mayo]], the Hon. Algernon Bourke's father and then brother, and other Bourkes

== Overview ==

=== Algernon Bourke ===
Although the Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke was born in Dublin in 1854 and came from a family whose title is in the Peerage of Ireland,&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;1911 England Census.&lt;/ref&gt; he seems to have spent much of his adult life generally in England and especially in London. He was &quot;a noted fisherman.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London Correspondence.&quot; ''Freeman's Journal'' 21 December 1897, Tuesday: 5 [of 8], Col. 5c [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000056/18971221/027/0005. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

Because he was the son of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]], perhaps, or perhaps because he was so involved in projects that got reported on, he was mentioned a great deal in the newspapers, but after his bankruptcy, he seems to have receded in prominence, in part because he was living outside of the U.K., and apparently separately from his wife, Guendoline Bourke.

Bourke ran as the Conservative candidate for Parliament from Clapham (population, c. 70,000) in 1885, a race he did not win. As a candidate he is described like this:&lt;blockquote&gt;Acted as a newspaper correspondent during the Zulu war. Subsequently Poor-law inspector in the West of Ireland. &quot;A loyal supporter of Church and State.&quot; Desires to reduce the School Board expenditure, and revive trade; and is opposed to Mr. Chamberlain's &quot;police of hasty and experimental reform.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Clapham (70,000).&quot; ''South London Chronicle'' 17 October 1885, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000443/18851017/113/0005. Print title ''South London Chronicle and Southwark and Lambeth Ensign'', p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The London ''Weekly Dispatch'' says he is &quot;a dashing and unscrupulous young Tory.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Political Campaign in London.&quot; ''Weekly Dispatch'' (London) 15 November 1885, Sunday: 9 [of 16], Col. 3c [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003358/18851115/069/0009. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

&quot;Algy&quot; Bourke was &quot;Man of the Day&quot; (No. DCCII [522) for ''Vanity Fair'' in 1898, caricatured by Leslie Ward (above right) and damned, perhaps, with faint praise:&lt;blockquote&gt;Son of the great and murdered Lord Mayo, he is contemporary with the outbreak of the Crimean War, he is a Member of the London Stock Exchange, he has a beautiful wife and a daughter, and, being a very fashionable young man, he was once refused as their Member by the worthy electors of Clapham. He was an Eton boy, of course: and less naturally he went to Cambridge; where he was made President of the Beefsteak, the Amateur Dramatic, the Athenaeum, the True Blue, and the Hibernian Clubs. When he came down he tried journalism and went to Zululand as a ''Daily Telegraph'' ‘‘special”; after which he was improved into an Inspector of Workhouses [2, Col. 2c – 3, Col. 1a] in Ireland: which may account for his proficiency as a caterer. For seven years he worked under the late Mr. Chinnery on ''The Times'': being popularly supposed to look after that journal's morals. He is a good man of business, and a great organiser who has made White's Club pay even if it be less “smart&quot; than it was. He has done much for Willis’s since he took it in hand; he did well with his Battersea venture, and he thinks that he only failed with the Summer Club in Kensington Gardens because people would not go to the wrong side of the Park. Moreover, he runs a Club at Brighton, and he is Chairman of the Grand Hotel at Monte Carlo: whither he once organised a cheap trip. Altogether he is a veritable Clubman, and a very successful arranger of amusements, associations, and restaurants.

He is a popular fellow who is known to all of us; and though he is a little inclined to be quarrelsome, no one can get much the better of him. He is also a quick grasper of facts and a good talker. His favourite sports are fishing and the organising of associations for the introduction of salmon to the Thames. By way of being an art critic, he has made an interesting collection of engravings of the members of White’s Club from its foundation; but his friends say that he is not a well-dressed man. He has also written a history of White’s, and he is now writing one of Brooks's Club. He is a genial person, who looks as if the world agreed with him well.

He is an aquisition [sic] to a house party; and they call him “Algy.”&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Men of the Day.&quot; — No. DCCII [522]. The Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke.&quot; ''Vanity Fair'' 20 January 1898, Thursday: 2 [of 4], Col. 2c – 3, Col. 3a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9900020/18980120/010/0002 and https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/9900020/18980120/005/0003. Same print title, pp. 41–42. Portrait is full page, on p. 1.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The Hon. Algernon Bourke and Mr. Algernon Bourke, depending on the newspaper article, were the same person. Calling him Mr. Bourke in the newspapers, especially when considered as a businessman or (potential) member of Parliament, does not rule out the son of an earl, who would normally be accorded the honorific of ''Honorable''.

=== Guendoline Sloane-Stanley Bourke ===

Mrs. Guendoline Bourke exhibited at dog shows successfully and was a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Society Sportswomen|noted deerstalker]] and &quot;an appreciative listener to good music.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Vanity Fair.&quot; ''Lady of the House'' 15 June 1899, Thursday: 4 [of 44], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004836/18990615/019/0004.&lt;/ref&gt; She was a sponsor of Irish art needlework as well. Her personal beauty is often mentioned in reports, and ''The World'' says she was &quot;a magnificent woman.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Beauties of To-Day. From the ''World''.&quot; ''Clifton Society'' 24 June 1897, Thursday: 14 [of 16], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002164/18970624/066/0014. Same print and p.&lt;/ref&gt; She is the first listed in the ''Graphic''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s 1891 &quot;Leading Ladies of Society&quot;:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke is a daughter (Gwendoline Irene Emily) of the late Hans Sloane Stanley, Esq., of Poultons, Southampton, and 49, Cadogan Square, S.W. She married, on December 15th, 1887, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, third son of the sixth Earl of Mayo, Governor-General of India (who was assassinated in 1872), and nephew of Lord Connemara, Governor of Madras. Mr. Bourke is a member of the London Stock Exchange, and resides at 33, Cadogan Terrace, S.W.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Leading Ladies of Society.&quot; The Graphic 28 March 1891, Saturday: 6 [of 28], Col. 2c [of 3]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9000057/18910328/019/0006. Print: same title, p. 346.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;She attended many social events without her husband, especially into the 20th century, usually described with an appreciation of what she wore. Unlike her husband's, Guendoline's social status seems to have risen as time passed, and she appears in stories associated with the Princess of Wales, and then later with Queen Alexandra.

=== The Sloane-Stanley Family ===
Guendoline's family consisted of a younger brother, Cyril Sloane-Stanley, as well as her parents, Hans Sloane-Stanley and Emilie Edwards Sloane-Stanley. Exactly one year after she and Algernon Bourke married, Hans Sloane-Stanley died (in 1888), leaving an estate worth £33,704 7s. 5d.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;&gt;Principal Probate Registry; London, England; ''Calendar of the Grants of Probate and Letters of Administration made in the Probate Registries of the High Court of Justice in England''. Ancestry.com. ''England &amp; Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1995'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; (1888, 321) Her mother remarried almost exactly a year after that, to James Shelly Bontein. Bontein's father had been Gentleman Usher and Clerk of the Robes to Queen Victoria.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot;&gt;&quot;Marriages.&quot; &quot;Births, Marriages, and Deaths.&quot; ''Belfast News-Letter'' 6 December 1889, Friday: 1 [of 8], Col. 1a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000038/18891206/001/0001. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

Shortly after his death ''Truth'' described Guendoline and Cyril's father Hans Sloane-Stanley:&lt;blockquote&gt;The death of Mr. Sloane Stanley, of Paultons Park, is much regretted in South Hants, as he was one of the most popular landlords in the county, and was greatly esteemed. Mr. Sloane Stanley was well known in yachting circles, and for many years he was Commodore of the Royal Southern Yacht Club, and owned the schooner ''Star of the West''. He was one of the very few owners who continued to keep up the old custom of giving his crew a laying-up supper at the close of each season. There were great festivities at Paultons only a few months ago, when Miss Sloane Stanley was married to Mr. Algernon Bourke.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Entre Nous.&quot; ''Truth'' 27 December 1888, Thursday: 6 [of 48], Col. 2b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18881227/023/0006# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18881227/023/0006]. Same print title, p. 1136.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;When he died in 1944, Cyril Sloane-Stanley's estate was quite a bit larger than his father's had been 50 years before. The probate was divided between what was limited to &quot;settled land&quot; and what was &quot;save and except settled land.&quot; What was not settled land totalled £356,114 12s. 10d. and went to John Everett, company director; the Hon. Elwyn Villiers Rhys, captain, H.M. army; and William Adam de Geijer, retired captain, H.M. army.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt; (1944, 430) His daughter Lavender was married to John Everett, and Diane was married to Elwyn Villiers Rhys. What was settled land totalled £168,975 and went to William Adam de Geijer, retired captain, H.M. army, and George Lawrence Stewart, solicitor.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt; (1944, 430)

The Sloane-Stanleys descend from Hans Sloane (1660–1753), whose 71,000-item collections &quot;provid[ed] the foundation of the British Museum, the British Library, and the Natural History Museum, London.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2025-01-07|title=Hans Sloane|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane|journal=Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane|language=en|via=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Much of this Hans Sloane's wealth came from his medical practice in Jamaica, where he went as physician to the Governor General of Jamaica, the 2nd Duke of Albemarle, and where he married &quot;a wealthy heiress of sugar plantations&quot; worked by enslaved Jamaicans.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot; /&gt; His great-nephew, Hans Sloane, inherited Paultons, near Romsey, &quot;and in recognition of this he adopted the additional surname of Stanley in 1821.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-10-06|title=Hans Sloane (MP)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane_(MP)|journal=Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane_(MP)|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Acquaintances, Friends and Enemies ==

=== Algernon Bourke ===

* Best man at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Wedding of Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Sloane Stanley|his wedding]]: the Hon. Michael Sandys
* [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Marcus Henry Milner]], &quot;one of the zealous assistants of that well-known firm of stockbrokers, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;&quot;Metropolitan Notes.&quot; ''Nottingham Evening Post'' 31 July 1888, Tuesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 2a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/18880731/025/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Caroline, Duchess of Montrose — her &quot;legal advisor&quot; on the day of her marriage to Marcus Henry Milner&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Metropolitan Notes.&quot; ''Nottingham Evening Post'' 31 July 1888, Tuesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 1b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/18880731/025/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Wilfred Scawen Blunt
* Alexander Meyrick Broadley&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot;&gt;Broadley, Alexander Meyrick. ''How We Defended Arábi and His Friends, a Story of Egypt and the Egyptians''. London: Chapman and Hall, 1884. Google Books: [https://www.google.com/books/edition/How_We_Defended_Ar%C3%A1bi_and_His_Friends/75YRzFDvaO4C?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;bsq=Bourke https://www.google.com/books/edition/How_We_Defended_Ar%C3%A1bi_and_His_Friends/75YRzFDvaO4C].&lt;/ref&gt; (2) [Blunt, Broadley and Bourke were mutual friends; Blunt and Bourke were cousins.]
* &quot;Natty Rothschild,&quot; according to Blunt
* Brett, who was Hartington's secretary in the early 80s.&lt;ref&gt;Blunt, Wilfred Scawen. ''Gordon at Khartoum, Being a Personal Narrative of Events in Continuation of &quot;A Secret History of the English Occupation of Egypt''.&quot; London: Stephen Swift, 1911.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Guendoline Bourke ===

* Bridesmaids at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Wedding of Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Sloane Stanley|her wedding]]: Lady Florence Bourke, Miss Nora Bourke, Miss Edwards, and Miss Ewart
* Lord and Lady Alington, Belvedere House, Scarborough
* [[Social Victorians/People/William James|Evelyn James]] 

== Organizations ==

=== Guendoline Bourke ===

* Member, the Ladies Committee for the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Skating Club|Prince's Skating Club]], which also included [[Social Victorians/People/Princess Louise|Princess Louise]] (Duchess of Argyll), the [[Social Victorians/People/Portland|Duchess of Portland]], [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Lady Londonderry]], [[Social Victorians/People/Campbell|Lady Archibald Campbell]], [[Social Victorians/People/Ribblesdale|Lady Ribblesdale]], and [[Social Victorians/People/Asquith|Mrs. Asquith]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;&quot;What the 'World' Says.&quot; ''Northwich Guardian'' 01 November 1902, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Col. 8a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001975/19021101/134/0006. Print title: The ''Guardian'', p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt; (in 1902, at least)

=== Algernon Bourke ===
* [[Social Victorians/Schools#Eton|Eton]]
* Cambridge University, Trinity College, 1873, Michaelmas term&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;Cambridge University Alumni, 1261–1900. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Conservative Party
* 1879: Appointed a Poor Law Inspector in Ireland, Relief of Distress Act
* 1881: Partner, with 2 uncles, in Brunton, Bourke, and Co.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From Our London Correspondent.&quot; ''Manchester Courier'' 24 August 1881, Wednesday: 5 [of 8], Col. 4a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000206/18810824/030/0005. Print: ''Manchester Courier and Lancaster General Advertiser'', p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt; (one of the [[Social Victorians/British Aristocracy#Sons of Peers on the Stock Exchange|sons of peers on the Stock Exchange]])
* 1885: Office of the 7th Surrey Rifles Regiment&lt;ref&gt;&quot;7th Surrey Rifles.&quot; ''South London Press'' 08 August 1885, Saturday: 12 [of 16], Col. 4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18850808/165/0012. Print p. 12.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1886: Battersea Friendly Angling Society&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Battersea Friendly Angling Society.&quot; ''Fishing Gazette'' 17 April 1886, Saturday: 6 [of 20], Col. 2a [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002553/18860417/030/0006. Same print title, p. 218.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 27 February 1886: one of the Vice Presidents of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Bolingbroke Reading-Room and Institute|Bolingbroke Reading-Room and Institute]]
* Special Correspondent of The ''Times'' for the Zulu War, accompanying Lord Chelmsford
* Head, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys, &quot;that well-known firm of stockbrokers&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; ( – 1901 [at least])
* White's gentleman's club, St. James's,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-10-09|title=White's|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White's|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%27s.&lt;/ref&gt; Manager (1897)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Side Lights on Drinking.&quot; ''Waterford Standard'' 28 April 1897, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001678/18970428/053/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Willis's Rooms (described in 1895):&lt;blockquote&gt;... the Hon. Algernon Burke [sic], son of the 6th Earl of Mayo, has turned the place into a smart restaurant where choice dinners are served and eaten while a stringed band discourses music. Willis's Rooms are now the favourite dining place for ladies who have no club of their own, or for gentlemen who are debarred by rules from inviting ladies to one of their own clubs. The same gentleman runs a hotel in Brighton, and has promoted several clubs. He has a special faculty for organising places of the kind, without which such projects end in failure.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lenten Dullness.&quot; ''Cheltenham Looker-On'' 23 March 1895, Saturday: 11 [of 24], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000226/18950323/004/0011. Print p. 275.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
*The [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Pelican|Pelican Club]], known for its boxing (1891)

==== Boards of Directors ====
*1883: One of the directors, the Franco-English Tunisian Esparto Fibre Supply Company, Ltd.&lt;ref&gt;''Money Market Review'', 20 Jan 1883 (Vol 46): 124.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1891: One of the founders, the Discount Banking Company, Ltd., which says Algernon Bourke is a director of District Messenger Services and News Company, Ltd.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Public Company.&quot; ''Nottingham Journal'' 31 October 1891, Saturday: 4 [of 8], Col. 8a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001896/18911031/099/0004. Print title: ''The Nottingham Daily Express'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1894: One of the directors, the Frozen Lake, Ltd., with Admiral Maxse, Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Marcus Beresford]], [[Social Victorians/People/Williams|Hwfa Williams]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Frozen Lake, Limited.&quot; ''St James's Gazette'' 08 June 1894, Friday: 15 [of 16], Col. 4a [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001485/18940608/085/0015. Print p. 15.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;London is to have new amusement this winter, for which Mr Algernon Bourke, who has taught us that it is possible to eat as well in St. James’s as on the Boulevards, and Mr Hwfa Williams, of Sandown fame, are jointly responsible. The &quot;Frozen Lake,&quot; under which title a real ice-skating rink is about to be constructed under their auspices, will no doubt be gladly welcomed by all skaters, and the venture is likely to prove a success.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip.&quot; ''Weston-super-Mare Gazette, and General Advertiser'' 6 June 1894, Wednesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 4b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001444/18940606/044/0004. Print title: ''Weston-super-Mare Gazette'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== Committees ====

*Member, General Committee, [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Baths|the Baths Club]] (1892)
*Member, Men's Committee of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Skating Club|Prince's Skating Club]], which also included Lord Edward Cecil, Lord Redesdale, Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Lyttelton|Alfred Lyttelton]], Sir Edgar Vincent, Sir William Hart Dyke, and Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Grenfell|W. H. Grenfell]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; (1902, at least)
*[[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#25 March 1896, Wednesday|The Sala Memorial Fund]], member of the committee (from 25 March 1896)
* Member of an &quot;influential committee&quot; headed by the Lord Mayor &quot;to restore salmon to the Thames&quot; (June 1899)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Salmon in the Thames.&quot; ''Berks and Oxon Advertiser'' 30 June 1899, Friday: 5 [of 8], Col. 4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002298/18990630/079/0005. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Timeline ==

=== 1870s ===
'''1872 February 8''', Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo was assassinated while inspecting a &quot;convict settlement at Port Blair in the Andaman Islands ... by Sher Ali Afridi, a former Afghan soldier.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-12-01|title=Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo.&lt;/ref&gt; The Hon. Algernon's brother Dermot became the 7th Earl at 19 years old.

'''1876 November 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was one of 6 men (2 students, one of whom was Bourke; 2 doctors; a tutor and another man) from Cambridge who gave evidence as witnesses in an inquest about the death of a student falling off a horse.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Fatal Accident to a Sheffield Student at Cambridge.&quot; ''Sheffield Independent'' 25 November 1876, Saturday: 7 [of 12], Col. 5a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000181/18761125/040/0007. Print title: ''Sheffield and Rotherham Independent'', n. p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1879 December 27, Saturday – 29, Monday''', Algernon Bourke was in Kilrush as a Local Government Board Inspector:&lt;blockquote&gt;Among many distinguished visitors at the Vandeleur Arms Hotel, Kilrush this week was the Hon. Algernon Bourke Local Government Board Inspector who arrived on Saturday, and sojourned there until 2 o'clock on Monday, when the honourable gentleman left by Steamer tor Limerick.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Fashionable Intelligence.&quot; ''Kilrush Herald and Kilkee Gazette'' 01 January 1880, Thursday: 2 [of 5], Col. 3a [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003186/18800101/011/0002. Print title ''Kilrush Herald'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 1880s ===
'''4 February 1880, Wednesday''', Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880#Grand Ball at Palmerstown House Hosted by the Earl of Mayo|grand ball at Palmerstown House hosted by the Earl of Mayo]]. 

'''1880 March 30, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was working in the judicial system in Newcastle, County Limerick, possibly as Poorhouse Inspector:&lt;blockquote&gt;A sworn enquiry was held to-day at the Workhorse, Newcastle West, by the Hon Algernon Bourke, L.G.I., to enquire into charges preferred by Dr. Pierce, Medical Office, against Dr. O'Shaughnesay. The enquiry was adjourned till Thursday next. Mr Moran, sol., Rathkeale, was engaged for Dr. O'Shaughnessy.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Sworn Enquiry.&quot; &quot;Limerick County. Newcastle West Intelligence.&quot; ''Bassett's Chronicle'' 31 March 1880, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 3b–c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003471/18800331/044/0003.  Print title ''Bassett's Daily Chronicle'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1880 April 17, Saturday''', in-jokes dominate this report mentioning Algernon Bourke in the context of the Kildare and National Hunt races in Dublin:&lt;blockquote&gt;And in mopy Upper Mount-street, where young Algernon Bourke, of the Onety-oneth, had promised to call for, and afterwards spin down to the races in his mail phaeton, the Blake girls; and in fastidious Fitzwilliam-place, and exclusive &quot;Murryan-squeer,&quot; from which dashing army men, in their neatly-appointed, well horsed drags were to &quot;tool&quot; down sweet young Dublin lasses of the ''crême d la crême'' [sic], many an anxious forecasting of the weather was taken, lest by an unpropitious shower that last triumph of Mrs. Manning, or the Forrests, or Miss Sedford, or any of the ''grandes dames de la mode'' should be rendered as worthless as a Confederate &quot;greenback.&quot; But by ten o'clock all doubts were happily set aside, and up struck the lovely April day in all its spring-time glory and then the road, oh, the road!&lt;ref&gt;&quot;To Punchestown and Back by the Old Road.&quot; ''Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News'' 17 April 1880, Saturday: 6 [of 24], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001857/18800417/013/0006. Same print title, p. 102.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1881 May 10, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#1881 May 10, Tuesday|wedding of Marion Lascelles, eldest daughter of the Hon. Egremont W. Lascelles, brother of the Earl of Harewood, and Lieutenant Henry Dent Brocklehurst, of the Second Life Guards, nephew of Mr. Philip Brocklehurst, of Swithamley Park, Macclesfield]]. His gift was an &quot;old enamelled watch set in pearls.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Nuptial Rejoicings at Middlethorpe Manor. Marriage of Miss Lascelles and Lieut. Brocklehurst.&quot; ''Yorkshire Gazette'' 14 May 1881, Saturday: 9 [of 12], Cols. 3a–4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive''https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000266/18810514/057/0009. Print same title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1881 May 23, Monday, 2:00 p.m.''', Algernon Bourke is listed among the Honourables at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace|Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace]].

'''1881 July 14, Thursday afternoon, beginning about 2 p.m.''', Algernon Bourke was invited to a Garden Party at Marlborough House hosted by [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]]. Members of the family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] were also among the 1,500 or so invited guests.

'''1881 July 22, Friday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to an [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#22 July 1881, Friday|evening party at Marlborough House hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales]].

'''1881 September 17, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was reported among the company at Doncaster during race week.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;List of the Company.&quot; ''York Herald'' 17 September 1881, Saturday: 8 [of 16], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000499/18810917/183/0008. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1881 November 22, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was sued in Dublin by Henry Naylor because he &quot;had declined to pay&quot; for a £35 piano.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Henry Naylor v. the Hon. Algernon Bourke.&quot; &quot;Exchequer Division.&quot; &quot;High Court of Justice.&quot; ''Belfast Morning News'' 23 November 1881, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 8a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000428/18811123/015/0003. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1881 December 8, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke was part of a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#Battue at Palmerstown|battue at Palmerstown]], when the group bagged 172 pheasants, hares and rabbits.

'''1882 March 7, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882#7 March 1882, Tuesday|fashionable wedding of Reginald Chandos-Pole and Violet Denison]].

'''1882 March 15, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882#The Marchioness of Salisbury's Assembly|the Marchioness of Salisbury's first reception of the season]].

'''1882 July 13, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to the [[Social Victorians/1882-07-13 Marlborough House Garden Party|Garden Party at Marlborough House for Queen Victoria]] hosted by [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]]. The more than 1,000 people invited also included a number of people from the family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]].

'''1882 September 19''', Alexander M. Broadley in Tunis received a letter from Algernon Bourke asking him to provide legal counsel to defend prisoner-of war Arábi in Egypt, with Wilfred Scawen Blunt, which he did.&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot; /&gt; (2)

'''1882 September 28, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882#The Wedding of John M'Donald and Georgiana Lambart|wedding of John M'Donald and Georgiana Lambart]].

'''1883 March 21, Wednesday''', the Evening Irish Times announced that Algernon Bourke &quot;has arrived at Kingstown from England.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Fashion.&quot; ''Evening Irish Times'' 21 March 1883, Wednesday: 7 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003464/18830321/086/0007. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''23 July 1883, Monday, noon''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1883#Garden Party at Marlborough House, at Noon|garden party at Marlborough House]] hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales.

'''31 October 1883, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the wedding of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1883#Wedding of Lady Cecelia Hay and Captain George Webbe|Lady Cecelia Hay and Captain George Webbe]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 February 16, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#16 February 1884, Saturday|the funeral of Thomas Chenery, editor of the ''Times'']].&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 April 4, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was (may have been?) one of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#5 April 1884, Saturday|&quot;Supporters of the Pall&quot; at the funeral]] of [[Social Victorians/People/Leopold|Prince Leopold George Duncan Albert, Duke of Albany]] at St. George's, Windsor.&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 April 26, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#26 April 1884, Saturday|dinner party at the Lord Mayor's Mansion House for conservatives to meet Sir Stafford Northcote]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 May 3, Saturday''', the &quot;Rochester Conservatives&quot; announced that they would &quot;bring forward the Hon. Algernon Bourke, brother of Lord Mayo, as their second candidate,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Election Intelligence.&quot; ''Yorkshire Gazette'' 03 May 1884, Saturday: 4 [of 12], Col. 6a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000266/18840503/011/0004.&lt;/ref&gt; but because he would not be the first candidate, Bourke declined.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rochester.&quot; London ''Daily Chronicle'' 09 May 1884, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 8b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005049/18840509/049/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 June 18, Wednesday''', Mr. Algernon Bourke was on a committee to watch a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#18 June 1884, Wednesday|Mr. Bishop's &quot;thought-reading&quot; experiment]], which was based on a challenge by Henry Labourchere made the year before. This &quot;experiment&quot; took place before a fashionable audience.&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 July 25, Friday, afternoon''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#Garden Party at Marlborough House hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales|Garden Party at Marlborough House hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1885 January 22, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke's gift to [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#Wedding of George Buckle and Alicia Payn|George Buckle and Alicia Payn for their wedding]] was an antique cabinet.&lt;p&gt;

'''1885 July 7, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#7 July 1885, Tuesday|Eva Bourke's wedding to Windham Wyndham-Quin]] at St. Mary Abbots, Kensington.&lt;p&gt;

'''1885 July 13, Monday''', Algernon Bouurke was at Victoria Station as part of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#Arrival of Lord Wolseley in London from Egypt|crowd greeting Lord Wolseley on his return from Egypt]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1885 July 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/1885-07-24 Marlborough House Ball|ball at Marlborough House]] hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales.&lt;p&gt;

'''1885 September 26, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke took part in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#26 September 1885, Saturday|Ealing Conservative Club fete and meeting]] supporting Salisbury's government and condemning &quot;the dictates of one man&quot; — Gladstone — for Gordon's death.&lt;p&gt;

'''1885 October 3, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was named as the Conservative candidate for Clapham in the Battersea and Clapham borough after the Redistribution Bill determined the electoral districts for South London.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;South London Candidates.&quot; ''South London Press'' 03 October 1885, Saturday: 9 [of 16], Col. 5b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18851003/096/0009. Print p. 9.&lt;/ref&gt; On Sunday 15 November 1885 the London ''Weekly Dispatch'' supported Moulton, the Liberal candidate, who ultimately won the election:&lt;blockquote&gt;

Though a successful lawyer, Mr. Moulton is much more than that. He is a thorough and independent student of political science, who may be trusted to do good service to the Liberal cause with brain as well as with tongue. It will be matter for hearty congratulation if he defeats the Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke, who is a dashing and unscrupulous young Tory, and a nephew of the well-known politician with the same surname.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Political Campaign in London. VI. — The South-West Divisions.&quot; ''Weekly Dispatch'' (London) 15 November 1885, Sunday: 9 [of 16], Col. 3c [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003358/18851115/069/0009. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

On Saturday 21 November 1885 the ''South London Press'' reported on posters for Bourke's candidacy:&lt;blockquote&gt;

The Hon. Algernon Bourke, Conservative candidate for Clapham, has a very industrious billsticker, who pastes up his patron’s bills in every possible place where they can be seen to advantage. It is unfortunate, however, that choosing the flank wall of an auctioneer’s the modern &quot;Sam Slap&quot; has produced some curious combinations, such as — &quot;Vote for Bourke,&quot; &quot;Now on View;&quot; &quot;Electors of Clapham, Vote for Mr. Bourke, and&quot; &quot;Be Sold Without Reserve;&quot; &quot;Mr, Bourke will&quot; &quot;Advance Money to&quot; &quot;the Electors of Clapham;&quot; &quot;Great Conservative Meeting. The British Constitution will be&quot; &quot;Offered for Sale this Evening,&quot; &amp;c.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pick-up Notes.&quot; ''South London Press'' 21 November 1885, Saturday: 10 [of 16], Col. 1b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18851121/155/0010. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1885 November 3, Tuesday, 11:00 a.m.''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Mayo-Ponsonby Wedding 1885-11-03|wedding of his brother, Dermot, 7th  Earl of Mayo and Geraldine Ponsonby]]. He gave them 2 Sheraton secretaires.

'''1886 January 5, Tuesday, late''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Twelfth Night|Twelfth Night celebration at the Drury Lane theatre]].

'''1886 March 13, Saturday evening''', an Hon. Mr. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/1886-03-13 Reception at the French Embassy|reception at the French Embassy]], possibly Algernon Bourke or possibly [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|one of his brothers]].

'''1886 July 10, Saturday''', Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Garden Party at Marlborough House Given to the Queen|garden party at Marlborough House given to the Queen]]. Guendoline Sloane Stanley is not mentioned but Mr. and Mrs. Hans Sloane Stanley are, as are Mr. and Mrs. F. Sloane Stanley.&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 July 21, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to the [[Social Victorians/1886-07-21 Marlborough House Ball|Ball at Marlborough House]], as were a [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#The Sloane-Stanleys 2|Mr. and Mrs. F. Sloane-Stanley]], possibly the parents of Guendoline Sloane-Stanley (if the &quot;F&quot; is a mistake), who married Bourke on 15 December 1887. Guendoline is not mentioned as having been invited.&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 July 27, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended a service honoring a memorial at St. Paul's for his father, who had been assassinated.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Memorial to the Late Earl of Mayo.&quot; ''Northern Whig'' 28 July 1886, Wednesday: 6 [of 8], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000434/18860728/143/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 September 2, Thursday''', Mr. Algernon Bourke was part of a group of mostly aristocratic men taking part in [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Augustus Harris's A Run of Luck|a &quot;trial-rehearsal&quot; as part of Augustus Harris's production]] ''A Run of Luck'', about sports.&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 October 2, Saturday''', the Duke of Beaufort and the Hon. Algernon Bourke arrived in Yougal: &quot;His grace has taken a residence at Lismore for a few weeks, to enjoy some salmon fishing on the Blackwater before the close of the season.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Chippenham.&quot; ''Wilts and Gloucestershire Standard'' 02 October 1886, Saturday: 8 [of 8], Col. 6a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001955/18861002/142/0008. Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 October 11, Monday''', Algernon Bourke may have been taking part in a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Performance of Run of Luck|performance of ''Run of Luck'' at the Drury Lane]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 October 23, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Party at Wemyss Castle, Fife|staying at Wemyss Castle, Fife]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 December 30, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke was back in London and attending the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Augustus Harris's The Forty Thieves|&quot;Forty Thieves&quot; pantomime at the Drury Lane Theatre]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1887 January 5, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was one of the chief mourners at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Funeral of Lady Margaret Harriett Bourke|funeral of Lady Margaret Harriett Bourke]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1887 March 1, 2:00 p.m.''', Algernon Bourke is listed among the Messieurs attending the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace|Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1887 May''', a &quot;signalling incident&quot; in 1907 [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#May 1887|caused the Waterford ''Evening News'' to recall a similar event]] that had occurred 20 years earlier, in which Algernon Bourke, as special correspondent for the ''Times'', caused the incident to be publicized:&lt;blockquote&gt;During the manoeuvres in connection with the 1887 Jubilee of Queen Victoria a signal was observed going up from [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles [Beresford]]]'s ship. It was a message to his wife, Lady Beresford, to the effect that, as he should be late for dinner, she was not to wait. Beyond the hilarity this domestic signal evoked, nothing more would have been heard of it, but Mr. Algernon Bourke (Lord Mayo's brother) was acting as special correspondent for the &quot;Times,&quot; and that paper the next morning contained a full and humorous report of the incident. Then there was trouble.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Signalling Incident.&quot; ''Evening News'' (Waterford) 13 November 1907, Wednesday: 1 [of 4], Col. 6c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004557/19071113/021/0001.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1887 June 15, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians Foreign Office Reception 1887-06-15|reception at the Foreign Office in honor of Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee]].

'''1887 July 6, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to and, presumably, attended the State Ball at Buckingham Palace.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The State Ball at Buckingham Palace.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 08 July 1887, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 5a–6c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18870708/013/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 1c)

'''1887 August 6, Saturday''', the ''Brighton Gazette'' says that the &quot;Hon. Mrs and Mr Algernon Bourke&quot; were staying at the Royal Crescent Hotel in Brighton, but they didn't marry until 15 December 1887.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Royal Crescent Hotel.&quot; ''Brighton Gazette'' 6 August 1887, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 5c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000938/18870806/047/0003. Print title ''Brighton Gazette and Sussex Telegraph'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt; Perhaps an elder relative, because she is mentioned first?

'''1887 November 9, Wednesday''', the ''Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper'' announced that&lt;blockquote&gt;A marriage is arranged, and will take place early in January, between Mr. Algernon Bourke, third son of the late Earl of Mayo, and Miss Guendolen Sloane Stanley, only daughter of Mr. Hans Sloane Stanley, of Paultons.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Romsey, Nov. 9.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 9 November 1887, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18871109/034/0003. Print title ''Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Shortly after, the papers announced that the wedding would not take place.

'''1887 December 15, Thursday''', Hon. [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Wedding of Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Sloane Stanley|Algernon Bourke and Guendoline Stanley were married at St. Paul's]], Knightsbridge, by Bourke's uncle the Hon. and Rev. George Bourke. Only family members attended because of &quot;the recent death of a near relative of the bride.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court Circular.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 16 December 1887, Friday: 5 [of 8], Col. 7c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18871216/066/0005.&lt;/ref&gt; Who the &quot;near relative of the bride&quot; was not in her nuclear family, and perhaps that explains the cancellation of the wedding and then the changing of the wedding date and not some problem in the couple.

'''1888 – 1899 January 1''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was &quot;proprietor&quot; of [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#White's|White's Club, St. James's Street]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;&quot;The Hon. Algernon Bourke's Affairs.&quot; ''Eastern Morning News'' 19 October 1899, Thursday: 6 [of 8], Col. 7c [of7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001152/18991019/139/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1888 January 21, Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the wedding of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#Hamilton-Ewart Wedding|Florence Ewart and Henry Hamilton]].

'''1888 March 7, Wednesday''', assuming that this date is not a week after the actual date, [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lady Charles Beresford]] held a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#1888 March 7, Wednesday|notable and well-attended &quot;at home&quot;]] that Guendoline Bourke attended, reported for being dressed in white and being among the beautiful women present.

'''6 April 1888, Friday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#6 April 1888, Friday|New Forest United Hunt ball at the New Forest Hall, Lyndhurst]].

'''1888 May 2, Wednesday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#The Marchioness of Salisbury's Reception|Marchioness of Salisbury's reception]] at the Salisbury home on Arlington-street.

'''1888 May 22, Tuesday''', the Dowager Countess of Mayo presented Guendoline Bourke at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#Queen's Drawing Room|Queen's drawing-room]] hosted by the Princess of Wales. This is Guendoline Bourke's dress:&lt;blockquote&gt;Empire robe de cour of white satin duchesse, lined with rich pink silk, sufficiently bright to give a beautiful shell-like tint through the satin; tulle underdress, with upper skirt, embroidered with pearl, and caught up in Greek folds with large pink Tosca roses; white satin bodice, with Josephine pink sash tied at side, Headdress, veil and plumes; ornaments, diamonds.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Dresses at the Drawing-Room.&quot; ''Epsom Journal'' 22 May 1888, Tuesday: 3 [of 6], Col. 5b–c [of 6]. ''British Newspapers Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004837/18880522/034/0003. Print: title ''Local Journal'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Another description:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke's train was of white satin lined with pink, which showed through with charmingly shell-like effect. The dress, fashioned after those of the Empire period, was of white satin embroidered with pearls. A very broad sash of pink satin made the waist seem quaintly short, a trying thing to any but the young and tall, both of which qualifications Mrs. Bourke most happily possesses. She carried a lovely posy of La France roses.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Gossip on Dress.&quot; ''Boston Spa News'' 25 May 1888, Friday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1b–2b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003395/18880525/014/0002. Print title The News, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 1c)&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1888 June 8, Friday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#Dinner and Dance Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne at Hamilton House|dinner and dance Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne at Hamilton House]] featuring Prince and Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein, and for the ball, the King of Sweden and Norway and the Prince and Princess of Wales and their daughters were present.

'''1888 June 19, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke was one of the principal guests at the wedding of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#19 June 1888, Tuesday|Captain Philip Green and Miss Mabel Emilie Scott]].

'''1888 July 26''', [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Caroline Graham Stirling-Crawford]] (known as Mr. Manton for her horse-breeding and -racing operations) and Marcus Henry Milner married.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;&quot;Hon. Caroline Agnes Horsley-Beresford.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://thepeerage.com/p6863.htm#i68622|title=Person Page|website=thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the ''Nottingham Evening Post'' of 31 July 1888,&lt;blockquote&gt;LONDON GOSSIP.

(From the ''World''.)

The marriage of &quot;Mr. Manton&quot; was the surprise as well the sensation of last week. Although some wise people noticed a certain amount of youthful ardour in the attentions paid by Mr. Marcus Henry Milner to Caroline Duchess of Montrose at '''Mrs. Oppenheim's ball''', nobody was prepared for the sudden ''dénouement''; '''and it''' were not for the accidental and unseen presence [[Social Victorians/People/Mildmay|a well-known musical amateur]] who had received permission to practice on the organ, the ceremony performed at half-past nine on Thursday morning at St. Andrew's, Fulham, by the Rev. Mr. Propert, would possibly have remained a secret for some time to come. Although the evergreen Duchess attains this year the limit of age prescribed the Psalmist, the bridegroom was only born in 1864. Mr. &quot;Harry&quot; Milner (familiarly known in the City as &quot;Millions&quot;) was one of the zealous assistants of that well-known firm of stockbrokers, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys, and Mr. Algernon Bourke, the head of the house (who, of course, takes a fatherly interest in the match) went down to Fulham to give away the Duchess. The ceremony was followed by a ''partie carrée'' luncheon at the Bristol, and the honeymoon began with a visit to the Jockey Club box at Sandown. Mr. Milner and the Duchess of Montrose have now gone to Newmarket. The marriage causes a curious reshuffling of the cards of affinity. Mr. Milner is now the stepfather of the [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Duke of Montrose]], his senior by twelve years; he is also the father-in-law of [[Social Victorians/People/Lady Violet Greville|Lord Greville]], Mr. Murray of Polnaise, and [[Social Victorians/People/Breadalbane|Lord Breadalbane]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1888 December 1st week''', according to &quot;Society Gossip&quot; from the ''World'', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was suffering from malaria, presumably which he caught when he was in South Africa:&lt;blockquote&gt;I am sorry to hear that Mr. Algernon Bourke, who married Miss Sloane-Stanley a short time ago, has been very dangerously ill. Certain complications followed an attack of malarian fever, and last week his mother, the Dowager Lady Mayo, and his brother, Lord Mayo, were hastily summoned to Brighton. Since then a change for the better has taken place, and he is now out of danger.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip. What the ''World'' Says.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 08 December 1888, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18881208/037/0002. Print title: ''The Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper''; print p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1888 December 20, Thursday''', the Sloane-Stanley family, including Guendoline Bourke, attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#20 December 1888, Thursday|funeral of Hans Sloane Stanley]]. Algernon Bourke did not attend because he was still too ill.

'''1889 January 22, 2:30 p.m., Tuesday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke sent a gift for the [[Social Victorians/Cecil Lambton Wedding 1889 January 22|wedding of Lady Eleanor Lambton and Lord Robert]] Cecil, a pair of antique mirrors.

'''1889 May 18, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#18 May 1889, Saturday|opening of the Italian Opera season at Covent Garden]].

'''1889 May 27, Monday, 11 p.m.''', the dancing commenced at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#The Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace|the Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace]], with both the Hon. Algernon and the Hon. Guendoline Bourke present.

'''1889 June 8, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke contributed some art he owned to the collection of the Royal Institute of Painters in Water-Colours' [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#8 June 1889, Saturday|exhibition of &quot;the works of the 'English Humourists in Art.'&quot;]]

'''1889 July 2, Tuesday''', Guendoline and Algernon Bourke sat in the Muriettas' box at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#The Shah at a Covent Garden Opera Performance|gala performance at Covent Garden also attended by the Prince and Princess of Wales, a number of other royals and the Shah]].

'''1889 27 July, Saturday''', Guendoline and Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#Garden Party Hosted by Mr. and Mrs. Augustus Harris|garden party hosted by Mr. and Mrs. Augustus Harris]], which was attended by a people from the theatre and arts worlds.

'''1889 August 15''', Thursday, because of mourning on both sides, only the closest friends and family were invited to the [[Social Victorians/Pleydell-Bouverie Skelmersdale Wedding|wedding of Lady Wilma Pleydell-Bouverie and Lord Skelmersdale]], so she may not have attended, but the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave the bride a miniature silver kettle.&lt;p&gt;

'''1889 December 2, Monday''', Guendoline Bourk's mother, Emilie Sloane-Stanley, married James Shelly Bontein:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

BONTEIN—STANLEY — December 2, at St. George's, Hanover Square, London, by the Rev. G. S. de Sansmarez, James Shelly, only son of the late James Bontein, Gentleman Usher and Clerk of the Robes to the Queen, to Emilie Josephine, widow of Hans Sloane Stanley, of Paultons.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1889 December 17, Tuesday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke gave a gift to [[Dangan-Neville Wedding|Lady Violet Nevill for her wedding to Henry Wellesley, Viscount Dangan]] and so were probably in attendance.

=== 1890s ===
'''1890 January 9, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#The York Hunt Ball|fancy-dress Hunt Ball in York]]. She&lt;blockquote&gt;looked a picture in a Gainsborough gown. The white satin skirt was flounced with sable and veiled with ''chiffon'', the setuage of which was left to show without being hemmed up. There was a broad sash of rose-pink silk and each buttonhole was filled round with crimped lisse.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Our London Letter.&quot; ''Irish Society'' (Dublin) 11 January 1890, Saturday: 17 [of 24], Col. 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001939/18900111/042/0017. Same print title, p. 29.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1890 February''' '''12, Wednesday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Lady Constance Leslie's Reception|Lady Constance Leslie's reception]] at her house in Stratford-place.

'''1890 April 9, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#The New Forest United Hunt Ball|the New Forest United Hunt Ball]].

'''1890 June 3, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the 2:30 p.m. [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Münster-Hay Wedding|wedding of Count Alexander Münster and Lady Muriel Henrietta Constance Hay]]. She is also listed as having attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Dinner and Concert Hosted by Mrs. Arthur Williams and Ball by Mrs. Menzies|ball hosted by Mrs. J. Menzies (daughter of Mrs. Arthur Wilson)]] that Prince Eddie, the Duke of Clarence and Avondale, also attended, that night.  

'''1890 July 4, Friday, 11 p.m.''', the Hon. Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#The Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace|the Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace]]. The dancing commenced shortly after 11:00. 

'''1890 July 15, Tuesday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke were invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Garden Party at Marlborough House to Meet the Queen|garden party at Marlborough House to meet the Queen]]. 

'''1890 July 19, Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Wedding of James Francis Harry St. Clair-Erskine and Violet Aline Vyner|wedding of James Francis Harry St. Clair-Erskine and Violet Aline Vyner]], the two of them giving &quot;four small silver dessert dishes&quot; and Guendoline giving an &quot;enamel and diamond pin.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marriage of Lord Loughborough with Miss Vyner.&quot; ''Fife Free Press'' 26 July 1890, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1a–2b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001110/18900726/015/0002. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 2b)

'''1890 July 24, Thursday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Dinner and Dance Hosted by Lord Alington|dance hosted by Lord Alington]] attended also by the Prince and Princess of Wales and Princesses Victoria and Maud.

'''1890 September 6, Saturday''', the ''Country Gentleman'' (as it was called at the time) reported that &quot;Muckross, the only deer forest in Ireland, it may be said, has this year been rented by Mr. Algernon Bourke, who will next week be joined there for the stalking season by his brother, Lord Mayo.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Shooting. Moors, Forests, and Fishings.&quot; ''Sporting Gazette'' 06 September 1890, Saturday: 11 [of 38], Col. 1c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002525/18900906/065/0011. Print: ''Country Gentleman'', p. 1251.&lt;/ref&gt; On 11 October 1890 the ''St. James's Gazette'' says,&lt;blockquote&gt;The Earl of Durham has been staying at Muchross, county Kerry, on a visit to the Hon. A. Bourke, who has rented the celebrated shootings and fishings on that estate for the autumn.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Society.&quot; ''St James's Gazette'' 11 October 1890, Saturday: 12 [of 16], Col. 1b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001485/18901011/064/0012. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1890 October 25, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke gave a gold-mounted box to [[Social Victorians/Loder De Vere Beauclerk Wedding|Lady Louise De Vere Beauclerk on her wedding to Gerald Loder, M.P.]], so they were probably present at the wedding, or at least the reception. Mrs. Bontein [sic Bontine], Guendoline's mother, gave a silver box, suggesting the relationship was through the women.

'''1890 November 29, 11:30 Saturday morning''', Algernon Bourke's gift for the [[Social Victorians/Dudley-Beckwith Wedding 1890-11-29|wedding of the Hon. Francis Dudley and Miss Forbes Beckwith]] was some cases of a Bordeaux wine: &quot;three dozen Cantenac, 1875 vintage.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marriage of Lord Leigh's Heir. Descriptive Sketch of the Ceremony, and Full List of Guests and Presents.&quot; ''Leamington Spa Courier'' 6 December 1890, Saturday: 6 [of 10], Cols. 1a–4a. ''British Newspaper Archive''  https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000319/18901206/021/0006. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 3b}} Guendoline Bourke is not listed as having been invited to the reception, but this list from the ''Leamington Spa Courier'' has some gaps.

'''1890 December 4, Thursday''', Guendoline and Algernon Bourke attended the [[Mure-Portal Wedding 1890-12-04|wedding of Miss Mure and Mr. S. J. Portal]]. Their gift is not recorded.

'''1891 January''', Algernon Bourke took party in a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Shooting Party in Kallarnet, Totton|shooting party in Kallarnet, Totton]].

'''1891 June 24, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Dinner and Ball Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne|dinner and ball Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne]] featuring Princess Mary Adelaide, the Duke of Teck, and Princess Victoria.

'''1891 July 9, Thursday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were invited to a [[Social Victorians/1891-07-09 Garden Party|large Garden Party at Marlborough House]] hosted by the [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]] in honor of Queen Victoria and the German Emperor and Empress. The more than 3,000 people invited also included a number of people from the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|family of the Earl of Mayo]].

'''1891 July 22, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Dinner and Dance at Alington House|dance at the Earl and Countess Alington]]'s that also included the Prince and Princess of Wales.

'''1891 October 22, Thursday''', Hon. and Mrs. Bourke attended at least the reception of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Le Strange Astley Wedding|Le Strange—Astley Wedding]], although perhaps the couple is not the Algernon Bourkes.

'''1891 November 22, Sunday''', the London ''Weekly Dispatch'' reports a performance by American &quot;Lady Magnet&quot; Mrs. Abbott, who claimed to be able to lift anybody using only her magnetic properties. An enthusiastic &quot;committee of some fifteen gentlemen presented a written and signed testimonial&quot; supporting Mrs. Abbott, &quot;the Hon. Algernon Bourke, Professor Atkinson, Dr. Hides, and three other doctors who prefer to remain incog., being among the signatories. All the medical gentlemen concerned assured the ''Evening News and Post'' reporter of their complete and unconditional surrender. One of them went so far as to say that he had come with the full determination of disbelieving, but had been quite able to act up to his resolve.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Lady Magnet. Draws Crowds of People Who Divide in Opinion about Her.&quot; ''Weekly Dispatch'' (London) 22 November 1891, Sunday: 16 [of 16], Cols. 3a–4b [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003358/18911122/203/0016. Print: same title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1892''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke privately published his ''The History of White's'', the exclusive gentleman's club.

'''1892 January 27, Saturday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the very fashionable [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892#The Wedding of Lord Henry Cavendish Bentinck, M.P., and Lady Olivia Taylour|wedding of Lord Henry Cavendish Bentinck, M.P., and Lady Olivia Taylour]]. Their gift was not noted in the list.

'''1892 February''' '''10, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1892-02-10 Alington Leigh Wedding|very fashionable wedding of Henry, Lord Alington and Evelyn Henriette Leigh]] [[Social Victorians/1892-02-10 Alington Leigh Wedding|in St. Paul's, Knightsbridge]]

'''1892 April''' '''10, Wednesday, about 2:30 p.m.''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/1892-02-10 Alington Leigh Wedding|the very fashionable wedding between Henry Sturt, Lord Alington and Evelyn Leigh]]. Her gift was a &quot;tortoiseshell and gold heart-shaped tray.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;&quot;Lord Alington to Miss Leigh.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 20 February 1892, Saturday: 21 [of 46], Cols. 1a–3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18920220/092/0021. Same print title, p. 237.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 3a) 

'''1892 June 25, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird&quot; says &quot;That pretty Mrs. Algernon Bourke has been staying here, but returned to England in time for Ascot.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Little Bird, The. &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 25 June 1892, Saturday: 32 [of 60], Col. 3b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18920625/157/0032. Same print title, p. 860.&lt;/ref&gt; 

'''1892 December 13, Tuesday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' says Guendoline Bourke is lovely in its coverage of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892#Wedding of Miss Eleanor M. Ewart and Captain Guy Withington|Eleanor M. Ewart and Captain Guy Withington's wedding]]. 

'''1892 December 22, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892#22 December 1892, Thursday|monthly meeting of the Zoological Society in Hanover-square]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 February 11, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke opened Willis's Restaurant:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Algernon Bourke has in his time done many things, and has generally done them well. His recently published history of White's Club is now a standard work. White's Club itself was a few years ago in its agony when Mr. Bourke stepped in and gave it a renewed lease of life. Under Mr. Bourke's auspices &quot;Willis's Restaurant&quot; opened its doors to the public on Tuesday last in a portion of the premises formerly so well known as Willis's Rooms. This new venture is to rival the Amphitryon in the matter of cuisine and wines; but it is not, like the Amphitryon, a club, but open to the public generally. Besides the restaurant proper, there are several ''cabinets particuliers'', and these are decorated with the very best of taste, and contain some fine portraits of the Georges.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marmaduke.&quot; &quot;Letter from the Linkman.&quot; ''Truth'' 20 April 1893, Thursday: 25 [of 56], Col. 1a [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18930420/075/0025# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18930420/075/0025]. Print p. 855.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1893 February 7, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#1893 February 7, Tuesday|the reception after Lady Emily Cadogan's wedding]].

'''1893 February 20, Monday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke is listed as having attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace|Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace]] held by the Prince of Wales; because wives generally are not listed, it seems likely Guendoline Bourke attended as well.

'''1893 February 28, Tuesday, 3:00 p.m.''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Queens Drawing Room 1893-02-28|Queen's Drawing Room at Buckingham Palace]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 March 22, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#22 March 1893, Wednesday|Lady Wimborne's reception]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 April 1, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke published a letter to the editor of the ''Times'', reprinted in the ''Kildare Observer'', arguing against Gladstone's Home Rule bill on the grounds that Ireland would not be able to take out a loan on its own behalf because of its obligations to the U.K., including what was called its share of the national debt.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Irish Unionist Alliance.&quot; ''Kildare Observer and Eastern Counties Advertiser'' 01 April 1893, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001870/18930401/062/0006. Print: The ''Kildare Observer'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 May 13, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was seen at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#13 May 1893, Saturday|exhibitions of art and furniture for sale by Christie's and on display by Lord Clifden]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 July 13, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#The Countess of Listowel's Garden Party|Countess of Listowel's Garden Party]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#The Countess of Listowel's Garden Party|at her residence, Kingston House, Princes-gate]], accompanied by Miss Adeane.&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 July 14, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Sandown Races 1893-07-14|the races at Sandown]] wearing a dark-blue-and-white outfit and black hat that got described in the newspaper.&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 August 1, Tuesday – August 4, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke, at least, was at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#1 August 1893, Tuesday – 4 August 1893, Friday|the Goodwood races]], mentioned in the ''Gentlewoman'' for her beauty, although none of the dresses were noted.&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 November 4–11, Wednesday–Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke was at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#Ralph and Mary Sneyd Hosted a Shooting Party|shooting party at Keele Hall hosted by Ralph and Mary Sneyd]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 November 30, Thursday''', with Sir Walter Gilbey the Hon. Algernon Bourke &quot;assisted&quot; in &quot;forming [a] collection&quot; of engravings by George Morland that was exhibited at Messrs. J. and W. Vokins’s, Great Portland-street.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The George Morland Exhibition at Vokins's.&quot; ''Sporting Life'' 30 November 1893, Thursday: 4 [of 4], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000893/18931130/058/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 December 14, Thursday, afternoon''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1893-12-14 Wedding Adele Grant and George, 7th Earl of Essex|wedding of American Adele Grant and George, 7th Earl of Essex]] and gave a &quot;pearl and gold box.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;&quot;Wedding of the Earl of Essex.&quot; ''Herts Advertiser'' 16 December 1893, Saturday; 8 [of 8], Col. 1a–4b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000415/18931216/125/0008. Print title: ''The Herts Advertiser and St Albans Times'', p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 3c}} Mr. and Mrs. Shelley Bontein also attended, and Mrs. Bontein gave a &quot;green leather bag and purse, with coronet and monogram in gold.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;{{rp|3b}}&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 January 27, Saturday''', Psyche in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; in the ''Gentlewoman'' reported on a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#27 January 1894, Saturday|ball hosted by Lord and Lady Dunraven at Adare Manor]] that Guendoline Bourke attended.&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 January 31, Wednesday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke, who was dressed more stylishly than most, attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Also 31 January 1894, Wednesday|Kildare Hunt Ball]] hosted by Dermot, [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] and Geraldine, Countess of Mayo.&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 February 24, Saturday''', ''The Field'' reported on a series of tennis matches; Algernon Bourke attended the one played at the Prince's Club.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Tennis.&quot; ''Field'' 24 February 1894, Saturday: 39 [of 72], Col. 1c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002446/18940224/349/0039. Print title ''The Field, The Country Gentleman's Newspaper'', p. 249.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 March 31, Saturday''', Psyche, in the &quot;Social Peepshow&quot; column in the ''Gentlewoman'', says that &quot;Mr. Algernon Bourke has still further embellished Willis's restaurant hard by [the St. James's Theatre], by the addition of some valuable old tapestry that lately came to the hammer at Christie's.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 31 March 1894, Saturday: 16 [of 56], Col. 2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18940331/081/0016. Same print title, p. 408.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 April 13, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke set sail on the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#P. and O. Line S.S. Rome for Gibraltar|P. and O. Line ''S.S. Rome'' for Gibraltar]] along with her stepfather, Mr. Shelley Bontein, and her brother, Mr. Sloane Stanley.&lt;p&gt;

'''31 May 1894, Thursday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Reception at Devonshire House|Duchess of Devonshire's reception at Devonshire House]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 June 18, Monday''', the London ''Echo'' reported that Algernon Bourke was [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Brooks'|writing a history of Brooks' Club]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 June 20, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Princess Louise, Marchioness of Lorne Opened the Annual Sale of the Scottish Home Industries|Annual Sale of the Scottish Home Industries]]; her outfit was described in the article in ''Lady's Pictorial''.&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 August 2, Thursday''', the column &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird&quot; says, &quot;At Willis' [restaurant] — 'What a smart cotillon Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave on Thursday evening.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Bird, The Little. &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 04 August 1894, Saturday: 30 [of 56], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18940804/148/0030. Print title same, p. 144.&lt;/ref&gt; Willis's Restaurant, King-street, St. James's, was a restaurant Algernon Bourke opened in 1893.&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 September 7, Saturday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#7 September 1894, Saturday|shooting party at Witley]], which had been loaned to one of his brothers by William Ward, 2nd Earl of Dudley.&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 October 22, Thursday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Wedding of Lord Connemara and Mrs. Coleman|luncheon after the wedding of Lord Connemara and Mrs. Coleman]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 November 3, Saturday''', Psyche, in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; for the Gentlewoman, reported that Guendoline Bourke had been [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#3 November 1894, Saturday|seen shopping in London]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1895 January 5, Saturday, 2:00 p.m.''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke gave an old mother-of-pearl workbox to [[Wolverton-Ward Wedding 1895-01-05|Lady Edith Ward for her wedding to Frederick Glyn, Lord Wolverton]] and presumably attended the wedding and reception afterwards.&lt;p&gt;

'''1895 February 23, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#23 February 1895, Saturday|fashionable wedding of Laurence Currie and Edith Sibyl Mary Finch]]. Guendoline Bourke is not listed as having attended, but she is not noted as absent, either. Daphne Bourke was born on 5 April 1895, probably explaining Guendoline's absence.&lt;p&gt;

'''1895 March 24, Sunday – 30 March, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#24, Sunday – 30 March 1895, Saturday|enjoying the sunny weather in Brighton]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1895 April 27, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#1895 April 27, Saturday|wedding of Norah Bourke and Henry E. A. Lindsay]]. Again, Guendoline Bourke is not listed as having attended. Daphne Bourke was born on 5 April 1895, and Psyche, writing the &quot;Social Peepshow&quot; column in the Gentlewoman, says,&lt;blockquote&gt;

I regret to hear of the serious illness of Mrs. Algernon Bourke, whose first child was born a fortnight ago. It is feared that the attack is of the nature of typhoid, but happily the patient's strength keeps up. Mrs. Bourke is at her mother's house in Clarges-street.&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 27 April 1895, Saturday: 28 [of 84], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18950427/147/0028. Same print title, p. 506.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1895 July 13, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke donated 10s. to the ''Daily Telegraph'' National Shilling Testimonial to W. G. Grace.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;''Daily Telegraph'' National Shilling Testimonial to W. G. Grace.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London) 13 July 1895, Saturday: 7 [of 12], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/18950713/079/0007. Print: ''Daily Telegraph'', p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1895 August 24, Saturday''', &quot;Marmaduke&quot; in the ''Graphic'' says that Algernon Bourke &quot;opened a cyclists' club in Chelsea.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marmaduke.&quot; &quot;Court and Club.&quot; The ''Graphic'' 24 August 1895, Saturday: 11 [of 32], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9000057/18950824/017/0011. Print p. 223.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1895 October''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#24 October 1902, Friday|opened the Prince's ice-skating rink for the]] season.if the newspapers were right that 1902 was the 7th season. He also was planning a bicycling club for Kensington Gardens to open the following season.&lt;ref&gt;Mackenzie, Ethel Morell (Miss). &quot;Pins and Needles.&quot; ''Hull Daily News'' 12 October 1895, Saturday: 24 [of 40], Col. 1a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003443/18951012/024/0024. Print title: ''Hull News Supplement'', p. 1[6? 8?].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1895 October 7, Monday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#Adeane-Cator Wedding|Maud Adeane–John Cator wedding]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1895 December 11, Wednesday''', Guendoline and Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#Sneyd Party to Meet the Duke of Coburg|shooting party at the Sneyds' to meet the Duke of Coburg]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1895 December 18, Wednesday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#Wedding of Lady Albreda Fitzwilliam and the Hon. Charles Bourke|wedding of Lady Albreda Fitzwilliam and the Hon. Charles Bourke]]. Their gift is not noted in the newspaper account.&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 March 17, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#17 March 1896, Tuesday|annual dinner of the Cymmrodorion, or the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion]], a society for Welsh culture and history.&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 April 21, Monday''', Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke sent a gift — a &quot;box for miniature&quot; — for [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Monday, 1896 April 27|the wedding of Lady Angela St. Clair Erskine and James Stewart Forbes]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 May 21, Thursday''', the Hon. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Mrs. C. H. Wilson's Ball|Mrs. C. H. Wilson's ball in Grosvenor-square, London]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 May 26, Tuesday,  through 28 May, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Coming of Age of Mr Sloane Stanley|3-day celebration in honor of the coming of age of her brother, Cyril Sloane Stanley]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 June 15, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Dinner and Dance Hosted by the Countess of Huntingdon|dance hosted by the Earl and Countess of Huntingdon]] after their dinner party.&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 July 13, Monday''', Algernon Bourke (listed among the &quot;Honourables&quot;) and Mrs. A. Bourke (Listed among the &quot;Honourable Ladies&quot;) were invited to the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Queen's Garden Party at Buckingham Palace|Queen's Garden Party at Buckingham Palace]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 June 29, Monday''', the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Cadogan-Scott Wedding 1896-06-29|wedding and reception of Lady Sophie Cadogan and Sir Samuel Scott]]. Algernon Bourke published a letter to the editor of the ''Daily Telegraph'' about White's Club — and thus Bourke's — &quot;[[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Summer Club|Summer Club]]&quot; in Kensington Park, the subject of a little controversy.&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 July 21, Tuesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Dinner Hosted by Sir Horace and Lady Farquhar|dinner hosted by Sir Horace and Lady Farquhar in Grosvenor-square]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 August 5, Wednesday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#5 August 1896|wedding of the Hon. Terence Bourke and Miss Eveline Haines]] and gave the bride an &quot;enamel muff chain.&quot;&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 August 10, Monday''', the ''Morning Leader'' reported that the Hon. Algernon Bourke, for the Foreign Office, received Li Hung Chang at St. Paul's:&lt;blockquote&gt;At St. Paul's Li Hung was received by Field-Marshal Simmons, Colonel Lane, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, of the Foreign Office (who made the necessary arrangements for the visit) and Canon Newbolt, on behalf of the Dean and Chapter. A crowd greeted Li with a cheer as he drove up in Lord Lonsdale’s striking equipage, and his Excellency was carried up the steps in an invalid chair by two stalwart constables. He walked through the centre door with his suite, and was immediately conducted by Canon Newbolt to General Gordon’s tomb in the north aisle, where a detachment of boys from the Gordon Home received him as a guard of honor.

Li inspected the monument with marked interest, and drew the attention of his suite to the remarkable likeness to the dead hero. He laid a handsome wreath of royal purple asters, lilies, maidenhair fern, and laurel, tied with a broad band of purple silk, on the tomb.

The visit was not one of inspection of the building, but on passing the middle aisle the interpreter called the attention of His Excellency to the exquisite architecture and decoration of the chancel. Li shook hands in hearty English fashion with Canon Newbolt and the other gentlemen who had received him, and, assisted by his two sons, walked down the steps to his carriage. He returned with his suite to Carlton House-terrace by way of St. Paul’s Churchyard, Cannon-st., Queen Victoria-st., and the Embankment.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;At St. Paul's.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 10 August 1896, Monday: 7 [of 12], Col. 2b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18960810/134/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 August 19, Wednesday''', the ''Edinburgh Evening News'' reported on the catering that White's Club and Mr Algernon Bourke arranged for the visiting Li Hung Chang:&lt;blockquote&gt;It is probably not generally known (says the &quot;Chef&quot;) that Mr Algernon Bourke, manager of White's Club, London, has undertaken to the whole of the catering for our illustrious visitor front the Flowery Land. Li Hung Chang has five native cooks in his retinue, and the greatest good fellowship exists between them and their English ''confreres'', although considerable difficulty is experienced in conversation in understanding one another's meaning. There are between 40 and and 50 to cater for daily, besides a staff about 30; that Mr Lemaire finds his time fully occupied. The dishes for his Excellency are varied and miscellaneous, and from 14 to 20 courses are served at each meal. The bills of fare contain such items as bird's-nest soup, pigs' kidneys stewed in cream, boiled ducks and green ginger, sharks' fins, shrimps and prawns stewed with leeks and muscatel grapes, fat pork saute with peas and kidney beans. The meal usually winds with fruit and sponge cake, and freshly-picked green tea as liqueur.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Li Hung Chang's Diet.&quot; ''Edinburgh Evening News'' 19 August 1896, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 8b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000452/18960819/057/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 November 6, Friday''', both Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were on the committee for the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Skating Club|Prince's Club ice-skating rink]], which [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Opening of the Prince's Club Skating Rink|opened on this day]].

'''1896 November 22, week of''', Mrs. Algernon Bourke was part of a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Shooting Party at the Charles Wilsons' Warter Priory, Yorkshire|shooting party at the Charles Wilsons' Warter Priory, Yorkshire]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 November 25, Wednesday''', Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bouke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Lord and Lady Burton Hosted a Party for Derby Day|Lord and Lady Burton's party for Derby Day]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 December 4, Friday''', the Orleans Club at Brighton was robbed:&lt;blockquote&gt;The old building of the Orleans Club at Brighton, which opens its new club house at 33, Brunswick-terrace to-day, was the scene of a very ingenious burglary during the small hours of yesterday morning. The greater portion of the club property had already been removed to the new premises, but Mr Algernon Bourke, his private secretary, and some of the officials of the club, still occupied bed-rooms at the house in the King’s-road. The corner shop of the street front is occupied by Mr. Marx, a jeweller in a large way of business, and upon his manager arriving at nine o'clock he discovered that the place had been entered through hole in the ceiling, and a great part of a very valuable stock of jewelry extracted. An examination of the morning rooms of the club, which runs over Mr. Marx's establishment reveal a singularly neat  specimen of the burglar's art. A piece of the flooring about 15in square had been removed by a series of holes bored side by side with a centre-bit, at a spot where access to the lofty shop was rendered easy by a tall showcase which stood convemently near. A massive iron girder had been avoided by a quarter of an inch, and this circumstance and the general finish of the operation point to an artist in his profession, who had acquired an intimate knowledge of the premises. The club doors were all found locked yesterday morning, and the means of egress adopted by the thief are at present a mystery.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Burglary at Brighton.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London) 05 December 1896, Saturday: 5 [of 12], Col. 7a [of 7]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/18961205/090/0005. Print title: ''Daily Telegraph''; p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 December 10, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke was present to help staff a stall at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#10 December 1896, Thursday|Irish Industries Exhibition and Sale, Brighton]].

'''1896 December 31, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke hosted a New Year's Eve dance:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave a highly satisfactory and enjoyable dance on Thursday night, when the old year was danced out and the new one danced in. Most of the silver gilters at present in to len were to the fore.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Man about Town.&quot; ''Sporting Gazette'' 02 January 1897, Saturday: 7 [of 34], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002525/18970102/041/0007. Print title ''The County Gentleman'', p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 January 9, Saturday''', Psyche in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; says that Algernon Bourke's &quot;cheerful countenance was quite in keeping with the [Christmas] season,&quot; seen in London.&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 9 January 1897, Saturday: 22 [of 56], Col. 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970109/097/0022. Same print title, p. 40.&lt;/ref&gt; 

'''1897 January 13, Wednesday – 18, Monday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were guests of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Warwickshire Hunt Club Ball|house party associated with the Warwickshire Hunt Ball]] at [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Warwick Castle]].

'''1897 January 30, Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke was reported to have been out shopping in London: &quot;Another charming figure was that of Mrs. Algernon Bourke all in chinchilla, with something of pale blue in a smart toque.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 30 January 1897, Saturday: 20 [of 59]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970130/107/0020. Same print title, p. 134.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 May 31, Monday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke were present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#House Party at Warwick Castle|House Party at Warwick Castle]] hosted by the Earl and Countess of Warwick.

'''1897 June 2, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Reception at the Foreign Office|reception at the Foreign Office]].

'''1897 June 12, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' reported on Guendoline Bourke's dress and hat at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Duchess of Albany's Bazaar at the Imperial Institute|Duchess of Albany's Bazaar at the Imperial Institute]]. 

'''1897 June 19, Saturday''', Psyche in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; column in the ''Gentlewoman'' writes that Guendoline Bourke was seen driving in London, &quot;in blue, ... looking as usual very handsome.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 19 June 1897, Saturday: 28 [of 108], Col. 2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970619/159/0028. Same print title, p. 848.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 June 28, Monday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were invited to the [[Social Victorians/Diamond Jubilee Garden Party|Garden Party at Buckingham Palace]], the final official event of the London Diamond Jubilee celebrations. Members of the family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] were also among the 5,000–6,000 people invited.

'''1897 July 2, Friday''', the Hon. A. and Mrs. A. Bourke and Mr. and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] at Devonshire House.

'''1897 July 8, Thursday, 11:00 p.m.''', Hon. Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were present at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace|the Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace]]. The dancing commenced shortly after 11:00 p.m.

'''1897 July 11–16, week of''', a dog of Guendoline Bourke's won a prize at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Ladies' Kennel Association show in the Royal Botanic Gardens in Regent's Park|Ladies' Kennel Association show in the Royal Botanic Gardens in Regent's Park]]. 

'''1897 July 23, Friday''', both the Hon. Algernon Bourke and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Bourke-Curzon Cricket Match at the Queen's Club|Bourke-Curzon cricket match at the Queen's Club]], which Algernon Bourke's team lost. 

'''1897 July 23 — or July 30, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Lady Burton's party at Chesterfield House|Lady Burton's party at Chesterfield House]]. &lt;blockquote&gt;Far the prettiest women in the room were Lady Henry Bentinck (who looked perfectly lovely in pale yellow, with a Iong blue sash; and Mrs. Algernon Bourke, who was as smart as possible in pink, with pink and white ruchings on her sleeves and a tall pink feather in her hair.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lady Burton's Party at Chesterfield House.&quot; ''Belper &amp; Alfreton Chronicle'' 30 July 1897, Friday: 7 [of 8], Col. 1c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004151/18970730/162/0007. Print title: ''Belper and Alfreton Chronicle''; n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 August 2, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Warwick House Party for the Easton Lodge Cricket Week Games|Earl and Countess of Warwick's house party for Easton Lodge cricket week]].

'''1897 August 2, Monday''', Mrs. Algernon Bourke was listed as among [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Most Beautiful Women in England|the most beautiful women in England]] in an article from ''Vanity Fair'' that was reprinted elsewhere.

'''1897 September 25, Saturday''', according to the ''Pall Mall Gazette'',&lt;blockquote&gt;The [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Dowager-Countess of Mayo]] is staying with her son, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, at Bramnber, near Brighton.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pall Mall Gazette Office.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 25 September 1897, Saturday: 8 [of 10], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18970925/023/0008. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1897 October 2, Saturday''', &quot;Yenatrix&quot; in &quot;Kennel Column&quot; in the ''Gentlewoman'' reported that Guendoline Bourke had joined the Ladies' Kennel Association.&lt;ref&gt;Yenatrix. &quot;Kennel Column.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 02 October 1897, Saturday: 39 [of 61], Col. 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18971002/182/0039. Same print title, p. 434.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 October 9, Saturday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Harrogate|Harrogate, presumably taking the waters and baths]]. Lady May was on her way to visit Algernon Bourke in Brighton:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Earl of Mayo is expected to return from Sweden on Saturday next. Lady Mayo leaves Bournemouth on Sarurday for Brighton, where she will pay a two days' visit to her brother-in-law, the Hon. Algernon Bourke. The Earl and Countess will then return to Palmerstown, their seat in County Kildare.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pall Mall Gazette Office.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 7 October 1897, Thursday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18971007/022/0008. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1897 October 30, Saturday''', ''Black and White'' published '''J.P.B.'''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s &quot;The Case of Mrs. Elliott,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;J.P.B. &quot;The Case of Mrs. Elliott.&quot; ''Black &amp; White'' 30 October 1897, Saturday: 12 [of 34], Cols. 1a–2b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004617/18971030/036/0012. Print title ''Black and White'', p. 542.&lt;/ref&gt; an odd short short story in which the Honourable Algernon Bourke Herriott is &quot;rude to Mrs. Elliott,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2b}} presumably having proposed sexual relations while her husband is out. J.P.B. links to the biographical Algernon Bourke's career in the stock market in the description of Mrs. Christine Elliott not even simulating interest in her husband's bicycling: &quot;a soul is a grievous burthen for a stockbroker's wife,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2a}} suggesting that Mr. Elliott rather than Algernon Bourke Herriott is the stockbroker. The Hon. Algy&lt;blockquote&gt;was a senior member of several junior clubs. A woman had dubbed him once &quot;a rip with a taste for verses.&quot; The description was severe, but not unwarranted. His was a pretty pagan sensualism, though, singing from a wine palate to Church music. For the rest, he had just imagination enough to despise mediocrity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2a}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 November 25–26, Thursday–Friday''', Guendoline Bourke was in Brighton, helping the Countess of Mayo at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Irish Industries' Association Annual Exhibition|bazaar of the Irish Industries' Association]].

'''1897 December 7, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#7 December 1897, Tuesday|7th annual dinner for the Actors' Benevolent Fund]].

'''1897 December 20, Monday, the week of''', Guendoline Bourke's Mousie was the smallest dog in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Ladies' Kennel Association's Dog Show|Ladies' Kennel Association show in Earl's Court]].

'''1897 December 30''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Blenheim Palace Party with Amateur Theatricals|party at Blenheim Palace in which people performed tableaux vivants]] that got reported on, many of whom wearing the costumes from the Duchess of Devonshire's ball. The ''Irish Independent'' said Algernon Bourke was &quot;mainly responsible for the living pictures.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr Algernon Bourke ....&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 05 January 1898, Wednesday: 6 [of 8], Col. 2c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001985/18980105/115/0006.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1898''', Algernon Bourke called a meeting at White's Club about attempting to [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Thames Salmon Experiment|restock the Thames with salmon]]. In 1899 he was on a [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#Committees|committee led by the Lord Mayor about this topic]] as well.

'''1898 February 3, Thursday''',  Algernon Bourke was among [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#The Dundee Evening Telegraph Report on People at Monte Carlo|those visiting Monte Carlo according to the Dundee ''Evening Telegraph'']].

'''1898 March 12, Saturday''', ''The World'' reported on Algernon Bourke's upgrading of the Orleans Club at Brighton:&lt;blockquote&gt;

The Orleans Club at Brighton is flourishing exceedingly, and the new buildings which Mr. Algernon Bourke has just had erected at the back of the comfortable mansion at the corner of Lansdowne-place now provide all that was wanting to make the present habitat of the club all that its members desire. The new billiard-room is rapidly approaching completion, and the coffee-room, excellent and spacious now, was open on Saturday night, when every table was occupied by club diners and their guests, all of whom were enthusiastic over the excellence of this latest addition to the comfort of the house. All interested may be congratulated on what is practically new lease of life to the Orleans Club, than which there is no more comfortable place stay within the four seas.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From '''The World''.'&quot; ''East &amp; South Devon Advertiser'' 12 March 1898, Saturday: 6 pop 8], Col. 2b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001639/18980312/132/0006. Print title ''The East and South Devon Advertiser'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1898 March 30, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke was charged with assaulting a Mr. Potter, but it is not clear from this account what exactly happened:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Hon. Algernon H. Bourke, of Bramber, was summoned, at the instance of Mr. Walter John Potter, clerk to Mr. G. A. Flowers, solicitor, of Steyning, for assault, on the 30th March. — Mr. J. Edward Dell supported the case, and Mr. J. C. Buckwell defended, and pleaded not guilty. — The evidence was to the effect that Mr. Potter had occasion go to defendant's house on Wednesday last to serve a writ. He was going to drop the letter into [Col. 5c–6a] defendant's pocket when he turned and struck him a violent blow on the chest, making witness stagger backwards. Witness put up his hands to keep his balance, and defendant then struck him violently across the head with a weeding spud. — Richard Reed, who was at work for Mr. Bourke on the date named, and was working in garden at the time of the alleged assault, gave corroborative evidence. — Defendant, in the witness box, made a similar statement. — The magistrates differed as to whether the assault was committed, and dismissed the case.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Steyning.&quot; ''Sussex Express'' 9 April 1898, Saturday: 2 [of 12], Col. 5c–6a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000654/18980409/036/0002. Print: ''The Sussex Express, Surrey Standard, Weald of the Kent Mail, Hants and County Advertiser'', p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1898 April 12, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was among [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#1898 April 12, Tuesday|those visiting Monte Carlo according to the ''Gentlewoman'']].

'''1898 May 25, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke wore pink to [[Social Victorians/1898-05-25 Savoy Dinner Dance Hwfa|Mrs. Hwfa Williams' dinner-dance at the Savoy]].

'''1898 June 7, Tuesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. A. Bourke were invited to and probably attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#7 June 1898, Tuesday|State Ball at Buckingham Palace hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales]].

'''1898 July 4, Thursday afternoon''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke were invited to and probably attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#Garden Party at Marlborough House|Garden Party at Marlborough House given to the Queen and Shah of Persia]].

'''1898 October 29, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#Tennis Championship Game at Prince's Club, Knightsbridge|tennis match at Prince's Club, Knightsbridge]].

'''1898 November''', Algernon Bourke received a letter from Lord Alfred Douglas and attempted to help Douglas and his father, the Marquis of Queensberry, to reconcile. Bourke met with the Marquis and sent a positive reply to Douglas the next day.&lt;ref name=&quot;:26&quot; /&gt; (568–569)

'''1898 November 22, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#Shooting Party Hosted by William James|shooting party hosted by Mr. William James]].

'''1898 December 3, Saturday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. A. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#The Funeral of Lady Connemara|funeral of Lady Connemara in Christ Church]], Down street, Piccadilly.&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 January 10, Tuesday''', the Brighton Championship Dog Show opened:&lt;blockquote&gt;Princess of Wales a Winner at the Ladies’ Kennel Club Show.

[Exclusive to &quot;The Leader.&quot;)

The Brighton Championship Dog Show opened in the Dome and Corn Exchange yesterday, and was very well patronised by visitors and exhibitors. Among the latter was H.R.H. the Princess of Wales, who did very well; and others included Princess Sophie Duleep Singh, Countess De Grey, Sir Edgar Boehm, the Hon Mrs. Algernon Bourke, Lady Cathcart, Lady Reid, Mr. Shirley (chairman of the Kennel Club), and the Rev. Hans Hamiiton (president of the Kennel Club).

The entry of bloodhounds is one of the best seen for some time; the Great Danes are another strong lot; deerhounds are a fine entry, all good dogs, and most of the best kennels represented; borzois are another very stylish lot. The bigger dogs are, as usual, in the Corn Exchange and the &quot;toy&quot; dogs in the Dome. To everyone's satsfaction the Princess of Wales carried off two first prizes with Alex in the borzois class.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Dogs at Brighton.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 11 January 1899, Wednesday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18990111/142/0008. Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 January 11, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#11 January 1899, Wednesday|a luncheon at Stanfield-hall, home of Mr. and Mrs. Basil Montogomery, for Princess Henry of Battenberg]], that also included the Countess of Dudley (sister of Mrs. Montgomery), General Oliphant, and the Mayor and Mayoress of Romsey.

'''1899 January 17–18, Tuesday and Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Ladies' Kennel Association in Brighton|Ladies' Kennel Association in Brighton]], where she showed an Italian greyhound named Brenda.

'''1899 February 7, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke was a member of the very high-ranking committee organizing the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Gordon Memorial College Ball|Gordon Memorial College Ball at the Hotel Cecil on 7 February 1899]]. The committee had been planning for the ball, of course, for at least 3 weeks before.

'''1899 February 22, Wednesday – April''', Guendoline Bourke was part of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Society in St. Moritz|Society in St. Moritz]]. 1899 March 29, Wednesday, the ''Dundee Advertiser'' says that [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#29 March 1899, Wednesday|Cyril Sloane-Stanley was spending part of the winter in St. Moritz]] with his sister Guendoline Bourke.

'''1899 April 7, Friday, probably''', oddly, Algernon and Guendoline Bourke are not reported to have attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Funeral of the Hon. Charles Bourke, C.B.|Funeral of the Hon. Charles Bourke, C.B.]] or even to have sent flowers.

'''1899 April 8, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' reported that Guendoline Bourke had gone to [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#8 April 1899, Saturday|St. Moritz with her brother, Mr. Stanley, who had gotten engaged to Lady Cairns]].

'''1899 April 26, Wednesday''', according to &quot;Local and District News&quot; for Totton, Guendoline Bourke was &quot;ill with influenza in Paris, and Mrs. Shelley Bontein, her mother, has gone out to nurse her.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Local and District News. Totton.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 26 April 1899, Wednesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 2b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18990426/037/0004. Print title ''Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1899 June 1, Thursday, or 2, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Wedding of Roger Cyril Sloane Stanley and Olivia, Countess Cairns|wedding of her brother, Sloane Stanley and Olivia Countess Cairns]] at Holy Trinity Church, Brompton.

'''1899 June 8, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke's money troubles:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Hon. Algernon Bourke, son of the Earl of Mayo, has been appearing before the official receivers in connection with a winding-up order made against Willis’ Restaurant, Limited. The companyf [sic] was formed to acquire the well known restaurant from the Hon. H. A. Bourke. The chairman reminded the creditors that on the last occasion the meeting was adjourned because Mr. Bourke said he thought he would be able in the course of a fortnight to obtain an offer for a sum sufficient to satisfy the creditors and debenture holders. He had received a letter from Mr. Bourke to the effect that he had been unable to complete arrangements. Having looked into the affairs of the company more closely, it appeared to him that Mr. Bourke was legally liable to repay the sum of £5,000 which was advanced to White's Club, and the question would arise whether Mr. Bourke was not also liable to repay the sum of £4,000.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr. Bourke Must Pay.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 8 June 1899, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 8c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001985/18990608/118/0004. Print title: ''The Irish Weekly Independent'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1899 July 1, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#1 July 1899, Saturday|meeting in London at the Duke of Westminster's Grosvenor House]] about preserving Killarney as part of the National Trust and seems to have been acting for someone who wanted to purchase the Muckross Estate.

'''1899 July 5, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Dinner and Dance at Devonshire House|dance at Devonshire House hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire]].

'''1899 July 6, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Joan Wilson and Guy Fairfax's Wedding|wedding of Joan Wilson and Guy Fairfax in St. Mark's, near Grosvenor Square]].

'''1899 July 14, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#14 July 1899, Friday|Ernest Beckett's dinner party]].

'''1899 July 18, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Ludovici Lecture on Impressionism|lecture on Impressionism by Ludovici hosted by the Countess of Mayo]].

'''1899 July 28, Friday''', [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#White's|White's Club]] was no longer under Algernon Bourke's management and was reconstituting itself after the possibility that it would have to close.

'''1889 July 31, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#Fete of the Uxbridge Habitation of the Primrose League|Fete of the Uxbridge Habitation of the Primrose League]] at Hillingdon Court and hosted by the Hon. Algernon and Lady Mary Mills.

'''1899 September 9, Saturday''', the ''Eastern Morning News'' includes Algernon Bourke (&quot;St. James's-street, London, club proprietor&quot;) in a list of men &quot;Receiving Orders,&quot; which it is reprinting from the ''London Gazette''.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Receiving Orders.&quot; ''Eastern Morning'' News 9 September 1899, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 3c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001152/18990909/074/0005. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 October 19, Thursday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke had a bankruptcy hearing:&lt;blockquote&gt;The public examination of the Hon. Algernon Bourke was held before Mr Registrar Giffard yesterday, at the London Bankruptcy Court. The debtor, described as proprietor of a St. James's-street club, furnished a statement of affairs showing unsecured debts £13,694 and debts fully secured £12,800, with assets which are estimated at £4,489 [?]. He stated, in reply to the Official Receiver, that he was formerly a member of the Stock Exchange, but had nothing to do with the firm of which he was a member during the last ten years. He severed his connection with the firm in May last, and believed he was indebted to them to the extent of £2,000 or £3,000. He repudiated a claim which they now made for £37,300. In 1889 he became proprietor of White's Club, St. James's-street, and carried it on until January 1st last, when he transferred it to a company called Recreations, Limited. One of the objects of the company was to raise money on debentures. The examination was formally adjourned.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 October 20, Friday''', the ''Morning Leader'' mentions Bourke's bankruptcy:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Algernon Bourke, whose bankruptcy is much talked about, has been connected with numerous enterprises in clubland. He raised White's from the slough into which it had sunk after the secession of the Prince of Wales. He started the Willis Restaurant, put fresh life into the Orleans Club at Brighton, arranged a big restaurant for the bicyclists in the time of the bicycle parade, and was concerned at first in the smart and short-lived Trafalgar Bicycle Club. At one time his name spelt success. Latterly his luck has left him. He is a brother of Lord Mayo, a son of the peer who was assassinated at the post of duty, and is one of the best known men about town of the day.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Club, Stage, and Salon.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 20 October 1899, Friday: 6 [of 12], Col. 5b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18991020/085/0006. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1899 November 8, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke's bankruptcy case came up again:&lt;blockquote&gt;At Bankruptcy Court, yesterday, the case the Hon. Algernon Bourke again came on for hearing before Mr. Registrar Giffard, and the examination was concluded. The debtor has at various times been proprietor of White’s Club, St. James’s-street, and the Orleans’ Club, Brighton, and also of Willis's Restaurant, King-street, St. James's. He attributed his failure to losses sustained by the conversion of White’s Club and the Orleans' Club into limited companies, to the payment of excessive Interest on borrowed money, and other causes. The liabilities amount to £26,590, of which £13,694 are stated to be unsecured, and assets £4,409.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Affairs of the Hon. A. Bourke.&quot; ''Globe'' 09 November 1899, Thursday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001652/18991109/020/0002. Print p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 December 23, Saturday''', &quot;Mr. Algernon Bourke has departed for a tour in Africa, being at present the guest of his brother in Tunis.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Society Pages.&quot; ''Walsall Advertiser'' 23 December 1899, Saturday: 7 [of 8], Col. 7b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001028/18991223/143/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1899 December 29, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke was at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Christmas Party Hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough|Christmas Party Hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 December 31''', the San Francisco newspaper ''The Wave'' wrote the following about London society:&lt;blockquote&gt;The most prominent untitled people in London may be said to be Mr. and Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Williams|Hwfa Williams]], Mr. and Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Grenfell|Willie Grenfell]] and Mr. Algy Bourke. That they are passing rich, goes without saying, and that they entertain lavishly, understood — for to be untitled, prominent and successful, argues wealth, hospitality and cleverness.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London.&quot; The (San Francisco) ''Wave'' 14 January 1899 (Vol. XIX, No. 2): 14. ''The Internet Archive'' https://archive.org/details/wave19unse/page/n20/mode/1up.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 1900s ===

'''1900 February 15, Thursday''', Daphne Bourke, the four-year-old daughter of the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke was a bridesmaid in the [[Social Victorians/Wilson Chesterfield Wedding 1900-02-15|wedding of Enid Wilson and the Earl of Chesterfield]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London Day by Day.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph'' 15 February 1900, Thursday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/19000215/175/0008. Name in British Newspaper Archive: ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London). Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt; Guendoline Bourke, &quot;who was in grey, wore a chinchilla toque with violets.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society. Entertainments, Balls, &amp;c.&quot; ''The Queen'' 24 February 1900, Saturday: 40 [of 76], Col. 1a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/19000224/235/0040. Print: ''The Queen, The Lady's Newspaper'', p. 308.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1900 March 10, Saturday''', the ''Weekly Irish Times'' reprinted society gossip from ''The World'':&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke, who has been staying with her husband's uncle, old Connemara, during Mr. Algernon Bourke's absence abroad, has taken a new house near Portman square, and will be settling there before Easter.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip.&quot; ''Weekly Irish Times'' 10 March 1900, Saturday: 17 [of 20], Col. 1b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001684/19000310/116/0017. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1900 July''' '''17, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke took part in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#17 July 1900, Tuesday|Children's Fete in support of the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children]] on the grounds of the Royal Botanic Society. Daphe was 5 at this time, so it seems logical that she would have been there, too.

'''1900 July 30, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Barber of Seville at Covent Garden|''The Barber of Seville'' at Covent Garden]].

'''1890 August 6, Friday''', &quot;[[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Beautiful Women|Beautiful Women]],&quot; an article in ''Vanity Fair'' that was reprinted elsewhere, mentions Guendoline Bourke (&quot;Lady Algernon Bourke&quot;) as one of the most beautiful women in England.

'''1900 August 11, Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke got&lt;blockquote&gt;the pretty little Yorkshire String, an especially tiny mite, weighing only 2&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;/&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;lb, and carrying a very promising coat, ... at the Aquarium Show.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Witchampton Kennel.&quot; &quot;Ladies Kennels.&quot; ''Ladies' Field'' 11 August 1900, Saturday: 16 [of 60], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0006043/19000811/043/0016. Print title same, p. 390.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1900 September 16''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke became the heir presumptive to the Earldom of Mayo when his older brother Captain Hon. Sir Maurice Archibald Bourke died.&lt;p&gt;

'''1900 October 06, Saturday''', the ''Weekly Irish Times'' says that Mr. Algernon Bourke, now heir presumptive to the earldom of Mayo, &quot;has been for some months lately staying with Mr. Terence Bourke in Morocco.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip.&quot; ''Weekly Irish Times'' 06 October 1900, Saturday: 14 [of 20], Col. 3b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001684/19001006/121/0014. Print p. 14.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 May 30, Thursday''', the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke attended the fashionable [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1901 May 30, Thursday|Ladies' Kennel Association Dog Show at the Botanic Garden]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 July 2, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke — &quot;pretty Mrs. Algernon Bourke, in a mauve gown and and purple tulle toque&quot; — attended a children's party at the Botanic Gardens hosted by the Earl and Countess of Kilmorey.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Earl of Kilmorey, K.P.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 13 July 1901: Saturday, 50 [of 84], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010713/237/0050. Print: title the same, p. 60.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 July 4, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke — dressed &quot;in pale grey, with her pretty little girl,&quot; 6-year-old Daphne — attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Countess of Yarborough's Children's Party|children's party hosted by the Countess of Yarborough]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Countess of Yarborough ....&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 13 July 1901, Saturday: 76 [of 84], Col. 2b, 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010713/381/0076. Print p. xxxvi.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 3a}}&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 July 4–6, Thursday–Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke helped staff the Perthshire stall&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Great County Sale.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 29 June 1901, Saturday: 43 [of 72], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010629/223/0043# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010629/223/0043]. Same print title, pp. 679.&lt;/ref&gt; at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Great County Sale|Great County Sale in the Imperial Gardens of the Earl's Court Exhibition]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 July 20, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' published the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke's portrait (identified with &quot;Perthshire&quot;) in its 3rd series of &quot;The Great County Sale at Earl's Court. Portraits of Stallholders.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Great County Sale at Earl's Court. Portraits of Stallholders.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 20 July 1901, Saturday: 31 [of 60], Col. 4b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010720/141/0031. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt; Their daughter Daphne appears in the portrait as well.&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 July 23, Tuesday''', an &quot;Hon. Mrs. Bourke&quot; was in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox|party &quot;entertained by Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox]].&quot;&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 September 12, Thursday''', Mrs. Guendoline Bourke wanted her name listed as Mrs. Algernon Bourke in the Electoral Register, apparently a frequent complaint:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Underhill, the Conservative agent, mentioned to the Revising Barrister (Mr. William F. Webster) that the name of the Hon. Mrs. Gwendolen Bourke was on the list in respect of the house, 75, Gloucester-place. The lady had written to him to say that she was the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke and that she wished that name to appear on the register. In reply to the Revising Barrister, Mr. Underhill said that “Algernon” was the name of the lady’s husband.

Mr. Cooke, the rate-collector, said that Mrs. Bourke had asked to be addressed Mrs. Algernon Bourke, but that the Town Clerk thought the address was not a correct one. The lady signed her cheques Gwendolen.”

Mr. Underhill said the agents frequently had indignant letters from ladies because they were not addressed by their husband’s Christian name.

The Revising Barrister — lf a lady gave me the name of Mrs. John Smith I should say I had not got the voter’s name. The name Gwendolen must remain.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;&quot;Ladies’ Names.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 12 September 1901, Thursday: 7 [of 10], Col. 3a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/19010912/130/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1901 October 26, Friday''', Algernon Bourke was on the Men's Committee of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Club Ice-skating Rink|Prince's Club Ice-skating Rink]], which had [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Prince's Club Ice-skating Rink Opening|its official opening on his day]]. 

'''1902 January''', Algernon Bourke is mentioned in [[Social Victorians/Schools#&quot;More of My Contemporaries at School.&quot;|reminiscences of Eton written by the &quot;Earl of X&quot;]] as being among those in the &quot;world of letters,&quot; and whose brother, later the Earl of Mayo, the Earl of X did not like. 

'''1902 January 25, Saturday''', Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave a box to Lady Helen Stewart-Vane-Tempest in honor of [[Social Victorians/Stewart-Stavordale Wedding 1902-01-25|Lady Helen's wedding to Giles Fox-Strangways, Lord Stavordale]]. 

'''1902 April 26, Saturday''', Mrs. A. Bourke is listed as being at the Norfolk Hotel in Brighton.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Guide to Visitors at Hotels and Boarding Houses.&quot; ''Brighton Gazette'' 26 April 1902, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000938/19020426/116/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt; 

'''1902 May, End of''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#End of May 1902|party at Blenheim Palace hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough]]. 

'''1902 June 11, Monday''', the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke had a dog entered in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Ladies' Kennel Association Show|Ladies' Kennel Association competitions in the Botanic Gardens]]. 

'''1902 September 4, Thursday''', the ''Daily Express'' reported that &quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke is staying with Lord and Lady Alington at Scarborough.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Onlooker.&quot; &quot;My Social Diary.&quot; &quot;Where People Are.&quot; ''Daily Express'' 04 September 1902, Thursday: 5 [of 8], Col. 1b? [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004848/19020904/099/0005. Print p. 4, Col. 7b [of 7].&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1902 September 22, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke was a guest at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Earl and Countess of Mar and Kellie's House Party|large house party hosted by the Earl and Countess of Mar and Kellie]].

'''1902 October 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Annual Opening of the Prince's Ice-skating Rink|opened the Prince's ice-skating rink for the season]], which he had been doing since 1895.

'''1902 October 25, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was bequeathed £500 by his uncle [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Robert Bourke]], who had died 3 September 1902.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Will of Lord Connemara.&quot; ''Kildare Observer and Eastern Counties Advertiser'' 25 October 1902, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 4b–c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001870/19021025/037/0002. Print title the ''Kildare Observer'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 October 31, Friday''', the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Annual Opening of the Prince's Ice-skating Rink|7th opening of the Prince's Skating Club]]. Guendoline Bourke was on the Women's Committee and Algernon Bourke was on the Men's.&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 November 8, Friday, beginning, perhaps''', Guendoline Bourke was part of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#8 November 1902, Saturday|Earl and Countess of Warwick's shooting party at Easton Lodge]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 December 9, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#9 December 1902, Tuesday|Lady Eva Wyndham-Quin's &quot;at home,&quot; held at the Welch Industrial depot]] for the sale Welsh-made Christmas gifts and cards. Bourke wore &quot;a fur coat and a black picture hat.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Lady Correspondent.&quot; &quot;Society in London.&quot; ''South Wales Daily News'' 11 December 1902, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000919/19021211/082/0004. Print p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1903 February 6, Friday''', Hon. Mrs A. Bourke was present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Dinner Party Hosted by Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and the Countess of Dudley|dinner party Hosted by Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and the Countess of Dudley]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1903 February 9, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke was present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Dinner Party Hosted by Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and the Countess of Dudley|house party at Dublin Castle hosted by the Lord Lieutenant and Countess of Dudley that began the Viceregal season]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1903 March 17, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke staffed a booth at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1903 March 17, Tuesday|sale of the Irish Industries Association]] on St. Patrick's Day with [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Lady Mayo]], [[Social Victorians/People/Dudley|Georgina Lady Dudley]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Miss Beresford]]. A number of other aristocratic women were also present at the sale in other booths, including [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Lady Londonderry]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Lucan|Lady Lucan]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1903 June 19, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke was invited to the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Grand Ball in the Waterloo Chamber at Windsor Castle|grand ball at Windsor Castle]], the end of the Ascot-week festivities.&lt;p&gt;

'''1903 June 23, Tuesday''', Guendoline and Daphne Bourke were invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1903 June 23, Tuesday|children's party at Buckingham Palace for Prince Eddie's birthday]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1903 July 10, Friday, or so''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Party Hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough|party hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1904 May 17, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke had agreed to let Daphne appear in the tableaux vivants arranged by Sir Philip Burne-Jones for the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Countess Cadogan's Great Bazaar|Countess of Cadogan's great bazaar]]. Some mothers had had to decline because of the outbreaks of measles and chicken pox.&lt;p&gt;

'''1904 June 30, Thursday''', Guendoline and Daphne Bourke attended another birthday party for Prince Eddie at Buckingham Palace, and the ''Gentlewoman'' says, &quot;No prettier little girl was to be seen that day than little Miss Daphne Bourke, the daughter of the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke, with her wonderful Irish eyes and colouring, her pretty white frock being relieved with a rose pink sash.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Prince Eddie's Birthday.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 02 July 1904, Saturday: 68 [of 92]. Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19040702/360/0068. Print: title the same, p. 42.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1904 September 15, Thursday''', according to what was at the time called the ''Irish Daily Independent and Nation'', Algernon Bourke was living in Venice and not in the UK at this point:&lt;blockquote&gt;Algernon Bourke, who usually lives in Venice, has spent some time in England during the present summer, and has now gone on a fishing expedition to Sweden, accompanied by his brother, Lord Mayo. Lady Mayo has been staying meanwhile in Ireland, and has had a visit from her mother, Lady Maria Ponsonby, who is a sister of Lend Obventry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;&quot;Society Notes.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 15 September 1904, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001986/19040915/131/0004. Print title: ''Irish Daily Independent and Nation'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1904 October 22, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' reported that &quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke is paying a visit to Venice, which Mr. Bourke has made his headquarters for several years past, as he is connected with some very artistic stone and marble works situated near the Grand Canal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 22 October 1904, Saturday: 24 [of 6ths 8], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19041022/112/0024. Print title same, p. 672.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1905 February 17, Friday''', the Dundee ''Evening Post'' reported that Algernon Bourke &quot;set up a shop in Venice for the sale of art treasures and old furniture.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social News.&quot; Dundee ''Evening Post'' 17 February 1905, Friday: 6 [of 6], Col. 7b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000582/19050217/105/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1905 April 26, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#New Forest United Hunt Ball|New Forest United Hunt Ball]], as did her brother Captain R. C. H. Sloane Stanley and his wife Olivia Countess Cairns.&lt;p&gt;

'''1905 June 5, Monday''', Algernon Bourke wrote to the ''Times'' from Venice that &quot;The Venetian wits have suggested a motto for Admiral Togo, Togo Tenga Tutto (Togo takes the lot).&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr. Algernon Bourke.&quot; ''Hull Daily Mail'' 08 June 1905, Thursday: 2 [of 6], Col. 6a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000324/19050608/008/0002. Print title ''Daily Mail'', p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1905, last week of July''', Guendoline Bourke and daughter Daphne Bourke — who was 10 years old — attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Last week of July, 1905|Lady Cadogan's children's party at Chelsea House]]. Daphne was &quot;One of loveliest little girls present.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Social News.&quot; ''Belfast News-Letter'' 01 August 1905, Tuesday: 7 [of 10], Col. 6b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000038/19050801/157/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1906 March 9, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke was a reference for Mr. Frances Burgess, who taught piano, singing, voice production, organ and music theory. Burgess was &quot;Organist and Choirmaster of St. Columbs', North Kensington, Director of the Plainsong and Medieval Music Society's Choir, etc., etc.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot;&gt;&quot;Mr. Francis Burgess.&quot; ''Kilburn Times'' 9 March 1906, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001813/19060309/086/0003. Print title: ''Kilburn Times Hampstead and North-western Press'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1906 December 10, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke was seen in the tea room, possibly with Lady Grosvenor, at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1906 December 10, Monday|Lady Dudley's sale of Irish needlework]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1907 May''', a &quot;naval signalling incident&quot; [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#May 1887|caused the Waterford ''Evening News'' to recall a similar event]] that had occurred 20 years earlier, in which Algernon Bourke, as special correspondent for the ''Times'', publicized [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles Beresford]]'s use of his ship's signalling capabilities to send a message to his wife about being late for dinner:&lt;blockquote&gt;

The naval signalling incident is still in the air. It is expected that the matter will not be threshed out until Emperor William leaves England. A story of a former signalling incident in which [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles Beresford]] was concerned is going the rounds at the moment.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1907 August 24, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was present at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Polo Week at Eaton Hall, Duke and Duchess of Westminster|Polo Week at Eaton Hall, hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Westminster]].

'''1908 July 30, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke was at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Glorious Goodwood. Cup Day and Dresses.|Cup Day at the Goodwood races]], wearing salmon-pink with a matching hat.

'''1909 April 20, Tuesday''', Lady Rosemary Cairns — daughter of Olivia Sloan-Stanley, Countess Cairns and Cyril Sloane-Stanley — and Wyndham Portal were [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#20 April 1909, Tuesday|married in St. Margaret's, Westminster]]. Lavender and Diane Sloane-Stanley were bridesmaids.&lt;p&gt;

'''1909 May 22, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke appears to have been living in Pisa. A columnist for the ''Queen'' reported on the Royal School of Art Needlework:&lt;blockquote&gt;Lady Leconfield [?] was there, also her sister-in-law, the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Dowager Lady Mayo]], only just back from her winter on the Continent, when she spent most of the time at Pisa, where her son Mr Algernon Bourke has also been staying. The latter is a great connoisseur as regards [art?] notably in what is really good in the way of old Italian sculpture and carving. He and his handsome wife have a place near to Putney, and this winter again Mr Bourke, as the result of his Italian travels, has been sending home such relics of the old Italian palace gardens as as stone and marble carved vases, garden seats, and what-not of the kind — not all for himself and his own gardens by any means, I fancy; but his friends, relying on his knowledge in such matters, get him when abroad to choose for [them?] the adornment of their English terraces and gardens.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;My Social Diary.&quot; The ''Queen'' 22 May 1909, Saturday: 31 [of 86], Col. 1b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/19090522/203/0031. Print p. 871.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1909 September''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was among the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Visitors in Venice from the U.K.|many visitors from &quot;England&quot; in Venice]] in September.

=== 1910s ===
'''1910 April 20, Wednesday''', the ''Tatler'' printed an &quot;open letter&quot; to Geraldine, Countess of Mayo, as part of its &quot;The Searchlight in Society&quot; series and mentioned Algernon Bourke, saying he had been keeping &quot;a curiosity shop at Venice&quot;:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Bourkes have brains, and a good example is afforded by Mr. Algernon Bourke, next brother to Lord Mayo and heir-presumptive to the title. He is a good-looking man who used to be known as Buttons Bourke, and he married well, as his wife was the rich and pretty Miss Guendolen Sloane Stanley. He may be described as a &quot;Jack of all trades,&quot; but it is not I who will say that he is a master of none. He was once in the Stock Exchange, then he took White's Club in hand and restored it to much of its former prestige. After that he dabbled in smart hotels and restaurants, and the last thing I heard of him was that he kept a curiosity shop at Venice.&lt;ref&gt;Candida. &quot;The Searchlight in Society. Our Open Letter. No. CII. The Countess of Mayo.&quot; The ''Tatler'' 20 April 1910, Wednesday: 18 [of 42], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001852/19100420/023/0018. Print title same, p. 72.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1911 November 21, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke assisted the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#21 November 1911, Tuesday|Duchess of Marlborough at her at-home]] that included a sale of work by the wives of prisoners.&lt;p&gt;

'''1912 September 27, Friday''', Guendoline and Daphne Bourke were visiting Mr. and Mrs. Shelley Bontein, her mother and stepfather.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From 'The World.'&quot; ''Berks and Oxon Advertiser'' 27 September 1912, Friday: 2 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002298/19120927/014/0002. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1913 April 23, Wednesday''', the Irish Independent reported that Guendoline and Daphne Bourke had arrived in London for the season:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke and Miss Bourke have arrived for the season at 75 Gloucester place, Portman square, London.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social and Personal.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 23 April 1913, Wednesday: 4 [of 10], Col. 5b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001715/19130423/081/0004. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1913 May 7, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke presented her daughter Daphne Bourke at court:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke presented her daughter, and wore blue and gold broché with a gold lace train.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social and Personal.&quot; London ''Daily Chronicle'' 08 May 1913, Thursday: 6 [of 12], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005049/19130508/120/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

The ''Pall Mall Gazette'' has a description of Daphne Bourke's dress, but what exactly &quot;chiffon [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hoops|paniers]]&quot; means in 1913 is not clear:&lt;blockquote&gt;Court dressmakers appear to have surpassed all previous records in their efforts to make the dresses for to-night’s Court as beautiful as possible. Noticeable among these is the dainty presentation gown to be worn by Miss Bourke, who will be presented by her mother, the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke. This has a skirt of soft white satin draped with chiffon [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hoops|paniers]] and a bodice veiled with chiffon and trimmed with diamanté and crystal embroidery. Miss Bourke’s train, gracefully hung from the shoulders, is of white satin lined with pale rose pink chiffon and embroidered with crystal and diamanté.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Fashion Day by Day. Lovely Gowns for To-night's Court.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 07 May 1913, Wednesday: 13 [of 18], Col. 1a [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/19130507/199/0013. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The ''London Evening Standard'' describes Guendoline and Daphne Bourke the same way except with differences in editing:&lt;blockquote&gt;Miss Bourke: Presented by her mother, the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke. Dainty presentation gown of white satin, the skirt draped with chiffon paniers, bodice veiled chiffon and trimmed with diamanté and crystal embroidery. Train gracefully hung from shoulder of white satin embroidered with crystal and diamanté, lined with pale rose pink chiffon.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Some of the Dresses.&quot; &quot;The King and Queen. Third Court. Most Brilliant of the Year.&quot; ''London Evening Standard'' 08 May 1913, Thursday: 11 [of 18], Col. 4b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/19130508/237/0011. Print title ''The Standard'', p. 11.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

According to the ''Lady's Pictorial'', Daphne Bourke's dress was designed and constructed by [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Messrs Russell and Allen|Messrs. Russell and Allen]], Old Bond-street, W., and the description is identical (except for a couple of commas).&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Their Majesties' Court.&quot; ''Lady's Pictorial'' 17 May 1913, Saturday: 35 [of 64], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005980/19130517/296/0035. Same print title, p. 787.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1914 May 11, Monday''', Guendoline and Daphne Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#Dance at the Ritz Hosted by Mrs. George Marjoribanks|dance at the Ritz hosted by Mrs. George Marjoribanks]].

'''1915 January 1, Friday''', Algernon Bourke is listed as being on the Executive Committee of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#1915 January 1, Friday|National Food Fund, publicized by the ''Conservative and Unionist Women's Franchise Review'']].

'''1916 August 25, Friday''', Daphne Bourke's and John Fortescue's engagement was announced:&lt;blockquote&gt;A most attractive prospective bride (says the &quot;Star&quot;) is Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke's only daughter, Miss Daphne Bourke, whose engagement has just taken place to Mr. Fortescue, of the Coldstream Guards. Miss Bourke is tall, dark, and very beautiful; and Mr. Fortescue is one of the family of Boconoc, Cornwall, and Dropmore, Maidenhead. At the latter place the two families have been neighbours, for Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke have a charming country residence at Taplow, while Dropmore is famous for its magnificent gardens.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Personalia.&quot; ''Uxbridge &amp; W. Drayton Gazette'' 25 August 1916, Friday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002285/19160825/043/0004. Print title ''The Advertiser'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''1917 June 7, Thursday''', Daphne Bourke and John Grenville Fortescue [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#7 June 1917, Thursday|married in the Coldstream Guards' chapel]].

== Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball ==
According to both the ''Morning Post'' and the ''Times'', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was among the Suite of Men in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#&quot;Oriental&quot; Procession|&quot;Oriental&quot; procession]] at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&quot;Fancy Dress Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; ''Morning Post'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 4a–8 Col. 2b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970703/054/0007.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;&quot;Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; The ''Times'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 12, Cols. 1a–4c ''The Times Digital Archive''. Web. 28 Nov. 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Based on the people they were dressed as, Guendoline Bourke was probably in this procession but it seems unlikely that Algernone Bourke was.

[[File:Guendoline-Irene-Emily-Bourke-ne-Sloane-Stanley-as-Salammb.jpg|thumb|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a standing woman richly dressed in an historical costume with a headdress and a very large fan|Hon. Guendoline Bourke as Salammbô. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]
=== Hon. Guendoline Bourke ===
[[File:Alfons Mucha - 1896 - Salammbô.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Highly stylized orange-and-yellow painting of a bare-chested woman with a man playing a harp at her feet|Alfons Mucha's 1896 ''Salammbô''.]]
Lafayette's portrait (right) of &quot;Guendoline Irene Emily Bourke (née Sloane-Stanley) as Salammbô&quot; in costume is photogravure #128 in the '''Album''' presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;&quot;Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball (1897): photogravures by Walker &amp; Boutall after various photographers.&quot; 1899. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait-list.php?set=515.&lt;/ref&gt; The printing on the portrait says, &quot;The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke as Salammbo.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;&quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke as Salammbo.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158491/Guendoline-Irene-Emily-Bourke-ne-Sloane-Stanley-as-Salammb.&lt;/ref&gt;

The Lafayette Archive has 2 additional poses from the same session on 5 July 1897 as the one chosen for the Album:

* Same image as the Album photograph but higher resolution than the one the National Portrait Gallery, London, gives permission to post (Neg. No. GP [L] [http://lafayette.org.uk/bou1369.html 1369]).
* Standing with fan behind head, includes close-up of skirt fabric and left hand (Neg. No. GP [L] [http://lafayette.org.uk/bou1368-444.html 1368-444]).
* Reclining on pillows and furs, includes close-up of face and headdress (Neg. No. GP [L] [http://lafayette.org.uk/bou1368-442.html 1368-442]).

==== Newspaper Accounts ====
The Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke was dressed as Salambo in the Oriental procession&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; in a costume made by [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Mrs. Mason|Mrs. Mason]], according to Russell Harris, although he also says [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Mr. Charles Alias|Charles Alias]] was the &quot;Costume supplier.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://lafayette.org.uk/bou1369.html|title=Hon Mrs Algernon Bourke (1870-1967), née Guendoline Irene Emily Sloane-Stanley by Lafayette 1897|website=lafayette.org.uk|access-date=2025-07-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Besides the two that mention her presence at the ball — the ''Morning Post'' and the ''Times'' — only two describe her costume, the London ''Evening Standard'' and the ''Gentlewoman'':
* &quot;Mrs. A. Bourke, as an Egyptian Princess, with the Salambo coiffure, wore a flowing gown of white and silver gauze covered with embroidery of lotus flowers. The top of the gown was ornamented with old green satin embroidered with blue turquoise and gold, and studded with rubies. The train was of old green broché with sides of orange and gold embroidery, and from the ceinture depended long bullion fringe and an embroidered ibis.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“The Ball at Devonshire House. Magnificent Spectacle. Description of the Dresses.” London ''Evening Standard'' 3 July 1897 Saturday: 3 [of 12], Cols. 1a–5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/18970703/015/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 3, Col. 3b}}
* &quot;(Egyptian Princess), drapery gown of white and silver gauze, covered with embroidery of lotus flowers; the top of gown appliqué with old green satin embroidered blue turquoise and gold, studded rubies; train of old green broché.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 40, Col. 3a}}

==== Commentary on Her Costume ====

*The heavy headdress is likely attached to a wig and further stabilized by something under Bourke's chin and by the filet around her forehead. The flowers appear to have jewels at the center. What looks like a neck treatment is probably part of the structure holding the headpiece in place. The placement of the flowers is clearly a copy of the headdress worn by Rose Caron in the 1892 Paris production of the Reyer opera. Made by Eugène Lacoste, this textile, metal and pearl ''coiffe'' still exists (https://www.gazette-drouot.com/article/bijoux-d-opera/54941) and is held by the Bibliothèque Nationale de France.&lt;ref&gt;Merle, Sandrine. &quot;Les bijoux d’Opéra en pleine lumière au Palais Garnier.&quot; ''La Gazette Druout'' 4 July 2025 (No. 26). Retrieved July 2025

https://www.gazette-drouot.com/article/bijoux-d-opera/54941.&lt;/ref&gt; It seems to have been constructed from metal for the gold framework with the leaf design, beads attached to hanging metal frameworks (the blue-green beads look like they're covered with fabric or wrapped with thread) and flowers that may have been made from stiffened pinked fabric (likely organdy) whose color may have darkened in the century that has passed.
*Bourke's posture as she leans in the reclining odalisque pose shows she is wearing a corset.
*The translucent overskirt looks like an apron attached under the bust and hanging from the bodice.
*Russell Harris says the large fan looks more Egyptian rather than Carthaginian,&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt;  and the newspapers say she was dressed as an Egyptian princess rather than a Carthaginian priestess.
*The fullness of the skirt is very controlled.
*Her shoes are slippers decorated with real or artificial jewels.

==== Salammbô ====
Salammbô is the fictitious protagonist in Gustave Flaubert's 1862 novel ''Salammbô'', set during the Roman war against Carthage.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-04-29|title=Salammbô|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salammb%C3%B4&amp;oldid=1221352216|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salammb%C3%B4.&lt;/ref&gt; Salammbô is a Carthaginian priestess of the lunar goddess Tanit. Matho, a Roman mercenary, breaks into Tanit's temple and steals her sacred veil — the spiritual guardian of Carthage. Salammbô sneaks into the enemy encampment to steal the veil back. She meets Matho in his tent, and &quot;believing each other to be divine apparitions,&quot; they make love,&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; although it is also a defilement. Salammbô succceds in getting the veil back, but Matho is tortured and executed, which causes her to die of shock, the effect of both having touched the veil. The plot of the opera is not identical to that of the novel.

What Guendoline Bourke saw in Salammbô as representative of herself is difficult to know, unless the costume itself appealed to her. A production of Ernest Reyer's opera ''Salammbô'', based on Flaubert's novel and published in Paris in 1890, opened at the Paris Opéra on 16 May 1892,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-04-11|title=Ernest Reyer|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Reyer&amp;oldid=1218353215|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Reyer.&lt;/ref&gt; starring Madame Rose Caron, with Mademoiselle Lucienne Bréval performing when Caron was on vacation.&lt;ref&gt;Jullienn, Adolphe. &quot;Mademoiselle Lucienne Bréval de L'Académie Nationale de Musique [or de l'Opéra in the Table of Contents].&quot; ''Le Théatre'' April 1898 (No. 4). Google Books https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/_oxRAQAAMAAJ. Pp. 8–10.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|8, Col. 2c}} This production was widely reviewed and discussed in the papers in the UK, and its production design was notable, especially Caron's costumes, the sets and [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#Scale of the Production of Salammbo|the very scale of the production]]. Bourke or her costumier clearly saw the opera or images of the performers or its posters, certainly influencing the design of her costume.

* Rose Caron in her Salammbo costume is here: https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/rose-caron-french-soprano-in-costume-in-the-title-role-of-news-photo/1439485238.
* A headshot of Bréval in costume is here: https://books.google.com/books/content?id=_oxRAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=RA3-PP7&amp;img=1&amp;zoom=3&amp;hl=en&amp;bul=1&amp;sig=ACfU3U2Gv8Os_rEmx2gM9SakJkYLJ9hW7g&amp;ci=6%2C1%2C988%2C1371&amp;edge=0.)
* &quot;Salammbo's hair [was] powdered with a violet dust when she first appeared before the eyes of Matho.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Salome.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 27 February 1893, Monday: 3 [of 8]. Col. 2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18930227/010/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

Salammbô figured in paintings, sculptures and illustrations of editions of Flaubert's novel before Ernest Reyer's 1890 opera. Translations and illustrated editions of Flaubert's novel had come out steadily beginning in the 1880s. Alfons Mucha's 1896 lithograph of Salammbô (above left) was published the year before the ball. Salammbo is often depicted as nude and highly sexual or sexualized (kissing a huge snake, for example, that she holds aloft). Reyer's opera was first produced in 1890 in Brussels. Both Modest Mussorgsky and Sergei Rachmaninoff had attempted but not completed operas based on the novel as well.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

===== Comtesse de Castiglione as Salammbô =====
Guendoline Bourke's costume and her social life as reported in the newspapers do not suggest that she was a big risk-taker like, for example, la Comtesse de Castiglione, Napoléon III's mistress at the time, who appeared at a ball in a Salammbô costume in 1886, 4 years after Flaubert's novel was first published. Henry Labouchere's ''Truth'' says of the Comtesse de Castiglione.&lt;blockquote&gt;
The first time I saw her I did not know who she was. She took my breath away; her beauty was so harmonious, and in all points so faultless. When I was told who she was, I thought of Helen and the Trojans. I also saw her at the fancy ball at the Tuileries, where she was in the transparent costume, lightly fastened together with brooches, ''à la'' Salammbô. Comte de Choiseul, son of the notorious Duc de Praelin, with his face blackened to make him resemble a Nubian slave, held up the part of the garment which fell as a gauzy train.

A spectatress I remember of that fancy ball was Mrs. Dayton, wife of the U.S. Minister. When she saw the Countess enter like an Olympian being, her American ideas got the better of diplomatic form, and she said to her daughter, a sweet maidenly young girl, &quot;Annie, dear, you must come away.&quot; A French lady (Madame Rouher) who sat next and was rather bourgeois than fast, remonstrated, I remember, in these words: &quot;Mais, Madame, où en est, donc, le mal ? Tout est si bien chez la Comtesse!&quot; The triumph of the Comtesse, as she walked down the Galerie des Maréchaux, was about as extraordinary a sight as the Tuileries ever presented. What was so astonishing was that the ladies forgot to be jealous, and the gentlemen to fall in love. The great beauty of the Countess excluded from their minds the idea of sex.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Notes from Paris.&quot; ''Truth'' 4 June 1891, Thursday: 22 [of 56], Col. 2b–c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18910604/046/0022. Same print title, p. 1176.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
The same reporter wrote about her again after her death in 1889.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Notes from Paris: The Late Comtesse de Castiglione.&quot; ''Truth'' 7 December 1899, Thursday: 28, Col. 1c – 29 [of 74], Col. 1c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18991207/045/0028 and https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0002961/18991207/045/0029. Same print title, pp. 1410–1411.&lt;/ref&gt; 

In 1889, on the announcement of la Comtesse de Castiglione's death, the ''Edinburgh Evening News'' exaggerates her nudity and doesn't describe the rush in the ballroom to see her, her denial that she was costumed as Salammmbô or the fact that she was Napoléon's mistress, which might go some way to explain the Empress Eugenie's response, but does address the lingering memory:&lt;blockquote&gt;The late Countess Castiglione, whose death in Paris is recorded yesterday, made her first appearance at the Imperial Court in 1866, where her extraordinary beauty made a great impression on Napoleon III., and eventually led to the Empress Eugenie’s undertaking an unexpected and much-talked-of visit to Scotland. The Countess had a face and complexion which would have enchanted Rubens, and her lovely golden hair touched her feet. Even at the present day Paris has not forgotten her costume, or rather absence of costume as Salammbo, in which character she figured at a certain memorable ball at the Tuileries, wearing her hair, her jewels, and very little else. The Empress Eugenie, when she was presented to her thus lightly arrayed, declared that she must be cold, and insisted upon her there and then donning a mantle. Mme. de Castiglione was never again invited to an entertainment over which the Empress Eugenie presided.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Countess’ Queer Ball Costume.&quot; ''Edinburgh Evening News'' 2 December 1899, Saturday: 2 [of 6], Col. 7b [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000452/18991202/024/0002. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Given how widely this incident was discussed at the time of the death of la Comtesse in 1889, brought up again with the discussions of Reyer's opera, Guendoline Bourke might easily have known about it. Perhaps the sexuality or overt sexuality of Salammbô appealed to her, but she was developing relationships with people like the Princess of Wales and had more leeway than the middle classes but would have been careful. 

===== Scale of the Production of ''Salammbo'' =====

* &quot;In Reyer's opera of 'Salammbo,' lately produced at the Grand Opera in Paris, there were 1,400 persons on the stage in the last act.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Facts and Fancies.&quot; ''Louth and North Lincolnshire Advertiser'' 9 July 1892, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 6c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000313/18920709/038/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;the battle scene in [''Salammbo''] requires no less than 3000 square yards of 'decorative surface' [probably canvas]. This establishes a record, the next largest surface being that of the salles des fetes in 'Don Giovanni.'&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A French paper gives interesting details....&quot; ''Sevenoaks Chronicle and Kentish Advertiser'' 26 August 1892, Friday: 2 [of 8], Col. 3c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001067/18920826/032/0002. Same print title, n.p.

&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Influence of the Production of ''Salammbo'' =====
Rose Caron's productions were influential, including for the costumes she wore. The 1892 ''Lohengrin'' she starred in was the source of the costumes worn by [[Social Victorians/People/Stonor#Julia Caroline Stonor, Marquise of Hautpoul|Julia Stonor, Marquise of Hautpoul]] and her brother, [[Social Victorians/People/Stonor#Hon. Harry Stonor|Hon. Harry Stonor]].

Women's clothing was influenced by the costumes in the opera, particularly those worn by Rose Caron. One color of intense red was called Salammbo. A bonnet was named the Salammbô:&lt;blockquote&gt;About the smartest thing in bonnets for ordinary complimentary mourning is called the Salammbô, and is copied from a head-dress worn by a leading artiste at one of the Paris theatres. It is made of jet, and has a rose on each side of the front from the centres of which rise two black ospreys.&lt;ref&gt;Mantalini, Miss. &quot;The Shows in the London Shops. With Mems. about Millinery.&quot; ''Pall Mall Budget'' 29 December 1892, Thursday: 22 [of 40], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005967/18921229/092/0022. Same print title, p. 1928.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;In a long illustrated article describing the wedding of Princess Marie of Edinburgh, the ''Lady's Pictorial'' provides a sketch of &quot;a very pretty [hat] (No. 4) of brown mirror velvet trimmed with mink and a brown velvet bow in front with Salammbo '&lt;nowiki/&gt;''fantaisie''&lt;nowiki/&gt;' [sic]&quot; that is among the bride's millinery.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Marriage of H.R.H. Princess Marie of Edinburgh and H.R.H. Ferdinand Crown Prince of Roumania.&quot; ''Lady's Pictorial'' 14 January 1893, Saturday: 40 [of 76], Col. 3c [of 3]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005980/18930114/064/0040. Same print title, p. 56.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

Shoes appeared:&lt;blockquote&gt;At Mrs Merritt's, Savile-street, the stock is particularly attractive, there being so many new styles in shoes this season. One of the latest designs is the Salammbo Shoe, glace kid, with one strap, a jet buckle, and very low French heels. This shoe is especially designed for tender feet, as it is very light in weight.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;House and Home. Local Letter for Women Reader [sic], (By Our Lady Contributor).&quot; ''Hull Daily Mail'' 22 July 1897, Thursday: 5 [of 6], Col. 1b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000324/18970722/069/0005. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Patterns for making the Tunique Romaine and Corsage Salammbo were for sale just a few months after the opening:&lt;blockquote&gt;Some of the leading fashionable novelties described in ''Le Follet de Paris'' are almost ahead of the season, but they look so well that it will not be long before our provincial dressmakers have them. A revival and modification of the ancient tunic is one item which is transforming the modern gowns of tailor-built tweeds into long clinging draperies, of simple cut but ineffable grace. We have had the Russian blouse with us now for the last couple of months. Now the reign of Tunique Romaine and Corsage Salambo is upon us.

... [including the address to send off for the patterns]

A very successful novelty is the ''corsage'' “Salammbo.” In reality, it is more of a blouse and short tunic than a ''corsage'', as there is no attempt at shaping to the figure. In [sic] consists, indeed, of two straight pieces of material cut round on the shoulders, where the back and front are fastened together by clasps. There is no arm-hole, and the two pieces meet at the waist under the arm, and then hang open on to the skirt. There being no dart, the waist is as wide as the shoulders; the fullness is drawn to the centre under a ''ceinture Russe'', or of oxydised silver. The outlines are trimmed with ''galon'' or some similar garniture. The &quot;Salammbo” ''guimpe'' or ''corsage'' are made of flannel or ''mousseline de laine'' of bright colour, and are worn with fitting bodices or skirts of serge, or woollen of dark colour. They are very effective, and nothing can be easier to make, while their addition to a frock constitutes a separate costume.

The fitting bodices worn under the ''guimpes'' or ''robes'' &quot;Salammbo&quot; are very simply made; being round-waisted, they are without side pieces, and only require a seam under each arm; one in the centre of the back, and one or two darts in front, according to the figure. The skirt is mounted on a round waistband, and the ''ceinture'' worn over this gives the bodice and skirt the effect of a princess dress.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Womans Ceilidh.&quot; ''Oban Times and Argyllshire Advertiser'' 3 September 1892, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 6a–b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000462/18920903/078/0003. Print title: ''The Oban Times'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Stationery even before the opera opened in Paris:&lt;blockquote&gt;The last fad in fancy stationery is the carte Salammbo, a delightfully smooth surface for writing upon, the envelopes are very small, square, and of the wallet make; the paper folds over once to fit. The newest shades are rose pink, pale English blue, apple green, and the evergreen heliotrope.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Fashions of the Month.&quot; ''Nottinghamshire Guardian'' 27 February 1892, Saturday: 7 [of 8], Col. 2b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000176/18920227/059/0007. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:Algernon Henry Bourke Vanity Fair 20 January 1898.jpg|thumb|alt=Old colored drawing of an elegant elderly man dressed in a 19th-century tuxedo with a cloak, top hat and formal pointed shoes with bows, standing facing 1/4 to his right|''Algy'' — Algernon Henry Bourke — by &quot;Spy,&quot; ''Vanity Fair'' 20 January 1898]]

=== Hon. Algernon Bourke ===
[[File:Hon-Algernon-Henry-Bourke-as-Izaak-Walton.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a man richly dressed in an historical costume sitting in a fireplace that does not have a fire and holding a tankard|Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke as Izaak Walton. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]
'''Lafayette's portrait''' (left) of &quot;Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke as Izaak Walton&quot; in costume is photogravure #129 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; The printing on the portrait says, &quot;The Hon. Algernon Bourke as Izaak Walton.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hon. Algernon Bourke as Izaak Walton.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158492/Hon-Algernon-Henry-Bourke-as-Izaak-Walton.&lt;/ref&gt;

This portrait is amazing and unusual: Algernon Bourke is not using a photographer's set with theatrical flats and props, certainly not one used by anyone else at the ball itself. Isaak Walton (baptised 21 September 1593 – 15 December 1683) wrote ''The Compleat Angler''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2021-09-15|title=Izaak Walton|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Izaak_Walton&amp;oldid=1044447858|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izaak_Walton.&lt;/ref&gt; A cottage Walton lived in and willed to the people of Stafford was photographed in 1888, suggesting that its relationship to Walton was known in 1897, raising a question about whether Bourke could have used the fireplace in the cottage for his portrait. (This same cottage still exists, as the [https://www.staffordbc.gov.uk/izaak-waltons-cottage Isaak Walton Cottage] museum.)

A caricature portrait (right) of the Hon. Algernon Bourke, called &quot;Algy,&quot; by Leslie Ward (&quot;Spy&quot;) was published in the 20 January 1898 issue of ''Vanity Fair'' as Number 702 in its &quot;Men of the Day&quot; series,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-01-14|title=List of Vanity Fair (British magazine) caricatures (1895–1899)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)_caricatures_(1895%E2%80%931899)&amp;oldid=1195518024|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)_caricatures_(1895%E2%80%931899).&lt;/ref&gt; giving an indication of what he looked like out of costume.

=== Mr. and Mrs. Bourke ===
The ''Times'' made a distinction between the Hon. Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke and Mr. and Mrs. Bourke, including both in the article.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Occasionally this same article mentions the same people more than once in different contexts and parts of the article, so they may be the same couple. (See [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#Notes and Question|Notes and Question]] #2, below.)

== Demographics ==

=== The Bourkes ===
*Nationality: Anglo-Irish&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020-11-14|title=Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo&amp;oldid=988654078|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Occupation: journalist. 1895: restaurant, hotel and club owner and manager&lt;ref&gt;''Cheltenham Looker-On'', 23 March 1895. Via Ancestry but taken from the BNA.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Residences ====
*Ireland: 1873: Palmerston House, Straffan, Co. Kildare.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; Not Co. Mayo?
*1888–1891: 33 Cadogan Terrace, S.W., Kensington and Chelsea, a dwelling house&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970, Register of Voters, 1891.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1894: 181 Pavilion Road, Kensington and Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970. Register of Voters, 1894. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1900: 181 Pavilion Road, Kensington and Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970. Register of Voters, 1900. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1904: Algernon Bourke was &quot;usually liv[ing] in Venice&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;
*1906: 75, Gloucester-place, W.&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot; /&gt;
*Guendoline Bourke
*1911: 1911 Fulham, London&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
*20 Eaton Square, S.W. (in 1897)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pl0oAAAAYAAJ|title=Who's who|date=1897|publisher=A. &amp; C. Black|language=en}} 712, Col. 1b.&lt;/ref&gt; (London home of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]])

=== The Sloane-Stanleys ===

==== Residences ====

* 1871: Chester Street, St George Hanover Square (Census), with 5 servants, including a cook and a footman.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;The National Archives; Kew, London, England; ''1871 England Census''; Class: ''RG10''; Piece: ''104''; Folio: ''21''; Page: ''37''; GSU roll: ''838763''. Ancestry.com. ''1871 England Census'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1881–1885&lt;ref&gt;''UK, City and County Directories, 1600s-1900s''. Ancestry.com. ''UK, City and County Directories, 1766 - 1946'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; [at least]: 14 Halkin Street, W., St. Georges, 14 servants, including a governess, a house steward, an under butler, a footman and a cook.&lt;ref&gt;''Census Returns of England and Wales, 1881''. Kew, Surrey, England: The National Archives of the UK (TNA): Public Record Office (PRO), 1881. Class: ''RG11''; Piece: ''98''; Folio: ''66''; Page: ''37''; GSU roll: ''1341022''. Ancestry.com and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. ''1881 England Census'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1888: 49, Cadogan-square, St. Luke, Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Ancestry.com. ''London, England, Overseer Returns, 1863-1894'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1899, Roger Cyril Sloane-Stanley: 4 Down St., St George, Hanover Square&lt;ref&gt;London Metropolitan Archives; London, England; ''Electoral Registers''. Ancestry.com. ''London, England, Electoral Registers, 1832-1965'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1911, Roger Cyril Sloane-Stanley: Paultons, Ower, Romsey

== Family ==
*Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke (31 December 1854 – 7 April 1922)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p29657.htm#i296561|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Guendoline Irene Emily Sloane-Stanley Bourke (c. 1869 – 30 December 1967)&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&quot;Guendoline Irene Emily Stanley.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p51525.htm#i515247|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
#Daphne Marjory Bourke (5 April 1895 – 22 May 1962)

=== Relations ===
*Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke (the 3rd son of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|6th Earl of Mayo]]) was the older brother of Lady Florence Bourke.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
*Wilfred Blunt was a cousin of Algernon Bourke: Bourke's mother's &quot;mother was one of the Blunts of Crabbet Park, Sussex, which makes them kinswomen of Mr. Alfred Scawen Blunt, poet, Egyptophil and counsel for Arabi Pasha in his trial.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From ''Truth''.&quot; ''Mid-Lothian Journal'' 23 August 1912, Friday: 8 [of 8], 2c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002721/19120823/147/0008. Print title and p. same.&lt;/ref&gt;
*Lord Alfred Douglas was a cousin of Algernon Bourke.

==== Other Bourkes ====
*Hubert Edward Madden Bourke (after 1925, Bourke-Borrowes)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hubert Edward Madden Bourke-Borrowes.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p52401.htm#i524004|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2021-08-25}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p52401.htm#i524004.&lt;/ref&gt;
*Lady Eva Constance Aline Bourke, who married [[Social Victorians/People/Dunraven|Windham Henry Wyndham-Quin]] on 7 July 1885;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lady Eva Constance Aline Bourke.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p2575.htm#i25747|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-02}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p2575.htm#i25747.&lt;/ref&gt; he became 5th Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl on 14 June 1926.

=== The Sloane-Stanleys ===
* Emilie Josephine S Stanley ( 21 December 1848 [baptism]&lt;ref&gt;London Metropolitan Archives; &quot;London, England, UK&quot; ; ''London Church of England Parish Registers''; Reference Number: ''P87/Tri/001''. Ancestry.com. ''London, England, Church of England Births and Baptisms, 1813-1923'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;  – October 1945)
* Hans T Sloane Stanley (11 May 1840 [baptism]&lt;ref&gt;Ancestry.com. ''England, Select Births and Christenings, 1538-1975'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; – 15 December 1888&lt;ref&gt;Ancestry.com. ''UK and Ireland, Find a Grave® Index, 1300s-Current'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;)
* James Shell[e?]y Bontein ()
*# Gwendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt; Irene Emily G Stanley (c. 1870&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt; – )
*# '''Roger Cyril Hans Sloane Stanley''' (29 April 1875&lt;ref&gt;The National Archives; Kew, Surrey, England; ''WO 42 War Office: Officers' Birth Certificates, Wills and Personal Papers 1755-1908''; Reference: ''WO 42/72''. Ancestry.com. ''UK, Officers' Birth Certificates, Wills and Personal Papers, 1755-1908'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; – 18 November 1944&lt;ref&gt;''Find a Grave''. Find a Grave®. http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi. Ancestry.com. ''UK and Ireland, Find a Grave® Index, 1300s-Current'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;)


* Olivia Elizabeth Berens, Countess Cairns&lt;ref&gt;The National Archives of the UK (TNA); Kew, Surrey, England; ''Census Returns of England and Wales, 1911''. Ancestry.com. ''1911 England Census'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; (c. 1871 – 20 June 1951&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Olivia Elizabeth Berens.&quot; Person Page 3908; person #39077. ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as well as the Royal Families of Europe''. https://www.thepeerage.com/p3908.htm#i39077.

&lt;/ref&gt;)
* Arthur William Cairns, 2nd Earl Cairns (21 December 1861 – 14 January 1890)&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot;&gt;&quot;Arthur William Cairns, 2nd Earl Cairns.&quot; Person Page 3908; Person #39076. ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as well as the Royal Families of Europe''. https://www.thepeerage.com/p3908.htm#i39076.&lt;/ref&gt;
*# Lady Louise Rosemary Kathleen Virginia Cairns (10 March 1889 – 17 May 1962)&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot; /&gt;
* Roger Cyril Hans Sloane Stanley (1875 – 18 November 1944)
*# Lavender Elizabeth (20 May 1900 [baptism]&lt;ref&gt;Hampshire Archives and Local Studies; Winchester, England, UK; ''Anglican Parish Registers''; Reference: ''35M76/PR3''. Ancestry.com. ''Hampshire, England, Church of England Baptisms, 1813-1921''[database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; – )
*# Diane Sloane Stanley (c. 1905 – )


* Lavender Elizabeth (20 May 1900 [baptism] – )
* John Everett ()


* Diane Sloane Stanley (c. 1905 – )
* Elwyn Villiers Rhys ()

== Writings, Memoirs, Biographies, Papers ==

=== Writings ===
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon. ''The History of White's''. London: Algernon Bourke [privately published], 1892.
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon, ed., &quot;with a brief Memoir.&quot; ''Correspondence of Mr Joseph Jekyll with His Sister-in-Law, Lady Gertrude Sloane Stanley, 1818–1838''. John Murray, 1893.
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon, ed. ''Correspondence of Mr Joseph Jekyll''. John Murray, 1894.

=== Papers ===
* Where are the papers for the Earl of Mayo family? Are Algernon and Guendoline Bourke's papers with them?

== Notes and Questions ==
#The portrait of Algernon Bourke in costume as Isaac Walton is really an amazing portrait with a very interesting setting, far more specific than any of the other Lafayette portraits of these people in their costumes. Where was it shot? Lafayette is given credit, but it's not one of his usual backdrops. If this portrait was taken the night of the ball, then this fireplace was in Devonshire House; if not, then whose fireplace is it?
#The ''Times'' lists Hon. A. Bourke (at 325) and Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke (at 236) as members of a the &quot;Oriental&quot; procession, Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke (in the general list of attendees), and then a small distance down Mr. and Mrs. Bourke (now at 511 and 512, respectively). This last couple with no honorifics is also mentioned in the report in the London ''Evening Standard'', which means the Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke, so the ''Times'' may have repeated the Bourkes, who otherwise are not obviously anyone recognizable. If they are not the Hon. Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke, then they are unidentified. It seems likely that they are the same, however, as the newspapers were not perfectly consistent in naming people with their honorifics, even in a single story, especially a very long and detailed one in which people could be named more than once.
#Three slightly difficult-to-identify men were among the Suite of Men in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#&quot;Oriental&quot; Procession|&quot;Oriental&quot; procession]]: [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax|Gordon Wood]], [[Social Victorians/People/Portman|Arthur B. Portman]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Wilfred Wilson]]. The identification of Gordon Wood and Wilfred Wilson is high because of contemporary newspaper accounts. The Hon. Algernon Bourke, who was also in the Suite of Men, is not difficult to identify at all. Arthur Portman appears in a number of similar newspaper accounts, but none of them mentions his family of origin.
#[http://thepeerage.com The Peerage] has no other Algernon Bourkes.
#The Hon Algernon Bourke is #235 on the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball#List of People Who Attended|list of people who were present]]; the Hon. Guendoline Bourke is #236; a Mr. Bourke is #703; a Mrs. Bourke is #704.
#Hans Stanley-Sloane's estate was £33,704 7s. 5d. in the final probate in December 1889,&lt;ref&gt;Principal Probate Registry; London, England; ''Calendar of the Grants of Probate and Letters of Administration made in the Probate Registries of the High Court of Justice in England''. Ancestry.com. ''England &amp; Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1995'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; which might lead his widow to consider remarrying.
== Footnotes ==
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      <text bytes="175468" sha1="npq3zzkrk629g29ilt0qnyt2n2uewg2" xml:space="preserve">Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were &quot;satirized&quot; by [[Social Victorians/People/Oscar Wilde|Oscar Wilde]] in his 1895 ''The Importance of Being Earnest''.&lt;ref&gt;Fahey, David M. ''The Politics of Drink in England, from Gladstone to Lloyd George''. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, 2022: p. 21, n. 34. ''Google Books'' (retrieved July 2025) https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Politics_of_Drink_in_England_from_Gl/8HRjEAAAQBAJ.&lt;/ref&gt; Algernon Bourke was a cousin of Lord Alfred Douglas, Wilde's Bosie, in 1898 attempting to facilitate a reconciliation between Bosie and his father, the Marquess of Queensberry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:26&quot;&gt;Ellmann, Richard. ''Osar Wilde''. Alfred A. Knopf, 1988.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|568}}[[File:Leslie Ward - Vanity Fair, Newspapermen, ^Algy^, The Hon Algernon Henry Bourke, Januray 20, 1898 - B1979.14.521 - Yale Center for British Art.jpg|thumb|Hon. Algernon Bourke, ''Vanity Fair'', 1898]]

==Also Known As==
* Family name: Bourke [pronounced ''burk'']&lt;ref name=&quot;:62&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-05-07|title=Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earl_of_Mayo&amp;oldid=1222668659|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Mayo.&lt;/ref&gt;
* The Hon. Algernon Bourke
** Button Bourke&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Tory 'Reformer' at the India Office.&quot; ''India'' 10 November 1911, Friday: 4 [of 12], Col. 1b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004300/19111110/007/0004#. Print: same title, p. 228.&lt;/ref&gt;
** Algy Bourke
* Mrs. Guendoline Bourke
** Guendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; [The National Portrait Gallery, London, uses this spelling for Lafayette's portrait of Bourke in costume for the ball,&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt; as does Russell Harris in the Lafayette Archive, held by the Victoria and Albert&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot;&gt;Harris, Russell. &quot;Hon Mrs Algernon Bourke, née Guendoline Irene Emily Sloane-Stanley (1870-1967), as Salammbô.&quot; ''In Calm Prose'' 2011. http://www.rvondeh.dircon.co.uk/incalmprose/.&lt;/ref&gt;.]
** Gwendolen&lt;ref&gt;General Register Office. ''England and Wales Civil Registration Indexes''. London, England: General Register Office. FreeBMD. ''England &amp; Wales, Civil Registration Marriage Index, 1837-1915''[database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Marriage Index}} &lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt;{{rp|''Morning Post'' article about her name}} &lt;ref&gt;General Register Office. ''England and Wales Civil Registration Indexes''. London, England: General Register Office. FreeBMD. ''England &amp; Wales, Civil Registration Marriage Index, 1837-1915''[database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Electoral Register}}
** Gwendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;City of Westminster Archives Centre; London, England; ''Westminster Church of England Parish Registers''; Reference: ''SPWP/PR/1/2''. Ancestry.com. ''Westminster, London, England, Church of England Births and Baptisms, 1813-1919'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Births and Baptisms}}
* Shelley Bontein and Emilie Sloane-Stanley Bontein
* See also the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|page for the Earl of Mayo]], the Hon. Algernon Bourke's father and then brother, and other Bourkes

== Overview ==

=== Algernon Bourke ===
Although the Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke was born in Dublin in 1854 and came from a family whose title is in the Peerage of Ireland,&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;1911 England Census.&lt;/ref&gt; he seems to have spent much of his adult life generally in England and especially in London. He was &quot;a noted fisherman.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London Correspondence.&quot; ''Freeman's Journal'' 21 December 1897, Tuesday: 5 [of 8], Col. 5c [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000056/18971221/027/0005. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

Because he was the son of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]], perhaps, or perhaps because he was so involved in projects that got reported on, he was mentioned a great deal in the newspapers, but after his bankruptcy, he seems to have receded in prominence, in part because he was living outside of the U.K., and apparently separately from his wife, Guendoline Bourke.

Bourke ran as the Conservative candidate for Parliament from Clapham (population, c. 70,000) in 1885, a race he did not win. As a candidate he is described like this:&lt;blockquote&gt;Acted as a newspaper correspondent during the Zulu war. Subsequently Poor-law inspector in the West of Ireland. &quot;A loyal supporter of Church and State.&quot; Desires to reduce the School Board expenditure, and revive trade; and is opposed to Mr. Chamberlain's &quot;police of hasty and experimental reform.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Clapham (70,000).&quot; ''South London Chronicle'' 17 October 1885, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000443/18851017/113/0005. Print title ''South London Chronicle and Southwark and Lambeth Ensign'', p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The London ''Weekly Dispatch'' says he is &quot;a dashing and unscrupulous young Tory.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Political Campaign in London.&quot; ''Weekly Dispatch'' (London) 15 November 1885, Sunday: 9 [of 16], Col. 3c [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003358/18851115/069/0009. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

&quot;Algy&quot; Bourke was &quot;Man of the Day&quot; (No. DCCII [522) for ''Vanity Fair'' in 1898, caricatured by Leslie Ward (above right) and damned, perhaps, with faint praise:&lt;blockquote&gt;Son of the great and murdered Lord Mayo, he is contemporary with the outbreak of the Crimean War, he is a Member of the London Stock Exchange, he has a beautiful wife and a daughter, and, being a very fashionable young man, he was once refused as their Member by the worthy electors of Clapham. He was an Eton boy, of course: and less naturally he went to Cambridge; where he was made President of the Beefsteak, the Amateur Dramatic, the Athenaeum, the True Blue, and the Hibernian Clubs. When he came down he tried journalism and went to Zululand as a ''Daily Telegraph'' ‘‘special”; after which he was improved into an Inspector of Workhouses [2, Col. 2c – 3, Col. 1a] in Ireland: which may account for his proficiency as a caterer. For seven years he worked under the late Mr. Chinnery on ''The Times'': being popularly supposed to look after that journal's morals. He is a good man of business, and a great organiser who has made White's Club pay even if it be less “smart&quot; than it was. He has done much for Willis’s since he took it in hand; he did well with his Battersea venture, and he thinks that he only failed with the Summer Club in Kensington Gardens because people would not go to the wrong side of the Park. Moreover, he runs a Club at Brighton, and he is Chairman of the Grand Hotel at Monte Carlo: whither he once organised a cheap trip. Altogether he is a veritable Clubman, and a very successful arranger of amusements, associations, and restaurants.

He is a popular fellow who is known to all of us; and though he is a little inclined to be quarrelsome, no one can get much the better of him. He is also a quick grasper of facts and a good talker. His favourite sports are fishing and the organising of associations for the introduction of salmon to the Thames. By way of being an art critic, he has made an interesting collection of engravings of the members of White’s Club from its foundation; but his friends say that he is not a well-dressed man. He has also written a history of White’s, and he is now writing one of Brooks's Club. He is a genial person, who looks as if the world agreed with him well.

He is an aquisition [sic] to a house party; and they call him “Algy.”&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Men of the Day.&quot; — No. DCCII [522]. The Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke.&quot; ''Vanity Fair'' 20 January 1898, Thursday: 2 [of 4], Col. 2c – 3, Col. 3a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9900020/18980120/010/0002 and https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/9900020/18980120/005/0003. Same print title, pp. 41–42. Portrait is full page, on p. 1.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The Hon. Algernon Bourke and Mr. Algernon Bourke, depending on the newspaper article, were the same person. Calling him Mr. Bourke in the newspapers, especially when considered as a businessman or (potential) member of Parliament, does not rule out the son of an earl, who would normally be accorded the honorific of ''Honorable''.

=== Guendoline Sloane-Stanley Bourke ===

Mrs. Guendoline Bourke exhibited at dog shows successfully and was a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Society Sportswomen|noted deerstalker]] and &quot;an appreciative listener to good music.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Vanity Fair.&quot; ''Lady of the House'' 15 June 1899, Thursday: 4 [of 44], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004836/18990615/019/0004.&lt;/ref&gt; She was a sponsor of Irish art needlework as well. Her personal beauty is often mentioned in reports, and ''The World'' says she was &quot;a magnificent woman.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Beauties of To-Day. From the ''World''.&quot; ''Clifton Society'' 24 June 1897, Thursday: 14 [of 16], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002164/18970624/066/0014. Same print and p.&lt;/ref&gt; She is the first listed in the ''Graphic''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s 1891 &quot;Leading Ladies of Society&quot;:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke is a daughter (Gwendoline Irene Emily) of the late Hans Sloane Stanley, Esq., of Poultons, Southampton, and 49, Cadogan Square, S.W. She married, on December 15th, 1887, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, third son of the sixth Earl of Mayo, Governor-General of India (who was assassinated in 1872), and nephew of Lord Connemara, Governor of Madras. Mr. Bourke is a member of the London Stock Exchange, and resides at 33, Cadogan Terrace, S.W.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Leading Ladies of Society.&quot; The Graphic 28 March 1891, Saturday: 6 [of 28], Col. 2c [of 3]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9000057/18910328/019/0006. Print: same title, p. 346.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;She attended many social events without her husband, especially into the 20th century, usually described with an appreciation of what she wore. Unlike her husband's, Guendoline's social status seems to have risen as time passed, and she appears in stories associated with the Princess of Wales, and then later with Queen Alexandra.

=== The Sloane-Stanley Family ===
Guendoline's family consisted of a younger brother, Cyril Sloane-Stanley, as well as her parents, Hans Sloane-Stanley and Emilie Edwards Sloane-Stanley. Exactly one year after she and Algernon Bourke married, Hans Sloane-Stanley died (in 1888), leaving an estate worth £33,704 7s. 5d.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;&gt;Principal Probate Registry; London, England; ''Calendar of the Grants of Probate and Letters of Administration made in the Probate Registries of the High Court of Justice in England''. Ancestry.com. ''England &amp; Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1995'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; (1888, 321) Her mother remarried almost exactly a year after that, to James Shelly Bontein. Bontein's father had been Gentleman Usher and Clerk of the Robes to Queen Victoria.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot;&gt;&quot;Marriages.&quot; &quot;Births, Marriages, and Deaths.&quot; ''Belfast News-Letter'' 6 December 1889, Friday: 1 [of 8], Col. 1a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000038/18891206/001/0001. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

Shortly after his death ''Truth'' described Guendoline and Cyril's father Hans Sloane-Stanley:&lt;blockquote&gt;The death of Mr. Sloane Stanley, of Paultons Park, is much regretted in South Hants, as he was one of the most popular landlords in the county, and was greatly esteemed. Mr. Sloane Stanley was well known in yachting circles, and for many years he was Commodore of the Royal Southern Yacht Club, and owned the schooner ''Star of the West''. He was one of the very few owners who continued to keep up the old custom of giving his crew a laying-up supper at the close of each season. There were great festivities at Paultons only a few months ago, when Miss Sloane Stanley was married to Mr. Algernon Bourke.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Entre Nous.&quot; ''Truth'' 27 December 1888, Thursday: 6 [of 48], Col. 2b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18881227/023/0006# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18881227/023/0006]. Same print title, p. 1136.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;When he died in 1944, Cyril Sloane-Stanley's estate was quite a bit larger than his father's had been 50 years before. The probate was divided between what was limited to &quot;settled land&quot; and what was &quot;save and except settled land.&quot; What was not settled land totalled £356,114 12s. 10d. and went to John Everett, company director; the Hon. Elwyn Villiers Rhys, captain, H.M. army; and William Adam de Geijer, retired captain, H.M. army.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt; (1944, 430) His daughter Lavender was married to John Everett, and Diane was married to Elwyn Villiers Rhys. What was settled land totalled £168,975 and went to William Adam de Geijer, retired captain, H.M. army, and George Lawrence Stewart, solicitor.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt; (1944, 430)

The Sloane-Stanleys descend from Hans Sloane (1660–1753), whose 71,000-item collections &quot;provid[ed] the foundation of the British Museum, the British Library, and the Natural History Museum, London.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2025-01-07|title=Hans Sloane|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane|journal=Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane|language=en|via=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Much of this Hans Sloane's wealth came from his medical practice in Jamaica, where he went as physician to the Governor General of Jamaica, the 2nd Duke of Albemarle, and where he married &quot;a wealthy heiress of sugar plantations&quot; worked by enslaved Jamaicans.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot; /&gt; His great-nephew, Hans Sloane, inherited Paultons, near Romsey, &quot;and in recognition of this he adopted the additional surname of Stanley in 1821.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-10-06|title=Hans Sloane (MP)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane_(MP)|journal=Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane_(MP)|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Acquaintances, Friends and Enemies ==

=== Algernon Bourke ===

* Best man at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Wedding of Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Sloane Stanley|his wedding]]: the Hon. Michael Sandys
* [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Marcus Henry Milner]], &quot;one of the zealous assistants of that well-known firm of stockbrokers, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;&quot;Metropolitan Notes.&quot; ''Nottingham Evening Post'' 31 July 1888, Tuesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 2a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/18880731/025/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Caroline, Duchess of Montrose — her &quot;legal advisor&quot; on the day of her marriage to Marcus Henry Milner&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Metropolitan Notes.&quot; ''Nottingham Evening Post'' 31 July 1888, Tuesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 1b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/18880731/025/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Wilfred Scawen Blunt
* Alexander Meyrick Broadley&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot;&gt;Broadley, Alexander Meyrick. ''How We Defended Arábi and His Friends, a Story of Egypt and the Egyptians''. London: Chapman and Hall, 1884. Google Books: [https://www.google.com/books/edition/How_We_Defended_Ar%C3%A1bi_and_His_Friends/75YRzFDvaO4C?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;bsq=Bourke https://www.google.com/books/edition/How_We_Defended_Ar%C3%A1bi_and_His_Friends/75YRzFDvaO4C].&lt;/ref&gt; (2) [Blunt, Broadley and Bourke were mutual friends; Blunt and Bourke were cousins.]
* &quot;Natty Rothschild,&quot; according to Blunt
* Brett, who was Hartington's secretary in the early 80s.&lt;ref&gt;Blunt, Wilfred Scawen. ''Gordon at Khartoum, Being a Personal Narrative of Events in Continuation of &quot;A Secret History of the English Occupation of Egypt''.&quot; London: Stephen Swift, 1911.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Guendoline Bourke ===

* Bridesmaids at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Wedding of Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Sloane Stanley|her wedding]]: Lady Florence Bourke, Miss Nora Bourke, Miss Edwards, and Miss Ewart
* Lord and Lady Alington, Belvedere House, Scarborough
* [[Social Victorians/People/William James|Evelyn James]] 

== Organizations ==

=== Guendoline Bourke ===

* Member, the Ladies Committee for the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Skating Club|Prince's Skating Club]], which also included [[Social Victorians/People/Princess Louise|Princess Louise]] (Duchess of Argyll), the [[Social Victorians/People/Portland|Duchess of Portland]], [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Lady Londonderry]], [[Social Victorians/People/Campbell|Lady Archibald Campbell]], [[Social Victorians/People/Ribblesdale|Lady Ribblesdale]], and [[Social Victorians/People/Asquith|Mrs. Asquith]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;&quot;What the 'World' Says.&quot; ''Northwich Guardian'' 01 November 1902, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Col. 8a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001975/19021101/134/0006. Print title: The ''Guardian'', p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt; (in 1902, at least)

=== Algernon Bourke ===
* [[Social Victorians/Schools#Eton|Eton]]
* Cambridge University, Trinity College, 1873, Michaelmas term&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;Cambridge University Alumni, 1261–1900. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Conservative Party
* 1879: Appointed a Poor Law Inspector in Ireland, Relief of Distress Act
* 1881: Partner, with 2 uncles, in Brunton, Bourke, and Co.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From Our London Correspondent.&quot; ''Manchester Courier'' 24 August 1881, Wednesday: 5 [of 8], Col. 4a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000206/18810824/030/0005. Print: ''Manchester Courier and Lancaster General Advertiser'', p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt; (one of the [[Social Victorians/British Aristocracy#Sons of Peers on the Stock Exchange|sons of peers on the Stock Exchange]])
* 1885: Office of the 7th Surrey Rifles Regiment&lt;ref&gt;&quot;7th Surrey Rifles.&quot; ''South London Press'' 08 August 1885, Saturday: 12 [of 16], Col. 4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18850808/165/0012. Print p. 12.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1886: Battersea Friendly Angling Society&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Battersea Friendly Angling Society.&quot; ''Fishing Gazette'' 17 April 1886, Saturday: 6 [of 20], Col. 2a [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002553/18860417/030/0006. Same print title, p. 218.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 27 February 1886: one of the Vice Presidents of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Bolingbroke Reading-Room and Institute|Bolingbroke Reading-Room and Institute]]
* Special Correspondent of The ''Times'' for the Zulu War, accompanying Lord Chelmsford
* Head, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys, &quot;that well-known firm of stockbrokers&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; ( – 1901 [at least])
* White's gentleman's club, St. James's,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-10-09|title=White's|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White's|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%27s.&lt;/ref&gt; Manager (1897)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Side Lights on Drinking.&quot; ''Waterford Standard'' 28 April 1897, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001678/18970428/053/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Willis's Rooms (described in 1895):&lt;blockquote&gt;... the Hon. Algernon Burke [sic], son of the 6th Earl of Mayo, has turned the place into a smart restaurant where choice dinners are served and eaten while a stringed band discourses music. Willis's Rooms are now the favourite dining place for ladies who have no club of their own, or for gentlemen who are debarred by rules from inviting ladies to one of their own clubs. The same gentleman runs a hotel in Brighton, and has promoted several clubs. He has a special faculty for organising places of the kind, without which such projects end in failure.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lenten Dullness.&quot; ''Cheltenham Looker-On'' 23 March 1895, Saturday: 11 [of 24], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000226/18950323/004/0011. Print p. 275.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
*The [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Pelican|Pelican Club]], known for its boxing (1891)

==== Boards of Directors ====
*1883: One of the directors, the Franco-English Tunisian Esparto Fibre Supply Company, Ltd.&lt;ref&gt;''Money Market Review'', 20 Jan 1883 (Vol 46): 124.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1891: One of the founders, the Discount Banking Company, Ltd., which says Algernon Bourke is a director of District Messenger Services and News Company, Ltd.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Public Company.&quot; ''Nottingham Journal'' 31 October 1891, Saturday: 4 [of 8], Col. 8a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001896/18911031/099/0004. Print title: ''The Nottingham Daily Express'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1894: One of the directors, the Frozen Lake, Ltd., with Admiral Maxse, Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Marcus Beresford]], [[Social Victorians/People/Williams|Hwfa Williams]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Frozen Lake, Limited.&quot; ''St James's Gazette'' 08 June 1894, Friday: 15 [of 16], Col. 4a [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001485/18940608/085/0015. Print p. 15.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;London is to have new amusement this winter, for which Mr Algernon Bourke, who has taught us that it is possible to eat as well in St. James’s as on the Boulevards, and Mr Hwfa Williams, of Sandown fame, are jointly responsible. The &quot;Frozen Lake,&quot; under which title a real ice-skating rink is about to be constructed under their auspices, will no doubt be gladly welcomed by all skaters, and the venture is likely to prove a success.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip.&quot; ''Weston-super-Mare Gazette, and General Advertiser'' 6 June 1894, Wednesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 4b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001444/18940606/044/0004. Print title: ''Weston-super-Mare Gazette'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== Committees ====

*Member, General Committee, [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Baths|the Baths Club]] (1892)
*Member, Men's Committee of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Skating Club|Prince's Skating Club]], which also included Lord Edward Cecil, Lord Redesdale, Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Lyttelton|Alfred Lyttelton]], Sir Edgar Vincent, Sir William Hart Dyke, and Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Grenfell|W. H. Grenfell]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; (1902, at least)
*[[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#25 March 1896, Wednesday|The Sala Memorial Fund]], member of the committee (from 25 March 1896)
* Member of an &quot;influential committee&quot; headed by the Lord Mayor &quot;to restore salmon to the Thames&quot; (June 1899)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Salmon in the Thames.&quot; ''Berks and Oxon Advertiser'' 30 June 1899, Friday: 5 [of 8], Col. 4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002298/18990630/079/0005. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Timeline ==

=== 1870s ===
'''1872 February 8''', Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo was assassinated while inspecting a &quot;convict settlement at Port Blair in the Andaman Islands ... by Sher Ali Afridi, a former Afghan soldier.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-12-01|title=Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo.&lt;/ref&gt; The Hon. Algernon's brother Dermot became the 7th Earl at 19 years old.

'''1876 November 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was one of 6 men (2 students, one of whom was Bourke; 2 doctors; a tutor and another man) from Cambridge who gave evidence as witnesses in an inquest about the death of a student falling off a horse.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Fatal Accident to a Sheffield Student at Cambridge.&quot; ''Sheffield Independent'' 25 November 1876, Saturday: 7 [of 12], Col. 5a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000181/18761125/040/0007. Print title: ''Sheffield and Rotherham Independent'', n. p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1879 December 27, Saturday – 29, Monday''', Algernon Bourke was in Kilrush as a Local Government Board Inspector:&lt;blockquote&gt;Among many distinguished visitors at the Vandeleur Arms Hotel, Kilrush this week was the Hon. Algernon Bourke Local Government Board Inspector who arrived on Saturday, and sojourned there until 2 o'clock on Monday, when the honourable gentleman left by Steamer tor Limerick.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Fashionable Intelligence.&quot; ''Kilrush Herald and Kilkee Gazette'' 01 January 1880, Thursday: 2 [of 5], Col. 3a [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003186/18800101/011/0002. Print title ''Kilrush Herald'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 1880s ===
'''4 February 1880, Wednesday''', Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880#Grand Ball at Palmerstown House Hosted by the Earl of Mayo|grand ball at Palmerstown House hosted by the Earl of Mayo]]. 

'''1880 March 30, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was working in the judicial system in Newcastle, County Limerick, possibly as Poorhouse Inspector:&lt;blockquote&gt;A sworn enquiry was held to-day at the Workhorse, Newcastle West, by the Hon Algernon Bourke, L.G.I., to enquire into charges preferred by Dr. Pierce, Medical Office, against Dr. O'Shaughnesay. The enquiry was adjourned till Thursday next. Mr Moran, sol., Rathkeale, was engaged for Dr. O'Shaughnessy.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Sworn Enquiry.&quot; &quot;Limerick County. Newcastle West Intelligence.&quot; ''Bassett's Chronicle'' 31 March 1880, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 3b–c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003471/18800331/044/0003.  Print title ''Bassett's Daily Chronicle'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1880 April 17, Saturday''', in-jokes dominate this report mentioning Algernon Bourke in the context of the Kildare and National Hunt races in Dublin:&lt;blockquote&gt;And in mopy Upper Mount-street, where young Algernon Bourke, of the Onety-oneth, had promised to call for, and afterwards spin down to the races in his mail phaeton, the Blake girls; and in fastidious Fitzwilliam-place, and exclusive &quot;Murryan-squeer,&quot; from which dashing army men, in their neatly-appointed, well horsed drags were to &quot;tool&quot; down sweet young Dublin lasses of the ''crême d la crême'' [sic], many an anxious forecasting of the weather was taken, lest by an unpropitious shower that last triumph of Mrs. Manning, or the Forrests, or Miss Sedford, or any of the ''grandes dames de la mode'' should be rendered as worthless as a Confederate &quot;greenback.&quot; But by ten o'clock all doubts were happily set aside, and up struck the lovely April day in all its spring-time glory and then the road, oh, the road!&lt;ref&gt;&quot;To Punchestown and Back by the Old Road.&quot; ''Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News'' 17 April 1880, Saturday: 6 [of 24], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001857/18800417/013/0006. Same print title, p. 102.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1881 May 10, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#1881 May 10, Tuesday|wedding of Marion Lascelles, eldest daughter of the Hon. Egremont W. Lascelles, brother of the Earl of Harewood, and Lieutenant Henry Dent Brocklehurst, of the Second Life Guards, nephew of Mr. Philip Brocklehurst, of Swithamley Park, Macclesfield]]. His gift was an &quot;old enamelled watch set in pearls.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Nuptial Rejoicings at Middlethorpe Manor. Marriage of Miss Lascelles and Lieut. Brocklehurst.&quot; ''Yorkshire Gazette'' 14 May 1881, Saturday: 9 [of 12], Cols. 3a–4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive''https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000266/18810514/057/0009. Print same title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1881 May 23, Monday, 2:00 p.m.''', Algernon Bourke is listed among the Honourables at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace|Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace]].

'''1881 July 14, Thursday afternoon, beginning about 2 p.m.''', Algernon Bourke was invited to a Garden Party at Marlborough House hosted by [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]]. Members of the family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] were also among the 1,500 or so invited guests.

'''1881 July 22, Friday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to an [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#22 July 1881, Friday|evening party at Marlborough House hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales]].

'''1881 September 17, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was reported among the company at Doncaster during race week.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;List of the Company.&quot; ''York Herald'' 17 September 1881, Saturday: 8 [of 16], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000499/18810917/183/0008. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1881 November 22, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was sued in Dublin by Henry Naylor because he &quot;had declined to pay&quot; for a £35 piano.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Henry Naylor v. the Hon. Algernon Bourke.&quot; &quot;Exchequer Division.&quot; &quot;High Court of Justice.&quot; ''Belfast Morning News'' 23 November 1881, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 8a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000428/18811123/015/0003. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1881 December 8, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke was part of a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#Battue at Palmerstown|battue at Palmerstown]], when the group bagged 172 pheasants, hares and rabbits.

'''1882 March 7, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882#7 March 1882, Tuesday|fashionable wedding of Reginald Chandos-Pole and Violet Denison]].

'''1882 March 15, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882#The Marchioness of Salisbury's Assembly|the Marchioness of Salisbury's first reception of the season]].

'''1882 July 13, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to the [[Social Victorians/1882-07-13 Marlborough House Garden Party|Garden Party at Marlborough House for Queen Victoria]] hosted by [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]]. The more than 1,000 people invited also included a number of people from the family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]].

'''1882 September 19''', Alexander M. Broadley in Tunis received a letter from Algernon Bourke asking him to provide legal counsel to defend prisoner-of war Arábi in Egypt, with Wilfred Scawen Blunt, which he did.&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot; /&gt; (2)

'''1882 September 28, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882#The Wedding of John M'Donald and Georgiana Lambart|wedding of John M'Donald and Georgiana Lambart]].

'''1883 March 21, Wednesday''', the Evening Irish Times announced that Algernon Bourke &quot;has arrived at Kingstown from England.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Fashion.&quot; ''Evening Irish Times'' 21 March 1883, Wednesday: 7 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003464/18830321/086/0007. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''23 July 1883, Monday, noon''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1883#Garden Party at Marlborough House, at Noon|garden party at Marlborough House]] hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales.

'''31 October 1883, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the wedding of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1883#Wedding of Lady Cecelia Hay and Captain George Webbe|Lady Cecelia Hay and Captain George Webbe]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 February 16, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#16 February 1884, Saturday|the funeral of Thomas Chenery, editor of the ''Times'']].&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 April 4, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was (may have been?) one of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#5 April 1884, Saturday|&quot;Supporters of the Pall&quot; at the funeral]] of [[Social Victorians/People/Leopold|Prince Leopold George Duncan Albert, Duke of Albany]] at St. George's, Windsor.&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 April 26, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#26 April 1884, Saturday|dinner party at the Lord Mayor's Mansion House for conservatives to meet Sir Stafford Northcote]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 May 3, Saturday''', the &quot;Rochester Conservatives&quot; announced that they would &quot;bring forward the Hon. Algernon Bourke, brother of Lord Mayo, as their second candidate,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Election Intelligence.&quot; ''Yorkshire Gazette'' 03 May 1884, Saturday: 4 [of 12], Col. 6a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000266/18840503/011/0004.&lt;/ref&gt; but because he would not be the first candidate, Bourke declined.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rochester.&quot; London ''Daily Chronicle'' 09 May 1884, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 8b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005049/18840509/049/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 June 18, Wednesday''', Mr. Algernon Bourke was on a committee to watch a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#18 June 1884, Wednesday|Mr. Bishop's &quot;thought-reading&quot; experiment]], which was based on a challenge by Henry Labourchere made the year before. This &quot;experiment&quot; took place before a fashionable audience.&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 July 25, Friday, afternoon''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#Garden Party at Marlborough House hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales|Garden Party at Marlborough House hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1885 January 22, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke's gift to [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#Wedding of George Buckle and Alicia Payn|George Buckle and Alicia Payn for their wedding]] was an antique cabinet.&lt;p&gt;

'''1885 July 7, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#7 July 1885, Tuesday|Eva Bourke's wedding to Windham Wyndham-Quin]] at St. Mary Abbots, Kensington.&lt;p&gt;

'''1885 July 13, Monday''', Algernon Bouurke was at Victoria Station as part of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#Arrival of Lord Wolseley in London from Egypt|crowd greeting Lord Wolseley on his return from Egypt]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1885 July 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/1885-07-24 Marlborough House Ball|ball at Marlborough House]] hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales.&lt;p&gt;

'''1885 September 26, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke took part in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#26 September 1885, Saturday|Ealing Conservative Club fete and meeting]] supporting Salisbury's government and condemning &quot;the dictates of one man&quot; — Gladstone — for Gordon's death.&lt;p&gt;

'''1885 October 3, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was named as the Conservative candidate for Clapham in the Battersea and Clapham borough after the Redistribution Bill determined the electoral districts for South London.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;South London Candidates.&quot; ''South London Press'' 03 October 1885, Saturday: 9 [of 16], Col. 5b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18851003/096/0009. Print p. 9.&lt;/ref&gt; On Sunday 15 November 1885 the London ''Weekly Dispatch'' supported Moulton, the Liberal candidate, who ultimately won the election:&lt;blockquote&gt;

Though a successful lawyer, Mr. Moulton is much more than that. He is a thorough and independent student of political science, who may be trusted to do good service to the Liberal cause with brain as well as with tongue. It will be matter for hearty congratulation if he defeats the Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke, who is a dashing and unscrupulous young Tory, and a nephew of the well-known politician with the same surname.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Political Campaign in London. VI. — The South-West Divisions.&quot; ''Weekly Dispatch'' (London) 15 November 1885, Sunday: 9 [of 16], Col. 3c [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003358/18851115/069/0009. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

On Saturday 21 November 1885 the ''South London Press'' reported on posters for Bourke's candidacy:&lt;blockquote&gt;

The Hon. Algernon Bourke, Conservative candidate for Clapham, has a very industrious billsticker, who pastes up his patron’s bills in every possible place where they can be seen to advantage. It is unfortunate, however, that choosing the flank wall of an auctioneer’s the modern &quot;Sam Slap&quot; has produced some curious combinations, such as — &quot;Vote for Bourke,&quot; &quot;Now on View;&quot; &quot;Electors of Clapham, Vote for Mr. Bourke, and&quot; &quot;Be Sold Without Reserve;&quot; &quot;Mr, Bourke will&quot; &quot;Advance Money to&quot; &quot;the Electors of Clapham;&quot; &quot;Great Conservative Meeting. The British Constitution will be&quot; &quot;Offered for Sale this Evening,&quot; &amp;c.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pick-up Notes.&quot; ''South London Press'' 21 November 1885, Saturday: 10 [of 16], Col. 1b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18851121/155/0010. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1885 November 3, Tuesday, 11:00 a.m.''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Mayo-Ponsonby Wedding 1885-11-03|wedding of his brother, Dermot, 7th  Earl of Mayo and Geraldine Ponsonby]]. He gave them 2 Sheraton secretaires.

'''1886 January 5, Tuesday, late''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Twelfth Night|Twelfth Night celebration at the Drury Lane theatre]].

'''1886 March 13, Saturday evening''', an Hon. Mr. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/1886-03-13 Reception at the French Embassy|reception at the French Embassy]], possibly Algernon Bourke or possibly [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|one of his brothers]].

'''1886 July 10, Saturday''', Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Garden Party at Marlborough House Given to the Queen|garden party at Marlborough House given to the Queen]]. Guendoline Sloane Stanley is not mentioned but Mr. and Mrs. Hans Sloane Stanley are, as are Mr. and Mrs. F. Sloane Stanley.&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 July 21, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to the [[Social Victorians/1886-07-21 Marlborough House Ball|Ball at Marlborough House]], as were a [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#The Sloane-Stanleys 2|Mr. and Mrs. F. Sloane-Stanley]], possibly the parents of Guendoline Sloane-Stanley (if the &quot;F&quot; is a mistake), who married Bourke on 15 December 1887. Guendoline is not mentioned as having been invited.&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 July 27, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended a service honoring a memorial at St. Paul's for his father, who had been assassinated.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Memorial to the Late Earl of Mayo.&quot; ''Northern Whig'' 28 July 1886, Wednesday: 6 [of 8], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000434/18860728/143/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 September 2, Thursday''', Mr. Algernon Bourke was part of a group of mostly aristocratic men taking part in [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Augustus Harris's A Run of Luck|a &quot;trial-rehearsal&quot; as part of Augustus Harris's production]] ''A Run of Luck'', about sports.&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 October 2, Saturday''', the Duke of Beaufort and the Hon. Algernon Bourke arrived in Yougal: &quot;His grace has taken a residence at Lismore for a few weeks, to enjoy some salmon fishing on the Blackwater before the close of the season.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Chippenham.&quot; ''Wilts and Gloucestershire Standard'' 02 October 1886, Saturday: 8 [of 8], Col. 6a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001955/18861002/142/0008. Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 October 11, Monday''', Algernon Bourke may have been taking part in a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Performance of Run of Luck|performance of ''Run of Luck'' at the Drury Lane]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 October 23, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Party at Wemyss Castle, Fife|staying at Wemyss Castle, Fife]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 December 30, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke was back in London and attending the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Augustus Harris's The Forty Thieves|&quot;Forty Thieves&quot; pantomime at the Drury Lane Theatre]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1887 January 5, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was one of the chief mourners at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Funeral of Lady Margaret Harriett Bourke|funeral of Lady Margaret Harriett Bourke]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1887 March 1, 2:00 p.m.''', Algernon Bourke is listed among the Messieurs attending the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace|Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1887 May''', a &quot;signalling incident&quot; in 1907 [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#May 1887|caused the Waterford ''Evening News'' to recall a similar event]] that had occurred 20 years earlier, in which Algernon Bourke, as special correspondent for the ''Times'', caused the incident to be publicized:&lt;blockquote&gt;During the manoeuvres in connection with the 1887 Jubilee of Queen Victoria a signal was observed going up from [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles [Beresford]]]'s ship. It was a message to his wife, Lady Beresford, to the effect that, as he should be late for dinner, she was not to wait. Beyond the hilarity this domestic signal evoked, nothing more would have been heard of it, but Mr. Algernon Bourke (Lord Mayo's brother) was acting as special correspondent for the &quot;Times,&quot; and that paper the next morning contained a full and humorous report of the incident. Then there was trouble.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Signalling Incident.&quot; ''Evening News'' (Waterford) 13 November 1907, Wednesday: 1 [of 4], Col. 6c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004557/19071113/021/0001.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1887 June 15, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians Foreign Office Reception 1887-06-15|reception at the Foreign Office in honor of Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee]].

'''1887 July 6, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to and, presumably, attended the State Ball at Buckingham Palace.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The State Ball at Buckingham Palace.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 08 July 1887, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 5a–6c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18870708/013/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 1c)

'''1887 August 6, Saturday''', the ''Brighton Gazette'' says that the &quot;Hon. Mrs and Mr Algernon Bourke&quot; were staying at the Royal Crescent Hotel in Brighton, but they didn't marry until 15 December 1887.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Royal Crescent Hotel.&quot; ''Brighton Gazette'' 6 August 1887, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 5c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000938/18870806/047/0003. Print title ''Brighton Gazette and Sussex Telegraph'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt; Perhaps an elder relative, because she is mentioned first?

'''1887 November 9, Wednesday''', the ''Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper'' announced that&lt;blockquote&gt;A marriage is arranged, and will take place early in January, between Mr. Algernon Bourke, third son of the late Earl of Mayo, and Miss Guendolen Sloane Stanley, only daughter of Mr. Hans Sloane Stanley, of Paultons.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Romsey, Nov. 9.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 9 November 1887, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18871109/034/0003. Print title ''Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Shortly after, the papers announced that the wedding would not take place.

'''1887 December 15, Thursday''', Hon. [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Wedding of Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Sloane Stanley|Algernon Bourke and Guendoline Stanley were married at St. Paul's]], Knightsbridge, by Bourke's uncle the Hon. and Rev. George Bourke. Only family members attended because of &quot;the recent death of a near relative of the bride.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court Circular.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 16 December 1887, Friday: 5 [of 8], Col. 7c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18871216/066/0005.&lt;/ref&gt; Who the &quot;near relative of the bride&quot; was not in her nuclear family, and perhaps that explains the cancellation of the wedding and then the changing of the wedding date and not some problem in the couple.

'''1888 – 1899 January 1''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was &quot;proprietor&quot; of [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#White's|White's Club, St. James's Street]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;&quot;The Hon. Algernon Bourke's Affairs.&quot; ''Eastern Morning News'' 19 October 1899, Thursday: 6 [of 8], Col. 7c [of7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001152/18991019/139/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1888 January 21, Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the wedding of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#Hamilton-Ewart Wedding|Florence Ewart and Henry Hamilton]].

'''1888 March 7, Wednesday''', assuming that this date is not a week after the actual date, [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lady Charles Beresford]] held a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#1888 March 7, Wednesday|notable and well-attended &quot;at home&quot;]] that Guendoline Bourke attended, reported for being dressed in white and being among the beautiful women present.

'''6 April 1888, Friday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#6 April 1888, Friday|New Forest United Hunt ball at the New Forest Hall, Lyndhurst]].

'''1888 May 2, Wednesday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#The Marchioness of Salisbury's Reception|Marchioness of Salisbury's reception]] at the Salisbury home on Arlington-street.

'''1888 May 22, Tuesday''', the Dowager Countess of Mayo presented Guendoline Bourke at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#Queen's Drawing Room|Queen's drawing-room]] hosted by the Princess of Wales. This is Guendoline Bourke's dress:&lt;blockquote&gt;Empire robe de cour of white satin duchesse, lined with rich pink silk, sufficiently bright to give a beautiful shell-like tint through the satin; tulle underdress, with upper skirt, embroidered with pearl, and caught up in Greek folds with large pink Tosca roses; white satin bodice, with Josephine pink sash tied at side, Headdress, veil and plumes; ornaments, diamonds.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Dresses at the Drawing-Room.&quot; ''Epsom Journal'' 22 May 1888, Tuesday: 3 [of 6], Col. 5b–c [of 6]. ''British Newspapers Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004837/18880522/034/0003. Print: title ''Local Journal'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Another description:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke's train was of white satin lined with pink, which showed through with charmingly shell-like effect. The dress, fashioned after those of the Empire period, was of white satin embroidered with pearls. A very broad sash of pink satin made the waist seem quaintly short, a trying thing to any but the young and tall, both of which qualifications Mrs. Bourke most happily possesses. She carried a lovely posy of La France roses.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Gossip on Dress.&quot; ''Boston Spa News'' 25 May 1888, Friday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1b–2b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003395/18880525/014/0002. Print title The News, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 1c)&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1888 June 8, Friday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#Dinner and Dance Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne at Hamilton House|dinner and dance Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne at Hamilton House]] featuring Prince and Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein, and for the ball, the King of Sweden and Norway and the Prince and Princess of Wales and their daughters were present.

'''1888 June 19, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke was one of the principal guests at the wedding of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#19 June 1888, Tuesday|Captain Philip Green and Miss Mabel Emilie Scott]].

'''1888 July 26''', [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Caroline Graham Stirling-Crawford]] (known as Mr. Manton for her horse-breeding and -racing operations) and Marcus Henry Milner married.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;&quot;Hon. Caroline Agnes Horsley-Beresford.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://thepeerage.com/p6863.htm#i68622|title=Person Page|website=thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the ''Nottingham Evening Post'' of 31 July 1888,&lt;blockquote&gt;LONDON GOSSIP.

(From the ''World''.)

The marriage of &quot;Mr. Manton&quot; was the surprise as well the sensation of last week. Although some wise people noticed a certain amount of youthful ardour in the attentions paid by Mr. Marcus Henry Milner to Caroline Duchess of Montrose at '''Mrs. Oppenheim's ball''', nobody was prepared for the sudden ''dénouement''; '''and it''' were not for the accidental and unseen presence [[Social Victorians/People/Mildmay|a well-known musical amateur]] who had received permission to practice on the organ, the ceremony performed at half-past nine on Thursday morning at St. Andrew's, Fulham, by the Rev. Mr. Propert, would possibly have remained a secret for some time to come. Although the evergreen Duchess attains this year the limit of age prescribed the Psalmist, the bridegroom was only born in 1864. Mr. &quot;Harry&quot; Milner (familiarly known in the City as &quot;Millions&quot;) was one of the zealous assistants of that well-known firm of stockbrokers, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys, and Mr. Algernon Bourke, the head of the house (who, of course, takes a fatherly interest in the match) went down to Fulham to give away the Duchess. The ceremony was followed by a ''partie carrée'' luncheon at the Bristol, and the honeymoon began with a visit to the Jockey Club box at Sandown. Mr. Milner and the Duchess of Montrose have now gone to Newmarket. The marriage causes a curious reshuffling of the cards of affinity. Mr. Milner is now the stepfather of the [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Duke of Montrose]], his senior by twelve years; he is also the father-in-law of [[Social Victorians/People/Lady Violet Greville|Lord Greville]], Mr. Murray of Polnaise, and [[Social Victorians/People/Breadalbane|Lord Breadalbane]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1888 December 1st week''', according to &quot;Society Gossip&quot; from the ''World'', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was suffering from malaria, presumably which he caught when he was in South Africa:&lt;blockquote&gt;I am sorry to hear that Mr. Algernon Bourke, who married Miss Sloane-Stanley a short time ago, has been very dangerously ill. Certain complications followed an attack of malarian fever, and last week his mother, the Dowager Lady Mayo, and his brother, Lord Mayo, were hastily summoned to Brighton. Since then a change for the better has taken place, and he is now out of danger.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip. What the ''World'' Says.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 08 December 1888, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18881208/037/0002. Print title: ''The Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper''; print p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1888 December 20, Thursday''', the Sloane-Stanley family, including Guendoline Bourke, attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#20 December 1888, Thursday|funeral of Hans Sloane Stanley]]. Algernon Bourke did not attend because he was still too ill.

'''1889 January 22, 2:30 p.m., Tuesday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke sent a gift for the [[Social Victorians/Cecil Lambton Wedding 1889 January 22|wedding of Lady Eleanor Lambton and Lord Robert]] Cecil, a pair of antique mirrors.

'''1889 May 18, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#18 May 1889, Saturday|opening of the Italian Opera season at Covent Garden]].

'''1889 May 27, Monday, 11 p.m.''', the dancing commenced at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#The Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace|the Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace]], with both the Hon. Algernon and the Hon. Guendoline Bourke present.

'''1889 June 8, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke contributed some art he owned to the collection of the Royal Institute of Painters in Water-Colours' [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#8 June 1889, Saturday|exhibition of &quot;the works of the 'English Humourists in Art.'&quot;]]

'''1889 July 2, Tuesday''', Guendoline and Algernon Bourke sat in the Muriettas' box at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#The Shah at a Covent Garden Opera Performance|gala performance at Covent Garden also attended by the Prince and Princess of Wales, a number of other royals and the Shah]].

'''1889 27 July, Saturday''', Guendoline and Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#Garden Party Hosted by Mr. and Mrs. Augustus Harris|garden party hosted by Mr. and Mrs. Augustus Harris]], which was attended by a people from the theatre and arts worlds.

'''1889 August 15''', Thursday, because of mourning on both sides, only the closest friends and family were invited to the [[Social Victorians/Pleydell-Bouverie Skelmersdale Wedding|wedding of Lady Wilma Pleydell-Bouverie and Lord Skelmersdale]], so she may not have attended, but the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave the bride a miniature silver kettle.&lt;p&gt;

'''1889 December 2, Monday''', Guendoline Bourk's mother, Emilie Sloane-Stanley, married James Shelly Bontein:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

BONTEIN—STANLEY — December 2, at St. George's, Hanover Square, London, by the Rev. G. S. de Sansmarez, James Shelly, only son of the late James Bontein, Gentleman Usher and Clerk of the Robes to the Queen, to Emilie Josephine, widow of Hans Sloane Stanley, of Paultons.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1889 December 17, Tuesday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke gave a gift to [[Dangan-Neville Wedding|Lady Violet Nevill for her wedding to Henry Wellesley, Viscount Dangan]] and so were probably in attendance.

=== 1890s ===
'''1890 January 9, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#The York Hunt Ball|fancy-dress Hunt Ball in York]]. She&lt;blockquote&gt;looked a picture in a Gainsborough gown. The white satin skirt was flounced with sable and veiled with ''chiffon'', the setuage of which was left to show without being hemmed up. There was a broad sash of rose-pink silk and each buttonhole was filled round with crimped lisse.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Our London Letter.&quot; ''Irish Society'' (Dublin) 11 January 1890, Saturday: 17 [of 24], Col. 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001939/18900111/042/0017. Same print title, p. 29.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1890 February''' '''12, Wednesday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Lady Constance Leslie's Reception|Lady Constance Leslie's reception]] at her house in Stratford-place.

'''1890 April 9, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#The New Forest United Hunt Ball|the New Forest United Hunt Ball]].

'''1890 June 3, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the 2:30 p.m. [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Münster-Hay Wedding|wedding of Count Alexander Münster and Lady Muriel Henrietta Constance Hay]]. She is also listed as having attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Dinner and Concert Hosted by Mrs. Arthur Williams and Ball by Mrs. Menzies|ball hosted by Mrs. J. Menzies (daughter of Mrs. Arthur Wilson)]] that Prince Eddie, the Duke of Clarence and Avondale, also attended, that night.  

'''1890 July 4, Friday, 11 p.m.''', the Hon. Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#The Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace|the Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace]]. The dancing commenced shortly after 11:00. 

'''1890 July 15, Tuesday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke were invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Garden Party at Marlborough House to Meet the Queen|garden party at Marlborough House to meet the Queen]]. 

'''1890 July 19, Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Wedding of James Francis Harry St. Clair-Erskine and Violet Aline Vyner|wedding of James Francis Harry St. Clair-Erskine and Violet Aline Vyner]], the two of them giving &quot;four small silver dessert dishes&quot; and Guendoline giving an &quot;enamel and diamond pin.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marriage of Lord Loughborough with Miss Vyner.&quot; ''Fife Free Press'' 26 July 1890, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1a–2b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001110/18900726/015/0002. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 2b)

'''1890 July 24, Thursday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Dinner and Dance Hosted by Lord Alington|dance hosted by Lord Alington]] attended also by the Prince and Princess of Wales and Princesses Victoria and Maud.

'''1890 September 6, Saturday''', the ''Country Gentleman'' (as it was called at the time) reported that &quot;Muckross, the only deer forest in Ireland, it may be said, has this year been rented by Mr. Algernon Bourke, who will next week be joined there for the stalking season by his brother, Lord Mayo.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Shooting. Moors, Forests, and Fishings.&quot; ''Sporting Gazette'' 06 September 1890, Saturday: 11 [of 38], Col. 1c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002525/18900906/065/0011. Print: ''Country Gentleman'', p. 1251.&lt;/ref&gt; On 11 October 1890 the ''St. James's Gazette'' says,&lt;blockquote&gt;The Earl of Durham has been staying at Muchross, county Kerry, on a visit to the Hon. A. Bourke, who has rented the celebrated shootings and fishings on that estate for the autumn.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Society.&quot; ''St James's Gazette'' 11 October 1890, Saturday: 12 [of 16], Col. 1b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001485/18901011/064/0012. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1890 October 25, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke gave a gold-mounted box to [[Social Victorians/Loder De Vere Beauclerk Wedding|Lady Louise De Vere Beauclerk on her wedding to Gerald Loder, M.P.]], so they were probably present at the wedding, or at least the reception. Mrs. Bontein [sic Bontine], Guendoline's mother, gave a silver box, suggesting the relationship was through the women.

'''1890 November 29, 11:30 Saturday morning''', Algernon Bourke's gift for the [[Social Victorians/Dudley-Beckwith Wedding 1890-11-29|wedding of the Hon. Francis Dudley and Miss Forbes Beckwith]] was some cases of a Bordeaux wine: &quot;three dozen Cantenac, 1875 vintage.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marriage of Lord Leigh's Heir. Descriptive Sketch of the Ceremony, and Full List of Guests and Presents.&quot; ''Leamington Spa Courier'' 6 December 1890, Saturday: 6 [of 10], Cols. 1a–4a. ''British Newspaper Archive''  https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000319/18901206/021/0006. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 3b}} Guendoline Bourke is not listed as having been invited to the reception, but this list from the ''Leamington Spa Courier'' has some gaps.

'''1890 December 4, Thursday''', Guendoline and Algernon Bourke attended the [[Mure-Portal Wedding 1890-12-04|wedding of Miss Mure and Mr. S. J. Portal]]. Their gift is not recorded.

'''1891 January''', Algernon Bourke took party in a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Shooting Party in Kallarnet, Totton|shooting party in Kallarnet, Totton]].

'''1891 June 24, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Dinner and Ball Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne|dinner and ball Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne]] featuring Princess Mary Adelaide, the Duke of Teck, and Princess Victoria.

'''1891 July 9, Thursday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were invited to a [[Social Victorians/1891-07-09 Garden Party|large Garden Party at Marlborough House]] hosted by the [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]] in honor of Queen Victoria and the German Emperor and Empress. The more than 3,000 people invited also included a number of people from the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|family of the Earl of Mayo]].

'''1891 July 22, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Dinner and Dance at Alington House|dance at the Earl and Countess Alington]]'s that also included the Prince and Princess of Wales.

'''1891 October 22, Thursday''', Hon. and Mrs. Bourke attended at least the reception of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Le Strange Astley Wedding|Le Strange—Astley Wedding]], although perhaps the couple is not the Algernon Bourkes.

'''1891 November 22, Sunday''', the London ''Weekly Dispatch'' reports a performance by American &quot;Lady Magnet&quot; Mrs. Abbott, who claimed to be able to lift anybody using only her magnetic properties. An enthusiastic &quot;committee of some fifteen gentlemen presented a written and signed testimonial&quot; supporting Mrs. Abbott, &quot;the Hon. Algernon Bourke, Professor Atkinson, Dr. Hides, and three other doctors who prefer to remain incog., being among the signatories. All the medical gentlemen concerned assured the ''Evening News and Post'' reporter of their complete and unconditional surrender. One of them went so far as to say that he had come with the full determination of disbelieving, but had been quite able to act up to his resolve.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Lady Magnet. Draws Crowds of People Who Divide in Opinion about Her.&quot; ''Weekly Dispatch'' (London) 22 November 1891, Sunday: 16 [of 16], Cols. 3a–4b [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003358/18911122/203/0016. Print: same title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1892''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke privately published his ''The History of White's'', the exclusive gentleman's club.

'''1892 January 27, Saturday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the very fashionable [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892#The Wedding of Lord Henry Cavendish Bentinck, M.P., and Lady Olivia Taylour|wedding of Lord Henry Cavendish Bentinck, M.P., and Lady Olivia Taylour]]. Their gift was not noted in the list.

'''1892 February''' '''10, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1892-02-10 Alington Leigh Wedding|very fashionable wedding of Henry, Lord Alington and Evelyn Henriette Leigh]] [[Social Victorians/1892-02-10 Alington Leigh Wedding|in St. Paul's, Knightsbridge]]

'''1892 April''' '''10, Wednesday, about 2:30 p.m.''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/1892-02-10 Alington Leigh Wedding|the very fashionable wedding between Henry Sturt, Lord Alington and Evelyn Leigh]]. Her gift was a &quot;tortoiseshell and gold heart-shaped tray.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;&quot;Lord Alington to Miss Leigh.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 20 February 1892, Saturday: 21 [of 46], Cols. 1a–3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18920220/092/0021. Same print title, p. 237.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 3a) 

'''1892 June 25, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird&quot; says &quot;That pretty Mrs. Algernon Bourke has been staying here, but returned to England in time for Ascot.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Little Bird, The. &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 25 June 1892, Saturday: 32 [of 60], Col. 3b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18920625/157/0032. Same print title, p. 860.&lt;/ref&gt; 

'''1892 December 13, Tuesday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' says Guendoline Bourke is lovely in its coverage of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892#Wedding of Miss Eleanor M. Ewart and Captain Guy Withington|Eleanor M. Ewart and Captain Guy Withington's wedding]]. 

'''1892 December 22, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892#22 December 1892, Thursday|monthly meeting of the Zoological Society in Hanover-square]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 February 11, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke opened Willis's Restaurant:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Algernon Bourke has in his time done many things, and has generally done them well. His recently published history of White's Club is now a standard work. White's Club itself was a few years ago in its agony when Mr. Bourke stepped in and gave it a renewed lease of life. Under Mr. Bourke's auspices &quot;Willis's Restaurant&quot; opened its doors to the public on Tuesday last in a portion of the premises formerly so well known as Willis's Rooms. This new venture is to rival the Amphitryon in the matter of cuisine and wines; but it is not, like the Amphitryon, a club, but open to the public generally. Besides the restaurant proper, there are several ''cabinets particuliers'', and these are decorated with the very best of taste, and contain some fine portraits of the Georges.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marmaduke.&quot; &quot;Letter from the Linkman.&quot; ''Truth'' 20 April 1893, Thursday: 25 [of 56], Col. 1a [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18930420/075/0025# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18930420/075/0025]. Print p. 855.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1893 February 7, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#1893 February 7, Tuesday|the reception after Lady Emily Cadogan's wedding]].

'''1893 February 20, Monday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke is listed as having attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace|Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace]] held by the Prince of Wales; because wives generally are not listed, it seems likely Guendoline Bourke attended as well.

'''1893 February 28, Tuesday, 3:00 p.m.''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Queens Drawing Room 1893-02-28|Queen's Drawing Room at Buckingham Palace]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 March 22, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#22 March 1893, Wednesday|Lady Wimborne's reception]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 April 1, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke published a letter to the editor of the ''Times'', reprinted in the ''Kildare Observer'', arguing against Gladstone's Home Rule bill on the grounds that Ireland would not be able to take out a loan on its own behalf because of its obligations to the U.K., including what was called its share of the national debt.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Irish Unionist Alliance.&quot; ''Kildare Observer and Eastern Counties Advertiser'' 01 April 1893, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001870/18930401/062/0006. Print: The ''Kildare Observer'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 May 13, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was seen at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#13 May 1893, Saturday|exhibitions of art and furniture for sale by Christie's and on display by Lord Clifden]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 July 13, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#The Countess of Listowel's Garden Party|Countess of Listowel's Garden Party]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#The Countess of Listowel's Garden Party|at her residence, Kingston House, Princes-gate]], accompanied by Miss Adeane.&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 July 14, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Sandown Races 1893-07-14|the races at Sandown]] wearing a dark-blue-and-white outfit and black hat that got described in the newspaper.&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 August 1, Tuesday – August 4, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke, at least, was at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#1 August 1893, Tuesday – 4 August 1893, Friday|the Goodwood races]], mentioned in the ''Gentlewoman'' for her beauty, although none of the dresses were noted.&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 November 4–11, Wednesday–Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke was at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#Ralph and Mary Sneyd Hosted a Shooting Party|shooting party at Keele Hall hosted by Ralph and Mary Sneyd]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 November 30, Thursday''', with Sir Walter Gilbey the Hon. Algernon Bourke &quot;assisted&quot; in &quot;forming [a] collection&quot; of engravings by George Morland that was exhibited at Messrs. J. and W. Vokins’s, Great Portland-street.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The George Morland Exhibition at Vokins's.&quot; ''Sporting Life'' 30 November 1893, Thursday: 4 [of 4], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000893/18931130/058/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 December 14, Thursday, afternoon''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1893-12-14 Wedding Adele Grant and George, 7th Earl of Essex|wedding of American Adele Grant and George, 7th Earl of Essex]] and gave a &quot;pearl and gold box.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;&quot;Wedding of the Earl of Essex.&quot; ''Herts Advertiser'' 16 December 1893, Saturday; 8 [of 8], Col. 1a–4b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000415/18931216/125/0008. Print title: ''The Herts Advertiser and St Albans Times'', p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 3c}} Mr. and Mrs. Shelley Bontein also attended, and Mrs. Bontein gave a &quot;green leather bag and purse, with coronet and monogram in gold.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;{{rp|3b}}&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 January 27, Saturday''', Psyche in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; in the ''Gentlewoman'' reported on a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#27 January 1894, Saturday|ball hosted by Lord and Lady Dunraven at Adare Manor]] that Guendoline Bourke attended.&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 January 31, Wednesday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke, who was dressed more stylishly than most, attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Also 31 January 1894, Wednesday|Kildare Hunt Ball]] hosted by Dermot, [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] and Geraldine, Countess of Mayo.&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 February 24, Saturday''', ''The Field'' reported on a series of tennis matches; Algernon Bourke attended the one played at the Prince's Club.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Tennis.&quot; ''Field'' 24 February 1894, Saturday: 39 [of 72], Col. 1c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002446/18940224/349/0039. Print title ''The Field, The Country Gentleman's Newspaper'', p. 249.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 March 31, Saturday''', Psyche, in the &quot;Social Peepshow&quot; column in the ''Gentlewoman'', says that &quot;Mr. Algernon Bourke has still further embellished Willis's restaurant hard by [the St. James's Theatre], by the addition of some valuable old tapestry that lately came to the hammer at Christie's.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 31 March 1894, Saturday: 16 [of 56], Col. 2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18940331/081/0016. Same print title, p. 408.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 April 13, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke set sail on the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#P. and O. Line S.S. Rome for Gibraltar|P. and O. Line ''S.S. Rome'' for Gibraltar]] along with her stepfather, Mr. Shelley Bontein, and her brother, Mr. Sloane Stanley.&lt;p&gt;

'''31 May 1894, Thursday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Reception at Devonshire House|Duchess of Devonshire's reception at Devonshire House]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 June 18, Monday''', the London ''Echo'' reported that Algernon Bourke was [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Brooks'|writing a history of Brooks' Club]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 June 20, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Princess Louise, Marchioness of Lorne Opened the Annual Sale of the Scottish Home Industries|Annual Sale of the Scottish Home Industries]]; her outfit was described in the article in ''Lady's Pictorial''.&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 August 2, Thursday''', the column &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird&quot; says, &quot;At Willis' [restaurant] — 'What a smart cotillon Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave on Thursday evening.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Bird, The Little. &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 04 August 1894, Saturday: 30 [of 56], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18940804/148/0030. Print title same, p. 144.&lt;/ref&gt; Willis's Restaurant, King-street, St. James's, was a restaurant Algernon Bourke opened in 1893.&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 September 7, Saturday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#7 September 1894, Saturday|shooting party at Witley]], which had been loaned to one of his brothers by William Ward, 2nd Earl of Dudley.&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 October 22, Thursday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Wedding of Lord Connemara and Mrs. Coleman|luncheon after the wedding of Lord Connemara and Mrs. Coleman]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 November 3, Saturday''', Psyche, in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; for the Gentlewoman, reported that Guendoline Bourke had been [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#3 November 1894, Saturday|seen shopping in London]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1895 January 5, Saturday, 2:00 p.m.''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke gave an old mother-of-pearl workbox to [[Wolverton-Ward Wedding 1895-01-05|Lady Edith Ward for her wedding to Frederick Glyn, Lord Wolverton]] and presumably attended the wedding and reception afterwards.&lt;p&gt;

'''1895 February 23, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#23 February 1895, Saturday|fashionable wedding of Laurence Currie and Edith Sibyl Mary Finch]]. Guendoline Bourke is not listed as having attended, but she is not noted as absent, either. Daphne Bourke was born on 5 April 1895, probably explaining Guendoline's absence.&lt;p&gt;

'''1895 March 24, Sunday – 30 March, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#24, Sunday – 30 March 1895, Saturday|enjoying the sunny weather in Brighton]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1895 April 27, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#1895 April 27, Saturday|wedding of Norah Bourke and Henry E. A. Lindsay]]. Again, Guendoline Bourke is not listed as having attended. Daphne Bourke was born on 5 April 1895, and Psyche, writing the &quot;Social Peepshow&quot; column in the Gentlewoman, says,&lt;blockquote&gt;

I regret to hear of the serious illness of Mrs. Algernon Bourke, whose first child was born a fortnight ago. It is feared that the attack is of the nature of typhoid, but happily the patient's strength keeps up. Mrs. Bourke is at her mother's house in Clarges-street.&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 27 April 1895, Saturday: 28 [of 84], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18950427/147/0028. Same print title, p. 506.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1895 July 13, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke donated 10s. to the ''Daily Telegraph'' National Shilling Testimonial to W. G. Grace.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;''Daily Telegraph'' National Shilling Testimonial to W. G. Grace.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London) 13 July 1895, Saturday: 7 [of 12], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/18950713/079/0007. Print: ''Daily Telegraph'', p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1895 August 24, Saturday''', &quot;Marmaduke&quot; in the ''Graphic'' says that Algernon Bourke &quot;opened a cyclists' club in Chelsea.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marmaduke.&quot; &quot;Court and Club.&quot; The ''Graphic'' 24 August 1895, Saturday: 11 [of 32], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9000057/18950824/017/0011. Print p. 223.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1895 October''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#24 October 1902, Friday|opened the Prince's ice-skating rink for the]] season.if the newspapers were right that 1902 was the 7th season. He also was planning a bicycling club for Kensington Gardens to open the following season.&lt;ref&gt;Mackenzie, Ethel Morell (Miss). &quot;Pins and Needles.&quot; ''Hull Daily News'' 12 October 1895, Saturday: 24 [of 40], Col. 1a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003443/18951012/024/0024. Print title: ''Hull News Supplement'', p. 1[6? 8?].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1895 October 7, Monday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#Adeane-Cator Wedding|Maud Adeane–John Cator wedding]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1895 December 11, Wednesday''', Guendoline and Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#Sneyd Party to Meet the Duke of Coburg|shooting party at the Sneyds' to meet the Duke of Coburg]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1895 December 18, Wednesday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#Wedding of Lady Albreda Fitzwilliam and the Hon. Charles Bourke|wedding of Lady Albreda Fitzwilliam and the Hon. Charles Bourke]]. Their gift is not noted in the newspaper account.&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 March 17, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#17 March 1896, Tuesday|annual dinner of the Cymmrodorion, or the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion]], a society for Welsh culture and history.&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 April 21, Monday''', Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke sent a gift — a &quot;box for miniature&quot; — for [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Monday, 1896 April 27|the wedding of Lady Angela St. Clair Erskine and James Stewart Forbes]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 May 21, Thursday''', the Hon. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Mrs. C. H. Wilson's Ball|Mrs. C. H. Wilson's ball in Grosvenor-square, London]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 May 26, Tuesday,  through 28 May, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Coming of Age of Mr Sloane Stanley|3-day celebration in honor of the coming of age of her brother, Cyril Sloane Stanley]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 June 15, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Dinner and Dance Hosted by the Countess of Huntingdon|dance hosted by the Earl and Countess of Huntingdon]] after their dinner party.&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 July 13, Monday''', Algernon Bourke (listed among the &quot;Honourables&quot;) and Mrs. A. Bourke (Listed among the &quot;Honourable Ladies&quot;) were invited to the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Queen's Garden Party at Buckingham Palace|Queen's Garden Party at Buckingham Palace]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 June 29, Monday''', the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Cadogan-Scott Wedding 1896-06-29|wedding and reception of Lady Sophie Cadogan and Sir Samuel Scott]]. Algernon Bourke published a letter to the editor of the ''Daily Telegraph'' about White's Club — and thus Bourke's — &quot;[[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Summer Club|Summer Club]]&quot; in Kensington Park, the subject of a little controversy.&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 July 21, Tuesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Dinner Hosted by Sir Horace and Lady Farquhar|dinner hosted by Sir Horace and Lady Farquhar in Grosvenor-square]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 August 5, Wednesday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#5 August 1896|wedding of the Hon. Terence Bourke and Miss Eveline Haines]] and gave the bride an &quot;enamel muff chain.&quot;&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 August 10, Monday''', the ''Morning Leader'' reported that the Hon. Algernon Bourke, for the Foreign Office, received Li Hung Chang at St. Paul's:&lt;blockquote&gt;At St. Paul's Li Hung was received by Field-Marshal Simmons, Colonel Lane, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, of the Foreign Office (who made the necessary arrangements for the visit) and Canon Newbolt, on behalf of the Dean and Chapter. A crowd greeted Li with a cheer as he drove up in Lord Lonsdale’s striking equipage, and his Excellency was carried up the steps in an invalid chair by two stalwart constables. He walked through the centre door with his suite, and was immediately conducted by Canon Newbolt to General Gordon’s tomb in the north aisle, where a detachment of boys from the Gordon Home received him as a guard of honor.

Li inspected the monument with marked interest, and drew the attention of his suite to the remarkable likeness to the dead hero. He laid a handsome wreath of royal purple asters, lilies, maidenhair fern, and laurel, tied with a broad band of purple silk, on the tomb.

The visit was not one of inspection of the building, but on passing the middle aisle the interpreter called the attention of His Excellency to the exquisite architecture and decoration of the chancel. Li shook hands in hearty English fashion with Canon Newbolt and the other gentlemen who had received him, and, assisted by his two sons, walked down the steps to his carriage. He returned with his suite to Carlton House-terrace by way of St. Paul’s Churchyard, Cannon-st., Queen Victoria-st., and the Embankment.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;At St. Paul's.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 10 August 1896, Monday: 7 [of 12], Col. 2b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18960810/134/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 August 19, Wednesday''', the ''Edinburgh Evening News'' reported on the catering that White's Club and Mr Algernon Bourke arranged for the visiting Li Hung Chang:&lt;blockquote&gt;It is probably not generally known (says the &quot;Chef&quot;) that Mr Algernon Bourke, manager of White's Club, London, has undertaken to the whole of the catering for our illustrious visitor front the Flowery Land. Li Hung Chang has five native cooks in his retinue, and the greatest good fellowship exists between them and their English ''confreres'', although considerable difficulty is experienced in conversation in understanding one another's meaning. There are between 40 and and 50 to cater for daily, besides a staff about 30; that Mr Lemaire finds his time fully occupied. The dishes for his Excellency are varied and miscellaneous, and from 14 to 20 courses are served at each meal. The bills of fare contain such items as bird's-nest soup, pigs' kidneys stewed in cream, boiled ducks and green ginger, sharks' fins, shrimps and prawns stewed with leeks and muscatel grapes, fat pork saute with peas and kidney beans. The meal usually winds with fruit and sponge cake, and freshly-picked green tea as liqueur.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Li Hung Chang's Diet.&quot; ''Edinburgh Evening News'' 19 August 1896, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 8b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000452/18960819/057/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 November 6, Friday''', both Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were on the committee for the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Skating Club|Prince's Club ice-skating rink]], which [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Opening of the Prince's Club Skating Rink|opened on this day]].

'''1896 November 22, week of''', Mrs. Algernon Bourke was part of a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Shooting Party at the Charles Wilsons' Warter Priory, Yorkshire|shooting party at the Charles Wilsons' Warter Priory, Yorkshire]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 November 25, Wednesday''', Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bouke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Lord and Lady Burton Hosted a Party for Derby Day|Lord and Lady Burton's party for Derby Day]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 December 4, Friday''', the Orleans Club at Brighton was robbed:&lt;blockquote&gt;The old building of the Orleans Club at Brighton, which opens its new club house at 33, Brunswick-terrace to-day, was the scene of a very ingenious burglary during the small hours of yesterday morning. The greater portion of the club property had already been removed to the new premises, but Mr Algernon Bourke, his private secretary, and some of the officials of the club, still occupied bed-rooms at the house in the King’s-road. The corner shop of the street front is occupied by Mr. Marx, a jeweller in a large way of business, and upon his manager arriving at nine o'clock he discovered that the place had been entered through hole in the ceiling, and a great part of a very valuable stock of jewelry extracted. An examination of the morning rooms of the club, which runs over Mr. Marx's establishment reveal a singularly neat  specimen of the burglar's art. A piece of the flooring about 15in square had been removed by a series of holes bored side by side with a centre-bit, at a spot where access to the lofty shop was rendered easy by a tall showcase which stood convemently near. A massive iron girder had been avoided by a quarter of an inch, and this circumstance and the general finish of the operation point to an artist in his profession, who had acquired an intimate knowledge of the premises. The club doors were all found locked yesterday morning, and the means of egress adopted by the thief are at present a mystery.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Burglary at Brighton.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London) 05 December 1896, Saturday: 5 [of 12], Col. 7a [of 7]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/18961205/090/0005. Print title: ''Daily Telegraph''; p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 December 10, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke was present to help staff a stall at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#10 December 1896, Thursday|Irish Industries Exhibition and Sale, Brighton]].

'''1896 December 31, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke hosted a New Year's Eve dance:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave a highly satisfactory and enjoyable dance on Thursday night, when the old year was danced out and the new one danced in. Most of the silver gilters at present in to len were to the fore.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Man about Town.&quot; ''Sporting Gazette'' 02 January 1897, Saturday: 7 [of 34], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002525/18970102/041/0007. Print title ''The County Gentleman'', p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 January 9, Saturday''', Psyche in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; says that Algernon Bourke's &quot;cheerful countenance was quite in keeping with the [Christmas] season,&quot; seen in London.&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 9 January 1897, Saturday: 22 [of 56], Col. 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970109/097/0022. Same print title, p. 40.&lt;/ref&gt; 

'''1897 January 13, Wednesday – 18, Monday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were guests of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Warwickshire Hunt Club Ball|house party associated with the Warwickshire Hunt Ball]] at [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Warwick Castle]].

'''1897 January 30, Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke was reported to have been out shopping in London: &quot;Another charming figure was that of Mrs. Algernon Bourke all in chinchilla, with something of pale blue in a smart toque.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 30 January 1897, Saturday: 20 [of 59]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970130/107/0020. Same print title, p. 134.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 May 31, Monday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke were present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#House Party at Warwick Castle|House Party at Warwick Castle]] hosted by the Earl and Countess of Warwick.

'''1897 June 2, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Reception at the Foreign Office|reception at the Foreign Office]].

'''1897 June 12, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' reported on Guendoline Bourke's dress and hat at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Duchess of Albany's Bazaar at the Imperial Institute|Duchess of Albany's Bazaar at the Imperial Institute]]. 

'''1897 June 19, Saturday''', Psyche in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; column in the ''Gentlewoman'' writes that Guendoline Bourke was seen driving in London, &quot;in blue, ... looking as usual very handsome.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 19 June 1897, Saturday: 28 [of 108], Col. 2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970619/159/0028. Same print title, p. 848.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 June 28, Monday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were invited to the [[Social Victorians/Diamond Jubilee Garden Party|Garden Party at Buckingham Palace]], the final official event of the London Diamond Jubilee celebrations. Members of the family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] were also among the 5,000–6,000 people invited.

'''1897 July 2, Friday''', the Hon. A. and Mrs. A. Bourke and Mr. and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] at Devonshire House.

'''1897 July 8, Thursday, 11:00 p.m.''', Hon. Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were present at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace|the Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace]]. The dancing commenced shortly after 11:00 p.m.

'''1897 July 11–16, week of''', a dog of Guendoline Bourke's won a prize at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Ladies' Kennel Association show in the Royal Botanic Gardens in Regent's Park|Ladies' Kennel Association show in the Royal Botanic Gardens in Regent's Park]]. 

'''1897 July 23, Friday''', both the Hon. Algernon Bourke and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Bourke-Curzon Cricket Match at the Queen's Club|Bourke-Curzon cricket match at the Queen's Club]], which Algernon Bourke's team lost. 

'''1897 July 23 — or July 30, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Lady Burton's party at Chesterfield House|Lady Burton's party at Chesterfield House]]. &lt;blockquote&gt;Far the prettiest women in the room were Lady Henry Bentinck (who looked perfectly lovely in pale yellow, with a Iong blue sash; and Mrs. Algernon Bourke, who was as smart as possible in pink, with pink and white ruchings on her sleeves and a tall pink feather in her hair.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lady Burton's Party at Chesterfield House.&quot; ''Belper &amp; Alfreton Chronicle'' 30 July 1897, Friday: 7 [of 8], Col. 1c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004151/18970730/162/0007. Print title: ''Belper and Alfreton Chronicle''; n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 August 2, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Warwick House Party for the Easton Lodge Cricket Week Games|Earl and Countess of Warwick's house party for Easton Lodge cricket week]].

'''1897 August 2, Monday''', Mrs. Algernon Bourke was listed as among [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Most Beautiful Women in England|the most beautiful women in England]] in an article from ''Vanity Fair'' that was reprinted elsewhere.

'''1897 September 25, Saturday''', according to the ''Pall Mall Gazette'',&lt;blockquote&gt;The [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Dowager-Countess of Mayo]] is staying with her son, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, at Bramnber, near Brighton.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pall Mall Gazette Office.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 25 September 1897, Saturday: 8 [of 10], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18970925/023/0008. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 October 2, Saturday''', &quot;Yenatrix&quot; in &quot;Kennel Column&quot; in the ''Gentlewoman'' reported that Guendoline Bourke had joined the Ladies' Kennel Association.&lt;ref&gt;Yenatrix. &quot;Kennel Column.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 02 October 1897, Saturday: 39 [of 61], Col. 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18971002/182/0039. Same print title, p. 434.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1897 October 9, Saturday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Harrogate|Harrogate, presumably taking the waters and baths]]. Lady May was on her way to visit Algernon Bourke in Brighton:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Earl of Mayo is expected to return from Sweden on Saturday next. Lady Mayo leaves Bournemouth on Sarurday for Brighton, where she will pay a two days' visit to her brother-in-law, the Hon. Algernon Bourke. The Earl and Countess will then return to Palmerstown, their seat in County Kildare.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pall Mall Gazette Office.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 7 October 1897, Thursday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18971007/022/0008. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1897 October 30, Saturday''', ''Black and White'' published '''J.P.B.'''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s &quot;The Case of Mrs. Elliott,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;J.P.B. &quot;The Case of Mrs. Elliott.&quot; ''Black &amp; White'' 30 October 1897, Saturday: 12 [of 34], Cols. 1a–2b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004617/18971030/036/0012. Print title ''Black and White'', p. 542.&lt;/ref&gt; an odd short short story in which the Honourable Algernon Bourke Herriott is &quot;rude to Mrs. Elliott,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2b}} presumably having proposed sexual relations while her husband is out. J.P.B. links to the biographical Algernon Bourke's career in the stock market in the description of Mrs. Christine Elliott not even simulating interest in her husband's bicycling: &quot;a soul is a grievous burthen for a stockbroker's wife,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2a}} suggesting that Mr. Elliott rather than Algernon Bourke Herriott is the stockbroker. The Hon. Algy&lt;blockquote&gt;was a senior member of several junior clubs. A woman had dubbed him once &quot;a rip with a taste for verses.&quot; The description was severe, but not unwarranted. His was a pretty pagan sensualism, though, singing from a wine palate to Church music. For the rest, he had just imagination enough to despise mediocrity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2a}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 November 25–26, Thursday–Friday''', Guendoline Bourke was in Brighton, helping the Countess of Mayo at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Irish Industries' Association Annual Exhibition|bazaar of the Irish Industries' Association]].

'''1897 December 7, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#7 December 1897, Tuesday|7th annual dinner for the Actors' Benevolent Fund]].

'''1897 December 20, Monday, the week of''', Guendoline Bourke's Mousie was the smallest dog in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Ladies' Kennel Association's Dog Show|Ladies' Kennel Association show in Earl's Court]].

'''1897 December 30''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Blenheim Palace Party with Amateur Theatricals|party at Blenheim Palace in which people performed tableaux vivants]] that got reported on, many of whom wearing the costumes from the Duchess of Devonshire's ball. The ''Irish Independent'' said Algernon Bourke was &quot;mainly responsible for the living pictures.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr Algernon Bourke ....&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 05 January 1898, Wednesday: 6 [of 8], Col. 2c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001985/18980105/115/0006.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1898''', Algernon Bourke called a meeting at White's Club about attempting to [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Thames Salmon Experiment|restock the Thames with salmon]]. In 1899 he was on a [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#Committees|committee led by the Lord Mayor about this topic]] as well.

'''1898 February 3, Thursday''',  Algernon Bourke was among [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#The Dundee Evening Telegraph Report on People at Monte Carlo|those visiting Monte Carlo according to the Dundee ''Evening Telegraph'']].

'''1898 March 12, Saturday''', ''The World'' reported on Algernon Bourke's upgrading of the Orleans Club at Brighton:&lt;blockquote&gt;

The Orleans Club at Brighton is flourishing exceedingly, and the new buildings which Mr. Algernon Bourke has just had erected at the back of the comfortable mansion at the corner of Lansdowne-place now provide all that was wanting to make the present habitat of the club all that its members desire. The new billiard-room is rapidly approaching completion, and the coffee-room, excellent and spacious now, was open on Saturday night, when every table was occupied by club diners and their guests, all of whom were enthusiastic over the excellence of this latest addition to the comfort of the house. All interested may be congratulated on what is practically new lease of life to the Orleans Club, than which there is no more comfortable place stay within the four seas.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From '''The World''.'&quot; ''East &amp; South Devon Advertiser'' 12 March 1898, Saturday: 6 pop 8], Col. 2b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001639/18980312/132/0006. Print title ''The East and South Devon Advertiser'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1898 March 30, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke was charged with assaulting a Mr. Potter, but it is not clear from this account what exactly happened:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Hon. Algernon H. Bourke, of Bramber, was summoned, at the instance of Mr. Walter John Potter, clerk to Mr. G. A. Flowers, solicitor, of Steyning, for assault, on the 30th March. — Mr. J. Edward Dell supported the case, and Mr. J. C. Buckwell defended, and pleaded not guilty. — The evidence was to the effect that Mr. Potter had occasion go to defendant's house on Wednesday last to serve a writ. He was going to drop the letter into [Col. 5c–6a] defendant's pocket when he turned and struck him a violent blow on the chest, making witness stagger backwards. Witness put up his hands to keep his balance, and defendant then struck him violently across the head with a weeding spud. — Richard Reed, who was at work for Mr. Bourke on the date named, and was working in garden at the time of the alleged assault, gave corroborative evidence. — Defendant, in the witness box, made a similar statement. — The magistrates differed as to whether the assault was committed, and dismissed the case.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Steyning.&quot; ''Sussex Express'' 9 April 1898, Saturday: 2 [of 12], Col. 5c–6a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000654/18980409/036/0002. Print: ''The Sussex Express, Surrey Standard, Weald of the Kent Mail, Hants and County Advertiser'', p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1898 April 12, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was among [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#1898 April 12, Tuesday|those visiting Monte Carlo according to the ''Gentlewoman'']].

'''1898 May 25, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke wore pink to [[Social Victorians/1898-05-25 Savoy Dinner Dance Hwfa|Mrs. Hwfa Williams' dinner-dance at the Savoy]].

'''1898 June 7, Tuesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. A. Bourke were invited to and probably attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#7 June 1898, Tuesday|State Ball at Buckingham Palace hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales]].

'''1898 July 4, Thursday afternoon''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke were invited to and probably attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#Garden Party at Marlborough House|Garden Party at Marlborough House given to the Queen and Shah of Persia]].

'''1898 October 29, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#Tennis Championship Game at Prince's Club, Knightsbridge|tennis match at Prince's Club, Knightsbridge]].

'''1898 November''', Algernon Bourke received a letter from Lord Alfred Douglas and attempted to help Douglas and his father, the Marquis of Queensberry, to reconcile. Bourke met with the Marquis and sent a positive reply to Douglas the next day.&lt;ref name=&quot;:26&quot; /&gt; (568–569)

'''1898 November 22, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#Shooting Party Hosted by William James|shooting party hosted by Mr. William James]].

'''1898 December 3, Saturday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. A. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#The Funeral of Lady Connemara|funeral of Lady Connemara in Christ Church]], Down street, Piccadilly.&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 January 10, Tuesday''', the Brighton Championship Dog Show opened:&lt;blockquote&gt;Princess of Wales a Winner at the Ladies’ Kennel Club Show.

[Exclusive to &quot;The Leader.&quot;)

The Brighton Championship Dog Show opened in the Dome and Corn Exchange yesterday, and was very well patronised by visitors and exhibitors. Among the latter was H.R.H. the Princess of Wales, who did very well; and others included Princess Sophie Duleep Singh, Countess De Grey, Sir Edgar Boehm, the Hon Mrs. Algernon Bourke, Lady Cathcart, Lady Reid, Mr. Shirley (chairman of the Kennel Club), and the Rev. Hans Hamiiton (president of the Kennel Club).

The entry of bloodhounds is one of the best seen for some time; the Great Danes are another strong lot; deerhounds are a fine entry, all good dogs, and most of the best kennels represented; borzois are another very stylish lot. The bigger dogs are, as usual, in the Corn Exchange and the &quot;toy&quot; dogs in the Dome. To everyone's satsfaction the Princess of Wales carried off two first prizes with Alex in the borzois class.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Dogs at Brighton.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 11 January 1899, Wednesday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18990111/142/0008. Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 January 11, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#11 January 1899, Wednesday|a luncheon at Stanfield-hall, home of Mr. and Mrs. Basil Montogomery, for Princess Henry of Battenberg]], that also included the Countess of Dudley (sister of Mrs. Montgomery), General Oliphant, and the Mayor and Mayoress of Romsey.

'''1899 January 17–18, Tuesday and Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Ladies' Kennel Association in Brighton|Ladies' Kennel Association in Brighton]], where she showed an Italian greyhound named Brenda.

'''1899 February 7, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke was a member of the very high-ranking committee organizing the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Gordon Memorial College Ball|Gordon Memorial College Ball at the Hotel Cecil on 7 February 1899]]. The committee had been planning for the ball, of course, for at least 3 weeks before.

'''1899 February 22, Wednesday – April''', Guendoline Bourke was part of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Society in St. Moritz|Society in St. Moritz]]. 1899 March 29, Wednesday, the ''Dundee Advertiser'' says that [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#29 March 1899, Wednesday|Cyril Sloane-Stanley was spending part of the winter in St. Moritz]] with his sister Guendoline Bourke.

'''1899 April 7, Friday, probably''', oddly, Algernon and Guendoline Bourke are not reported to have attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Funeral of the Hon. Charles Bourke, C.B.|Funeral of the Hon. Charles Bourke, C.B.]] or even to have sent flowers.

'''1899 April 8, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' reported that Guendoline Bourke had gone to [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#8 April 1899, Saturday|St. Moritz with her brother, Mr. Stanley, who had gotten engaged to Lady Cairns]].

'''1899 April 26, Wednesday''', according to &quot;Local and District News&quot; for Totton, Guendoline Bourke was &quot;ill with influenza in Paris, and Mrs. Shelley Bontein, her mother, has gone out to nurse her.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Local and District News. Totton.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 26 April 1899, Wednesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 2b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18990426/037/0004. Print title ''Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1899 June 1, Thursday, or 2, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Wedding of Roger Cyril Sloane Stanley and Olivia, Countess Cairns|wedding of her brother, Sloane Stanley and Olivia Countess Cairns]] at Holy Trinity Church, Brompton.

'''1899 June 8, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke's money troubles:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Hon. Algernon Bourke, son of the Earl of Mayo, has been appearing before the official receivers in connection with a winding-up order made against Willis’ Restaurant, Limited. The companyf [sic] was formed to acquire the well known restaurant from the Hon. H. A. Bourke. The chairman reminded the creditors that on the last occasion the meeting was adjourned because Mr. Bourke said he thought he would be able in the course of a fortnight to obtain an offer for a sum sufficient to satisfy the creditors and debenture holders. He had received a letter from Mr. Bourke to the effect that he had been unable to complete arrangements. Having looked into the affairs of the company more closely, it appeared to him that Mr. Bourke was legally liable to repay the sum of £5,000 which was advanced to White's Club, and the question would arise whether Mr. Bourke was not also liable to repay the sum of £4,000.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr. Bourke Must Pay.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 8 June 1899, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 8c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001985/18990608/118/0004. Print title: ''The Irish Weekly Independent'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1899 July 1, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#1 July 1899, Saturday|meeting in London at the Duke of Westminster's Grosvenor House]] about preserving Killarney as part of the National Trust and seems to have been acting for someone who wanted to purchase the Muckross Estate.

'''1899 July 5, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Dinner and Dance at Devonshire House|dance at Devonshire House hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire]].

'''1899 July 6, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Joan Wilson and Guy Fairfax's Wedding|wedding of Joan Wilson and Guy Fairfax in St. Mark's, near Grosvenor Square]].

'''1899 July 14, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#14 July 1899, Friday|Ernest Beckett's dinner party]].

'''1899 July 18, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Ludovici Lecture on Impressionism|lecture on Impressionism by Ludovici hosted by the Countess of Mayo]].

'''1899 July 28, Friday''', [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#White's|White's Club]] was no longer under Algernon Bourke's management and was reconstituting itself after the possibility that it would have to close.

'''1889 July 31, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#Fete of the Uxbridge Habitation of the Primrose League|Fete of the Uxbridge Habitation of the Primrose League]] at Hillingdon Court and hosted by the Hon. Algernon and Lady Mary Mills.

'''1899 September 9, Saturday''', the ''Eastern Morning News'' includes Algernon Bourke (&quot;St. James's-street, London, club proprietor&quot;) in a list of men &quot;Receiving Orders,&quot; which it is reprinting from the ''London Gazette''.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Receiving Orders.&quot; ''Eastern Morning'' News 9 September 1899, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 3c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001152/18990909/074/0005. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 October 19, Thursday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke had a bankruptcy hearing:&lt;blockquote&gt;The public examination of the Hon. Algernon Bourke was held before Mr Registrar Giffard yesterday, at the London Bankruptcy Court. The debtor, described as proprietor of a St. James's-street club, furnished a statement of affairs showing unsecured debts £13,694 and debts fully secured £12,800, with assets which are estimated at £4,489 [?]. He stated, in reply to the Official Receiver, that he was formerly a member of the Stock Exchange, but had nothing to do with the firm of which he was a member during the last ten years. He severed his connection with the firm in May last, and believed he was indebted to them to the extent of £2,000 or £3,000. He repudiated a claim which they now made for £37,300. In 1889 he became proprietor of White's Club, St. James's-street, and carried it on until January 1st last, when he transferred it to a company called Recreations, Limited. One of the objects of the company was to raise money on debentures. The examination was formally adjourned.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 October 20, Friday''', the ''Morning Leader'' mentions Bourke's bankruptcy:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Algernon Bourke, whose bankruptcy is much talked about, has been connected with numerous enterprises in clubland. He raised White's from the slough into which it had sunk after the secession of the Prince of Wales. He started the Willis Restaurant, put fresh life into the Orleans Club at Brighton, arranged a big restaurant for the bicyclists in the time of the bicycle parade, and was concerned at first in the smart and short-lived Trafalgar Bicycle Club. At one time his name spelt success. Latterly his luck has left him. He is a brother of Lord Mayo, a son of the peer who was assassinated at the post of duty, and is one of the best known men about town of the day.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Club, Stage, and Salon.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 20 October 1899, Friday: 6 [of 12], Col. 5b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18991020/085/0006. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1899 November 8, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke's bankruptcy case came up again:&lt;blockquote&gt;At Bankruptcy Court, yesterday, the case the Hon. Algernon Bourke again came on for hearing before Mr. Registrar Giffard, and the examination was concluded. The debtor has at various times been proprietor of White’s Club, St. James’s-street, and the Orleans’ Club, Brighton, and also of Willis's Restaurant, King-street, St. James's. He attributed his failure to losses sustained by the conversion of White’s Club and the Orleans' Club into limited companies, to the payment of excessive Interest on borrowed money, and other causes. The liabilities amount to £26,590, of which £13,694 are stated to be unsecured, and assets £4,409.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Affairs of the Hon. A. Bourke.&quot; ''Globe'' 09 November 1899, Thursday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001652/18991109/020/0002. Print p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 December 23, Saturday''', &quot;Mr. Algernon Bourke has departed for a tour in Africa, being at present the guest of his brother in Tunis.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Society Pages.&quot; ''Walsall Advertiser'' 23 December 1899, Saturday: 7 [of 8], Col. 7b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001028/18991223/143/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1899 December 29, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke was at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Christmas Party Hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough|Christmas Party Hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 December 31''', the San Francisco newspaper ''The Wave'' wrote the following about London society:&lt;blockquote&gt;The most prominent untitled people in London may be said to be Mr. and Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Williams|Hwfa Williams]], Mr. and Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Grenfell|Willie Grenfell]] and Mr. Algy Bourke. That they are passing rich, goes without saying, and that they entertain lavishly, understood — for to be untitled, prominent and successful, argues wealth, hospitality and cleverness.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London.&quot; The (San Francisco) ''Wave'' 14 January 1899 (Vol. XIX, No. 2): 14. ''The Internet Archive'' https://archive.org/details/wave19unse/page/n20/mode/1up.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 1900s ===

'''1900 February 15, Thursday''', Daphne Bourke, the four-year-old daughter of the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke was a bridesmaid in the [[Social Victorians/Wilson Chesterfield Wedding 1900-02-15|wedding of Enid Wilson and the Earl of Chesterfield]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London Day by Day.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph'' 15 February 1900, Thursday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/19000215/175/0008. Name in British Newspaper Archive: ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London). Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt; Guendoline Bourke, &quot;who was in grey, wore a chinchilla toque with violets.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society. Entertainments, Balls, &amp;c.&quot; ''The Queen'' 24 February 1900, Saturday: 40 [of 76], Col. 1a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/19000224/235/0040. Print: ''The Queen, The Lady's Newspaper'', p. 308.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1900 March 10, Saturday''', the ''Weekly Irish Times'' reprinted society gossip from ''The World'':&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke, who has been staying with her husband's uncle, old Connemara, during Mr. Algernon Bourke's absence abroad, has taken a new house near Portman square, and will be settling there before Easter.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip.&quot; ''Weekly Irish Times'' 10 March 1900, Saturday: 17 [of 20], Col. 1b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001684/19000310/116/0017. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1900 July''' '''17, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke took part in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#17 July 1900, Tuesday|Children's Fete in support of the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children]] on the grounds of the Royal Botanic Society. Daphe was 5 at this time, so it seems logical that she would have been there, too.

'''1900 July 30, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Barber of Seville at Covent Garden|''The Barber of Seville'' at Covent Garden]].

'''1890 August 6, Friday''', &quot;[[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Beautiful Women|Beautiful Women]],&quot; an article in ''Vanity Fair'' that was reprinted elsewhere, mentions Guendoline Bourke (&quot;Lady Algernon Bourke&quot;) as one of the most beautiful women in England.

'''1900 August 11, Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke got&lt;blockquote&gt;the pretty little Yorkshire String, an especially tiny mite, weighing only 2&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;/&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;lb, and carrying a very promising coat, ... at the Aquarium Show.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Witchampton Kennel.&quot; &quot;Ladies Kennels.&quot; ''Ladies' Field'' 11 August 1900, Saturday: 16 [of 60], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0006043/19000811/043/0016. Print title same, p. 390.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1900 September 16''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke became the heir presumptive to the Earldom of Mayo when his older brother Captain Hon. Sir Maurice Archibald Bourke died.&lt;p&gt;

'''1900 October 06, Saturday''', the ''Weekly Irish Times'' says that Mr. Algernon Bourke, now heir presumptive to the earldom of Mayo, &quot;has been for some months lately staying with Mr. Terence Bourke in Morocco.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip.&quot; ''Weekly Irish Times'' 06 October 1900, Saturday: 14 [of 20], Col. 3b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001684/19001006/121/0014. Print p. 14.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 May 30, Thursday''', the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke attended the fashionable [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1901 May 30, Thursday|Ladies' Kennel Association Dog Show at the Botanic Garden]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 July 2, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke — &quot;pretty Mrs. Algernon Bourke, in a mauve gown and and purple tulle toque&quot; — attended a children's party at the Botanic Gardens hosted by the Earl and Countess of Kilmorey.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Earl of Kilmorey, K.P.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 13 July 1901: Saturday, 50 [of 84], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010713/237/0050. Print: title the same, p. 60.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 July 4, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke — dressed &quot;in pale grey, with her pretty little girl,&quot; 6-year-old Daphne — attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Countess of Yarborough's Children's Party|children's party hosted by the Countess of Yarborough]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Countess of Yarborough ....&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 13 July 1901, Saturday: 76 [of 84], Col. 2b, 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010713/381/0076. Print p. xxxvi.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 3a}}&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 July 4–6, Thursday–Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke helped staff the Perthshire stall&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Great County Sale.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 29 June 1901, Saturday: 43 [of 72], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010629/223/0043# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010629/223/0043]. Same print title, pp. 679.&lt;/ref&gt; at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Great County Sale|Great County Sale in the Imperial Gardens of the Earl's Court Exhibition]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 July 20, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' published the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke's portrait (identified with &quot;Perthshire&quot;) in its 3rd series of &quot;The Great County Sale at Earl's Court. Portraits of Stallholders.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Great County Sale at Earl's Court. Portraits of Stallholders.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 20 July 1901, Saturday: 31 [of 60], Col. 4b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010720/141/0031. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt; Their daughter Daphne appears in the portrait as well.&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 July 23, Tuesday''', an &quot;Hon. Mrs. Bourke&quot; was in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox|party &quot;entertained by Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox]].&quot;&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 September 12, Thursday''', Mrs. Guendoline Bourke wanted her name listed as Mrs. Algernon Bourke in the Electoral Register, apparently a frequent complaint:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Underhill, the Conservative agent, mentioned to the Revising Barrister (Mr. William F. Webster) that the name of the Hon. Mrs. Gwendolen Bourke was on the list in respect of the house, 75, Gloucester-place. The lady had written to him to say that she was the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke and that she wished that name to appear on the register. In reply to the Revising Barrister, Mr. Underhill said that “Algernon” was the name of the lady’s husband.

Mr. Cooke, the rate-collector, said that Mrs. Bourke had asked to be addressed Mrs. Algernon Bourke, but that the Town Clerk thought the address was not a correct one. The lady signed her cheques Gwendolen.”

Mr. Underhill said the agents frequently had indignant letters from ladies because they were not addressed by their husband’s Christian name.

The Revising Barrister — lf a lady gave me the name of Mrs. John Smith I should say I had not got the voter’s name. The name Gwendolen must remain.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;&quot;Ladies’ Names.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 12 September 1901, Thursday: 7 [of 10], Col. 3a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/19010912/130/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1901 October 26, Friday''', Algernon Bourke was on the Men's Committee of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Club Ice-skating Rink|Prince's Club Ice-skating Rink]], which had [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Prince's Club Ice-skating Rink Opening|its official opening on his day]]. 

'''1902 January''', Algernon Bourke is mentioned in [[Social Victorians/Schools#&quot;More of My Contemporaries at School.&quot;|reminiscences of Eton written by the &quot;Earl of X&quot;]] as being among those in the &quot;world of letters,&quot; and whose brother, later the Earl of Mayo, the Earl of X did not like. 

'''1902 January 25, Saturday''', Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave a box to Lady Helen Stewart-Vane-Tempest in honor of [[Social Victorians/Stewart-Stavordale Wedding 1902-01-25|Lady Helen's wedding to Giles Fox-Strangways, Lord Stavordale]]. 

'''1902 April 26, Saturday''', Mrs. A. Bourke is listed as being at the Norfolk Hotel in Brighton.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Guide to Visitors at Hotels and Boarding Houses.&quot; ''Brighton Gazette'' 26 April 1902, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000938/19020426/116/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt; 

'''1902 May, End of''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#End of May 1902|party at Blenheim Palace hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough]]. 

'''1902 June 11, Monday''', the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke had a dog entered in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Ladies' Kennel Association Show|Ladies' Kennel Association competitions in the Botanic Gardens]]. 

'''1902 September 4, Thursday''', the ''Daily Express'' reported that &quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke is staying with Lord and Lady Alington at Scarborough.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Onlooker.&quot; &quot;My Social Diary.&quot; &quot;Where People Are.&quot; ''Daily Express'' 04 September 1902, Thursday: 5 [of 8], Col. 1b? [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004848/19020904/099/0005. Print p. 4, Col. 7b [of 7].&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1902 September 22, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke was a guest at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Earl and Countess of Mar and Kellie's House Party|large house party hosted by the Earl and Countess of Mar and Kellie]].

'''1902 October 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Annual Opening of the Prince's Ice-skating Rink|opened the Prince's ice-skating rink for the season]], which he had been doing since 1895.

'''1902 October 25, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was bequeathed £500 by his uncle [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Robert Bourke]], who had died 3 September 1902.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Will of Lord Connemara.&quot; ''Kildare Observer and Eastern Counties Advertiser'' 25 October 1902, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 4b–c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001870/19021025/037/0002. Print title the ''Kildare Observer'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 October 31, Friday''', the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Annual Opening of the Prince's Ice-skating Rink|7th opening of the Prince's Skating Club]]. Guendoline Bourke was on the Women's Committee and Algernon Bourke was on the Men's.&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 November 8, Friday, beginning, perhaps''', Guendoline Bourke was part of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#8 November 1902, Saturday|Earl and Countess of Warwick's shooting party at Easton Lodge]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 December 9, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#9 December 1902, Tuesday|Lady Eva Wyndham-Quin's &quot;at home,&quot; held at the Welch Industrial depot]] for the sale Welsh-made Christmas gifts and cards. Bourke wore &quot;a fur coat and a black picture hat.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Lady Correspondent.&quot; &quot;Society in London.&quot; ''South Wales Daily News'' 11 December 1902, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000919/19021211/082/0004. Print p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1903 February 6, Friday''', Hon. Mrs A. Bourke was present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Dinner Party Hosted by Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and the Countess of Dudley|dinner party Hosted by Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and the Countess of Dudley]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1903 February 9, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke was present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Dinner Party Hosted by Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and the Countess of Dudley|house party at Dublin Castle hosted by the Lord Lieutenant and Countess of Dudley that began the Viceregal season]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1903 March 17, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke staffed a booth at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1903 March 17, Tuesday|sale of the Irish Industries Association]] on St. Patrick's Day with [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Lady Mayo]], [[Social Victorians/People/Dudley|Georgina Lady Dudley]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Miss Beresford]]. A number of other aristocratic women were also present at the sale in other booths, including [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Lady Londonderry]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Lucan|Lady Lucan]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1903 June 19, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke was invited to the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Grand Ball in the Waterloo Chamber at Windsor Castle|grand ball at Windsor Castle]], the end of the Ascot-week festivities.&lt;p&gt;

'''1903 June 23, Tuesday''', Guendoline and Daphne Bourke were invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1903 June 23, Tuesday|children's party at Buckingham Palace for Prince Eddie's birthday]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1903 July 10, Friday, or so''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Party Hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough|party hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1904 May 17, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke had agreed to let Daphne appear in the tableaux vivants arranged by Sir Philip Burne-Jones for the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Countess Cadogan's Great Bazaar|Countess of Cadogan's great bazaar]]. Some mothers had had to decline because of the outbreaks of measles and chicken pox.&lt;p&gt;

'''1904 June 30, Thursday''', Guendoline and Daphne Bourke attended another birthday party for Prince Eddie at Buckingham Palace, and the ''Gentlewoman'' says, &quot;No prettier little girl was to be seen that day than little Miss Daphne Bourke, the daughter of the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke, with her wonderful Irish eyes and colouring, her pretty white frock being relieved with a rose pink sash.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Prince Eddie's Birthday.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 02 July 1904, Saturday: 68 [of 92]. Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19040702/360/0068. Print: title the same, p. 42.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1904 September 15, Thursday''', according to what was at the time called the ''Irish Daily Independent and Nation'', Algernon Bourke was living in Venice and not in the UK at this point:&lt;blockquote&gt;Algernon Bourke, who usually lives in Venice, has spent some time in England during the present summer, and has now gone on a fishing expedition to Sweden, accompanied by his brother, Lord Mayo. Lady Mayo has been staying meanwhile in Ireland, and has had a visit from her mother, Lady Maria Ponsonby, who is a sister of Lend Obventry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;&quot;Society Notes.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 15 September 1904, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001986/19040915/131/0004. Print title: ''Irish Daily Independent and Nation'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1904 October 22, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' reported that &quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke is paying a visit to Venice, which Mr. Bourke has made his headquarters for several years past, as he is connected with some very artistic stone and marble works situated near the Grand Canal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 22 October 1904, Saturday: 24 [of 6ths 8], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19041022/112/0024. Print title same, p. 672.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1905 February 17, Friday''', the Dundee ''Evening Post'' reported that Algernon Bourke &quot;set up a shop in Venice for the sale of art treasures and old furniture.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social News.&quot; Dundee ''Evening Post'' 17 February 1905, Friday: 6 [of 6], Col. 7b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000582/19050217/105/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1905 April 26, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#New Forest United Hunt Ball|New Forest United Hunt Ball]], as did her brother Captain R. C. H. Sloane Stanley and his wife Olivia Countess Cairns.&lt;p&gt;

'''1905 June 5, Monday''', Algernon Bourke wrote to the ''Times'' from Venice that &quot;The Venetian wits have suggested a motto for Admiral Togo, Togo Tenga Tutto (Togo takes the lot).&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr. Algernon Bourke.&quot; ''Hull Daily Mail'' 08 June 1905, Thursday: 2 [of 6], Col. 6a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000324/19050608/008/0002. Print title ''Daily Mail'', p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1905, last week of July''', Guendoline Bourke and daughter Daphne Bourke — who was 10 years old — attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Last week of July, 1905|Lady Cadogan's children's party at Chelsea House]]. Daphne was &quot;One of loveliest little girls present.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Social News.&quot; ''Belfast News-Letter'' 01 August 1905, Tuesday: 7 [of 10], Col. 6b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000038/19050801/157/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1906 March 9, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke was a reference for Mr. Frances Burgess, who taught piano, singing, voice production, organ and music theory. Burgess was &quot;Organist and Choirmaster of St. Columbs', North Kensington, Director of the Plainsong and Medieval Music Society's Choir, etc., etc.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot;&gt;&quot;Mr. Francis Burgess.&quot; ''Kilburn Times'' 9 March 1906, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001813/19060309/086/0003. Print title: ''Kilburn Times Hampstead and North-western Press'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1906 December 10, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke was seen in the tea room, possibly with Lady Grosvenor, at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1906 December 10, Monday|Lady Dudley's sale of Irish needlework]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1907 May''', a &quot;naval signalling incident&quot; [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#May 1887|caused the Waterford ''Evening News'' to recall a similar event]] that had occurred 20 years earlier, in which Algernon Bourke, as special correspondent for the ''Times'', publicized [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles Beresford]]'s use of his ship's signalling capabilities to send a message to his wife about being late for dinner:&lt;blockquote&gt;

The naval signalling incident is still in the air. It is expected that the matter will not be threshed out until Emperor William leaves England. A story of a former signalling incident in which [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles Beresford]] was concerned is going the rounds at the moment.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1907 August 24, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was present at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Polo Week at Eaton Hall, Duke and Duchess of Westminster|Polo Week at Eaton Hall, hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Westminster]].

'''1908 July 30, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke was at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Glorious Goodwood. Cup Day and Dresses.|Cup Day at the Goodwood races]], wearing salmon-pink with a matching hat.

'''1909 April 20, Tuesday''', Lady Rosemary Cairns — daughter of Olivia Sloan-Stanley, Countess Cairns and Cyril Sloane-Stanley — and Wyndham Portal were [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#20 April 1909, Tuesday|married in St. Margaret's, Westminster]]. Lavender and Diane Sloane-Stanley were bridesmaids.&lt;p&gt;

'''1909 May 22, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke appears to have been living in Pisa. A columnist for the ''Queen'' reported on the Royal School of Art Needlework:&lt;blockquote&gt;Lady Leconfield [?] was there, also her sister-in-law, the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Dowager Lady Mayo]], only just back from her winter on the Continent, when she spent most of the time at Pisa, where her son Mr Algernon Bourke has also been staying. The latter is a great connoisseur as regards [art?] notably in what is really good in the way of old Italian sculpture and carving. He and his handsome wife have a place near to Putney, and this winter again Mr Bourke, as the result of his Italian travels, has been sending home such relics of the old Italian palace gardens as as stone and marble carved vases, garden seats, and what-not of the kind — not all for himself and his own gardens by any means, I fancy; but his friends, relying on his knowledge in such matters, get him when abroad to choose for [them?] the adornment of their English terraces and gardens.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;My Social Diary.&quot; The ''Queen'' 22 May 1909, Saturday: 31 [of 86], Col. 1b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/19090522/203/0031. Print p. 871.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1909 September''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was among the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Visitors in Venice from the U.K.|many visitors from &quot;England&quot; in Venice]] in September.

=== 1910s ===
'''1910 April 20, Wednesday''', the ''Tatler'' printed an &quot;open letter&quot; to Geraldine, Countess of Mayo, as part of its &quot;The Searchlight in Society&quot; series and mentioned Algernon Bourke, saying he had been keeping &quot;a curiosity shop at Venice&quot;:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Bourkes have brains, and a good example is afforded by Mr. Algernon Bourke, next brother to Lord Mayo and heir-presumptive to the title. He is a good-looking man who used to be known as Buttons Bourke, and he married well, as his wife was the rich and pretty Miss Guendolen Sloane Stanley. He may be described as a &quot;Jack of all trades,&quot; but it is not I who will say that he is a master of none. He was once in the Stock Exchange, then he took White's Club in hand and restored it to much of its former prestige. After that he dabbled in smart hotels and restaurants, and the last thing I heard of him was that he kept a curiosity shop at Venice.&lt;ref&gt;Candida. &quot;The Searchlight in Society. Our Open Letter. No. CII. The Countess of Mayo.&quot; The ''Tatler'' 20 April 1910, Wednesday: 18 [of 42], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001852/19100420/023/0018. Print title same, p. 72.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1911 November 21, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke assisted the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#21 November 1911, Tuesday|Duchess of Marlborough at her at-home]] that included a sale of work by the wives of prisoners.&lt;p&gt;

'''1912 September 27, Friday''', Guendoline and Daphne Bourke were visiting Mr. and Mrs. Shelley Bontein, her mother and stepfather.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From 'The World.'&quot; ''Berks and Oxon Advertiser'' 27 September 1912, Friday: 2 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002298/19120927/014/0002. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1913 April 23, Wednesday''', the Irish Independent reported that Guendoline and Daphne Bourke had arrived in London for the season:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke and Miss Bourke have arrived for the season at 75 Gloucester place, Portman square, London.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social and Personal.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 23 April 1913, Wednesday: 4 [of 10], Col. 5b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001715/19130423/081/0004. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1913 May 7, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke presented her daughter Daphne Bourke at court:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke presented her daughter, and wore blue and gold broché with a gold lace train.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social and Personal.&quot; London ''Daily Chronicle'' 08 May 1913, Thursday: 6 [of 12], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005049/19130508/120/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

The ''Pall Mall Gazette'' has a description of Daphne Bourke's dress, but what exactly &quot;chiffon [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hoops|paniers]]&quot; means in 1913 is not clear:&lt;blockquote&gt;Court dressmakers appear to have surpassed all previous records in their efforts to make the dresses for to-night’s Court as beautiful as possible. Noticeable among these is the dainty presentation gown to be worn by Miss Bourke, who will be presented by her mother, the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke. This has a skirt of soft white satin draped with chiffon [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hoops|paniers]] and a bodice veiled with chiffon and trimmed with diamanté and crystal embroidery. Miss Bourke’s train, gracefully hung from the shoulders, is of white satin lined with pale rose pink chiffon and embroidered with crystal and diamanté.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Fashion Day by Day. Lovely Gowns for To-night's Court.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 07 May 1913, Wednesday: 13 [of 18], Col. 1a [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/19130507/199/0013. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The ''London Evening Standard'' describes Guendoline and Daphne Bourke the same way except with differences in editing:&lt;blockquote&gt;Miss Bourke: Presented by her mother, the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke. Dainty presentation gown of white satin, the skirt draped with chiffon paniers, bodice veiled chiffon and trimmed with diamanté and crystal embroidery. Train gracefully hung from shoulder of white satin embroidered with crystal and diamanté, lined with pale rose pink chiffon.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Some of the Dresses.&quot; &quot;The King and Queen. Third Court. Most Brilliant of the Year.&quot; ''London Evening Standard'' 08 May 1913, Thursday: 11 [of 18], Col. 4b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/19130508/237/0011. Print title ''The Standard'', p. 11.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

According to the ''Lady's Pictorial'', Daphne Bourke's dress was designed and constructed by [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Messrs Russell and Allen|Messrs. Russell and Allen]], Old Bond-street, W., and the description is identical (except for a couple of commas).&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Their Majesties' Court.&quot; ''Lady's Pictorial'' 17 May 1913, Saturday: 35 [of 64], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005980/19130517/296/0035. Same print title, p. 787.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1914 May 11, Monday''', Guendoline and Daphne Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#Dance at the Ritz Hosted by Mrs. George Marjoribanks|dance at the Ritz hosted by Mrs. George Marjoribanks]].

'''1915 January 1, Friday''', Algernon Bourke is listed as being on the Executive Committee of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#1915 January 1, Friday|National Food Fund, publicized by the ''Conservative and Unionist Women's Franchise Review'']].

'''1916 August 25, Friday''', Daphne Bourke's and John Fortescue's engagement was announced:&lt;blockquote&gt;A most attractive prospective bride (says the &quot;Star&quot;) is Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke's only daughter, Miss Daphne Bourke, whose engagement has just taken place to Mr. Fortescue, of the Coldstream Guards. Miss Bourke is tall, dark, and very beautiful; and Mr. Fortescue is one of the family of Boconoc, Cornwall, and Dropmore, Maidenhead. At the latter place the two families have been neighbours, for Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke have a charming country residence at Taplow, while Dropmore is famous for its magnificent gardens.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Personalia.&quot; ''Uxbridge &amp; W. Drayton Gazette'' 25 August 1916, Friday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002285/19160825/043/0004. Print title ''The Advertiser'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''1917 June 7, Thursday''', Daphne Bourke and John Grenville Fortescue [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#7 June 1917, Thursday|married in the Coldstream Guards' chapel]].

== Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball ==
According to both the ''Morning Post'' and the ''Times'', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was among the Suite of Men in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#&quot;Oriental&quot; Procession|&quot;Oriental&quot; procession]] at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&quot;Fancy Dress Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; ''Morning Post'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 4a–8 Col. 2b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970703/054/0007.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;&quot;Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; The ''Times'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 12, Cols. 1a–4c ''The Times Digital Archive''. Web. 28 Nov. 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Based on the people they were dressed as, Guendoline Bourke was probably in this procession but it seems unlikely that Algernone Bourke was.

[[File:Guendoline-Irene-Emily-Bourke-ne-Sloane-Stanley-as-Salammb.jpg|thumb|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a standing woman richly dressed in an historical costume with a headdress and a very large fan|Hon. Guendoline Bourke as Salammbô. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]
=== Hon. Guendoline Bourke ===
[[File:Alfons Mucha - 1896 - Salammbô.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Highly stylized orange-and-yellow painting of a bare-chested woman with a man playing a harp at her feet|Alfons Mucha's 1896 ''Salammbô''.]]
Lafayette's portrait (right) of &quot;Guendoline Irene Emily Bourke (née Sloane-Stanley) as Salammbô&quot; in costume is photogravure #128 in the '''Album''' presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;&quot;Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball (1897): photogravures by Walker &amp; Boutall after various photographers.&quot; 1899. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait-list.php?set=515.&lt;/ref&gt; The printing on the portrait says, &quot;The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke as Salammbo.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;&quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke as Salammbo.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158491/Guendoline-Irene-Emily-Bourke-ne-Sloane-Stanley-as-Salammb.&lt;/ref&gt;

The Lafayette Archive has 2 additional poses from the same session on 5 July 1897 as the one chosen for the Album:

* Same image as the Album photograph but higher resolution than the one the National Portrait Gallery, London, gives permission to post (Neg. No. GP [L] [http://lafayette.org.uk/bou1369.html 1369]).
* Standing with fan behind head, includes close-up of skirt fabric and left hand (Neg. No. GP [L] [http://lafayette.org.uk/bou1368-444.html 1368-444]).
* Reclining on pillows and furs, includes close-up of face and headdress (Neg. No. GP [L] [http://lafayette.org.uk/bou1368-442.html 1368-442]).

==== Newspaper Accounts ====
The Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke was dressed as Salambo in the Oriental procession&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; in a costume made by [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Mrs. Mason|Mrs. Mason]], according to Russell Harris, although he also says [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Mr. Charles Alias|Charles Alias]] was the &quot;Costume supplier.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://lafayette.org.uk/bou1369.html|title=Hon Mrs Algernon Bourke (1870-1967), née Guendoline Irene Emily Sloane-Stanley by Lafayette 1897|website=lafayette.org.uk|access-date=2025-07-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Besides the two that mention her presence at the ball — the ''Morning Post'' and the ''Times'' — only two describe her costume, the London ''Evening Standard'' and the ''Gentlewoman'':
* &quot;Mrs. A. Bourke, as an Egyptian Princess, with the Salambo coiffure, wore a flowing gown of white and silver gauze covered with embroidery of lotus flowers. The top of the gown was ornamented with old green satin embroidered with blue turquoise and gold, and studded with rubies. The train was of old green broché with sides of orange and gold embroidery, and from the ceinture depended long bullion fringe and an embroidered ibis.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“The Ball at Devonshire House. Magnificent Spectacle. Description of the Dresses.” London ''Evening Standard'' 3 July 1897 Saturday: 3 [of 12], Cols. 1a–5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/18970703/015/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 3, Col. 3b}}
* &quot;(Egyptian Princess), drapery gown of white and silver gauze, covered with embroidery of lotus flowers; the top of gown appliqué with old green satin embroidered blue turquoise and gold, studded rubies; train of old green broché.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 40, Col. 3a}}

==== Commentary on Her Costume ====

*The heavy headdress is likely attached to a wig and further stabilized by something under Bourke's chin and by the filet around her forehead. The flowers appear to have jewels at the center. What looks like a neck treatment is probably part of the structure holding the headpiece in place. The placement of the flowers is clearly a copy of the headdress worn by Rose Caron in the 1892 Paris production of the Reyer opera. Made by Eugène Lacoste, this textile, metal and pearl ''coiffe'' still exists (https://www.gazette-drouot.com/article/bijoux-d-opera/54941) and is held by the Bibliothèque Nationale de France.&lt;ref&gt;Merle, Sandrine. &quot;Les bijoux d’Opéra en pleine lumière au Palais Garnier.&quot; ''La Gazette Druout'' 4 July 2025 (No. 26). Retrieved July 2025

https://www.gazette-drouot.com/article/bijoux-d-opera/54941.&lt;/ref&gt; It seems to have been constructed from metal for the gold framework with the leaf design, beads attached to hanging metal frameworks (the blue-green beads look like they're covered with fabric or wrapped with thread) and flowers that may have been made from stiffened pinked fabric (likely organdy) whose color may have darkened in the century that has passed.
*Bourke's posture as she leans in the reclining odalisque pose shows she is wearing a corset.
*The translucent overskirt looks like an apron attached under the bust and hanging from the bodice.
*Russell Harris says the large fan looks more Egyptian rather than Carthaginian,&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt;  and the newspapers say she was dressed as an Egyptian princess rather than a Carthaginian priestess.
*The fullness of the skirt is very controlled.
*Her shoes are slippers decorated with real or artificial jewels.

==== Salammbô ====
Salammbô is the fictitious protagonist in Gustave Flaubert's 1862 novel ''Salammbô'', set during the Roman war against Carthage.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-04-29|title=Salammbô|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salammb%C3%B4&amp;oldid=1221352216|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salammb%C3%B4.&lt;/ref&gt; Salammbô is a Carthaginian priestess of the lunar goddess Tanit. Matho, a Roman mercenary, breaks into Tanit's temple and steals her sacred veil — the spiritual guardian of Carthage. Salammbô sneaks into the enemy encampment to steal the veil back. She meets Matho in his tent, and &quot;believing each other to be divine apparitions,&quot; they make love,&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; although it is also a defilement. Salammbô succceds in getting the veil back, but Matho is tortured and executed, which causes her to die of shock, the effect of both having touched the veil. The plot of the opera is not identical to that of the novel.

What Guendoline Bourke saw in Salammbô as representative of herself is difficult to know, unless the costume itself appealed to her. A production of Ernest Reyer's opera ''Salammbô'', based on Flaubert's novel and published in Paris in 1890, opened at the Paris Opéra on 16 May 1892,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-04-11|title=Ernest Reyer|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Reyer&amp;oldid=1218353215|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Reyer.&lt;/ref&gt; starring Madame Rose Caron, with Mademoiselle Lucienne Bréval performing when Caron was on vacation.&lt;ref&gt;Jullienn, Adolphe. &quot;Mademoiselle Lucienne Bréval de L'Académie Nationale de Musique [or de l'Opéra in the Table of Contents].&quot; ''Le Théatre'' April 1898 (No. 4). Google Books https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/_oxRAQAAMAAJ. Pp. 8–10.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|8, Col. 2c}} This production was widely reviewed and discussed in the papers in the UK, and its production design was notable, especially Caron's costumes, the sets and [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#Scale of the Production of Salammbo|the very scale of the production]]. Bourke or her costumier clearly saw the opera or images of the performers or its posters, certainly influencing the design of her costume.

* Rose Caron in her Salammbo costume is here: https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/rose-caron-french-soprano-in-costume-in-the-title-role-of-news-photo/1439485238.
* A headshot of Bréval in costume is here: https://books.google.com/books/content?id=_oxRAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=RA3-PP7&amp;img=1&amp;zoom=3&amp;hl=en&amp;bul=1&amp;sig=ACfU3U2Gv8Os_rEmx2gM9SakJkYLJ9hW7g&amp;ci=6%2C1%2C988%2C1371&amp;edge=0.)
* &quot;Salammbo's hair [was] powdered with a violet dust when she first appeared before the eyes of Matho.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Salome.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 27 February 1893, Monday: 3 [of 8]. Col. 2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18930227/010/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

Salammbô figured in paintings, sculptures and illustrations of editions of Flaubert's novel before Ernest Reyer's 1890 opera. Translations and illustrated editions of Flaubert's novel had come out steadily beginning in the 1880s. Alfons Mucha's 1896 lithograph of Salammbô (above left) was published the year before the ball. Salammbo is often depicted as nude and highly sexual or sexualized (kissing a huge snake, for example, that she holds aloft). Reyer's opera was first produced in 1890 in Brussels. Both Modest Mussorgsky and Sergei Rachmaninoff had attempted but not completed operas based on the novel as well.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

===== Comtesse de Castiglione as Salammbô =====
Guendoline Bourke's costume and her social life as reported in the newspapers do not suggest that she was a big risk-taker like, for example, la Comtesse de Castiglione, Napoléon III's mistress at the time, who appeared at a ball in a Salammbô costume in 1886, 4 years after Flaubert's novel was first published. Henry Labouchere's ''Truth'' says of the Comtesse de Castiglione.&lt;blockquote&gt;
The first time I saw her I did not know who she was. She took my breath away; her beauty was so harmonious, and in all points so faultless. When I was told who she was, I thought of Helen and the Trojans. I also saw her at the fancy ball at the Tuileries, where she was in the transparent costume, lightly fastened together with brooches, ''à la'' Salammbô. Comte de Choiseul, son of the notorious Duc de Praelin, with his face blackened to make him resemble a Nubian slave, held up the part of the garment which fell as a gauzy train.

A spectatress I remember of that fancy ball was Mrs. Dayton, wife of the U.S. Minister. When she saw the Countess enter like an Olympian being, her American ideas got the better of diplomatic form, and she said to her daughter, a sweet maidenly young girl, &quot;Annie, dear, you must come away.&quot; A French lady (Madame Rouher) who sat next and was rather bourgeois than fast, remonstrated, I remember, in these words: &quot;Mais, Madame, où en est, donc, le mal ? Tout est si bien chez la Comtesse!&quot; The triumph of the Comtesse, as she walked down the Galerie des Maréchaux, was about as extraordinary a sight as the Tuileries ever presented. What was so astonishing was that the ladies forgot to be jealous, and the gentlemen to fall in love. The great beauty of the Countess excluded from their minds the idea of sex.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Notes from Paris.&quot; ''Truth'' 4 June 1891, Thursday: 22 [of 56], Col. 2b–c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18910604/046/0022. Same print title, p. 1176.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
The same reporter wrote about her again after her death in 1889.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Notes from Paris: The Late Comtesse de Castiglione.&quot; ''Truth'' 7 December 1899, Thursday: 28, Col. 1c – 29 [of 74], Col. 1c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18991207/045/0028 and https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0002961/18991207/045/0029. Same print title, pp. 1410–1411.&lt;/ref&gt; 

In 1889, on the announcement of la Comtesse de Castiglione's death, the ''Edinburgh Evening News'' exaggerates her nudity and doesn't describe the rush in the ballroom to see her, her denial that she was costumed as Salammmbô or the fact that she was Napoléon's mistress, which might go some way to explain the Empress Eugenie's response, but does address the lingering memory:&lt;blockquote&gt;The late Countess Castiglione, whose death in Paris is recorded yesterday, made her first appearance at the Imperial Court in 1866, where her extraordinary beauty made a great impression on Napoleon III., and eventually led to the Empress Eugenie’s undertaking an unexpected and much-talked-of visit to Scotland. The Countess had a face and complexion which would have enchanted Rubens, and her lovely golden hair touched her feet. Even at the present day Paris has not forgotten her costume, or rather absence of costume as Salammbo, in which character she figured at a certain memorable ball at the Tuileries, wearing her hair, her jewels, and very little else. The Empress Eugenie, when she was presented to her thus lightly arrayed, declared that she must be cold, and insisted upon her there and then donning a mantle. Mme. de Castiglione was never again invited to an entertainment over which the Empress Eugenie presided.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Countess’ Queer Ball Costume.&quot; ''Edinburgh Evening News'' 2 December 1899, Saturday: 2 [of 6], Col. 7b [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000452/18991202/024/0002. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Given how widely this incident was discussed at the time of the death of la Comtesse in 1889, brought up again with the discussions of Reyer's opera, Guendoline Bourke might easily have known about it. Perhaps the sexuality or overt sexuality of Salammbô appealed to her, but she was developing relationships with people like the Princess of Wales and had more leeway than the middle classes but would have been careful. 

===== Scale of the Production of ''Salammbo'' =====

* &quot;In Reyer's opera of 'Salammbo,' lately produced at the Grand Opera in Paris, there were 1,400 persons on the stage in the last act.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Facts and Fancies.&quot; ''Louth and North Lincolnshire Advertiser'' 9 July 1892, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 6c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000313/18920709/038/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;the battle scene in [''Salammbo''] requires no less than 3000 square yards of 'decorative surface' [probably canvas]. This establishes a record, the next largest surface being that of the salles des fetes in 'Don Giovanni.'&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A French paper gives interesting details....&quot; ''Sevenoaks Chronicle and Kentish Advertiser'' 26 August 1892, Friday: 2 [of 8], Col. 3c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001067/18920826/032/0002. Same print title, n.p.

&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Influence of the Production of ''Salammbo'' =====
Rose Caron's productions were influential, including for the costumes she wore. The 1892 ''Lohengrin'' she starred in was the source of the costumes worn by [[Social Victorians/People/Stonor#Julia Caroline Stonor, Marquise of Hautpoul|Julia Stonor, Marquise of Hautpoul]] and her brother, [[Social Victorians/People/Stonor#Hon. Harry Stonor|Hon. Harry Stonor]].

Women's clothing was influenced by the costumes in the opera, particularly those worn by Rose Caron. One color of intense red was called Salammbo. A bonnet was named the Salammbô:&lt;blockquote&gt;About the smartest thing in bonnets for ordinary complimentary mourning is called the Salammbô, and is copied from a head-dress worn by a leading artiste at one of the Paris theatres. It is made of jet, and has a rose on each side of the front from the centres of which rise two black ospreys.&lt;ref&gt;Mantalini, Miss. &quot;The Shows in the London Shops. With Mems. about Millinery.&quot; ''Pall Mall Budget'' 29 December 1892, Thursday: 22 [of 40], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005967/18921229/092/0022. Same print title, p. 1928.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;In a long illustrated article describing the wedding of Princess Marie of Edinburgh, the ''Lady's Pictorial'' provides a sketch of &quot;a very pretty [hat] (No. 4) of brown mirror velvet trimmed with mink and a brown velvet bow in front with Salammbo '&lt;nowiki/&gt;''fantaisie''&lt;nowiki/&gt;' [sic]&quot; that is among the bride's millinery.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Marriage of H.R.H. Princess Marie of Edinburgh and H.R.H. Ferdinand Crown Prince of Roumania.&quot; ''Lady's Pictorial'' 14 January 1893, Saturday: 40 [of 76], Col. 3c [of 3]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005980/18930114/064/0040. Same print title, p. 56.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

Shoes appeared:&lt;blockquote&gt;At Mrs Merritt's, Savile-street, the stock is particularly attractive, there being so many new styles in shoes this season. One of the latest designs is the Salammbo Shoe, glace kid, with one strap, a jet buckle, and very low French heels. This shoe is especially designed for tender feet, as it is very light in weight.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;House and Home. Local Letter for Women Reader [sic], (By Our Lady Contributor).&quot; ''Hull Daily Mail'' 22 July 1897, Thursday: 5 [of 6], Col. 1b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000324/18970722/069/0005. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Patterns for making the Tunique Romaine and Corsage Salammbo were for sale just a few months after the opening:&lt;blockquote&gt;Some of the leading fashionable novelties described in ''Le Follet de Paris'' are almost ahead of the season, but they look so well that it will not be long before our provincial dressmakers have them. A revival and modification of the ancient tunic is one item which is transforming the modern gowns of tailor-built tweeds into long clinging draperies, of simple cut but ineffable grace. We have had the Russian blouse with us now for the last couple of months. Now the reign of Tunique Romaine and Corsage Salambo is upon us.

... [including the address to send off for the patterns]

A very successful novelty is the ''corsage'' “Salammbo.” In reality, it is more of a blouse and short tunic than a ''corsage'', as there is no attempt at shaping to the figure. In [sic] consists, indeed, of two straight pieces of material cut round on the shoulders, where the back and front are fastened together by clasps. There is no arm-hole, and the two pieces meet at the waist under the arm, and then hang open on to the skirt. There being no dart, the waist is as wide as the shoulders; the fullness is drawn to the centre under a ''ceinture Russe'', or of oxydised silver. The outlines are trimmed with ''galon'' or some similar garniture. The &quot;Salammbo” ''guimpe'' or ''corsage'' are made of flannel or ''mousseline de laine'' of bright colour, and are worn with fitting bodices or skirts of serge, or woollen of dark colour. They are very effective, and nothing can be easier to make, while their addition to a frock constitutes a separate costume.

The fitting bodices worn under the ''guimpes'' or ''robes'' &quot;Salammbo&quot; are very simply made; being round-waisted, they are without side pieces, and only require a seam under each arm; one in the centre of the back, and one or two darts in front, according to the figure. The skirt is mounted on a round waistband, and the ''ceinture'' worn over this gives the bodice and skirt the effect of a princess dress.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Womans Ceilidh.&quot; ''Oban Times and Argyllshire Advertiser'' 3 September 1892, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 6a–b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000462/18920903/078/0003. Print title: ''The Oban Times'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Stationery even before the opera opened in Paris:&lt;blockquote&gt;The last fad in fancy stationery is the carte Salammbo, a delightfully smooth surface for writing upon, the envelopes are very small, square, and of the wallet make; the paper folds over once to fit. The newest shades are rose pink, pale English blue, apple green, and the evergreen heliotrope.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Fashions of the Month.&quot; ''Nottinghamshire Guardian'' 27 February 1892, Saturday: 7 [of 8], Col. 2b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000176/18920227/059/0007. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:Algernon Henry Bourke Vanity Fair 20 January 1898.jpg|thumb|alt=Old colored drawing of an elegant elderly man dressed in a 19th-century tuxedo with a cloak, top hat and formal pointed shoes with bows, standing facing 1/4 to his right|''Algy'' — Algernon Henry Bourke — by &quot;Spy,&quot; ''Vanity Fair'' 20 January 1898]]

=== Hon. Algernon Bourke ===
[[File:Hon-Algernon-Henry-Bourke-as-Izaak-Walton.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a man richly dressed in an historical costume sitting in a fireplace that does not have a fire and holding a tankard|Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke as Izaak Walton. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]
'''Lafayette's portrait''' (left) of &quot;Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke as Izaak Walton&quot; in costume is photogravure #129 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; The printing on the portrait says, &quot;The Hon. Algernon Bourke as Izaak Walton.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hon. Algernon Bourke as Izaak Walton.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158492/Hon-Algernon-Henry-Bourke-as-Izaak-Walton.&lt;/ref&gt;

This portrait is amazing and unusual: Algernon Bourke is not using a photographer's set with theatrical flats and props, certainly not one used by anyone else at the ball itself. Isaak Walton (baptised 21 September 1593 – 15 December 1683) wrote ''The Compleat Angler''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2021-09-15|title=Izaak Walton|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Izaak_Walton&amp;oldid=1044447858|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izaak_Walton.&lt;/ref&gt; A cottage Walton lived in and willed to the people of Stafford was photographed in 1888, suggesting that its relationship to Walton was known in 1897, raising a question about whether Bourke could have used the fireplace in the cottage for his portrait. (This same cottage still exists, as the [https://www.staffordbc.gov.uk/izaak-waltons-cottage Isaak Walton Cottage] museum.)

A caricature portrait (right) of the Hon. Algernon Bourke, called &quot;Algy,&quot; by Leslie Ward (&quot;Spy&quot;) was published in the 20 January 1898 issue of ''Vanity Fair'' as Number 702 in its &quot;Men of the Day&quot; series,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-01-14|title=List of Vanity Fair (British magazine) caricatures (1895–1899)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)_caricatures_(1895%E2%80%931899)&amp;oldid=1195518024|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)_caricatures_(1895%E2%80%931899).&lt;/ref&gt; giving an indication of what he looked like out of costume.

=== Mr. and Mrs. Bourke ===
The ''Times'' made a distinction between the Hon. Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke and Mr. and Mrs. Bourke, including both in the article.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Occasionally this same article mentions the same people more than once in different contexts and parts of the article, so they may be the same couple. (See [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#Notes and Question|Notes and Question]] #2, below.)

== Demographics ==

=== The Bourkes ===
*Nationality: Anglo-Irish&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020-11-14|title=Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo&amp;oldid=988654078|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Occupation: journalist. 1895: restaurant, hotel and club owner and manager&lt;ref&gt;''Cheltenham Looker-On'', 23 March 1895. Via Ancestry but taken from the BNA.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Residences ====
*Ireland: 1873: Palmerston House, Straffan, Co. Kildare.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; Not Co. Mayo?
*1888–1891: 33 Cadogan Terrace, S.W., Kensington and Chelsea, a dwelling house&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970, Register of Voters, 1891.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1894: 181 Pavilion Road, Kensington and Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970. Register of Voters, 1894. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1900: 181 Pavilion Road, Kensington and Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970. Register of Voters, 1900. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1904: Algernon Bourke was &quot;usually liv[ing] in Venice&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;
*1906: 75, Gloucester-place, W.&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot; /&gt;
*Guendoline Bourke
*1911: 1911 Fulham, London&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
*20 Eaton Square, S.W. (in 1897)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pl0oAAAAYAAJ|title=Who's who|date=1897|publisher=A. &amp; C. Black|language=en}} 712, Col. 1b.&lt;/ref&gt; (London home of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]])

=== The Sloane-Stanleys ===

==== Residences ====

* 1871: Chester Street, St George Hanover Square (Census), with 5 servants, including a cook and a footman.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;The National Archives; Kew, London, England; ''1871 England Census''; Class: ''RG10''; Piece: ''104''; Folio: ''21''; Page: ''37''; GSU roll: ''838763''. Ancestry.com. ''1871 England Census'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1881–1885&lt;ref&gt;''UK, City and County Directories, 1600s-1900s''. Ancestry.com. ''UK, City and County Directories, 1766 - 1946'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; [at least]: 14 Halkin Street, W., St. Georges, 14 servants, including a governess, a house steward, an under butler, a footman and a cook.&lt;ref&gt;''Census Returns of England and Wales, 1881''. Kew, Surrey, England: The National Archives of the UK (TNA): Public Record Office (PRO), 1881. Class: ''RG11''; Piece: ''98''; Folio: ''66''; Page: ''37''; GSU roll: ''1341022''. Ancestry.com and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. ''1881 England Census'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1888: 49, Cadogan-square, St. Luke, Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Ancestry.com. ''London, England, Overseer Returns, 1863-1894'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1899, Roger Cyril Sloane-Stanley: 4 Down St., St George, Hanover Square&lt;ref&gt;London Metropolitan Archives; London, England; ''Electoral Registers''. Ancestry.com. ''London, England, Electoral Registers, 1832-1965'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1911, Roger Cyril Sloane-Stanley: Paultons, Ower, Romsey

== Family ==
*Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke (31 December 1854 – 7 April 1922)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p29657.htm#i296561|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Guendoline Irene Emily Sloane-Stanley Bourke (c. 1869 – 30 December 1967)&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&quot;Guendoline Irene Emily Stanley.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p51525.htm#i515247|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
#Daphne Marjory Bourke (5 April 1895 – 22 May 1962)

=== Relations ===
*Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke (the 3rd son of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|6th Earl of Mayo]]) was the older brother of Lady Florence Bourke.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
*Wilfred Blunt was a cousin of Algernon Bourke: Bourke's mother's &quot;mother was one of the Blunts of Crabbet Park, Sussex, which makes them kinswomen of Mr. Alfred Scawen Blunt, poet, Egyptophil and counsel for Arabi Pasha in his trial.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From ''Truth''.&quot; ''Mid-Lothian Journal'' 23 August 1912, Friday: 8 [of 8], 2c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002721/19120823/147/0008. Print title and p. same.&lt;/ref&gt;
*Lord Alfred Douglas was a cousin of Algernon Bourke.

==== Other Bourkes ====
*Hubert Edward Madden Bourke (after 1925, Bourke-Borrowes)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hubert Edward Madden Bourke-Borrowes.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p52401.htm#i524004|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2021-08-25}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p52401.htm#i524004.&lt;/ref&gt;
*Lady Eva Constance Aline Bourke, who married [[Social Victorians/People/Dunraven|Windham Henry Wyndham-Quin]] on 7 July 1885;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lady Eva Constance Aline Bourke.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p2575.htm#i25747|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-02}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p2575.htm#i25747.&lt;/ref&gt; he became 5th Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl on 14 June 1926.

=== The Sloane-Stanleys ===
* Emilie Josephine S Stanley ( 21 December 1848 [baptism]&lt;ref&gt;London Metropolitan Archives; &quot;London, England, UK&quot; ; ''London Church of England Parish Registers''; Reference Number: ''P87/Tri/001''. Ancestry.com. ''London, England, Church of England Births and Baptisms, 1813-1923'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;  – October 1945)
* Hans T Sloane Stanley (11 May 1840 [baptism]&lt;ref&gt;Ancestry.com. ''England, Select Births and Christenings, 1538-1975'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; – 15 December 1888&lt;ref&gt;Ancestry.com. ''UK and Ireland, Find a Grave® Index, 1300s-Current'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;)
* James Shell[e?]y Bontein ()
*# Gwendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt; Irene Emily G Stanley (c. 1870&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt; – )
*# '''Roger Cyril Hans Sloane Stanley''' (29 April 1875&lt;ref&gt;The National Archives; Kew, Surrey, England; ''WO 42 War Office: Officers' Birth Certificates, Wills and Personal Papers 1755-1908''; Reference: ''WO 42/72''. Ancestry.com. ''UK, Officers' Birth Certificates, Wills and Personal Papers, 1755-1908'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; – 18 November 1944&lt;ref&gt;''Find a Grave''. Find a Grave®. http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi. Ancestry.com. ''UK and Ireland, Find a Grave® Index, 1300s-Current'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;)


* Olivia Elizabeth Berens, Countess Cairns&lt;ref&gt;The National Archives of the UK (TNA); Kew, Surrey, England; ''Census Returns of England and Wales, 1911''. Ancestry.com. ''1911 England Census'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; (c. 1871 – 20 June 1951&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Olivia Elizabeth Berens.&quot; Person Page 3908; person #39077. ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as well as the Royal Families of Europe''. https://www.thepeerage.com/p3908.htm#i39077.

&lt;/ref&gt;)
* Arthur William Cairns, 2nd Earl Cairns (21 December 1861 – 14 January 1890)&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot;&gt;&quot;Arthur William Cairns, 2nd Earl Cairns.&quot; Person Page 3908; Person #39076. ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as well as the Royal Families of Europe''. https://www.thepeerage.com/p3908.htm#i39076.&lt;/ref&gt;
*# Lady Louise Rosemary Kathleen Virginia Cairns (10 March 1889 – 17 May 1962)&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot; /&gt;
* Roger Cyril Hans Sloane Stanley (1875 – 18 November 1944)
*# Lavender Elizabeth (20 May 1900 [baptism]&lt;ref&gt;Hampshire Archives and Local Studies; Winchester, England, UK; ''Anglican Parish Registers''; Reference: ''35M76/PR3''. Ancestry.com. ''Hampshire, England, Church of England Baptisms, 1813-1921''[database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; – )
*# Diane Sloane Stanley (c. 1905 – )


* Lavender Elizabeth (20 May 1900 [baptism] – )
* John Everett ()


* Diane Sloane Stanley (c. 1905 – )
* Elwyn Villiers Rhys ()

== Writings, Memoirs, Biographies, Papers ==

=== Writings ===
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon. ''The History of White's''. London: Algernon Bourke [privately published], 1892.
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon, ed., &quot;with a brief Memoir.&quot; ''Correspondence of Mr Joseph Jekyll with His Sister-in-Law, Lady Gertrude Sloane Stanley, 1818–1838''. John Murray, 1893.
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon, ed. ''Correspondence of Mr Joseph Jekyll''. John Murray, 1894.

=== Papers ===
* Where are the papers for the Earl of Mayo family? Are Algernon and Guendoline Bourke's papers with them?

== Notes and Questions ==
#The portrait of Algernon Bourke in costume as Isaac Walton is really an amazing portrait with a very interesting setting, far more specific than any of the other Lafayette portraits of these people in their costumes. Where was it shot? Lafayette is given credit, but it's not one of his usual backdrops. If this portrait was taken the night of the ball, then this fireplace was in Devonshire House; if not, then whose fireplace is it?
#The ''Times'' lists Hon. A. Bourke (at 325) and Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke (at 236) as members of a the &quot;Oriental&quot; procession, Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke (in the general list of attendees), and then a small distance down Mr. and Mrs. Bourke (now at 511 and 512, respectively). This last couple with no honorifics is also mentioned in the report in the London ''Evening Standard'', which means the Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke, so the ''Times'' may have repeated the Bourkes, who otherwise are not obviously anyone recognizable. If they are not the Hon. Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke, then they are unidentified. It seems likely that they are the same, however, as the newspapers were not perfectly consistent in naming people with their honorifics, even in a single story, especially a very long and detailed one in which people could be named more than once.
#Three slightly difficult-to-identify men were among the Suite of Men in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#&quot;Oriental&quot; Procession|&quot;Oriental&quot; procession]]: [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax|Gordon Wood]], [[Social Victorians/People/Portman|Arthur B. Portman]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Wilfred Wilson]]. The identification of Gordon Wood and Wilfred Wilson is high because of contemporary newspaper accounts. The Hon. Algernon Bourke, who was also in the Suite of Men, is not difficult to identify at all. Arthur Portman appears in a number of similar newspaper accounts, but none of them mentions his family of origin.
#[http://thepeerage.com The Peerage] has no other Algernon Bourkes.
#The Hon Algernon Bourke is #235 on the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball#List of People Who Attended|list of people who were present]]; the Hon. Guendoline Bourke is #236; a Mr. Bourke is #703; a Mrs. Bourke is #704.
#Hans Stanley-Sloane's estate was £33,704 7s. 5d. in the final probate in December 1889,&lt;ref&gt;Principal Probate Registry; London, England; ''Calendar of the Grants of Probate and Letters of Administration made in the Probate Registries of the High Court of Justice in England''. Ancestry.com. ''England &amp; Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1995'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; which might lead his widow to consider remarrying.
== Footnotes ==
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      <text bytes="175472" sha1="3nmkp212a5nqrj13uh6nn08sj3hfuij" xml:space="preserve">Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were &quot;satirized&quot; by [[Social Victorians/People/Oscar Wilde|Oscar Wilde]] in his 1895 ''The Importance of Being Earnest''.&lt;ref&gt;Fahey, David M. ''The Politics of Drink in England, from Gladstone to Lloyd George''. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, 2022: p. 21, n. 34. ''Google Books'' (retrieved July 2025) https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Politics_of_Drink_in_England_from_Gl/8HRjEAAAQBAJ.&lt;/ref&gt; Algernon Bourke was a cousin of Lord Alfred Douglas, Wilde's Bosie, in 1898 attempting to facilitate a reconciliation between Bosie and his father, the Marquess of Queensberry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:26&quot;&gt;Ellmann, Richard. ''Osar Wilde''. Alfred A. Knopf, 1988.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|568}}[[File:Leslie Ward - Vanity Fair, Newspapermen, ^Algy^, The Hon Algernon Henry Bourke, Januray 20, 1898 - B1979.14.521 - Yale Center for British Art.jpg|thumb|Hon. Algernon Bourke, ''Vanity Fair'', 1898]]

==Also Known As==
* Family name: Bourke [pronounced ''burk'']&lt;ref name=&quot;:62&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-05-07|title=Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earl_of_Mayo&amp;oldid=1222668659|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Mayo.&lt;/ref&gt;
* The Hon. Algernon Bourke
** Button Bourke&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Tory 'Reformer' at the India Office.&quot; ''India'' 10 November 1911, Friday: 4 [of 12], Col. 1b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004300/19111110/007/0004#. Print: same title, p. 228.&lt;/ref&gt;
** Algy Bourke
* Mrs. Guendoline Bourke
** Guendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{rp|The National Portrait Gallery, London, uses this spelling for Lafayette's portrait of Bourke in costume for the ball,&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt; as does Russell Harris in the Lafayette Archive, held by the Victoria and Albert&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot;&gt;Harris, Russell. &quot;Hon Mrs Algernon Bourke, née Guendoline Irene Emily Sloane-Stanley (1870-1967), as Salammbô.&quot; ''In Calm Prose'' 2011. http://www.rvondeh.dircon.co.uk/incalmprose/.&lt;/ref&gt;.}}
** Gwendolen&lt;ref&gt;General Register Office. ''England and Wales Civil Registration Indexes''. London, England: General Register Office. FreeBMD. ''England &amp; Wales, Civil Registration Marriage Index, 1837-1915''[database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Marriage Index}} &lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt;{{rp|''Morning Post'' article about her name}} &lt;ref&gt;General Register Office. ''England and Wales Civil Registration Indexes''. London, England: General Register Office. FreeBMD. ''England &amp; Wales, Civil Registration Marriage Index, 1837-1915''[database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Electoral Register}}
** Gwendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;City of Westminster Archives Centre; London, England; ''Westminster Church of England Parish Registers''; Reference: ''SPWP/PR/1/2''. Ancestry.com. ''Westminster, London, England, Church of England Births and Baptisms, 1813-1919'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Births and Baptisms}}
* Shelley Bontein and Emilie Sloane-Stanley Bontein
* See also the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|page for the Earl of Mayo]], the Hon. Algernon Bourke's father and then brother, and other Bourkes

== Overview ==

=== Algernon Bourke ===
Although the Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke was born in Dublin in 1854 and came from a family whose title is in the Peerage of Ireland,&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;1911 England Census.&lt;/ref&gt; he seems to have spent much of his adult life generally in England and especially in London. He was &quot;a noted fisherman.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London Correspondence.&quot; ''Freeman's Journal'' 21 December 1897, Tuesday: 5 [of 8], Col. 5c [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000056/18971221/027/0005. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

Because he was the son of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]], perhaps, or perhaps because he was so involved in projects that got reported on, he was mentioned a great deal in the newspapers, but after his bankruptcy, he seems to have receded in prominence, in part because he was living outside of the U.K., and apparently separately from his wife, Guendoline Bourke.

Bourke ran as the Conservative candidate for Parliament from Clapham (population, c. 70,000) in 1885, a race he did not win. As a candidate he is described like this:&lt;blockquote&gt;Acted as a newspaper correspondent during the Zulu war. Subsequently Poor-law inspector in the West of Ireland. &quot;A loyal supporter of Church and State.&quot; Desires to reduce the School Board expenditure, and revive trade; and is opposed to Mr. Chamberlain's &quot;police of hasty and experimental reform.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Clapham (70,000).&quot; ''South London Chronicle'' 17 October 1885, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000443/18851017/113/0005. Print title ''South London Chronicle and Southwark and Lambeth Ensign'', p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The London ''Weekly Dispatch'' says he is &quot;a dashing and unscrupulous young Tory.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Political Campaign in London.&quot; ''Weekly Dispatch'' (London) 15 November 1885, Sunday: 9 [of 16], Col. 3c [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003358/18851115/069/0009. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

&quot;Algy&quot; Bourke was &quot;Man of the Day&quot; (No. DCCII [522) for ''Vanity Fair'' in 1898, caricatured by Leslie Ward (above right) and damned, perhaps, with faint praise:&lt;blockquote&gt;Son of the great and murdered Lord Mayo, he is contemporary with the outbreak of the Crimean War, he is a Member of the London Stock Exchange, he has a beautiful wife and a daughter, and, being a very fashionable young man, he was once refused as their Member by the worthy electors of Clapham. He was an Eton boy, of course: and less naturally he went to Cambridge; where he was made President of the Beefsteak, the Amateur Dramatic, the Athenaeum, the True Blue, and the Hibernian Clubs. When he came down he tried journalism and went to Zululand as a ''Daily Telegraph'' ‘‘special”; after which he was improved into an Inspector of Workhouses [2, Col. 2c – 3, Col. 1a] in Ireland: which may account for his proficiency as a caterer. For seven years he worked under the late Mr. Chinnery on ''The Times'': being popularly supposed to look after that journal's morals. He is a good man of business, and a great organiser who has made White's Club pay even if it be less “smart&quot; than it was. He has done much for Willis’s since he took it in hand; he did well with his Battersea venture, and he thinks that he only failed with the Summer Club in Kensington Gardens because people would not go to the wrong side of the Park. Moreover, he runs a Club at Brighton, and he is Chairman of the Grand Hotel at Monte Carlo: whither he once organised a cheap trip. Altogether he is a veritable Clubman, and a very successful arranger of amusements, associations, and restaurants.

He is a popular fellow who is known to all of us; and though he is a little inclined to be quarrelsome, no one can get much the better of him. He is also a quick grasper of facts and a good talker. His favourite sports are fishing and the organising of associations for the introduction of salmon to the Thames. By way of being an art critic, he has made an interesting collection of engravings of the members of White’s Club from its foundation; but his friends say that he is not a well-dressed man. He has also written a history of White’s, and he is now writing one of Brooks's Club. He is a genial person, who looks as if the world agreed with him well.

He is an aquisition [sic] to a house party; and they call him “Algy.”&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Men of the Day.&quot; — No. DCCII [522]. The Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke.&quot; ''Vanity Fair'' 20 January 1898, Thursday: 2 [of 4], Col. 2c – 3, Col. 3a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9900020/18980120/010/0002 and https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/9900020/18980120/005/0003. Same print title, pp. 41–42. Portrait is full page, on p. 1.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The Hon. Algernon Bourke and Mr. Algernon Bourke, depending on the newspaper article, were the same person. Calling him Mr. Bourke in the newspapers, especially when considered as a businessman or (potential) member of Parliament, does not rule out the son of an earl, who would normally be accorded the honorific of ''Honorable''.

=== Guendoline Sloane-Stanley Bourke ===

Mrs. Guendoline Bourke exhibited at dog shows successfully and was a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Society Sportswomen|noted deerstalker]] and &quot;an appreciative listener to good music.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Vanity Fair.&quot; ''Lady of the House'' 15 June 1899, Thursday: 4 [of 44], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004836/18990615/019/0004.&lt;/ref&gt; She was a sponsor of Irish art needlework as well. Her personal beauty is often mentioned in reports, and ''The World'' says she was &quot;a magnificent woman.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Beauties of To-Day. From the ''World''.&quot; ''Clifton Society'' 24 June 1897, Thursday: 14 [of 16], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002164/18970624/066/0014. Same print and p.&lt;/ref&gt; She is the first listed in the ''Graphic''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s 1891 &quot;Leading Ladies of Society&quot;:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke is a daughter (Gwendoline Irene Emily) of the late Hans Sloane Stanley, Esq., of Poultons, Southampton, and 49, Cadogan Square, S.W. She married, on December 15th, 1887, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, third son of the sixth Earl of Mayo, Governor-General of India (who was assassinated in 1872), and nephew of Lord Connemara, Governor of Madras. Mr. Bourke is a member of the London Stock Exchange, and resides at 33, Cadogan Terrace, S.W.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Leading Ladies of Society.&quot; The Graphic 28 March 1891, Saturday: 6 [of 28], Col. 2c [of 3]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9000057/18910328/019/0006. Print: same title, p. 346.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;She attended many social events without her husband, especially into the 20th century, usually described with an appreciation of what she wore. Unlike her husband's, Guendoline's social status seems to have risen as time passed, and she appears in stories associated with the Princess of Wales, and then later with Queen Alexandra.

=== The Sloane-Stanley Family ===
Guendoline's family consisted of a younger brother, Cyril Sloane-Stanley, as well as her parents, Hans Sloane-Stanley and Emilie Edwards Sloane-Stanley. Exactly one year after she and Algernon Bourke married, Hans Sloane-Stanley died (in 1888), leaving an estate worth £33,704 7s. 5d.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;&gt;Principal Probate Registry; London, England; ''Calendar of the Grants of Probate and Letters of Administration made in the Probate Registries of the High Court of Justice in England''. Ancestry.com. ''England &amp; Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1995'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; (1888, 321) Her mother remarried almost exactly a year after that, to James Shelly Bontein. Bontein's father had been Gentleman Usher and Clerk of the Robes to Queen Victoria.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot;&gt;&quot;Marriages.&quot; &quot;Births, Marriages, and Deaths.&quot; ''Belfast News-Letter'' 6 December 1889, Friday: 1 [of 8], Col. 1a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000038/18891206/001/0001. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

Shortly after his death ''Truth'' described Guendoline and Cyril's father Hans Sloane-Stanley:&lt;blockquote&gt;The death of Mr. Sloane Stanley, of Paultons Park, is much regretted in South Hants, as he was one of the most popular landlords in the county, and was greatly esteemed. Mr. Sloane Stanley was well known in yachting circles, and for many years he was Commodore of the Royal Southern Yacht Club, and owned the schooner ''Star of the West''. He was one of the very few owners who continued to keep up the old custom of giving his crew a laying-up supper at the close of each season. There were great festivities at Paultons only a few months ago, when Miss Sloane Stanley was married to Mr. Algernon Bourke.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Entre Nous.&quot; ''Truth'' 27 December 1888, Thursday: 6 [of 48], Col. 2b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18881227/023/0006# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18881227/023/0006]. Same print title, p. 1136.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;When he died in 1944, Cyril Sloane-Stanley's estate was quite a bit larger than his father's had been 50 years before. The probate was divided between what was limited to &quot;settled land&quot; and what was &quot;save and except settled land.&quot; What was not settled land totalled £356,114 12s. 10d. and went to John Everett, company director; the Hon. Elwyn Villiers Rhys, captain, H.M. army; and William Adam de Geijer, retired captain, H.M. army.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt; (1944, 430) His daughter Lavender was married to John Everett, and Diane was married to Elwyn Villiers Rhys. What was settled land totalled £168,975 and went to William Adam de Geijer, retired captain, H.M. army, and George Lawrence Stewart, solicitor.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt; (1944, 430)

The Sloane-Stanleys descend from Hans Sloane (1660–1753), whose 71,000-item collections &quot;provid[ed] the foundation of the British Museum, the British Library, and the Natural History Museum, London.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2025-01-07|title=Hans Sloane|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane|journal=Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane|language=en|via=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Much of this Hans Sloane's wealth came from his medical practice in Jamaica, where he went as physician to the Governor General of Jamaica, the 2nd Duke of Albemarle, and where he married &quot;a wealthy heiress of sugar plantations&quot; worked by enslaved Jamaicans.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot; /&gt; His great-nephew, Hans Sloane, inherited Paultons, near Romsey, &quot;and in recognition of this he adopted the additional surname of Stanley in 1821.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-10-06|title=Hans Sloane (MP)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane_(MP)|journal=Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane_(MP)|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Acquaintances, Friends and Enemies ==

=== Algernon Bourke ===

* Best man at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Wedding of Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Sloane Stanley|his wedding]]: the Hon. Michael Sandys
* [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Marcus Henry Milner]], &quot;one of the zealous assistants of that well-known firm of stockbrokers, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;&quot;Metropolitan Notes.&quot; ''Nottingham Evening Post'' 31 July 1888, Tuesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 2a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/18880731/025/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Caroline, Duchess of Montrose — her &quot;legal advisor&quot; on the day of her marriage to Marcus Henry Milner&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Metropolitan Notes.&quot; ''Nottingham Evening Post'' 31 July 1888, Tuesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 1b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/18880731/025/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Wilfred Scawen Blunt
* Alexander Meyrick Broadley&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot;&gt;Broadley, Alexander Meyrick. ''How We Defended Arábi and His Friends, a Story of Egypt and the Egyptians''. London: Chapman and Hall, 1884. Google Books: [https://www.google.com/books/edition/How_We_Defended_Ar%C3%A1bi_and_His_Friends/75YRzFDvaO4C?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;bsq=Bourke https://www.google.com/books/edition/How_We_Defended_Ar%C3%A1bi_and_His_Friends/75YRzFDvaO4C].&lt;/ref&gt; (2) [Blunt, Broadley and Bourke were mutual friends; Blunt and Bourke were cousins.]
* &quot;Natty Rothschild,&quot; according to Blunt
* Brett, who was Hartington's secretary in the early 80s.&lt;ref&gt;Blunt, Wilfred Scawen. ''Gordon at Khartoum, Being a Personal Narrative of Events in Continuation of &quot;A Secret History of the English Occupation of Egypt''.&quot; London: Stephen Swift, 1911.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Guendoline Bourke ===

* Bridesmaids at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Wedding of Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Sloane Stanley|her wedding]]: Lady Florence Bourke, Miss Nora Bourke, Miss Edwards, and Miss Ewart
* Lord and Lady Alington, Belvedere House, Scarborough
* [[Social Victorians/People/William James|Evelyn James]] 

== Organizations ==

=== Guendoline Bourke ===

* Member, the Ladies Committee for the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Skating Club|Prince's Skating Club]], which also included [[Social Victorians/People/Princess Louise|Princess Louise]] (Duchess of Argyll), the [[Social Victorians/People/Portland|Duchess of Portland]], [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Lady Londonderry]], [[Social Victorians/People/Campbell|Lady Archibald Campbell]], [[Social Victorians/People/Ribblesdale|Lady Ribblesdale]], and [[Social Victorians/People/Asquith|Mrs. Asquith]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;&quot;What the 'World' Says.&quot; ''Northwich Guardian'' 01 November 1902, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Col. 8a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001975/19021101/134/0006. Print title: The ''Guardian'', p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt; (in 1902, at least)

=== Algernon Bourke ===
* [[Social Victorians/Schools#Eton|Eton]]
* Cambridge University, Trinity College, 1873, Michaelmas term&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;Cambridge University Alumni, 1261–1900. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Conservative Party
* 1879: Appointed a Poor Law Inspector in Ireland, Relief of Distress Act
* 1881: Partner, with 2 uncles, in Brunton, Bourke, and Co.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From Our London Correspondent.&quot; ''Manchester Courier'' 24 August 1881, Wednesday: 5 [of 8], Col. 4a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000206/18810824/030/0005. Print: ''Manchester Courier and Lancaster General Advertiser'', p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt; (one of the [[Social Victorians/British Aristocracy#Sons of Peers on the Stock Exchange|sons of peers on the Stock Exchange]])
* 1885: Office of the 7th Surrey Rifles Regiment&lt;ref&gt;&quot;7th Surrey Rifles.&quot; ''South London Press'' 08 August 1885, Saturday: 12 [of 16], Col. 4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18850808/165/0012. Print p. 12.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1886: Battersea Friendly Angling Society&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Battersea Friendly Angling Society.&quot; ''Fishing Gazette'' 17 April 1886, Saturday: 6 [of 20], Col. 2a [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002553/18860417/030/0006. Same print title, p. 218.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 27 February 1886: one of the Vice Presidents of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Bolingbroke Reading-Room and Institute|Bolingbroke Reading-Room and Institute]]
* Special Correspondent of The ''Times'' for the Zulu War, accompanying Lord Chelmsford
* Head, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys, &quot;that well-known firm of stockbrokers&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; ( – 1901 [at least])
* White's gentleman's club, St. James's,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-10-09|title=White's|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White's|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%27s.&lt;/ref&gt; Manager (1897)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Side Lights on Drinking.&quot; ''Waterford Standard'' 28 April 1897, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001678/18970428/053/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Willis's Rooms (described in 1895):&lt;blockquote&gt;... the Hon. Algernon Burke [sic], son of the 6th Earl of Mayo, has turned the place into a smart restaurant where choice dinners are served and eaten while a stringed band discourses music. Willis's Rooms are now the favourite dining place for ladies who have no club of their own, or for gentlemen who are debarred by rules from inviting ladies to one of their own clubs. The same gentleman runs a hotel in Brighton, and has promoted several clubs. He has a special faculty for organising places of the kind, without which such projects end in failure.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lenten Dullness.&quot; ''Cheltenham Looker-On'' 23 March 1895, Saturday: 11 [of 24], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000226/18950323/004/0011. Print p. 275.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
*The [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Pelican|Pelican Club]], known for its boxing (1891)

==== Boards of Directors ====
*1883: One of the directors, the Franco-English Tunisian Esparto Fibre Supply Company, Ltd.&lt;ref&gt;''Money Market Review'', 20 Jan 1883 (Vol 46): 124.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1891: One of the founders, the Discount Banking Company, Ltd., which says Algernon Bourke is a director of District Messenger Services and News Company, Ltd.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Public Company.&quot; ''Nottingham Journal'' 31 October 1891, Saturday: 4 [of 8], Col. 8a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001896/18911031/099/0004. Print title: ''The Nottingham Daily Express'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1894: One of the directors, the Frozen Lake, Ltd., with Admiral Maxse, Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Marcus Beresford]], [[Social Victorians/People/Williams|Hwfa Williams]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Frozen Lake, Limited.&quot; ''St James's Gazette'' 08 June 1894, Friday: 15 [of 16], Col. 4a [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001485/18940608/085/0015. Print p. 15.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;London is to have new amusement this winter, for which Mr Algernon Bourke, who has taught us that it is possible to eat as well in St. James’s as on the Boulevards, and Mr Hwfa Williams, of Sandown fame, are jointly responsible. The &quot;Frozen Lake,&quot; under which title a real ice-skating rink is about to be constructed under their auspices, will no doubt be gladly welcomed by all skaters, and the venture is likely to prove a success.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip.&quot; ''Weston-super-Mare Gazette, and General Advertiser'' 6 June 1894, Wednesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 4b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001444/18940606/044/0004. Print title: ''Weston-super-Mare Gazette'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== Committees ====

*Member, General Committee, [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Baths|the Baths Club]] (1892)
*Member, Men's Committee of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Skating Club|Prince's Skating Club]], which also included Lord Edward Cecil, Lord Redesdale, Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Lyttelton|Alfred Lyttelton]], Sir Edgar Vincent, Sir William Hart Dyke, and Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Grenfell|W. H. Grenfell]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; (1902, at least)
*[[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#25 March 1896, Wednesday|The Sala Memorial Fund]], member of the committee (from 25 March 1896)
* Member of an &quot;influential committee&quot; headed by the Lord Mayor &quot;to restore salmon to the Thames&quot; (June 1899)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Salmon in the Thames.&quot; ''Berks and Oxon Advertiser'' 30 June 1899, Friday: 5 [of 8], Col. 4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002298/18990630/079/0005. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Timeline ==

=== 1870s ===
'''1872 February 8''', Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo was assassinated while inspecting a &quot;convict settlement at Port Blair in the Andaman Islands ... by Sher Ali Afridi, a former Afghan soldier.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-12-01|title=Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo.&lt;/ref&gt; The Hon. Algernon's brother Dermot became the 7th Earl at 19 years old.

'''1876 November 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was one of 6 men (2 students, one of whom was Bourke; 2 doctors; a tutor and another man) from Cambridge who gave evidence as witnesses in an inquest about the death of a student falling off a horse.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Fatal Accident to a Sheffield Student at Cambridge.&quot; ''Sheffield Independent'' 25 November 1876, Saturday: 7 [of 12], Col. 5a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000181/18761125/040/0007. Print title: ''Sheffield and Rotherham Independent'', n. p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1879 December 27, Saturday – 29, Monday''', Algernon Bourke was in Kilrush as a Local Government Board Inspector:&lt;blockquote&gt;Among many distinguished visitors at the Vandeleur Arms Hotel, Kilrush this week was the Hon. Algernon Bourke Local Government Board Inspector who arrived on Saturday, and sojourned there until 2 o'clock on Monday, when the honourable gentleman left by Steamer tor Limerick.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Fashionable Intelligence.&quot; ''Kilrush Herald and Kilkee Gazette'' 01 January 1880, Thursday: 2 [of 5], Col. 3a [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003186/18800101/011/0002. Print title ''Kilrush Herald'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 1880s ===
'''4 February 1880, Wednesday''', Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880#Grand Ball at Palmerstown House Hosted by the Earl of Mayo|grand ball at Palmerstown House hosted by the Earl of Mayo]]. 

'''1880 March 30, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was working in the judicial system in Newcastle, County Limerick, possibly as Poorhouse Inspector:&lt;blockquote&gt;A sworn enquiry was held to-day at the Workhorse, Newcastle West, by the Hon Algernon Bourke, L.G.I., to enquire into charges preferred by Dr. Pierce, Medical Office, against Dr. O'Shaughnesay. The enquiry was adjourned till Thursday next. Mr Moran, sol., Rathkeale, was engaged for Dr. O'Shaughnessy.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Sworn Enquiry.&quot; &quot;Limerick County. Newcastle West Intelligence.&quot; ''Bassett's Chronicle'' 31 March 1880, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 3b–c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003471/18800331/044/0003.  Print title ''Bassett's Daily Chronicle'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1880 April 17, Saturday''', in-jokes dominate this report mentioning Algernon Bourke in the context of the Kildare and National Hunt races in Dublin:&lt;blockquote&gt;And in mopy Upper Mount-street, where young Algernon Bourke, of the Onety-oneth, had promised to call for, and afterwards spin down to the races in his mail phaeton, the Blake girls; and in fastidious Fitzwilliam-place, and exclusive &quot;Murryan-squeer,&quot; from which dashing army men, in their neatly-appointed, well horsed drags were to &quot;tool&quot; down sweet young Dublin lasses of the ''crême d la crême'' [sic], many an anxious forecasting of the weather was taken, lest by an unpropitious shower that last triumph of Mrs. Manning, or the Forrests, or Miss Sedford, or any of the ''grandes dames de la mode'' should be rendered as worthless as a Confederate &quot;greenback.&quot; But by ten o'clock all doubts were happily set aside, and up struck the lovely April day in all its spring-time glory and then the road, oh, the road!&lt;ref&gt;&quot;To Punchestown and Back by the Old Road.&quot; ''Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News'' 17 April 1880, Saturday: 6 [of 24], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001857/18800417/013/0006. Same print title, p. 102.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1881 May 10, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#1881 May 10, Tuesday|wedding of Marion Lascelles, eldest daughter of the Hon. Egremont W. Lascelles, brother of the Earl of Harewood, and Lieutenant Henry Dent Brocklehurst, of the Second Life Guards, nephew of Mr. Philip Brocklehurst, of Swithamley Park, Macclesfield]]. His gift was an &quot;old enamelled watch set in pearls.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Nuptial Rejoicings at Middlethorpe Manor. Marriage of Miss Lascelles and Lieut. Brocklehurst.&quot; ''Yorkshire Gazette'' 14 May 1881, Saturday: 9 [of 12], Cols. 3a–4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive''https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000266/18810514/057/0009. Print same title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1881 May 23, Monday, 2:00 p.m.''', Algernon Bourke is listed among the Honourables at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace|Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace]].

'''1881 July 14, Thursday afternoon, beginning about 2 p.m.''', Algernon Bourke was invited to a Garden Party at Marlborough House hosted by [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]]. Members of the family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] were also among the 1,500 or so invited guests.

'''1881 July 22, Friday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to an [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#22 July 1881, Friday|evening party at Marlborough House hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales]].

'''1881 September 17, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was reported among the company at Doncaster during race week.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;List of the Company.&quot; ''York Herald'' 17 September 1881, Saturday: 8 [of 16], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000499/18810917/183/0008. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1881 November 22, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was sued in Dublin by Henry Naylor because he &quot;had declined to pay&quot; for a £35 piano.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Henry Naylor v. the Hon. Algernon Bourke.&quot; &quot;Exchequer Division.&quot; &quot;High Court of Justice.&quot; ''Belfast Morning News'' 23 November 1881, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 8a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000428/18811123/015/0003. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1881 December 8, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke was part of a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#Battue at Palmerstown|battue at Palmerstown]], when the group bagged 172 pheasants, hares and rabbits.

'''1882 March 7, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882#7 March 1882, Tuesday|fashionable wedding of Reginald Chandos-Pole and Violet Denison]].

'''1882 March 15, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882#The Marchioness of Salisbury's Assembly|the Marchioness of Salisbury's first reception of the season]].

'''1882 July 13, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to the [[Social Victorians/1882-07-13 Marlborough House Garden Party|Garden Party at Marlborough House for Queen Victoria]] hosted by [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]]. The more than 1,000 people invited also included a number of people from the family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]].

'''1882 September 19''', Alexander M. Broadley in Tunis received a letter from Algernon Bourke asking him to provide legal counsel to defend prisoner-of war Arábi in Egypt, with Wilfred Scawen Blunt, which he did.&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot; /&gt; (2)

'''1882 September 28, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882#The Wedding of John M'Donald and Georgiana Lambart|wedding of John M'Donald and Georgiana Lambart]].

'''1883 March 21, Wednesday''', the Evening Irish Times announced that Algernon Bourke &quot;has arrived at Kingstown from England.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Fashion.&quot; ''Evening Irish Times'' 21 March 1883, Wednesday: 7 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003464/18830321/086/0007. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''23 July 1883, Monday, noon''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1883#Garden Party at Marlborough House, at Noon|garden party at Marlborough House]] hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales.

'''31 October 1883, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the wedding of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1883#Wedding of Lady Cecelia Hay and Captain George Webbe|Lady Cecelia Hay and Captain George Webbe]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 February 16, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#16 February 1884, Saturday|the funeral of Thomas Chenery, editor of the ''Times'']].&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 April 4, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was (may have been?) one of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#5 April 1884, Saturday|&quot;Supporters of the Pall&quot; at the funeral]] of [[Social Victorians/People/Leopold|Prince Leopold George Duncan Albert, Duke of Albany]] at St. George's, Windsor.&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 April 26, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#26 April 1884, Saturday|dinner party at the Lord Mayor's Mansion House for conservatives to meet Sir Stafford Northcote]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 May 3, Saturday''', the &quot;Rochester Conservatives&quot; announced that they would &quot;bring forward the Hon. Algernon Bourke, brother of Lord Mayo, as their second candidate,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Election Intelligence.&quot; ''Yorkshire Gazette'' 03 May 1884, Saturday: 4 [of 12], Col. 6a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000266/18840503/011/0004.&lt;/ref&gt; but because he would not be the first candidate, Bourke declined.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rochester.&quot; London ''Daily Chronicle'' 09 May 1884, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 8b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005049/18840509/049/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 June 18, Wednesday''', Mr. Algernon Bourke was on a committee to watch a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#18 June 1884, Wednesday|Mr. Bishop's &quot;thought-reading&quot; experiment]], which was based on a challenge by Henry Labourchere made the year before. This &quot;experiment&quot; took place before a fashionable audience.&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 July 25, Friday, afternoon''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#Garden Party at Marlborough House hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales|Garden Party at Marlborough House hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1885 January 22, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke's gift to [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#Wedding of George Buckle and Alicia Payn|George Buckle and Alicia Payn for their wedding]] was an antique cabinet.&lt;p&gt;

'''1885 July 7, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#7 July 1885, Tuesday|Eva Bourke's wedding to Windham Wyndham-Quin]] at St. Mary Abbots, Kensington.&lt;p&gt;

'''1885 July 13, Monday''', Algernon Bouurke was at Victoria Station as part of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#Arrival of Lord Wolseley in London from Egypt|crowd greeting Lord Wolseley on his return from Egypt]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1885 July 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/1885-07-24 Marlborough House Ball|ball at Marlborough House]] hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales.&lt;p&gt;

'''1885 September 26, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke took part in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#26 September 1885, Saturday|Ealing Conservative Club fete and meeting]] supporting Salisbury's government and condemning &quot;the dictates of one man&quot; — Gladstone — for Gordon's death.&lt;p&gt;

'''1885 October 3, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was named as the Conservative candidate for Clapham in the Battersea and Clapham borough after the Redistribution Bill determined the electoral districts for South London.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;South London Candidates.&quot; ''South London Press'' 03 October 1885, Saturday: 9 [of 16], Col. 5b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18851003/096/0009. Print p. 9.&lt;/ref&gt; On Sunday 15 November 1885 the London ''Weekly Dispatch'' supported Moulton, the Liberal candidate, who ultimately won the election:&lt;blockquote&gt;

Though a successful lawyer, Mr. Moulton is much more than that. He is a thorough and independent student of political science, who may be trusted to do good service to the Liberal cause with brain as well as with tongue. It will be matter for hearty congratulation if he defeats the Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke, who is a dashing and unscrupulous young Tory, and a nephew of the well-known politician with the same surname.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Political Campaign in London. VI. — The South-West Divisions.&quot; ''Weekly Dispatch'' (London) 15 November 1885, Sunday: 9 [of 16], Col. 3c [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003358/18851115/069/0009. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

On Saturday 21 November 1885 the ''South London Press'' reported on posters for Bourke's candidacy:&lt;blockquote&gt;

The Hon. Algernon Bourke, Conservative candidate for Clapham, has a very industrious billsticker, who pastes up his patron’s bills in every possible place where they can be seen to advantage. It is unfortunate, however, that choosing the flank wall of an auctioneer’s the modern &quot;Sam Slap&quot; has produced some curious combinations, such as — &quot;Vote for Bourke,&quot; &quot;Now on View;&quot; &quot;Electors of Clapham, Vote for Mr. Bourke, and&quot; &quot;Be Sold Without Reserve;&quot; &quot;Mr, Bourke will&quot; &quot;Advance Money to&quot; &quot;the Electors of Clapham;&quot; &quot;Great Conservative Meeting. The British Constitution will be&quot; &quot;Offered for Sale this Evening,&quot; &amp;c.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pick-up Notes.&quot; ''South London Press'' 21 November 1885, Saturday: 10 [of 16], Col. 1b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18851121/155/0010. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1885 November 3, Tuesday, 11:00 a.m.''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Mayo-Ponsonby Wedding 1885-11-03|wedding of his brother, Dermot, 7th  Earl of Mayo and Geraldine Ponsonby]]. He gave them 2 Sheraton secretaires.

'''1886 January 5, Tuesday, late''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Twelfth Night|Twelfth Night celebration at the Drury Lane theatre]].

'''1886 March 13, Saturday evening''', an Hon. Mr. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/1886-03-13 Reception at the French Embassy|reception at the French Embassy]], possibly Algernon Bourke or possibly [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|one of his brothers]].

'''1886 July 10, Saturday''', Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Garden Party at Marlborough House Given to the Queen|garden party at Marlborough House given to the Queen]]. Guendoline Sloane Stanley is not mentioned but Mr. and Mrs. Hans Sloane Stanley are, as are Mr. and Mrs. F. Sloane Stanley.&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 July 21, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to the [[Social Victorians/1886-07-21 Marlborough House Ball|Ball at Marlborough House]], as were a [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#The Sloane-Stanleys 2|Mr. and Mrs. F. Sloane-Stanley]], possibly the parents of Guendoline Sloane-Stanley (if the &quot;F&quot; is a mistake), who married Bourke on 15 December 1887. Guendoline is not mentioned as having been invited.&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 July 27, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended a service honoring a memorial at St. Paul's for his father, who had been assassinated.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Memorial to the Late Earl of Mayo.&quot; ''Northern Whig'' 28 July 1886, Wednesday: 6 [of 8], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000434/18860728/143/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 September 2, Thursday''', Mr. Algernon Bourke was part of a group of mostly aristocratic men taking part in [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Augustus Harris's A Run of Luck|a &quot;trial-rehearsal&quot; as part of Augustus Harris's production]] ''A Run of Luck'', about sports.&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 October 2, Saturday''', the Duke of Beaufort and the Hon. Algernon Bourke arrived in Yougal: &quot;His grace has taken a residence at Lismore for a few weeks, to enjoy some salmon fishing on the Blackwater before the close of the season.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Chippenham.&quot; ''Wilts and Gloucestershire Standard'' 02 October 1886, Saturday: 8 [of 8], Col. 6a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001955/18861002/142/0008. Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 October 11, Monday''', Algernon Bourke may have been taking part in a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Performance of Run of Luck|performance of ''Run of Luck'' at the Drury Lane]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 October 23, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Party at Wemyss Castle, Fife|staying at Wemyss Castle, Fife]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 December 30, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke was back in London and attending the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Augustus Harris's The Forty Thieves|&quot;Forty Thieves&quot; pantomime at the Drury Lane Theatre]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1887 January 5, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was one of the chief mourners at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Funeral of Lady Margaret Harriett Bourke|funeral of Lady Margaret Harriett Bourke]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1887 March 1, 2:00 p.m.''', Algernon Bourke is listed among the Messieurs attending the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace|Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1887 May''', a &quot;signalling incident&quot; in 1907 [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#May 1887|caused the Waterford ''Evening News'' to recall a similar event]] that had occurred 20 years earlier, in which Algernon Bourke, as special correspondent for the ''Times'', caused the incident to be publicized:&lt;blockquote&gt;During the manoeuvres in connection with the 1887 Jubilee of Queen Victoria a signal was observed going up from [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles [Beresford]]]'s ship. It was a message to his wife, Lady Beresford, to the effect that, as he should be late for dinner, she was not to wait. Beyond the hilarity this domestic signal evoked, nothing more would have been heard of it, but Mr. Algernon Bourke (Lord Mayo's brother) was acting as special correspondent for the &quot;Times,&quot; and that paper the next morning contained a full and humorous report of the incident. Then there was trouble.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Signalling Incident.&quot; ''Evening News'' (Waterford) 13 November 1907, Wednesday: 1 [of 4], Col. 6c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004557/19071113/021/0001.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1887 June 15, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians Foreign Office Reception 1887-06-15|reception at the Foreign Office in honor of Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee]].

'''1887 July 6, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to and, presumably, attended the State Ball at Buckingham Palace.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The State Ball at Buckingham Palace.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 08 July 1887, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 5a–6c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18870708/013/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 1c)

'''1887 August 6, Saturday''', the ''Brighton Gazette'' says that the &quot;Hon. Mrs and Mr Algernon Bourke&quot; were staying at the Royal Crescent Hotel in Brighton, but they didn't marry until 15 December 1887.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Royal Crescent Hotel.&quot; ''Brighton Gazette'' 6 August 1887, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 5c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000938/18870806/047/0003. Print title ''Brighton Gazette and Sussex Telegraph'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt; Perhaps an elder relative, because she is mentioned first?

'''1887 November 9, Wednesday''', the ''Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper'' announced that&lt;blockquote&gt;A marriage is arranged, and will take place early in January, between Mr. Algernon Bourke, third son of the late Earl of Mayo, and Miss Guendolen Sloane Stanley, only daughter of Mr. Hans Sloane Stanley, of Paultons.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Romsey, Nov. 9.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 9 November 1887, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18871109/034/0003. Print title ''Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Shortly after, the papers announced that the wedding would not take place.

'''1887 December 15, Thursday''', Hon. [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Wedding of Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Sloane Stanley|Algernon Bourke and Guendoline Stanley were married at St. Paul's]], Knightsbridge, by Bourke's uncle the Hon. and Rev. George Bourke. Only family members attended because of &quot;the recent death of a near relative of the bride.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court Circular.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 16 December 1887, Friday: 5 [of 8], Col. 7c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18871216/066/0005.&lt;/ref&gt; Who the &quot;near relative of the bride&quot; was not in her nuclear family, and perhaps that explains the cancellation of the wedding and then the changing of the wedding date and not some problem in the couple.

'''1888 – 1899 January 1''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was &quot;proprietor&quot; of [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#White's|White's Club, St. James's Street]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;&quot;The Hon. Algernon Bourke's Affairs.&quot; ''Eastern Morning News'' 19 October 1899, Thursday: 6 [of 8], Col. 7c [of7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001152/18991019/139/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1888 January 21, Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the wedding of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#Hamilton-Ewart Wedding|Florence Ewart and Henry Hamilton]].

'''1888 March 7, Wednesday''', assuming that this date is not a week after the actual date, [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lady Charles Beresford]] held a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#1888 March 7, Wednesday|notable and well-attended &quot;at home&quot;]] that Guendoline Bourke attended, reported for being dressed in white and being among the beautiful women present.

'''6 April 1888, Friday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#6 April 1888, Friday|New Forest United Hunt ball at the New Forest Hall, Lyndhurst]].

'''1888 May 2, Wednesday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#The Marchioness of Salisbury's Reception|Marchioness of Salisbury's reception]] at the Salisbury home on Arlington-street.

'''1888 May 22, Tuesday''', the Dowager Countess of Mayo presented Guendoline Bourke at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#Queen's Drawing Room|Queen's drawing-room]] hosted by the Princess of Wales. This is Guendoline Bourke's dress:&lt;blockquote&gt;Empire robe de cour of white satin duchesse, lined with rich pink silk, sufficiently bright to give a beautiful shell-like tint through the satin; tulle underdress, with upper skirt, embroidered with pearl, and caught up in Greek folds with large pink Tosca roses; white satin bodice, with Josephine pink sash tied at side, Headdress, veil and plumes; ornaments, diamonds.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Dresses at the Drawing-Room.&quot; ''Epsom Journal'' 22 May 1888, Tuesday: 3 [of 6], Col. 5b–c [of 6]. ''British Newspapers Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004837/18880522/034/0003. Print: title ''Local Journal'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Another description:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke's train was of white satin lined with pink, which showed through with charmingly shell-like effect. The dress, fashioned after those of the Empire period, was of white satin embroidered with pearls. A very broad sash of pink satin made the waist seem quaintly short, a trying thing to any but the young and tall, both of which qualifications Mrs. Bourke most happily possesses. She carried a lovely posy of La France roses.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Gossip on Dress.&quot; ''Boston Spa News'' 25 May 1888, Friday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1b–2b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003395/18880525/014/0002. Print title The News, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 1c)&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1888 June 8, Friday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#Dinner and Dance Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne at Hamilton House|dinner and dance Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne at Hamilton House]] featuring Prince and Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein, and for the ball, the King of Sweden and Norway and the Prince and Princess of Wales and their daughters were present.

'''1888 June 19, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke was one of the principal guests at the wedding of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#19 June 1888, Tuesday|Captain Philip Green and Miss Mabel Emilie Scott]].

'''1888 July 26''', [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Caroline Graham Stirling-Crawford]] (known as Mr. Manton for her horse-breeding and -racing operations) and Marcus Henry Milner married.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;&quot;Hon. Caroline Agnes Horsley-Beresford.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://thepeerage.com/p6863.htm#i68622|title=Person Page|website=thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the ''Nottingham Evening Post'' of 31 July 1888,&lt;blockquote&gt;LONDON GOSSIP.

(From the ''World''.)

The marriage of &quot;Mr. Manton&quot; was the surprise as well the sensation of last week. Although some wise people noticed a certain amount of youthful ardour in the attentions paid by Mr. Marcus Henry Milner to Caroline Duchess of Montrose at '''Mrs. Oppenheim's ball''', nobody was prepared for the sudden ''dénouement''; '''and it''' were not for the accidental and unseen presence [[Social Victorians/People/Mildmay|a well-known musical amateur]] who had received permission to practice on the organ, the ceremony performed at half-past nine on Thursday morning at St. Andrew's, Fulham, by the Rev. Mr. Propert, would possibly have remained a secret for some time to come. Although the evergreen Duchess attains this year the limit of age prescribed the Psalmist, the bridegroom was only born in 1864. Mr. &quot;Harry&quot; Milner (familiarly known in the City as &quot;Millions&quot;) was one of the zealous assistants of that well-known firm of stockbrokers, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys, and Mr. Algernon Bourke, the head of the house (who, of course, takes a fatherly interest in the match) went down to Fulham to give away the Duchess. The ceremony was followed by a ''partie carrée'' luncheon at the Bristol, and the honeymoon began with a visit to the Jockey Club box at Sandown. Mr. Milner and the Duchess of Montrose have now gone to Newmarket. The marriage causes a curious reshuffling of the cards of affinity. Mr. Milner is now the stepfather of the [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Duke of Montrose]], his senior by twelve years; he is also the father-in-law of [[Social Victorians/People/Lady Violet Greville|Lord Greville]], Mr. Murray of Polnaise, and [[Social Victorians/People/Breadalbane|Lord Breadalbane]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1888 December 1st week''', according to &quot;Society Gossip&quot; from the ''World'', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was suffering from malaria, presumably which he caught when he was in South Africa:&lt;blockquote&gt;I am sorry to hear that Mr. Algernon Bourke, who married Miss Sloane-Stanley a short time ago, has been very dangerously ill. Certain complications followed an attack of malarian fever, and last week his mother, the Dowager Lady Mayo, and his brother, Lord Mayo, were hastily summoned to Brighton. Since then a change for the better has taken place, and he is now out of danger.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip. What the ''World'' Says.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 08 December 1888, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18881208/037/0002. Print title: ''The Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper''; print p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1888 December 20, Thursday''', the Sloane-Stanley family, including Guendoline Bourke, attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#20 December 1888, Thursday|funeral of Hans Sloane Stanley]]. Algernon Bourke did not attend because he was still too ill.

'''1889 January 22, 2:30 p.m., Tuesday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke sent a gift for the [[Social Victorians/Cecil Lambton Wedding 1889 January 22|wedding of Lady Eleanor Lambton and Lord Robert]] Cecil, a pair of antique mirrors.

'''1889 May 18, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#18 May 1889, Saturday|opening of the Italian Opera season at Covent Garden]].

'''1889 May 27, Monday, 11 p.m.''', the dancing commenced at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#The Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace|the Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace]], with both the Hon. Algernon and the Hon. Guendoline Bourke present.

'''1889 June 8, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke contributed some art he owned to the collection of the Royal Institute of Painters in Water-Colours' [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#8 June 1889, Saturday|exhibition of &quot;the works of the 'English Humourists in Art.'&quot;]]

'''1889 July 2, Tuesday''', Guendoline and Algernon Bourke sat in the Muriettas' box at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#The Shah at a Covent Garden Opera Performance|gala performance at Covent Garden also attended by the Prince and Princess of Wales, a number of other royals and the Shah]].

'''1889 27 July, Saturday''', Guendoline and Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#Garden Party Hosted by Mr. and Mrs. Augustus Harris|garden party hosted by Mr. and Mrs. Augustus Harris]], which was attended by a people from the theatre and arts worlds.

'''1889 August 15''', Thursday, because of mourning on both sides, only the closest friends and family were invited to the [[Social Victorians/Pleydell-Bouverie Skelmersdale Wedding|wedding of Lady Wilma Pleydell-Bouverie and Lord Skelmersdale]], so she may not have attended, but the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave the bride a miniature silver kettle.&lt;p&gt;

'''1889 December 2, Monday''', Guendoline Bourk's mother, Emilie Sloane-Stanley, married James Shelly Bontein:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

BONTEIN—STANLEY — December 2, at St. George's, Hanover Square, London, by the Rev. G. S. de Sansmarez, James Shelly, only son of the late James Bontein, Gentleman Usher and Clerk of the Robes to the Queen, to Emilie Josephine, widow of Hans Sloane Stanley, of Paultons.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1889 December 17, Tuesday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke gave a gift to [[Dangan-Neville Wedding|Lady Violet Nevill for her wedding to Henry Wellesley, Viscount Dangan]] and so were probably in attendance.

=== 1890s ===
'''1890 January 9, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#The York Hunt Ball|fancy-dress Hunt Ball in York]]. She&lt;blockquote&gt;looked a picture in a Gainsborough gown. The white satin skirt was flounced with sable and veiled with ''chiffon'', the setuage of which was left to show without being hemmed up. There was a broad sash of rose-pink silk and each buttonhole was filled round with crimped lisse.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Our London Letter.&quot; ''Irish Society'' (Dublin) 11 January 1890, Saturday: 17 [of 24], Col. 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001939/18900111/042/0017. Same print title, p. 29.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1890 February''' '''12, Wednesday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Lady Constance Leslie's Reception|Lady Constance Leslie's reception]] at her house in Stratford-place.

'''1890 April 9, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#The New Forest United Hunt Ball|the New Forest United Hunt Ball]].

'''1890 June 3, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the 2:30 p.m. [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Münster-Hay Wedding|wedding of Count Alexander Münster and Lady Muriel Henrietta Constance Hay]]. She is also listed as having attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Dinner and Concert Hosted by Mrs. Arthur Williams and Ball by Mrs. Menzies|ball hosted by Mrs. J. Menzies (daughter of Mrs. Arthur Wilson)]] that Prince Eddie, the Duke of Clarence and Avondale, also attended, that night.  

'''1890 July 4, Friday, 11 p.m.''', the Hon. Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#The Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace|the Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace]]. The dancing commenced shortly after 11:00. 

'''1890 July 15, Tuesday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke were invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Garden Party at Marlborough House to Meet the Queen|garden party at Marlborough House to meet the Queen]]. 

'''1890 July 19, Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Wedding of James Francis Harry St. Clair-Erskine and Violet Aline Vyner|wedding of James Francis Harry St. Clair-Erskine and Violet Aline Vyner]], the two of them giving &quot;four small silver dessert dishes&quot; and Guendoline giving an &quot;enamel and diamond pin.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marriage of Lord Loughborough with Miss Vyner.&quot; ''Fife Free Press'' 26 July 1890, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1a–2b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001110/18900726/015/0002. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 2b)

'''1890 July 24, Thursday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Dinner and Dance Hosted by Lord Alington|dance hosted by Lord Alington]] attended also by the Prince and Princess of Wales and Princesses Victoria and Maud.

'''1890 September 6, Saturday''', the ''Country Gentleman'' (as it was called at the time) reported that &quot;Muckross, the only deer forest in Ireland, it may be said, has this year been rented by Mr. Algernon Bourke, who will next week be joined there for the stalking season by his brother, Lord Mayo.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Shooting. Moors, Forests, and Fishings.&quot; ''Sporting Gazette'' 06 September 1890, Saturday: 11 [of 38], Col. 1c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002525/18900906/065/0011. Print: ''Country Gentleman'', p. 1251.&lt;/ref&gt; On 11 October 1890 the ''St. James's Gazette'' says,&lt;blockquote&gt;The Earl of Durham has been staying at Muchross, county Kerry, on a visit to the Hon. A. Bourke, who has rented the celebrated shootings and fishings on that estate for the autumn.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Society.&quot; ''St James's Gazette'' 11 October 1890, Saturday: 12 [of 16], Col. 1b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001485/18901011/064/0012. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1890 October 25, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke gave a gold-mounted box to [[Social Victorians/Loder De Vere Beauclerk Wedding|Lady Louise De Vere Beauclerk on her wedding to Gerald Loder, M.P.]], so they were probably present at the wedding, or at least the reception. Mrs. Bontein [sic Bontine], Guendoline's mother, gave a silver box, suggesting the relationship was through the women.

'''1890 November 29, 11:30 Saturday morning''', Algernon Bourke's gift for the [[Social Victorians/Dudley-Beckwith Wedding 1890-11-29|wedding of the Hon. Francis Dudley and Miss Forbes Beckwith]] was some cases of a Bordeaux wine: &quot;three dozen Cantenac, 1875 vintage.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marriage of Lord Leigh's Heir. Descriptive Sketch of the Ceremony, and Full List of Guests and Presents.&quot; ''Leamington Spa Courier'' 6 December 1890, Saturday: 6 [of 10], Cols. 1a–4a. ''British Newspaper Archive''  https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000319/18901206/021/0006. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 3b}} Guendoline Bourke is not listed as having been invited to the reception, but this list from the ''Leamington Spa Courier'' has some gaps.

'''1890 December 4, Thursday''', Guendoline and Algernon Bourke attended the [[Mure-Portal Wedding 1890-12-04|wedding of Miss Mure and Mr. S. J. Portal]]. Their gift is not recorded.

'''1891 January''', Algernon Bourke took party in a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Shooting Party in Kallarnet, Totton|shooting party in Kallarnet, Totton]].

'''1891 June 24, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Dinner and Ball Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne|dinner and ball Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne]] featuring Princess Mary Adelaide, the Duke of Teck, and Princess Victoria.

'''1891 July 9, Thursday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were invited to a [[Social Victorians/1891-07-09 Garden Party|large Garden Party at Marlborough House]] hosted by the [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]] in honor of Queen Victoria and the German Emperor and Empress. The more than 3,000 people invited also included a number of people from the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|family of the Earl of Mayo]].

'''1891 July 22, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Dinner and Dance at Alington House|dance at the Earl and Countess Alington]]'s that also included the Prince and Princess of Wales.

'''1891 October 22, Thursday''', Hon. and Mrs. Bourke attended at least the reception of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Le Strange Astley Wedding|Le Strange—Astley Wedding]], although perhaps the couple is not the Algernon Bourkes.

'''1891 November 22, Sunday''', the London ''Weekly Dispatch'' reports a performance by American &quot;Lady Magnet&quot; Mrs. Abbott, who claimed to be able to lift anybody using only her magnetic properties. An enthusiastic &quot;committee of some fifteen gentlemen presented a written and signed testimonial&quot; supporting Mrs. Abbott, &quot;the Hon. Algernon Bourke, Professor Atkinson, Dr. Hides, and three other doctors who prefer to remain incog., being among the signatories. All the medical gentlemen concerned assured the ''Evening News and Post'' reporter of their complete and unconditional surrender. One of them went so far as to say that he had come with the full determination of disbelieving, but had been quite able to act up to his resolve.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Lady Magnet. Draws Crowds of People Who Divide in Opinion about Her.&quot; ''Weekly Dispatch'' (London) 22 November 1891, Sunday: 16 [of 16], Cols. 3a–4b [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003358/18911122/203/0016. Print: same title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1892''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke privately published his ''The History of White's'', the exclusive gentleman's club.

'''1892 January 27, Saturday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the very fashionable [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892#The Wedding of Lord Henry Cavendish Bentinck, M.P., and Lady Olivia Taylour|wedding of Lord Henry Cavendish Bentinck, M.P., and Lady Olivia Taylour]]. Their gift was not noted in the list.

'''1892 February''' '''10, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1892-02-10 Alington Leigh Wedding|very fashionable wedding of Henry, Lord Alington and Evelyn Henriette Leigh]] [[Social Victorians/1892-02-10 Alington Leigh Wedding|in St. Paul's, Knightsbridge]]

'''1892 April''' '''10, Wednesday, about 2:30 p.m.''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/1892-02-10 Alington Leigh Wedding|the very fashionable wedding between Henry Sturt, Lord Alington and Evelyn Leigh]]. Her gift was a &quot;tortoiseshell and gold heart-shaped tray.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;&quot;Lord Alington to Miss Leigh.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 20 February 1892, Saturday: 21 [of 46], Cols. 1a–3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18920220/092/0021. Same print title, p. 237.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 3a) 

'''1892 June 25, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird&quot; says &quot;That pretty Mrs. Algernon Bourke has been staying here, but returned to England in time for Ascot.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Little Bird, The. &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 25 June 1892, Saturday: 32 [of 60], Col. 3b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18920625/157/0032. Same print title, p. 860.&lt;/ref&gt; 

'''1892 December 13, Tuesday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' says Guendoline Bourke is lovely in its coverage of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892#Wedding of Miss Eleanor M. Ewart and Captain Guy Withington|Eleanor M. Ewart and Captain Guy Withington's wedding]]. 

'''1892 December 22, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892#22 December 1892, Thursday|monthly meeting of the Zoological Society in Hanover-square]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 February 11, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke opened Willis's Restaurant:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Algernon Bourke has in his time done many things, and has generally done them well. His recently published history of White's Club is now a standard work. White's Club itself was a few years ago in its agony when Mr. Bourke stepped in and gave it a renewed lease of life. Under Mr. Bourke's auspices &quot;Willis's Restaurant&quot; opened its doors to the public on Tuesday last in a portion of the premises formerly so well known as Willis's Rooms. This new venture is to rival the Amphitryon in the matter of cuisine and wines; but it is not, like the Amphitryon, a club, but open to the public generally. Besides the restaurant proper, there are several ''cabinets particuliers'', and these are decorated with the very best of taste, and contain some fine portraits of the Georges.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marmaduke.&quot; &quot;Letter from the Linkman.&quot; ''Truth'' 20 April 1893, Thursday: 25 [of 56], Col. 1a [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18930420/075/0025# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18930420/075/0025]. Print p. 855.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1893 February 7, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#1893 February 7, Tuesday|the reception after Lady Emily Cadogan's wedding]].

'''1893 February 20, Monday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke is listed as having attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace|Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace]] held by the Prince of Wales; because wives generally are not listed, it seems likely Guendoline Bourke attended as well.

'''1893 February 28, Tuesday, 3:00 p.m.''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Queens Drawing Room 1893-02-28|Queen's Drawing Room at Buckingham Palace]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 March 22, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#22 March 1893, Wednesday|Lady Wimborne's reception]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 April 1, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke published a letter to the editor of the ''Times'', reprinted in the ''Kildare Observer'', arguing against Gladstone's Home Rule bill on the grounds that Ireland would not be able to take out a loan on its own behalf because of its obligations to the U.K., including what was called its share of the national debt.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Irish Unionist Alliance.&quot; ''Kildare Observer and Eastern Counties Advertiser'' 01 April 1893, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001870/18930401/062/0006. Print: The ''Kildare Observer'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 May 13, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was seen at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#13 May 1893, Saturday|exhibitions of art and furniture for sale by Christie's and on display by Lord Clifden]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 July 13, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#The Countess of Listowel's Garden Party|Countess of Listowel's Garden Party]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#The Countess of Listowel's Garden Party|at her residence, Kingston House, Princes-gate]], accompanied by Miss Adeane.&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 July 14, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Sandown Races 1893-07-14|the races at Sandown]] wearing a dark-blue-and-white outfit and black hat that got described in the newspaper.&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 August 1, Tuesday – August 4, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke, at least, was at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#1 August 1893, Tuesday – 4 August 1893, Friday|the Goodwood races]], mentioned in the ''Gentlewoman'' for her beauty, although none of the dresses were noted.&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 November 4–11, Wednesday–Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke was at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#Ralph and Mary Sneyd Hosted a Shooting Party|shooting party at Keele Hall hosted by Ralph and Mary Sneyd]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 November 30, Thursday''', with Sir Walter Gilbey the Hon. Algernon Bourke &quot;assisted&quot; in &quot;forming [a] collection&quot; of engravings by George Morland that was exhibited at Messrs. J. and W. Vokins’s, Great Portland-street.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The George Morland Exhibition at Vokins's.&quot; ''Sporting Life'' 30 November 1893, Thursday: 4 [of 4], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000893/18931130/058/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 December 14, Thursday, afternoon''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1893-12-14 Wedding Adele Grant and George, 7th Earl of Essex|wedding of American Adele Grant and George, 7th Earl of Essex]] and gave a &quot;pearl and gold box.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;&quot;Wedding of the Earl of Essex.&quot; ''Herts Advertiser'' 16 December 1893, Saturday; 8 [of 8], Col. 1a–4b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000415/18931216/125/0008. Print title: ''The Herts Advertiser and St Albans Times'', p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 3c}} Mr. and Mrs. Shelley Bontein also attended, and Mrs. Bontein gave a &quot;green leather bag and purse, with coronet and monogram in gold.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;{{rp|3b}}&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 January 27, Saturday''', Psyche in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; in the ''Gentlewoman'' reported on a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#27 January 1894, Saturday|ball hosted by Lord and Lady Dunraven at Adare Manor]] that Guendoline Bourke attended.&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 January 31, Wednesday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke, who was dressed more stylishly than most, attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Also 31 January 1894, Wednesday|Kildare Hunt Ball]] hosted by Dermot, [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] and Geraldine, Countess of Mayo.&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 February 24, Saturday''', ''The Field'' reported on a series of tennis matches; Algernon Bourke attended the one played at the Prince's Club.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Tennis.&quot; ''Field'' 24 February 1894, Saturday: 39 [of 72], Col. 1c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002446/18940224/349/0039. Print title ''The Field, The Country Gentleman's Newspaper'', p. 249.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 March 31, Saturday''', Psyche, in the &quot;Social Peepshow&quot; column in the ''Gentlewoman'', says that &quot;Mr. Algernon Bourke has still further embellished Willis's restaurant hard by [the St. James's Theatre], by the addition of some valuable old tapestry that lately came to the hammer at Christie's.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 31 March 1894, Saturday: 16 [of 56], Col. 2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18940331/081/0016. Same print title, p. 408.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 April 13, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke set sail on the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#P. and O. Line S.S. Rome for Gibraltar|P. and O. Line ''S.S. Rome'' for Gibraltar]] along with her stepfather, Mr. Shelley Bontein, and her brother, Mr. Sloane Stanley.&lt;p&gt;

'''31 May 1894, Thursday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Reception at Devonshire House|Duchess of Devonshire's reception at Devonshire House]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 June 18, Monday''', the London ''Echo'' reported that Algernon Bourke was [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Brooks'|writing a history of Brooks' Club]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 June 20, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Princess Louise, Marchioness of Lorne Opened the Annual Sale of the Scottish Home Industries|Annual Sale of the Scottish Home Industries]]; her outfit was described in the article in ''Lady's Pictorial''.&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 August 2, Thursday''', the column &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird&quot; says, &quot;At Willis' [restaurant] — 'What a smart cotillon Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave on Thursday evening.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Bird, The Little. &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 04 August 1894, Saturday: 30 [of 56], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18940804/148/0030. Print title same, p. 144.&lt;/ref&gt; Willis's Restaurant, King-street, St. James's, was a restaurant Algernon Bourke opened in 1893.&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 September 7, Saturday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#7 September 1894, Saturday|shooting party at Witley]], which had been loaned to one of his brothers by William Ward, 2nd Earl of Dudley.&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 October 22, Thursday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Wedding of Lord Connemara and Mrs. Coleman|luncheon after the wedding of Lord Connemara and Mrs. Coleman]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 November 3, Saturday''', Psyche, in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; for the Gentlewoman, reported that Guendoline Bourke had been [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#3 November 1894, Saturday|seen shopping in London]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1895 January 5, Saturday, 2:00 p.m.''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke gave an old mother-of-pearl workbox to [[Wolverton-Ward Wedding 1895-01-05|Lady Edith Ward for her wedding to Frederick Glyn, Lord Wolverton]] and presumably attended the wedding and reception afterwards.&lt;p&gt;

'''1895 February 23, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#23 February 1895, Saturday|fashionable wedding of Laurence Currie and Edith Sibyl Mary Finch]]. Guendoline Bourke is not listed as having attended, but she is not noted as absent, either. Daphne Bourke was born on 5 April 1895, probably explaining Guendoline's absence.&lt;p&gt;

'''1895 March 24, Sunday – 30 March, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#24, Sunday – 30 March 1895, Saturday|enjoying the sunny weather in Brighton]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1895 April 27, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#1895 April 27, Saturday|wedding of Norah Bourke and Henry E. A. Lindsay]]. Again, Guendoline Bourke is not listed as having attended. Daphne Bourke was born on 5 April 1895, and Psyche, writing the &quot;Social Peepshow&quot; column in the Gentlewoman, says,&lt;blockquote&gt;

I regret to hear of the serious illness of Mrs. Algernon Bourke, whose first child was born a fortnight ago. It is feared that the attack is of the nature of typhoid, but happily the patient's strength keeps up. Mrs. Bourke is at her mother's house in Clarges-street.&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 27 April 1895, Saturday: 28 [of 84], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18950427/147/0028. Same print title, p. 506.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1895 July 13, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke donated 10s. to the ''Daily Telegraph'' National Shilling Testimonial to W. G. Grace.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;''Daily Telegraph'' National Shilling Testimonial to W. G. Grace.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London) 13 July 1895, Saturday: 7 [of 12], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/18950713/079/0007. Print: ''Daily Telegraph'', p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1895 August 24, Saturday''', &quot;Marmaduke&quot; in the ''Graphic'' says that Algernon Bourke &quot;opened a cyclists' club in Chelsea.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marmaduke.&quot; &quot;Court and Club.&quot; The ''Graphic'' 24 August 1895, Saturday: 11 [of 32], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9000057/18950824/017/0011. Print p. 223.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1895 October''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#24 October 1902, Friday|opened the Prince's ice-skating rink for the]] season.if the newspapers were right that 1902 was the 7th season. He also was planning a bicycling club for Kensington Gardens to open the following season.&lt;ref&gt;Mackenzie, Ethel Morell (Miss). &quot;Pins and Needles.&quot; ''Hull Daily News'' 12 October 1895, Saturday: 24 [of 40], Col. 1a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003443/18951012/024/0024. Print title: ''Hull News Supplement'', p. 1[6? 8?].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1895 October 7, Monday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#Adeane-Cator Wedding|Maud Adeane–John Cator wedding]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1895 December 11, Wednesday''', Guendoline and Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#Sneyd Party to Meet the Duke of Coburg|shooting party at the Sneyds' to meet the Duke of Coburg]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1895 December 18, Wednesday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#Wedding of Lady Albreda Fitzwilliam and the Hon. Charles Bourke|wedding of Lady Albreda Fitzwilliam and the Hon. Charles Bourke]]. Their gift is not noted in the newspaper account.&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 March 17, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#17 March 1896, Tuesday|annual dinner of the Cymmrodorion, or the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion]], a society for Welsh culture and history.&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 April 21, Monday''', Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke sent a gift — a &quot;box for miniature&quot; — for [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Monday, 1896 April 27|the wedding of Lady Angela St. Clair Erskine and James Stewart Forbes]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 May 21, Thursday''', the Hon. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Mrs. C. H. Wilson's Ball|Mrs. C. H. Wilson's ball in Grosvenor-square, London]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 May 26, Tuesday,  through 28 May, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Coming of Age of Mr Sloane Stanley|3-day celebration in honor of the coming of age of her brother, Cyril Sloane Stanley]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 June 15, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Dinner and Dance Hosted by the Countess of Huntingdon|dance hosted by the Earl and Countess of Huntingdon]] after their dinner party.&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 July 13, Monday''', Algernon Bourke (listed among the &quot;Honourables&quot;) and Mrs. A. Bourke (Listed among the &quot;Honourable Ladies&quot;) were invited to the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Queen's Garden Party at Buckingham Palace|Queen's Garden Party at Buckingham Palace]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 June 29, Monday''', the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Cadogan-Scott Wedding 1896-06-29|wedding and reception of Lady Sophie Cadogan and Sir Samuel Scott]]. Algernon Bourke published a letter to the editor of the ''Daily Telegraph'' about White's Club — and thus Bourke's — &quot;[[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Summer Club|Summer Club]]&quot; in Kensington Park, the subject of a little controversy.&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 July 21, Tuesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Dinner Hosted by Sir Horace and Lady Farquhar|dinner hosted by Sir Horace and Lady Farquhar in Grosvenor-square]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 August 5, Wednesday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#5 August 1896|wedding of the Hon. Terence Bourke and Miss Eveline Haines]] and gave the bride an &quot;enamel muff chain.&quot;&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 August 10, Monday''', the ''Morning Leader'' reported that the Hon. Algernon Bourke, for the Foreign Office, received Li Hung Chang at St. Paul's:&lt;blockquote&gt;At St. Paul's Li Hung was received by Field-Marshal Simmons, Colonel Lane, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, of the Foreign Office (who made the necessary arrangements for the visit) and Canon Newbolt, on behalf of the Dean and Chapter. A crowd greeted Li with a cheer as he drove up in Lord Lonsdale’s striking equipage, and his Excellency was carried up the steps in an invalid chair by two stalwart constables. He walked through the centre door with his suite, and was immediately conducted by Canon Newbolt to General Gordon’s tomb in the north aisle, where a detachment of boys from the Gordon Home received him as a guard of honor.

Li inspected the monument with marked interest, and drew the attention of his suite to the remarkable likeness to the dead hero. He laid a handsome wreath of royal purple asters, lilies, maidenhair fern, and laurel, tied with a broad band of purple silk, on the tomb.

The visit was not one of inspection of the building, but on passing the middle aisle the interpreter called the attention of His Excellency to the exquisite architecture and decoration of the chancel. Li shook hands in hearty English fashion with Canon Newbolt and the other gentlemen who had received him, and, assisted by his two sons, walked down the steps to his carriage. He returned with his suite to Carlton House-terrace by way of St. Paul’s Churchyard, Cannon-st., Queen Victoria-st., and the Embankment.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;At St. Paul's.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 10 August 1896, Monday: 7 [of 12], Col. 2b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18960810/134/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 August 19, Wednesday''', the ''Edinburgh Evening News'' reported on the catering that White's Club and Mr Algernon Bourke arranged for the visiting Li Hung Chang:&lt;blockquote&gt;It is probably not generally known (says the &quot;Chef&quot;) that Mr Algernon Bourke, manager of White's Club, London, has undertaken to the whole of the catering for our illustrious visitor front the Flowery Land. Li Hung Chang has five native cooks in his retinue, and the greatest good fellowship exists between them and their English ''confreres'', although considerable difficulty is experienced in conversation in understanding one another's meaning. There are between 40 and and 50 to cater for daily, besides a staff about 30; that Mr Lemaire finds his time fully occupied. The dishes for his Excellency are varied and miscellaneous, and from 14 to 20 courses are served at each meal. The bills of fare contain such items as bird's-nest soup, pigs' kidneys stewed in cream, boiled ducks and green ginger, sharks' fins, shrimps and prawns stewed with leeks and muscatel grapes, fat pork saute with peas and kidney beans. The meal usually winds with fruit and sponge cake, and freshly-picked green tea as liqueur.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Li Hung Chang's Diet.&quot; ''Edinburgh Evening News'' 19 August 1896, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 8b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000452/18960819/057/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 November 6, Friday''', both Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were on the committee for the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Skating Club|Prince's Club ice-skating rink]], which [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Opening of the Prince's Club Skating Rink|opened on this day]].

'''1896 November 22, week of''', Mrs. Algernon Bourke was part of a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Shooting Party at the Charles Wilsons' Warter Priory, Yorkshire|shooting party at the Charles Wilsons' Warter Priory, Yorkshire]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 November 25, Wednesday''', Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bouke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Lord and Lady Burton Hosted a Party for Derby Day|Lord and Lady Burton's party for Derby Day]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 December 4, Friday''', the Orleans Club at Brighton was robbed:&lt;blockquote&gt;The old building of the Orleans Club at Brighton, which opens its new club house at 33, Brunswick-terrace to-day, was the scene of a very ingenious burglary during the small hours of yesterday morning. The greater portion of the club property had already been removed to the new premises, but Mr Algernon Bourke, his private secretary, and some of the officials of the club, still occupied bed-rooms at the house in the King’s-road. The corner shop of the street front is occupied by Mr. Marx, a jeweller in a large way of business, and upon his manager arriving at nine o'clock he discovered that the place had been entered through hole in the ceiling, and a great part of a very valuable stock of jewelry extracted. An examination of the morning rooms of the club, which runs over Mr. Marx's establishment reveal a singularly neat  specimen of the burglar's art. A piece of the flooring about 15in square had been removed by a series of holes bored side by side with a centre-bit, at a spot where access to the lofty shop was rendered easy by a tall showcase which stood convemently near. A massive iron girder had been avoided by a quarter of an inch, and this circumstance and the general finish of the operation point to an artist in his profession, who had acquired an intimate knowledge of the premises. The club doors were all found locked yesterday morning, and the means of egress adopted by the thief are at present a mystery.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Burglary at Brighton.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London) 05 December 1896, Saturday: 5 [of 12], Col. 7a [of 7]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/18961205/090/0005. Print title: ''Daily Telegraph''; p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 December 10, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke was present to help staff a stall at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#10 December 1896, Thursday|Irish Industries Exhibition and Sale, Brighton]].

'''1896 December 31, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke hosted a New Year's Eve dance:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave a highly satisfactory and enjoyable dance on Thursday night, when the old year was danced out and the new one danced in. Most of the silver gilters at present in to len were to the fore.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Man about Town.&quot; ''Sporting Gazette'' 02 January 1897, Saturday: 7 [of 34], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002525/18970102/041/0007. Print title ''The County Gentleman'', p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 January 9, Saturday''', Psyche in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; says that Algernon Bourke's &quot;cheerful countenance was quite in keeping with the [Christmas] season,&quot; seen in London.&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 9 January 1897, Saturday: 22 [of 56], Col. 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970109/097/0022. Same print title, p. 40.&lt;/ref&gt; 

'''1897 January 13, Wednesday – 18, Monday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were guests of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Warwickshire Hunt Club Ball|house party associated with the Warwickshire Hunt Ball]] at [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Warwick Castle]].

'''1897 January 30, Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke was reported to have been out shopping in London: &quot;Another charming figure was that of Mrs. Algernon Bourke all in chinchilla, with something of pale blue in a smart toque.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 30 January 1897, Saturday: 20 [of 59]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970130/107/0020. Same print title, p. 134.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 May 31, Monday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke were present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#House Party at Warwick Castle|House Party at Warwick Castle]] hosted by the Earl and Countess of Warwick.

'''1897 June 2, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Reception at the Foreign Office|reception at the Foreign Office]].

'''1897 June 12, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' reported on Guendoline Bourke's dress and hat at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Duchess of Albany's Bazaar at the Imperial Institute|Duchess of Albany's Bazaar at the Imperial Institute]]. 

'''1897 June 19, Saturday''', Psyche in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; column in the ''Gentlewoman'' writes that Guendoline Bourke was seen driving in London, &quot;in blue, ... looking as usual very handsome.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 19 June 1897, Saturday: 28 [of 108], Col. 2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970619/159/0028. Same print title, p. 848.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 June 28, Monday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were invited to the [[Social Victorians/Diamond Jubilee Garden Party|Garden Party at Buckingham Palace]], the final official event of the London Diamond Jubilee celebrations. Members of the family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] were also among the 5,000–6,000 people invited.

'''1897 July 2, Friday''', the Hon. A. and Mrs. A. Bourke and Mr. and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] at Devonshire House.

'''1897 July 8, Thursday, 11:00 p.m.''', Hon. Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were present at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace|the Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace]]. The dancing commenced shortly after 11:00 p.m.

'''1897 July 11–16, week of''', a dog of Guendoline Bourke's won a prize at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Ladies' Kennel Association show in the Royal Botanic Gardens in Regent's Park|Ladies' Kennel Association show in the Royal Botanic Gardens in Regent's Park]]. 

'''1897 July 23, Friday''', both the Hon. Algernon Bourke and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Bourke-Curzon Cricket Match at the Queen's Club|Bourke-Curzon cricket match at the Queen's Club]], which Algernon Bourke's team lost. 

'''1897 July 23 — or July 30, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Lady Burton's party at Chesterfield House|Lady Burton's party at Chesterfield House]]. &lt;blockquote&gt;Far the prettiest women in the room were Lady Henry Bentinck (who looked perfectly lovely in pale yellow, with a Iong blue sash; and Mrs. Algernon Bourke, who was as smart as possible in pink, with pink and white ruchings on her sleeves and a tall pink feather in her hair.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lady Burton's Party at Chesterfield House.&quot; ''Belper &amp; Alfreton Chronicle'' 30 July 1897, Friday: 7 [of 8], Col. 1c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004151/18970730/162/0007. Print title: ''Belper and Alfreton Chronicle''; n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 August 2, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Warwick House Party for the Easton Lodge Cricket Week Games|Earl and Countess of Warwick's house party for Easton Lodge cricket week]].

'''1897 August 2, Monday''', Mrs. Algernon Bourke was listed as among [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Most Beautiful Women in England|the most beautiful women in England]] in an article from ''Vanity Fair'' that was reprinted elsewhere.

'''1897 September 25, Saturday''', according to the ''Pall Mall Gazette'',&lt;blockquote&gt;The [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Dowager-Countess of Mayo]] is staying with her son, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, at Bramnber, near Brighton.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pall Mall Gazette Office.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 25 September 1897, Saturday: 8 [of 10], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18970925/023/0008. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 October 2, Saturday''', &quot;Yenatrix&quot; in &quot;Kennel Column&quot; in the ''Gentlewoman'' reported that Guendoline Bourke had joined the Ladies' Kennel Association.&lt;ref&gt;Yenatrix. &quot;Kennel Column.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 02 October 1897, Saturday: 39 [of 61], Col. 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18971002/182/0039. Same print title, p. 434.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1897 October 9, Saturday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Harrogate|Harrogate, presumably taking the waters and baths]]. Lady May was on her way to visit Algernon Bourke in Brighton:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Earl of Mayo is expected to return from Sweden on Saturday next. Lady Mayo leaves Bournemouth on Sarurday for Brighton, where she will pay a two days' visit to her brother-in-law, the Hon. Algernon Bourke. The Earl and Countess will then return to Palmerstown, their seat in County Kildare.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pall Mall Gazette Office.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 7 October 1897, Thursday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18971007/022/0008. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1897 October 30, Saturday''', ''Black and White'' published '''J.P.B.'''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s &quot;The Case of Mrs. Elliott,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;J.P.B. &quot;The Case of Mrs. Elliott.&quot; ''Black &amp; White'' 30 October 1897, Saturday: 12 [of 34], Cols. 1a–2b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004617/18971030/036/0012. Print title ''Black and White'', p. 542.&lt;/ref&gt; an odd short short story in which the Honourable Algernon Bourke Herriott is &quot;rude to Mrs. Elliott,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2b}} presumably having proposed sexual relations while her husband is out. J.P.B. links to the biographical Algernon Bourke's career in the stock market in the description of Mrs. Christine Elliott not even simulating interest in her husband's bicycling: &quot;a soul is a grievous burthen for a stockbroker's wife,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2a}} suggesting that Mr. Elliott rather than Algernon Bourke Herriott is the stockbroker. The Hon. Algy&lt;blockquote&gt;was a senior member of several junior clubs. A woman had dubbed him once &quot;a rip with a taste for verses.&quot; The description was severe, but not unwarranted. His was a pretty pagan sensualism, though, singing from a wine palate to Church music. For the rest, he had just imagination enough to despise mediocrity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2a}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 November 25–26, Thursday–Friday''', Guendoline Bourke was in Brighton, helping the Countess of Mayo at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Irish Industries' Association Annual Exhibition|bazaar of the Irish Industries' Association]].

'''1897 December 7, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#7 December 1897, Tuesday|7th annual dinner for the Actors' Benevolent Fund]].

'''1897 December 20, Monday, the week of''', Guendoline Bourke's Mousie was the smallest dog in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Ladies' Kennel Association's Dog Show|Ladies' Kennel Association show in Earl's Court]].

'''1897 December 30''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Blenheim Palace Party with Amateur Theatricals|party at Blenheim Palace in which people performed tableaux vivants]] that got reported on, many of whom wearing the costumes from the Duchess of Devonshire's ball. The ''Irish Independent'' said Algernon Bourke was &quot;mainly responsible for the living pictures.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr Algernon Bourke ....&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 05 January 1898, Wednesday: 6 [of 8], Col. 2c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001985/18980105/115/0006.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1898''', Algernon Bourke called a meeting at White's Club about attempting to [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Thames Salmon Experiment|restock the Thames with salmon]]. In 1899 he was on a [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#Committees|committee led by the Lord Mayor about this topic]] as well.

'''1898 February 3, Thursday''',  Algernon Bourke was among [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#The Dundee Evening Telegraph Report on People at Monte Carlo|those visiting Monte Carlo according to the Dundee ''Evening Telegraph'']].

'''1898 March 12, Saturday''', ''The World'' reported on Algernon Bourke's upgrading of the Orleans Club at Brighton:&lt;blockquote&gt;

The Orleans Club at Brighton is flourishing exceedingly, and the new buildings which Mr. Algernon Bourke has just had erected at the back of the comfortable mansion at the corner of Lansdowne-place now provide all that was wanting to make the present habitat of the club all that its members desire. The new billiard-room is rapidly approaching completion, and the coffee-room, excellent and spacious now, was open on Saturday night, when every table was occupied by club diners and their guests, all of whom were enthusiastic over the excellence of this latest addition to the comfort of the house. All interested may be congratulated on what is practically new lease of life to the Orleans Club, than which there is no more comfortable place stay within the four seas.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From '''The World''.'&quot; ''East &amp; South Devon Advertiser'' 12 March 1898, Saturday: 6 pop 8], Col. 2b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001639/18980312/132/0006. Print title ''The East and South Devon Advertiser'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1898 March 30, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke was charged with assaulting a Mr. Potter, but it is not clear from this account what exactly happened:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Hon. Algernon H. Bourke, of Bramber, was summoned, at the instance of Mr. Walter John Potter, clerk to Mr. G. A. Flowers, solicitor, of Steyning, for assault, on the 30th March. — Mr. J. Edward Dell supported the case, and Mr. J. C. Buckwell defended, and pleaded not guilty. — The evidence was to the effect that Mr. Potter had occasion go to defendant's house on Wednesday last to serve a writ. He was going to drop the letter into [Col. 5c–6a] defendant's pocket when he turned and struck him a violent blow on the chest, making witness stagger backwards. Witness put up his hands to keep his balance, and defendant then struck him violently across the head with a weeding spud. — Richard Reed, who was at work for Mr. Bourke on the date named, and was working in garden at the time of the alleged assault, gave corroborative evidence. — Defendant, in the witness box, made a similar statement. — The magistrates differed as to whether the assault was committed, and dismissed the case.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Steyning.&quot; ''Sussex Express'' 9 April 1898, Saturday: 2 [of 12], Col. 5c–6a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000654/18980409/036/0002. Print: ''The Sussex Express, Surrey Standard, Weald of the Kent Mail, Hants and County Advertiser'', p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1898 April 12, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was among [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#1898 April 12, Tuesday|those visiting Monte Carlo according to the ''Gentlewoman'']].

'''1898 May 25, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke wore pink to [[Social Victorians/1898-05-25 Savoy Dinner Dance Hwfa|Mrs. Hwfa Williams' dinner-dance at the Savoy]].

'''1898 June 7, Tuesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. A. Bourke were invited to and probably attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#7 June 1898, Tuesday|State Ball at Buckingham Palace hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales]].

'''1898 July 4, Thursday afternoon''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke were invited to and probably attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#Garden Party at Marlborough House|Garden Party at Marlborough House given to the Queen and Shah of Persia]].

'''1898 October 29, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#Tennis Championship Game at Prince's Club, Knightsbridge|tennis match at Prince's Club, Knightsbridge]].

'''1898 November''', Algernon Bourke received a letter from Lord Alfred Douglas and attempted to help Douglas and his father, the Marquis of Queensberry, to reconcile. Bourke met with the Marquis and sent a positive reply to Douglas the next day.&lt;ref name=&quot;:26&quot; /&gt; (568–569)

'''1898 November 22, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#Shooting Party Hosted by William James|shooting party hosted by Mr. William James]].

'''1898 December 3, Saturday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. A. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#The Funeral of Lady Connemara|funeral of Lady Connemara in Christ Church]], Down street, Piccadilly.&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 January 10, Tuesday''', the Brighton Championship Dog Show opened:&lt;blockquote&gt;Princess of Wales a Winner at the Ladies’ Kennel Club Show.

[Exclusive to &quot;The Leader.&quot;)

The Brighton Championship Dog Show opened in the Dome and Corn Exchange yesterday, and was very well patronised by visitors and exhibitors. Among the latter was H.R.H. the Princess of Wales, who did very well; and others included Princess Sophie Duleep Singh, Countess De Grey, Sir Edgar Boehm, the Hon Mrs. Algernon Bourke, Lady Cathcart, Lady Reid, Mr. Shirley (chairman of the Kennel Club), and the Rev. Hans Hamiiton (president of the Kennel Club).

The entry of bloodhounds is one of the best seen for some time; the Great Danes are another strong lot; deerhounds are a fine entry, all good dogs, and most of the best kennels represented; borzois are another very stylish lot. The bigger dogs are, as usual, in the Corn Exchange and the &quot;toy&quot; dogs in the Dome. To everyone's satsfaction the Princess of Wales carried off two first prizes with Alex in the borzois class.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Dogs at Brighton.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 11 January 1899, Wednesday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18990111/142/0008. Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 January 11, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#11 January 1899, Wednesday|a luncheon at Stanfield-hall, home of Mr. and Mrs. Basil Montogomery, for Princess Henry of Battenberg]], that also included the Countess of Dudley (sister of Mrs. Montgomery), General Oliphant, and the Mayor and Mayoress of Romsey.

'''1899 January 17–18, Tuesday and Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Ladies' Kennel Association in Brighton|Ladies' Kennel Association in Brighton]], where she showed an Italian greyhound named Brenda.

'''1899 February 7, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke was a member of the very high-ranking committee organizing the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Gordon Memorial College Ball|Gordon Memorial College Ball at the Hotel Cecil on 7 February 1899]]. The committee had been planning for the ball, of course, for at least 3 weeks before.

'''1899 February 22, Wednesday – April''', Guendoline Bourke was part of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Society in St. Moritz|Society in St. Moritz]]. 1899 March 29, Wednesday, the ''Dundee Advertiser'' says that [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#29 March 1899, Wednesday|Cyril Sloane-Stanley was spending part of the winter in St. Moritz]] with his sister Guendoline Bourke.

'''1899 April 7, Friday, probably''', oddly, Algernon and Guendoline Bourke are not reported to have attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Funeral of the Hon. Charles Bourke, C.B.|Funeral of the Hon. Charles Bourke, C.B.]] or even to have sent flowers.

'''1899 April 8, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' reported that Guendoline Bourke had gone to [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#8 April 1899, Saturday|St. Moritz with her brother, Mr. Stanley, who had gotten engaged to Lady Cairns]].

'''1899 April 26, Wednesday''', according to &quot;Local and District News&quot; for Totton, Guendoline Bourke was &quot;ill with influenza in Paris, and Mrs. Shelley Bontein, her mother, has gone out to nurse her.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Local and District News. Totton.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 26 April 1899, Wednesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 2b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18990426/037/0004. Print title ''Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1899 June 1, Thursday, or 2, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Wedding of Roger Cyril Sloane Stanley and Olivia, Countess Cairns|wedding of her brother, Sloane Stanley and Olivia Countess Cairns]] at Holy Trinity Church, Brompton.

'''1899 June 8, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke's money troubles:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Hon. Algernon Bourke, son of the Earl of Mayo, has been appearing before the official receivers in connection with a winding-up order made against Willis’ Restaurant, Limited. The companyf [sic] was formed to acquire the well known restaurant from the Hon. H. A. Bourke. The chairman reminded the creditors that on the last occasion the meeting was adjourned because Mr. Bourke said he thought he would be able in the course of a fortnight to obtain an offer for a sum sufficient to satisfy the creditors and debenture holders. He had received a letter from Mr. Bourke to the effect that he had been unable to complete arrangements. Having looked into the affairs of the company more closely, it appeared to him that Mr. Bourke was legally liable to repay the sum of £5,000 which was advanced to White's Club, and the question would arise whether Mr. Bourke was not also liable to repay the sum of £4,000.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr. Bourke Must Pay.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 8 June 1899, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 8c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001985/18990608/118/0004. Print title: ''The Irish Weekly Independent'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1899 July 1, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#1 July 1899, Saturday|meeting in London at the Duke of Westminster's Grosvenor House]] about preserving Killarney as part of the National Trust and seems to have been acting for someone who wanted to purchase the Muckross Estate.

'''1899 July 5, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Dinner and Dance at Devonshire House|dance at Devonshire House hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire]].

'''1899 July 6, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Joan Wilson and Guy Fairfax's Wedding|wedding of Joan Wilson and Guy Fairfax in St. Mark's, near Grosvenor Square]].

'''1899 July 14, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#14 July 1899, Friday|Ernest Beckett's dinner party]].

'''1899 July 18, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Ludovici Lecture on Impressionism|lecture on Impressionism by Ludovici hosted by the Countess of Mayo]].

'''1899 July 28, Friday''', [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#White's|White's Club]] was no longer under Algernon Bourke's management and was reconstituting itself after the possibility that it would have to close.

'''1889 July 31, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#Fete of the Uxbridge Habitation of the Primrose League|Fete of the Uxbridge Habitation of the Primrose League]] at Hillingdon Court and hosted by the Hon. Algernon and Lady Mary Mills.

'''1899 September 9, Saturday''', the ''Eastern Morning News'' includes Algernon Bourke (&quot;St. James's-street, London, club proprietor&quot;) in a list of men &quot;Receiving Orders,&quot; which it is reprinting from the ''London Gazette''.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Receiving Orders.&quot; ''Eastern Morning'' News 9 September 1899, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 3c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001152/18990909/074/0005. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 October 19, Thursday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke had a bankruptcy hearing:&lt;blockquote&gt;The public examination of the Hon. Algernon Bourke was held before Mr Registrar Giffard yesterday, at the London Bankruptcy Court. The debtor, described as proprietor of a St. James's-street club, furnished a statement of affairs showing unsecured debts £13,694 and debts fully secured £12,800, with assets which are estimated at £4,489 [?]. He stated, in reply to the Official Receiver, that he was formerly a member of the Stock Exchange, but had nothing to do with the firm of which he was a member during the last ten years. He severed his connection with the firm in May last, and believed he was indebted to them to the extent of £2,000 or £3,000. He repudiated a claim which they now made for £37,300. In 1889 he became proprietor of White's Club, St. James's-street, and carried it on until January 1st last, when he transferred it to a company called Recreations, Limited. One of the objects of the company was to raise money on debentures. The examination was formally adjourned.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 October 20, Friday''', the ''Morning Leader'' mentions Bourke's bankruptcy:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Algernon Bourke, whose bankruptcy is much talked about, has been connected with numerous enterprises in clubland. He raised White's from the slough into which it had sunk after the secession of the Prince of Wales. He started the Willis Restaurant, put fresh life into the Orleans Club at Brighton, arranged a big restaurant for the bicyclists in the time of the bicycle parade, and was concerned at first in the smart and short-lived Trafalgar Bicycle Club. At one time his name spelt success. Latterly his luck has left him. He is a brother of Lord Mayo, a son of the peer who was assassinated at the post of duty, and is one of the best known men about town of the day.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Club, Stage, and Salon.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 20 October 1899, Friday: 6 [of 12], Col. 5b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18991020/085/0006. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1899 November 8, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke's bankruptcy case came up again:&lt;blockquote&gt;At Bankruptcy Court, yesterday, the case the Hon. Algernon Bourke again came on for hearing before Mr. Registrar Giffard, and the examination was concluded. The debtor has at various times been proprietor of White’s Club, St. James’s-street, and the Orleans’ Club, Brighton, and also of Willis's Restaurant, King-street, St. James's. He attributed his failure to losses sustained by the conversion of White’s Club and the Orleans' Club into limited companies, to the payment of excessive Interest on borrowed money, and other causes. The liabilities amount to £26,590, of which £13,694 are stated to be unsecured, and assets £4,409.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Affairs of the Hon. A. Bourke.&quot; ''Globe'' 09 November 1899, Thursday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001652/18991109/020/0002. Print p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 December 23, Saturday''', &quot;Mr. Algernon Bourke has departed for a tour in Africa, being at present the guest of his brother in Tunis.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Society Pages.&quot; ''Walsall Advertiser'' 23 December 1899, Saturday: 7 [of 8], Col. 7b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001028/18991223/143/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1899 December 29, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke was at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Christmas Party Hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough|Christmas Party Hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 December 31''', the San Francisco newspaper ''The Wave'' wrote the following about London society:&lt;blockquote&gt;The most prominent untitled people in London may be said to be Mr. and Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Williams|Hwfa Williams]], Mr. and Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Grenfell|Willie Grenfell]] and Mr. Algy Bourke. That they are passing rich, goes without saying, and that they entertain lavishly, understood — for to be untitled, prominent and successful, argues wealth, hospitality and cleverness.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London.&quot; The (San Francisco) ''Wave'' 14 January 1899 (Vol. XIX, No. 2): 14. ''The Internet Archive'' https://archive.org/details/wave19unse/page/n20/mode/1up.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 1900s ===

'''1900 February 15, Thursday''', Daphne Bourke, the four-year-old daughter of the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke was a bridesmaid in the [[Social Victorians/Wilson Chesterfield Wedding 1900-02-15|wedding of Enid Wilson and the Earl of Chesterfield]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London Day by Day.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph'' 15 February 1900, Thursday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/19000215/175/0008. Name in British Newspaper Archive: ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London). Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt; Guendoline Bourke, &quot;who was in grey, wore a chinchilla toque with violets.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society. Entertainments, Balls, &amp;c.&quot; ''The Queen'' 24 February 1900, Saturday: 40 [of 76], Col. 1a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/19000224/235/0040. Print: ''The Queen, The Lady's Newspaper'', p. 308.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1900 March 10, Saturday''', the ''Weekly Irish Times'' reprinted society gossip from ''The World'':&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke, who has been staying with her husband's uncle, old Connemara, during Mr. Algernon Bourke's absence abroad, has taken a new house near Portman square, and will be settling there before Easter.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip.&quot; ''Weekly Irish Times'' 10 March 1900, Saturday: 17 [of 20], Col. 1b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001684/19000310/116/0017. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1900 July''' '''17, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke took part in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#17 July 1900, Tuesday|Children's Fete in support of the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children]] on the grounds of the Royal Botanic Society. Daphe was 5 at this time, so it seems logical that she would have been there, too.

'''1900 July 30, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Barber of Seville at Covent Garden|''The Barber of Seville'' at Covent Garden]].

'''1890 August 6, Friday''', &quot;[[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Beautiful Women|Beautiful Women]],&quot; an article in ''Vanity Fair'' that was reprinted elsewhere, mentions Guendoline Bourke (&quot;Lady Algernon Bourke&quot;) as one of the most beautiful women in England.

'''1900 August 11, Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke got&lt;blockquote&gt;the pretty little Yorkshire String, an especially tiny mite, weighing only 2&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;/&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;lb, and carrying a very promising coat, ... at the Aquarium Show.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Witchampton Kennel.&quot; &quot;Ladies Kennels.&quot; ''Ladies' Field'' 11 August 1900, Saturday: 16 [of 60], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0006043/19000811/043/0016. Print title same, p. 390.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1900 September 16''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke became the heir presumptive to the Earldom of Mayo when his older brother Captain Hon. Sir Maurice Archibald Bourke died.&lt;p&gt;

'''1900 October 06, Saturday''', the ''Weekly Irish Times'' says that Mr. Algernon Bourke, now heir presumptive to the earldom of Mayo, &quot;has been for some months lately staying with Mr. Terence Bourke in Morocco.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip.&quot; ''Weekly Irish Times'' 06 October 1900, Saturday: 14 [of 20], Col. 3b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001684/19001006/121/0014. Print p. 14.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 May 30, Thursday''', the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke attended the fashionable [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1901 May 30, Thursday|Ladies' Kennel Association Dog Show at the Botanic Garden]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 July 2, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke — &quot;pretty Mrs. Algernon Bourke, in a mauve gown and and purple tulle toque&quot; — attended a children's party at the Botanic Gardens hosted by the Earl and Countess of Kilmorey.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Earl of Kilmorey, K.P.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 13 July 1901: Saturday, 50 [of 84], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010713/237/0050. Print: title the same, p. 60.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 July 4, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke — dressed &quot;in pale grey, with her pretty little girl,&quot; 6-year-old Daphne — attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Countess of Yarborough's Children's Party|children's party hosted by the Countess of Yarborough]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Countess of Yarborough ....&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 13 July 1901, Saturday: 76 [of 84], Col. 2b, 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010713/381/0076. Print p. xxxvi.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 3a}}&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 July 4–6, Thursday–Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke helped staff the Perthshire stall&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Great County Sale.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 29 June 1901, Saturday: 43 [of 72], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010629/223/0043# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010629/223/0043]. Same print title, pp. 679.&lt;/ref&gt; at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Great County Sale|Great County Sale in the Imperial Gardens of the Earl's Court Exhibition]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 July 20, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' published the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke's portrait (identified with &quot;Perthshire&quot;) in its 3rd series of &quot;The Great County Sale at Earl's Court. Portraits of Stallholders.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Great County Sale at Earl's Court. Portraits of Stallholders.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 20 July 1901, Saturday: 31 [of 60], Col. 4b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010720/141/0031. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt; Their daughter Daphne appears in the portrait as well.&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 July 23, Tuesday''', an &quot;Hon. Mrs. Bourke&quot; was in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox|party &quot;entertained by Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox]].&quot;&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 September 12, Thursday''', Mrs. Guendoline Bourke wanted her name listed as Mrs. Algernon Bourke in the Electoral Register, apparently a frequent complaint:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Underhill, the Conservative agent, mentioned to the Revising Barrister (Mr. William F. Webster) that the name of the Hon. Mrs. Gwendolen Bourke was on the list in respect of the house, 75, Gloucester-place. The lady had written to him to say that she was the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke and that she wished that name to appear on the register. In reply to the Revising Barrister, Mr. Underhill said that “Algernon” was the name of the lady’s husband.

Mr. Cooke, the rate-collector, said that Mrs. Bourke had asked to be addressed Mrs. Algernon Bourke, but that the Town Clerk thought the address was not a correct one. The lady signed her cheques Gwendolen.”

Mr. Underhill said the agents frequently had indignant letters from ladies because they were not addressed by their husband’s Christian name.

The Revising Barrister — lf a lady gave me the name of Mrs. John Smith I should say I had not got the voter’s name. The name Gwendolen must remain.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;&quot;Ladies’ Names.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 12 September 1901, Thursday: 7 [of 10], Col. 3a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/19010912/130/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1901 October 26, Friday''', Algernon Bourke was on the Men's Committee of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Club Ice-skating Rink|Prince's Club Ice-skating Rink]], which had [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Prince's Club Ice-skating Rink Opening|its official opening on his day]]. 

'''1902 January''', Algernon Bourke is mentioned in [[Social Victorians/Schools#&quot;More of My Contemporaries at School.&quot;|reminiscences of Eton written by the &quot;Earl of X&quot;]] as being among those in the &quot;world of letters,&quot; and whose brother, later the Earl of Mayo, the Earl of X did not like. 

'''1902 January 25, Saturday''', Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave a box to Lady Helen Stewart-Vane-Tempest in honor of [[Social Victorians/Stewart-Stavordale Wedding 1902-01-25|Lady Helen's wedding to Giles Fox-Strangways, Lord Stavordale]]. 

'''1902 April 26, Saturday''', Mrs. A. Bourke is listed as being at the Norfolk Hotel in Brighton.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Guide to Visitors at Hotels and Boarding Houses.&quot; ''Brighton Gazette'' 26 April 1902, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000938/19020426/116/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt; 

'''1902 May, End of''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#End of May 1902|party at Blenheim Palace hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough]]. 

'''1902 June 11, Monday''', the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke had a dog entered in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Ladies' Kennel Association Show|Ladies' Kennel Association competitions in the Botanic Gardens]]. 

'''1902 September 4, Thursday''', the ''Daily Express'' reported that &quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke is staying with Lord and Lady Alington at Scarborough.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Onlooker.&quot; &quot;My Social Diary.&quot; &quot;Where People Are.&quot; ''Daily Express'' 04 September 1902, Thursday: 5 [of 8], Col. 1b? [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004848/19020904/099/0005. Print p. 4, Col. 7b [of 7].&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1902 September 22, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke was a guest at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Earl and Countess of Mar and Kellie's House Party|large house party hosted by the Earl and Countess of Mar and Kellie]].

'''1902 October 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Annual Opening of the Prince's Ice-skating Rink|opened the Prince's ice-skating rink for the season]], which he had been doing since 1895.

'''1902 October 25, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was bequeathed £500 by his uncle [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Robert Bourke]], who had died 3 September 1902.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Will of Lord Connemara.&quot; ''Kildare Observer and Eastern Counties Advertiser'' 25 October 1902, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 4b–c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001870/19021025/037/0002. Print title the ''Kildare Observer'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 October 31, Friday''', the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Annual Opening of the Prince's Ice-skating Rink|7th opening of the Prince's Skating Club]]. Guendoline Bourke was on the Women's Committee and Algernon Bourke was on the Men's.&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 November 8, Friday, beginning, perhaps''', Guendoline Bourke was part of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#8 November 1902, Saturday|Earl and Countess of Warwick's shooting party at Easton Lodge]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 December 9, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#9 December 1902, Tuesday|Lady Eva Wyndham-Quin's &quot;at home,&quot; held at the Welch Industrial depot]] for the sale Welsh-made Christmas gifts and cards. Bourke wore &quot;a fur coat and a black picture hat.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Lady Correspondent.&quot; &quot;Society in London.&quot; ''South Wales Daily News'' 11 December 1902, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000919/19021211/082/0004. Print p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1903 February 6, Friday''', Hon. Mrs A. Bourke was present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Dinner Party Hosted by Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and the Countess of Dudley|dinner party Hosted by Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and the Countess of Dudley]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1903 February 9, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke was present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Dinner Party Hosted by Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and the Countess of Dudley|house party at Dublin Castle hosted by the Lord Lieutenant and Countess of Dudley that began the Viceregal season]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1903 March 17, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke staffed a booth at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1903 March 17, Tuesday|sale of the Irish Industries Association]] on St. Patrick's Day with [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Lady Mayo]], [[Social Victorians/People/Dudley|Georgina Lady Dudley]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Miss Beresford]]. A number of other aristocratic women were also present at the sale in other booths, including [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Lady Londonderry]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Lucan|Lady Lucan]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1903 June 19, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke was invited to the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Grand Ball in the Waterloo Chamber at Windsor Castle|grand ball at Windsor Castle]], the end of the Ascot-week festivities.&lt;p&gt;

'''1903 June 23, Tuesday''', Guendoline and Daphne Bourke were invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1903 June 23, Tuesday|children's party at Buckingham Palace for Prince Eddie's birthday]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1903 July 10, Friday, or so''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Party Hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough|party hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1904 May 17, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke had agreed to let Daphne appear in the tableaux vivants arranged by Sir Philip Burne-Jones for the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Countess Cadogan's Great Bazaar|Countess of Cadogan's great bazaar]]. Some mothers had had to decline because of the outbreaks of measles and chicken pox.&lt;p&gt;

'''1904 June 30, Thursday''', Guendoline and Daphne Bourke attended another birthday party for Prince Eddie at Buckingham Palace, and the ''Gentlewoman'' says, &quot;No prettier little girl was to be seen that day than little Miss Daphne Bourke, the daughter of the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke, with her wonderful Irish eyes and colouring, her pretty white frock being relieved with a rose pink sash.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Prince Eddie's Birthday.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 02 July 1904, Saturday: 68 [of 92]. Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19040702/360/0068. Print: title the same, p. 42.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1904 September 15, Thursday''', according to what was at the time called the ''Irish Daily Independent and Nation'', Algernon Bourke was living in Venice and not in the UK at this point:&lt;blockquote&gt;Algernon Bourke, who usually lives in Venice, has spent some time in England during the present summer, and has now gone on a fishing expedition to Sweden, accompanied by his brother, Lord Mayo. Lady Mayo has been staying meanwhile in Ireland, and has had a visit from her mother, Lady Maria Ponsonby, who is a sister of Lend Obventry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;&quot;Society Notes.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 15 September 1904, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001986/19040915/131/0004. Print title: ''Irish Daily Independent and Nation'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1904 October 22, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' reported that &quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke is paying a visit to Venice, which Mr. Bourke has made his headquarters for several years past, as he is connected with some very artistic stone and marble works situated near the Grand Canal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 22 October 1904, Saturday: 24 [of 6ths 8], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19041022/112/0024. Print title same, p. 672.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1905 February 17, Friday''', the Dundee ''Evening Post'' reported that Algernon Bourke &quot;set up a shop in Venice for the sale of art treasures and old furniture.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social News.&quot; Dundee ''Evening Post'' 17 February 1905, Friday: 6 [of 6], Col. 7b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000582/19050217/105/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1905 April 26, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#New Forest United Hunt Ball|New Forest United Hunt Ball]], as did her brother Captain R. C. H. Sloane Stanley and his wife Olivia Countess Cairns.&lt;p&gt;

'''1905 June 5, Monday''', Algernon Bourke wrote to the ''Times'' from Venice that &quot;The Venetian wits have suggested a motto for Admiral Togo, Togo Tenga Tutto (Togo takes the lot).&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr. Algernon Bourke.&quot; ''Hull Daily Mail'' 08 June 1905, Thursday: 2 [of 6], Col. 6a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000324/19050608/008/0002. Print title ''Daily Mail'', p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1905, last week of July''', Guendoline Bourke and daughter Daphne Bourke — who was 10 years old — attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Last week of July, 1905|Lady Cadogan's children's party at Chelsea House]]. Daphne was &quot;One of loveliest little girls present.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Social News.&quot; ''Belfast News-Letter'' 01 August 1905, Tuesday: 7 [of 10], Col. 6b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000038/19050801/157/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1906 March 9, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke was a reference for Mr. Frances Burgess, who taught piano, singing, voice production, organ and music theory. Burgess was &quot;Organist and Choirmaster of St. Columbs', North Kensington, Director of the Plainsong and Medieval Music Society's Choir, etc., etc.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot;&gt;&quot;Mr. Francis Burgess.&quot; ''Kilburn Times'' 9 March 1906, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001813/19060309/086/0003. Print title: ''Kilburn Times Hampstead and North-western Press'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1906 December 10, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke was seen in the tea room, possibly with Lady Grosvenor, at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1906 December 10, Monday|Lady Dudley's sale of Irish needlework]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1907 May''', a &quot;naval signalling incident&quot; [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#May 1887|caused the Waterford ''Evening News'' to recall a similar event]] that had occurred 20 years earlier, in which Algernon Bourke, as special correspondent for the ''Times'', publicized [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles Beresford]]'s use of his ship's signalling capabilities to send a message to his wife about being late for dinner:&lt;blockquote&gt;

The naval signalling incident is still in the air. It is expected that the matter will not be threshed out until Emperor William leaves England. A story of a former signalling incident in which [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles Beresford]] was concerned is going the rounds at the moment.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1907 August 24, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was present at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Polo Week at Eaton Hall, Duke and Duchess of Westminster|Polo Week at Eaton Hall, hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Westminster]].

'''1908 July 30, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke was at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Glorious Goodwood. Cup Day and Dresses.|Cup Day at the Goodwood races]], wearing salmon-pink with a matching hat.

'''1909 April 20, Tuesday''', Lady Rosemary Cairns — daughter of Olivia Sloan-Stanley, Countess Cairns and Cyril Sloane-Stanley — and Wyndham Portal were [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#20 April 1909, Tuesday|married in St. Margaret's, Westminster]]. Lavender and Diane Sloane-Stanley were bridesmaids.&lt;p&gt;

'''1909 May 22, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke appears to have been living in Pisa. A columnist for the ''Queen'' reported on the Royal School of Art Needlework:&lt;blockquote&gt;Lady Leconfield [?] was there, also her sister-in-law, the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Dowager Lady Mayo]], only just back from her winter on the Continent, when she spent most of the time at Pisa, where her son Mr Algernon Bourke has also been staying. The latter is a great connoisseur as regards [art?] notably in what is really good in the way of old Italian sculpture and carving. He and his handsome wife have a place near to Putney, and this winter again Mr Bourke, as the result of his Italian travels, has been sending home such relics of the old Italian palace gardens as as stone and marble carved vases, garden seats, and what-not of the kind — not all for himself and his own gardens by any means, I fancy; but his friends, relying on his knowledge in such matters, get him when abroad to choose for [them?] the adornment of their English terraces and gardens.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;My Social Diary.&quot; The ''Queen'' 22 May 1909, Saturday: 31 [of 86], Col. 1b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/19090522/203/0031. Print p. 871.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1909 September''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was among the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Visitors in Venice from the U.K.|many visitors from &quot;England&quot; in Venice]] in September.

=== 1910s ===
'''1910 April 20, Wednesday''', the ''Tatler'' printed an &quot;open letter&quot; to Geraldine, Countess of Mayo, as part of its &quot;The Searchlight in Society&quot; series and mentioned Algernon Bourke, saying he had been keeping &quot;a curiosity shop at Venice&quot;:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Bourkes have brains, and a good example is afforded by Mr. Algernon Bourke, next brother to Lord Mayo and heir-presumptive to the title. He is a good-looking man who used to be known as Buttons Bourke, and he married well, as his wife was the rich and pretty Miss Guendolen Sloane Stanley. He may be described as a &quot;Jack of all trades,&quot; but it is not I who will say that he is a master of none. He was once in the Stock Exchange, then he took White's Club in hand and restored it to much of its former prestige. After that he dabbled in smart hotels and restaurants, and the last thing I heard of him was that he kept a curiosity shop at Venice.&lt;ref&gt;Candida. &quot;The Searchlight in Society. Our Open Letter. No. CII. The Countess of Mayo.&quot; The ''Tatler'' 20 April 1910, Wednesday: 18 [of 42], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001852/19100420/023/0018. Print title same, p. 72.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1911 November 21, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke assisted the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#21 November 1911, Tuesday|Duchess of Marlborough at her at-home]] that included a sale of work by the wives of prisoners.&lt;p&gt;

'''1912 September 27, Friday''', Guendoline and Daphne Bourke were visiting Mr. and Mrs. Shelley Bontein, her mother and stepfather.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From 'The World.'&quot; ''Berks and Oxon Advertiser'' 27 September 1912, Friday: 2 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002298/19120927/014/0002. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1913 April 23, Wednesday''', the Irish Independent reported that Guendoline and Daphne Bourke had arrived in London for the season:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke and Miss Bourke have arrived for the season at 75 Gloucester place, Portman square, London.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social and Personal.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 23 April 1913, Wednesday: 4 [of 10], Col. 5b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001715/19130423/081/0004. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1913 May 7, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke presented her daughter Daphne Bourke at court:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke presented her daughter, and wore blue and gold broché with a gold lace train.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social and Personal.&quot; London ''Daily Chronicle'' 08 May 1913, Thursday: 6 [of 12], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005049/19130508/120/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

The ''Pall Mall Gazette'' has a description of Daphne Bourke's dress, but what exactly &quot;chiffon [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hoops|paniers]]&quot; means in 1913 is not clear:&lt;blockquote&gt;Court dressmakers appear to have surpassed all previous records in their efforts to make the dresses for to-night’s Court as beautiful as possible. Noticeable among these is the dainty presentation gown to be worn by Miss Bourke, who will be presented by her mother, the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke. This has a skirt of soft white satin draped with chiffon [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hoops|paniers]] and a bodice veiled with chiffon and trimmed with diamanté and crystal embroidery. Miss Bourke’s train, gracefully hung from the shoulders, is of white satin lined with pale rose pink chiffon and embroidered with crystal and diamanté.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Fashion Day by Day. Lovely Gowns for To-night's Court.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 07 May 1913, Wednesday: 13 [of 18], Col. 1a [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/19130507/199/0013. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The ''London Evening Standard'' describes Guendoline and Daphne Bourke the same way except with differences in editing:&lt;blockquote&gt;Miss Bourke: Presented by her mother, the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke. Dainty presentation gown of white satin, the skirt draped with chiffon paniers, bodice veiled chiffon and trimmed with diamanté and crystal embroidery. Train gracefully hung from shoulder of white satin embroidered with crystal and diamanté, lined with pale rose pink chiffon.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Some of the Dresses.&quot; &quot;The King and Queen. Third Court. Most Brilliant of the Year.&quot; ''London Evening Standard'' 08 May 1913, Thursday: 11 [of 18], Col. 4b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/19130508/237/0011. Print title ''The Standard'', p. 11.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

According to the ''Lady's Pictorial'', Daphne Bourke's dress was designed and constructed by [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Messrs Russell and Allen|Messrs. Russell and Allen]], Old Bond-street, W., and the description is identical (except for a couple of commas).&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Their Majesties' Court.&quot; ''Lady's Pictorial'' 17 May 1913, Saturday: 35 [of 64], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005980/19130517/296/0035. Same print title, p. 787.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1914 May 11, Monday''', Guendoline and Daphne Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#Dance at the Ritz Hosted by Mrs. George Marjoribanks|dance at the Ritz hosted by Mrs. George Marjoribanks]].

'''1915 January 1, Friday''', Algernon Bourke is listed as being on the Executive Committee of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#1915 January 1, Friday|National Food Fund, publicized by the ''Conservative and Unionist Women's Franchise Review'']].

'''1916 August 25, Friday''', Daphne Bourke's and John Fortescue's engagement was announced:&lt;blockquote&gt;A most attractive prospective bride (says the &quot;Star&quot;) is Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke's only daughter, Miss Daphne Bourke, whose engagement has just taken place to Mr. Fortescue, of the Coldstream Guards. Miss Bourke is tall, dark, and very beautiful; and Mr. Fortescue is one of the family of Boconoc, Cornwall, and Dropmore, Maidenhead. At the latter place the two families have been neighbours, for Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke have a charming country residence at Taplow, while Dropmore is famous for its magnificent gardens.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Personalia.&quot; ''Uxbridge &amp; W. Drayton Gazette'' 25 August 1916, Friday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002285/19160825/043/0004. Print title ''The Advertiser'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''1917 June 7, Thursday''', Daphne Bourke and John Grenville Fortescue [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#7 June 1917, Thursday|married in the Coldstream Guards' chapel]].

== Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball ==
According to both the ''Morning Post'' and the ''Times'', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was among the Suite of Men in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#&quot;Oriental&quot; Procession|&quot;Oriental&quot; procession]] at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&quot;Fancy Dress Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; ''Morning Post'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 4a–8 Col. 2b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970703/054/0007.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;&quot;Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; The ''Times'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 12, Cols. 1a–4c ''The Times Digital Archive''. Web. 28 Nov. 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Based on the people they were dressed as, Guendoline Bourke was probably in this procession but it seems unlikely that Algernone Bourke was.

[[File:Guendoline-Irene-Emily-Bourke-ne-Sloane-Stanley-as-Salammb.jpg|thumb|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a standing woman richly dressed in an historical costume with a headdress and a very large fan|Hon. Guendoline Bourke as Salammbô. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]
=== Hon. Guendoline Bourke ===
[[File:Alfons Mucha - 1896 - Salammbô.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Highly stylized orange-and-yellow painting of a bare-chested woman with a man playing a harp at her feet|Alfons Mucha's 1896 ''Salammbô''.]]
Lafayette's portrait (right) of &quot;Guendoline Irene Emily Bourke (née Sloane-Stanley) as Salammbô&quot; in costume is photogravure #128 in the '''Album''' presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;&quot;Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball (1897): photogravures by Walker &amp; Boutall after various photographers.&quot; 1899. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait-list.php?set=515.&lt;/ref&gt; The printing on the portrait says, &quot;The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke as Salammbo.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;&quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke as Salammbo.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158491/Guendoline-Irene-Emily-Bourke-ne-Sloane-Stanley-as-Salammb.&lt;/ref&gt;

The Lafayette Archive has 2 additional poses from the same session on 5 July 1897 as the one chosen for the Album:

* Same image as the Album photograph but higher resolution than the one the National Portrait Gallery, London, gives permission to post (Neg. No. GP [L] [http://lafayette.org.uk/bou1369.html 1369]).
* Standing with fan behind head, includes close-up of skirt fabric and left hand (Neg. No. GP [L] [http://lafayette.org.uk/bou1368-444.html 1368-444]).
* Reclining on pillows and furs, includes close-up of face and headdress (Neg. No. GP [L] [http://lafayette.org.uk/bou1368-442.html 1368-442]).

==== Newspaper Accounts ====
The Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke was dressed as Salambo in the Oriental procession&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; in a costume made by [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Mrs. Mason|Mrs. Mason]], according to Russell Harris, although he also says [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Mr. Charles Alias|Charles Alias]] was the &quot;Costume supplier.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://lafayette.org.uk/bou1369.html|title=Hon Mrs Algernon Bourke (1870-1967), née Guendoline Irene Emily Sloane-Stanley by Lafayette 1897|website=lafayette.org.uk|access-date=2025-07-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Besides the two that mention her presence at the ball — the ''Morning Post'' and the ''Times'' — only two describe her costume, the London ''Evening Standard'' and the ''Gentlewoman'':
* &quot;Mrs. A. Bourke, as an Egyptian Princess, with the Salambo coiffure, wore a flowing gown of white and silver gauze covered with embroidery of lotus flowers. The top of the gown was ornamented with old green satin embroidered with blue turquoise and gold, and studded with rubies. The train was of old green broché with sides of orange and gold embroidery, and from the ceinture depended long bullion fringe and an embroidered ibis.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“The Ball at Devonshire House. Magnificent Spectacle. Description of the Dresses.” London ''Evening Standard'' 3 July 1897 Saturday: 3 [of 12], Cols. 1a–5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/18970703/015/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 3, Col. 3b}}
* &quot;(Egyptian Princess), drapery gown of white and silver gauze, covered with embroidery of lotus flowers; the top of gown appliqué with old green satin embroidered blue turquoise and gold, studded rubies; train of old green broché.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 40, Col. 3a}}

==== Commentary on Her Costume ====

*The heavy headdress is likely attached to a wig and further stabilized by something under Bourke's chin and by the filet around her forehead. The flowers appear to have jewels at the center. What looks like a neck treatment is probably part of the structure holding the headpiece in place. The placement of the flowers is clearly a copy of the headdress worn by Rose Caron in the 1892 Paris production of the Reyer opera. Made by Eugène Lacoste, this textile, metal and pearl ''coiffe'' still exists (https://www.gazette-drouot.com/article/bijoux-d-opera/54941) and is held by the Bibliothèque Nationale de France.&lt;ref&gt;Merle, Sandrine. &quot;Les bijoux d’Opéra en pleine lumière au Palais Garnier.&quot; ''La Gazette Druout'' 4 July 2025 (No. 26). Retrieved July 2025

https://www.gazette-drouot.com/article/bijoux-d-opera/54941.&lt;/ref&gt; It seems to have been constructed from metal for the gold framework with the leaf design, beads attached to hanging metal frameworks (the blue-green beads look like they're covered with fabric or wrapped with thread) and flowers that may have been made from stiffened pinked fabric (likely organdy) whose color may have darkened in the century that has passed.
*Bourke's posture as she leans in the reclining odalisque pose shows she is wearing a corset.
*The translucent overskirt looks like an apron attached under the bust and hanging from the bodice.
*Russell Harris says the large fan looks more Egyptian rather than Carthaginian,&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt;  and the newspapers say she was dressed as an Egyptian princess rather than a Carthaginian priestess.
*The fullness of the skirt is very controlled.
*Her shoes are slippers decorated with real or artificial jewels.

==== Salammbô ====
Salammbô is the fictitious protagonist in Gustave Flaubert's 1862 novel ''Salammbô'', set during the Roman war against Carthage.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-04-29|title=Salammbô|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salammb%C3%B4&amp;oldid=1221352216|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salammb%C3%B4.&lt;/ref&gt; Salammbô is a Carthaginian priestess of the lunar goddess Tanit. Matho, a Roman mercenary, breaks into Tanit's temple and steals her sacred veil — the spiritual guardian of Carthage. Salammbô sneaks into the enemy encampment to steal the veil back. She meets Matho in his tent, and &quot;believing each other to be divine apparitions,&quot; they make love,&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; although it is also a defilement. Salammbô succceds in getting the veil back, but Matho is tortured and executed, which causes her to die of shock, the effect of both having touched the veil. The plot of the opera is not identical to that of the novel.

What Guendoline Bourke saw in Salammbô as representative of herself is difficult to know, unless the costume itself appealed to her. A production of Ernest Reyer's opera ''Salammbô'', based on Flaubert's novel and published in Paris in 1890, opened at the Paris Opéra on 16 May 1892,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-04-11|title=Ernest Reyer|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Reyer&amp;oldid=1218353215|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Reyer.&lt;/ref&gt; starring Madame Rose Caron, with Mademoiselle Lucienne Bréval performing when Caron was on vacation.&lt;ref&gt;Jullienn, Adolphe. &quot;Mademoiselle Lucienne Bréval de L'Académie Nationale de Musique [or de l'Opéra in the Table of Contents].&quot; ''Le Théatre'' April 1898 (No. 4). Google Books https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/_oxRAQAAMAAJ. Pp. 8–10.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|8, Col. 2c}} This production was widely reviewed and discussed in the papers in the UK, and its production design was notable, especially Caron's costumes, the sets and [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#Scale of the Production of Salammbo|the very scale of the production]]. Bourke or her costumier clearly saw the opera or images of the performers or its posters, certainly influencing the design of her costume.

* Rose Caron in her Salammbo costume is here: https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/rose-caron-french-soprano-in-costume-in-the-title-role-of-news-photo/1439485238.
* A headshot of Bréval in costume is here: https://books.google.com/books/content?id=_oxRAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=RA3-PP7&amp;img=1&amp;zoom=3&amp;hl=en&amp;bul=1&amp;sig=ACfU3U2Gv8Os_rEmx2gM9SakJkYLJ9hW7g&amp;ci=6%2C1%2C988%2C1371&amp;edge=0.)
* &quot;Salammbo's hair [was] powdered with a violet dust when she first appeared before the eyes of Matho.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Salome.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 27 February 1893, Monday: 3 [of 8]. Col. 2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18930227/010/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

Salammbô figured in paintings, sculptures and illustrations of editions of Flaubert's novel before Ernest Reyer's 1890 opera. Translations and illustrated editions of Flaubert's novel had come out steadily beginning in the 1880s. Alfons Mucha's 1896 lithograph of Salammbô (above left) was published the year before the ball. Salammbo is often depicted as nude and highly sexual or sexualized (kissing a huge snake, for example, that she holds aloft). Reyer's opera was first produced in 1890 in Brussels. Both Modest Mussorgsky and Sergei Rachmaninoff had attempted but not completed operas based on the novel as well.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

===== Comtesse de Castiglione as Salammbô =====
Guendoline Bourke's costume and her social life as reported in the newspapers do not suggest that she was a big risk-taker like, for example, la Comtesse de Castiglione, Napoléon III's mistress at the time, who appeared at a ball in a Salammbô costume in 1886, 4 years after Flaubert's novel was first published. Henry Labouchere's ''Truth'' says of the Comtesse de Castiglione.&lt;blockquote&gt;
The first time I saw her I did not know who she was. She took my breath away; her beauty was so harmonious, and in all points so faultless. When I was told who she was, I thought of Helen and the Trojans. I also saw her at the fancy ball at the Tuileries, where she was in the transparent costume, lightly fastened together with brooches, ''à la'' Salammbô. Comte de Choiseul, son of the notorious Duc de Praelin, with his face blackened to make him resemble a Nubian slave, held up the part of the garment which fell as a gauzy train.

A spectatress I remember of that fancy ball was Mrs. Dayton, wife of the U.S. Minister. When she saw the Countess enter like an Olympian being, her American ideas got the better of diplomatic form, and she said to her daughter, a sweet maidenly young girl, &quot;Annie, dear, you must come away.&quot; A French lady (Madame Rouher) who sat next and was rather bourgeois than fast, remonstrated, I remember, in these words: &quot;Mais, Madame, où en est, donc, le mal ? Tout est si bien chez la Comtesse!&quot; The triumph of the Comtesse, as she walked down the Galerie des Maréchaux, was about as extraordinary a sight as the Tuileries ever presented. What was so astonishing was that the ladies forgot to be jealous, and the gentlemen to fall in love. The great beauty of the Countess excluded from their minds the idea of sex.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Notes from Paris.&quot; ''Truth'' 4 June 1891, Thursday: 22 [of 56], Col. 2b–c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18910604/046/0022. Same print title, p. 1176.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
The same reporter wrote about her again after her death in 1889.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Notes from Paris: The Late Comtesse de Castiglione.&quot; ''Truth'' 7 December 1899, Thursday: 28, Col. 1c – 29 [of 74], Col. 1c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18991207/045/0028 and https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0002961/18991207/045/0029. Same print title, pp. 1410–1411.&lt;/ref&gt; 

In 1889, on the announcement of la Comtesse de Castiglione's death, the ''Edinburgh Evening News'' exaggerates her nudity and doesn't describe the rush in the ballroom to see her, her denial that she was costumed as Salammmbô or the fact that she was Napoléon's mistress, which might go some way to explain the Empress Eugenie's response, but does address the lingering memory:&lt;blockquote&gt;The late Countess Castiglione, whose death in Paris is recorded yesterday, made her first appearance at the Imperial Court in 1866, where her extraordinary beauty made a great impression on Napoleon III., and eventually led to the Empress Eugenie’s undertaking an unexpected and much-talked-of visit to Scotland. The Countess had a face and complexion which would have enchanted Rubens, and her lovely golden hair touched her feet. Even at the present day Paris has not forgotten her costume, or rather absence of costume as Salammbo, in which character she figured at a certain memorable ball at the Tuileries, wearing her hair, her jewels, and very little else. The Empress Eugenie, when she was presented to her thus lightly arrayed, declared that she must be cold, and insisted upon her there and then donning a mantle. Mme. de Castiglione was never again invited to an entertainment over which the Empress Eugenie presided.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Countess’ Queer Ball Costume.&quot; ''Edinburgh Evening News'' 2 December 1899, Saturday: 2 [of 6], Col. 7b [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000452/18991202/024/0002. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Given how widely this incident was discussed at the time of the death of la Comtesse in 1889, brought up again with the discussions of Reyer's opera, Guendoline Bourke might easily have known about it. Perhaps the sexuality or overt sexuality of Salammbô appealed to her, but she was developing relationships with people like the Princess of Wales and had more leeway than the middle classes but would have been careful. 

===== Scale of the Production of ''Salammbo'' =====

* &quot;In Reyer's opera of 'Salammbo,' lately produced at the Grand Opera in Paris, there were 1,400 persons on the stage in the last act.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Facts and Fancies.&quot; ''Louth and North Lincolnshire Advertiser'' 9 July 1892, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 6c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000313/18920709/038/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;the battle scene in [''Salammbo''] requires no less than 3000 square yards of 'decorative surface' [probably canvas]. This establishes a record, the next largest surface being that of the salles des fetes in 'Don Giovanni.'&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A French paper gives interesting details....&quot; ''Sevenoaks Chronicle and Kentish Advertiser'' 26 August 1892, Friday: 2 [of 8], Col. 3c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001067/18920826/032/0002. Same print title, n.p.

&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Influence of the Production of ''Salammbo'' =====
Rose Caron's productions were influential, including for the costumes she wore. The 1892 ''Lohengrin'' she starred in was the source of the costumes worn by [[Social Victorians/People/Stonor#Julia Caroline Stonor, Marquise of Hautpoul|Julia Stonor, Marquise of Hautpoul]] and her brother, [[Social Victorians/People/Stonor#Hon. Harry Stonor|Hon. Harry Stonor]].

Women's clothing was influenced by the costumes in the opera, particularly those worn by Rose Caron. One color of intense red was called Salammbo. A bonnet was named the Salammbô:&lt;blockquote&gt;About the smartest thing in bonnets for ordinary complimentary mourning is called the Salammbô, and is copied from a head-dress worn by a leading artiste at one of the Paris theatres. It is made of jet, and has a rose on each side of the front from the centres of which rise two black ospreys.&lt;ref&gt;Mantalini, Miss. &quot;The Shows in the London Shops. With Mems. about Millinery.&quot; ''Pall Mall Budget'' 29 December 1892, Thursday: 22 [of 40], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005967/18921229/092/0022. Same print title, p. 1928.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;In a long illustrated article describing the wedding of Princess Marie of Edinburgh, the ''Lady's Pictorial'' provides a sketch of &quot;a very pretty [hat] (No. 4) of brown mirror velvet trimmed with mink and a brown velvet bow in front with Salammbo '&lt;nowiki/&gt;''fantaisie''&lt;nowiki/&gt;' [sic]&quot; that is among the bride's millinery.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Marriage of H.R.H. Princess Marie of Edinburgh and H.R.H. Ferdinand Crown Prince of Roumania.&quot; ''Lady's Pictorial'' 14 January 1893, Saturday: 40 [of 76], Col. 3c [of 3]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005980/18930114/064/0040. Same print title, p. 56.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

Shoes appeared:&lt;blockquote&gt;At Mrs Merritt's, Savile-street, the stock is particularly attractive, there being so many new styles in shoes this season. One of the latest designs is the Salammbo Shoe, glace kid, with one strap, a jet buckle, and very low French heels. This shoe is especially designed for tender feet, as it is very light in weight.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;House and Home. Local Letter for Women Reader [sic], (By Our Lady Contributor).&quot; ''Hull Daily Mail'' 22 July 1897, Thursday: 5 [of 6], Col. 1b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000324/18970722/069/0005. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Patterns for making the Tunique Romaine and Corsage Salammbo were for sale just a few months after the opening:&lt;blockquote&gt;Some of the leading fashionable novelties described in ''Le Follet de Paris'' are almost ahead of the season, but they look so well that it will not be long before our provincial dressmakers have them. A revival and modification of the ancient tunic is one item which is transforming the modern gowns of tailor-built tweeds into long clinging draperies, of simple cut but ineffable grace. We have had the Russian blouse with us now for the last couple of months. Now the reign of Tunique Romaine and Corsage Salambo is upon us.

... [including the address to send off for the patterns]

A very successful novelty is the ''corsage'' “Salammbo.” In reality, it is more of a blouse and short tunic than a ''corsage'', as there is no attempt at shaping to the figure. In [sic] consists, indeed, of two straight pieces of material cut round on the shoulders, where the back and front are fastened together by clasps. There is no arm-hole, and the two pieces meet at the waist under the arm, and then hang open on to the skirt. There being no dart, the waist is as wide as the shoulders; the fullness is drawn to the centre under a ''ceinture Russe'', or of oxydised silver. The outlines are trimmed with ''galon'' or some similar garniture. The &quot;Salammbo” ''guimpe'' or ''corsage'' are made of flannel or ''mousseline de laine'' of bright colour, and are worn with fitting bodices or skirts of serge, or woollen of dark colour. They are very effective, and nothing can be easier to make, while their addition to a frock constitutes a separate costume.

The fitting bodices worn under the ''guimpes'' or ''robes'' &quot;Salammbo&quot; are very simply made; being round-waisted, they are without side pieces, and only require a seam under each arm; one in the centre of the back, and one or two darts in front, according to the figure. The skirt is mounted on a round waistband, and the ''ceinture'' worn over this gives the bodice and skirt the effect of a princess dress.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Womans Ceilidh.&quot; ''Oban Times and Argyllshire Advertiser'' 3 September 1892, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 6a–b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000462/18920903/078/0003. Print title: ''The Oban Times'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Stationery even before the opera opened in Paris:&lt;blockquote&gt;The last fad in fancy stationery is the carte Salammbo, a delightfully smooth surface for writing upon, the envelopes are very small, square, and of the wallet make; the paper folds over once to fit. The newest shades are rose pink, pale English blue, apple green, and the evergreen heliotrope.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Fashions of the Month.&quot; ''Nottinghamshire Guardian'' 27 February 1892, Saturday: 7 [of 8], Col. 2b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000176/18920227/059/0007. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:Algernon Henry Bourke Vanity Fair 20 January 1898.jpg|thumb|alt=Old colored drawing of an elegant elderly man dressed in a 19th-century tuxedo with a cloak, top hat and formal pointed shoes with bows, standing facing 1/4 to his right|''Algy'' — Algernon Henry Bourke — by &quot;Spy,&quot; ''Vanity Fair'' 20 January 1898]]

=== Hon. Algernon Bourke ===
[[File:Hon-Algernon-Henry-Bourke-as-Izaak-Walton.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a man richly dressed in an historical costume sitting in a fireplace that does not have a fire and holding a tankard|Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke as Izaak Walton. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]
'''Lafayette's portrait''' (left) of &quot;Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke as Izaak Walton&quot; in costume is photogravure #129 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; The printing on the portrait says, &quot;The Hon. Algernon Bourke as Izaak Walton.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hon. Algernon Bourke as Izaak Walton.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158492/Hon-Algernon-Henry-Bourke-as-Izaak-Walton.&lt;/ref&gt;

This portrait is amazing and unusual: Algernon Bourke is not using a photographer's set with theatrical flats and props, certainly not one used by anyone else at the ball itself. Isaak Walton (baptised 21 September 1593 – 15 December 1683) wrote ''The Compleat Angler''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2021-09-15|title=Izaak Walton|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Izaak_Walton&amp;oldid=1044447858|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izaak_Walton.&lt;/ref&gt; A cottage Walton lived in and willed to the people of Stafford was photographed in 1888, suggesting that its relationship to Walton was known in 1897, raising a question about whether Bourke could have used the fireplace in the cottage for his portrait. (This same cottage still exists, as the [https://www.staffordbc.gov.uk/izaak-waltons-cottage Isaak Walton Cottage] museum.)

A caricature portrait (right) of the Hon. Algernon Bourke, called &quot;Algy,&quot; by Leslie Ward (&quot;Spy&quot;) was published in the 20 January 1898 issue of ''Vanity Fair'' as Number 702 in its &quot;Men of the Day&quot; series,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-01-14|title=List of Vanity Fair (British magazine) caricatures (1895–1899)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)_caricatures_(1895%E2%80%931899)&amp;oldid=1195518024|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)_caricatures_(1895%E2%80%931899).&lt;/ref&gt; giving an indication of what he looked like out of costume.

=== Mr. and Mrs. Bourke ===
The ''Times'' made a distinction between the Hon. Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke and Mr. and Mrs. Bourke, including both in the article.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Occasionally this same article mentions the same people more than once in different contexts and parts of the article, so they may be the same couple. (See [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#Notes and Question|Notes and Question]] #2, below.)

== Demographics ==

=== The Bourkes ===
*Nationality: Anglo-Irish&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020-11-14|title=Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo&amp;oldid=988654078|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Occupation: journalist. 1895: restaurant, hotel and club owner and manager&lt;ref&gt;''Cheltenham Looker-On'', 23 March 1895. Via Ancestry but taken from the BNA.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Residences ====
*Ireland: 1873: Palmerston House, Straffan, Co. Kildare.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; Not Co. Mayo?
*1888–1891: 33 Cadogan Terrace, S.W., Kensington and Chelsea, a dwelling house&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970, Register of Voters, 1891.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1894: 181 Pavilion Road, Kensington and Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970. Register of Voters, 1894. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1900: 181 Pavilion Road, Kensington and Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970. Register of Voters, 1900. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1904: Algernon Bourke was &quot;usually liv[ing] in Venice&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;
*1906: 75, Gloucester-place, W.&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot; /&gt;
*Guendoline Bourke
*1911: 1911 Fulham, London&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
*20 Eaton Square, S.W. (in 1897)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pl0oAAAAYAAJ|title=Who's who|date=1897|publisher=A. &amp; C. Black|language=en}} 712, Col. 1b.&lt;/ref&gt; (London home of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]])

=== The Sloane-Stanleys ===

==== Residences ====

* 1871: Chester Street, St George Hanover Square (Census), with 5 servants, including a cook and a footman.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;The National Archives; Kew, London, England; ''1871 England Census''; Class: ''RG10''; Piece: ''104''; Folio: ''21''; Page: ''37''; GSU roll: ''838763''. Ancestry.com. ''1871 England Census'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1881–1885&lt;ref&gt;''UK, City and County Directories, 1600s-1900s''. Ancestry.com. ''UK, City and County Directories, 1766 - 1946'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; [at least]: 14 Halkin Street, W., St. Georges, 14 servants, including a governess, a house steward, an under butler, a footman and a cook.&lt;ref&gt;''Census Returns of England and Wales, 1881''. Kew, Surrey, England: The National Archives of the UK (TNA): Public Record Office (PRO), 1881. Class: ''RG11''; Piece: ''98''; Folio: ''66''; Page: ''37''; GSU roll: ''1341022''. Ancestry.com and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. ''1881 England Census'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1888: 49, Cadogan-square, St. Luke, Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Ancestry.com. ''London, England, Overseer Returns, 1863-1894'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1899, Roger Cyril Sloane-Stanley: 4 Down St., St George, Hanover Square&lt;ref&gt;London Metropolitan Archives; London, England; ''Electoral Registers''. Ancestry.com. ''London, England, Electoral Registers, 1832-1965'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1911, Roger Cyril Sloane-Stanley: Paultons, Ower, Romsey

== Family ==
*Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke (31 December 1854 – 7 April 1922)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p29657.htm#i296561|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Guendoline Irene Emily Sloane-Stanley Bourke (c. 1869 – 30 December 1967)&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&quot;Guendoline Irene Emily Stanley.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p51525.htm#i515247|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
#Daphne Marjory Bourke (5 April 1895 – 22 May 1962)

=== Relations ===
*Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke (the 3rd son of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|6th Earl of Mayo]]) was the older brother of Lady Florence Bourke.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
*Wilfred Blunt was a cousin of Algernon Bourke: Bourke's mother's &quot;mother was one of the Blunts of Crabbet Park, Sussex, which makes them kinswomen of Mr. Alfred Scawen Blunt, poet, Egyptophil and counsel for Arabi Pasha in his trial.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From ''Truth''.&quot; ''Mid-Lothian Journal'' 23 August 1912, Friday: 8 [of 8], 2c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002721/19120823/147/0008. Print title and p. same.&lt;/ref&gt;
*Lord Alfred Douglas was a cousin of Algernon Bourke.

==== Other Bourkes ====
*Hubert Edward Madden Bourke (after 1925, Bourke-Borrowes)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hubert Edward Madden Bourke-Borrowes.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p52401.htm#i524004|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2021-08-25}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p52401.htm#i524004.&lt;/ref&gt;
*Lady Eva Constance Aline Bourke, who married [[Social Victorians/People/Dunraven|Windham Henry Wyndham-Quin]] on 7 July 1885;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lady Eva Constance Aline Bourke.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p2575.htm#i25747|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-02}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p2575.htm#i25747.&lt;/ref&gt; he became 5th Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl on 14 June 1926.

=== The Sloane-Stanleys ===
* Emilie Josephine S Stanley ( 21 December 1848 [baptism]&lt;ref&gt;London Metropolitan Archives; &quot;London, England, UK&quot; ; ''London Church of England Parish Registers''; Reference Number: ''P87/Tri/001''. Ancestry.com. ''London, England, Church of England Births and Baptisms, 1813-1923'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;  – October 1945)
* Hans T Sloane Stanley (11 May 1840 [baptism]&lt;ref&gt;Ancestry.com. ''England, Select Births and Christenings, 1538-1975'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; – 15 December 1888&lt;ref&gt;Ancestry.com. ''UK and Ireland, Find a Grave® Index, 1300s-Current'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;)
* James Shell[e?]y Bontein ()
*# Gwendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt; Irene Emily G Stanley (c. 1870&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt; – )
*# '''Roger Cyril Hans Sloane Stanley''' (29 April 1875&lt;ref&gt;The National Archives; Kew, Surrey, England; ''WO 42 War Office: Officers' Birth Certificates, Wills and Personal Papers 1755-1908''; Reference: ''WO 42/72''. Ancestry.com. ''UK, Officers' Birth Certificates, Wills and Personal Papers, 1755-1908'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; – 18 November 1944&lt;ref&gt;''Find a Grave''. Find a Grave®. http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi. Ancestry.com. ''UK and Ireland, Find a Grave® Index, 1300s-Current'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;)


* Olivia Elizabeth Berens, Countess Cairns&lt;ref&gt;The National Archives of the UK (TNA); Kew, Surrey, England; ''Census Returns of England and Wales, 1911''. Ancestry.com. ''1911 England Census'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; (c. 1871 – 20 June 1951&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Olivia Elizabeth Berens.&quot; Person Page 3908; person #39077. ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as well as the Royal Families of Europe''. https://www.thepeerage.com/p3908.htm#i39077.

&lt;/ref&gt;)
* Arthur William Cairns, 2nd Earl Cairns (21 December 1861 – 14 January 1890)&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot;&gt;&quot;Arthur William Cairns, 2nd Earl Cairns.&quot; Person Page 3908; Person #39076. ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as well as the Royal Families of Europe''. https://www.thepeerage.com/p3908.htm#i39076.&lt;/ref&gt;
*# Lady Louise Rosemary Kathleen Virginia Cairns (10 March 1889 – 17 May 1962)&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot; /&gt;
* Roger Cyril Hans Sloane Stanley (1875 – 18 November 1944)
*# Lavender Elizabeth (20 May 1900 [baptism]&lt;ref&gt;Hampshire Archives and Local Studies; Winchester, England, UK; ''Anglican Parish Registers''; Reference: ''35M76/PR3''. Ancestry.com. ''Hampshire, England, Church of England Baptisms, 1813-1921''[database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; – )
*# Diane Sloane Stanley (c. 1905 – )


* Lavender Elizabeth (20 May 1900 [baptism] – )
* John Everett ()


* Diane Sloane Stanley (c. 1905 – )
* Elwyn Villiers Rhys ()

== Writings, Memoirs, Biographies, Papers ==

=== Writings ===
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon. ''The History of White's''. London: Algernon Bourke [privately published], 1892.
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon, ed., &quot;with a brief Memoir.&quot; ''Correspondence of Mr Joseph Jekyll with His Sister-in-Law, Lady Gertrude Sloane Stanley, 1818–1838''. John Murray, 1893.
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon, ed. ''Correspondence of Mr Joseph Jekyll''. John Murray, 1894.

=== Papers ===
* Where are the papers for the Earl of Mayo family? Are Algernon and Guendoline Bourke's papers with them?

== Notes and Questions ==
#The portrait of Algernon Bourke in costume as Isaac Walton is really an amazing portrait with a very interesting setting, far more specific than any of the other Lafayette portraits of these people in their costumes. Where was it shot? Lafayette is given credit, but it's not one of his usual backdrops. If this portrait was taken the night of the ball, then this fireplace was in Devonshire House; if not, then whose fireplace is it?
#The ''Times'' lists Hon. A. Bourke (at 325) and Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke (at 236) as members of a the &quot;Oriental&quot; procession, Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke (in the general list of attendees), and then a small distance down Mr. and Mrs. Bourke (now at 511 and 512, respectively). This last couple with no honorifics is also mentioned in the report in the London ''Evening Standard'', which means the Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke, so the ''Times'' may have repeated the Bourkes, who otherwise are not obviously anyone recognizable. If they are not the Hon. Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke, then they are unidentified. It seems likely that they are the same, however, as the newspapers were not perfectly consistent in naming people with their honorifics, even in a single story, especially a very long and detailed one in which people could be named more than once.
#Three slightly difficult-to-identify men were among the Suite of Men in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#&quot;Oriental&quot; Procession|&quot;Oriental&quot; procession]]: [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax|Gordon Wood]], [[Social Victorians/People/Portman|Arthur B. Portman]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Wilfred Wilson]]. The identification of Gordon Wood and Wilfred Wilson is high because of contemporary newspaper accounts. The Hon. Algernon Bourke, who was also in the Suite of Men, is not difficult to identify at all. Arthur Portman appears in a number of similar newspaper accounts, but none of them mentions his family of origin.
#[http://thepeerage.com The Peerage] has no other Algernon Bourkes.
#The Hon Algernon Bourke is #235 on the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball#List of People Who Attended|list of people who were present]]; the Hon. Guendoline Bourke is #236; a Mr. Bourke is #703; a Mrs. Bourke is #704.
#Hans Stanley-Sloane's estate was £33,704 7s. 5d. in the final probate in December 1889,&lt;ref&gt;Principal Probate Registry; London, England; ''Calendar of the Grants of Probate and Letters of Administration made in the Probate Registries of the High Court of Justice in England''. Ancestry.com. ''England &amp; Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1995'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; which might lead his widow to consider remarrying.
== Footnotes ==
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      <text bytes="175468" sha1="npq3zzkrk629g29ilt0qnyt2n2uewg2" xml:space="preserve">Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were &quot;satirized&quot; by [[Social Victorians/People/Oscar Wilde|Oscar Wilde]] in his 1895 ''The Importance of Being Earnest''.&lt;ref&gt;Fahey, David M. ''The Politics of Drink in England, from Gladstone to Lloyd George''. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, 2022: p. 21, n. 34. ''Google Books'' (retrieved July 2025) https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Politics_of_Drink_in_England_from_Gl/8HRjEAAAQBAJ.&lt;/ref&gt; Algernon Bourke was a cousin of Lord Alfred Douglas, Wilde's Bosie, in 1898 attempting to facilitate a reconciliation between Bosie and his father, the Marquess of Queensberry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:26&quot;&gt;Ellmann, Richard. ''Osar Wilde''. Alfred A. Knopf, 1988.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|568}}[[File:Leslie Ward - Vanity Fair, Newspapermen, ^Algy^, The Hon Algernon Henry Bourke, Januray 20, 1898 - B1979.14.521 - Yale Center for British Art.jpg|thumb|Hon. Algernon Bourke, ''Vanity Fair'', 1898]]

==Also Known As==
* Family name: Bourke [pronounced ''burk'']&lt;ref name=&quot;:62&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-05-07|title=Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earl_of_Mayo&amp;oldid=1222668659|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Mayo.&lt;/ref&gt;
* The Hon. Algernon Bourke
** Button Bourke&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Tory 'Reformer' at the India Office.&quot; ''India'' 10 November 1911, Friday: 4 [of 12], Col. 1b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004300/19111110/007/0004#. Print: same title, p. 228.&lt;/ref&gt;
** Algy Bourke
* Mrs. Guendoline Bourke
** Guendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; [The National Portrait Gallery, London, uses this spelling for Lafayette's portrait of Bourke in costume for the ball,&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt; as does Russell Harris in the Lafayette Archive, held by the Victoria and Albert&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot;&gt;Harris, Russell. &quot;Hon Mrs Algernon Bourke, née Guendoline Irene Emily Sloane-Stanley (1870-1967), as Salammbô.&quot; ''In Calm Prose'' 2011. http://www.rvondeh.dircon.co.uk/incalmprose/.&lt;/ref&gt;.]
** Gwendolen&lt;ref&gt;General Register Office. ''England and Wales Civil Registration Indexes''. London, England: General Register Office. FreeBMD. ''England &amp; Wales, Civil Registration Marriage Index, 1837-1915''[database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Marriage Index}} &lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt;{{rp|''Morning Post'' article about her name}} &lt;ref&gt;General Register Office. ''England and Wales Civil Registration Indexes''. London, England: General Register Office. FreeBMD. ''England &amp; Wales, Civil Registration Marriage Index, 1837-1915''[database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Electoral Register}}
** Gwendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;City of Westminster Archives Centre; London, England; ''Westminster Church of England Parish Registers''; Reference: ''SPWP/PR/1/2''. Ancestry.com. ''Westminster, London, England, Church of England Births and Baptisms, 1813-1919'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Births and Baptisms}}
* Shelley Bontein and Emilie Sloane-Stanley Bontein
* See also the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|page for the Earl of Mayo]], the Hon. Algernon Bourke's father and then brother, and other Bourkes

== Overview ==

=== Algernon Bourke ===
Although the Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke was born in Dublin in 1854 and came from a family whose title is in the Peerage of Ireland,&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;1911 England Census.&lt;/ref&gt; he seems to have spent much of his adult life generally in England and especially in London. He was &quot;a noted fisherman.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London Correspondence.&quot; ''Freeman's Journal'' 21 December 1897, Tuesday: 5 [of 8], Col. 5c [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000056/18971221/027/0005. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

Because he was the son of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]], perhaps, or perhaps because he was so involved in projects that got reported on, he was mentioned a great deal in the newspapers, but after his bankruptcy, he seems to have receded in prominence, in part because he was living outside of the U.K., and apparently separately from his wife, Guendoline Bourke.

Bourke ran as the Conservative candidate for Parliament from Clapham (population, c. 70,000) in 1885, a race he did not win. As a candidate he is described like this:&lt;blockquote&gt;Acted as a newspaper correspondent during the Zulu war. Subsequently Poor-law inspector in the West of Ireland. &quot;A loyal supporter of Church and State.&quot; Desires to reduce the School Board expenditure, and revive trade; and is opposed to Mr. Chamberlain's &quot;police of hasty and experimental reform.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Clapham (70,000).&quot; ''South London Chronicle'' 17 October 1885, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000443/18851017/113/0005. Print title ''South London Chronicle and Southwark and Lambeth Ensign'', p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The London ''Weekly Dispatch'' says he is &quot;a dashing and unscrupulous young Tory.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Political Campaign in London.&quot; ''Weekly Dispatch'' (London) 15 November 1885, Sunday: 9 [of 16], Col. 3c [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003358/18851115/069/0009. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

&quot;Algy&quot; Bourke was &quot;Man of the Day&quot; (No. DCCII [522) for ''Vanity Fair'' in 1898, caricatured by Leslie Ward (above right) and damned, perhaps, with faint praise:&lt;blockquote&gt;Son of the great and murdered Lord Mayo, he is contemporary with the outbreak of the Crimean War, he is a Member of the London Stock Exchange, he has a beautiful wife and a daughter, and, being a very fashionable young man, he was once refused as their Member by the worthy electors of Clapham. He was an Eton boy, of course: and less naturally he went to Cambridge; where he was made President of the Beefsteak, the Amateur Dramatic, the Athenaeum, the True Blue, and the Hibernian Clubs. When he came down he tried journalism and went to Zululand as a ''Daily Telegraph'' ‘‘special”; after which he was improved into an Inspector of Workhouses [2, Col. 2c – 3, Col. 1a] in Ireland: which may account for his proficiency as a caterer. For seven years he worked under the late Mr. Chinnery on ''The Times'': being popularly supposed to look after that journal's morals. He is a good man of business, and a great organiser who has made White's Club pay even if it be less “smart&quot; than it was. He has done much for Willis’s since he took it in hand; he did well with his Battersea venture, and he thinks that he only failed with the Summer Club in Kensington Gardens because people would not go to the wrong side of the Park. Moreover, he runs a Club at Brighton, and he is Chairman of the Grand Hotel at Monte Carlo: whither he once organised a cheap trip. Altogether he is a veritable Clubman, and a very successful arranger of amusements, associations, and restaurants.

He is a popular fellow who is known to all of us; and though he is a little inclined to be quarrelsome, no one can get much the better of him. He is also a quick grasper of facts and a good talker. His favourite sports are fishing and the organising of associations for the introduction of salmon to the Thames. By way of being an art critic, he has made an interesting collection of engravings of the members of White’s Club from its foundation; but his friends say that he is not a well-dressed man. He has also written a history of White’s, and he is now writing one of Brooks's Club. He is a genial person, who looks as if the world agreed with him well.

He is an aquisition [sic] to a house party; and they call him “Algy.”&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Men of the Day.&quot; — No. DCCII [522]. The Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke.&quot; ''Vanity Fair'' 20 January 1898, Thursday: 2 [of 4], Col. 2c – 3, Col. 3a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9900020/18980120/010/0002 and https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/9900020/18980120/005/0003. Same print title, pp. 41–42. Portrait is full page, on p. 1.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The Hon. Algernon Bourke and Mr. Algernon Bourke, depending on the newspaper article, were the same person. Calling him Mr. Bourke in the newspapers, especially when considered as a businessman or (potential) member of Parliament, does not rule out the son of an earl, who would normally be accorded the honorific of ''Honorable''.

=== Guendoline Sloane-Stanley Bourke ===

Mrs. Guendoline Bourke exhibited at dog shows successfully and was a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Society Sportswomen|noted deerstalker]] and &quot;an appreciative listener to good music.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Vanity Fair.&quot; ''Lady of the House'' 15 June 1899, Thursday: 4 [of 44], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004836/18990615/019/0004.&lt;/ref&gt; She was a sponsor of Irish art needlework as well. Her personal beauty is often mentioned in reports, and ''The World'' says she was &quot;a magnificent woman.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Beauties of To-Day. From the ''World''.&quot; ''Clifton Society'' 24 June 1897, Thursday: 14 [of 16], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002164/18970624/066/0014. Same print and p.&lt;/ref&gt; She is the first listed in the ''Graphic''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s 1891 &quot;Leading Ladies of Society&quot;:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke is a daughter (Gwendoline Irene Emily) of the late Hans Sloane Stanley, Esq., of Poultons, Southampton, and 49, Cadogan Square, S.W. She married, on December 15th, 1887, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, third son of the sixth Earl of Mayo, Governor-General of India (who was assassinated in 1872), and nephew of Lord Connemara, Governor of Madras. Mr. Bourke is a member of the London Stock Exchange, and resides at 33, Cadogan Terrace, S.W.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Leading Ladies of Society.&quot; The Graphic 28 March 1891, Saturday: 6 [of 28], Col. 2c [of 3]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9000057/18910328/019/0006. Print: same title, p. 346.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;She attended many social events without her husband, especially into the 20th century, usually described with an appreciation of what she wore. Unlike her husband's, Guendoline's social status seems to have risen as time passed, and she appears in stories associated with the Princess of Wales, and then later with Queen Alexandra.

=== The Sloane-Stanley Family ===
Guendoline's family consisted of a younger brother, Cyril Sloane-Stanley, as well as her parents, Hans Sloane-Stanley and Emilie Edwards Sloane-Stanley. Exactly one year after she and Algernon Bourke married, Hans Sloane-Stanley died (in 1888), leaving an estate worth £33,704 7s. 5d.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;&gt;Principal Probate Registry; London, England; ''Calendar of the Grants of Probate and Letters of Administration made in the Probate Registries of the High Court of Justice in England''. Ancestry.com. ''England &amp; Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1995'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; (1888, 321) Her mother remarried almost exactly a year after that, to James Shelly Bontein. Bontein's father had been Gentleman Usher and Clerk of the Robes to Queen Victoria.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot;&gt;&quot;Marriages.&quot; &quot;Births, Marriages, and Deaths.&quot; ''Belfast News-Letter'' 6 December 1889, Friday: 1 [of 8], Col. 1a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000038/18891206/001/0001. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

Shortly after his death ''Truth'' described Guendoline and Cyril's father Hans Sloane-Stanley:&lt;blockquote&gt;The death of Mr. Sloane Stanley, of Paultons Park, is much regretted in South Hants, as he was one of the most popular landlords in the county, and was greatly esteemed. Mr. Sloane Stanley was well known in yachting circles, and for many years he was Commodore of the Royal Southern Yacht Club, and owned the schooner ''Star of the West''. He was one of the very few owners who continued to keep up the old custom of giving his crew a laying-up supper at the close of each season. There were great festivities at Paultons only a few months ago, when Miss Sloane Stanley was married to Mr. Algernon Bourke.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Entre Nous.&quot; ''Truth'' 27 December 1888, Thursday: 6 [of 48], Col. 2b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18881227/023/0006# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18881227/023/0006]. Same print title, p. 1136.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;When he died in 1944, Cyril Sloane-Stanley's estate was quite a bit larger than his father's had been 50 years before. The probate was divided between what was limited to &quot;settled land&quot; and what was &quot;save and except settled land.&quot; What was not settled land totalled £356,114 12s. 10d. and went to John Everett, company director; the Hon. Elwyn Villiers Rhys, captain, H.M. army; and William Adam de Geijer, retired captain, H.M. army.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt; (1944, 430) His daughter Lavender was married to John Everett, and Diane was married to Elwyn Villiers Rhys. What was settled land totalled £168,975 and went to William Adam de Geijer, retired captain, H.M. army, and George Lawrence Stewart, solicitor.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt; (1944, 430)

The Sloane-Stanleys descend from Hans Sloane (1660–1753), whose 71,000-item collections &quot;provid[ed] the foundation of the British Museum, the British Library, and the Natural History Museum, London.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2025-01-07|title=Hans Sloane|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane|journal=Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane|language=en|via=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Much of this Hans Sloane's wealth came from his medical practice in Jamaica, where he went as physician to the Governor General of Jamaica, the 2nd Duke of Albemarle, and where he married &quot;a wealthy heiress of sugar plantations&quot; worked by enslaved Jamaicans.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot; /&gt; His great-nephew, Hans Sloane, inherited Paultons, near Romsey, &quot;and in recognition of this he adopted the additional surname of Stanley in 1821.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-10-06|title=Hans Sloane (MP)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane_(MP)|journal=Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane_(MP)|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Acquaintances, Friends and Enemies ==

=== Algernon Bourke ===

* Best man at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Wedding of Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Sloane Stanley|his wedding]]: the Hon. Michael Sandys
* [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Marcus Henry Milner]], &quot;one of the zealous assistants of that well-known firm of stockbrokers, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;&quot;Metropolitan Notes.&quot; ''Nottingham Evening Post'' 31 July 1888, Tuesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 2a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/18880731/025/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Caroline, Duchess of Montrose — her &quot;legal advisor&quot; on the day of her marriage to Marcus Henry Milner&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Metropolitan Notes.&quot; ''Nottingham Evening Post'' 31 July 1888, Tuesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 1b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/18880731/025/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Wilfred Scawen Blunt
* Alexander Meyrick Broadley&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot;&gt;Broadley, Alexander Meyrick. ''How We Defended Arábi and His Friends, a Story of Egypt and the Egyptians''. London: Chapman and Hall, 1884. Google Books: [https://www.google.com/books/edition/How_We_Defended_Ar%C3%A1bi_and_His_Friends/75YRzFDvaO4C?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;bsq=Bourke https://www.google.com/books/edition/How_We_Defended_Ar%C3%A1bi_and_His_Friends/75YRzFDvaO4C].&lt;/ref&gt; (2) [Blunt, Broadley and Bourke were mutual friends; Blunt and Bourke were cousins.]
* &quot;Natty Rothschild,&quot; according to Blunt
* Brett, who was Hartington's secretary in the early 80s.&lt;ref&gt;Blunt, Wilfred Scawen. ''Gordon at Khartoum, Being a Personal Narrative of Events in Continuation of &quot;A Secret History of the English Occupation of Egypt''.&quot; London: Stephen Swift, 1911.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Guendoline Bourke ===

* Bridesmaids at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Wedding of Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Sloane Stanley|her wedding]]: Lady Florence Bourke, Miss Nora Bourke, Miss Edwards, and Miss Ewart
* Lord and Lady Alington, Belvedere House, Scarborough
* [[Social Victorians/People/William James|Evelyn James]] 

== Organizations ==

=== Guendoline Bourke ===

* Member, the Ladies Committee for the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Skating Club|Prince's Skating Club]], which also included [[Social Victorians/People/Princess Louise|Princess Louise]] (Duchess of Argyll), the [[Social Victorians/People/Portland|Duchess of Portland]], [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Lady Londonderry]], [[Social Victorians/People/Campbell|Lady Archibald Campbell]], [[Social Victorians/People/Ribblesdale|Lady Ribblesdale]], and [[Social Victorians/People/Asquith|Mrs. Asquith]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;&quot;What the 'World' Says.&quot; ''Northwich Guardian'' 01 November 1902, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Col. 8a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001975/19021101/134/0006. Print title: The ''Guardian'', p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt; (in 1902, at least)

=== Algernon Bourke ===
* [[Social Victorians/Schools#Eton|Eton]]
* Cambridge University, Trinity College, 1873, Michaelmas term&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;Cambridge University Alumni, 1261–1900. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Conservative Party
* 1879: Appointed a Poor Law Inspector in Ireland, Relief of Distress Act
* 1881: Partner, with 2 uncles, in Brunton, Bourke, and Co.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From Our London Correspondent.&quot; ''Manchester Courier'' 24 August 1881, Wednesday: 5 [of 8], Col. 4a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000206/18810824/030/0005. Print: ''Manchester Courier and Lancaster General Advertiser'', p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt; (one of the [[Social Victorians/British Aristocracy#Sons of Peers on the Stock Exchange|sons of peers on the Stock Exchange]])
* 1885: Office of the 7th Surrey Rifles Regiment&lt;ref&gt;&quot;7th Surrey Rifles.&quot; ''South London Press'' 08 August 1885, Saturday: 12 [of 16], Col. 4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18850808/165/0012. Print p. 12.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1886: Battersea Friendly Angling Society&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Battersea Friendly Angling Society.&quot; ''Fishing Gazette'' 17 April 1886, Saturday: 6 [of 20], Col. 2a [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002553/18860417/030/0006. Same print title, p. 218.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 27 February 1886: one of the Vice Presidents of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Bolingbroke Reading-Room and Institute|Bolingbroke Reading-Room and Institute]]
* Special Correspondent of The ''Times'' for the Zulu War, accompanying Lord Chelmsford
* Head, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys, &quot;that well-known firm of stockbrokers&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; ( – 1901 [at least])
* White's gentleman's club, St. James's,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-10-09|title=White's|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White's|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%27s.&lt;/ref&gt; Manager (1897)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Side Lights on Drinking.&quot; ''Waterford Standard'' 28 April 1897, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001678/18970428/053/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Willis's Rooms (described in 1895):&lt;blockquote&gt;... the Hon. Algernon Burke [sic], son of the 6th Earl of Mayo, has turned the place into a smart restaurant where choice dinners are served and eaten while a stringed band discourses music. Willis's Rooms are now the favourite dining place for ladies who have no club of their own, or for gentlemen who are debarred by rules from inviting ladies to one of their own clubs. The same gentleman runs a hotel in Brighton, and has promoted several clubs. He has a special faculty for organising places of the kind, without which such projects end in failure.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lenten Dullness.&quot; ''Cheltenham Looker-On'' 23 March 1895, Saturday: 11 [of 24], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000226/18950323/004/0011. Print p. 275.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
*The [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Pelican|Pelican Club]], known for its boxing (1891)

==== Boards of Directors ====
*1883: One of the directors, the Franco-English Tunisian Esparto Fibre Supply Company, Ltd.&lt;ref&gt;''Money Market Review'', 20 Jan 1883 (Vol 46): 124.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1891: One of the founders, the Discount Banking Company, Ltd., which says Algernon Bourke is a director of District Messenger Services and News Company, Ltd.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Public Company.&quot; ''Nottingham Journal'' 31 October 1891, Saturday: 4 [of 8], Col. 8a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001896/18911031/099/0004. Print title: ''The Nottingham Daily Express'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1894: One of the directors, the Frozen Lake, Ltd., with Admiral Maxse, Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Marcus Beresford]], [[Social Victorians/People/Williams|Hwfa Williams]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Frozen Lake, Limited.&quot; ''St James's Gazette'' 08 June 1894, Friday: 15 [of 16], Col. 4a [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001485/18940608/085/0015. Print p. 15.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;London is to have new amusement this winter, for which Mr Algernon Bourke, who has taught us that it is possible to eat as well in St. James’s as on the Boulevards, and Mr Hwfa Williams, of Sandown fame, are jointly responsible. The &quot;Frozen Lake,&quot; under which title a real ice-skating rink is about to be constructed under their auspices, will no doubt be gladly welcomed by all skaters, and the venture is likely to prove a success.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip.&quot; ''Weston-super-Mare Gazette, and General Advertiser'' 6 June 1894, Wednesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 4b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001444/18940606/044/0004. Print title: ''Weston-super-Mare Gazette'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== Committees ====

*Member, General Committee, [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Baths|the Baths Club]] (1892)
*Member, Men's Committee of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Skating Club|Prince's Skating Club]], which also included Lord Edward Cecil, Lord Redesdale, Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Lyttelton|Alfred Lyttelton]], Sir Edgar Vincent, Sir William Hart Dyke, and Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Grenfell|W. H. Grenfell]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; (1902, at least)
*[[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#25 March 1896, Wednesday|The Sala Memorial Fund]], member of the committee (from 25 March 1896)
* Member of an &quot;influential committee&quot; headed by the Lord Mayor &quot;to restore salmon to the Thames&quot; (June 1899)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Salmon in the Thames.&quot; ''Berks and Oxon Advertiser'' 30 June 1899, Friday: 5 [of 8], Col. 4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002298/18990630/079/0005. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Timeline ==

=== 1870s ===
'''1872 February 8''', Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo was assassinated while inspecting a &quot;convict settlement at Port Blair in the Andaman Islands ... by Sher Ali Afridi, a former Afghan soldier.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-12-01|title=Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo.&lt;/ref&gt; The Hon. Algernon's brother Dermot became the 7th Earl at 19 years old.

'''1876 November 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was one of 6 men (2 students, one of whom was Bourke; 2 doctors; a tutor and another man) from Cambridge who gave evidence as witnesses in an inquest about the death of a student falling off a horse.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Fatal Accident to a Sheffield Student at Cambridge.&quot; ''Sheffield Independent'' 25 November 1876, Saturday: 7 [of 12], Col. 5a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000181/18761125/040/0007. Print title: ''Sheffield and Rotherham Independent'', n. p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1879 December 27, Saturday – 29, Monday''', Algernon Bourke was in Kilrush as a Local Government Board Inspector:&lt;blockquote&gt;Among many distinguished visitors at the Vandeleur Arms Hotel, Kilrush this week was the Hon. Algernon Bourke Local Government Board Inspector who arrived on Saturday, and sojourned there until 2 o'clock on Monday, when the honourable gentleman left by Steamer tor Limerick.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Fashionable Intelligence.&quot; ''Kilrush Herald and Kilkee Gazette'' 01 January 1880, Thursday: 2 [of 5], Col. 3a [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003186/18800101/011/0002. Print title ''Kilrush Herald'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 1880s ===
'''4 February 1880, Wednesday''', Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880#Grand Ball at Palmerstown House Hosted by the Earl of Mayo|grand ball at Palmerstown House hosted by the Earl of Mayo]]. 

'''1880 March 30, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was working in the judicial system in Newcastle, County Limerick, possibly as Poorhouse Inspector:&lt;blockquote&gt;A sworn enquiry was held to-day at the Workhorse, Newcastle West, by the Hon Algernon Bourke, L.G.I., to enquire into charges preferred by Dr. Pierce, Medical Office, against Dr. O'Shaughnesay. The enquiry was adjourned till Thursday next. Mr Moran, sol., Rathkeale, was engaged for Dr. O'Shaughnessy.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Sworn Enquiry.&quot; &quot;Limerick County. Newcastle West Intelligence.&quot; ''Bassett's Chronicle'' 31 March 1880, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 3b–c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003471/18800331/044/0003.  Print title ''Bassett's Daily Chronicle'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1880 April 17, Saturday''', in-jokes dominate this report mentioning Algernon Bourke in the context of the Kildare and National Hunt races in Dublin:&lt;blockquote&gt;And in mopy Upper Mount-street, where young Algernon Bourke, of the Onety-oneth, had promised to call for, and afterwards spin down to the races in his mail phaeton, the Blake girls; and in fastidious Fitzwilliam-place, and exclusive &quot;Murryan-squeer,&quot; from which dashing army men, in their neatly-appointed, well horsed drags were to &quot;tool&quot; down sweet young Dublin lasses of the ''crême d la crême'' [sic], many an anxious forecasting of the weather was taken, lest by an unpropitious shower that last triumph of Mrs. Manning, or the Forrests, or Miss Sedford, or any of the ''grandes dames de la mode'' should be rendered as worthless as a Confederate &quot;greenback.&quot; But by ten o'clock all doubts were happily set aside, and up struck the lovely April day in all its spring-time glory and then the road, oh, the road!&lt;ref&gt;&quot;To Punchestown and Back by the Old Road.&quot; ''Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News'' 17 April 1880, Saturday: 6 [of 24], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001857/18800417/013/0006. Same print title, p. 102.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1881 May 10, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#1881 May 10, Tuesday|wedding of Marion Lascelles, eldest daughter of the Hon. Egremont W. Lascelles, brother of the Earl of Harewood, and Lieutenant Henry Dent Brocklehurst, of the Second Life Guards, nephew of Mr. Philip Brocklehurst, of Swithamley Park, Macclesfield]]. His gift was an &quot;old enamelled watch set in pearls.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Nuptial Rejoicings at Middlethorpe Manor. Marriage of Miss Lascelles and Lieut. Brocklehurst.&quot; ''Yorkshire Gazette'' 14 May 1881, Saturday: 9 [of 12], Cols. 3a–4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive''https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000266/18810514/057/0009. Print same title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1881 May 23, Monday, 2:00 p.m.''', Algernon Bourke is listed among the Honourables at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace|Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace]].

'''1881 July 14, Thursday afternoon, beginning about 2 p.m.''', Algernon Bourke was invited to a Garden Party at Marlborough House hosted by [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]]. Members of the family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] were also among the 1,500 or so invited guests.

'''1881 July 22, Friday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to an [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#22 July 1881, Friday|evening party at Marlborough House hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales]].

'''1881 September 17, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was reported among the company at Doncaster during race week.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;List of the Company.&quot; ''York Herald'' 17 September 1881, Saturday: 8 [of 16], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000499/18810917/183/0008. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1881 November 22, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was sued in Dublin by Henry Naylor because he &quot;had declined to pay&quot; for a £35 piano.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Henry Naylor v. the Hon. Algernon Bourke.&quot; &quot;Exchequer Division.&quot; &quot;High Court of Justice.&quot; ''Belfast Morning News'' 23 November 1881, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 8a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000428/18811123/015/0003. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1881 December 8, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke was part of a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#Battue at Palmerstown|battue at Palmerstown]], when the group bagged 172 pheasants, hares and rabbits.

'''1882 March 7, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882#7 March 1882, Tuesday|fashionable wedding of Reginald Chandos-Pole and Violet Denison]].

'''1882 March 15, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882#The Marchioness of Salisbury's Assembly|the Marchioness of Salisbury's first reception of the season]].

'''1882 July 13, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to the [[Social Victorians/1882-07-13 Marlborough House Garden Party|Garden Party at Marlborough House for Queen Victoria]] hosted by [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]]. The more than 1,000 people invited also included a number of people from the family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]].

'''1882 September 19''', Alexander M. Broadley in Tunis received a letter from Algernon Bourke asking him to provide legal counsel to defend prisoner-of war Arábi in Egypt, with Wilfred Scawen Blunt, which he did.&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot; /&gt; (2)

'''1882 September 28, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882#The Wedding of John M'Donald and Georgiana Lambart|wedding of John M'Donald and Georgiana Lambart]].

'''1883 March 21, Wednesday''', the Evening Irish Times announced that Algernon Bourke &quot;has arrived at Kingstown from England.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Fashion.&quot; ''Evening Irish Times'' 21 March 1883, Wednesday: 7 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003464/18830321/086/0007. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''23 July 1883, Monday, noon''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1883#Garden Party at Marlborough House, at Noon|garden party at Marlborough House]] hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales.

'''31 October 1883, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the wedding of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1883#Wedding of Lady Cecelia Hay and Captain George Webbe|Lady Cecelia Hay and Captain George Webbe]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 February 16, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#16 February 1884, Saturday|the funeral of Thomas Chenery, editor of the ''Times'']].&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 April 4, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was (may have been?) one of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#5 April 1884, Saturday|&quot;Supporters of the Pall&quot; at the funeral]] of [[Social Victorians/People/Leopold|Prince Leopold George Duncan Albert, Duke of Albany]] at St. George's, Windsor.&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 April 26, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#26 April 1884, Saturday|dinner party at the Lord Mayor's Mansion House for conservatives to meet Sir Stafford Northcote]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 May 3, Saturday''', the &quot;Rochester Conservatives&quot; announced that they would &quot;bring forward the Hon. Algernon Bourke, brother of Lord Mayo, as their second candidate,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Election Intelligence.&quot; ''Yorkshire Gazette'' 03 May 1884, Saturday: 4 [of 12], Col. 6a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000266/18840503/011/0004.&lt;/ref&gt; but because he would not be the first candidate, Bourke declined.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rochester.&quot; London ''Daily Chronicle'' 09 May 1884, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 8b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005049/18840509/049/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 June 18, Wednesday''', Mr. Algernon Bourke was on a committee to watch a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#18 June 1884, Wednesday|Mr. Bishop's &quot;thought-reading&quot; experiment]], which was based on a challenge by Henry Labourchere made the year before. This &quot;experiment&quot; took place before a fashionable audience.&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 July 25, Friday, afternoon''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#Garden Party at Marlborough House hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales|Garden Party at Marlborough House hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1885 January 22, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke's gift to [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#Wedding of George Buckle and Alicia Payn|George Buckle and Alicia Payn for their wedding]] was an antique cabinet.&lt;p&gt;

'''1885 July 7, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#7 July 1885, Tuesday|Eva Bourke's wedding to Windham Wyndham-Quin]] at St. Mary Abbots, Kensington.&lt;p&gt;

'''1885 July 13, Monday''', Algernon Bouurke was at Victoria Station as part of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#Arrival of Lord Wolseley in London from Egypt|crowd greeting Lord Wolseley on his return from Egypt]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1885 July 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/1885-07-24 Marlborough House Ball|ball at Marlborough House]] hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales.&lt;p&gt;

'''1885 September 26, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke took part in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#26 September 1885, Saturday|Ealing Conservative Club fete and meeting]] supporting Salisbury's government and condemning &quot;the dictates of one man&quot; — Gladstone — for Gordon's death.&lt;p&gt;

'''1885 October 3, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was named as the Conservative candidate for Clapham in the Battersea and Clapham borough after the Redistribution Bill determined the electoral districts for South London.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;South London Candidates.&quot; ''South London Press'' 03 October 1885, Saturday: 9 [of 16], Col. 5b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18851003/096/0009. Print p. 9.&lt;/ref&gt; On Sunday 15 November 1885 the London ''Weekly Dispatch'' supported Moulton, the Liberal candidate, who ultimately won the election:&lt;blockquote&gt;

Though a successful lawyer, Mr. Moulton is much more than that. He is a thorough and independent student of political science, who may be trusted to do good service to the Liberal cause with brain as well as with tongue. It will be matter for hearty congratulation if he defeats the Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke, who is a dashing and unscrupulous young Tory, and a nephew of the well-known politician with the same surname.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Political Campaign in London. VI. — The South-West Divisions.&quot; ''Weekly Dispatch'' (London) 15 November 1885, Sunday: 9 [of 16], Col. 3c [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003358/18851115/069/0009. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

On Saturday 21 November 1885 the ''South London Press'' reported on posters for Bourke's candidacy:&lt;blockquote&gt;

The Hon. Algernon Bourke, Conservative candidate for Clapham, has a very industrious billsticker, who pastes up his patron’s bills in every possible place where they can be seen to advantage. It is unfortunate, however, that choosing the flank wall of an auctioneer’s the modern &quot;Sam Slap&quot; has produced some curious combinations, such as — &quot;Vote for Bourke,&quot; &quot;Now on View;&quot; &quot;Electors of Clapham, Vote for Mr. Bourke, and&quot; &quot;Be Sold Without Reserve;&quot; &quot;Mr, Bourke will&quot; &quot;Advance Money to&quot; &quot;the Electors of Clapham;&quot; &quot;Great Conservative Meeting. The British Constitution will be&quot; &quot;Offered for Sale this Evening,&quot; &amp;c.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pick-up Notes.&quot; ''South London Press'' 21 November 1885, Saturday: 10 [of 16], Col. 1b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18851121/155/0010. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1885 November 3, Tuesday, 11:00 a.m.''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Mayo-Ponsonby Wedding 1885-11-03|wedding of his brother, Dermot, 7th  Earl of Mayo and Geraldine Ponsonby]]. He gave them 2 Sheraton secretaires.

'''1886 January 5, Tuesday, late''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Twelfth Night|Twelfth Night celebration at the Drury Lane theatre]].

'''1886 March 13, Saturday evening''', an Hon. Mr. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/1886-03-13 Reception at the French Embassy|reception at the French Embassy]], possibly Algernon Bourke or possibly [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|one of his brothers]].

'''1886 July 10, Saturday''', Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Garden Party at Marlborough House Given to the Queen|garden party at Marlborough House given to the Queen]]. Guendoline Sloane Stanley is not mentioned but Mr. and Mrs. Hans Sloane Stanley are, as are Mr. and Mrs. F. Sloane Stanley.&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 July 21, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to the [[Social Victorians/1886-07-21 Marlborough House Ball|Ball at Marlborough House]], as were a [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#The Sloane-Stanleys 2|Mr. and Mrs. F. Sloane-Stanley]], possibly the parents of Guendoline Sloane-Stanley (if the &quot;F&quot; is a mistake), who married Bourke on 15 December 1887. Guendoline is not mentioned as having been invited.&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 July 27, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended a service honoring a memorial at St. Paul's for his father, who had been assassinated.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Memorial to the Late Earl of Mayo.&quot; ''Northern Whig'' 28 July 1886, Wednesday: 6 [of 8], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000434/18860728/143/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 September 2, Thursday''', Mr. Algernon Bourke was part of a group of mostly aristocratic men taking part in [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Augustus Harris's A Run of Luck|a &quot;trial-rehearsal&quot; as part of Augustus Harris's production]] ''A Run of Luck'', about sports.&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 October 2, Saturday''', the Duke of Beaufort and the Hon. Algernon Bourke arrived in Yougal: &quot;His grace has taken a residence at Lismore for a few weeks, to enjoy some salmon fishing on the Blackwater before the close of the season.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Chippenham.&quot; ''Wilts and Gloucestershire Standard'' 02 October 1886, Saturday: 8 [of 8], Col. 6a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001955/18861002/142/0008. Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 October 11, Monday''', Algernon Bourke may have been taking part in a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Performance of Run of Luck|performance of ''Run of Luck'' at the Drury Lane]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 October 23, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Party at Wemyss Castle, Fife|staying at Wemyss Castle, Fife]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 December 30, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke was back in London and attending the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Augustus Harris's The Forty Thieves|&quot;Forty Thieves&quot; pantomime at the Drury Lane Theatre]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1887 January 5, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was one of the chief mourners at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Funeral of Lady Margaret Harriett Bourke|funeral of Lady Margaret Harriett Bourke]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1887 March 1, 2:00 p.m.''', Algernon Bourke is listed among the Messieurs attending the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace|Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1887 May''', a &quot;signalling incident&quot; in 1907 [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#May 1887|caused the Waterford ''Evening News'' to recall a similar event]] that had occurred 20 years earlier, in which Algernon Bourke, as special correspondent for the ''Times'', caused the incident to be publicized:&lt;blockquote&gt;During the manoeuvres in connection with the 1887 Jubilee of Queen Victoria a signal was observed going up from [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles [Beresford]]]'s ship. It was a message to his wife, Lady Beresford, to the effect that, as he should be late for dinner, she was not to wait. Beyond the hilarity this domestic signal evoked, nothing more would have been heard of it, but Mr. Algernon Bourke (Lord Mayo's brother) was acting as special correspondent for the &quot;Times,&quot; and that paper the next morning contained a full and humorous report of the incident. Then there was trouble.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Signalling Incident.&quot; ''Evening News'' (Waterford) 13 November 1907, Wednesday: 1 [of 4], Col. 6c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004557/19071113/021/0001.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1887 June 15, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians Foreign Office Reception 1887-06-15|reception at the Foreign Office in honor of Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee]].

'''1887 July 6, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to and, presumably, attended the State Ball at Buckingham Palace.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The State Ball at Buckingham Palace.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 08 July 1887, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 5a–6c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18870708/013/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 1c)

'''1887 August 6, Saturday''', the ''Brighton Gazette'' says that the &quot;Hon. Mrs and Mr Algernon Bourke&quot; were staying at the Royal Crescent Hotel in Brighton, but they didn't marry until 15 December 1887.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Royal Crescent Hotel.&quot; ''Brighton Gazette'' 6 August 1887, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 5c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000938/18870806/047/0003. Print title ''Brighton Gazette and Sussex Telegraph'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt; Perhaps an elder relative, because she is mentioned first?

'''1887 November 9, Wednesday''', the ''Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper'' announced that&lt;blockquote&gt;A marriage is arranged, and will take place early in January, between Mr. Algernon Bourke, third son of the late Earl of Mayo, and Miss Guendolen Sloane Stanley, only daughter of Mr. Hans Sloane Stanley, of Paultons.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Romsey, Nov. 9.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 9 November 1887, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18871109/034/0003. Print title ''Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Shortly after, the papers announced that the wedding would not take place.

'''1887 December 15, Thursday''', Hon. [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Wedding of Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Sloane Stanley|Algernon Bourke and Guendoline Stanley were married at St. Paul's]], Knightsbridge, by Bourke's uncle the Hon. and Rev. George Bourke. Only family members attended because of &quot;the recent death of a near relative of the bride.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court Circular.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 16 December 1887, Friday: 5 [of 8], Col. 7c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18871216/066/0005.&lt;/ref&gt; Who the &quot;near relative of the bride&quot; was not in her nuclear family, and perhaps that explains the cancellation of the wedding and then the changing of the wedding date and not some problem in the couple.

'''1888 – 1899 January 1''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was &quot;proprietor&quot; of [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#White's|White's Club, St. James's Street]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;&quot;The Hon. Algernon Bourke's Affairs.&quot; ''Eastern Morning News'' 19 October 1899, Thursday: 6 [of 8], Col. 7c [of7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001152/18991019/139/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1888 January 21, Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the wedding of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#Hamilton-Ewart Wedding|Florence Ewart and Henry Hamilton]].

'''1888 March 7, Wednesday''', assuming that this date is not a week after the actual date, [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lady Charles Beresford]] held a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#1888 March 7, Wednesday|notable and well-attended &quot;at home&quot;]] that Guendoline Bourke attended, reported for being dressed in white and being among the beautiful women present.

'''6 April 1888, Friday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#6 April 1888, Friday|New Forest United Hunt ball at the New Forest Hall, Lyndhurst]].

'''1888 May 2, Wednesday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#The Marchioness of Salisbury's Reception|Marchioness of Salisbury's reception]] at the Salisbury home on Arlington-street.

'''1888 May 22, Tuesday''', the Dowager Countess of Mayo presented Guendoline Bourke at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#Queen's Drawing Room|Queen's drawing-room]] hosted by the Princess of Wales. This is Guendoline Bourke's dress:&lt;blockquote&gt;Empire robe de cour of white satin duchesse, lined with rich pink silk, sufficiently bright to give a beautiful shell-like tint through the satin; tulle underdress, with upper skirt, embroidered with pearl, and caught up in Greek folds with large pink Tosca roses; white satin bodice, with Josephine pink sash tied at side, Headdress, veil and plumes; ornaments, diamonds.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Dresses at the Drawing-Room.&quot; ''Epsom Journal'' 22 May 1888, Tuesday: 3 [of 6], Col. 5b–c [of 6]. ''British Newspapers Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004837/18880522/034/0003. Print: title ''Local Journal'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Another description:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke's train was of white satin lined with pink, which showed through with charmingly shell-like effect. The dress, fashioned after those of the Empire period, was of white satin embroidered with pearls. A very broad sash of pink satin made the waist seem quaintly short, a trying thing to any but the young and tall, both of which qualifications Mrs. Bourke most happily possesses. She carried a lovely posy of La France roses.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Gossip on Dress.&quot; ''Boston Spa News'' 25 May 1888, Friday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1b–2b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003395/18880525/014/0002. Print title The News, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 1c)&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1888 June 8, Friday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#Dinner and Dance Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne at Hamilton House|dinner and dance Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne at Hamilton House]] featuring Prince and Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein, and for the ball, the King of Sweden and Norway and the Prince and Princess of Wales and their daughters were present.

'''1888 June 19, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke was one of the principal guests at the wedding of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#19 June 1888, Tuesday|Captain Philip Green and Miss Mabel Emilie Scott]].

'''1888 July 26''', [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Caroline Graham Stirling-Crawford]] (known as Mr. Manton for her horse-breeding and -racing operations) and Marcus Henry Milner married.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;&quot;Hon. Caroline Agnes Horsley-Beresford.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://thepeerage.com/p6863.htm#i68622|title=Person Page|website=thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the ''Nottingham Evening Post'' of 31 July 1888,&lt;blockquote&gt;LONDON GOSSIP.

(From the ''World''.)

The marriage of &quot;Mr. Manton&quot; was the surprise as well the sensation of last week. Although some wise people noticed a certain amount of youthful ardour in the attentions paid by Mr. Marcus Henry Milner to Caroline Duchess of Montrose at '''Mrs. Oppenheim's ball''', nobody was prepared for the sudden ''dénouement''; '''and it''' were not for the accidental and unseen presence [[Social Victorians/People/Mildmay|a well-known musical amateur]] who had received permission to practice on the organ, the ceremony performed at half-past nine on Thursday morning at St. Andrew's, Fulham, by the Rev. Mr. Propert, would possibly have remained a secret for some time to come. Although the evergreen Duchess attains this year the limit of age prescribed the Psalmist, the bridegroom was only born in 1864. Mr. &quot;Harry&quot; Milner (familiarly known in the City as &quot;Millions&quot;) was one of the zealous assistants of that well-known firm of stockbrokers, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys, and Mr. Algernon Bourke, the head of the house (who, of course, takes a fatherly interest in the match) went down to Fulham to give away the Duchess. The ceremony was followed by a ''partie carrée'' luncheon at the Bristol, and the honeymoon began with a visit to the Jockey Club box at Sandown. Mr. Milner and the Duchess of Montrose have now gone to Newmarket. The marriage causes a curious reshuffling of the cards of affinity. Mr. Milner is now the stepfather of the [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Duke of Montrose]], his senior by twelve years; he is also the father-in-law of [[Social Victorians/People/Lady Violet Greville|Lord Greville]], Mr. Murray of Polnaise, and [[Social Victorians/People/Breadalbane|Lord Breadalbane]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1888 December 1st week''', according to &quot;Society Gossip&quot; from the ''World'', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was suffering from malaria, presumably which he caught when he was in South Africa:&lt;blockquote&gt;I am sorry to hear that Mr. Algernon Bourke, who married Miss Sloane-Stanley a short time ago, has been very dangerously ill. Certain complications followed an attack of malarian fever, and last week his mother, the Dowager Lady Mayo, and his brother, Lord Mayo, were hastily summoned to Brighton. Since then a change for the better has taken place, and he is now out of danger.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip. What the ''World'' Says.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 08 December 1888, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18881208/037/0002. Print title: ''The Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper''; print p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1888 December 20, Thursday''', the Sloane-Stanley family, including Guendoline Bourke, attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#20 December 1888, Thursday|funeral of Hans Sloane Stanley]]. Algernon Bourke did not attend because he was still too ill.

'''1889 January 22, 2:30 p.m., Tuesday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke sent a gift for the [[Social Victorians/Cecil Lambton Wedding 1889 January 22|wedding of Lady Eleanor Lambton and Lord Robert]] Cecil, a pair of antique mirrors.

'''1889 May 18, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#18 May 1889, Saturday|opening of the Italian Opera season at Covent Garden]].

'''1889 May 27, Monday, 11 p.m.''', the dancing commenced at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#The Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace|the Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace]], with both the Hon. Algernon and the Hon. Guendoline Bourke present.

'''1889 June 8, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke contributed some art he owned to the collection of the Royal Institute of Painters in Water-Colours' [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#8 June 1889, Saturday|exhibition of &quot;the works of the 'English Humourists in Art.'&quot;]]

'''1889 July 2, Tuesday''', Guendoline and Algernon Bourke sat in the Muriettas' box at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#The Shah at a Covent Garden Opera Performance|gala performance at Covent Garden also attended by the Prince and Princess of Wales, a number of other royals and the Shah]].

'''1889 27 July, Saturday''', Guendoline and Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#Garden Party Hosted by Mr. and Mrs. Augustus Harris|garden party hosted by Mr. and Mrs. Augustus Harris]], which was attended by a people from the theatre and arts worlds.

'''1889 August 15''', Thursday, because of mourning on both sides, only the closest friends and family were invited to the [[Social Victorians/Pleydell-Bouverie Skelmersdale Wedding|wedding of Lady Wilma Pleydell-Bouverie and Lord Skelmersdale]], so she may not have attended, but the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave the bride a miniature silver kettle.&lt;p&gt;

'''1889 December 2, Monday''', Guendoline Bourk's mother, Emilie Sloane-Stanley, married James Shelly Bontein:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

BONTEIN—STANLEY — December 2, at St. George's, Hanover Square, London, by the Rev. G. S. de Sansmarez, James Shelly, only son of the late James Bontein, Gentleman Usher and Clerk of the Robes to the Queen, to Emilie Josephine, widow of Hans Sloane Stanley, of Paultons.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1889 December 17, Tuesday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke gave a gift to [[Dangan-Neville Wedding|Lady Violet Nevill for her wedding to Henry Wellesley, Viscount Dangan]] and so were probably in attendance.

=== 1890s ===
'''1890 January 9, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#The York Hunt Ball|fancy-dress Hunt Ball in York]]. She&lt;blockquote&gt;looked a picture in a Gainsborough gown. The white satin skirt was flounced with sable and veiled with ''chiffon'', the setuage of which was left to show without being hemmed up. There was a broad sash of rose-pink silk and each buttonhole was filled round with crimped lisse.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Our London Letter.&quot; ''Irish Society'' (Dublin) 11 January 1890, Saturday: 17 [of 24], Col. 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001939/18900111/042/0017. Same print title, p. 29.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1890 February''' '''12, Wednesday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Lady Constance Leslie's Reception|Lady Constance Leslie's reception]] at her house in Stratford-place.

'''1890 April 9, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#The New Forest United Hunt Ball|the New Forest United Hunt Ball]].

'''1890 June 3, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the 2:30 p.m. [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Münster-Hay Wedding|wedding of Count Alexander Münster and Lady Muriel Henrietta Constance Hay]]. She is also listed as having attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Dinner and Concert Hosted by Mrs. Arthur Williams and Ball by Mrs. Menzies|ball hosted by Mrs. J. Menzies (daughter of Mrs. Arthur Wilson)]] that Prince Eddie, the Duke of Clarence and Avondale, also attended, that night.  

'''1890 July 4, Friday, 11 p.m.''', the Hon. Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#The Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace|the Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace]]. The dancing commenced shortly after 11:00. 

'''1890 July 15, Tuesday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke were invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Garden Party at Marlborough House to Meet the Queen|garden party at Marlborough House to meet the Queen]]. 

'''1890 July 19, Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Wedding of James Francis Harry St. Clair-Erskine and Violet Aline Vyner|wedding of James Francis Harry St. Clair-Erskine and Violet Aline Vyner]], the two of them giving &quot;four small silver dessert dishes&quot; and Guendoline giving an &quot;enamel and diamond pin.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marriage of Lord Loughborough with Miss Vyner.&quot; ''Fife Free Press'' 26 July 1890, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1a–2b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001110/18900726/015/0002. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 2b)

'''1890 July 24, Thursday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Dinner and Dance Hosted by Lord Alington|dance hosted by Lord Alington]] attended also by the Prince and Princess of Wales and Princesses Victoria and Maud.

'''1890 September 6, Saturday''', the ''Country Gentleman'' (as it was called at the time) reported that &quot;Muckross, the only deer forest in Ireland, it may be said, has this year been rented by Mr. Algernon Bourke, who will next week be joined there for the stalking season by his brother, Lord Mayo.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Shooting. Moors, Forests, and Fishings.&quot; ''Sporting Gazette'' 06 September 1890, Saturday: 11 [of 38], Col. 1c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002525/18900906/065/0011. Print: ''Country Gentleman'', p. 1251.&lt;/ref&gt; On 11 October 1890 the ''St. James's Gazette'' says,&lt;blockquote&gt;The Earl of Durham has been staying at Muchross, county Kerry, on a visit to the Hon. A. Bourke, who has rented the celebrated shootings and fishings on that estate for the autumn.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Society.&quot; ''St James's Gazette'' 11 October 1890, Saturday: 12 [of 16], Col. 1b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001485/18901011/064/0012. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1890 October 25, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke gave a gold-mounted box to [[Social Victorians/Loder De Vere Beauclerk Wedding|Lady Louise De Vere Beauclerk on her wedding to Gerald Loder, M.P.]], so they were probably present at the wedding, or at least the reception. Mrs. Bontein [sic Bontine], Guendoline's mother, gave a silver box, suggesting the relationship was through the women.

'''1890 November 29, 11:30 Saturday morning''', Algernon Bourke's gift for the [[Social Victorians/Dudley-Beckwith Wedding 1890-11-29|wedding of the Hon. Francis Dudley and Miss Forbes Beckwith]] was some cases of a Bordeaux wine: &quot;three dozen Cantenac, 1875 vintage.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marriage of Lord Leigh's Heir. Descriptive Sketch of the Ceremony, and Full List of Guests and Presents.&quot; ''Leamington Spa Courier'' 6 December 1890, Saturday: 6 [of 10], Cols. 1a–4a. ''British Newspaper Archive''  https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000319/18901206/021/0006. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 3b}} Guendoline Bourke is not listed as having been invited to the reception, but this list from the ''Leamington Spa Courier'' has some gaps.

'''1890 December 4, Thursday''', Guendoline and Algernon Bourke attended the [[Mure-Portal Wedding 1890-12-04|wedding of Miss Mure and Mr. S. J. Portal]]. Their gift is not recorded.

'''1891 January''', Algernon Bourke took party in a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Shooting Party in Kallarnet, Totton|shooting party in Kallarnet, Totton]].

'''1891 June 24, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Dinner and Ball Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne|dinner and ball Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne]] featuring Princess Mary Adelaide, the Duke of Teck, and Princess Victoria.

'''1891 July 9, Thursday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were invited to a [[Social Victorians/1891-07-09 Garden Party|large Garden Party at Marlborough House]] hosted by the [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]] in honor of Queen Victoria and the German Emperor and Empress. The more than 3,000 people invited also included a number of people from the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|family of the Earl of Mayo]].

'''1891 July 22, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Dinner and Dance at Alington House|dance at the Earl and Countess Alington]]'s that also included the Prince and Princess of Wales.

'''1891 October 22, Thursday''', Hon. and Mrs. Bourke attended at least the reception of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Le Strange Astley Wedding|Le Strange—Astley Wedding]], although perhaps the couple is not the Algernon Bourkes.

'''1891 November 22, Sunday''', the London ''Weekly Dispatch'' reports a performance by American &quot;Lady Magnet&quot; Mrs. Abbott, who claimed to be able to lift anybody using only her magnetic properties. An enthusiastic &quot;committee of some fifteen gentlemen presented a written and signed testimonial&quot; supporting Mrs. Abbott, &quot;the Hon. Algernon Bourke, Professor Atkinson, Dr. Hides, and three other doctors who prefer to remain incog., being among the signatories. All the medical gentlemen concerned assured the ''Evening News and Post'' reporter of their complete and unconditional surrender. One of them went so far as to say that he had come with the full determination of disbelieving, but had been quite able to act up to his resolve.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Lady Magnet. Draws Crowds of People Who Divide in Opinion about Her.&quot; ''Weekly Dispatch'' (London) 22 November 1891, Sunday: 16 [of 16], Cols. 3a–4b [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003358/18911122/203/0016. Print: same title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1892''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke privately published his ''The History of White's'', the exclusive gentleman's club.

'''1892 January 27, Saturday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the very fashionable [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892#The Wedding of Lord Henry Cavendish Bentinck, M.P., and Lady Olivia Taylour|wedding of Lord Henry Cavendish Bentinck, M.P., and Lady Olivia Taylour]]. Their gift was not noted in the list.

'''1892 February''' '''10, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1892-02-10 Alington Leigh Wedding|very fashionable wedding of Henry, Lord Alington and Evelyn Henriette Leigh]] [[Social Victorians/1892-02-10 Alington Leigh Wedding|in St. Paul's, Knightsbridge]]

'''1892 April''' '''10, Wednesday, about 2:30 p.m.''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/1892-02-10 Alington Leigh Wedding|the very fashionable wedding between Henry Sturt, Lord Alington and Evelyn Leigh]]. Her gift was a &quot;tortoiseshell and gold heart-shaped tray.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;&quot;Lord Alington to Miss Leigh.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 20 February 1892, Saturday: 21 [of 46], Cols. 1a–3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18920220/092/0021. Same print title, p. 237.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 3a) 

'''1892 June 25, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird&quot; says &quot;That pretty Mrs. Algernon Bourke has been staying here, but returned to England in time for Ascot.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Little Bird, The. &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 25 June 1892, Saturday: 32 [of 60], Col. 3b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18920625/157/0032. Same print title, p. 860.&lt;/ref&gt; 

'''1892 December 13, Tuesday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' says Guendoline Bourke is lovely in its coverage of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892#Wedding of Miss Eleanor M. Ewart and Captain Guy Withington|Eleanor M. Ewart and Captain Guy Withington's wedding]]. 

'''1892 December 22, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892#22 December 1892, Thursday|monthly meeting of the Zoological Society in Hanover-square]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 February 11, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke opened Willis's Restaurant:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Algernon Bourke has in his time done many things, and has generally done them well. His recently published history of White's Club is now a standard work. White's Club itself was a few years ago in its agony when Mr. Bourke stepped in and gave it a renewed lease of life. Under Mr. Bourke's auspices &quot;Willis's Restaurant&quot; opened its doors to the public on Tuesday last in a portion of the premises formerly so well known as Willis's Rooms. This new venture is to rival the Amphitryon in the matter of cuisine and wines; but it is not, like the Amphitryon, a club, but open to the public generally. Besides the restaurant proper, there are several ''cabinets particuliers'', and these are decorated with the very best of taste, and contain some fine portraits of the Georges.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marmaduke.&quot; &quot;Letter from the Linkman.&quot; ''Truth'' 20 April 1893, Thursday: 25 [of 56], Col. 1a [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18930420/075/0025# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18930420/075/0025]. Print p. 855.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1893 February 7, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#1893 February 7, Tuesday|the reception after Lady Emily Cadogan's wedding]].

'''1893 February 20, Monday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke is listed as having attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace|Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace]] held by the Prince of Wales; because wives generally are not listed, it seems likely Guendoline Bourke attended as well.

'''1893 February 28, Tuesday, 3:00 p.m.''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Queens Drawing Room 1893-02-28|Queen's Drawing Room at Buckingham Palace]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 March 22, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#22 March 1893, Wednesday|Lady Wimborne's reception]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 April 1, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke published a letter to the editor of the ''Times'', reprinted in the ''Kildare Observer'', arguing against Gladstone's Home Rule bill on the grounds that Ireland would not be able to take out a loan on its own behalf because of its obligations to the U.K., including what was called its share of the national debt.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Irish Unionist Alliance.&quot; ''Kildare Observer and Eastern Counties Advertiser'' 01 April 1893, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001870/18930401/062/0006. Print: The ''Kildare Observer'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 May 13, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was seen at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#13 May 1893, Saturday|exhibitions of art and furniture for sale by Christie's and on display by Lord Clifden]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 July 13, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#The Countess of Listowel's Garden Party|Countess of Listowel's Garden Party]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#The Countess of Listowel's Garden Party|at her residence, Kingston House, Princes-gate]], accompanied by Miss Adeane.&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 July 14, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Sandown Races 1893-07-14|the races at Sandown]] wearing a dark-blue-and-white outfit and black hat that got described in the newspaper.&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 August 1, Tuesday – August 4, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke, at least, was at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#1 August 1893, Tuesday – 4 August 1893, Friday|the Goodwood races]], mentioned in the ''Gentlewoman'' for her beauty, although none of the dresses were noted.&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 November 4–11, Wednesday–Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke was at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#Ralph and Mary Sneyd Hosted a Shooting Party|shooting party at Keele Hall hosted by Ralph and Mary Sneyd]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 November 30, Thursday''', with Sir Walter Gilbey the Hon. Algernon Bourke &quot;assisted&quot; in &quot;forming [a] collection&quot; of engravings by George Morland that was exhibited at Messrs. J. and W. Vokins’s, Great Portland-street.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The George Morland Exhibition at Vokins's.&quot; ''Sporting Life'' 30 November 1893, Thursday: 4 [of 4], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000893/18931130/058/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 December 14, Thursday, afternoon''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1893-12-14 Wedding Adele Grant and George, 7th Earl of Essex|wedding of American Adele Grant and George, 7th Earl of Essex]] and gave a &quot;pearl and gold box.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;&quot;Wedding of the Earl of Essex.&quot; ''Herts Advertiser'' 16 December 1893, Saturday; 8 [of 8], Col. 1a–4b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000415/18931216/125/0008. Print title: ''The Herts Advertiser and St Albans Times'', p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 3c}} Mr. and Mrs. Shelley Bontein also attended, and Mrs. Bontein gave a &quot;green leather bag and purse, with coronet and monogram in gold.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;{{rp|3b}}&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 January 27, Saturday''', Psyche in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; in the ''Gentlewoman'' reported on a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#27 January 1894, Saturday|ball hosted by Lord and Lady Dunraven at Adare Manor]] that Guendoline Bourke attended.&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 January 31, Wednesday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke, who was dressed more stylishly than most, attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Also 31 January 1894, Wednesday|Kildare Hunt Ball]] hosted by Dermot, [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] and Geraldine, Countess of Mayo.&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 February 24, Saturday''', ''The Field'' reported on a series of tennis matches; Algernon Bourke attended the one played at the Prince's Club.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Tennis.&quot; ''Field'' 24 February 1894, Saturday: 39 [of 72], Col. 1c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002446/18940224/349/0039. Print title ''The Field, The Country Gentleman's Newspaper'', p. 249.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 March 31, Saturday''', Psyche, in the &quot;Social Peepshow&quot; column in the ''Gentlewoman'', says that &quot;Mr. Algernon Bourke has still further embellished Willis's restaurant hard by [the St. James's Theatre], by the addition of some valuable old tapestry that lately came to the hammer at Christie's.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 31 March 1894, Saturday: 16 [of 56], Col. 2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18940331/081/0016. Same print title, p. 408.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 April 13, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke set sail on the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#P. and O. Line S.S. Rome for Gibraltar|P. and O. Line ''S.S. Rome'' for Gibraltar]] along with her stepfather, Mr. Shelley Bontein, and her brother, Mr. Sloane Stanley.&lt;p&gt;

'''31 May 1894, Thursday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Reception at Devonshire House|Duchess of Devonshire's reception at Devonshire House]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 June 18, Monday''', the London ''Echo'' reported that Algernon Bourke was [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Brooks'|writing a history of Brooks' Club]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 June 20, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Princess Louise, Marchioness of Lorne Opened the Annual Sale of the Scottish Home Industries|Annual Sale of the Scottish Home Industries]]; her outfit was described in the article in ''Lady's Pictorial''.&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 August 2, Thursday''', the column &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird&quot; says, &quot;At Willis' [restaurant] — 'What a smart cotillon Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave on Thursday evening.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Bird, The Little. &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 04 August 1894, Saturday: 30 [of 56], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18940804/148/0030. Print title same, p. 144.&lt;/ref&gt; Willis's Restaurant, King-street, St. James's, was a restaurant Algernon Bourke opened in 1893.&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 September 7, Saturday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#7 September 1894, Saturday|shooting party at Witley]], which had been loaned to one of his brothers by William Ward, 2nd Earl of Dudley.&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 October 22, Thursday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Wedding of Lord Connemara and Mrs. Coleman|luncheon after the wedding of Lord Connemara and Mrs. Coleman]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 November 3, Saturday''', Psyche, in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; for the Gentlewoman, reported that Guendoline Bourke had been [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#3 November 1894, Saturday|seen shopping in London]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1895 January 5, Saturday, 2:00 p.m.''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke gave an old mother-of-pearl workbox to [[Wolverton-Ward Wedding 1895-01-05|Lady Edith Ward for her wedding to Frederick Glyn, Lord Wolverton]] and presumably attended the wedding and reception afterwards.&lt;p&gt;

'''1895 February 23, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#23 February 1895, Saturday|fashionable wedding of Laurence Currie and Edith Sibyl Mary Finch]]. Guendoline Bourke is not listed as having attended, but she is not noted as absent, either. Daphne Bourke was born on 5 April 1895, probably explaining Guendoline's absence.&lt;p&gt;

'''1895 March 24, Sunday – 30 March, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#24, Sunday – 30 March 1895, Saturday|enjoying the sunny weather in Brighton]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1895 April 27, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#1895 April 27, Saturday|wedding of Norah Bourke and Henry E. A. Lindsay]]. Again, Guendoline Bourke is not listed as having attended. Daphne Bourke was born on 5 April 1895, and Psyche, writing the &quot;Social Peepshow&quot; column in the Gentlewoman, says,&lt;blockquote&gt;

I regret to hear of the serious illness of Mrs. Algernon Bourke, whose first child was born a fortnight ago. It is feared that the attack is of the nature of typhoid, but happily the patient's strength keeps up. Mrs. Bourke is at her mother's house in Clarges-street.&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 27 April 1895, Saturday: 28 [of 84], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18950427/147/0028. Same print title, p. 506.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1895 July 13, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke donated 10s. to the ''Daily Telegraph'' National Shilling Testimonial to W. G. Grace.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;''Daily Telegraph'' National Shilling Testimonial to W. G. Grace.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London) 13 July 1895, Saturday: 7 [of 12], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/18950713/079/0007. Print: ''Daily Telegraph'', p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1895 August 24, Saturday''', &quot;Marmaduke&quot; in the ''Graphic'' says that Algernon Bourke &quot;opened a cyclists' club in Chelsea.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marmaduke.&quot; &quot;Court and Club.&quot; The ''Graphic'' 24 August 1895, Saturday: 11 [of 32], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9000057/18950824/017/0011. Print p. 223.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1895 October''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#24 October 1902, Friday|opened the Prince's ice-skating rink for the]] season.if the newspapers were right that 1902 was the 7th season. He also was planning a bicycling club for Kensington Gardens to open the following season.&lt;ref&gt;Mackenzie, Ethel Morell (Miss). &quot;Pins and Needles.&quot; ''Hull Daily News'' 12 October 1895, Saturday: 24 [of 40], Col. 1a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003443/18951012/024/0024. Print title: ''Hull News Supplement'', p. 1[6? 8?].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1895 October 7, Monday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#Adeane-Cator Wedding|Maud Adeane–John Cator wedding]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1895 December 11, Wednesday''', Guendoline and Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#Sneyd Party to Meet the Duke of Coburg|shooting party at the Sneyds' to meet the Duke of Coburg]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1895 December 18, Wednesday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#Wedding of Lady Albreda Fitzwilliam and the Hon. Charles Bourke|wedding of Lady Albreda Fitzwilliam and the Hon. Charles Bourke]]. Their gift is not noted in the newspaper account.&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 March 17, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#17 March 1896, Tuesday|annual dinner of the Cymmrodorion, or the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion]], a society for Welsh culture and history.&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 April 21, Monday''', Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke sent a gift — a &quot;box for miniature&quot; — for [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Monday, 1896 April 27|the wedding of Lady Angela St. Clair Erskine and James Stewart Forbes]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 May 21, Thursday''', the Hon. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Mrs. C. H. Wilson's Ball|Mrs. C. H. Wilson's ball in Grosvenor-square, London]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 May 26, Tuesday,  through 28 May, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Coming of Age of Mr Sloane Stanley|3-day celebration in honor of the coming of age of her brother, Cyril Sloane Stanley]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 June 15, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Dinner and Dance Hosted by the Countess of Huntingdon|dance hosted by the Earl and Countess of Huntingdon]] after their dinner party.&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 July 13, Monday''', Algernon Bourke (listed among the &quot;Honourables&quot;) and Mrs. A. Bourke (Listed among the &quot;Honourable Ladies&quot;) were invited to the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Queen's Garden Party at Buckingham Palace|Queen's Garden Party at Buckingham Palace]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 June 29, Monday''', the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Cadogan-Scott Wedding 1896-06-29|wedding and reception of Lady Sophie Cadogan and Sir Samuel Scott]]. Algernon Bourke published a letter to the editor of the ''Daily Telegraph'' about White's Club — and thus Bourke's — &quot;[[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Summer Club|Summer Club]]&quot; in Kensington Park, the subject of a little controversy.&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 July 21, Tuesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Dinner Hosted by Sir Horace and Lady Farquhar|dinner hosted by Sir Horace and Lady Farquhar in Grosvenor-square]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 August 5, Wednesday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#5 August 1896|wedding of the Hon. Terence Bourke and Miss Eveline Haines]] and gave the bride an &quot;enamel muff chain.&quot;&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 August 10, Monday''', the ''Morning Leader'' reported that the Hon. Algernon Bourke, for the Foreign Office, received Li Hung Chang at St. Paul's:&lt;blockquote&gt;At St. Paul's Li Hung was received by Field-Marshal Simmons, Colonel Lane, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, of the Foreign Office (who made the necessary arrangements for the visit) and Canon Newbolt, on behalf of the Dean and Chapter. A crowd greeted Li with a cheer as he drove up in Lord Lonsdale’s striking equipage, and his Excellency was carried up the steps in an invalid chair by two stalwart constables. He walked through the centre door with his suite, and was immediately conducted by Canon Newbolt to General Gordon’s tomb in the north aisle, where a detachment of boys from the Gordon Home received him as a guard of honor.

Li inspected the monument with marked interest, and drew the attention of his suite to the remarkable likeness to the dead hero. He laid a handsome wreath of royal purple asters, lilies, maidenhair fern, and laurel, tied with a broad band of purple silk, on the tomb.

The visit was not one of inspection of the building, but on passing the middle aisle the interpreter called the attention of His Excellency to the exquisite architecture and decoration of the chancel. Li shook hands in hearty English fashion with Canon Newbolt and the other gentlemen who had received him, and, assisted by his two sons, walked down the steps to his carriage. He returned with his suite to Carlton House-terrace by way of St. Paul’s Churchyard, Cannon-st., Queen Victoria-st., and the Embankment.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;At St. Paul's.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 10 August 1896, Monday: 7 [of 12], Col. 2b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18960810/134/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 August 19, Wednesday''', the ''Edinburgh Evening News'' reported on the catering that White's Club and Mr Algernon Bourke arranged for the visiting Li Hung Chang:&lt;blockquote&gt;It is probably not generally known (says the &quot;Chef&quot;) that Mr Algernon Bourke, manager of White's Club, London, has undertaken to the whole of the catering for our illustrious visitor front the Flowery Land. Li Hung Chang has five native cooks in his retinue, and the greatest good fellowship exists between them and their English ''confreres'', although considerable difficulty is experienced in conversation in understanding one another's meaning. There are between 40 and and 50 to cater for daily, besides a staff about 30; that Mr Lemaire finds his time fully occupied. The dishes for his Excellency are varied and miscellaneous, and from 14 to 20 courses are served at each meal. The bills of fare contain such items as bird's-nest soup, pigs' kidneys stewed in cream, boiled ducks and green ginger, sharks' fins, shrimps and prawns stewed with leeks and muscatel grapes, fat pork saute with peas and kidney beans. The meal usually winds with fruit and sponge cake, and freshly-picked green tea as liqueur.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Li Hung Chang's Diet.&quot; ''Edinburgh Evening News'' 19 August 1896, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 8b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000452/18960819/057/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 November 6, Friday''', both Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were on the committee for the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Skating Club|Prince's Club ice-skating rink]], which [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Opening of the Prince's Club Skating Rink|opened on this day]].

'''1896 November 22, week of''', Mrs. Algernon Bourke was part of a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Shooting Party at the Charles Wilsons' Warter Priory, Yorkshire|shooting party at the Charles Wilsons' Warter Priory, Yorkshire]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 November 25, Wednesday''', Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bouke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Lord and Lady Burton Hosted a Party for Derby Day|Lord and Lady Burton's party for Derby Day]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 December 4, Friday''', the Orleans Club at Brighton was robbed:&lt;blockquote&gt;The old building of the Orleans Club at Brighton, which opens its new club house at 33, Brunswick-terrace to-day, was the scene of a very ingenious burglary during the small hours of yesterday morning. The greater portion of the club property had already been removed to the new premises, but Mr Algernon Bourke, his private secretary, and some of the officials of the club, still occupied bed-rooms at the house in the King’s-road. The corner shop of the street front is occupied by Mr. Marx, a jeweller in a large way of business, and upon his manager arriving at nine o'clock he discovered that the place had been entered through hole in the ceiling, and a great part of a very valuable stock of jewelry extracted. An examination of the morning rooms of the club, which runs over Mr. Marx's establishment reveal a singularly neat  specimen of the burglar's art. A piece of the flooring about 15in square had been removed by a series of holes bored side by side with a centre-bit, at a spot where access to the lofty shop was rendered easy by a tall showcase which stood convemently near. A massive iron girder had been avoided by a quarter of an inch, and this circumstance and the general finish of the operation point to an artist in his profession, who had acquired an intimate knowledge of the premises. The club doors were all found locked yesterday morning, and the means of egress adopted by the thief are at present a mystery.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Burglary at Brighton.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London) 05 December 1896, Saturday: 5 [of 12], Col. 7a [of 7]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/18961205/090/0005. Print title: ''Daily Telegraph''; p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 December 10, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke was present to help staff a stall at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#10 December 1896, Thursday|Irish Industries Exhibition and Sale, Brighton]].

'''1896 December 31, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke hosted a New Year's Eve dance:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave a highly satisfactory and enjoyable dance on Thursday night, when the old year was danced out and the new one danced in. Most of the silver gilters at present in to len were to the fore.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Man about Town.&quot; ''Sporting Gazette'' 02 January 1897, Saturday: 7 [of 34], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002525/18970102/041/0007. Print title ''The County Gentleman'', p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 January 9, Saturday''', Psyche in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; says that Algernon Bourke's &quot;cheerful countenance was quite in keeping with the [Christmas] season,&quot; seen in London.&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 9 January 1897, Saturday: 22 [of 56], Col. 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970109/097/0022. Same print title, p. 40.&lt;/ref&gt; 

'''1897 January 13, Wednesday – 18, Monday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were guests of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Warwickshire Hunt Club Ball|house party associated with the Warwickshire Hunt Ball]] at [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Warwick Castle]].

'''1897 January 30, Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke was reported to have been out shopping in London: &quot;Another charming figure was that of Mrs. Algernon Bourke all in chinchilla, with something of pale blue in a smart toque.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 30 January 1897, Saturday: 20 [of 59]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970130/107/0020. Same print title, p. 134.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 May 31, Monday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke were present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#House Party at Warwick Castle|House Party at Warwick Castle]] hosted by the Earl and Countess of Warwick.

'''1897 June 2, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Reception at the Foreign Office|reception at the Foreign Office]].

'''1897 June 12, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' reported on Guendoline Bourke's dress and hat at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Duchess of Albany's Bazaar at the Imperial Institute|Duchess of Albany's Bazaar at the Imperial Institute]]. 

'''1897 June 19, Saturday''', Psyche in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; column in the ''Gentlewoman'' writes that Guendoline Bourke was seen driving in London, &quot;in blue, ... looking as usual very handsome.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 19 June 1897, Saturday: 28 [of 108], Col. 2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970619/159/0028. Same print title, p. 848.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 June 28, Monday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were invited to the [[Social Victorians/Diamond Jubilee Garden Party|Garden Party at Buckingham Palace]], the final official event of the London Diamond Jubilee celebrations. Members of the family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] were also among the 5,000–6,000 people invited.

'''1897 July 2, Friday''', the Hon. A. and Mrs. A. Bourke and Mr. and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] at Devonshire House.

'''1897 July 8, Thursday, 11:00 p.m.''', Hon. Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were present at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace|the Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace]]. The dancing commenced shortly after 11:00 p.m.

'''1897 July 11–16, week of''', a dog of Guendoline Bourke's won a prize at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Ladies' Kennel Association show in the Royal Botanic Gardens in Regent's Park|Ladies' Kennel Association show in the Royal Botanic Gardens in Regent's Park]]. 

'''1897 July 23, Friday''', both the Hon. Algernon Bourke and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Bourke-Curzon Cricket Match at the Queen's Club|Bourke-Curzon cricket match at the Queen's Club]], which Algernon Bourke's team lost. 

'''1897 July 23 — or July 30, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Lady Burton's party at Chesterfield House|Lady Burton's party at Chesterfield House]]. &lt;blockquote&gt;Far the prettiest women in the room were Lady Henry Bentinck (who looked perfectly lovely in pale yellow, with a Iong blue sash; and Mrs. Algernon Bourke, who was as smart as possible in pink, with pink and white ruchings on her sleeves and a tall pink feather in her hair.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lady Burton's Party at Chesterfield House.&quot; ''Belper &amp; Alfreton Chronicle'' 30 July 1897, Friday: 7 [of 8], Col. 1c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004151/18970730/162/0007. Print title: ''Belper and Alfreton Chronicle''; n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 August 2, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Warwick House Party for the Easton Lodge Cricket Week Games|Earl and Countess of Warwick's house party for Easton Lodge cricket week]].

'''1897 August 2, Monday''', Mrs. Algernon Bourke was listed as among [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Most Beautiful Women in England|the most beautiful women in England]] in an article from ''Vanity Fair'' that was reprinted elsewhere.

'''1897 September 25, Saturday''', according to the ''Pall Mall Gazette'',&lt;blockquote&gt;The [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Dowager-Countess of Mayo]] is staying with her son, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, at Bramnber, near Brighton.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pall Mall Gazette Office.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 25 September 1897, Saturday: 8 [of 10], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18970925/023/0008. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 October 2, Saturday''', &quot;Yenatrix&quot; in &quot;Kennel Column&quot; in the ''Gentlewoman'' reported that Guendoline Bourke had joined the Ladies' Kennel Association.&lt;ref&gt;Yenatrix. &quot;Kennel Column.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 02 October 1897, Saturday: 39 [of 61], Col. 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18971002/182/0039. Same print title, p. 434.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1897 October 9, Saturday''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke were at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Harrogate|Harrogate, presumably taking the waters and baths]]. Lady May was on her way to visit Algernon Bourke in Brighton:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Earl of Mayo is expected to return from Sweden on Saturday next. Lady Mayo leaves Bournemouth on Sarurday for Brighton, where she will pay a two days' visit to her brother-in-law, the Hon. Algernon Bourke. The Earl and Countess will then return to Palmerstown, their seat in County Kildare.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pall Mall Gazette Office.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 7 October 1897, Thursday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18971007/022/0008. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1897 October 30, Saturday''', ''Black and White'' published '''J.P.B.'''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s &quot;The Case of Mrs. Elliott,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;J.P.B. &quot;The Case of Mrs. Elliott.&quot; ''Black &amp; White'' 30 October 1897, Saturday: 12 [of 34], Cols. 1a–2b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004617/18971030/036/0012. Print title ''Black and White'', p. 542.&lt;/ref&gt; an odd short short story in which the Honourable Algernon Bourke Herriott is &quot;rude to Mrs. Elliott,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2b}} presumably having proposed sexual relations while her husband is out. J.P.B. links to the biographical Algernon Bourke's career in the stock market in the description of Mrs. Christine Elliott not even simulating interest in her husband's bicycling: &quot;a soul is a grievous burthen for a stockbroker's wife,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2a}} suggesting that Mr. Elliott rather than Algernon Bourke Herriott is the stockbroker. The Hon. Algy&lt;blockquote&gt;was a senior member of several junior clubs. A woman had dubbed him once &quot;a rip with a taste for verses.&quot; The description was severe, but not unwarranted. His was a pretty pagan sensualism, though, singing from a wine palate to Church music. For the rest, he had just imagination enough to despise mediocrity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2a}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 November 25–26, Thursday–Friday''', Guendoline Bourke was in Brighton, helping the Countess of Mayo at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Irish Industries' Association Annual Exhibition|bazaar of the Irish Industries' Association]].

'''1897 December 7, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#7 December 1897, Tuesday|7th annual dinner for the Actors' Benevolent Fund]].

'''1897 December 20, Monday, the week of''', Guendoline Bourke's Mousie was the smallest dog in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Ladies' Kennel Association's Dog Show|Ladies' Kennel Association show in Earl's Court]].

'''1897 December 30''', Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Blenheim Palace Party with Amateur Theatricals|party at Blenheim Palace in which people performed tableaux vivants]] that got reported on, many of whom wearing the costumes from the Duchess of Devonshire's ball. The ''Irish Independent'' said Algernon Bourke was &quot;mainly responsible for the living pictures.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr Algernon Bourke ....&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 05 January 1898, Wednesday: 6 [of 8], Col. 2c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001985/18980105/115/0006.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1898''', Algernon Bourke called a meeting at White's Club about attempting to [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Thames Salmon Experiment|restock the Thames with salmon]]. In 1899 he was on a [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#Committees|committee led by the Lord Mayor about this topic]] as well.

'''1898 February 3, Thursday''',  Algernon Bourke was among [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#The Dundee Evening Telegraph Report on People at Monte Carlo|those visiting Monte Carlo according to the Dundee ''Evening Telegraph'']].

'''1898 March 12, Saturday''', ''The World'' reported on Algernon Bourke's upgrading of the Orleans Club at Brighton:&lt;blockquote&gt;

The Orleans Club at Brighton is flourishing exceedingly, and the new buildings which Mr. Algernon Bourke has just had erected at the back of the comfortable mansion at the corner of Lansdowne-place now provide all that was wanting to make the present habitat of the club all that its members desire. The new billiard-room is rapidly approaching completion, and the coffee-room, excellent and spacious now, was open on Saturday night, when every table was occupied by club diners and their guests, all of whom were enthusiastic over the excellence of this latest addition to the comfort of the house. All interested may be congratulated on what is practically new lease of life to the Orleans Club, than which there is no more comfortable place stay within the four seas.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From '''The World''.'&quot; ''East &amp; South Devon Advertiser'' 12 March 1898, Saturday: 6 pop 8], Col. 2b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001639/18980312/132/0006. Print title ''The East and South Devon Advertiser'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1898 March 30, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke was charged with assaulting a Mr. Potter, but it is not clear from this account what exactly happened:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Hon. Algernon H. Bourke, of Bramber, was summoned, at the instance of Mr. Walter John Potter, clerk to Mr. G. A. Flowers, solicitor, of Steyning, for assault, on the 30th March. — Mr. J. Edward Dell supported the case, and Mr. J. C. Buckwell defended, and pleaded not guilty. — The evidence was to the effect that Mr. Potter had occasion go to defendant's house on Wednesday last to serve a writ. He was going to drop the letter into [Col. 5c–6a] defendant's pocket when he turned and struck him a violent blow on the chest, making witness stagger backwards. Witness put up his hands to keep his balance, and defendant then struck him violently across the head with a weeding spud. — Richard Reed, who was at work for Mr. Bourke on the date named, and was working in garden at the time of the alleged assault, gave corroborative evidence. — Defendant, in the witness box, made a similar statement. — The magistrates differed as to whether the assault was committed, and dismissed the case.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Steyning.&quot; ''Sussex Express'' 9 April 1898, Saturday: 2 [of 12], Col. 5c–6a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000654/18980409/036/0002. Print: ''The Sussex Express, Surrey Standard, Weald of the Kent Mail, Hants and County Advertiser'', p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1898 April 12, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was among [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#1898 April 12, Tuesday|those visiting Monte Carlo according to the ''Gentlewoman'']].

'''1898 May 25, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke wore pink to [[Social Victorians/1898-05-25 Savoy Dinner Dance Hwfa|Mrs. Hwfa Williams' dinner-dance at the Savoy]].

'''1898 June 7, Tuesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. A. Bourke were invited to and probably attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#7 June 1898, Tuesday|State Ball at Buckingham Palace hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales]].

'''1898 July 4, Thursday afternoon''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke were invited to and probably attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#Garden Party at Marlborough House|Garden Party at Marlborough House given to the Queen and Shah of Persia]].

'''1898 October 29, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#Tennis Championship Game at Prince's Club, Knightsbridge|tennis match at Prince's Club, Knightsbridge]].

'''1898 November''', Algernon Bourke received a letter from Lord Alfred Douglas and attempted to help Douglas and his father, the Marquis of Queensberry, to reconcile. Bourke met with the Marquis and sent a positive reply to Douglas the next day.&lt;ref name=&quot;:26&quot; /&gt; (568–569)

'''1898 November 22, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#Shooting Party Hosted by William James|shooting party hosted by Mr. William James]].

'''1898 December 3, Saturday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. A. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#The Funeral of Lady Connemara|funeral of Lady Connemara in Christ Church]], Down street, Piccadilly.&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 January 10, Tuesday''', the Brighton Championship Dog Show opened:&lt;blockquote&gt;Princess of Wales a Winner at the Ladies’ Kennel Club Show.

[Exclusive to &quot;The Leader.&quot;)

The Brighton Championship Dog Show opened in the Dome and Corn Exchange yesterday, and was very well patronised by visitors and exhibitors. Among the latter was H.R.H. the Princess of Wales, who did very well; and others included Princess Sophie Duleep Singh, Countess De Grey, Sir Edgar Boehm, the Hon Mrs. Algernon Bourke, Lady Cathcart, Lady Reid, Mr. Shirley (chairman of the Kennel Club), and the Rev. Hans Hamiiton (president of the Kennel Club).

The entry of bloodhounds is one of the best seen for some time; the Great Danes are another strong lot; deerhounds are a fine entry, all good dogs, and most of the best kennels represented; borzois are another very stylish lot. The bigger dogs are, as usual, in the Corn Exchange and the &quot;toy&quot; dogs in the Dome. To everyone's satsfaction the Princess of Wales carried off two first prizes with Alex in the borzois class.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Dogs at Brighton.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 11 January 1899, Wednesday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18990111/142/0008. Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 January 11, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#11 January 1899, Wednesday|a luncheon at Stanfield-hall, home of Mr. and Mrs. Basil Montogomery, for Princess Henry of Battenberg]], that also included the Countess of Dudley (sister of Mrs. Montgomery), General Oliphant, and the Mayor and Mayoress of Romsey.

'''1899 January 17–18, Tuesday and Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Ladies' Kennel Association in Brighton|Ladies' Kennel Association in Brighton]], where she showed an Italian greyhound named Brenda.

'''1899 February 7, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke was a member of the very high-ranking committee organizing the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Gordon Memorial College Ball|Gordon Memorial College Ball at the Hotel Cecil on 7 February 1899]]. The committee had been planning for the ball, of course, for at least 3 weeks before.

'''1899 February 22, Wednesday – April''', Guendoline Bourke was part of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Society in St. Moritz|Society in St. Moritz]]. 1899 March 29, Wednesday, the ''Dundee Advertiser'' says that [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#29 March 1899, Wednesday|Cyril Sloane-Stanley was spending part of the winter in St. Moritz]] with his sister Guendoline Bourke.

'''1899 April 7, Friday, probably''', oddly, Algernon and Guendoline Bourke are not reported to have attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Funeral of the Hon. Charles Bourke, C.B.|Funeral of the Hon. Charles Bourke, C.B.]] or even to have sent flowers.

'''1899 April 8, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' reported that Guendoline Bourke had gone to [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#8 April 1899, Saturday|St. Moritz with her brother, Mr. Stanley, who had gotten engaged to Lady Cairns]].

'''1899 April 26, Wednesday''', according to &quot;Local and District News&quot; for Totton, Guendoline Bourke was &quot;ill with influenza in Paris, and Mrs. Shelley Bontein, her mother, has gone out to nurse her.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Local and District News. Totton.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 26 April 1899, Wednesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 2b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18990426/037/0004. Print title ''Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1899 June 1, Thursday, or 2, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Wedding of Roger Cyril Sloane Stanley and Olivia, Countess Cairns|wedding of her brother, Sloane Stanley and Olivia Countess Cairns]] at Holy Trinity Church, Brompton.

'''1899 June 8, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke's money troubles:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Hon. Algernon Bourke, son of the Earl of Mayo, has been appearing before the official receivers in connection with a winding-up order made against Willis’ Restaurant, Limited. The companyf [sic] was formed to acquire the well known restaurant from the Hon. H. A. Bourke. The chairman reminded the creditors that on the last occasion the meeting was adjourned because Mr. Bourke said he thought he would be able in the course of a fortnight to obtain an offer for a sum sufficient to satisfy the creditors and debenture holders. He had received a letter from Mr. Bourke to the effect that he had been unable to complete arrangements. Having looked into the affairs of the company more closely, it appeared to him that Mr. Bourke was legally liable to repay the sum of £5,000 which was advanced to White's Club, and the question would arise whether Mr. Bourke was not also liable to repay the sum of £4,000.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr. Bourke Must Pay.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 8 June 1899, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 8c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001985/18990608/118/0004. Print title: ''The Irish Weekly Independent'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1899 July 1, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#1 July 1899, Saturday|meeting in London at the Duke of Westminster's Grosvenor House]] about preserving Killarney as part of the National Trust and seems to have been acting for someone who wanted to purchase the Muckross Estate.

'''1899 July 5, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Dinner and Dance at Devonshire House|dance at Devonshire House hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire]].

'''1899 July 6, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Joan Wilson and Guy Fairfax's Wedding|wedding of Joan Wilson and Guy Fairfax in St. Mark's, near Grosvenor Square]].

'''1899 July 14, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#14 July 1899, Friday|Ernest Beckett's dinner party]].

'''1899 July 18, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Ludovici Lecture on Impressionism|lecture on Impressionism by Ludovici hosted by the Countess of Mayo]].

'''1899 July 28, Friday''', [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#White's|White's Club]] was no longer under Algernon Bourke's management and was reconstituting itself after the possibility that it would have to close.

'''1889 July 31, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#Fete of the Uxbridge Habitation of the Primrose League|Fete of the Uxbridge Habitation of the Primrose League]] at Hillingdon Court and hosted by the Hon. Algernon and Lady Mary Mills.

'''1899 September 9, Saturday''', the ''Eastern Morning News'' includes Algernon Bourke (&quot;St. James's-street, London, club proprietor&quot;) in a list of men &quot;Receiving Orders,&quot; which it is reprinting from the ''London Gazette''.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Receiving Orders.&quot; ''Eastern Morning'' News 9 September 1899, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 3c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001152/18990909/074/0005. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 October 19, Thursday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke had a bankruptcy hearing:&lt;blockquote&gt;The public examination of the Hon. Algernon Bourke was held before Mr Registrar Giffard yesterday, at the London Bankruptcy Court. The debtor, described as proprietor of a St. James's-street club, furnished a statement of affairs showing unsecured debts £13,694 and debts fully secured £12,800, with assets which are estimated at £4,489 [?]. He stated, in reply to the Official Receiver, that he was formerly a member of the Stock Exchange, but had nothing to do with the firm of which he was a member during the last ten years. He severed his connection with the firm in May last, and believed he was indebted to them to the extent of £2,000 or £3,000. He repudiated a claim which they now made for £37,300. In 1889 he became proprietor of White's Club, St. James's-street, and carried it on until January 1st last, when he transferred it to a company called Recreations, Limited. One of the objects of the company was to raise money on debentures. The examination was formally adjourned.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 October 20, Friday''', the ''Morning Leader'' mentions Bourke's bankruptcy:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Algernon Bourke, whose bankruptcy is much talked about, has been connected with numerous enterprises in clubland. He raised White's from the slough into which it had sunk after the secession of the Prince of Wales. He started the Willis Restaurant, put fresh life into the Orleans Club at Brighton, arranged a big restaurant for the bicyclists in the time of the bicycle parade, and was concerned at first in the smart and short-lived Trafalgar Bicycle Club. At one time his name spelt success. Latterly his luck has left him. He is a brother of Lord Mayo, a son of the peer who was assassinated at the post of duty, and is one of the best known men about town of the day.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Club, Stage, and Salon.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 20 October 1899, Friday: 6 [of 12], Col. 5b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18991020/085/0006. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1899 November 8, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke's bankruptcy case came up again:&lt;blockquote&gt;At Bankruptcy Court, yesterday, the case the Hon. Algernon Bourke again came on for hearing before Mr. Registrar Giffard, and the examination was concluded. The debtor has at various times been proprietor of White’s Club, St. James’s-street, and the Orleans’ Club, Brighton, and also of Willis's Restaurant, King-street, St. James's. He attributed his failure to losses sustained by the conversion of White’s Club and the Orleans' Club into limited companies, to the payment of excessive Interest on borrowed money, and other causes. The liabilities amount to £26,590, of which £13,694 are stated to be unsecured, and assets £4,409.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Affairs of the Hon. A. Bourke.&quot; ''Globe'' 09 November 1899, Thursday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001652/18991109/020/0002. Print p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 December 23, Saturday''', &quot;Mr. Algernon Bourke has departed for a tour in Africa, being at present the guest of his brother in Tunis.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Society Pages.&quot; ''Walsall Advertiser'' 23 December 1899, Saturday: 7 [of 8], Col. 7b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001028/18991223/143/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1899 December 29, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke was at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Christmas Party Hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough|Christmas Party Hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 December 31''', the San Francisco newspaper ''The Wave'' wrote the following about London society:&lt;blockquote&gt;The most prominent untitled people in London may be said to be Mr. and Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Williams|Hwfa Williams]], Mr. and Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Grenfell|Willie Grenfell]] and Mr. Algy Bourke. That they are passing rich, goes without saying, and that they entertain lavishly, understood — for to be untitled, prominent and successful, argues wealth, hospitality and cleverness.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London.&quot; The (San Francisco) ''Wave'' 14 January 1899 (Vol. XIX, No. 2): 14. ''The Internet Archive'' https://archive.org/details/wave19unse/page/n20/mode/1up.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 1900s ===

'''1900 February 15, Thursday''', Daphne Bourke, the four-year-old daughter of the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke was a bridesmaid in the [[Social Victorians/Wilson Chesterfield Wedding 1900-02-15|wedding of Enid Wilson and the Earl of Chesterfield]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London Day by Day.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph'' 15 February 1900, Thursday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/19000215/175/0008. Name in British Newspaper Archive: ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London). Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt; Guendoline Bourke, &quot;who was in grey, wore a chinchilla toque with violets.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society. Entertainments, Balls, &amp;c.&quot; ''The Queen'' 24 February 1900, Saturday: 40 [of 76], Col. 1a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/19000224/235/0040. Print: ''The Queen, The Lady's Newspaper'', p. 308.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1900 March 10, Saturday''', the ''Weekly Irish Times'' reprinted society gossip from ''The World'':&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke, who has been staying with her husband's uncle, old Connemara, during Mr. Algernon Bourke's absence abroad, has taken a new house near Portman square, and will be settling there before Easter.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip.&quot; ''Weekly Irish Times'' 10 March 1900, Saturday: 17 [of 20], Col. 1b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001684/19000310/116/0017. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1900 July''' '''17, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke took part in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#17 July 1900, Tuesday|Children's Fete in support of the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children]] on the grounds of the Royal Botanic Society. Daphe was 5 at this time, so it seems logical that she would have been there, too.

'''1900 July 30, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Barber of Seville at Covent Garden|''The Barber of Seville'' at Covent Garden]].

'''1890 August 6, Friday''', &quot;[[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Beautiful Women|Beautiful Women]],&quot; an article in ''Vanity Fair'' that was reprinted elsewhere, mentions Guendoline Bourke (&quot;Lady Algernon Bourke&quot;) as one of the most beautiful women in England.

'''1900 August 11, Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke got&lt;blockquote&gt;the pretty little Yorkshire String, an especially tiny mite, weighing only 2&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;/&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;lb, and carrying a very promising coat, ... at the Aquarium Show.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Witchampton Kennel.&quot; &quot;Ladies Kennels.&quot; ''Ladies' Field'' 11 August 1900, Saturday: 16 [of 60], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0006043/19000811/043/0016. Print title same, p. 390.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1900 September 16''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke became the heir presumptive to the Earldom of Mayo when his older brother Captain Hon. Sir Maurice Archibald Bourke died.&lt;p&gt;

'''1900 October 06, Saturday''', the ''Weekly Irish Times'' says that Mr. Algernon Bourke, now heir presumptive to the earldom of Mayo, &quot;has been for some months lately staying with Mr. Terence Bourke in Morocco.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip.&quot; ''Weekly Irish Times'' 06 October 1900, Saturday: 14 [of 20], Col. 3b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001684/19001006/121/0014. Print p. 14.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 May 30, Thursday''', the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke attended the fashionable [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1901 May 30, Thursday|Ladies' Kennel Association Dog Show at the Botanic Garden]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 July 2, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke — &quot;pretty Mrs. Algernon Bourke, in a mauve gown and and purple tulle toque&quot; — attended a children's party at the Botanic Gardens hosted by the Earl and Countess of Kilmorey.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Earl of Kilmorey, K.P.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 13 July 1901: Saturday, 50 [of 84], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010713/237/0050. Print: title the same, p. 60.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 July 4, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke — dressed &quot;in pale grey, with her pretty little girl,&quot; 6-year-old Daphne — attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Countess of Yarborough's Children's Party|children's party hosted by the Countess of Yarborough]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Countess of Yarborough ....&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 13 July 1901, Saturday: 76 [of 84], Col. 2b, 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010713/381/0076. Print p. xxxvi.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 3a}}&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 July 4–6, Thursday–Saturday''', Guendoline Bourke helped staff the Perthshire stall&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Great County Sale.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 29 June 1901, Saturday: 43 [of 72], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010629/223/0043# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010629/223/0043]. Same print title, pp. 679.&lt;/ref&gt; at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Great County Sale|Great County Sale in the Imperial Gardens of the Earl's Court Exhibition]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 July 20, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' published the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke's portrait (identified with &quot;Perthshire&quot;) in its 3rd series of &quot;The Great County Sale at Earl's Court. Portraits of Stallholders.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Great County Sale at Earl's Court. Portraits of Stallholders.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 20 July 1901, Saturday: 31 [of 60], Col. 4b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010720/141/0031. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt; Their daughter Daphne appears in the portrait as well.&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 July 23, Tuesday''', an &quot;Hon. Mrs. Bourke&quot; was in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox|party &quot;entertained by Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox]].&quot;&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 September 12, Thursday''', Mrs. Guendoline Bourke wanted her name listed as Mrs. Algernon Bourke in the Electoral Register, apparently a frequent complaint:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Underhill, the Conservative agent, mentioned to the Revising Barrister (Mr. William F. Webster) that the name of the Hon. Mrs. Gwendolen Bourke was on the list in respect of the house, 75, Gloucester-place. The lady had written to him to say that she was the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke and that she wished that name to appear on the register. In reply to the Revising Barrister, Mr. Underhill said that “Algernon” was the name of the lady’s husband.

Mr. Cooke, the rate-collector, said that Mrs. Bourke had asked to be addressed Mrs. Algernon Bourke, but that the Town Clerk thought the address was not a correct one. The lady signed her cheques Gwendolen.”

Mr. Underhill said the agents frequently had indignant letters from ladies because they were not addressed by their husband’s Christian name.

The Revising Barrister — lf a lady gave me the name of Mrs. John Smith I should say I had not got the voter’s name. The name Gwendolen must remain.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;&quot;Ladies’ Names.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 12 September 1901, Thursday: 7 [of 10], Col. 3a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/19010912/130/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1901 October 26, Friday''', Algernon Bourke was on the Men's Committee of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Club Ice-skating Rink|Prince's Club Ice-skating Rink]], which had [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Prince's Club Ice-skating Rink Opening|its official opening on his day]]. 

'''1902 January''', Algernon Bourke is mentioned in [[Social Victorians/Schools#&quot;More of My Contemporaries at School.&quot;|reminiscences of Eton written by the &quot;Earl of X&quot;]] as being among those in the &quot;world of letters,&quot; and whose brother, later the Earl of Mayo, the Earl of X did not like. 

'''1902 January 25, Saturday''', Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave a box to Lady Helen Stewart-Vane-Tempest in honor of [[Social Victorians/Stewart-Stavordale Wedding 1902-01-25|Lady Helen's wedding to Giles Fox-Strangways, Lord Stavordale]]. 

'''1902 April 26, Saturday''', Mrs. A. Bourke is listed as being at the Norfolk Hotel in Brighton.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Guide to Visitors at Hotels and Boarding Houses.&quot; ''Brighton Gazette'' 26 April 1902, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000938/19020426/116/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt; 

'''1902 May, End of''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#End of May 1902|party at Blenheim Palace hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough]]. 

'''1902 June 11, Monday''', the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke had a dog entered in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Ladies' Kennel Association Show|Ladies' Kennel Association competitions in the Botanic Gardens]]. 

'''1902 September 4, Thursday''', the ''Daily Express'' reported that &quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke is staying with Lord and Lady Alington at Scarborough.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Onlooker.&quot; &quot;My Social Diary.&quot; &quot;Where People Are.&quot; ''Daily Express'' 04 September 1902, Thursday: 5 [of 8], Col. 1b? [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004848/19020904/099/0005. Print p. 4, Col. 7b [of 7].&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1902 September 22, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke was a guest at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Earl and Countess of Mar and Kellie's House Party|large house party hosted by the Earl and Countess of Mar and Kellie]].

'''1902 October 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Annual Opening of the Prince's Ice-skating Rink|opened the Prince's ice-skating rink for the season]], which he had been doing since 1895.

'''1902 October 25, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was bequeathed £500 by his uncle [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Robert Bourke]], who had died 3 September 1902.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Will of Lord Connemara.&quot; ''Kildare Observer and Eastern Counties Advertiser'' 25 October 1902, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 4b–c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001870/19021025/037/0002. Print title the ''Kildare Observer'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 October 31, Friday''', the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Annual Opening of the Prince's Ice-skating Rink|7th opening of the Prince's Skating Club]]. Guendoline Bourke was on the Women's Committee and Algernon Bourke was on the Men's.&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 November 8, Friday, beginning, perhaps''', Guendoline Bourke was part of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#8 November 1902, Saturday|Earl and Countess of Warwick's shooting party at Easton Lodge]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 December 9, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#9 December 1902, Tuesday|Lady Eva Wyndham-Quin's &quot;at home,&quot; held at the Welch Industrial depot]] for the sale Welsh-made Christmas gifts and cards. Bourke wore &quot;a fur coat and a black picture hat.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Lady Correspondent.&quot; &quot;Society in London.&quot; ''South Wales Daily News'' 11 December 1902, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000919/19021211/082/0004. Print p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1903 February 6, Friday''', Hon. Mrs A. Bourke was present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Dinner Party Hosted by Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and the Countess of Dudley|dinner party Hosted by Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and the Countess of Dudley]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1903 February 9, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke was present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Dinner Party Hosted by Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and the Countess of Dudley|house party at Dublin Castle hosted by the Lord Lieutenant and Countess of Dudley that began the Viceregal season]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1903 March 17, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke staffed a booth at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1903 March 17, Tuesday|sale of the Irish Industries Association]] on St. Patrick's Day with [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Lady Mayo]], [[Social Victorians/People/Dudley|Georgina Lady Dudley]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Miss Beresford]]. A number of other aristocratic women were also present at the sale in other booths, including [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Lady Londonderry]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Lucan|Lady Lucan]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1903 June 19, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke was invited to the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Grand Ball in the Waterloo Chamber at Windsor Castle|grand ball at Windsor Castle]], the end of the Ascot-week festivities.&lt;p&gt;

'''1903 June 23, Tuesday''', Guendoline and Daphne Bourke were invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1903 June 23, Tuesday|children's party at Buckingham Palace for Prince Eddie's birthday]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1903 July 10, Friday, or so''', Guendoline Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Party Hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough|party hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1904 May 17, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke had agreed to let Daphne appear in the tableaux vivants arranged by Sir Philip Burne-Jones for the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Countess Cadogan's Great Bazaar|Countess of Cadogan's great bazaar]]. Some mothers had had to decline because of the outbreaks of measles and chicken pox.&lt;p&gt;

'''1904 June 30, Thursday''', Guendoline and Daphne Bourke attended another birthday party for Prince Eddie at Buckingham Palace, and the ''Gentlewoman'' says, &quot;No prettier little girl was to be seen that day than little Miss Daphne Bourke, the daughter of the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke, with her wonderful Irish eyes and colouring, her pretty white frock being relieved with a rose pink sash.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Prince Eddie's Birthday.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 02 July 1904, Saturday: 68 [of 92]. Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19040702/360/0068. Print: title the same, p. 42.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1904 September 15, Thursday''', according to what was at the time called the ''Irish Daily Independent and Nation'', Algernon Bourke was living in Venice and not in the UK at this point:&lt;blockquote&gt;Algernon Bourke, who usually lives in Venice, has spent some time in England during the present summer, and has now gone on a fishing expedition to Sweden, accompanied by his brother, Lord Mayo. Lady Mayo has been staying meanwhile in Ireland, and has had a visit from her mother, Lady Maria Ponsonby, who is a sister of Lend Obventry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;&quot;Society Notes.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 15 September 1904, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001986/19040915/131/0004. Print title: ''Irish Daily Independent and Nation'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1904 October 22, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' reported that &quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke is paying a visit to Venice, which Mr. Bourke has made his headquarters for several years past, as he is connected with some very artistic stone and marble works situated near the Grand Canal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 22 October 1904, Saturday: 24 [of 6ths 8], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19041022/112/0024. Print title same, p. 672.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1905 February 17, Friday''', the Dundee ''Evening Post'' reported that Algernon Bourke &quot;set up a shop in Venice for the sale of art treasures and old furniture.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social News.&quot; Dundee ''Evening Post'' 17 February 1905, Friday: 6 [of 6], Col. 7b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000582/19050217/105/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1905 April 26, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#New Forest United Hunt Ball|New Forest United Hunt Ball]], as did her brother Captain R. C. H. Sloane Stanley and his wife Olivia Countess Cairns.&lt;p&gt;

'''1905 June 5, Monday''', Algernon Bourke wrote to the ''Times'' from Venice that &quot;The Venetian wits have suggested a motto for Admiral Togo, Togo Tenga Tutto (Togo takes the lot).&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr. Algernon Bourke.&quot; ''Hull Daily Mail'' 08 June 1905, Thursday: 2 [of 6], Col. 6a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000324/19050608/008/0002. Print title ''Daily Mail'', p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1905, last week of July''', Guendoline Bourke and daughter Daphne Bourke — who was 10 years old — attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Last week of July, 1905|Lady Cadogan's children's party at Chelsea House]]. Daphne was &quot;One of loveliest little girls present.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Social News.&quot; ''Belfast News-Letter'' 01 August 1905, Tuesday: 7 [of 10], Col. 6b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000038/19050801/157/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1906 March 9, Friday''', Guendoline Bourke was a reference for Mr. Frances Burgess, who taught piano, singing, voice production, organ and music theory. Burgess was &quot;Organist and Choirmaster of St. Columbs', North Kensington, Director of the Plainsong and Medieval Music Society's Choir, etc., etc.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot;&gt;&quot;Mr. Francis Burgess.&quot; ''Kilburn Times'' 9 March 1906, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001813/19060309/086/0003. Print title: ''Kilburn Times Hampstead and North-western Press'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1906 December 10, Monday''', Guendoline Bourke was seen in the tea room, possibly with Lady Grosvenor, at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1906 December 10, Monday|Lady Dudley's sale of Irish needlework]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1907 May''', a &quot;naval signalling incident&quot; [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#May 1887|caused the Waterford ''Evening News'' to recall a similar event]] that had occurred 20 years earlier, in which Algernon Bourke, as special correspondent for the ''Times'', publicized [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles Beresford]]'s use of his ship's signalling capabilities to send a message to his wife about being late for dinner:&lt;blockquote&gt;

The naval signalling incident is still in the air. It is expected that the matter will not be threshed out until Emperor William leaves England. A story of a former signalling incident in which [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles Beresford]] was concerned is going the rounds at the moment.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1907 August 24, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was present at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Polo Week at Eaton Hall, Duke and Duchess of Westminster|Polo Week at Eaton Hall, hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Westminster]].

'''1908 July 30, Thursday''', Guendoline Bourke was at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Glorious Goodwood. Cup Day and Dresses.|Cup Day at the Goodwood races]], wearing salmon-pink with a matching hat.

'''1909 April 20, Tuesday''', Lady Rosemary Cairns — daughter of Olivia Sloan-Stanley, Countess Cairns and Cyril Sloane-Stanley — and Wyndham Portal were [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#20 April 1909, Tuesday|married in St. Margaret's, Westminster]]. Lavender and Diane Sloane-Stanley were bridesmaids.&lt;p&gt;

'''1909 May 22, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke appears to have been living in Pisa. A columnist for the ''Queen'' reported on the Royal School of Art Needlework:&lt;blockquote&gt;Lady Leconfield [?] was there, also her sister-in-law, the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Dowager Lady Mayo]], only just back from her winter on the Continent, when she spent most of the time at Pisa, where her son Mr Algernon Bourke has also been staying. The latter is a great connoisseur as regards [art?] notably in what is really good in the way of old Italian sculpture and carving. He and his handsome wife have a place near to Putney, and this winter again Mr Bourke, as the result of his Italian travels, has been sending home such relics of the old Italian palace gardens as as stone and marble carved vases, garden seats, and what-not of the kind — not all for himself and his own gardens by any means, I fancy; but his friends, relying on his knowledge in such matters, get him when abroad to choose for [them?] the adornment of their English terraces and gardens.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;My Social Diary.&quot; The ''Queen'' 22 May 1909, Saturday: 31 [of 86], Col. 1b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/19090522/203/0031. Print p. 871.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1909 September''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was among the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Visitors in Venice from the U.K.|many visitors from &quot;England&quot; in Venice]] in September.

=== 1910s ===
'''1910 April 20, Wednesday''', the ''Tatler'' printed an &quot;open letter&quot; to Geraldine, Countess of Mayo, as part of its &quot;The Searchlight in Society&quot; series and mentioned Algernon Bourke, saying he had been keeping &quot;a curiosity shop at Venice&quot;:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Bourkes have brains, and a good example is afforded by Mr. Algernon Bourke, next brother to Lord Mayo and heir-presumptive to the title. He is a good-looking man who used to be known as Buttons Bourke, and he married well, as his wife was the rich and pretty Miss Guendolen Sloane Stanley. He may be described as a &quot;Jack of all trades,&quot; but it is not I who will say that he is a master of none. He was once in the Stock Exchange, then he took White's Club in hand and restored it to much of its former prestige. After that he dabbled in smart hotels and restaurants, and the last thing I heard of him was that he kept a curiosity shop at Venice.&lt;ref&gt;Candida. &quot;The Searchlight in Society. Our Open Letter. No. CII. The Countess of Mayo.&quot; The ''Tatler'' 20 April 1910, Wednesday: 18 [of 42], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001852/19100420/023/0018. Print title same, p. 72.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1911 November 21, Tuesday''', Guendoline Bourke assisted the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#21 November 1911, Tuesday|Duchess of Marlborough at her at-home]] that included a sale of work by the wives of prisoners.&lt;p&gt;

'''1912 September 27, Friday''', Guendoline and Daphne Bourke were visiting Mr. and Mrs. Shelley Bontein, her mother and stepfather.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From 'The World.'&quot; ''Berks and Oxon Advertiser'' 27 September 1912, Friday: 2 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002298/19120927/014/0002. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1913 April 23, Wednesday''', the Irish Independent reported that Guendoline and Daphne Bourke had arrived in London for the season:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke and Miss Bourke have arrived for the season at 75 Gloucester place, Portman square, London.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social and Personal.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 23 April 1913, Wednesday: 4 [of 10], Col. 5b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001715/19130423/081/0004. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1913 May 7, Wednesday''', Guendoline Bourke presented her daughter Daphne Bourke at court:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke presented her daughter, and wore blue and gold broché with a gold lace train.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social and Personal.&quot; London ''Daily Chronicle'' 08 May 1913, Thursday: 6 [of 12], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005049/19130508/120/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

The ''Pall Mall Gazette'' has a description of Daphne Bourke's dress, but what exactly &quot;chiffon [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hoops|paniers]]&quot; means in 1913 is not clear:&lt;blockquote&gt;Court dressmakers appear to have surpassed all previous records in their efforts to make the dresses for to-night’s Court as beautiful as possible. Noticeable among these is the dainty presentation gown to be worn by Miss Bourke, who will be presented by her mother, the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke. This has a skirt of soft white satin draped with chiffon [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hoops|paniers]] and a bodice veiled with chiffon and trimmed with diamanté and crystal embroidery. Miss Bourke’s train, gracefully hung from the shoulders, is of white satin lined with pale rose pink chiffon and embroidered with crystal and diamanté.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Fashion Day by Day. Lovely Gowns for To-night's Court.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 07 May 1913, Wednesday: 13 [of 18], Col. 1a [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/19130507/199/0013. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The ''London Evening Standard'' describes Guendoline and Daphne Bourke the same way except with differences in editing:&lt;blockquote&gt;Miss Bourke: Presented by her mother, the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke. Dainty presentation gown of white satin, the skirt draped with chiffon paniers, bodice veiled chiffon and trimmed with diamanté and crystal embroidery. Train gracefully hung from shoulder of white satin embroidered with crystal and diamanté, lined with pale rose pink chiffon.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Some of the Dresses.&quot; &quot;The King and Queen. Third Court. Most Brilliant of the Year.&quot; ''London Evening Standard'' 08 May 1913, Thursday: 11 [of 18], Col. 4b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/19130508/237/0011. Print title ''The Standard'', p. 11.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

According to the ''Lady's Pictorial'', Daphne Bourke's dress was designed and constructed by [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Messrs Russell and Allen|Messrs. Russell and Allen]], Old Bond-street, W., and the description is identical (except for a couple of commas).&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Their Majesties' Court.&quot; ''Lady's Pictorial'' 17 May 1913, Saturday: 35 [of 64], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005980/19130517/296/0035. Same print title, p. 787.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1914 May 11, Monday''', Guendoline and Daphne Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#Dance at the Ritz Hosted by Mrs. George Marjoribanks|dance at the Ritz hosted by Mrs. George Marjoribanks]].

'''1915 January 1, Friday''', Algernon Bourke is listed as being on the Executive Committee of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#1915 January 1, Friday|National Food Fund, publicized by the ''Conservative and Unionist Women's Franchise Review'']].

'''1916 August 25, Friday''', Daphne Bourke's and John Fortescue's engagement was announced:&lt;blockquote&gt;A most attractive prospective bride (says the &quot;Star&quot;) is Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke's only daughter, Miss Daphne Bourke, whose engagement has just taken place to Mr. Fortescue, of the Coldstream Guards. Miss Bourke is tall, dark, and very beautiful; and Mr. Fortescue is one of the family of Boconoc, Cornwall, and Dropmore, Maidenhead. At the latter place the two families have been neighbours, for Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke have a charming country residence at Taplow, while Dropmore is famous for its magnificent gardens.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Personalia.&quot; ''Uxbridge &amp; W. Drayton Gazette'' 25 August 1916, Friday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002285/19160825/043/0004. Print title ''The Advertiser'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''1917 June 7, Thursday''', Daphne Bourke and John Grenville Fortescue [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#7 June 1917, Thursday|married in the Coldstream Guards' chapel]].

== Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball ==
According to both the ''Morning Post'' and the ''Times'', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was among the Suite of Men in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#&quot;Oriental&quot; Procession|&quot;Oriental&quot; procession]] at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&quot;Fancy Dress Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; ''Morning Post'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 4a–8 Col. 2b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970703/054/0007.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;&quot;Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; The ''Times'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 12, Cols. 1a–4c ''The Times Digital Archive''. Web. 28 Nov. 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Based on the people they were dressed as, Guendoline Bourke was probably in this procession but it seems unlikely that Algernone Bourke was.

[[File:Guendoline-Irene-Emily-Bourke-ne-Sloane-Stanley-as-Salammb.jpg|thumb|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a standing woman richly dressed in an historical costume with a headdress and a very large fan|Hon. Guendoline Bourke as Salammbô. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]
=== Hon. Guendoline Bourke ===
[[File:Alfons Mucha - 1896 - Salammbô.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Highly stylized orange-and-yellow painting of a bare-chested woman with a man playing a harp at her feet|Alfons Mucha's 1896 ''Salammbô''.]]
Lafayette's portrait (right) of &quot;Guendoline Irene Emily Bourke (née Sloane-Stanley) as Salammbô&quot; in costume is photogravure #128 in the '''Album''' presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;&quot;Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball (1897): photogravures by Walker &amp; Boutall after various photographers.&quot; 1899. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait-list.php?set=515.&lt;/ref&gt; The printing on the portrait says, &quot;The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke as Salammbo.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;&quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke as Salammbo.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158491/Guendoline-Irene-Emily-Bourke-ne-Sloane-Stanley-as-Salammb.&lt;/ref&gt;

The Lafayette Archive has 2 additional poses from the same session on 5 July 1897 as the one chosen for the Album:

* Same image as the Album photograph but higher resolution than the one the National Portrait Gallery, London, gives permission to post (Neg. No. GP [L] [http://lafayette.org.uk/bou1369.html 1369]).
* Standing with fan behind head, includes close-up of skirt fabric and left hand (Neg. No. GP [L] [http://lafayette.org.uk/bou1368-444.html 1368-444]).
* Reclining on pillows and furs, includes close-up of face and headdress (Neg. No. GP [L] [http://lafayette.org.uk/bou1368-442.html 1368-442]).

==== Newspaper Accounts ====
The Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke was dressed as Salambo in the Oriental procession&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; in a costume made by [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Mrs. Mason|Mrs. Mason]], according to Russell Harris, although he also says [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Mr. Charles Alias|Charles Alias]] was the &quot;Costume supplier.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://lafayette.org.uk/bou1369.html|title=Hon Mrs Algernon Bourke (1870-1967), née Guendoline Irene Emily Sloane-Stanley by Lafayette 1897|website=lafayette.org.uk|access-date=2025-07-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Besides the two that mention her presence at the ball — the ''Morning Post'' and the ''Times'' — only two describe her costume, the London ''Evening Standard'' and the ''Gentlewoman'':
* &quot;Mrs. A. Bourke, as an Egyptian Princess, with the Salambo coiffure, wore a flowing gown of white and silver gauze covered with embroidery of lotus flowers. The top of the gown was ornamented with old green satin embroidered with blue turquoise and gold, and studded with rubies. The train was of old green broché with sides of orange and gold embroidery, and from the ceinture depended long bullion fringe and an embroidered ibis.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“The Ball at Devonshire House. Magnificent Spectacle. Description of the Dresses.” London ''Evening Standard'' 3 July 1897 Saturday: 3 [of 12], Cols. 1a–5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/18970703/015/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 3, Col. 3b}}
* &quot;(Egyptian Princess), drapery gown of white and silver gauze, covered with embroidery of lotus flowers; the top of gown appliqué with old green satin embroidered blue turquoise and gold, studded rubies; train of old green broché.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 40, Col. 3a}}

==== Commentary on Her Costume ====

*The heavy headdress is likely attached to a wig and further stabilized by something under Bourke's chin and by the filet around her forehead. The flowers appear to have jewels at the center. What looks like a neck treatment is probably part of the structure holding the headpiece in place. The placement of the flowers is clearly a copy of the headdress worn by Rose Caron in the 1892 Paris production of the Reyer opera. Made by Eugène Lacoste, this textile, metal and pearl ''coiffe'' still exists (https://www.gazette-drouot.com/article/bijoux-d-opera/54941) and is held by the Bibliothèque Nationale de France.&lt;ref&gt;Merle, Sandrine. &quot;Les bijoux d’Opéra en pleine lumière au Palais Garnier.&quot; ''La Gazette Druout'' 4 July 2025 (No. 26). Retrieved July 2025

https://www.gazette-drouot.com/article/bijoux-d-opera/54941.&lt;/ref&gt; It seems to have been constructed from metal for the gold framework with the leaf design, beads attached to hanging metal frameworks (the blue-green beads look like they're covered with fabric or wrapped with thread) and flowers that may have been made from stiffened pinked fabric (likely organdy) whose color may have darkened in the century that has passed.
*Bourke's posture as she leans in the reclining odalisque pose shows she is wearing a corset.
*The translucent overskirt looks like an apron attached under the bust and hanging from the bodice.
*Russell Harris says the large fan looks more Egyptian rather than Carthaginian,&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt;  and the newspapers say she was dressed as an Egyptian princess rather than a Carthaginian priestess.
*The fullness of the skirt is very controlled.
*Her shoes are slippers decorated with real or artificial jewels.

==== Salammbô ====
Salammbô is the fictitious protagonist in Gustave Flaubert's 1862 novel ''Salammbô'', set during the Roman war against Carthage.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-04-29|title=Salammbô|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salammb%C3%B4&amp;oldid=1221352216|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salammb%C3%B4.&lt;/ref&gt; Salammbô is a Carthaginian priestess of the lunar goddess Tanit. Matho, a Roman mercenary, breaks into Tanit's temple and steals her sacred veil — the spiritual guardian of Carthage. Salammbô sneaks into the enemy encampment to steal the veil back. She meets Matho in his tent, and &quot;believing each other to be divine apparitions,&quot; they make love,&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; although it is also a defilement. Salammbô succceds in getting the veil back, but Matho is tortured and executed, which causes her to die of shock, the effect of both having touched the veil. The plot of the opera is not identical to that of the novel.

What Guendoline Bourke saw in Salammbô as representative of herself is difficult to know, unless the costume itself appealed to her. A production of Ernest Reyer's opera ''Salammbô'', based on Flaubert's novel and published in Paris in 1890, opened at the Paris Opéra on 16 May 1892,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-04-11|title=Ernest Reyer|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Reyer&amp;oldid=1218353215|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Reyer.&lt;/ref&gt; starring Madame Rose Caron, with Mademoiselle Lucienne Bréval performing when Caron was on vacation.&lt;ref&gt;Jullienn, Adolphe. &quot;Mademoiselle Lucienne Bréval de L'Académie Nationale de Musique [or de l'Opéra in the Table of Contents].&quot; ''Le Théatre'' April 1898 (No. 4). Google Books https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/_oxRAQAAMAAJ. Pp. 8–10.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|8, Col. 2c}} This production was widely reviewed and discussed in the papers in the UK, and its production design was notable, especially Caron's costumes, the sets and [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#Scale of the Production of Salammbo|the very scale of the production]]. Bourke or her costumier clearly saw the opera or images of the performers or its posters, certainly influencing the design of her costume.

* Rose Caron in her Salammbo costume is here: https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/rose-caron-french-soprano-in-costume-in-the-title-role-of-news-photo/1439485238.
* A headshot of Bréval in costume is here: https://books.google.com/books/content?id=_oxRAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=RA3-PP7&amp;img=1&amp;zoom=3&amp;hl=en&amp;bul=1&amp;sig=ACfU3U2Gv8Os_rEmx2gM9SakJkYLJ9hW7g&amp;ci=6%2C1%2C988%2C1371&amp;edge=0.)
* &quot;Salammbo's hair [was] powdered with a violet dust when she first appeared before the eyes of Matho.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Salome.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 27 February 1893, Monday: 3 [of 8]. Col. 2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18930227/010/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

Salammbô figured in paintings, sculptures and illustrations of editions of Flaubert's novel before Ernest Reyer's 1890 opera. Translations and illustrated editions of Flaubert's novel had come out steadily beginning in the 1880s. Alfons Mucha's 1896 lithograph of Salammbô (above left) was published the year before the ball. Salammbo is often depicted as nude and highly sexual or sexualized (kissing a huge snake, for example, that she holds aloft). Reyer's opera was first produced in 1890 in Brussels. Both Modest Mussorgsky and Sergei Rachmaninoff had attempted but not completed operas based on the novel as well.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

===== Comtesse de Castiglione as Salammbô =====
Guendoline Bourke's costume and her social life as reported in the newspapers do not suggest that she was a big risk-taker like, for example, la Comtesse de Castiglione, Napoléon III's mistress at the time, who appeared at a ball in a Salammbô costume in 1886, 4 years after Flaubert's novel was first published. Henry Labouchere's ''Truth'' says of the Comtesse de Castiglione.&lt;blockquote&gt;
The first time I saw her I did not know who she was. She took my breath away; her beauty was so harmonious, and in all points so faultless. When I was told who she was, I thought of Helen and the Trojans. I also saw her at the fancy ball at the Tuileries, where she was in the transparent costume, lightly fastened together with brooches, ''à la'' Salammbô. Comte de Choiseul, son of the notorious Duc de Praelin, with his face blackened to make him resemble a Nubian slave, held up the part of the garment which fell as a gauzy train.

A spectatress I remember of that fancy ball was Mrs. Dayton, wife of the U.S. Minister. When she saw the Countess enter like an Olympian being, her American ideas got the better of diplomatic form, and she said to her daughter, a sweet maidenly young girl, &quot;Annie, dear, you must come away.&quot; A French lady (Madame Rouher) who sat next and was rather bourgeois than fast, remonstrated, I remember, in these words: &quot;Mais, Madame, où en est, donc, le mal ? Tout est si bien chez la Comtesse!&quot; The triumph of the Comtesse, as she walked down the Galerie des Maréchaux, was about as extraordinary a sight as the Tuileries ever presented. What was so astonishing was that the ladies forgot to be jealous, and the gentlemen to fall in love. The great beauty of the Countess excluded from their minds the idea of sex.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Notes from Paris.&quot; ''Truth'' 4 June 1891, Thursday: 22 [of 56], Col. 2b–c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18910604/046/0022. Same print title, p. 1176.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
The same reporter wrote about her again after her death in 1889.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Notes from Paris: The Late Comtesse de Castiglione.&quot; ''Truth'' 7 December 1899, Thursday: 28, Col. 1c – 29 [of 74], Col. 1c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18991207/045/0028 and https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0002961/18991207/045/0029. Same print title, pp. 1410–1411.&lt;/ref&gt; 

In 1889, on the announcement of la Comtesse de Castiglione's death, the ''Edinburgh Evening News'' exaggerates her nudity and doesn't describe the rush in the ballroom to see her, her denial that she was costumed as Salammmbô or the fact that she was Napoléon's mistress, which might go some way to explain the Empress Eugenie's response, but does address the lingering memory:&lt;blockquote&gt;The late Countess Castiglione, whose death in Paris is recorded yesterday, made her first appearance at the Imperial Court in 1866, where her extraordinary beauty made a great impression on Napoleon III., and eventually led to the Empress Eugenie’s undertaking an unexpected and much-talked-of visit to Scotland. The Countess had a face and complexion which would have enchanted Rubens, and her lovely golden hair touched her feet. Even at the present day Paris has not forgotten her costume, or rather absence of costume as Salammbo, in which character she figured at a certain memorable ball at the Tuileries, wearing her hair, her jewels, and very little else. The Empress Eugenie, when she was presented to her thus lightly arrayed, declared that she must be cold, and insisted upon her there and then donning a mantle. Mme. de Castiglione was never again invited to an entertainment over which the Empress Eugenie presided.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Countess’ Queer Ball Costume.&quot; ''Edinburgh Evening News'' 2 December 1899, Saturday: 2 [of 6], Col. 7b [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000452/18991202/024/0002. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Given how widely this incident was discussed at the time of the death of la Comtesse in 1889, brought up again with the discussions of Reyer's opera, Guendoline Bourke might easily have known about it. Perhaps the sexuality or overt sexuality of Salammbô appealed to her, but she was developing relationships with people like the Princess of Wales and had more leeway than the middle classes but would have been careful. 

===== Scale of the Production of ''Salammbo'' =====

* &quot;In Reyer's opera of 'Salammbo,' lately produced at the Grand Opera in Paris, there were 1,400 persons on the stage in the last act.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Facts and Fancies.&quot; ''Louth and North Lincolnshire Advertiser'' 9 July 1892, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 6c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000313/18920709/038/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;the battle scene in [''Salammbo''] requires no less than 3000 square yards of 'decorative surface' [probably canvas]. This establishes a record, the next largest surface being that of the salles des fetes in 'Don Giovanni.'&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A French paper gives interesting details....&quot; ''Sevenoaks Chronicle and Kentish Advertiser'' 26 August 1892, Friday: 2 [of 8], Col. 3c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001067/18920826/032/0002. Same print title, n.p.

&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Influence of the Production of ''Salammbo'' =====
Rose Caron's productions were influential, including for the costumes she wore. The 1892 ''Lohengrin'' she starred in was the source of the costumes worn by [[Social Victorians/People/Stonor#Julia Caroline Stonor, Marquise of Hautpoul|Julia Stonor, Marquise of Hautpoul]] and her brother, [[Social Victorians/People/Stonor#Hon. Harry Stonor|Hon. Harry Stonor]].

Women's clothing was influenced by the costumes in the opera, particularly those worn by Rose Caron. One color of intense red was called Salammbo. A bonnet was named the Salammbô:&lt;blockquote&gt;About the smartest thing in bonnets for ordinary complimentary mourning is called the Salammbô, and is copied from a head-dress worn by a leading artiste at one of the Paris theatres. It is made of jet, and has a rose on each side of the front from the centres of which rise two black ospreys.&lt;ref&gt;Mantalini, Miss. &quot;The Shows in the London Shops. With Mems. about Millinery.&quot; ''Pall Mall Budget'' 29 December 1892, Thursday: 22 [of 40], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005967/18921229/092/0022. Same print title, p. 1928.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;In a long illustrated article describing the wedding of Princess Marie of Edinburgh, the ''Lady's Pictorial'' provides a sketch of &quot;a very pretty [hat] (No. 4) of brown mirror velvet trimmed with mink and a brown velvet bow in front with Salammbo '&lt;nowiki/&gt;''fantaisie''&lt;nowiki/&gt;' [sic]&quot; that is among the bride's millinery.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Marriage of H.R.H. Princess Marie of Edinburgh and H.R.H. Ferdinand Crown Prince of Roumania.&quot; ''Lady's Pictorial'' 14 January 1893, Saturday: 40 [of 76], Col. 3c [of 3]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005980/18930114/064/0040. Same print title, p. 56.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

Shoes appeared:&lt;blockquote&gt;At Mrs Merritt's, Savile-street, the stock is particularly attractive, there being so many new styles in shoes this season. One of the latest designs is the Salammbo Shoe, glace kid, with one strap, a jet buckle, and very low French heels. This shoe is especially designed for tender feet, as it is very light in weight.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;House and Home. Local Letter for Women Reader [sic], (By Our Lady Contributor).&quot; ''Hull Daily Mail'' 22 July 1897, Thursday: 5 [of 6], Col. 1b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000324/18970722/069/0005. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Patterns for making the Tunique Romaine and Corsage Salammbo were for sale just a few months after the opening:&lt;blockquote&gt;Some of the leading fashionable novelties described in ''Le Follet de Paris'' are almost ahead of the season, but they look so well that it will not be long before our provincial dressmakers have them. A revival and modification of the ancient tunic is one item which is transforming the modern gowns of tailor-built tweeds into long clinging draperies, of simple cut but ineffable grace. We have had the Russian blouse with us now for the last couple of months. Now the reign of Tunique Romaine and Corsage Salambo is upon us.

... [including the address to send off for the patterns]

A very successful novelty is the ''corsage'' “Salammbo.” In reality, it is more of a blouse and short tunic than a ''corsage'', as there is no attempt at shaping to the figure. In [sic] consists, indeed, of two straight pieces of material cut round on the shoulders, where the back and front are fastened together by clasps. There is no arm-hole, and the two pieces meet at the waist under the arm, and then hang open on to the skirt. There being no dart, the waist is as wide as the shoulders; the fullness is drawn to the centre under a ''ceinture Russe'', or of oxydised silver. The outlines are trimmed with ''galon'' or some similar garniture. The &quot;Salammbo” ''guimpe'' or ''corsage'' are made of flannel or ''mousseline de laine'' of bright colour, and are worn with fitting bodices or skirts of serge, or woollen of dark colour. They are very effective, and nothing can be easier to make, while their addition to a frock constitutes a separate costume.

The fitting bodices worn under the ''guimpes'' or ''robes'' &quot;Salammbo&quot; are very simply made; being round-waisted, they are without side pieces, and only require a seam under each arm; one in the centre of the back, and one or two darts in front, according to the figure. The skirt is mounted on a round waistband, and the ''ceinture'' worn over this gives the bodice and skirt the effect of a princess dress.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Womans Ceilidh.&quot; ''Oban Times and Argyllshire Advertiser'' 3 September 1892, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 6a–b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000462/18920903/078/0003. Print title: ''The Oban Times'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Stationery even before the opera opened in Paris:&lt;blockquote&gt;The last fad in fancy stationery is the carte Salammbo, a delightfully smooth surface for writing upon, the envelopes are very small, square, and of the wallet make; the paper folds over once to fit. The newest shades are rose pink, pale English blue, apple green, and the evergreen heliotrope.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Fashions of the Month.&quot; ''Nottinghamshire Guardian'' 27 February 1892, Saturday: 7 [of 8], Col. 2b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000176/18920227/059/0007. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:Algernon Henry Bourke Vanity Fair 20 January 1898.jpg|thumb|alt=Old colored drawing of an elegant elderly man dressed in a 19th-century tuxedo with a cloak, top hat and formal pointed shoes with bows, standing facing 1/4 to his right|''Algy'' — Algernon Henry Bourke — by &quot;Spy,&quot; ''Vanity Fair'' 20 January 1898]]

=== Hon. Algernon Bourke ===
[[File:Hon-Algernon-Henry-Bourke-as-Izaak-Walton.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a man richly dressed in an historical costume sitting in a fireplace that does not have a fire and holding a tankard|Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke as Izaak Walton. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]
'''Lafayette's portrait''' (left) of &quot;Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke as Izaak Walton&quot; in costume is photogravure #129 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; The printing on the portrait says, &quot;The Hon. Algernon Bourke as Izaak Walton.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hon. Algernon Bourke as Izaak Walton.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158492/Hon-Algernon-Henry-Bourke-as-Izaak-Walton.&lt;/ref&gt;

This portrait is amazing and unusual: Algernon Bourke is not using a photographer's set with theatrical flats and props, certainly not one used by anyone else at the ball itself. Isaak Walton (baptised 21 September 1593 – 15 December 1683) wrote ''The Compleat Angler''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2021-09-15|title=Izaak Walton|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Izaak_Walton&amp;oldid=1044447858|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izaak_Walton.&lt;/ref&gt; A cottage Walton lived in and willed to the people of Stafford was photographed in 1888, suggesting that its relationship to Walton was known in 1897, raising a question about whether Bourke could have used the fireplace in the cottage for his portrait. (This same cottage still exists, as the [https://www.staffordbc.gov.uk/izaak-waltons-cottage Isaak Walton Cottage] museum.)

A caricature portrait (right) of the Hon. Algernon Bourke, called &quot;Algy,&quot; by Leslie Ward (&quot;Spy&quot;) was published in the 20 January 1898 issue of ''Vanity Fair'' as Number 702 in its &quot;Men of the Day&quot; series,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-01-14|title=List of Vanity Fair (British magazine) caricatures (1895–1899)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)_caricatures_(1895%E2%80%931899)&amp;oldid=1195518024|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)_caricatures_(1895%E2%80%931899).&lt;/ref&gt; giving an indication of what he looked like out of costume.

=== Mr. and Mrs. Bourke ===
The ''Times'' made a distinction between the Hon. Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke and Mr. and Mrs. Bourke, including both in the article.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Occasionally this same article mentions the same people more than once in different contexts and parts of the article, so they may be the same couple. (See [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#Notes and Question|Notes and Question]] #2, below.)

== Demographics ==

=== The Bourkes ===
*Nationality: Anglo-Irish&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020-11-14|title=Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo&amp;oldid=988654078|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Occupation: journalist. 1895: restaurant, hotel and club owner and manager&lt;ref&gt;''Cheltenham Looker-On'', 23 March 1895. Via Ancestry but taken from the BNA.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Residences ====
*Ireland: 1873: Palmerston House, Straffan, Co. Kildare.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; Not Co. Mayo?
*1888–1891: 33 Cadogan Terrace, S.W., Kensington and Chelsea, a dwelling house&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970, Register of Voters, 1891.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1894: 181 Pavilion Road, Kensington and Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970. Register of Voters, 1894. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1900: 181 Pavilion Road, Kensington and Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970. Register of Voters, 1900. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1904: Algernon Bourke was &quot;usually liv[ing] in Venice&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;
*1906: 75, Gloucester-place, W.&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot; /&gt;
*Guendoline Bourke
*1911: 1911 Fulham, London&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
*20 Eaton Square, S.W. (in 1897)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pl0oAAAAYAAJ|title=Who's who|date=1897|publisher=A. &amp; C. Black|language=en}} 712, Col. 1b.&lt;/ref&gt; (London home of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]])

=== The Sloane-Stanleys ===

==== Residences ====

* 1871: Chester Street, St George Hanover Square (Census), with 5 servants, including a cook and a footman.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;The National Archives; Kew, London, England; ''1871 England Census''; Class: ''RG10''; Piece: ''104''; Folio: ''21''; Page: ''37''; GSU roll: ''838763''. Ancestry.com. ''1871 England Census'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1881–1885&lt;ref&gt;''UK, City and County Directories, 1600s-1900s''. Ancestry.com. ''UK, City and County Directories, 1766 - 1946'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; [at least]: 14 Halkin Street, W., St. Georges, 14 servants, including a governess, a house steward, an under butler, a footman and a cook.&lt;ref&gt;''Census Returns of England and Wales, 1881''. Kew, Surrey, England: The National Archives of the UK (TNA): Public Record Office (PRO), 1881. Class: ''RG11''; Piece: ''98''; Folio: ''66''; Page: ''37''; GSU roll: ''1341022''. Ancestry.com and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. ''1881 England Census'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1888: 49, Cadogan-square, St. Luke, Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Ancestry.com. ''London, England, Overseer Returns, 1863-1894'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1899, Roger Cyril Sloane-Stanley: 4 Down St., St George, Hanover Square&lt;ref&gt;London Metropolitan Archives; London, England; ''Electoral Registers''. Ancestry.com. ''London, England, Electoral Registers, 1832-1965'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1911, Roger Cyril Sloane-Stanley: Paultons, Ower, Romsey

== Family ==
*Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke (31 December 1854 – 7 April 1922)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p29657.htm#i296561|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Guendoline Irene Emily Sloane-Stanley Bourke (c. 1869 – 30 December 1967)&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&quot;Guendoline Irene Emily Stanley.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p51525.htm#i515247|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
#Daphne Marjory Bourke (5 April 1895 – 22 May 1962)

=== Relations ===
*Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke (the 3rd son of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|6th Earl of Mayo]]) was the older brother of Lady Florence Bourke.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
*Wilfred Blunt was a cousin of Algernon Bourke: Bourke's mother's &quot;mother was one of the Blunts of Crabbet Park, Sussex, which makes them kinswomen of Mr. Alfred Scawen Blunt, poet, Egyptophil and counsel for Arabi Pasha in his trial.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From ''Truth''.&quot; ''Mid-Lothian Journal'' 23 August 1912, Friday: 8 [of 8], 2c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002721/19120823/147/0008. Print title and p. same.&lt;/ref&gt;
*Lord Alfred Douglas was a cousin of Algernon Bourke.

==== Other Bourkes ====
*Hubert Edward Madden Bourke (after 1925, Bourke-Borrowes)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hubert Edward Madden Bourke-Borrowes.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p52401.htm#i524004|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2021-08-25}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p52401.htm#i524004.&lt;/ref&gt;
*Lady Eva Constance Aline Bourke, who married [[Social Victorians/People/Dunraven|Windham Henry Wyndham-Quin]] on 7 July 1885;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lady Eva Constance Aline Bourke.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p2575.htm#i25747|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-02}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p2575.htm#i25747.&lt;/ref&gt; he became 5th Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl on 14 June 1926.

=== The Sloane-Stanleys ===
* Emilie Josephine S Stanley ( 21 December 1848 [baptism]&lt;ref&gt;London Metropolitan Archives; &quot;London, England, UK&quot; ; ''London Church of England Parish Registers''; Reference Number: ''P87/Tri/001''. Ancestry.com. ''London, England, Church of England Births and Baptisms, 1813-1923'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;  – October 1945)
* Hans T Sloane Stanley (11 May 1840 [baptism]&lt;ref&gt;Ancestry.com. ''England, Select Births and Christenings, 1538-1975'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; – 15 December 1888&lt;ref&gt;Ancestry.com. ''UK and Ireland, Find a Grave® Index, 1300s-Current'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;)
* James Shell[e?]y Bontein ()
*# Gwendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt; Irene Emily G Stanley (c. 1870&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt; – )
*# '''Roger Cyril Hans Sloane Stanley''' (29 April 1875&lt;ref&gt;The National Archives; Kew, Surrey, England; ''WO 42 War Office: Officers' Birth Certificates, Wills and Personal Papers 1755-1908''; Reference: ''WO 42/72''. Ancestry.com. ''UK, Officers' Birth Certificates, Wills and Personal Papers, 1755-1908'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; – 18 November 1944&lt;ref&gt;''Find a Grave''. Find a Grave®. http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi. Ancestry.com. ''UK and Ireland, Find a Grave® Index, 1300s-Current'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;)


* Olivia Elizabeth Berens, Countess Cairns&lt;ref&gt;The National Archives of the UK (TNA); Kew, Surrey, England; ''Census Returns of England and Wales, 1911''. Ancestry.com. ''1911 England Census'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; (c. 1871 – 20 June 1951&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Olivia Elizabeth Berens.&quot; Person Page 3908; person #39077. ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as well as the Royal Families of Europe''. https://www.thepeerage.com/p3908.htm#i39077.

&lt;/ref&gt;)
* Arthur William Cairns, 2nd Earl Cairns (21 December 1861 – 14 January 1890)&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot;&gt;&quot;Arthur William Cairns, 2nd Earl Cairns.&quot; Person Page 3908; Person #39076. ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as well as the Royal Families of Europe''. https://www.thepeerage.com/p3908.htm#i39076.&lt;/ref&gt;
*# Lady Louise Rosemary Kathleen Virginia Cairns (10 March 1889 – 17 May 1962)&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot; /&gt;
* Roger Cyril Hans Sloane Stanley (1875 – 18 November 1944)
*# Lavender Elizabeth (20 May 1900 [baptism]&lt;ref&gt;Hampshire Archives and Local Studies; Winchester, England, UK; ''Anglican Parish Registers''; Reference: ''35M76/PR3''. Ancestry.com. ''Hampshire, England, Church of England Baptisms, 1813-1921''[database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; – )
*# Diane Sloane Stanley (c. 1905 – )


* Lavender Elizabeth (20 May 1900 [baptism] – )
* John Everett ()


* Diane Sloane Stanley (c. 1905 – )
* Elwyn Villiers Rhys ()

== Writings, Memoirs, Biographies, Papers ==

=== Writings ===
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon. ''The History of White's''. London: Algernon Bourke [privately published], 1892.
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon, ed., &quot;with a brief Memoir.&quot; ''Correspondence of Mr Joseph Jekyll with His Sister-in-Law, Lady Gertrude Sloane Stanley, 1818–1838''. John Murray, 1893.
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon, ed. ''Correspondence of Mr Joseph Jekyll''. John Murray, 1894.

=== Papers ===
* Where are the papers for the Earl of Mayo family? Are Algernon and Guendoline Bourke's papers with them?

== Notes and Questions ==
#The portrait of Algernon Bourke in costume as Isaac Walton is really an amazing portrait with a very interesting setting, far more specific than any of the other Lafayette portraits of these people in their costumes. Where was it shot? Lafayette is given credit, but it's not one of his usual backdrops. If this portrait was taken the night of the ball, then this fireplace was in Devonshire House; if not, then whose fireplace is it?
#The ''Times'' lists Hon. A. Bourke (at 325) and Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke (at 236) as members of a the &quot;Oriental&quot; procession, Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke (in the general list of attendees), and then a small distance down Mr. and Mrs. Bourke (now at 511 and 512, respectively). This last couple with no honorifics is also mentioned in the report in the London ''Evening Standard'', which means the Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke, so the ''Times'' may have repeated the Bourkes, who otherwise are not obviously anyone recognizable. If they are not the Hon. Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke, then they are unidentified. It seems likely that they are the same, however, as the newspapers were not perfectly consistent in naming people with their honorifics, even in a single story, especially a very long and detailed one in which people could be named more than once.
#Three slightly difficult-to-identify men were among the Suite of Men in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#&quot;Oriental&quot; Procession|&quot;Oriental&quot; procession]]: [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax|Gordon Wood]], [[Social Victorians/People/Portman|Arthur B. Portman]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Wilfred Wilson]]. The identification of Gordon Wood and Wilfred Wilson is high because of contemporary newspaper accounts. The Hon. Algernon Bourke, who was also in the Suite of Men, is not difficult to identify at all. Arthur Portman appears in a number of similar newspaper accounts, but none of them mentions his family of origin.
#[http://thepeerage.com The Peerage] has no other Algernon Bourkes.
#The Hon Algernon Bourke is #235 on the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball#List of People Who Attended|list of people who were present]]; the Hon. Guendoline Bourke is #236; a Mr. Bourke is #703; a Mrs. Bourke is #704.
#Hans Stanley-Sloane's estate was £33,704 7s. 5d. in the final probate in December 1889,&lt;ref&gt;Principal Probate Registry; London, England; ''Calendar of the Grants of Probate and Letters of Administration made in the Probate Registries of the High Court of Justice in England''. Ancestry.com. ''England &amp; Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1995'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; which might lead his widow to consider remarrying.
== Footnotes ==
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      <text bytes="67460" sha1="sb21d4nld6cehxtu33udyz26vyjqm10" xml:space="preserve">[[Social Victorians/Timeline/1840s|1840s]]  [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s |1850s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s | 1860s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1870s | 1870s]]  ||[[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s Headlines]][[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880 | 1880]][[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881 | 1881]][[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882 | 1882]][[Social Victorians/Timeline/1883 | 1883]][[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884 | 1884]][[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885 | 1885]][[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886 | 1886]][[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887 | 1887]][[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888 | 1888]] 1889 || [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s Headlines]]  [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s|1900s]]  [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]]  [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] 

==Sometime in 1889==
A. H. Macmurdo purchased 20 Fitzroy, London, and redecorated it memorably.

From the 1 January 1890 ''Morning Post'': &lt;blockquote&gt;Equally the attempt of Mr. Gladstone to invent a brand new system of &quot;electoral statistics,&quot; directed to the conclusion that he had in the minority the leadership of the only true majority, with the implication that the Unionists, if honest men, would immediately resign their trust, has been received with good-humoured incredulity.&lt;ref&gt;''Morning Post'' 1 January 1890, Wednesday (No. 36,675): p. 4, Col. 7. '''British Newspaper Archive'''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==January 1889==
===1 January 1889, Tuesday, New Year's Day===

=== 16 January 1889 ===
A Jack the Ripper letter &quot;refers to 'my trip to Bradford'&quot; (Cornwell 296).

=== 22 January 1889, Tuesday ===

==== Wedding of Lady Eleanor Lambton and Lord Robert Cecil ====
The [[Social Victorians/Cecil Lambton Wedding 1889 January 22|wedding of Lady Eleanor Lambton and Lord Robert Cecil]] took place at 2:30, St. George's Church, Hanover Square, London.

==February 1889==
==March 1889==
===6 March 1889, Wednesday===
Ash Wednesday.
==April 1889==
===10 April 1889, Wednesday===
According to the summary of the weather in the 1 January 1890 Morning Post, there was &quot;intense darkness from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m.&quot; &quot;The Weather of 1889.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''The Morning Post'', 1 January 1890 (No. 36,675): p. 6, Col. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;
===11 April 1889, Thursday===
According to the summary of the weather in the 1 January 1890 Morning Post, the &quot;intense darkness&quot; of the day before returned &quot;for a short time next day&quot; &lt;cite&gt;&quot;The Weather of 1889.&quot; The Morning Post, 1 January 1890 (No. 36,675): page 6 Col. C.&lt;/cite&gt;
===12 April 1889, Friday===
Amy Levy and Elizabeth Pennell both attended what Pennell called a &quot;converzazione&quot; at the Fabian Society in the Bloomsbury Town Hall. Pennell says, &quot;We went to the Converzazione of the Fabian Society in Bloomsbury Town Hall. A collection of cranks, native and foreign: young women in extraordinary costumes, one a perfect Burne-Jones, played the violin; young men with long hair and velvet coats. Most people were in evening dress so that a conspicuous figure was [[Social Victorians/People/George Bernard Shaw|George Bernard Shaw]] in grey Jaeger get-up, flirting outrageously with all the girls in the room&quot; (Linda Hunt Beckman, Amy Levy: Life and Letters, p. 179; posting on victoria@listserv.indiana.edu Linda Hunt Beckman &lt;beckman@temple.edu&gt;, 20 October 2003, &quot;Re: conversaziones at Berkeley Galleries; mourning customs&quot;).

===19 April 1889, Friday===
Good Friday.
===21 April 1889, Sunday===
Easter Sunday.

===28 April 1889, Sunday===
Jack Yeats &lt;quote&gt;attended the funeral of the Duchess of Cambridge, whose husband was Queen Victoria's uncle, and commander-in-chief of the British Army. She was a very popular woman; Jack described the event as 'more like a race meeting than a funeral'. Street touts sold 'memorium cards of the dear old Dutchie', and charged fourpence for standing room at the curbside. Griffin was with Jack&lt;/quote&gt; (Bruce Arnold. Jack Yeats. p. 46)

==May 1889==
Sometime in May 1889 the The Inner Order of the Golden Dawn met at the offices of The Sanitary Wood Wool Co. (Howe 85 31).

Dinner planned in honor of James Whistler, with a long list of celebrities invited, including [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Collins|Arthur Collins]], Equerry to the Queen, William Christian Symons, the recipient of a letter from Whistler's son,&lt;blockquote&gt;Sir Coutts Lindsay (1824-1913), Bart., co-founder of the Grosvenor Gallery ..., and Edmond, Prince de Polignac (1834-1901), composer ...; diplomats, such as James Rennell Rodd (1858-1941), 1st Baron Rennell, poet and diplomat ...; lawyers, including Sir John Charles Sigismund Day (1826-1908), QC, collector ..., and Sir George Henry Lewis (1833-1911), society lawyer ...; and scientists, including Edwin Ray Lankester (1847-1929), Professor of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy .... There are several men involved with drama and music, such as John Hollingshead (1827-1904), journalist and manager of the Gaiety Theatre ..., Richard D'Oyly Carte (1844-1901), impresario and property developer ..., and Pablo de Sarasate y Navascues (1844-1908), violinist ...; writers, such as Sheridan Ford (1860-1922), poet, critic, politician and writer on art ..., Stéphane Mallarmé (1842-1898), Symbolist writer and poet ..., and Comte Robert de Montesquiou-Fezensac (1855-1921), Symbolist writer and poet, and collector [more]. Art critics and editors include Theodore Child (1846-1892), journalist and art critic ..., Théodore Duret (1838-1927), art critic and collector ..., Henry Du Pré Labouchère (1831-1912), journalist and Liberal MP ...,William Michael Rossetti (1829-1919), civil servant and critic ..., and George Augustus Sala (1828-1895), artist, journalist and critic .... Nor surprisingly, there are many patrons and collectors, such as Alexander ('Aleco') Ionides (1840-1898), businessman ..., Alfred Chapman (1839-1917), engineer and collector ..., and Wickham Flower (b. ca 1836), solicitor and collector ...; some art dealers, such as Charles William Deschamps (1848-1908), art dealer ...; and, of course, many artists, including Joseph Edgar Boehm (1834-1890), sculptor ..., Hilaire-Germain-Edgar Degas (1834-1917), artist ..., John Lavery (1856-1941), painter ..., William Quiller Orchardson (1832-1910), genre and portrait painter ..., Théodore Roussel (1847-1926), painter and print-maker ..., Walter Richard Sickert (1860-1942), artist and writer on art ..., Francis ('Frank') Job Short (1857-1945), printer and print-maker ..., and John Singer Sargent (1856-1925), artist .... Finally, there are a few family members, such as Hon Charles Ernest Thynne (1849-1906), solicitor, husband of JW's niece Annie Haden ..., and William McNeill Whistler (1836-1900), physician, JW's brother .... (http://www.whistler.arts.gla.ac.uk/correspondence/people/display/?cid=5635&amp;nameid=Collins_A&amp;sr=0&amp;surname=Collins&amp;firstname=Arthur&amp;rs=1#ms05635)&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 18 May 1889, Saturday ===
The Italian Opera season opened at Covent Garden with Bizet's ''I Pescatori di Perle'' (which isn't Italian). The reporting is not perfectly clear, but the Princess of Wales, her daughters and the Duchess of Edinburgh do not seem to have been present in 1889, but they were in 1887 for the Italian Opera's first season at Covent Garden.&lt;blockquote&gt;Covent Garden Theatre, on Saturday, when the Italian Opera season was inaugurated by a performance of Bizet's early opera &quot;I Pescatori de Perle,&quot; presented the most brilliant appearance imaginable, and being even more noteworthy that the first season's assemblage which Mr. Harris brought together two years ago, The Princess of Wales and the three young Princesses, together with the Duchess of Edinburgh, occupied the Royal box. Among the host of fashionabie people present were Lord and Lady Charles Beresford, the Duke of Portland, Lady Randolph Churchill, Lady Rosebery, the Duchess of Marlborough, Sir Julian Goldsmid, Mr. Harry H. Marks, Lord Wolverton, Mrs. Edward Sassoon, Mrs. Vanderbilt, the Hon. F. E Allsopp, Lord Revelstoke, Mr. H. L W. Lawson, the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]], Lady Windsor, Mrs. Lawrence, Lady Dudley, the Duchess of Montrose, Mr. Alfred de Rothschild, Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild, Sir Charles Tennant, Sir Phillip Currie, Mr. Arthur Cohen, Mr. Critchett. Mr. Poland, the Hon. G. Curzon, Mr. Seager Hunt, M.P., the Duchess of Leinster, Lord Latham, Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Raphael, and Mr. Corney Grain.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Royal Italian Opera. A Brilliant Assemblage at the First Night at Covent Garden.&quot; ''Evening News'' (London) 20 May 1889, Monday: 2 [of 4], Col. 7b–c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003283/18890520/026/0002. Same title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 27 May 1889, Monday, 11 p.m. ===

==== The Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace ====
It seems to have been hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales and a number of their children. Queen Victoria was not present. The dancing began at 11 p.m., after the Prince and Princess of Wales and their family and attendants arrived.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Queen's State Ball.&quot;  ''Morning Post'' 28 May 1889, Tuesday: 5 [of 8], Col. 5a–7b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18890528/048/0005. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

==June 1889==
The last meeting of the Men and Women's Club was held in June 1889 (Bland 41).

The &quot;initial London performance of 'A Doll's House' was in June 1889 and was attended by Eleanor Marx, Clementina Black, and Amy Levy (Bernstein paragraph 12). Then Walter Besant wrote &quot;The Doll's House -- And After,&quot; attacking Nora for the destruction of her family twenty years later. G. B. Shaw wrote another version in 1890, a sequel to the original as well, &quot;Still After the Doll's House,&quot; attacking Besant's vision (Time [February 1890]: 197–208). Eleanor Marx and Israel Zangwill then wrote &quot;A Doll's House Repaired,&quot; in which the door slamming is the one that locks Nora in (Time [March 1891]: 239–253).

===5 June 1889, Wednesday===
Derby Day at Epsom Downs.

According to the ''Morning Post'', &lt;quote&gt;The Derby Day. / Lady George Hamilton's second evening party, at the Admiralty. / Lady Trevelyan's dance, instead of the 27th of May. / Lady Jane Lindsay's first dance. / The Hon. Mrs. Greville Vernon's dance.&lt;/quote&gt; (&quot;Arrangements for This Day.&quot; The Morning Post Wednesday, 5 June 1889: p. 7 [of 12], Col. 6B).

===6 June 1889, Thursday===
According to the year-end summary of the weather in the 1 Janaury 1890 ''Morning Post'', there was a &quot;grand display of lightning during the violent thunderstorm of June 6&quot; &lt;cite&gt;&quot;The Weather of 1889.&quot; The Morning Post, 1 January 1890 (No. 36,675): page 6 Col. C.&lt;/cite&gt;

=== 8 June 1889, Saturday ===
The Royal Institute of Painters in Water-Colours opened an exhibition of &quot;the works of the 'English Humourists in Art.'&quot;&lt;blockquote&gt;The members of the Royal Institute of Painters in Water-Colours, Piccadilly, W., through their president, Sir James D. Linton, and Mr. James Orrock, R.I., have made arrangements for a representative exhibition of the works of the &quot;English Humourists in Art.&quot; The scope will be a wide one, from Hogarth, Rowlandson, etc., through the successive stages of humorous graphic art to its present development, as exemplified in the members of the artistic staff of ''Punch'' and contemporary pictorial humourists. The exhibition opens on the 8th of June, and is under distinguished patronage. The Queen will exhibit original drawings by Rowlandson, etc., from the royal collection; the Duchess of St. Albans, the [[Social Victorians/People/Westminster|Duke of Westminster]], the [[Social Victorians/People/Rosebery|Earl of Rosebery]], the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]], the Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Algernon Bourke]], the Hon. Michael Sandys, Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Henry Irving|Henry Irving]], and other fortunate possessors of original treasures of the requisite kind will contribute to the collection. The leading features of the Exhibition will be the gathering of original works by Rowlandson, an assemblage of the original illustrations designed from the works of Charles Dickens, including the series by George Cruikshank, H. K. Browne (“ Phiz ”), John Leech, Fred Barnard, Charles Green, R.I., etc. A most important series of water-colour drawings by the last-named artist, illustrating episodes from Dickens on a more ambitious scale than has been previously attempted, will be contributed by Mr. William Lockwood, who commissioned Mr. Charles Green to undertake this ''tour de force''. Nearly all the original works in oils by Mr. Fred Barnard will be exhibited. Randolph Caldecott will also be well represented. There will likewise be numerous specimens of Messrs. John Tenniel, R.I., Charles Keene, George Du Maurier, R.W.S., Harry Furniss, Linley Sambourne, Gordon Thompson, Alfred Bryan, J. F. Sullivan; and others. Mr. Gilbert Dalziel is sending a selection from the best examples of the late W. G. Baxter.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;An Exhibition of Humourists.&quot; ''St James's Gazette'' 22 May 1889, Wednesday: 8 [of 16], Col. 2a [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001485/18890522/041/0008. Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

===26 June 1889, Wednesday===
There was apparently a regular celebration of [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Collins|Arthur Collins]]' birthday, 26 June, by Bret Harte, George Du Maurier, [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Sullivan|Arthur Sullivan]], Alfred Cellier, Arthur Blunt, and John Hare (Nissen, Axel. Brent Harte: Prince and Pauper: 239. [http://books.google.com/books?id=WEDewmUnapcC]). Choosing 1885–1902 as the dates because those apparently are the dates of the close relationship between Harte and Collins, ending in Harte's death in 1902.

==July 1889==

=== 2 July 1889, Tuesday ===

==== The Shah at a Covent Garden Opera Performance ====
These two articles are reportage, written in a personal, 1st-person style.&lt;blockquote&gt;The &quot;Arabian Nights&quot; at Covent Garden. I. — By Our Operatic Special.

Truly a great function! Worthy of the occasion, and worthy of everybody concerned! Such was the verdict passed upon last night's show at Covent Carden by those who were lucky enough to be present at what was practically a unique performance. State visits to the opera are few and far between, and we must carry our memories back some sixteen years in order to recall a similar combination of royalty, aristocracy, millinery, and jewellery. No one has a better recollection of the operatic past than Mr. Edward Hall, the ''doyen'' of the Covent Garden box-office, who has been connected with the establishmient for over forty years. This veteran told me last night, when all was over, that the brilliancy of the occasion fully equalled, if not surpassed, both the Shah's visit to Bow-street (the theatre, not the police- court), in 1873, and also the Sultan of Turkey's entertainment at the same house in 1867. At any rate the vast majority of us had never seen anything quite like it before, and consequently we were duly astonished and delighted.

Arriving at the opera-house shortly before eight o'clock, I devoted myself immediately to making a short tour of inspection of all the arrangements. The entrance-hall was judiciously ornamented with strange and prickly shrubs, and had quite the appearance of a tropical jungle tempered with an allowance of red cloth. Turning to the grand staircase, which was covered with a carpet of peacock-blue, I made my way through leafy masses and nodding blossoms to the crush-room. Here all was cool and inviting. Huge blocks of ice, rendered translucent by artfully concealed coloured lights, filled every corner, mirrors reflected palms of all sorts and sizes, and comfortable lounges were scattered about for the benefit of the Royalties. This &quot;elegant apartment&quot; adjoined the Royal box, and was of course inaccessible to outsiders. The smoking balcony over the portico was also reserved for the various &quot;highnesses,&quot; and a long table covered with light refreshments looked quite tempting with its glittering array of glass and plate. However, it was now time to seek the auditorium, and accordingly I hurried downstairs again and entered the stalls. As I gazed round the house a perfect &quot;Arabian Nights&quot; vision burst upon me. Imagine Covent Garden Theatre with every circle lined with bouquets, and every chair decked with a satin programme pinned to it, antirnaccassar fashion! The effect was one to be seen in order to be fully realized. Goodness only knows where the florists found material for all these bunches of roses and carnations, and for the substantial button-holes which were placed at the disposal of the gentlemen; one would almost expect a flower-ramine [?] in the adjacent market as the natural result. The audience was coming in slowly and sedately, and I had ample time and opportunity to look round me and take note of a few well-known faces. Lord and Lady Rothschild were among the earliest arrivals — he in a scarlet coat, and she in white and diamonds; Lady Mandeville took up her position early in Mrs. William Carrington's box. Lord and Lady Charles Beresford and Lord and Lady de Grey had deserted their usual quarters and occupied the Prince of Wales's box, which of course was not required by Royalty. Lady de Grey had on her lovely diamond tiara. Indeed, all over the theatre it positively rained precious stones, and there was hardly a lady on the grand or pit tiers who did not &quot;sport&quot; something magnificent in the way of a &quot;head-piece.&quot; Mr. Edward Lawson, and Mr. Augustus Spalding each wandered about the stalls in the red coat of a deputy lieutenant; Mr. Reuben Sassoon wore black court dress, and so did Dr. Pavey, of &quot;Guy's.&quot; Mr. Higgins hovered between the stalls and one of the omnibus boxes; Lady Dudley divided herself between her own domain, where she was accompanied by Miss Mordaunt, and the Beresford box; and Mr. Potter, Q.C., wore &quot;common or garden&quot; evening clothes. Others who came in good time were the Danish Minister (in gorgeous array) and Madame De Falbe, wearing her wonderful emeralds; Mr. De Murietta, Lord and Lady Will[i]am Nevill, the latter wearing diamonds, pearls, and sapphires; Miss Murietta, in white, and Mr. Van Raalte, who brought his wife in a charming light blue gown.

But stay! Here is Signor Mancinelli in his place, just ready to begin. The Royal party is not expected until nine o'clock, and so the first few items will be got through in their absence. The orchestra plays the overture to &quot;William Tell&quot; splendidly, and then Mdme. Melba comes on to sing the mad scene from &quot;Lucia,&quot; under the baton of Signor Randegger. Next Signor Arditi takes his turn with the &quot;stick,&quot; and Beethoven's immortal &quot;Leonora No. 3' is given. After this there is a pause; Signor Mancinelli resumes his comnand, and stands, waiting for his signal. It is past nine o'clock, and the Royalties are already overdue. A few minutes of anxious expectation, and then distant cheers are heard by those in the corridors. The audience rise as one being, the conductor's stick makes a significant movement, there is a mighty roll of drums leading into the National Anthem, and then his Majesty the Shah enters the Royal box with the Princess of Wales on his arm. The Prince of Wales follows with Princess Louise, and then come Prince Albert Victor and Princess Victoria of Wales; Prince George and Princess Beatrice; the Earl of Fife, escorting his fiancée, Princess Louise of Wales; and Prince Henry of Battenberg with Princess Maud. The Princess of Wales wears a magnificent flame-coloured brocade, and her famous diamond tiara; Princess Beatrice is in black, and Princess Louise and the three young Princesses are all in white. In attendance on the Royal party are the Persian Minister and several members of the Shah's suite, the Duke of Portland, Lord Radnor, Lord Lathom, Sir Henry Drummond Wolff, Sir Henry Rawlinson, Sir Spencer Ponsonby, Lady Sophia Macnamara, Lady Emily Kingscote, and Miss Cochrane. Every one has a good stare at the Shah while &quot;God save the Queen&quot; and the Persian National Anthem are being played, and then the Royalties settle down in their charming white and yellow ''loge'', and begin to turn over the books of the words, which have been elaborately bound in crimson watered silk. The curtain rises almost immediately on the fourth act of &quot;Faust,&quot; which is sung by Mdrne. Albani, Mdme. Scalchi, the Brothers de Reszke, and M. Lassalle. His Oriental Majesty appears to enjoy the music, and waves his right band vigorously, while the Soldiers' Chorus is being sung. Then there is a brief interval, during which I perambulate the house and make up the following &quot;little iist&quot; of notabilities. Lord Limerick; Mrs. Edward Lawson, in white; Mr. and Mrs. Harry Lawson; Mr. Maximilian de Bathe; Mr. and Mrs. Hulse; Mr. George Curzon, M.P., who is in Lord Windsor's box; Lady Colin Campbell, with a lovely feather fan; Mrs. Labouchere, in pink; the Duchess of Newcastle, with her daughter, the Duchesse d'Avigliano; [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], in the Murietta's [sic] box; Mrs. Arthur Wilson, in black, who manages to drop her banquet onto someone's head; Lady Zetland, in white; the Duchess of Portland, also in white; the Duchess of Marlborough; Lady Lucas; Lord and Lady Windsor; Mrs. Parkinson Sharpe and her daughters; Mrs. Lawrence, in black and white; Mr. Charles Lucas; Mrs. Edward Sassoon, in white; Mr. &quot;Arthur Roberts&quot; Nugent, in a bear-skin; Sir Morell Mackenzie, with his German star; Mr. Charles Hall, Q.C.; the Duchess of Manchester, Mr. Arthur Chappell, Mrs. Arthur Paget, and Lady Mary Mills, who looks lovely in grey velvet and a diamond tiara; Mrs. Henry Oppenheim, in red; Lady Rosebery, with Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild; Lord Abington; Mr. and Mrs. Hanbury; Lady Broome, in terra cotta; and Colonel and Mrs. William Carington. In the &quot;omnibus&quot; boxes are Lord Calthorpe, Lord Chesterfield, Mr. Chaplin, Colonel Oliver Montague, Lord Henry Paulet, Mr. Baring, Mr. Williams, and Mr. C. de Murietta. Mrs. Arthur Sassoon is with Lady Forbes; Mrs. McEwan has brought Lady Jane Taylour, and Lady Howe, in white, has come with Lady Hindlip. Amongst others present I see Lady Randolph Churchill; Lady de Trafford, in brown satin, with pale pink, roses; the Spanish Ambassador; Mrs. Albert Brassey; Mrs. Adrian Hope, in white satin; Lady Curzon; Lady Claude Hamilton, in salmon pink; Maria, Marchioness of Ailesbury, in black and gold; Mrs. Tatton Egerton, Mr. Alfred de Rothschild; and a heap of others. The Guards about the theatre make a particularly brilliant show, and the twenty-four Beefeaters, who have been sent over from St. James's Palace, remind one of the &quot;Yeomen of the Guard.&quot; 

The second Part of the programme goes quite as well as the first, and Mdme. Melba makes an especial hit in the valse from &quot;Romeo et Juliette.&quot; When all is over the Royal party passes down the staircase and gradually disperses.Then the &quot;Wales&quot; family departs for Marlborough House, and Lord Fife is left to take care of Princess Beatrice instead of his ''fiancée''. When all the Royalties have finally gone every one, [sic] else slowly leaves the big opera house, and I myself, turning my steps southward, run against a little fair man, and have the pleasure of congratulating Mr. Clarkson on having &quot;wigged&quot; three operas in one evening. So ends a memorable function. 

A Display of Unparalleled Magnificence. 

II. — By Our Own Visitor. 

The gala performance at the Covent Garden Theatre last night, on the occasion of the &quot;State Visit to the Opera, by command of her Most Gracious Majesty the Queen, in honour of his Majesty the Shah, K.G.,&quot; presented a spectacle of altogether unprecedented brilliancy. Nothing even approaching it has ever before been seen in England, and we must go back to the days of the French Empire to find a similar entertainment that could in any sense be compared with it for splendour. 

I arrived somewhat early and found that the ordinary drive under the portico of the theatre had been transformed into a fine and spacious vestibule [Col. 2c-3a] by reason of much bunting — above, around, and under foot — while the gas chandeliers were decorated with flowers. Entering the ordinary vestibule of the theatre I found myself in a charming ante-chamber, in which the military had already taken up their position, and in which a great number of officers, military, naval, civil, and diplomatic, were promenading. Then on through the passages into the body of the theatre, and a wonderful spectacle presented itself. The house was alive with flowers — magnificent bouquets, huge and tasteful nosegays of roses for the ladies and buttonholes for the gentlemen, rested between every alternate stall, and traced the outline of the rows of boxes on every tier in splendid profusion, and imparted a semblance of fairy-land to the interior. Of the large bouquets it was said that no fewer than seven hundred had been provided by Messrs. Wells and Segar, and that the supply in the market round the corner was suffering severely through the contract. On the back of each seat was pinned a gorgeous programme printed in blue upon a sheet of white satin twelve inches by eighteen. And now the fortunate holders of seats began to pour in — all that was most beautiful, most aristocratic, and most wealthy in London. But it was noticeable that very, very few of the well known faces in artistic, literary, or scientific circles were present. I have seen many an important function and ceremonial, but never have I seen so many beautiful women together, or such a wonderful display of diamonds and jewels. &quot;I should like to have the chance,&quot; whispered a Bond-street gentleman in front of me to his friend, after the Princess had arrived, &quot;I should like to have the chance of buying all the stones in this house for a million sterling. I'd put up with the balance.&quot; He was apparently &quot;in the trade.&quot; 

Never has the Princess of Wales looked more beautiful than last night, as, in her deep red dress, her neck smothered in necklaces and rivières of diamonds, and a dazzling diamond coronet on her head — by the side of which all other tiaras and jewels seemed to pale — she stood in front of the box, biting her lips with what appeared to be suppressed amusement. The Royal party, all in full uniform, sat thus:— &lt;/blockquote&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Princess
Victoria
of Wales
!Prince
Henry of
Battenberg
!Princess
Maud of
Wales
!Prince
Albert
Victor
!Princess
of Wales
!S&lt;small&gt;HAH&lt;/small&gt;
!Prince
of Wales
!Princess
Beatrice
!Prince
George
of Wales
!Princess
Louise
of Wales
!Earl of Fife
(apparently:
he was behind
a column)
|}
&lt;blockquote&gt;

During the last interval, the Guest [the Shah] did not wait for the Princess, but left his seat and she quietly followed him out. I also left the body of the theatre, and, making my way to the vestibule, where the band of the Royal Artillery was playing and a strong guard of the same regiment was mounted, I thought I had never beheld a more picturesque or dazzling a scene. Military men in their uniforms, Life Guards in their clanking steel, Hussars with their clicking spurs, Doctors of Law in their gowns, men in Court dress, Highlanders, Volunteer officers, officers of regiments of the line, gorgeous in lace and brave in buttons, all hemmed in by a hollow square of the heavily gold-laced Queen's servants, formed a scene of brilliancy, tempered by the presence of ladies. 

Such was the gala night of the Covent Garden Theatre, and if the sight of it had not impressed itself for good on the heart of the Shah as he drove away in the magnificent gold carriage (for all the world like that in which the Prince and Princess drive round the ring at the Christmas circus), he must at least have felt grateful for the most superb society reunion that has ever taken place in London since London began.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Shah at the Opera.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 3 July 1889, Wednesday: 4 [of 8], Col. 2a–3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18890703/012/0004. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;/blockquote&gt;

===27 July 1889, Saturday===
Wedding between Princess Louise of Wales and the Duke of Fife at Buckingham Palace (http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/25962/pages/4311/page.pdf).

==== Garden Party Hosted by Mr. and Mrs. Augustus Harris ====
The Mr. Charles Dickens who attended cannot be the novelist, but he could be his son, Charles Dickens, Jr., who died in 1896.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-12-24|title=Charles Dickens Jr.|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dickens_Jr.|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Who Lord and Lady Greville are requires confirmation, as [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Earl and Countess Warwick]] might have been called Lord and Lady Greville; calling [[Social Victorians/People/Greville|Algernon Fulke]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Lady Violet Greville|Lady Violet Greville]] Lord and Lady would be incorrect but not a big stretch. The Dowager Duchess of Newcastle in 1889 was Henrietta, 6th [[Social Victorians/People/Newcastle|Duchess of Newcastle]], who married Thomas Theobald Hohler in 1880.&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. and Mrs. Augustus Harris gave a very successful garden party on Saturday, 27th ult., at The Elms, Avenue-road, when the beautiful grounds were filled with a brilliant and fashionable assemblage. The approach to the house is through a long avenue of elms, and once inside the gates one might be far away in the depths of the country. Both Mr. and Mrs. Harris stood near the entrance to welcome the guests; Mrs, Harris wearing a beautiful toilette of eau de nil silk, with a becoming French hat, with long streamers at the back. Tents were erected on the lawns, and little tables were dotted about the grass, where the guests might discuss the huge peaches at their ease. The band of the Scots Guards discoursed sweet music on the lawn, and the extremely beautiful toilettes worn by the ladies enhanced the charm of the scene. The beautiful Lady de Grey came in on her way from the Royal wedding, looking lovely in an exquisite toilette of soft white mousseline de soie, with a pointed vest of gold passementerie, and a becoming little bonnet of the same material; she wore very fine diamond earrings, which paled beside the brilliancy of her eyes. Mrs. Baskcomb had also come on from the wedding, and looked charming in a dress of white and blue mousseline de laine, with a vest and sash of dark blue silk, and a bonnet made entirely of cornflowers. Mrs. Baskcomb wore the favour from the Royal wedding (a pretty spray of orange-blossom and white heather); and round her neck was a Royal gift, consisting of a pendant with the Prince of Wales's feathers on a raised gold ground. Mrs. Phillips also wore an exquisite toilette which had figured on the same occasion. The [[Social Victorians/People/Newcastle|Dowager Duchess of Newcastle]] wore an artistic costume of bronze and green. Mrs. Heywood attracted a good deal of attention in a bright red silk dress, with a sunshade to match, having a spray of pink may at the top, and a diamond collar necklace. Mrs. Sam Lewls looked particularly striking in a green dress slightly figured with black, a grass-green mantle trimmed with bands of black passementerie, and a pretty bonnet made entirely of grass with a coronet of yellow buttercups. Mrs. Alfred Caldicott looked very elegant in a successful combination of bronze and green, with a bonnet of salmon-pink roses. Mrs. Henry Wylde looked well in white silk striped with black velvet, and a large hat covered with white ostrich feathers; and Mrs. Philip Falk was in sapphire-blue silk and velvet. A very ''chic'' toilette was worn by Mrs. Skirrow, who wore a very pretty green hat with a turned-up brim, trimmed with Japanese chrysanthemums in mauve, pink, and cream. Mrs. Maxse looked very pretty in silver-grey silk, with a long black lace mantle with winged sleeves, and a black lace hat wreathed with pink and crimson roses. The most ''récherché'' toilette of the occasion was worn by Mrs. Randegger, who looked very pretty in salmon-pink silk shot with fawn, with a bonnet of roses of the same colour. Nearly all Mr. Harris's ''prima donnas'' were present, and each formed a separate centre of attraction. Mdme. Ella Russell wore a charming Empire dress of eau de nil crêpe de chine with a coral-pink sash, &amp; bonnet of coral-pink roses, and a diamond star at the throat. The sunshade which accompanied this fresh and dainty toilette was of white silk edged with real Brussels lace. Mdme. Valda looked very handsome in a dress of ivory silk covered with Italian lace, with a cuirass of gold passementerie, and a white tulle bonnet trimmed with gold-coloured velvet. Mdme. Marie Roze wore a fancy striped mousseline de laine, with a straw hat lined with sky-blue silk and trimmed with pink roses, the écru lace vest crossed by the large diamond stars belonging to the tiara presented to her by the people of Liverpool. Pretty Mdme. Nordica wore a Directoire dress in white-and-fawn striped silk, and a white bonnet trimmed with amber. Mrs. Bernard Beere looked very picturesque in pearl white brocade with a white lace front, a white chip hat trimmed with Boulanger carnations, a nosegay of the same in the bodice, and one of the flowers tucked into the throat under the high collar. Buttons of star sapphires were the only touch of colour in the dress. Celebrities of every description were to be seen among the guests. Mons. Max O'Rell discoursed art with Mons. Jean de Paléologue and Mons. Raphael. Mons. Ed. Lantéri was also present (professor of sculpture at South Kensington, and the designer of the medals which Mr. Harris has lately presented to his artists in commemoration of his successful operatic season) and Mons. Bertrand, who has taught the Duchess of Fife to fence, and speaks greatly of her proficiency in the graceful art. A great many of Mr. Harris's colleagues on the County Council were present, amongst whom may be mentioned Colonel Edis, Captain Probyn, Mr. E. Boulnois, M.P., Colonel Rotton, Mr. Beechcroft, Mr. Beaufoy, Mr. J. F. Beck, Mr. Carter, Mr. Carr-Gomm, Mr. Frank Debenham, Mr. Lye, Mr. A. Bassett-Hopkins, Mr. Lemon, Mr. Torr, Mr. Rhodes, Captain Verney, Mr. Walter Wren, and Mr. F. A. Ford. The rain luckily kept off until quite the end of the party, when the remaining guests adjourned to the house and examined the beautiful silver salver and marble gilt photograph stand which was presented to the popular manager last week by the principal members of the Royal Italian Opera Company, whose portraits, with autographs attached, give additional value to the graceful gift. Among the guests were:—

The [[Social Victorians/People/Newcastle|Dowager Duchess of Newcastle and Mr. Hohler]], the Earl and Lady Cairns, Lord de I'lsle, Lord and Lady Hindlip, Sir Edmund and Lady Lechmere, Sir Arthur Birch, Lord Hay, '''Lord and Lady Greville''', Sir Charles and Lady Tupper, Lord and LadyHobhouse, Lady Fanny Fitzwygram, Sir Albert Rollit, M.P., Lord and Lady Raincliffe, Mr. John Aird, M.P., and Mrs. Aird, Sir Richard and Lady Wood, Mr. H. De Stern, Sir Francis and Lady Truscott, Mr. and Mrs. Ellicott, Mr. Hume Spry; Sir F. Perkins, Lady Colin Campbell, Sir Thomas and Lady Gabriel, Mr. Henry Tracy, Lady and Miss Pauncefote, Colonel Sir Robert Harley, Sir Edward Hamley, Sir Vincent and Lady Barrington, Sir W. and Lady Hardman, Mr. and Lady Agnes Cooper, Sir James and Lady Linton, Mr. and Mrs. Kendal, Sir Oscar Clayton, Mr. J. F. Firth, M.P., and Mrs. Firth, Sir F. and Lady Alston, Mdme. Roze and Col. Mapleson, Mr. T. Thorne, Alderman and Mrs. Savory, Rev. Dr. and Mrs. Kynaston, Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Stirling, Mr. and Mrs. L. Brough, Mr. and Mrs. W. P. Frith, Mr. Seymour Lucas, Mr. Woodall, M.P., Sir George Grove, Mr. L. Jennings, M.P., Col. E. Hughes, M.P., and Mrs. Hughes, Dr. W. H. Russell, Mr. and Mrs. Sydney Hoffnung[,] Mr. Pope, Q.C, Miss Bury, Dr. and Mrs. Robson Roose, Mr. H. Poland, Q.C., Sir S and Lady Gabriel, Mr. C. Whitmore, M.P., Alderman and Lady Isaacs, Sir T. and Lady Lucas, Sir R. Fowler, M.P., and Miss Fowler, Alderman Sir John and Lady Ellis, Lady Monckton, Mr. and Mrs. J. C. Parkinson, '''Mr. and Mrs. Charles Dickens''', Mr. and Mrs. Harry Furniss, Mr. G. A. Sala, Mr. and Mrs. Pinero, Mdme. Valia, Alderman and Mrs. Evans, Mr. and Mrs. A. J. Caldicott, Mr. Harry Marks, Mons. Castelmary, Mons. and Mdme. Paul Blouet, Mdme. Fursch-Madi, Mr. and Mr. [sic] Charles Wyndham, Col. R. W. Edis, Alderman and Mrs. Tyler, Mr. E. Boulnois, M.P., and Mrs. Boulnois, Mr. and Mrs. Terris, Mr. A. M. Broadley, Mr. J. Fernandez, Mr. Phil Morris, A R.A., Alderman, Mrs., and the Misses Faudel Philips, Sir W. and Miss Charley, Mr. Bidney Brough, Le Comte Ostrorog, Captain and Mr. [sic] Cdfford [Clifford?] Probyn, Mr. Under-Sheriff Clarence Halse and Mrs. Halse, Mr. and Mrs. Edward Sassoon, Le Comte and Comtesse Dillon, Mr. and Mrs. Folk, Captain Henshaw Russell, Mrs. Adair, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], Mr. H. V. Higgins, Captain and Mrs. Lathom Fox, Colonel and Mrs. Rotton, Signor Mancinelli, Rev. Henry White, Captain Chetwynd, Mr. and Mrs. Hume Webster, Mons. Gennadino, Alderman and Mrs. Renals, Major-General Hales Wortham, Signor and Mdme. Arditi, Rev. Canon and Mrs. Barker, Mr. and Mrs. Frank Debenham, Mrs. Gabrielli, Dr. and Mrs. Scott Gatty.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;In Society.&quot; ''Lady's Pictorial'' 03 August 1889, Saturday: 62 [of 82], Col. 3a–c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005980/18890803/425/0062. Same print title, p. 174.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 1889 July 31, Wednesday ===

==== Fete of the Uxbridge Habitation of the Primrose League ====
&lt;blockquote&gt;A fête, held under the auspices of the Uxbridge Habitation of the Primrose League, took place on Wednesday afternoon last in the beautiful grounds of Hillingdon Court, kindly lent by the Hon. Algernon Mills, and the evert may be described as in every way a success. A more charming spot for holding a fête of this kind could scarely be selected, and the weather was brilliant. It transpired that the arrangements for the afternoon's programme had been in a great measure suggested and carried out by Lady Mary Mills, and this being the case it was satisfactory for the large company who assembled at the meeting that was called together towards the close of the proceedings, to hear graceful compliments paid to Lady Mary, not only by Mr. C. Roberts, the Deputy Ruling Counciller of the Habitation, but by Lord Claud Hamilton, for the kind and active interest she had evinced in the event. Other necessary arrangements were very ably superintended by officers of the Habitation, aided by the Hon. Secretary, Mr. B. T. Gales. The company present included the Hon. Algernon Mills, Ruling Councillor of the Habitation, Lady Mary Mills, Lord Claud Hamilton, Lord Chesterfield, the Countess Stradbroke, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke]], Sir Charles and Lady Cox, Mr. and Mrs. Wemyss, Mr. H. R. Cos, Mr. F. H. Deane and the Misses Deane, Mr. and Mrs. B. H. W. Way and Miss Way, General and the Misses Swanston, General Stanton, Mrs. B. C. Stephenson and party, Miss Clarke (Swakeleys), Mrs. C Grenfell, Mr. and Miss Roberts, Mr. and Mrs. J. C. Hibbert, Mrs. Wakefield, Dr. and Mrs. Ferris, Mr. H. Bird, Mr. W. Avery Bird, Mr. and Mrs. S. S. Phillips and party, the Misses Duncombe, Mr. and the Misses Grimsdale, Mr. W. B. Harman [Herman?], Mr. G. Woolls, the Rev. J. H. Thomas, T. W. James, and T. M Everett. The amusements provided during the afternoon included selections of music by members of the Uxbridge and Hillingdon Band, a very interesting entertainment of performing dogs, under the direction of Mr. Hotime, pleasing vocal and instrumental performances by the Meier Family, and several selections of comic melodies by experienced artistes, the latter of whom appeared upon a prettily decorated stage. The piano, by the way, which was used in the accompaniments, was supplied by Mrs. Willis, of Uxbridge. Tea and other refreshments were provided, and the majority of the company availed themselves of the opportunity of partaking of the refreshing beverage. Satislaction was expressed on all sides with the general success of the occasion, which certainly passed off in a manner which could not fail to please everyone present.

Shortly after five o'clock the company assembled in front of a platform or stage to hear some brief addresses on political subjects. The chair was taken by the Hon. Algernon Mills, who was accompanied by Lord Claud Hamilton, M.P., and Mr. C. Roberts, and, before the meeting closed, he was joined by Mr. F. D. Dixon-Hartland, M.P., whose arrival was greeted with cheers.

Lord Claud Hamilton, who was briefly introduced by the Chairman, congratulated the Habitation, first upon the successful appearance of the meeting, and next upon the great addition to their ranks which had occurred within the past few days. He thought that although Uxbridge in past days was not distinguished for its Conservatism, there had been a marked change for the better during the past few years, and he thought that when the time once more arrived the voters of Uxbridge would again be found polling in the right direction. At the same time that be congratulated the people of that district upon what he found to be their efficient local organisation, he thought they might, as a party, congratulate themselves on the present position of the Unionist Government in Parliament. This was the close of the third Session of the present Government, and although there had been one or two bye-elections, on personal and other grounds, and they had lost a few seats, yet no impartial man could deny that at the present moment the Government of Lord Salisbury was far stronger in Parliament and in the estimation of the country at large than it had been at any time during the past three years, and there was throughout the Kingdom a firm and solemn determination on the part of most electors to support end to cement the union between the Conservative party and the section of the Liberal party called Liberal Unionists. While such a feeling existed he thought that the present Government might certainly be regarded as strong. He must confess, however, that he felt sorry on taking up the morning paper that day to see that an old and personal friend, and one whom he admired, had been once again coming forward somewhat in the nature of a disturber of the public peace. He had read two speeches in the paper that day, one by Mr. A. Balfour, the other by the great politician, Lord Randolph Churchill, and in regard to the latter he was at first really unable to define what he was driving at in the remarks he made, and the policy which he attempted to unfold to his Birmingham audience, for he did not commence with a straight hit, but by side-hitting and numerous other modes of attack endeavoured to make out to his hearers that nearly everything connected with the foreign policy of Lord Salisbury was wrong, and that a great deal of the policy of Mr. Balfour in Ireland was also wrong. Having reviewed and criticised Lord Randolph's remarks in reference to foreign policy, he proceeded to deal with his observations having reference to the action of the Government in regard to Ireland, and, in this matter, confessed that he was always sorry when he heard an old friend talk undignified nonsense on a public platform, for although his lordship said a good deal that was wise and sensible, he showed his total ignorance of the present circumstances existing in regard to Ireland, and, above all, his ignorance of the Irish character. Then Lord Randolph Churchill also appeared to feel that he ought to have seat in Birmingham. Now, his hearers were doubtless very well acquainted with an interesting suburban town called Brentford. He did not think that a town like Brentford was large enough for two kings, and Birmingham was not large enough for two kings; and if two men of the calibre of Mr. Joseph Chamberlain and Lord Randolph Churchill both occupied seats for Birmingham, he did not think that it could be done without some trouble occurring in the future. After some further remarks on general political policy, his lordship concluded by once more congratulating the local Habitation of the Primrose League on the success of that day's proceedings. 

Mr. Dixon-Hartland, M.P., who was received with much applause, remarked, at the outset, having reference to the observations he had heard made by Lord Claud Hamilton, that he regretted Lord Randolph Churchill had spoken as he had done during the last few days. He was one or those who had watched Lord Randolph Churchill's career with great interest for a long time, and he felt that the Conservative party owed much to him. In 1880, when the fortunes of the party seemed at a low ebb, a force and courage was given to it by the way in which Lord Randolph Churchill attacked the Radical ministry that were then in power. He did good work for the Party, and that way one of the causes why Lord Salisbury was in power at the present time. However, much as he (the speaker) admired his lordship's courage and valuable work in the past, that did not blind him to what the noble lord was doing now, and the doctrines which he had recently been preaching at Walsall and at Birmingham were not Tory but socialistic doctrines. The question of doing away with rents wherever they existed, without compensation, was one that would never be accepted by the Tory party, and if Lord Randolph Churchill was going to pin his faith to a flag of that kind he would have to join the other side, for the Conservatives would not consent to it. The speaker then remarked upon the progress of the measure in reference to the Royal Grants. He remarked that last week there were few people whose hearts were not moved with the idea of the marriage of the daughter of our future king. There could be no doubt that the marriage was a thoroughly popular one with the English people, for it reminded us of the olden times, when our Kings came forward and gave their daughters in marriage to English noblemen; and the majority of people in England to-day thought our noblemen were quite as good as German princelings. (Loud applause.) English people were glad to see a return to the old state of things, for it was a custom which created another tie between the people and the Throne of England. (Hear, hear.) In Parliament most unworthy, ungenerous, and he might say, improper means had been taken to try and divide the vote for sums of money necessary to keep up the dignity of the Royal Family. For his own part he did not think that if England were polled the people of this country would be so mean as not to keep up the dignity of their Royal Family. It was a question which concerned the country more than was generally contemplated, for, in his opinion, anything that we paid to the Queen and for properly maintaining the Royal dignity was small, considering the great benefits that we received. The benefits he referred to had been bestowed upon the English people by the very constitutional way in which the queen had performed the duties of her high office, and had that not been the case we in England would not have been in the state of prosperity which might now be ascribed to us as a country, and that would have affected every man, woman and child he then saw before hm. We were told we were being unduly taxed, but, after all, what was it that was paid for the Royal Family. He submitted that at the present moment the whole of the sum annually paid amounted to rather less than one penny per head of the whole population, and it would be somewhere about one penny if the proposed grant were made. We were better off in this respect than the people of America, who paid a vast amount of money annually to Congressmen and Senators — a great deal more than we paid our queen, while, it must be remembered, the services of members of the House of Lords and House of Commons were gratuitous. We must look at the details of these things, view the question in a general, and at the same time in a common sense, way, and it would be seen that in these matters we were more lightly taxed than any country in Europe or any couuntry in the New World. Referring to the past Session of Parliament, the speaker said it had been remarkable for the breaking-up, so to speak, of the power of Mr. Gladstone over the Radical portion of his supporters; and in this respect it might be mentioned that Mr. Gladstone had come forward to say he would do what was right in regard to the royal grants. Then there was another point that might be referred to, and that was the breaking up of the Irish party, who not only felt that Mr. Bal- '''[Col. 1c–2a]''' four's government was enticing the ground from under their feet, but were also becoming aware of the fact that money was not coming in in the way it used to do. Mr. Diller had been making a tour in Australian colonies; and the general conclusion to be arrived at was that all these showed how strong and good was the government of Lord Salisbury. (Hear, hear.) The speaker then proceeded to remark that while the effect of Lord Salisbury's government was manifestly beneficial, there were apart from the influence of our own administration, signs of trouble among foreign nations, and that all this should cause the fact to be more firmly impressed upon the English mind that we should have a strong and stable government, and it behoved all in this country to do everything in their power to support the same. In conclusion, he wished to say that he was very pleased they had had such a pleasant afternoon, and he was sure they must one and all feel indebted to the Hon. Algernon Mills for the use of his grounds on the occasion. (Hear, hear.) He must remember, however, that on such occasions as that they did not assemble for the sole purpose of hearing speeches, and certainly not long speeches, and he would therefore conclude his remarks, but before doing so he wished to say that he hoped that year by year Primrose gatherings would be held in the neighbourhood of Uxbridge, and that that Habitation, and others, would continue to prosper, for there was no doubt that such societies brought all classes together, they were cemented in one bond, and where that was the case there was very little chance of the Radicals gaining any power. There was yet one other matter which he wished very briefly to refer to before he resumed his seat. He had been told lately that there had been a report in circulation to the effect that he had some thought of relinquishing his seat in Parliament as a representative of that Division. All he could say was that he considered it the greatest honour to represent a Division in the county of Middlesex, and that be was quite content with the Division he had the great honour to represent at the present time. So long as they in that Division were willing to have him, he was most willing to stick to them, and he hoped that he might be their member for many years to come, and have the pleasure of continuing to come amongst them, knowing that he was in the midst of friends. (Loud and continued cheering.) 

Mr. C. Roberts, who was greeted with every manifestation of popularity, then came forward for the purpose of proposing a vote of thanks to the Hon. Algernon Mills and Lady Mary Mills for their kindness in allowing the fête to take place in the beautiful grounds of Hillingdon Court. It was evident that they had the good of the cause at heart, and the fact of such support brought a great many recruits under the Primrose League standard. It was satisfactory for him to be able to state that during a very short period they had received the names of 100 recruits. Such rapid strides as that would not be made but for gatherings of that kind, which benefitted the Primrose League movement very much throughout the country; and it was undoubtedly productive of a great deal of good when the gentry opened their parks in this way, as had been the case during late years, for it brought all classes of society together, and refuted the argument that the Tories were composed of the &quot;swells&quot; of society, and would have nothing whatever to do with those who occupied a more humble position in life. (Hear, hear.) Such a statement as that was, of course, a great error, and they of the Primrose League, whether they belonged to the upper or the middle class, knew full well that so long as people conducted themselves the League was open to all who were of that political opinion, and that whenever there was a fête of that kind there was no distinction of persons whatever, all were perfectly free to attend the meeting, and there was certainly no idea of setting class against class. He could not help remarking that the Primrose League in that district had a most able representative in Lady Mary Mills. The whole of the entertainments on that occasion had been organised by her, and, the event having taken place in such fine weather, and those present having been so extremely well entertained, the entire proceedings might be fittingly described as a great success, and he thought it would for a fitting close to such an enjoyable occasion if a hearty vote of thanks were passed to the Hon. Algernon MiIls and Lady Mary Mills for their kindness in entertaining such a large company that afternoon. (Applause.) He did not think that such a proposal needed a seconder, and therefore he called upon all who approved of it to signify the same in the usual way. 

Prolonged applause was the answer to this invitation for an expression of opinion, and one enthusiastic visitor called for cheers for Lady Mary Mills, which were promptly given. The Hon. Algernon Mills replied in appropriate terms, and remarked that whatever gratification had been derived from the proceedings of that afternoon was due to the arrangements which had been entirely carried out by his wife, for he, owing to having been engaged in business matters, had been unable to devote much attention to it. All he could say was that he hoped it would not be the last meeting of the kind that would take place there. (Loud applause.)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Uxbridge Habitation of the Primrose League. Fete at Hillingdon Court.&quot; ''Uxbridge &amp; W. Drayton Gazette'' 3 August 1889, Saturday: 8 [of 8], Col. 1a–2b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002284/18890803/126/0008. Print: ''Buckinghamshire Advertiser, Uxbridge, Harrow and Watford Journal'', p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;/blockquote&gt;

==August 1889==
===6 August 1889, Tuesday===
The official Savoy Hotel opening:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Savoy Hotel on the Thames Embankment opened by a company, 6 August 1889; the directors included the earl of Lathom, Mr. R. D'Oyly Carte, and sir Arthur Sullivan.&lt;ref&gt;''Hayden's Dictionary of Dates and Universal Information Relating to All Ages''. Ed., Benjamin Vincent. 23rd Edition, Containing the History of the World to the End of 1903. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1904. Page 1105. ''Google Books'', retrieved 23 February 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;This official opening followed 2 soft openings, one a &quot;Housewarming Supper&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Williams, Olivia. ''The Secret Life of the Savoy: Glamour and Intrigue at the World's Most Famous Hotel''. Pegasus Books, 2021. Google Books (retrieved July 2025) https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Secret_Life_of_the_Savoy/a_IDEAAAQBAJ.&lt;/ref&gt; (1871) hosted by the Hwfa Williamses, and the second a &quot;private viewing&quot; (1872). &quot;Guests&quot; at the post-opera supper included people like&lt;blockquote&gt;the Duchess of Manchester Consuelo Montagu, Lord Dunraven, Lord and Lady Gosford, Lord and Lady Dudley, Lord and Lady de Grey, Lord Hartington, Lord Hardwick, and the Honourable Algernon Bourke, the owner of White's who had just lost the best chef in London to D'Oyly's hotel kitchen. ... Representing the businessmen whom D'Oyly was so keen to attract were the English branch of the Rothschilds, and the American Forbes family. (1871)&lt;/blockquote&gt;

===15 August 1889, Thursday===
[[Social Victorians/Pleydell-Bouverie Skelmersdale Wedding|Pleydell-Bouverie Skelmersdale Wedding]]

===26 August 1889, Monday===
Summer Bank Holiday.
===30 August 1889, Friday===
J. M. Stoddart, from Lippincott's, Arthur Conan Doyle, Oscar Wilde, and Gill met for dinner. Stoddart was looking for novels.&lt;blockquote&gt;The American house of Lippincott's, based in Philadelphia, had sent one of their men, J.M. Stoddart, over to England to search out some new talent. Lippincott's published a monthly magazine in both countries, and their policy was to include a complete story in each number. Stoddart called upon James Payn, editor of The Cornhill, and Payn recommended him to try Dr. Conan Doyle of Southsea. The result was the celebrated dinner for four at the Langham Hotel, Portland Place with Stoddart, Doyle, Oscar Wilde, and an Irish MP called Gill. ... Dr Doyle has left on record his impressions of Wilde&quot; (Stavert 148).&lt;/blockquote&gt;For Lippincott's Doyle wrote ''A Study in Scarlet'', which has &quot;a character patterned after Oscar Wilde, and the Langdon Hotel gets a mention&quot; (Stavert 149). Doyle's ''A Study in Scarlet'' was published in the February 1890 number, and Wilde's ''The Picture of Dorian Gray'' in the July 1890 one.

===30 August 1889, Friday===
W. A. Ayton and Anne Ayton were initiated into the Inner Order of the Golden Dawn (Gilbert 86 140).

==September 1889==
==October 1889==
In October 1889, Jack the Ripper's signature and some vandalism in the form of drawings and commentary shows up in the guest book for the Lizard Hotel, Lizard Point, Cornwall (Cornwell 283).

===31 October 1889, Thursday===
Halloween.
==November 1889==
===5 November 1889, Tuesday===
Guy Fawkes Day

===13 November 1889, Wednesday===
According to the ''Morning Post'' (2 January 1890), there was a disturbance during a performance of ''The Gold Craze'' at the Royal Princess's Theatre:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Marquis de Leuville appeared yesterday at Marlborough-street Police-court, to answer a summons obtained by Mr. H. Cummings for inciting persons to create a riot at the Royal Princess's Theatre on November 13. Mr. Geoghegan stated the case for the complainant, and examined Thomas Vincent Kiely, who said that the Marquis had given him money to engage men to hiss and make a disturbance at the performance of &quot;The Gold Craze&quot; at the Princess's, in which the Baron de Fleurville was upposed by defendant to be [col. 5/6] intended for himself. The hearing was adjourned.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 2 January 1890 (No. 36,676), Thursday: p. 4, Cols. 5–6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==December 1889==
===7 December 1889, Saturday===
Gilbert and Sullivan's ''The Gondoliers, Or the King of Barataria'' opened at the Savoy.
===17 December 1889, Tuesday===
[[Dangan-Neville Wedding|The Wedding of Lord Dangan and Lady Violet Nevill]]

===25 December 1889, Wednesday===
Christmas Day
===26 December 1889, Thursday===
Boxing Day

Opening of the Horniman Museum&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. F. J. Horniman's museum at Forest-Hill was open to the public on Thursday, Friday, and Saturday in Christmas week, and about 4500 persons of all classes availed themselves of the privilege of inspecting the various objects of interest and the magnificent collection of natural history and art specimens.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;''Illustrated London News'' (London, England), Saturday, January 04, 1890; pg. 6; Issue 2646, Col. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

===27 December 1889, Friday===
Horniman Museum open, second day.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

===28 December 1889, Saturday===
Horniman Museum open, third day.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

===31 December 1889, Tuesday===

==== Robert Browning's funeral in Westminster Abbey ====
Bret Harte attended.&lt;ref&gt;Nissen, Axel. ''Bret Harte: Prince and Pauper''. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 2000: 216.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;The mortal remains of Robert Browning, the great poet, were yesterday laid among the relics of other famous bards and writers in Poets' Corner, Westminster Abbey, with every appropriate demonstration of honour and regret for the departed. Among the attendant mourners were many of the great of the land and a host of others, whose reverence for the poet was shown by their demeanour.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Funeral of Robert Browning.&quot; The ''Morning Post'' 1 January 1890 (No. 36,675): 4, Col. 6. ''British Newspaper Archive'' .&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;From later in the ''Morning Post'':&lt;blockquote&gt;With manifestations of sincere respect and fond remembrance the remains of Robert Browning were yesterday consigned to an honoured resting place in Westminster Abbey. The funeral procession, which included 10 mourning carriages, left the house in De Vere-gardens, Kensington, soon after eleven o'clock, and reached Westminster Abbey just after the hour of noon had struck. Long before that time the choir and transepts reserved for mourners and friends were full, with the exception of a few seats under the Lantern set apart for the relatives and pall-bearers. The north transcept and a portion of the nave were crowded with the general public. Gloom and mist pervaded the Abbey, rendering the use of artificial light imperative. Tall tapers were burning upon the footpace before the undraped altar, and the seven-branched candelabra at the entrance of the sacrarium shed a flickering light within. In the uncertain light it was difficult to discern and identify the occupants of the choir and transepts, but now and again some well-known representative of art and letters could be recognised passing to his allotted seat. Just before noon the Dean, Canons Prothero, Duckworth, Westcott, and Fruse, Minor Canons Troutbeck and Cheadle, and the choir assembled at the western entrance of the nave in readiness to meet the body. Some 10 minutes afterwards the solemn and familiar strains of Croft and Purcell's music indicated that the Burial Service had commenced, and, with slow and measured steps the long procession passed up the nave into the choir, where choir and clergy took their places in the stalls. The coffin, covered with a violet-coloured pall, upon which were placed two floral wreaths and a cross of violets, was placed upon trestles in the open space under the Lantern where the lectern usually stands. The pall-bearers, ranged on either side, were the Hon. Hallam Tennyson, Dr. Butler, Sir Fitzjames Stephen, Sir Theodore Martin, Archdeacon Farrar, Professor Masson, Professor Jowett, Sir Frederick Leighton, Sir James Paget, Sir George Grove, Mr. G. M. Smith, and Professor Knight. [new paragraph] When the mourners had taken their places, the Burian Service proceeded in the usual manner, the 90th Psalm being chanted to Purcell's setting, while the Dean read the Lesson from his stall. The anthem or hymn which is usually interpolated between the two sections of the service was yesterday preceded by a &quot;Meditation,&quot; in which some touching verses by Elizabeth Barrett Browning were set to equally touching music by Dr. Bridge. Rendered by the choir with excellent skill and reverent feeling, this interlude formed the most striking feature in the whole service. The anthem which followed was Wesley's, &quot;All go to one place; all are of the dust, and all turn to dust again.&quot; At its conclusion the procession reformed, and the coffin, preceded by clergy and choir, passed through the south transept to the familiar Poets' Corner, where, at the foot of Chaucer's tomb, the grave had been dug. On the wall above, suspended from Cowley's monument, was a noble wreath of laurel, bound by a broad ribbon of white silk bearing the name of the poet in golden lettering, the memorial tribute of the Municipality of Venice. The final prayers at the graveside were said by the Dean, and the service fitly closed with Dr. Watts's hymn, &quot;O God, our help in ages past,&quot; to the time-honoured tune, &quot;St. Anne,&quot; which was very generally taken up by the congregation. As the Dean was reading the touching prayer of committal, the rays of the winter sun glinted through the Te Deum window in the transept, shedding rainbow hues on wall and pillar, and partially dismissing the prevailing gloom. Then the strains of the Dead March pealed forth from the organ, clergy and choir retired, and friends pressed forward to take a farewell glance. [new paragraph] Among them were noticed the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Earl of Pembroke, the Earl of Rosebery, Bishop Barry, the Dean of Windsor, Sir Arthur Sullivan, Sir Lyon Playfair, M.P., Captain Walter Campbell (representing the Queen), Mr. Stuart-Wortley, M.P., Mr. Mundella, M.P., Mr. Leonard Courtney, M.P., the Hon. and Rev. E. Carr Glyn, Dr. Martineau, Canon Benham, Mr. Alma Tadema, Mr. Lecky, Mr. Oscar Wilde, and Mr. Huxley (representing his father). The relatives and immediate friends were Mr. and Mrs. R. Browning, Mr. Octavius Moulton Barrett, Mr. George Moulton Barrett, Captain Charles Moulton Barrett, Mr. Henry Moulton Barrett, M. Dourlane, Miss Christine Browning, Captain Altham, Rev. Mr. Altham, Sir James Carmichael, and Miss Carmichael. Wreaths of exquisite beauty and in almost countless numbers were sent from friends far and near, and many of them bore touching inscriptions, as for instance, that of Sir F. Leighton, &quot;In remembrance of 36 years' friendship.&quot; Among others may be mentioned Lord Tennyson, Earl and Countess Brownlow, Lord Vernon, Lord and Lady Edmond Fitzmaurice, Lady Lindsay, Lady Martin, Sir Henry Thompson, Sir John Millais, Miss Cobbe, Mrs. Jeune, Mr. and Mrs. Alma Tadema, Mr. and Mrs. Whistler, Mr. and Mrs. Cyril Flower, Mr. Henry Irving, Mr. and Mrs. Bancroft, and the Browning Society. The coffin, made in Venice, was of yellow pine, designed somewhat in the modern casket form, and bore the simple inscription, &quot;Robert Browning, born May 7, 1812, died December 12, 1889.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Funeral of Robert Browning.&quot; The ''Morning Post'' 1 January 1890 (No. 36,675): 5, Col. 6. ''British Newspaper Archive'' .&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Professor Rücker's lecture on electricity:&lt;blockquote&gt;At the Royal Institution, Albemarle-street, yesterday afternoon, Professor Rücker delivered the second of his course of six simplified lectures on electricity. The theatre was again well filled. Before taking up the threads of his subject at the point where they were broken off last Saturday, the lecturer briefly recapitulated the remarks made on that occasion relative to the subject of the &quot;lines of force.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Lectures on Electricity.&quot; The ''Morning Post'' 1 January 1890 (No. 36,675): 6, Col. 3. British Newspaper Archive .&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The rest of the report describes the experiment used to demonstrate the answers to particular questions about electricity. The report ends with this sentence: &quot;The third lecture takes place to-morrow,&quot; i.e., 1 January 1890.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

==Works Cited==
*Bernstein, Susan David. &quot;Radical Readers at the British Museum: Eleanor Marx, Clementina Black, Amy Levy.&quot; Nineteenth-Century Gender Studies 3.2 (Summer 2007): http://ncgsjournal.com/issue32/bernstein.htm.
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      <text bytes="67504" sha1="gjn4hx3vv08ggj4u6lmbb668sve4fzc" xml:space="preserve">[[Social Victorians/Timeline/1840s|1840s]]  [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s |1850s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s | 1860s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1870s | 1870s]]  ||[[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s Headlines]][[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880 | 1880]][[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881 | 1881]][[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882 | 1882]][[Social Victorians/Timeline/1883 | 1883]][[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884 | 1884]][[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885 | 1885]][[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886 | 1886]][[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887 | 1887]][[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888 | 1888]] 1889 || [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s Headlines]]  [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s|1900s]]  [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]]  [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] 

==Sometime in 1889==
A. H. Macmurdo purchased 20 Fitzroy, London, and redecorated it memorably.

From the 1 January 1890 ''Morning Post'': &lt;blockquote&gt;Equally the attempt of Mr. Gladstone to invent a brand new system of &quot;electoral statistics,&quot; directed to the conclusion that he had in the minority the leadership of the only true majority, with the implication that the Unionists, if honest men, would immediately resign their trust, has been received with good-humoured incredulity.&lt;ref&gt;''Morning Post'' 1 January 1890, Wednesday (No. 36,675): p. 4, Col. 7. '''British Newspaper Archive'''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==January 1889==
===1 January 1889, Tuesday, New Year's Day===

=== 16 January 1889 ===
A Jack the Ripper letter &quot;refers to 'my trip to Bradford'&quot; (Cornwell 296).

=== 22 January 1889, Tuesday ===

==== Wedding of Lady Eleanor Lambton and Lord Robert Cecil ====
The [[Social Victorians/Cecil Lambton Wedding 1889 January 22|wedding of Lady Eleanor Lambton and Lord Robert Cecil]] took place at 2:30, St. George's Church, Hanover Square, London.

==February 1889==
==March 1889==
===6 March 1889, Wednesday===
Ash Wednesday.
==April 1889==
===10 April 1889, Wednesday===
According to the summary of the weather in the 1 January 1890 Morning Post, there was &quot;intense darkness from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m.&quot; &quot;The Weather of 1889.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''The Morning Post'', 1 January 1890 (No. 36,675): p. 6, Col. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;
===11 April 1889, Thursday===
According to the summary of the weather in the 1 January 1890 Morning Post, the &quot;intense darkness&quot; of the day before returned &quot;for a short time next day&quot; &lt;cite&gt;&quot;The Weather of 1889.&quot; The Morning Post, 1 January 1890 (No. 36,675): page 6 Col. C.&lt;/cite&gt;
===12 April 1889, Friday===
Amy Levy and Elizabeth Pennell both attended what Pennell called a &quot;converzazione&quot; at the Fabian Society in the Bloomsbury Town Hall. Pennell says, &quot;We went to the Converzazione of the Fabian Society in Bloomsbury Town Hall. A collection of cranks, native and foreign: young women in extraordinary costumes, one a perfect Burne-Jones, played the violin; young men with long hair and velvet coats. Most people were in evening dress so that a conspicuous figure was [[Social Victorians/People/George Bernard Shaw|George Bernard Shaw]] in grey Jaeger get-up, flirting outrageously with all the girls in the room&quot; (Linda Hunt Beckman, Amy Levy: Life and Letters, p. 179; posting on victoria@listserv.indiana.edu Linda Hunt Beckman &lt;beckman@temple.edu&gt;, 20 October 2003, &quot;Re: conversaziones at Berkeley Galleries; mourning customs&quot;).

===19 April 1889, Friday===
Good Friday.
===21 April 1889, Sunday===
Easter Sunday.

===28 April 1889, Sunday===
Jack Yeats &lt;quote&gt;attended the funeral of the Duchess of Cambridge, whose husband was Queen Victoria's uncle, and commander-in-chief of the British Army. She was a very popular woman; Jack described the event as 'more like a race meeting than a funeral'. Street touts sold 'memorium cards of the dear old Dutchie', and charged fourpence for standing room at the curbside. Griffin was with Jack&lt;/quote&gt; (Bruce Arnold. Jack Yeats. p. 46)

==May 1889==
Sometime in May 1889 the The Inner Order of the Golden Dawn met at the offices of The Sanitary Wood Wool Co. (Howe 85 31).

Dinner planned in honor of James Whistler, with a long list of celebrities invited, including [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Collins|Arthur Collins]], Equerry to the Queen, William Christian Symons, the recipient of a letter from Whistler's son,&lt;blockquote&gt;Sir Coutts Lindsay (1824-1913), Bart., co-founder of the Grosvenor Gallery ..., and Edmond, Prince de Polignac (1834-1901), composer ...; diplomats, such as James Rennell Rodd (1858-1941), 1st Baron Rennell, poet and diplomat ...; lawyers, including Sir John Charles Sigismund Day (1826-1908), QC, collector ..., and Sir George Henry Lewis (1833-1911), society lawyer ...; and scientists, including Edwin Ray Lankester (1847-1929), Professor of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy .... There are several men involved with drama and music, such as John Hollingshead (1827-1904), journalist and manager of the Gaiety Theatre ..., Richard D'Oyly Carte (1844-1901), impresario and property developer ..., and Pablo de Sarasate y Navascues (1844-1908), violinist ...; writers, such as Sheridan Ford (1860-1922), poet, critic, politician and writer on art ..., Stéphane Mallarmé (1842-1898), Symbolist writer and poet ..., and Comte Robert de Montesquiou-Fezensac (1855-1921), Symbolist writer and poet, and collector [more]. Art critics and editors include Theodore Child (1846-1892), journalist and art critic ..., Théodore Duret (1838-1927), art critic and collector ..., Henry Du Pré Labouchère (1831-1912), journalist and Liberal MP ...,William Michael Rossetti (1829-1919), civil servant and critic ..., and George Augustus Sala (1828-1895), artist, journalist and critic .... Nor surprisingly, there are many patrons and collectors, such as Alexander ('Aleco') Ionides (1840-1898), businessman ..., Alfred Chapman (1839-1917), engineer and collector ..., and Wickham Flower (b. ca 1836), solicitor and collector ...; some art dealers, such as Charles William Deschamps (1848-1908), art dealer ...; and, of course, many artists, including Joseph Edgar Boehm (1834-1890), sculptor ..., Hilaire-Germain-Edgar Degas (1834-1917), artist ..., John Lavery (1856-1941), painter ..., William Quiller Orchardson (1832-1910), genre and portrait painter ..., Théodore Roussel (1847-1926), painter and print-maker ..., Walter Richard Sickert (1860-1942), artist and writer on art ..., Francis ('Frank') Job Short (1857-1945), printer and print-maker ..., and John Singer Sargent (1856-1925), artist .... Finally, there are a few family members, such as Hon Charles Ernest Thynne (1849-1906), solicitor, husband of JW's niece Annie Haden ..., and William McNeill Whistler (1836-1900), physician, JW's brother .... (http://www.whistler.arts.gla.ac.uk/correspondence/people/display/?cid=5635&amp;nameid=Collins_A&amp;sr=0&amp;surname=Collins&amp;firstname=Arthur&amp;rs=1#ms05635)&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 18 May 1889, Saturday ===
The Italian Opera season opened at Covent Garden with Bizet's ''I Pescatori di Perle'' (which isn't Italian). The reporting is not perfectly clear, but the Princess of Wales, her daughters and the Duchess of Edinburgh do not seem to have been present in 1889, but they were in 1887 for the Italian Opera's first season at Covent Garden.&lt;blockquote&gt;Covent Garden Theatre, on Saturday, when the Italian Opera season was inaugurated by a performance of Bizet's early opera &quot;I Pescatori de Perle,&quot; presented the most brilliant appearance imaginable, and being even more noteworthy that the first season's assemblage which Mr. Harris brought together two years ago, The Princess of Wales and the three young Princesses, together with the Duchess of Edinburgh, occupied the Royal box. Among the host of fashionabie people present were Lord and Lady Charles Beresford, the Duke of Portland, Lady Randolph Churchill, Lady Rosebery, the Duchess of Marlborough, Sir Julian Goldsmid, Mr. Harry H. Marks, Lord Wolverton, Mrs. Edward Sassoon, Mrs. Vanderbilt, the Hon. F. E Allsopp, Lord Revelstoke, Mr. H. L W. Lawson, the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]], Lady Windsor, Mrs. Lawrence, Lady Dudley, the Duchess of Montrose, Mr. Alfred de Rothschild, Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild, Sir Charles Tennant, Sir Phillip Currie, Mr. Arthur Cohen, Mr. Critchett. Mr. Poland, the Hon. G. Curzon, Mr. Seager Hunt, M.P., the Duchess of Leinster, Lord Latham, Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Raphael, and Mr. Corney Grain.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Royal Italian Opera. A Brilliant Assemblage at the First Night at Covent Garden.&quot; ''Evening News'' (London) 20 May 1889, Monday: 2 [of 4], Col. 7b–c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003283/18890520/026/0002. Same title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 27 May 1889, Monday, 11 p.m. ===

==== The Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace ====
It seems to have been hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales and a number of their children. Queen Victoria was not present. The dancing began at 11 p.m., after the Prince and Princess of Wales and their family and attendants arrived.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Queen's State Ball.&quot;  ''Morning Post'' 28 May 1889, Tuesday: 5 [of 8], Col. 5a–7b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18890528/048/0005. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

==June 1889==
The last meeting of the Men and Women's Club was held in June 1889 (Bland 41).

The &quot;initial London performance of 'A Doll's House' was in June 1889 and was attended by Eleanor Marx, Clementina Black, and Amy Levy (Bernstein paragraph 12). Then Walter Besant wrote &quot;The Doll's House -- And After,&quot; attacking Nora for the destruction of her family twenty years later. G. B. Shaw wrote another version in 1890, a sequel to the original as well, &quot;Still After the Doll's House,&quot; attacking Besant's vision (Time [February 1890]: 197–208). Eleanor Marx and Israel Zangwill then wrote &quot;A Doll's House Repaired,&quot; in which the door slamming is the one that locks Nora in (Time [March 1891]: 239–253).

===5 June 1889, Wednesday===
Derby Day at Epsom Downs.

According to the ''Morning Post'', &lt;quote&gt;The Derby Day. / Lady George Hamilton's second evening party, at the Admiralty. / Lady Trevelyan's dance, instead of the 27th of May. / Lady Jane Lindsay's first dance. / The Hon. Mrs. Greville Vernon's dance.&lt;/quote&gt; (&quot;Arrangements for This Day.&quot; The Morning Post Wednesday, 5 June 1889: p. 7 [of 12], Col. 6B).

===6 June 1889, Thursday===
According to the year-end summary of the weather in the 1 Janaury 1890 ''Morning Post'', there was a &quot;grand display of lightning during the violent thunderstorm of June 6&quot; &lt;cite&gt;&quot;The Weather of 1889.&quot; The Morning Post, 1 January 1890 (No. 36,675): page 6 Col. C.&lt;/cite&gt;

=== 8 June 1889, Saturday ===
The Royal Institute of Painters in Water-Colours opened an exhibition of &quot;the works of the 'English Humourists in Art.'&quot;&lt;blockquote&gt;The members of the Royal Institute of Painters in Water-Colours, Piccadilly, W., through their president, Sir James D. Linton, and Mr. James Orrock, R.I., have made arrangements for a representative exhibition of the works of the &quot;English Humourists in Art.&quot; The scope will be a wide one, from Hogarth, Rowlandson, etc., through the successive stages of humorous graphic art to its present development, as exemplified in the members of the artistic staff of ''Punch'' and contemporary pictorial humourists. The exhibition opens on the 8th of June, and is under distinguished patronage. The Queen will exhibit original drawings by Rowlandson, etc., from the royal collection; the Duchess of St. Albans, the [[Social Victorians/People/Westminster|Duke of Westminster]], the [[Social Victorians/People/Rosebery|Earl of Rosebery]], the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]], the Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Algernon Bourke]], the Hon. Michael Sandys, Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Henry Irving|Henry Irving]], and other fortunate possessors of original treasures of the requisite kind will contribute to the collection. The leading features of the Exhibition will be the gathering of original works by Rowlandson, an assemblage of the original illustrations designed from the works of Charles Dickens, including the series by George Cruikshank, H. K. Browne (“ Phiz ”), John Leech, Fred Barnard, Charles Green, R.I., etc. A most important series of water-colour drawings by the last-named artist, illustrating episodes from Dickens on a more ambitious scale than has been previously attempted, will be contributed by Mr. William Lockwood, who commissioned Mr. Charles Green to undertake this ''tour de force''. Nearly all the original works in oils by Mr. Fred Barnard will be exhibited. Randolph Caldecott will also be well represented. There will likewise be numerous specimens of Messrs. John Tenniel, R.I., Charles Keene, George Du Maurier, R.W.S., Harry Furniss, Linley Sambourne, Gordon Thompson, Alfred Bryan, J. F. Sullivan; and others. Mr. Gilbert Dalziel is sending a selection from the best examples of the late W. G. Baxter.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;An Exhibition of Humourists.&quot; ''St James's Gazette'' 22 May 1889, Wednesday: 8 [of 16], Col. 2a [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001485/18890522/041/0008. Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

===26 June 1889, Wednesday===
There was apparently a regular celebration of [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Collins|Arthur Collins]]' birthday, 26 June, by Bret Harte, George Du Maurier, [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Sullivan|Arthur Sullivan]], Alfred Cellier, Arthur Blunt, and John Hare (Nissen, Axel. Brent Harte: Prince and Pauper: 239. [http://books.google.com/books?id=WEDewmUnapcC]). Choosing 1885–1902 as the dates because those apparently are the dates of the close relationship between Harte and Collins, ending in Harte's death in 1902.

==July 1889==

=== 2 July 1889, Tuesday ===

==== The Shah at a Covent Garden Opera Performance ====
These two articles are reportage, written in a personal, 1st-person style.&lt;blockquote&gt;The &quot;Arabian Nights&quot; at Covent Garden. I. — By Our Operatic Special.

Truly a great function! Worthy of the occasion, and worthy of everybody concerned! Such was the verdict passed upon last night's show at Covent Carden by those who were lucky enough to be present at what was practically a unique performance. State visits to the opera are few and far between, and we must carry our memories back some sixteen years in order to recall a similar combination of royalty, aristocracy, millinery, and jewellery. No one has a better recollection of the operatic past than Mr. Edward Hall, the ''doyen'' of the Covent Garden box-office, who has been connected with the establishmient for over forty years. This veteran told me last night, when all was over, that the brilliancy of the occasion fully equalled, if not surpassed, both the Shah's visit to Bow-street (the theatre, not the police- court), in 1873, and also the Sultan of Turkey's entertainment at the same house in 1867. At any rate the vast majority of us had never seen anything quite like it before, and consequently we were duly astonished and delighted.

Arriving at the opera-house shortly before eight o'clock, I devoted myself immediately to making a short tour of inspection of all the arrangements. The entrance-hall was judiciously ornamented with strange and prickly shrubs, and had quite the appearance of a tropical jungle tempered with an allowance of red cloth. Turning to the grand staircase, which was covered with a carpet of peacock-blue, I made my way through leafy masses and nodding blossoms to the crush-room. Here all was cool and inviting. Huge blocks of ice, rendered translucent by artfully concealed coloured lights, filled every corner, mirrors reflected palms of all sorts and sizes, and comfortable lounges were scattered about for the benefit of the Royalties. This &quot;elegant apartment&quot; adjoined the Royal box, and was of course inaccessible to outsiders. The smoking balcony over the portico was also reserved for the various &quot;highnesses,&quot; and a long table covered with light refreshments looked quite tempting with its glittering array of glass and plate. However, it was now time to seek the auditorium, and accordingly I hurried downstairs again and entered the stalls. As I gazed round the house a perfect &quot;Arabian Nights&quot; vision burst upon me. Imagine Covent Garden Theatre with every circle lined with bouquets, and every chair decked with a satin programme pinned to it, antirnaccassar fashion! The effect was one to be seen in order to be fully realized. Goodness only knows where the florists found material for all these bunches of roses and carnations, and for the substantial button-holes which were placed at the disposal of the gentlemen; one would almost expect a flower-ramine [?] in the adjacent market as the natural result. The audience was coming in slowly and sedately, and I had ample time and opportunity to look round me and take note of a few well-known faces. Lord and Lady Rothschild were among the earliest arrivals — he in a scarlet coat, and she in white and diamonds; Lady Mandeville took up her position early in Mrs. William Carrington's box. Lord and Lady Charles Beresford and Lord and Lady de Grey had deserted their usual quarters and occupied the Prince of Wales's box, which of course was not required by Royalty. Lady de Grey had on her lovely diamond tiara. Indeed, all over the theatre it positively rained precious stones, and there was hardly a lady on the grand or pit tiers who did not &quot;sport&quot; something magnificent in the way of a &quot;head-piece.&quot; Mr. Edward Lawson, and Mr. Augustus Spalding each wandered about the stalls in the red coat of a deputy lieutenant; Mr. Reuben Sassoon wore black court dress, and so did Dr. Pavey, of &quot;Guy's.&quot; Mr. Higgins hovered between the stalls and one of the omnibus boxes; Lady Dudley divided herself between her own domain, where she was accompanied by Miss Mordaunt, and the Beresford box; and Mr. Potter, Q.C., wore &quot;common or garden&quot; evening clothes. Others who came in good time were the Danish Minister (in gorgeous array) and Madame De Falbe, wearing her wonderful emeralds; Mr. De Murietta, Lord and Lady Will[i]am Nevill, the latter wearing diamonds, pearls, and sapphires; Miss Murietta, in white, and Mr. Van Raalte, who brought his wife in a charming light blue gown.

But stay! Here is Signor Mancinelli in his place, just ready to begin. The Royal party is not expected until nine o'clock, and so the first few items will be got through in their absence. The orchestra plays the overture to &quot;William Tell&quot; splendidly, and then Mdme. Melba comes on to sing the mad scene from &quot;Lucia,&quot; under the baton of Signor Randegger. Next Signor Arditi takes his turn with the &quot;stick,&quot; and Beethoven's immortal &quot;Leonora No. 3' is given. After this there is a pause; Signor Mancinelli resumes his comnand, and stands, waiting for his signal. It is past nine o'clock, and the Royalties are already overdue. A few minutes of anxious expectation, and then distant cheers are heard by those in the corridors. The audience rise as one being, the conductor's stick makes a significant movement, there is a mighty roll of drums leading into the National Anthem, and then his Majesty the Shah enters the Royal box with the Princess of Wales on his arm. The Prince of Wales follows with Princess Louise, and then come Prince Albert Victor and Princess Victoria of Wales; Prince George and Princess Beatrice; the Earl of Fife, escorting his fiancée, Princess Louise of Wales; and Prince Henry of Battenberg with Princess Maud. The Princess of Wales wears a magnificent flame-coloured brocade, and her famous diamond tiara; Princess Beatrice is in black, and Princess Louise and the three young Princesses are all in white. In attendance on the Royal party are the Persian Minister and several members of the Shah's suite, the Duke of Portland, Lord Radnor, Lord Lathom, Sir Henry Drummond Wolff, Sir Henry Rawlinson, Sir Spencer Ponsonby, Lady Sophia Macnamara, Lady Emily Kingscote, and Miss Cochrane. Every one has a good stare at the Shah while &quot;God save the Queen&quot; and the Persian National Anthem are being played, and then the Royalties settle down in their charming white and yellow ''loge'', and begin to turn over the books of the words, which have been elaborately bound in crimson watered silk. The curtain rises almost immediately on the fourth act of &quot;Faust,&quot; which is sung by Mdrne. Albani, Mdme. Scalchi, the Brothers de Reszke, and M. Lassalle. His Oriental Majesty appears to enjoy the music, and waves his right band vigorously, while the Soldiers' Chorus is being sung. Then there is a brief interval, during which I perambulate the house and make up the following &quot;little iist&quot; of notabilities. Lord Limerick; Mrs. Edward Lawson, in white; Mr. and Mrs. Harry Lawson; Mr. Maximilian de Bathe; Mr. and Mrs. Hulse; Mr. George Curzon, M.P., who is in Lord Windsor's box; Lady Colin Campbell, with a lovely feather fan; Mrs. Labouchere, in pink; the Duchess of Newcastle, with her daughter, the Duchesse d'Avigliano; [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], in the Murietta's [sic] box; Mrs. Arthur Wilson, in black, who manages to drop her banquet onto someone's head; Lady Zetland, in white; the Duchess of Portland, also in white; the Duchess of Marlborough; Lady Lucas; Lord and Lady Windsor; Mrs. Parkinson Sharpe and her daughters; Mrs. Lawrence, in black and white; Mr. Charles Lucas; Mrs. Edward Sassoon, in white; Mr. &quot;Arthur Roberts&quot; Nugent, in a bear-skin; Sir Morell Mackenzie, with his German star; Mr. Charles Hall, Q.C.; the Duchess of Manchester, Mr. Arthur Chappell, Mrs. Arthur Paget, and Lady Mary Mills, who looks lovely in grey velvet and a diamond tiara; Mrs. Henry Oppenheim, in red; Lady Rosebery, with Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild; Lord Abington; Mr. and Mrs. Hanbury; Lady Broome, in terra cotta; and Colonel and Mrs. William Carington. In the &quot;omnibus&quot; boxes are Lord Calthorpe, Lord Chesterfield, Mr. Chaplin, Colonel Oliver Montague, Lord Henry Paulet, Mr. Baring, Mr. Williams, and Mr. C. de Murietta. Mrs. Arthur Sassoon is with Lady Forbes; Mrs. McEwan has brought Lady Jane Taylour, and Lady Howe, in white, has come with Lady Hindlip. Amongst others present I see Lady Randolph Churchill; Lady de Trafford, in brown satin, with pale pink, roses; the Spanish Ambassador; Mrs. Albert Brassey; Mrs. Adrian Hope, in white satin; Lady Curzon; Lady Claude Hamilton, in salmon pink; Maria, Marchioness of Ailesbury, in black and gold; Mrs. Tatton Egerton, Mr. Alfred de Rothschild; and a heap of others. The Guards about the theatre make a particularly brilliant show, and the twenty-four Beefeaters, who have been sent over from St. James's Palace, remind one of the &quot;Yeomen of the Guard.&quot; 

The second Part of the programme goes quite as well as the first, and Mdme. Melba makes an especial hit in the valse from &quot;Romeo et Juliette.&quot; When all is over the Royal party passes down the staircase and gradually disperses.Then the &quot;Wales&quot; family departs for Marlborough House, and Lord Fife is left to take care of Princess Beatrice instead of his ''fiancée''. When all the Royalties have finally gone every one, [sic] else slowly leaves the big opera house, and I myself, turning my steps southward, run against a little fair man, and have the pleasure of congratulating Mr. Clarkson on having &quot;wigged&quot; three operas in one evening. So ends a memorable function. 

A Display of Unparalleled Magnificence. 

II. — By Our Own Visitor. 

The gala performance at the Covent Garden Theatre last night, on the occasion of the &quot;State Visit to the Opera, by command of her Most Gracious Majesty the Queen, in honour of his Majesty the Shah, K.G.,&quot; presented a spectacle of altogether unprecedented brilliancy. Nothing even approaching it has ever before been seen in England, and we must go back to the days of the French Empire to find a similar entertainment that could in any sense be compared with it for splendour. 

I arrived somewhat early and found that the ordinary drive under the portico of the theatre had been transformed into a fine and spacious vestibule [Col. 2c-3a] by reason of much bunting — above, around, and under foot — while the gas chandeliers were decorated with flowers. Entering the ordinary vestibule of the theatre I found myself in a charming ante-chamber, in which the military had already taken up their position, and in which a great number of officers, military, naval, civil, and diplomatic, were promenading. Then on through the passages into the body of the theatre, and a wonderful spectacle presented itself. The house was alive with flowers — magnificent bouquets, huge and tasteful nosegays of roses for the ladies and buttonholes for the gentlemen, rested between every alternate stall, and traced the outline of the rows of boxes on every tier in splendid profusion, and imparted a semblance of fairy-land to the interior. Of the large bouquets it was said that no fewer than seven hundred had been provided by Messrs. Wells and Segar, and that the supply in the market round the corner was suffering severely through the contract. On the back of each seat was pinned a gorgeous programme printed in blue upon a sheet of white satin twelve inches by eighteen. And now the fortunate holders of seats began to pour in — all that was most beautiful, most aristocratic, and most wealthy in London. But it was noticeable that very, very few of the well known faces in artistic, literary, or scientific circles were present. I have seen many an important function and ceremonial, but never have I seen so many beautiful women together, or such a wonderful display of diamonds and jewels. &quot;I should like to have the chance,&quot; whispered a Bond-street gentleman in front of me to his friend, after the Princess had arrived, &quot;I should like to have the chance of buying all the stones in this house for a million sterling. I'd put up with the balance.&quot; He was apparently &quot;in the trade.&quot; 

Never has the Princess of Wales looked more beautiful than last night, as, in her deep red dress, her neck smothered in necklaces and rivières of diamonds, and a dazzling diamond coronet on her head — by the side of which all other tiaras and jewels seemed to pale — she stood in front of the box, biting her lips with what appeared to be suppressed amusement. The Royal party, all in full uniform, sat thus:— &lt;/blockquote&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Princess
Victoria
of Wales
!Prince
Henry of
Battenberg
!Princess
Maud of
Wales
!Prince
Albert
Victor
!Princess
of Wales
!S&lt;small&gt;HAH&lt;/small&gt;
!Prince
of Wales
!Princess
Beatrice
!Prince
George
of Wales
!Princess
Louise
of Wales
!Earl of Fife
(apparently:
he was behind
a column)
|}
&lt;blockquote&gt;

During the last interval, the Guest [the Shah] did not wait for the Princess, but left his seat and she quietly followed him out. I also left the body of the theatre, and, making my way to the vestibule, where the band of the Royal Artillery was playing and a strong guard of the same regiment was mounted, I thought I had never beheld a more picturesque or dazzling a scene. Military men in their uniforms, Life Guards in their clanking steel, Hussars with their clicking spurs, Doctors of Law in their gowns, men in Court dress, Highlanders, Volunteer officers, officers of regiments of the line, gorgeous in lace and brave in buttons, all hemmed in by a hollow square of the heavily gold-laced Queen's servants, formed a scene of brilliancy, tempered by the presence of ladies. 

Such was the gala night of the Covent Garden Theatre, and if the sight of it had not impressed itself for good on the heart of the Shah as he drove away in the magnificent gold carriage (for all the world like that in which the Prince and Princess drive round the ring at the Christmas circus), he must at least have felt grateful for the most superb society reunion that has ever taken place in London since London began.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Shah at the Opera.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 3 July 1889, Wednesday: 4 [of 8], Col. 2a–3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18890703/012/0004. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;/blockquote&gt;

===27 July 1889, Saturday===
Wedding between Princess Louise of Wales and the Duke of Fife at Buckingham Palace (http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/25962/pages/4311/page.pdf).

==== Garden Party Hosted by Mr. and Mrs. Augustus Harris ====
The Mr. Charles Dickens who attended cannot be the novelist, but he could be his son, Charles Dickens, Jr., who died in 1896.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-12-24|title=Charles Dickens Jr.|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dickens_Jr.|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Who Lord and Lady Greville are requires confirmation, as [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Earl and Countess Warwick]] might have been called Lord and Lady Greville; calling [[Social Victorians/People/Greville|Algernon Fulke]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Lady Violet Greville|Lady Violet Greville]] Lord and Lady would be incorrect but not a big stretch. The Dowager Duchess of Newcastle in 1889 was Henrietta, 6th [[Social Victorians/People/Newcastle|Duchess of Newcastle]], who married Thomas Theobald Hohler in 1880.&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. and Mrs. Augustus Harris gave a very successful garden party on Saturday, 27th ult., at The Elms, Avenue-road, when the beautiful grounds were filled with a brilliant and fashionable assemblage. The approach to the house is through a long avenue of elms, and once inside the gates one might be far away in the depths of the country. Both Mr. and Mrs. Harris stood near the entrance to welcome the guests; Mrs, Harris wearing a beautiful toilette of eau de nil silk, with a becoming French hat, with long streamers at the back. Tents were erected on the lawns, and little tables were dotted about the grass, where the guests might discuss the huge peaches at their ease. The band of the Scots Guards discoursed sweet music on the lawn, and the extremely beautiful toilettes worn by the ladies enhanced the charm of the scene. The beautiful Lady de Grey came in on her way from the Royal wedding, looking lovely in an exquisite toilette of soft white mousseline de soie, with a pointed vest of gold passementerie, and a becoming little bonnet of the same material; she wore very fine diamond earrings, which paled beside the brilliancy of her eyes. Mrs. Baskcomb had also come on from the wedding, and looked charming in a dress of white and blue mousseline de laine, with a vest and sash of dark blue silk, and a bonnet made entirely of cornflowers. Mrs. Baskcomb wore the favour from the Royal wedding (a pretty spray of orange-blossom and white heather); and round her neck was a Royal gift, consisting of a pendant with the Prince of Wales's feathers on a raised gold ground. Mrs. Phillips also wore an exquisite toilette which had figured on the same occasion. The [[Social Victorians/People/Newcastle|Dowager Duchess of Newcastle]] wore an artistic costume of bronze and green. Mrs. Heywood attracted a good deal of attention in a bright red silk dress, with a sunshade to match, having a spray of pink may at the top, and a diamond collar necklace. Mrs. Sam Lewls looked particularly striking in a green dress slightly figured with black, a grass-green mantle trimmed with bands of black passementerie, and a pretty bonnet made entirely of grass with a coronet of yellow buttercups. Mrs. Alfred Caldicott looked very elegant in a successful combination of bronze and green, with a bonnet of salmon-pink roses. Mrs. Henry Wylde looked well in white silk striped with black velvet, and a large hat covered with white ostrich feathers; and Mrs. Philip Falk was in sapphire-blue silk and velvet. A very ''chic'' toilette was worn by Mrs. Skirrow, who wore a very pretty green hat with a turned-up brim, trimmed with Japanese chrysanthemums in mauve, pink, and cream. Mrs. Maxse looked very pretty in silver-grey silk, with a long black lace mantle with winged sleeves, and a black lace hat wreathed with pink and crimson roses. The most ''récherché'' toilette of the occasion was worn by Mrs. Randegger, who looked very pretty in salmon-pink silk shot with fawn, with a bonnet of roses of the same colour. Nearly all Mr. Harris's ''prima donnas'' were present, and each formed a separate centre of attraction. Mdme. Ella Russell wore a charming Empire dress of eau de nil crêpe de chine with a coral-pink sash, &amp; bonnet of coral-pink roses, and a diamond star at the throat. The sunshade which accompanied this fresh and dainty toilette was of white silk edged with real Brussels lace. Mdme. Valda looked very handsome in a dress of ivory silk covered with Italian lace, with a cuirass of gold passementerie, and a white tulle bonnet trimmed with gold-coloured velvet. Mdme. Marie Roze wore a fancy striped mousseline de laine, with a straw hat lined with sky-blue silk and trimmed with pink roses, the écru lace vest crossed by the large diamond stars belonging to the tiara presented to her by the people of Liverpool. Pretty Mdme. Nordica wore a Directoire dress in white-and-fawn striped silk, and a white bonnet trimmed with amber. Mrs. Bernard Beere looked very picturesque in pearl white brocade with a white lace front, a white chip hat trimmed with Boulanger carnations, a nosegay of the same in the bodice, and one of the flowers tucked into the throat under the high collar. Buttons of star sapphires were the only touch of colour in the dress. Celebrities of every description were to be seen among the guests. Mons. Max O'Rell discoursed art with Mons. Jean de Paléologue and Mons. Raphael. Mons. Ed. Lantéri was also present (professor of sculpture at South Kensington, and the designer of the medals which Mr. Harris has lately presented to his artists in commemoration of his successful operatic season) and Mons. Bertrand, who has taught the Duchess of Fife to fence, and speaks greatly of her proficiency in the graceful art. A great many of Mr. Harris's colleagues on the County Council were present, amongst whom may be mentioned Colonel Edis, Captain Probyn, Mr. E. Boulnois, M.P., Colonel Rotton, Mr. Beechcroft, Mr. Beaufoy, Mr. J. F. Beck, Mr. Carter, Mr. Carr-Gomm, Mr. Frank Debenham, Mr. Lye, Mr. A. Bassett-Hopkins, Mr. Lemon, Mr. Torr, Mr. Rhodes, Captain Verney, Mr. Walter Wren, and Mr. F. A. Ford. The rain luckily kept off until quite the end of the party, when the remaining guests adjourned to the house and examined the beautiful silver salver and marble gilt photograph stand which was presented to the popular manager last week by the principal members of the Royal Italian Opera Company, whose portraits, with autographs attached, give additional value to the graceful gift. Among the guests were:—

The [[Social Victorians/People/Newcastle|Dowager Duchess of Newcastle and Mr. Hohler]], the Earl and Lady Cairns, Lord de I'lsle, Lord and Lady Hindlip, Sir Edmund and Lady Lechmere, Sir Arthur Birch, Lord Hay, '''Lord and Lady Greville''', Sir Charles and Lady Tupper, Lord and LadyHobhouse, Lady Fanny Fitzwygram, Sir Albert Rollit, M.P., Lord and Lady Raincliffe, Mr. John Aird, M.P., and Mrs. Aird, Sir Richard and Lady Wood, Mr. H. De Stern, Sir Francis and Lady Truscott, Mr. and Mrs. Ellicott, Mr. Hume Spry; Sir F. Perkins, Lady Colin Campbell, Sir Thomas and Lady Gabriel, Mr. Henry Tracy, Lady and Miss Pauncefote, Colonel Sir Robert Harley, Sir Edward Hamley, Sir Vincent and Lady Barrington, Sir W. and Lady Hardman, Mr. and Lady Agnes Cooper, Sir James and Lady Linton, Mr. and Mrs. Kendal, Sir Oscar Clayton, Mr. J. F. Firth, M.P., and Mrs. Firth, Sir F. and Lady Alston, Mdme. Roze and Col. Mapleson, Mr. T. Thorne, Alderman and Mrs. Savory, Rev. Dr. and Mrs. Kynaston, Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Stirling, Mr. and Mrs. L. Brough, Mr. and Mrs. W. P. Frith, Mr. Seymour Lucas, Mr. Woodall, M.P., Sir George Grove, Mr. L. Jennings, M.P., Col. E. Hughes, M.P., and Mrs. Hughes, Dr. W. H. Russell, Mr. and Mrs. Sydney Hoffnung[,] Mr. Pope, Q.C, Miss Bury, Dr. and Mrs. Robson Roose, Mr. H. Poland, Q.C., Sir S and Lady Gabriel, Mr. C. Whitmore, M.P., Alderman and Lady Isaacs, Sir T. and Lady Lucas, Sir R. Fowler, M.P., and Miss Fowler, Alderman Sir John and Lady Ellis, Lady Monckton, Mr. and Mrs. J. C. Parkinson, '''Mr. and Mrs. Charles Dickens''', Mr. and Mrs. Harry Furniss, Mr. G. A. Sala, Mr. and Mrs. Pinero, Mdme. Valia, Alderman and Mrs. Evans, Mr. and Mrs. A. J. Caldicott, Mr. Harry Marks, Mons. Castelmary, Mons. and Mdme. Paul Blouet, Mdme. Fursch-Madi, Mr. and Mr. [sic] Charles Wyndham, Col. R. W. Edis, Alderman and Mrs. Tyler, Mr. E. Boulnois, M.P., and Mrs. Boulnois, Mr. and Mrs. Terris, Mr. A. M. Broadley, Mr. J. Fernandez, Mr. Phil Morris, A R.A., Alderman, Mrs., and the Misses Faudel Philips, Sir W. and Miss Charley, Mr. Bidney Brough, Le Comte Ostrorog, Captain and Mr. [sic] Cdfford [Clifford?] Probyn, Mr. Under-Sheriff Clarence Halse and Mrs. Halse, Mr. and Mrs. Edward Sassoon, Le Comte and Comtesse Dillon, Mr. and Mrs. Folk, Captain Henshaw Russell, Mrs. Adair, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], Mr. H. V. Higgins, Captain and Mrs. Lathom Fox, Colonel and Mrs. Rotton, Signor Mancinelli, Rev. Henry White, Captain Chetwynd, Mr. and Mrs. Hume Webster, Mons. Gennadino, Alderman and Mrs. Renals, Major-General Hales Wortham, Signor and Mdme. Arditi, Rev. Canon and Mrs. Barker, Mr. and Mrs. Frank Debenham, Mrs. Gabrielli, Dr. and Mrs. Scott Gatty.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;In Society.&quot; ''Lady's Pictorial'' 03 August 1889, Saturday: 62 [of 82], Col. 3a–c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005980/18890803/425/0062. Same print title, p. 174.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 1889 July 31, Wednesday ===

==== Fete of the Uxbridge Habitation of the Primrose League ====
&lt;blockquote&gt;A fête, held under the auspices of the Uxbridge Habitation of the Primrose League, took place on Wednesday afternoon last in the beautiful grounds of Hillingdon Court, kindly lent by the Hon. Algernon Mills, and the evert may be described as in every way a success. A more charming spot for holding a fête of this kind could scarely be selected, and the weather was brilliant. It transpired that the arrangements for the afternoon's programme had been in a great measure suggested and carried out by Lady Mary Mills, and this being the case it was satisfactory for the large company who assembled at the meeting that was called together towards the close of the proceedings, to hear graceful compliments paid to Lady Mary, not only by Mr. C. Roberts, the Deputy Ruling Counciller of the Habitation, but by Lord Claud Hamilton, for the kind and active interest she had evinced in the event. Other necessary arrangements were very ably superintended by officers of the Habitation, aided by the Hon. Secretary, Mr. B. T. Gales. The company present included the Hon. Algernon Mills, Ruling Councillor of the Habitation, Lady Mary Mills, Lord Claud Hamilton, Lord Chesterfield, the Countess Stradbroke, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke]], Sir Charles and Lady Cox, Mr. and Mrs. Wemyss, Mr. H. R. Cos, Mr. F. H. Deane and the Misses Deane, Mr. and Mrs. B. H. W. Way and Miss Way, General and the Misses Swanston, General Stanton, Mrs. B. C. Stephenson and party, Miss Clarke (Swakeleys), Mrs. C Grenfell, Mr. and Miss Roberts, Mr. and Mrs. J. C. Hibbert, Mrs. Wakefield, Dr. and Mrs. Ferris, Mr. H. Bird, Mr. W. Avery Bird, Mr. and Mrs. S. S. Phillips and party, the Misses Duncombe, Mr. and the Misses Grimsdale, Mr. W. B. Harman [Herman?], Mr. G. Woolls, the Rev. J. H. Thomas, T. W. James, and T. M Everett. The amusements provided during the afternoon included selections of music by members of the Uxbridge and Hillingdon Band, a very interesting entertainment of performing dogs, under the direction of Mr. Hotime, pleasing vocal and instrumental performances by the Meier Family, and several selections of comic melodies by experienced artistes, the latter of whom appeared upon a prettily decorated stage. The piano, by the way, which was used in the accompaniments, was supplied by Mrs. Willis, of Uxbridge. Tea and other refreshments were provided, and the majority of the company availed themselves of the opportunity of partaking of the refreshing beverage. Satislaction was expressed on all sides with the general success of the occasion, which certainly passed off in a manner which could not fail to please everyone present.

Shortly after five o'clock the company assembled in front of a platform or stage to hear some brief addresses on political subjects. The chair was taken by the Hon. Algernon Mills, who was accompanied by Lord Claud Hamilton, M.P., and Mr. C. Roberts, and, before the meeting closed, he was joined by Mr. F. D. Dixon-Hartland, M.P., whose arrival was greeted with cheers.

Lord Claud Hamilton, who was briefly introduced by the Chairman, congratulated the Habitation, first upon the successful appearance of the meeting, and next upon the great addition to their ranks which had occurred within the past few days. He thought that although Uxbridge in past days was not distinguished for its Conservatism, there had been a marked change for the better during the past few years, and he thought that when the time once more arrived the voters of Uxbridge would again be found polling in the right direction. At the same time that be congratulated the people of that district upon what he found to be their efficient local organisation, he thought they might, as a party, congratulate themselves on the present position of the Unionist Government in Parliament. This was the close of the third Session of the present Government, and although there had been one or two bye-elections, on personal and other grounds, and they had lost a few seats, yet no impartial man could deny that at the present moment the Government of Lord Salisbury was far stronger in Parliament and in the estimation of the country at large than it had been at any time during the past three years, and there was throughout the Kingdom a firm and solemn determination on the part of most electors to support end to cement the union between the Conservative party and the section of the Liberal party called Liberal Unionists. While such a feeling existed he thought that the present Government might certainly be regarded as strong. He must confess, however, that he felt sorry on taking up the morning paper that day to see that an old and personal friend, and one whom he admired, had been once again coming forward somewhat in the nature of a disturber of the public peace. He had read two speeches in the paper that day, one by Mr. A. Balfour, the other by the great politician, Lord Randolph Churchill, and in regard to the latter he was at first really unable to define what he was driving at in the remarks he made, and the policy which he attempted to unfold to his Birmingham audience, for he did not commence with a straight hit, but by side-hitting and numerous other modes of attack endeavoured to make out to his hearers that nearly everything connected with the foreign policy of Lord Salisbury was wrong, and that a great deal of the policy of Mr. Balfour in Ireland was also wrong. Having reviewed and criticised Lord Randolph's remarks in reference to foreign policy, he proceeded to deal with his observations having reference to the action of the Government in regard to Ireland, and, in this matter, confessed that he was always sorry when he heard an old friend talk undignified nonsense on a public platform, for although his lordship said a good deal that was wise and sensible, he showed his total ignorance of the present circumstances existing in regard to Ireland, and, above all, his ignorance of the Irish character. Then Lord Randolph Churchill also appeared to feel that he ought to have seat in Birmingham. Now, his hearers were doubtless very well acquainted with an interesting suburban town called Brentford. He did not think that a town like Brentford was large enough for two kings, and Birmingham was not large enough for two kings; and if two men of the calibre of Mr. Joseph Chamberlain and Lord Randolph Churchill both occupied seats for Birmingham, he did not think that it could be done without some trouble occurring in the future. After some further remarks on general political policy, his lordship concluded by once more congratulating the local Habitation of the Primrose League on the success of that day's proceedings. 

Mr. Dixon-Hartland, M.P., who was received with much applause, remarked, at the outset, having reference to the observations he had heard made by Lord Claud Hamilton, that he regretted Lord Randolph Churchill had spoken as he had done during the last few days. He was one or those who had watched Lord Randolph Churchill's career with great interest for a long time, and he felt that the Conservative party owed much to him. In 1880, when the fortunes of the party seemed at a low ebb, a force and courage was given to it by the way in which Lord Randolph Churchill attacked the Radical ministry that were then in power. He did good work for the Party, and that way one of the causes why Lord Salisbury was in power at the present time. However, much as he (the speaker) admired his lordship's courage and valuable work in the past, that did not blind him to what the noble lord was doing now, and the doctrines which he had recently been preaching at Walsall and at Birmingham were not Tory but socialistic doctrines. The question of doing away with rents wherever they existed, without compensation, was one that would never be accepted by the Tory party, and if Lord Randolph Churchill was going to pin his faith to a flag of that kind he would have to join the other side, for the Conservatives would not consent to it. The speaker then remarked upon the progress of the measure in reference to the Royal Grants. He remarked that last week there were few people whose hearts were not moved with the idea of the marriage of the daughter of our future king. There could be no doubt that the marriage was a thoroughly popular one with the English people, for it reminded us of the olden times, when our Kings came forward and gave their daughters in marriage to English noblemen; and the majority of people in England to-day thought our noblemen were quite as good as German princelings. (Loud applause.) English people were glad to see a return to the old state of things, for it was a custom which created another tie between the people and the Throne of England. (Hear, hear.) In Parliament most unworthy, ungenerous, and he might say, improper means had been taken to try and divide the vote for sums of money necessary to keep up the dignity of the Royal Family. For his own part he did not think that if England were polled the people of this country would be so mean as not to keep up the dignity of their Royal Family. It was a question which concerned the country more than was generally contemplated, for, in his opinion, anything that we paid to the Queen and for properly maintaining the Royal dignity was small, considering the great benefits that we received. The benefits he referred to had been bestowed upon the English people by the very constitutional way in which the queen had performed the duties of her high office, and had that not been the case we in England would not have been in the state of prosperity which might now be ascribed to us as a country, and that would have affected every man, woman and child he then saw before hm. We were told we were being unduly taxed, but, after all, what was it that was paid for the Royal Family. He submitted that at the present moment the whole of the sum annually paid amounted to rather less than one penny per head of the whole population, and it would be somewhere about one penny if the proposed grant were made. We were better off in this respect than the people of America, who paid a vast amount of money annually to Congressmen and Senators — a great deal more than we paid our queen, while, it must be remembered, the services of members of the House of Lords and House of Commons were gratuitous. We must look at the details of these things, view the question in a general, and at the same time in a common sense, way, and it would be seen that in these matters we were more lightly taxed than any country in Europe or any couuntry in the New World. Referring to the past Session of Parliament, the speaker said it had been remarkable for the breaking-up, so to speak, of the power of Mr. Gladstone over the Radical portion of his supporters; and in this respect it might be mentioned that Mr. Gladstone had come forward to say he would do what was right in regard to the royal grants. Then there was another point that might be referred to, and that was the breaking up of the Irish party, who not only felt that Mr. Bal- '''[Col. 1c–2a]''' four's government was enticing the ground from under their feet, but were also becoming aware of the fact that money was not coming in in the way it used to do. Mr. Diller had been making a tour in Australian colonies; and the general conclusion to be arrived at was that all these showed how strong and good was the government of Lord Salisbury. (Hear, hear.) The speaker then proceeded to remark that while the effect of Lord Salisbury's government was manifestly beneficial, there were apart from the influence of our own administration, signs of trouble among foreign nations, and that all this should cause the fact to be more firmly impressed upon the English mind that we should have a strong and stable government, and it behoved all in this country to do everything in their power to support the same. In conclusion, he wished to say that he was very pleased they had had such a pleasant afternoon, and he was sure they must one and all feel indebted to the Hon. Algernon Mills for the use of his grounds on the occasion. (Hear, hear.) He must remember, however, that on such occasions as that they did not assemble for the sole purpose of hearing speeches, and certainly not long speeches, and he would therefore conclude his remarks, but before doing so he wished to say that he hoped that year by year Primrose gatherings would be held in the neighbourhood of Uxbridge, and that that Habitation, and others, would continue to prosper, for there was no doubt that such societies brought all classes together, they were cemented in one bond, and where that was the case there was very little chance of the Radicals gaining any power. There was yet one other matter which he wished very briefly to refer to before he resumed his seat. He had been told lately that there had been a report in circulation to the effect that he had some thought of relinquishing his seat in Parliament as a representative of that Division. All he could say was that he considered it the greatest honour to represent a Division in the county of Middlesex, and that be was quite content with the Division he had the great honour to represent at the present time. So long as they in that Division were willing to have him, he was most willing to stick to them, and he hoped that he might be their member for many years to come, and have the pleasure of continuing to come amongst them, knowing that he was in the midst of friends. (Loud and continued cheering.) 

Mr. C. Roberts, who was greeted with every manifestation of popularity, then came forward for the purpose of proposing a vote of thanks to the Hon. Algernon Mills and Lady Mary Mills for their kindness in allowing the fête to take place in the beautiful grounds of Hillingdon Court. It was evident that they had the good of the cause at heart, and the fact of such support brought a great many recruits under the Primrose League standard. It was satisfactory for him to be able to state that during a very short period they had received the names of 100 recruits. Such rapid strides as that would not be made but for gatherings of that kind, which benefitted the Primrose League movement very much throughout the country; and it was undoubtedly productive of a great deal of good when the gentry opened their parks in this way, as had been the case during late years, for it brought all classes of society together, and refuted the argument that the Tories were composed of the &quot;swells&quot; of society, and would have nothing whatever to do with those who occupied a more humble position in life. (Hear, hear.) Such a statement as that was, of course, a great error, and they of the Primrose League, whether they belonged to the upper or the middle class, knew full well that so long as people conducted themselves the League was open to all who were of that political opinion, and that whenever there was a fête of that kind there was no distinction of persons whatever, all were perfectly free to attend the meeting, and there was certainly no idea of setting class against class. He could not help remarking that the Primrose League in that district had a most able representative in Lady Mary Mills. The whole of the entertainments on that occasion had been organised by her, and, the event having taken place in such fine weather, and those present having been so extremely well entertained, the entire proceedings might be fittingly described as a great success, and he thought it would for a fitting close to such an enjoyable occasion if a hearty vote of thanks were passed to the Hon. Algernon MiIls and Lady Mary Mills for their kindness in entertaining such a large company that afternoon. (Applause.) He did not think that such a proposal needed a seconder, and therefore he called upon all who approved of it to signify the same in the usual way. 

Prolonged applause was the answer to this invitation for an expression of opinion, and one enthusiastic visitor called for cheers for Lady Mary Mills, which were promptly given. The Hon. Algernon Mills replied in appropriate terms, and remarked that whatever gratification had been derived from the proceedings of that afternoon was due to the arrangements which had been entirely carried out by his wife, for he, owing to having been engaged in business matters, had been unable to devote much attention to it. All he could say was that he hoped it would not be the last meeting of the kind that would take place there. (Loud applause.)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Uxbridge Habitation of the Primrose League. Fete at Hillingdon Court.&quot; ''Uxbridge &amp; W. Drayton Gazette'' 3 August 1889, Saturday: 8 [of 8], Col. 1a–2b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002284/18890803/126/0008. Print: ''Buckinghamshire Advertiser, Uxbridge, Harrow and Watford Journal'', p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;/blockquote&gt;

==August 1889==
===6 August 1889, Tuesday===
The official Savoy Hotel opening:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Savoy Hotel on the Thames Embankment opened by a company, 6 August 1889; the directors included the earl of Lathom, Mr. R. D'Oyly Carte, and sir Arthur Sullivan.&lt;ref&gt;''Hayden's Dictionary of Dates and Universal Information Relating to All Ages''. Ed., Benjamin Vincent. 23rd Edition, Containing the History of the World to the End of 1903. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1904. Page 1105. ''Google Books'', retrieved 23 February 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;This official opening followed 2 soft openings, one a &quot;Housewarming Supper&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Williams, Olivia. ''The Secret Life of the Savoy: Glamour and Intrigue at the World's Most Famous Hotel''. Pegasus Books, 2021. Google Books (retrieved July 2025) https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Secret_Life_of_the_Savoy/a_IDEAAAQBAJ.&lt;/ref&gt; (1871) hosted by the Hwfa Williamses, and the second a &quot;private viewing&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; (1872). &quot;Guests&quot; at the post-opera supper included people like&lt;blockquote&gt;the Duchess of Manchester Consuelo Montagu, Lord Dunraven, Lord and Lady Gosford, Lord and Lady Dudley, Lord and Lady de Grey, Lord Hartington, Lord Hardwick, and the Honourable Algernon Bourke, the owner of White's who had just lost the best chef in London to D'Oyly's hotel kitchen. ... Representing the businessmen whom D'Oyly was so keen to attract were the English branch of the Rothschilds, and the American Forbes family.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; (1871)&lt;/blockquote&gt;

===15 August 1889, Thursday===
[[Social Victorians/Pleydell-Bouverie Skelmersdale Wedding|Pleydell-Bouverie Skelmersdale Wedding]]

===26 August 1889, Monday===
Summer Bank Holiday.
===30 August 1889, Friday===
J. M. Stoddart, from Lippincott's, Arthur Conan Doyle, Oscar Wilde, and Gill met for dinner. Stoddart was looking for novels.&lt;blockquote&gt;The American house of Lippincott's, based in Philadelphia, had sent one of their men, J.M. Stoddart, over to England to search out some new talent. Lippincott's published a monthly magazine in both countries, and their policy was to include a complete story in each number. Stoddart called upon James Payn, editor of The Cornhill, and Payn recommended him to try Dr. Conan Doyle of Southsea. The result was the celebrated dinner for four at the Langham Hotel, Portland Place with Stoddart, Doyle, Oscar Wilde, and an Irish MP called Gill. ... Dr Doyle has left on record his impressions of Wilde&quot; (Stavert 148).&lt;/blockquote&gt;For Lippincott's Doyle wrote ''A Study in Scarlet'', which has &quot;a character patterned after Oscar Wilde, and the Langdon Hotel gets a mention&quot; (Stavert 149). Doyle's ''A Study in Scarlet'' was published in the February 1890 number, and Wilde's ''The Picture of Dorian Gray'' in the July 1890 one.

===30 August 1889, Friday===
W. A. Ayton and Anne Ayton were initiated into the Inner Order of the Golden Dawn (Gilbert 86 140).

==September 1889==
==October 1889==
In October 1889, Jack the Ripper's signature and some vandalism in the form of drawings and commentary shows up in the guest book for the Lizard Hotel, Lizard Point, Cornwall (Cornwell 283).

===31 October 1889, Thursday===
Halloween.
==November 1889==
===5 November 1889, Tuesday===
Guy Fawkes Day

===13 November 1889, Wednesday===
According to the ''Morning Post'' (2 January 1890), there was a disturbance during a performance of ''The Gold Craze'' at the Royal Princess's Theatre:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Marquis de Leuville appeared yesterday at Marlborough-street Police-court, to answer a summons obtained by Mr. H. Cummings for inciting persons to create a riot at the Royal Princess's Theatre on November 13. Mr. Geoghegan stated the case for the complainant, and examined Thomas Vincent Kiely, who said that the Marquis had given him money to engage men to hiss and make a disturbance at the performance of &quot;The Gold Craze&quot; at the Princess's, in which the Baron de Fleurville was upposed by defendant to be [col. 5/6] intended for himself. The hearing was adjourned.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 2 January 1890 (No. 36,676), Thursday: p. 4, Cols. 5–6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==December 1889==
===7 December 1889, Saturday===
Gilbert and Sullivan's ''The Gondoliers, Or the King of Barataria'' opened at the Savoy.
===17 December 1889, Tuesday===
[[Dangan-Neville Wedding|The Wedding of Lord Dangan and Lady Violet Nevill]]

===25 December 1889, Wednesday===
Christmas Day
===26 December 1889, Thursday===
Boxing Day

Opening of the Horniman Museum&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. F. J. Horniman's museum at Forest-Hill was open to the public on Thursday, Friday, and Saturday in Christmas week, and about 4500 persons of all classes availed themselves of the privilege of inspecting the various objects of interest and the magnificent collection of natural history and art specimens.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;''Illustrated London News'' (London, England), Saturday, January 04, 1890; pg. 6; Issue 2646, Col. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

===27 December 1889, Friday===
Horniman Museum open, second day.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

===28 December 1889, Saturday===
Horniman Museum open, third day.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

===31 December 1889, Tuesday===

==== Robert Browning's funeral in Westminster Abbey ====
Bret Harte attended.&lt;ref&gt;Nissen, Axel. ''Bret Harte: Prince and Pauper''. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 2000: 216.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;The mortal remains of Robert Browning, the great poet, were yesterday laid among the relics of other famous bards and writers in Poets' Corner, Westminster Abbey, with every appropriate demonstration of honour and regret for the departed. Among the attendant mourners were many of the great of the land and a host of others, whose reverence for the poet was shown by their demeanour.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Funeral of Robert Browning.&quot; The ''Morning Post'' 1 January 1890 (No. 36,675): 4, Col. 6. ''British Newspaper Archive'' .&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;From later in the ''Morning Post'':&lt;blockquote&gt;With manifestations of sincere respect and fond remembrance the remains of Robert Browning were yesterday consigned to an honoured resting place in Westminster Abbey. The funeral procession, which included 10 mourning carriages, left the house in De Vere-gardens, Kensington, soon after eleven o'clock, and reached Westminster Abbey just after the hour of noon had struck. Long before that time the choir and transepts reserved for mourners and friends were full, with the exception of a few seats under the Lantern set apart for the relatives and pall-bearers. The north transcept and a portion of the nave were crowded with the general public. Gloom and mist pervaded the Abbey, rendering the use of artificial light imperative. Tall tapers were burning upon the footpace before the undraped altar, and the seven-branched candelabra at the entrance of the sacrarium shed a flickering light within. In the uncertain light it was difficult to discern and identify the occupants of the choir and transepts, but now and again some well-known representative of art and letters could be recognised passing to his allotted seat. Just before noon the Dean, Canons Prothero, Duckworth, Westcott, and Fruse, Minor Canons Troutbeck and Cheadle, and the choir assembled at the western entrance of the nave in readiness to meet the body. Some 10 minutes afterwards the solemn and familiar strains of Croft and Purcell's music indicated that the Burial Service had commenced, and, with slow and measured steps the long procession passed up the nave into the choir, where choir and clergy took their places in the stalls. The coffin, covered with a violet-coloured pall, upon which were placed two floral wreaths and a cross of violets, was placed upon trestles in the open space under the Lantern where the lectern usually stands. The pall-bearers, ranged on either side, were the Hon. Hallam Tennyson, Dr. Butler, Sir Fitzjames Stephen, Sir Theodore Martin, Archdeacon Farrar, Professor Masson, Professor Jowett, Sir Frederick Leighton, Sir James Paget, Sir George Grove, Mr. G. M. Smith, and Professor Knight. [new paragraph] When the mourners had taken their places, the Burian Service proceeded in the usual manner, the 90th Psalm being chanted to Purcell's setting, while the Dean read the Lesson from his stall. The anthem or hymn which is usually interpolated between the two sections of the service was yesterday preceded by a &quot;Meditation,&quot; in which some touching verses by Elizabeth Barrett Browning were set to equally touching music by Dr. Bridge. Rendered by the choir with excellent skill and reverent feeling, this interlude formed the most striking feature in the whole service. The anthem which followed was Wesley's, &quot;All go to one place; all are of the dust, and all turn to dust again.&quot; At its conclusion the procession reformed, and the coffin, preceded by clergy and choir, passed through the south transept to the familiar Poets' Corner, where, at the foot of Chaucer's tomb, the grave had been dug. On the wall above, suspended from Cowley's monument, was a noble wreath of laurel, bound by a broad ribbon of white silk bearing the name of the poet in golden lettering, the memorial tribute of the Municipality of Venice. The final prayers at the graveside were said by the Dean, and the service fitly closed with Dr. Watts's hymn, &quot;O God, our help in ages past,&quot; to the time-honoured tune, &quot;St. Anne,&quot; which was very generally taken up by the congregation. As the Dean was reading the touching prayer of committal, the rays of the winter sun glinted through the Te Deum window in the transept, shedding rainbow hues on wall and pillar, and partially dismissing the prevailing gloom. Then the strains of the Dead March pealed forth from the organ, clergy and choir retired, and friends pressed forward to take a farewell glance. [new paragraph] Among them were noticed the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Earl of Pembroke, the Earl of Rosebery, Bishop Barry, the Dean of Windsor, Sir Arthur Sullivan, Sir Lyon Playfair, M.P., Captain Walter Campbell (representing the Queen), Mr. Stuart-Wortley, M.P., Mr. Mundella, M.P., Mr. Leonard Courtney, M.P., the Hon. and Rev. E. Carr Glyn, Dr. Martineau, Canon Benham, Mr. Alma Tadema, Mr. Lecky, Mr. Oscar Wilde, and Mr. Huxley (representing his father). The relatives and immediate friends were Mr. and Mrs. R. Browning, Mr. Octavius Moulton Barrett, Mr. George Moulton Barrett, Captain Charles Moulton Barrett, Mr. Henry Moulton Barrett, M. Dourlane, Miss Christine Browning, Captain Altham, Rev. Mr. Altham, Sir James Carmichael, and Miss Carmichael. Wreaths of exquisite beauty and in almost countless numbers were sent from friends far and near, and many of them bore touching inscriptions, as for instance, that of Sir F. Leighton, &quot;In remembrance of 36 years' friendship.&quot; Among others may be mentioned Lord Tennyson, Earl and Countess Brownlow, Lord Vernon, Lord and Lady Edmond Fitzmaurice, Lady Lindsay, Lady Martin, Sir Henry Thompson, Sir John Millais, Miss Cobbe, Mrs. Jeune, Mr. and Mrs. Alma Tadema, Mr. and Mrs. Whistler, Mr. and Mrs. Cyril Flower, Mr. Henry Irving, Mr. and Mrs. Bancroft, and the Browning Society. The coffin, made in Venice, was of yellow pine, designed somewhat in the modern casket form, and bore the simple inscription, &quot;Robert Browning, born May 7, 1812, died December 12, 1889.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Funeral of Robert Browning.&quot; The ''Morning Post'' 1 January 1890 (No. 36,675): 5, Col. 6. ''British Newspaper Archive'' .&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Professor Rücker's lecture on electricity:&lt;blockquote&gt;At the Royal Institution, Albemarle-street, yesterday afternoon, Professor Rücker delivered the second of his course of six simplified lectures on electricity. The theatre was again well filled. Before taking up the threads of his subject at the point where they were broken off last Saturday, the lecturer briefly recapitulated the remarks made on that occasion relative to the subject of the &quot;lines of force.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Lectures on Electricity.&quot; The ''Morning Post'' 1 January 1890 (No. 36,675): 6, Col. 3. British Newspaper Archive .&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The rest of the report describes the experiment used to demonstrate the answers to particular questions about electricity. The report ends with this sentence: &quot;The third lecture takes place to-morrow,&quot; i.e., 1 January 1890.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

==Works Cited==
*Bernstein, Susan David. &quot;Radical Readers at the British Museum: Eleanor Marx, Clementina Black, Amy Levy.&quot; Nineteenth-Century Gender Studies 3.2 (Summer 2007): http://ncgsjournal.com/issue32/bernstein.htm.
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      <text bytes="67516" sha1="lr0ddq9u53r5vm9vljy6pba6oti8a9j" xml:space="preserve">[[Social Victorians/Timeline/1840s|1840s]]  [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s |1850s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s | 1860s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1870s | 1870s]]  ||[[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s Headlines]][[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880 | 1880]][[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881 | 1881]][[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882 | 1882]][[Social Victorians/Timeline/1883 | 1883]][[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884 | 1884]][[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885 | 1885]][[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886 | 1886]][[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887 | 1887]][[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888 | 1888]] 1889 || [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s Headlines]]  [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s|1900s]]  [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]]  [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] 

==Sometime in 1889==
A. H. Macmurdo purchased 20 Fitzroy, London, and redecorated it memorably.

From the 1 January 1890 ''Morning Post'': &lt;blockquote&gt;Equally the attempt of Mr. Gladstone to invent a brand new system of &quot;electoral statistics,&quot; directed to the conclusion that he had in the minority the leadership of the only true majority, with the implication that the Unionists, if honest men, would immediately resign their trust, has been received with good-humoured incredulity.&lt;ref&gt;''Morning Post'' 1 January 1890, Wednesday (No. 36,675): p. 4, Col. 7. '''British Newspaper Archive'''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==January 1889==
===1 January 1889, Tuesday, New Year's Day===

=== 16 January 1889 ===
A Jack the Ripper letter &quot;refers to 'my trip to Bradford'&quot; (Cornwell 296).

=== 22 January 1889, Tuesday ===

==== Wedding of Lady Eleanor Lambton and Lord Robert Cecil ====
The [[Social Victorians/Cecil Lambton Wedding 1889 January 22|wedding of Lady Eleanor Lambton and Lord Robert Cecil]] took place at 2:30, St. George's Church, Hanover Square, London.

==February 1889==
==March 1889==
===6 March 1889, Wednesday===
Ash Wednesday.
==April 1889==
===10 April 1889, Wednesday===
According to the summary of the weather in the 1 January 1890 Morning Post, there was &quot;intense darkness from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m.&quot; &quot;The Weather of 1889.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''The Morning Post'', 1 January 1890 (No. 36,675): p. 6, Col. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;
===11 April 1889, Thursday===
According to the summary of the weather in the 1 January 1890 Morning Post, the &quot;intense darkness&quot; of the day before returned &quot;for a short time next day&quot; &lt;cite&gt;&quot;The Weather of 1889.&quot; The Morning Post, 1 January 1890 (No. 36,675): page 6 Col. C.&lt;/cite&gt;
===12 April 1889, Friday===
Amy Levy and Elizabeth Pennell both attended what Pennell called a &quot;converzazione&quot; at the Fabian Society in the Bloomsbury Town Hall. Pennell says, &quot;We went to the Converzazione of the Fabian Society in Bloomsbury Town Hall. A collection of cranks, native and foreign: young women in extraordinary costumes, one a perfect Burne-Jones, played the violin; young men with long hair and velvet coats. Most people were in evening dress so that a conspicuous figure was [[Social Victorians/People/George Bernard Shaw|George Bernard Shaw]] in grey Jaeger get-up, flirting outrageously with all the girls in the room&quot; (Linda Hunt Beckman, Amy Levy: Life and Letters, p. 179; posting on victoria@listserv.indiana.edu Linda Hunt Beckman &lt;beckman@temple.edu&gt;, 20 October 2003, &quot;Re: conversaziones at Berkeley Galleries; mourning customs&quot;).

===19 April 1889, Friday===
Good Friday.
===21 April 1889, Sunday===
Easter Sunday.

===28 April 1889, Sunday===
Jack Yeats &lt;quote&gt;attended the funeral of the Duchess of Cambridge, whose husband was Queen Victoria's uncle, and commander-in-chief of the British Army. She was a very popular woman; Jack described the event as 'more like a race meeting than a funeral'. Street touts sold 'memorium cards of the dear old Dutchie', and charged fourpence for standing room at the curbside. Griffin was with Jack&lt;/quote&gt; (Bruce Arnold. Jack Yeats. p. 46)

==May 1889==
Sometime in May 1889 the The Inner Order of the Golden Dawn met at the offices of The Sanitary Wood Wool Co. (Howe 85 31).

Dinner planned in honor of James Whistler, with a long list of celebrities invited, including [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Collins|Arthur Collins]], Equerry to the Queen, William Christian Symons, the recipient of a letter from Whistler's son,&lt;blockquote&gt;Sir Coutts Lindsay (1824-1913), Bart., co-founder of the Grosvenor Gallery ..., and Edmond, Prince de Polignac (1834-1901), composer ...; diplomats, such as James Rennell Rodd (1858-1941), 1st Baron Rennell, poet and diplomat ...; lawyers, including Sir John Charles Sigismund Day (1826-1908), QC, collector ..., and Sir George Henry Lewis (1833-1911), society lawyer ...; and scientists, including Edwin Ray Lankester (1847-1929), Professor of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy .... There are several men involved with drama and music, such as John Hollingshead (1827-1904), journalist and manager of the Gaiety Theatre ..., Richard D'Oyly Carte (1844-1901), impresario and property developer ..., and Pablo de Sarasate y Navascues (1844-1908), violinist ...; writers, such as Sheridan Ford (1860-1922), poet, critic, politician and writer on art ..., Stéphane Mallarmé (1842-1898), Symbolist writer and poet ..., and Comte Robert de Montesquiou-Fezensac (1855-1921), Symbolist writer and poet, and collector [more]. Art critics and editors include Theodore Child (1846-1892), journalist and art critic ..., Théodore Duret (1838-1927), art critic and collector ..., Henry Du Pré Labouchère (1831-1912), journalist and Liberal MP ...,William Michael Rossetti (1829-1919), civil servant and critic ..., and George Augustus Sala (1828-1895), artist, journalist and critic .... Nor surprisingly, there are many patrons and collectors, such as Alexander ('Aleco') Ionides (1840-1898), businessman ..., Alfred Chapman (1839-1917), engineer and collector ..., and Wickham Flower (b. ca 1836), solicitor and collector ...; some art dealers, such as Charles William Deschamps (1848-1908), art dealer ...; and, of course, many artists, including Joseph Edgar Boehm (1834-1890), sculptor ..., Hilaire-Germain-Edgar Degas (1834-1917), artist ..., John Lavery (1856-1941), painter ..., William Quiller Orchardson (1832-1910), genre and portrait painter ..., Théodore Roussel (1847-1926), painter and print-maker ..., Walter Richard Sickert (1860-1942), artist and writer on art ..., Francis ('Frank') Job Short (1857-1945), printer and print-maker ..., and John Singer Sargent (1856-1925), artist .... Finally, there are a few family members, such as Hon Charles Ernest Thynne (1849-1906), solicitor, husband of JW's niece Annie Haden ..., and William McNeill Whistler (1836-1900), physician, JW's brother .... (http://www.whistler.arts.gla.ac.uk/correspondence/people/display/?cid=5635&amp;nameid=Collins_A&amp;sr=0&amp;surname=Collins&amp;firstname=Arthur&amp;rs=1#ms05635)&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 18 May 1889, Saturday ===
The Italian Opera season opened at Covent Garden with Bizet's ''I Pescatori di Perle'' (which isn't Italian). The reporting is not perfectly clear, but the Princess of Wales, her daughters and the Duchess of Edinburgh do not seem to have been present in 1889, but they were in 1887 for the Italian Opera's first season at Covent Garden.&lt;blockquote&gt;Covent Garden Theatre, on Saturday, when the Italian Opera season was inaugurated by a performance of Bizet's early opera &quot;I Pescatori de Perle,&quot; presented the most brilliant appearance imaginable, and being even more noteworthy that the first season's assemblage which Mr. Harris brought together two years ago, The Princess of Wales and the three young Princesses, together with the Duchess of Edinburgh, occupied the Royal box. Among the host of fashionabie people present were Lord and Lady Charles Beresford, the Duke of Portland, Lady Randolph Churchill, Lady Rosebery, the Duchess of Marlborough, Sir Julian Goldsmid, Mr. Harry H. Marks, Lord Wolverton, Mrs. Edward Sassoon, Mrs. Vanderbilt, the Hon. F. E Allsopp, Lord Revelstoke, Mr. H. L W. Lawson, the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]], Lady Windsor, Mrs. Lawrence, Lady Dudley, the Duchess of Montrose, Mr. Alfred de Rothschild, Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild, Sir Charles Tennant, Sir Phillip Currie, Mr. Arthur Cohen, Mr. Critchett. Mr. Poland, the Hon. G. Curzon, Mr. Seager Hunt, M.P., the Duchess of Leinster, Lord Latham, Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Raphael, and Mr. Corney Grain.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Royal Italian Opera. A Brilliant Assemblage at the First Night at Covent Garden.&quot; ''Evening News'' (London) 20 May 1889, Monday: 2 [of 4], Col. 7b–c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003283/18890520/026/0002. Same title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 27 May 1889, Monday, 11 p.m. ===

==== The Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace ====
It seems to have been hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales and a number of their children. Queen Victoria was not present. The dancing began at 11 p.m., after the Prince and Princess of Wales and their family and attendants arrived.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Queen's State Ball.&quot;  ''Morning Post'' 28 May 1889, Tuesday: 5 [of 8], Col. 5a–7b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18890528/048/0005. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

==June 1889==
The last meeting of the Men and Women's Club was held in June 1889 (Bland 41).

The &quot;initial London performance of 'A Doll's House' was in June 1889 and was attended by Eleanor Marx, Clementina Black, and Amy Levy (Bernstein paragraph 12). Then Walter Besant wrote &quot;The Doll's House -- And After,&quot; attacking Nora for the destruction of her family twenty years later. G. B. Shaw wrote another version in 1890, a sequel to the original as well, &quot;Still After the Doll's House,&quot; attacking Besant's vision (Time [February 1890]: 197–208). Eleanor Marx and Israel Zangwill then wrote &quot;A Doll's House Repaired,&quot; in which the door slamming is the one that locks Nora in (Time [March 1891]: 239–253).

===5 June 1889, Wednesday===
Derby Day at Epsom Downs.

According to the ''Morning Post'', &lt;quote&gt;The Derby Day. / Lady George Hamilton's second evening party, at the Admiralty. / Lady Trevelyan's dance, instead of the 27th of May. / Lady Jane Lindsay's first dance. / The Hon. Mrs. Greville Vernon's dance.&lt;/quote&gt; (&quot;Arrangements for This Day.&quot; The Morning Post Wednesday, 5 June 1889: p. 7 [of 12], Col. 6B).

===6 June 1889, Thursday===
According to the year-end summary of the weather in the 1 Janaury 1890 ''Morning Post'', there was a &quot;grand display of lightning during the violent thunderstorm of June 6&quot; &lt;cite&gt;&quot;The Weather of 1889.&quot; The Morning Post, 1 January 1890 (No. 36,675): page 6 Col. C.&lt;/cite&gt;

=== 8 June 1889, Saturday ===
The Royal Institute of Painters in Water-Colours opened an exhibition of &quot;the works of the 'English Humourists in Art.'&quot;&lt;blockquote&gt;The members of the Royal Institute of Painters in Water-Colours, Piccadilly, W., through their president, Sir James D. Linton, and Mr. James Orrock, R.I., have made arrangements for a representative exhibition of the works of the &quot;English Humourists in Art.&quot; The scope will be a wide one, from Hogarth, Rowlandson, etc., through the successive stages of humorous graphic art to its present development, as exemplified in the members of the artistic staff of ''Punch'' and contemporary pictorial humourists. The exhibition opens on the 8th of June, and is under distinguished patronage. The Queen will exhibit original drawings by Rowlandson, etc., from the royal collection; the Duchess of St. Albans, the [[Social Victorians/People/Westminster|Duke of Westminster]], the [[Social Victorians/People/Rosebery|Earl of Rosebery]], the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]], the Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Algernon Bourke]], the Hon. Michael Sandys, Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Henry Irving|Henry Irving]], and other fortunate possessors of original treasures of the requisite kind will contribute to the collection. The leading features of the Exhibition will be the gathering of original works by Rowlandson, an assemblage of the original illustrations designed from the works of Charles Dickens, including the series by George Cruikshank, H. K. Browne (“ Phiz ”), John Leech, Fred Barnard, Charles Green, R.I., etc. A most important series of water-colour drawings by the last-named artist, illustrating episodes from Dickens on a more ambitious scale than has been previously attempted, will be contributed by Mr. William Lockwood, who commissioned Mr. Charles Green to undertake this ''tour de force''. Nearly all the original works in oils by Mr. Fred Barnard will be exhibited. Randolph Caldecott will also be well represented. There will likewise be numerous specimens of Messrs. John Tenniel, R.I., Charles Keene, George Du Maurier, R.W.S., Harry Furniss, Linley Sambourne, Gordon Thompson, Alfred Bryan, J. F. Sullivan; and others. Mr. Gilbert Dalziel is sending a selection from the best examples of the late W. G. Baxter.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;An Exhibition of Humourists.&quot; ''St James's Gazette'' 22 May 1889, Wednesday: 8 [of 16], Col. 2a [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001485/18890522/041/0008. Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

===26 June 1889, Wednesday===
There was apparently a regular celebration of [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Collins|Arthur Collins]]' birthday, 26 June, by Bret Harte, George Du Maurier, [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Sullivan|Arthur Sullivan]], Alfred Cellier, Arthur Blunt, and John Hare (Nissen, Axel. Brent Harte: Prince and Pauper: 239. [http://books.google.com/books?id=WEDewmUnapcC]). Choosing 1885–1902 as the dates because those apparently are the dates of the close relationship between Harte and Collins, ending in Harte's death in 1902.

==July 1889==

=== 2 July 1889, Tuesday ===

==== The Shah at a Covent Garden Opera Performance ====
These two articles are reportage, written in a personal, 1st-person style.&lt;blockquote&gt;The &quot;Arabian Nights&quot; at Covent Garden. I. — By Our Operatic Special.

Truly a great function! Worthy of the occasion, and worthy of everybody concerned! Such was the verdict passed upon last night's show at Covent Carden by those who were lucky enough to be present at what was practically a unique performance. State visits to the opera are few and far between, and we must carry our memories back some sixteen years in order to recall a similar combination of royalty, aristocracy, millinery, and jewellery. No one has a better recollection of the operatic past than Mr. Edward Hall, the ''doyen'' of the Covent Garden box-office, who has been connected with the establishmient for over forty years. This veteran told me last night, when all was over, that the brilliancy of the occasion fully equalled, if not surpassed, both the Shah's visit to Bow-street (the theatre, not the police- court), in 1873, and also the Sultan of Turkey's entertainment at the same house in 1867. At any rate the vast majority of us had never seen anything quite like it before, and consequently we were duly astonished and delighted.

Arriving at the opera-house shortly before eight o'clock, I devoted myself immediately to making a short tour of inspection of all the arrangements. The entrance-hall was judiciously ornamented with strange and prickly shrubs, and had quite the appearance of a tropical jungle tempered with an allowance of red cloth. Turning to the grand staircase, which was covered with a carpet of peacock-blue, I made my way through leafy masses and nodding blossoms to the crush-room. Here all was cool and inviting. Huge blocks of ice, rendered translucent by artfully concealed coloured lights, filled every corner, mirrors reflected palms of all sorts and sizes, and comfortable lounges were scattered about for the benefit of the Royalties. This &quot;elegant apartment&quot; adjoined the Royal box, and was of course inaccessible to outsiders. The smoking balcony over the portico was also reserved for the various &quot;highnesses,&quot; and a long table covered with light refreshments looked quite tempting with its glittering array of glass and plate. However, it was now time to seek the auditorium, and accordingly I hurried downstairs again and entered the stalls. As I gazed round the house a perfect &quot;Arabian Nights&quot; vision burst upon me. Imagine Covent Garden Theatre with every circle lined with bouquets, and every chair decked with a satin programme pinned to it, antirnaccassar fashion! The effect was one to be seen in order to be fully realized. Goodness only knows where the florists found material for all these bunches of roses and carnations, and for the substantial button-holes which were placed at the disposal of the gentlemen; one would almost expect a flower-ramine [?] in the adjacent market as the natural result. The audience was coming in slowly and sedately, and I had ample time and opportunity to look round me and take note of a few well-known faces. Lord and Lady Rothschild were among the earliest arrivals — he in a scarlet coat, and she in white and diamonds; Lady Mandeville took up her position early in Mrs. William Carrington's box. Lord and Lady Charles Beresford and Lord and Lady de Grey had deserted their usual quarters and occupied the Prince of Wales's box, which of course was not required by Royalty. Lady de Grey had on her lovely diamond tiara. Indeed, all over the theatre it positively rained precious stones, and there was hardly a lady on the grand or pit tiers who did not &quot;sport&quot; something magnificent in the way of a &quot;head-piece.&quot; Mr. Edward Lawson, and Mr. Augustus Spalding each wandered about the stalls in the red coat of a deputy lieutenant; Mr. Reuben Sassoon wore black court dress, and so did Dr. Pavey, of &quot;Guy's.&quot; Mr. Higgins hovered between the stalls and one of the omnibus boxes; Lady Dudley divided herself between her own domain, where she was accompanied by Miss Mordaunt, and the Beresford box; and Mr. Potter, Q.C., wore &quot;common or garden&quot; evening clothes. Others who came in good time were the Danish Minister (in gorgeous array) and Madame De Falbe, wearing her wonderful emeralds; Mr. De Murietta, Lord and Lady Will[i]am Nevill, the latter wearing diamonds, pearls, and sapphires; Miss Murietta, in white, and Mr. Van Raalte, who brought his wife in a charming light blue gown.

But stay! Here is Signor Mancinelli in his place, just ready to begin. The Royal party is not expected until nine o'clock, and so the first few items will be got through in their absence. The orchestra plays the overture to &quot;William Tell&quot; splendidly, and then Mdme. Melba comes on to sing the mad scene from &quot;Lucia,&quot; under the baton of Signor Randegger. Next Signor Arditi takes his turn with the &quot;stick,&quot; and Beethoven's immortal &quot;Leonora No. 3' is given. After this there is a pause; Signor Mancinelli resumes his comnand, and stands, waiting for his signal. It is past nine o'clock, and the Royalties are already overdue. A few minutes of anxious expectation, and then distant cheers are heard by those in the corridors. The audience rise as one being, the conductor's stick makes a significant movement, there is a mighty roll of drums leading into the National Anthem, and then his Majesty the Shah enters the Royal box with the Princess of Wales on his arm. The Prince of Wales follows with Princess Louise, and then come Prince Albert Victor and Princess Victoria of Wales; Prince George and Princess Beatrice; the Earl of Fife, escorting his fiancée, Princess Louise of Wales; and Prince Henry of Battenberg with Princess Maud. The Princess of Wales wears a magnificent flame-coloured brocade, and her famous diamond tiara; Princess Beatrice is in black, and Princess Louise and the three young Princesses are all in white. In attendance on the Royal party are the Persian Minister and several members of the Shah's suite, the Duke of Portland, Lord Radnor, Lord Lathom, Sir Henry Drummond Wolff, Sir Henry Rawlinson, Sir Spencer Ponsonby, Lady Sophia Macnamara, Lady Emily Kingscote, and Miss Cochrane. Every one has a good stare at the Shah while &quot;God save the Queen&quot; and the Persian National Anthem are being played, and then the Royalties settle down in their charming white and yellow ''loge'', and begin to turn over the books of the words, which have been elaborately bound in crimson watered silk. The curtain rises almost immediately on the fourth act of &quot;Faust,&quot; which is sung by Mdrne. Albani, Mdme. Scalchi, the Brothers de Reszke, and M. Lassalle. His Oriental Majesty appears to enjoy the music, and waves his right band vigorously, while the Soldiers' Chorus is being sung. Then there is a brief interval, during which I perambulate the house and make up the following &quot;little iist&quot; of notabilities. Lord Limerick; Mrs. Edward Lawson, in white; Mr. and Mrs. Harry Lawson; Mr. Maximilian de Bathe; Mr. and Mrs. Hulse; Mr. George Curzon, M.P., who is in Lord Windsor's box; Lady Colin Campbell, with a lovely feather fan; Mrs. Labouchere, in pink; the Duchess of Newcastle, with her daughter, the Duchesse d'Avigliano; [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], in the Murietta's [sic] box; Mrs. Arthur Wilson, in black, who manages to drop her banquet onto someone's head; Lady Zetland, in white; the Duchess of Portland, also in white; the Duchess of Marlborough; Lady Lucas; Lord and Lady Windsor; Mrs. Parkinson Sharpe and her daughters; Mrs. Lawrence, in black and white; Mr. Charles Lucas; Mrs. Edward Sassoon, in white; Mr. &quot;Arthur Roberts&quot; Nugent, in a bear-skin; Sir Morell Mackenzie, with his German star; Mr. Charles Hall, Q.C.; the Duchess of Manchester, Mr. Arthur Chappell, Mrs. Arthur Paget, and Lady Mary Mills, who looks lovely in grey velvet and a diamond tiara; Mrs. Henry Oppenheim, in red; Lady Rosebery, with Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild; Lord Abington; Mr. and Mrs. Hanbury; Lady Broome, in terra cotta; and Colonel and Mrs. William Carington. In the &quot;omnibus&quot; boxes are Lord Calthorpe, Lord Chesterfield, Mr. Chaplin, Colonel Oliver Montague, Lord Henry Paulet, Mr. Baring, Mr. Williams, and Mr. C. de Murietta. Mrs. Arthur Sassoon is with Lady Forbes; Mrs. McEwan has brought Lady Jane Taylour, and Lady Howe, in white, has come with Lady Hindlip. Amongst others present I see Lady Randolph Churchill; Lady de Trafford, in brown satin, with pale pink, roses; the Spanish Ambassador; Mrs. Albert Brassey; Mrs. Adrian Hope, in white satin; Lady Curzon; Lady Claude Hamilton, in salmon pink; Maria, Marchioness of Ailesbury, in black and gold; Mrs. Tatton Egerton, Mr. Alfred de Rothschild; and a heap of others. The Guards about the theatre make a particularly brilliant show, and the twenty-four Beefeaters, who have been sent over from St. James's Palace, remind one of the &quot;Yeomen of the Guard.&quot; 

The second Part of the programme goes quite as well as the first, and Mdme. Melba makes an especial hit in the valse from &quot;Romeo et Juliette.&quot; When all is over the Royal party passes down the staircase and gradually disperses.Then the &quot;Wales&quot; family departs for Marlborough House, and Lord Fife is left to take care of Princess Beatrice instead of his ''fiancée''. When all the Royalties have finally gone every one, [sic] else slowly leaves the big opera house, and I myself, turning my steps southward, run against a little fair man, and have the pleasure of congratulating Mr. Clarkson on having &quot;wigged&quot; three operas in one evening. So ends a memorable function. 

A Display of Unparalleled Magnificence. 

II. — By Our Own Visitor. 

The gala performance at the Covent Garden Theatre last night, on the occasion of the &quot;State Visit to the Opera, by command of her Most Gracious Majesty the Queen, in honour of his Majesty the Shah, K.G.,&quot; presented a spectacle of altogether unprecedented brilliancy. Nothing even approaching it has ever before been seen in England, and we must go back to the days of the French Empire to find a similar entertainment that could in any sense be compared with it for splendour. 

I arrived somewhat early and found that the ordinary drive under the portico of the theatre had been transformed into a fine and spacious vestibule [Col. 2c-3a] by reason of much bunting — above, around, and under foot — while the gas chandeliers were decorated with flowers. Entering the ordinary vestibule of the theatre I found myself in a charming ante-chamber, in which the military had already taken up their position, and in which a great number of officers, military, naval, civil, and diplomatic, were promenading. Then on through the passages into the body of the theatre, and a wonderful spectacle presented itself. The house was alive with flowers — magnificent bouquets, huge and tasteful nosegays of roses for the ladies and buttonholes for the gentlemen, rested between every alternate stall, and traced the outline of the rows of boxes on every tier in splendid profusion, and imparted a semblance of fairy-land to the interior. Of the large bouquets it was said that no fewer than seven hundred had been provided by Messrs. Wells and Segar, and that the supply in the market round the corner was suffering severely through the contract. On the back of each seat was pinned a gorgeous programme printed in blue upon a sheet of white satin twelve inches by eighteen. And now the fortunate holders of seats began to pour in — all that was most beautiful, most aristocratic, and most wealthy in London. But it was noticeable that very, very few of the well known faces in artistic, literary, or scientific circles were present. I have seen many an important function and ceremonial, but never have I seen so many beautiful women together, or such a wonderful display of diamonds and jewels. &quot;I should like to have the chance,&quot; whispered a Bond-street gentleman in front of me to his friend, after the Princess had arrived, &quot;I should like to have the chance of buying all the stones in this house for a million sterling. I'd put up with the balance.&quot; He was apparently &quot;in the trade.&quot; 

Never has the Princess of Wales looked more beautiful than last night, as, in her deep red dress, her neck smothered in necklaces and rivières of diamonds, and a dazzling diamond coronet on her head — by the side of which all other tiaras and jewels seemed to pale — she stood in front of the box, biting her lips with what appeared to be suppressed amusement. The Royal party, all in full uniform, sat thus:— &lt;/blockquote&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Princess
Victoria
of Wales
!Prince
Henry of
Battenberg
!Princess
Maud of
Wales
!Prince
Albert
Victor
!Princess
of Wales
!S&lt;small&gt;HAH&lt;/small&gt;
!Prince
of Wales
!Princess
Beatrice
!Prince
George
of Wales
!Princess
Louise
of Wales
!Earl of Fife
(apparently:
he was behind
a column)
|}
&lt;blockquote&gt;

During the last interval, the Guest [the Shah] did not wait for the Princess, but left his seat and she quietly followed him out. I also left the body of the theatre, and, making my way to the vestibule, where the band of the Royal Artillery was playing and a strong guard of the same regiment was mounted, I thought I had never beheld a more picturesque or dazzling a scene. Military men in their uniforms, Life Guards in their clanking steel, Hussars with their clicking spurs, Doctors of Law in their gowns, men in Court dress, Highlanders, Volunteer officers, officers of regiments of the line, gorgeous in lace and brave in buttons, all hemmed in by a hollow square of the heavily gold-laced Queen's servants, formed a scene of brilliancy, tempered by the presence of ladies. 

Such was the gala night of the Covent Garden Theatre, and if the sight of it had not impressed itself for good on the heart of the Shah as he drove away in the magnificent gold carriage (for all the world like that in which the Prince and Princess drive round the ring at the Christmas circus), he must at least have felt grateful for the most superb society reunion that has ever taken place in London since London began.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Shah at the Opera.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 3 July 1889, Wednesday: 4 [of 8], Col. 2a–3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18890703/012/0004. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;/blockquote&gt;

===27 July 1889, Saturday===
Wedding between Princess Louise of Wales and the Duke of Fife at Buckingham Palace (http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/25962/pages/4311/page.pdf).

==== Garden Party Hosted by Mr. and Mrs. Augustus Harris ====
The Mr. Charles Dickens who attended cannot be the novelist, but he could be his son, Charles Dickens, Jr., who died in 1896.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-12-24|title=Charles Dickens Jr.|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dickens_Jr.|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Who Lord and Lady Greville are requires confirmation, as [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Earl and Countess Warwick]] might have been called Lord and Lady Greville; calling [[Social Victorians/People/Greville|Algernon Fulke]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Lady Violet Greville|Lady Violet Greville]] Lord and Lady would be incorrect but not a big stretch. The Dowager Duchess of Newcastle in 1889 was Henrietta, 6th [[Social Victorians/People/Newcastle|Duchess of Newcastle]], who married Thomas Theobald Hohler in 1880.&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. and Mrs. Augustus Harris gave a very successful garden party on Saturday, 27th ult., at The Elms, Avenue-road, when the beautiful grounds were filled with a brilliant and fashionable assemblage. The approach to the house is through a long avenue of elms, and once inside the gates one might be far away in the depths of the country. Both Mr. and Mrs. Harris stood near the entrance to welcome the guests; Mrs, Harris wearing a beautiful toilette of eau de nil silk, with a becoming French hat, with long streamers at the back. Tents were erected on the lawns, and little tables were dotted about the grass, where the guests might discuss the huge peaches at their ease. The band of the Scots Guards discoursed sweet music on the lawn, and the extremely beautiful toilettes worn by the ladies enhanced the charm of the scene. The beautiful Lady de Grey came in on her way from the Royal wedding, looking lovely in an exquisite toilette of soft white mousseline de soie, with a pointed vest of gold passementerie, and a becoming little bonnet of the same material; she wore very fine diamond earrings, which paled beside the brilliancy of her eyes. Mrs. Baskcomb had also come on from the wedding, and looked charming in a dress of white and blue mousseline de laine, with a vest and sash of dark blue silk, and a bonnet made entirely of cornflowers. Mrs. Baskcomb wore the favour from the Royal wedding (a pretty spray of orange-blossom and white heather); and round her neck was a Royal gift, consisting of a pendant with the Prince of Wales's feathers on a raised gold ground. Mrs. Phillips also wore an exquisite toilette which had figured on the same occasion. The [[Social Victorians/People/Newcastle|Dowager Duchess of Newcastle]] wore an artistic costume of bronze and green. Mrs. Heywood attracted a good deal of attention in a bright red silk dress, with a sunshade to match, having a spray of pink may at the top, and a diamond collar necklace. Mrs. Sam Lewls looked particularly striking in a green dress slightly figured with black, a grass-green mantle trimmed with bands of black passementerie, and a pretty bonnet made entirely of grass with a coronet of yellow buttercups. Mrs. Alfred Caldicott looked very elegant in a successful combination of bronze and green, with a bonnet of salmon-pink roses. Mrs. Henry Wylde looked well in white silk striped with black velvet, and a large hat covered with white ostrich feathers; and Mrs. Philip Falk was in sapphire-blue silk and velvet. A very ''chic'' toilette was worn by Mrs. Skirrow, who wore a very pretty green hat with a turned-up brim, trimmed with Japanese chrysanthemums in mauve, pink, and cream. Mrs. Maxse looked very pretty in silver-grey silk, with a long black lace mantle with winged sleeves, and a black lace hat wreathed with pink and crimson roses. The most ''récherché'' toilette of the occasion was worn by Mrs. Randegger, who looked very pretty in salmon-pink silk shot with fawn, with a bonnet of roses of the same colour. Nearly all Mr. Harris's ''prima donnas'' were present, and each formed a separate centre of attraction. Mdme. Ella Russell wore a charming Empire dress of eau de nil crêpe de chine with a coral-pink sash, &amp; bonnet of coral-pink roses, and a diamond star at the throat. The sunshade which accompanied this fresh and dainty toilette was of white silk edged with real Brussels lace. Mdme. Valda looked very handsome in a dress of ivory silk covered with Italian lace, with a cuirass of gold passementerie, and a white tulle bonnet trimmed with gold-coloured velvet. Mdme. Marie Roze wore a fancy striped mousseline de laine, with a straw hat lined with sky-blue silk and trimmed with pink roses, the écru lace vest crossed by the large diamond stars belonging to the tiara presented to her by the people of Liverpool. Pretty Mdme. Nordica wore a Directoire dress in white-and-fawn striped silk, and a white bonnet trimmed with amber. Mrs. Bernard Beere looked very picturesque in pearl white brocade with a white lace front, a white chip hat trimmed with Boulanger carnations, a nosegay of the same in the bodice, and one of the flowers tucked into the throat under the high collar. Buttons of star sapphires were the only touch of colour in the dress. Celebrities of every description were to be seen among the guests. Mons. Max O'Rell discoursed art with Mons. Jean de Paléologue and Mons. Raphael. Mons. Ed. Lantéri was also present (professor of sculpture at South Kensington, and the designer of the medals which Mr. Harris has lately presented to his artists in commemoration of his successful operatic season) and Mons. Bertrand, who has taught the Duchess of Fife to fence, and speaks greatly of her proficiency in the graceful art. A great many of Mr. Harris's colleagues on the County Council were present, amongst whom may be mentioned Colonel Edis, Captain Probyn, Mr. E. Boulnois, M.P., Colonel Rotton, Mr. Beechcroft, Mr. Beaufoy, Mr. J. F. Beck, Mr. Carter, Mr. Carr-Gomm, Mr. Frank Debenham, Mr. Lye, Mr. A. Bassett-Hopkins, Mr. Lemon, Mr. Torr, Mr. Rhodes, Captain Verney, Mr. Walter Wren, and Mr. F. A. Ford. The rain luckily kept off until quite the end of the party, when the remaining guests adjourned to the house and examined the beautiful silver salver and marble gilt photograph stand which was presented to the popular manager last week by the principal members of the Royal Italian Opera Company, whose portraits, with autographs attached, give additional value to the graceful gift. Among the guests were:—

The [[Social Victorians/People/Newcastle|Dowager Duchess of Newcastle and Mr. Hohler]], the Earl and Lady Cairns, Lord de I'lsle, Lord and Lady Hindlip, Sir Edmund and Lady Lechmere, Sir Arthur Birch, Lord Hay, '''Lord and Lady Greville''', Sir Charles and Lady Tupper, Lord and LadyHobhouse, Lady Fanny Fitzwygram, Sir Albert Rollit, M.P., Lord and Lady Raincliffe, Mr. John Aird, M.P., and Mrs. Aird, Sir Richard and Lady Wood, Mr. H. De Stern, Sir Francis and Lady Truscott, Mr. and Mrs. Ellicott, Mr. Hume Spry; Sir F. Perkins, Lady Colin Campbell, Sir Thomas and Lady Gabriel, Mr. Henry Tracy, Lady and Miss Pauncefote, Colonel Sir Robert Harley, Sir Edward Hamley, Sir Vincent and Lady Barrington, Sir W. and Lady Hardman, Mr. and Lady Agnes Cooper, Sir James and Lady Linton, Mr. and Mrs. Kendal, Sir Oscar Clayton, Mr. J. F. Firth, M.P., and Mrs. Firth, Sir F. and Lady Alston, Mdme. Roze and Col. Mapleson, Mr. T. Thorne, Alderman and Mrs. Savory, Rev. Dr. and Mrs. Kynaston, Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Stirling, Mr. and Mrs. L. Brough, Mr. and Mrs. W. P. Frith, Mr. Seymour Lucas, Mr. Woodall, M.P., Sir George Grove, Mr. L. Jennings, M.P., Col. E. Hughes, M.P., and Mrs. Hughes, Dr. W. H. Russell, Mr. and Mrs. Sydney Hoffnung[,] Mr. Pope, Q.C, Miss Bury, Dr. and Mrs. Robson Roose, Mr. H. Poland, Q.C., Sir S and Lady Gabriel, Mr. C. Whitmore, M.P., Alderman and Lady Isaacs, Sir T. and Lady Lucas, Sir R. Fowler, M.P., and Miss Fowler, Alderman Sir John and Lady Ellis, Lady Monckton, Mr. and Mrs. J. C. Parkinson, '''Mr. and Mrs. Charles Dickens''', Mr. and Mrs. Harry Furniss, Mr. G. A. Sala, Mr. and Mrs. Pinero, Mdme. Valia, Alderman and Mrs. Evans, Mr. and Mrs. A. J. Caldicott, Mr. Harry Marks, Mons. Castelmary, Mons. and Mdme. Paul Blouet, Mdme. Fursch-Madi, Mr. and Mr. [sic] Charles Wyndham, Col. R. W. Edis, Alderman and Mrs. Tyler, Mr. E. Boulnois, M.P., and Mrs. Boulnois, Mr. and Mrs. Terris, Mr. A. M. Broadley, Mr. J. Fernandez, Mr. Phil Morris, A R.A., Alderman, Mrs., and the Misses Faudel Philips, Sir W. and Miss Charley, Mr. Bidney Brough, Le Comte Ostrorog, Captain and Mr. [sic] Cdfford [Clifford?] Probyn, Mr. Under-Sheriff Clarence Halse and Mrs. Halse, Mr. and Mrs. Edward Sassoon, Le Comte and Comtesse Dillon, Mr. and Mrs. Folk, Captain Henshaw Russell, Mrs. Adair, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], Mr. H. V. Higgins, Captain and Mrs. Lathom Fox, Colonel and Mrs. Rotton, Signor Mancinelli, Rev. Henry White, Captain Chetwynd, Mr. and Mrs. Hume Webster, Mons. Gennadino, Alderman and Mrs. Renals, Major-General Hales Wortham, Signor and Mdme. Arditi, Rev. Canon and Mrs. Barker, Mr. and Mrs. Frank Debenham, Mrs. Gabrielli, Dr. and Mrs. Scott Gatty.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;In Society.&quot; ''Lady's Pictorial'' 03 August 1889, Saturday: 62 [of 82], Col. 3a–c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005980/18890803/425/0062. Same print title, p. 174.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 1889 July 31, Wednesday ===

==== Fete of the Uxbridge Habitation of the Primrose League ====
&lt;blockquote&gt;A fête, held under the auspices of the Uxbridge Habitation of the Primrose League, took place on Wednesday afternoon last in the beautiful grounds of Hillingdon Court, kindly lent by the Hon. Algernon Mills, and the evert may be described as in every way a success. A more charming spot for holding a fête of this kind could scarely be selected, and the weather was brilliant. It transpired that the arrangements for the afternoon's programme had been in a great measure suggested and carried out by Lady Mary Mills, and this being the case it was satisfactory for the large company who assembled at the meeting that was called together towards the close of the proceedings, to hear graceful compliments paid to Lady Mary, not only by Mr. C. Roberts, the Deputy Ruling Counciller of the Habitation, but by Lord Claud Hamilton, for the kind and active interest she had evinced in the event. Other necessary arrangements were very ably superintended by officers of the Habitation, aided by the Hon. Secretary, Mr. B. T. Gales. The company present included the Hon. Algernon Mills, Ruling Councillor of the Habitation, Lady Mary Mills, Lord Claud Hamilton, Lord Chesterfield, the Countess Stradbroke, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke]], Sir Charles and Lady Cox, Mr. and Mrs. Wemyss, Mr. H. R. Cos, Mr. F. H. Deane and the Misses Deane, Mr. and Mrs. B. H. W. Way and Miss Way, General and the Misses Swanston, General Stanton, Mrs. B. C. Stephenson and party, Miss Clarke (Swakeleys), Mrs. C Grenfell, Mr. and Miss Roberts, Mr. and Mrs. J. C. Hibbert, Mrs. Wakefield, Dr. and Mrs. Ferris, Mr. H. Bird, Mr. W. Avery Bird, Mr. and Mrs. S. S. Phillips and party, the Misses Duncombe, Mr. and the Misses Grimsdale, Mr. W. B. Harman [Herman?], Mr. G. Woolls, the Rev. J. H. Thomas, T. W. James, and T. M Everett. The amusements provided during the afternoon included selections of music by members of the Uxbridge and Hillingdon Band, a very interesting entertainment of performing dogs, under the direction of Mr. Hotime, pleasing vocal and instrumental performances by the Meier Family, and several selections of comic melodies by experienced artistes, the latter of whom appeared upon a prettily decorated stage. The piano, by the way, which was used in the accompaniments, was supplied by Mrs. Willis, of Uxbridge. Tea and other refreshments were provided, and the majority of the company availed themselves of the opportunity of partaking of the refreshing beverage. Satislaction was expressed on all sides with the general success of the occasion, which certainly passed off in a manner which could not fail to please everyone present.

Shortly after five o'clock the company assembled in front of a platform or stage to hear some brief addresses on political subjects. The chair was taken by the Hon. Algernon Mills, who was accompanied by Lord Claud Hamilton, M.P., and Mr. C. Roberts, and, before the meeting closed, he was joined by Mr. F. D. Dixon-Hartland, M.P., whose arrival was greeted with cheers.

Lord Claud Hamilton, who was briefly introduced by the Chairman, congratulated the Habitation, first upon the successful appearance of the meeting, and next upon the great addition to their ranks which had occurred within the past few days. He thought that although Uxbridge in past days was not distinguished for its Conservatism, there had been a marked change for the better during the past few years, and he thought that when the time once more arrived the voters of Uxbridge would again be found polling in the right direction. At the same time that be congratulated the people of that district upon what he found to be their efficient local organisation, he thought they might, as a party, congratulate themselves on the present position of the Unionist Government in Parliament. This was the close of the third Session of the present Government, and although there had been one or two bye-elections, on personal and other grounds, and they had lost a few seats, yet no impartial man could deny that at the present moment the Government of Lord Salisbury was far stronger in Parliament and in the estimation of the country at large than it had been at any time during the past three years, and there was throughout the Kingdom a firm and solemn determination on the part of most electors to support end to cement the union between the Conservative party and the section of the Liberal party called Liberal Unionists. While such a feeling existed he thought that the present Government might certainly be regarded as strong. He must confess, however, that he felt sorry on taking up the morning paper that day to see that an old and personal friend, and one whom he admired, had been once again coming forward somewhat in the nature of a disturber of the public peace. He had read two speeches in the paper that day, one by Mr. A. Balfour, the other by the great politician, Lord Randolph Churchill, and in regard to the latter he was at first really unable to define what he was driving at in the remarks he made, and the policy which he attempted to unfold to his Birmingham audience, for he did not commence with a straight hit, but by side-hitting and numerous other modes of attack endeavoured to make out to his hearers that nearly everything connected with the foreign policy of Lord Salisbury was wrong, and that a great deal of the policy of Mr. Balfour in Ireland was also wrong. Having reviewed and criticised Lord Randolph's remarks in reference to foreign policy, he proceeded to deal with his observations having reference to the action of the Government in regard to Ireland, and, in this matter, confessed that he was always sorry when he heard an old friend talk undignified nonsense on a public platform, for although his lordship said a good deal that was wise and sensible, he showed his total ignorance of the present circumstances existing in regard to Ireland, and, above all, his ignorance of the Irish character. Then Lord Randolph Churchill also appeared to feel that he ought to have seat in Birmingham. Now, his hearers were doubtless very well acquainted with an interesting suburban town called Brentford. He did not think that a town like Brentford was large enough for two kings, and Birmingham was not large enough for two kings; and if two men of the calibre of Mr. Joseph Chamberlain and Lord Randolph Churchill both occupied seats for Birmingham, he did not think that it could be done without some trouble occurring in the future. After some further remarks on general political policy, his lordship concluded by once more congratulating the local Habitation of the Primrose League on the success of that day's proceedings. 

Mr. Dixon-Hartland, M.P., who was received with much applause, remarked, at the outset, having reference to the observations he had heard made by Lord Claud Hamilton, that he regretted Lord Randolph Churchill had spoken as he had done during the last few days. He was one or those who had watched Lord Randolph Churchill's career with great interest for a long time, and he felt that the Conservative party owed much to him. In 1880, when the fortunes of the party seemed at a low ebb, a force and courage was given to it by the way in which Lord Randolph Churchill attacked the Radical ministry that were then in power. He did good work for the Party, and that way one of the causes why Lord Salisbury was in power at the present time. However, much as he (the speaker) admired his lordship's courage and valuable work in the past, that did not blind him to what the noble lord was doing now, and the doctrines which he had recently been preaching at Walsall and at Birmingham were not Tory but socialistic doctrines. The question of doing away with rents wherever they existed, without compensation, was one that would never be accepted by the Tory party, and if Lord Randolph Churchill was going to pin his faith to a flag of that kind he would have to join the other side, for the Conservatives would not consent to it. The speaker then remarked upon the progress of the measure in reference to the Royal Grants. He remarked that last week there were few people whose hearts were not moved with the idea of the marriage of the daughter of our future king. There could be no doubt that the marriage was a thoroughly popular one with the English people, for it reminded us of the olden times, when our Kings came forward and gave their daughters in marriage to English noblemen; and the majority of people in England to-day thought our noblemen were quite as good as German princelings. (Loud applause.) English people were glad to see a return to the old state of things, for it was a custom which created another tie between the people and the Throne of England. (Hear, hear.) In Parliament most unworthy, ungenerous, and he might say, improper means had been taken to try and divide the vote for sums of money necessary to keep up the dignity of the Royal Family. For his own part he did not think that if England were polled the people of this country would be so mean as not to keep up the dignity of their Royal Family. It was a question which concerned the country more than was generally contemplated, for, in his opinion, anything that we paid to the Queen and for properly maintaining the Royal dignity was small, considering the great benefits that we received. The benefits he referred to had been bestowed upon the English people by the very constitutional way in which the queen had performed the duties of her high office, and had that not been the case we in England would not have been in the state of prosperity which might now be ascribed to us as a country, and that would have affected every man, woman and child he then saw before hm. We were told we were being unduly taxed, but, after all, what was it that was paid for the Royal Family. He submitted that at the present moment the whole of the sum annually paid amounted to rather less than one penny per head of the whole population, and it would be somewhere about one penny if the proposed grant were made. We were better off in this respect than the people of America, who paid a vast amount of money annually to Congressmen and Senators — a great deal more than we paid our queen, while, it must be remembered, the services of members of the House of Lords and House of Commons were gratuitous. We must look at the details of these things, view the question in a general, and at the same time in a common sense, way, and it would be seen that in these matters we were more lightly taxed than any country in Europe or any couuntry in the New World. Referring to the past Session of Parliament, the speaker said it had been remarkable for the breaking-up, so to speak, of the power of Mr. Gladstone over the Radical portion of his supporters; and in this respect it might be mentioned that Mr. Gladstone had come forward to say he would do what was right in regard to the royal grants. Then there was another point that might be referred to, and that was the breaking up of the Irish party, who not only felt that Mr. Bal- '''[Col. 1c–2a]''' four's government was enticing the ground from under their feet, but were also becoming aware of the fact that money was not coming in in the way it used to do. Mr. Diller had been making a tour in Australian colonies; and the general conclusion to be arrived at was that all these showed how strong and good was the government of Lord Salisbury. (Hear, hear.) The speaker then proceeded to remark that while the effect of Lord Salisbury's government was manifestly beneficial, there were apart from the influence of our own administration, signs of trouble among foreign nations, and that all this should cause the fact to be more firmly impressed upon the English mind that we should have a strong and stable government, and it behoved all in this country to do everything in their power to support the same. In conclusion, he wished to say that he was very pleased they had had such a pleasant afternoon, and he was sure they must one and all feel indebted to the Hon. Algernon Mills for the use of his grounds on the occasion. (Hear, hear.) He must remember, however, that on such occasions as that they did not assemble for the sole purpose of hearing speeches, and certainly not long speeches, and he would therefore conclude his remarks, but before doing so he wished to say that he hoped that year by year Primrose gatherings would be held in the neighbourhood of Uxbridge, and that that Habitation, and others, would continue to prosper, for there was no doubt that such societies brought all classes together, they were cemented in one bond, and where that was the case there was very little chance of the Radicals gaining any power. There was yet one other matter which he wished very briefly to refer to before he resumed his seat. He had been told lately that there had been a report in circulation to the effect that he had some thought of relinquishing his seat in Parliament as a representative of that Division. All he could say was that he considered it the greatest honour to represent a Division in the county of Middlesex, and that be was quite content with the Division he had the great honour to represent at the present time. So long as they in that Division were willing to have him, he was most willing to stick to them, and he hoped that he might be their member for many years to come, and have the pleasure of continuing to come amongst them, knowing that he was in the midst of friends. (Loud and continued cheering.) 

Mr. C. Roberts, who was greeted with every manifestation of popularity, then came forward for the purpose of proposing a vote of thanks to the Hon. Algernon Mills and Lady Mary Mills for their kindness in allowing the fête to take place in the beautiful grounds of Hillingdon Court. It was evident that they had the good of the cause at heart, and the fact of such support brought a great many recruits under the Primrose League standard. It was satisfactory for him to be able to state that during a very short period they had received the names of 100 recruits. Such rapid strides as that would not be made but for gatherings of that kind, which benefitted the Primrose League movement very much throughout the country; and it was undoubtedly productive of a great deal of good when the gentry opened their parks in this way, as had been the case during late years, for it brought all classes of society together, and refuted the argument that the Tories were composed of the &quot;swells&quot; of society, and would have nothing whatever to do with those who occupied a more humble position in life. (Hear, hear.) Such a statement as that was, of course, a great error, and they of the Primrose League, whether they belonged to the upper or the middle class, knew full well that so long as people conducted themselves the League was open to all who were of that political opinion, and that whenever there was a fête of that kind there was no distinction of persons whatever, all were perfectly free to attend the meeting, and there was certainly no idea of setting class against class. He could not help remarking that the Primrose League in that district had a most able representative in Lady Mary Mills. The whole of the entertainments on that occasion had been organised by her, and, the event having taken place in such fine weather, and those present having been so extremely well entertained, the entire proceedings might be fittingly described as a great success, and he thought it would for a fitting close to such an enjoyable occasion if a hearty vote of thanks were passed to the Hon. Algernon MiIls and Lady Mary Mills for their kindness in entertaining such a large company that afternoon. (Applause.) He did not think that such a proposal needed a seconder, and therefore he called upon all who approved of it to signify the same in the usual way. 

Prolonged applause was the answer to this invitation for an expression of opinion, and one enthusiastic visitor called for cheers for Lady Mary Mills, which were promptly given. The Hon. Algernon Mills replied in appropriate terms, and remarked that whatever gratification had been derived from the proceedings of that afternoon was due to the arrangements which had been entirely carried out by his wife, for he, owing to having been engaged in business matters, had been unable to devote much attention to it. All he could say was that he hoped it would not be the last meeting of the kind that would take place there. (Loud applause.)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Uxbridge Habitation of the Primrose League. Fete at Hillingdon Court.&quot; ''Uxbridge &amp; W. Drayton Gazette'' 3 August 1889, Saturday: 8 [of 8], Col. 1a–2b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002284/18890803/126/0008. Print: ''Buckinghamshire Advertiser, Uxbridge, Harrow and Watford Journal'', p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;/blockquote&gt;

==August 1889==
===6 August 1889, Tuesday===
The official Savoy Hotel opening:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Savoy Hotel on the Thames Embankment opened by a company, 6 August 1889; the directors included the earl of Lathom, Mr. R. D'Oyly Carte, and sir Arthur Sullivan.&lt;ref&gt;''Hayden's Dictionary of Dates and Universal Information Relating to All Ages''. Ed., Benjamin Vincent. 23rd Edition, Containing the History of the World to the End of 1903. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1904. Page 1105. ''Google Books'', retrieved 23 February 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;This official opening followed 2 soft openings, one a &quot;Housewarming Supper&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Williams, Olivia. ''The Secret Life of the Savoy: Glamour and Intrigue at the World's Most Famous Hotel''. Pegasus Books, 2021. Google Books (retrieved July 2025) https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Secret_Life_of_the_Savoy/a_IDEAAAQBAJ.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|1871}} hosted by the Hwfa Williamses, and the second a &quot;private viewing.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;{{rp|1872}} &quot;Guests&quot; at the post-opera supper included people like&lt;blockquote&gt;the Duchess of Manchester Consuelo Montagu, Lord Dunraven, Lord and Lady Gosford, Lord and Lady Dudley, Lord and Lady de Grey, Lord Hartington, Lord Hardwick, and the Honourable Algernon Bourke, the owner of White's who had just lost the best chef in London to D'Oyly's hotel kitchen. ... Representing the businessmen whom D'Oyly was so keen to attract were the English branch of the Rothschilds, and the American Forbes family.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;{{rp|1871}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

===15 August 1889, Thursday===
[[Social Victorians/Pleydell-Bouverie Skelmersdale Wedding|Pleydell-Bouverie Skelmersdale Wedding]]

===26 August 1889, Monday===
Summer Bank Holiday.
===30 August 1889, Friday===
J. M. Stoddart, from Lippincott's, Arthur Conan Doyle, Oscar Wilde, and Gill met for dinner. Stoddart was looking for novels.&lt;blockquote&gt;The American house of Lippincott's, based in Philadelphia, had sent one of their men, J.M. Stoddart, over to England to search out some new talent. Lippincott's published a monthly magazine in both countries, and their policy was to include a complete story in each number. Stoddart called upon James Payn, editor of The Cornhill, and Payn recommended him to try Dr. Conan Doyle of Southsea. The result was the celebrated dinner for four at the Langham Hotel, Portland Place with Stoddart, Doyle, Oscar Wilde, and an Irish MP called Gill. ... Dr Doyle has left on record his impressions of Wilde&quot; (Stavert 148).&lt;/blockquote&gt;For Lippincott's Doyle wrote ''A Study in Scarlet'', which has &quot;a character patterned after Oscar Wilde, and the Langdon Hotel gets a mention&quot; (Stavert 149). Doyle's ''A Study in Scarlet'' was published in the February 1890 number, and Wilde's ''The Picture of Dorian Gray'' in the July 1890 one.

===30 August 1889, Friday===
W. A. Ayton and Anne Ayton were initiated into the Inner Order of the Golden Dawn (Gilbert 86 140).

==September 1889==
==October 1889==
In October 1889, Jack the Ripper's signature and some vandalism in the form of drawings and commentary shows up in the guest book for the Lizard Hotel, Lizard Point, Cornwall (Cornwell 283).

===31 October 1889, Thursday===
Halloween.
==November 1889==
===5 November 1889, Tuesday===
Guy Fawkes Day

===13 November 1889, Wednesday===
According to the ''Morning Post'' (2 January 1890), there was a disturbance during a performance of ''The Gold Craze'' at the Royal Princess's Theatre:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Marquis de Leuville appeared yesterday at Marlborough-street Police-court, to answer a summons obtained by Mr. H. Cummings for inciting persons to create a riot at the Royal Princess's Theatre on November 13. Mr. Geoghegan stated the case for the complainant, and examined Thomas Vincent Kiely, who said that the Marquis had given him money to engage men to hiss and make a disturbance at the performance of &quot;The Gold Craze&quot; at the Princess's, in which the Baron de Fleurville was upposed by defendant to be [col. 5/6] intended for himself. The hearing was adjourned.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 2 January 1890 (No. 36,676), Thursday: p. 4, Cols. 5–6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==December 1889==
===7 December 1889, Saturday===
Gilbert and Sullivan's ''The Gondoliers, Or the King of Barataria'' opened at the Savoy.
===17 December 1889, Tuesday===
[[Dangan-Neville Wedding|The Wedding of Lord Dangan and Lady Violet Nevill]]

===25 December 1889, Wednesday===
Christmas Day
===26 December 1889, Thursday===
Boxing Day

Opening of the Horniman Museum&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. F. J. Horniman's museum at Forest-Hill was open to the public on Thursday, Friday, and Saturday in Christmas week, and about 4500 persons of all classes availed themselves of the privilege of inspecting the various objects of interest and the magnificent collection of natural history and art specimens.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;''Illustrated London News'' (London, England), Saturday, January 04, 1890; pg. 6; Issue 2646, Col. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

===27 December 1889, Friday===
Horniman Museum open, second day.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

===28 December 1889, Saturday===
Horniman Museum open, third day.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

===31 December 1889, Tuesday===

==== Robert Browning's funeral in Westminster Abbey ====
Bret Harte attended.&lt;ref&gt;Nissen, Axel. ''Bret Harte: Prince and Pauper''. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 2000: 216.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;The mortal remains of Robert Browning, the great poet, were yesterday laid among the relics of other famous bards and writers in Poets' Corner, Westminster Abbey, with every appropriate demonstration of honour and regret for the departed. Among the attendant mourners were many of the great of the land and a host of others, whose reverence for the poet was shown by their demeanour.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Funeral of Robert Browning.&quot; The ''Morning Post'' 1 January 1890 (No. 36,675): 4, Col. 6. ''British Newspaper Archive'' .&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;From later in the ''Morning Post'':&lt;blockquote&gt;With manifestations of sincere respect and fond remembrance the remains of Robert Browning were yesterday consigned to an honoured resting place in Westminster Abbey. The funeral procession, which included 10 mourning carriages, left the house in De Vere-gardens, Kensington, soon after eleven o'clock, and reached Westminster Abbey just after the hour of noon had struck. Long before that time the choir and transepts reserved for mourners and friends were full, with the exception of a few seats under the Lantern set apart for the relatives and pall-bearers. The north transcept and a portion of the nave were crowded with the general public. Gloom and mist pervaded the Abbey, rendering the use of artificial light imperative. Tall tapers were burning upon the footpace before the undraped altar, and the seven-branched candelabra at the entrance of the sacrarium shed a flickering light within. In the uncertain light it was difficult to discern and identify the occupants of the choir and transepts, but now and again some well-known representative of art and letters could be recognised passing to his allotted seat. Just before noon the Dean, Canons Prothero, Duckworth, Westcott, and Fruse, Minor Canons Troutbeck and Cheadle, and the choir assembled at the western entrance of the nave in readiness to meet the body. Some 10 minutes afterwards the solemn and familiar strains of Croft and Purcell's music indicated that the Burial Service had commenced, and, with slow and measured steps the long procession passed up the nave into the choir, where choir and clergy took their places in the stalls. The coffin, covered with a violet-coloured pall, upon which were placed two floral wreaths and a cross of violets, was placed upon trestles in the open space under the Lantern where the lectern usually stands. The pall-bearers, ranged on either side, were the Hon. Hallam Tennyson, Dr. Butler, Sir Fitzjames Stephen, Sir Theodore Martin, Archdeacon Farrar, Professor Masson, Professor Jowett, Sir Frederick Leighton, Sir James Paget, Sir George Grove, Mr. G. M. Smith, and Professor Knight. [new paragraph] When the mourners had taken their places, the Burian Service proceeded in the usual manner, the 90th Psalm being chanted to Purcell's setting, while the Dean read the Lesson from his stall. The anthem or hymn which is usually interpolated between the two sections of the service was yesterday preceded by a &quot;Meditation,&quot; in which some touching verses by Elizabeth Barrett Browning were set to equally touching music by Dr. Bridge. Rendered by the choir with excellent skill and reverent feeling, this interlude formed the most striking feature in the whole service. The anthem which followed was Wesley's, &quot;All go to one place; all are of the dust, and all turn to dust again.&quot; At its conclusion the procession reformed, and the coffin, preceded by clergy and choir, passed through the south transept to the familiar Poets' Corner, where, at the foot of Chaucer's tomb, the grave had been dug. On the wall above, suspended from Cowley's monument, was a noble wreath of laurel, bound by a broad ribbon of white silk bearing the name of the poet in golden lettering, the memorial tribute of the Municipality of Venice. The final prayers at the graveside were said by the Dean, and the service fitly closed with Dr. Watts's hymn, &quot;O God, our help in ages past,&quot; to the time-honoured tune, &quot;St. Anne,&quot; which was very generally taken up by the congregation. As the Dean was reading the touching prayer of committal, the rays of the winter sun glinted through the Te Deum window in the transept, shedding rainbow hues on wall and pillar, and partially dismissing the prevailing gloom. Then the strains of the Dead March pealed forth from the organ, clergy and choir retired, and friends pressed forward to take a farewell glance. [new paragraph] Among them were noticed the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Earl of Pembroke, the Earl of Rosebery, Bishop Barry, the Dean of Windsor, Sir Arthur Sullivan, Sir Lyon Playfair, M.P., Captain Walter Campbell (representing the Queen), Mr. Stuart-Wortley, M.P., Mr. Mundella, M.P., Mr. Leonard Courtney, M.P., the Hon. and Rev. E. Carr Glyn, Dr. Martineau, Canon Benham, Mr. Alma Tadema, Mr. Lecky, Mr. Oscar Wilde, and Mr. Huxley (representing his father). The relatives and immediate friends were Mr. and Mrs. R. Browning, Mr. Octavius Moulton Barrett, Mr. George Moulton Barrett, Captain Charles Moulton Barrett, Mr. Henry Moulton Barrett, M. Dourlane, Miss Christine Browning, Captain Altham, Rev. Mr. Altham, Sir James Carmichael, and Miss Carmichael. Wreaths of exquisite beauty and in almost countless numbers were sent from friends far and near, and many of them bore touching inscriptions, as for instance, that of Sir F. Leighton, &quot;In remembrance of 36 years' friendship.&quot; Among others may be mentioned Lord Tennyson, Earl and Countess Brownlow, Lord Vernon, Lord and Lady Edmond Fitzmaurice, Lady Lindsay, Lady Martin, Sir Henry Thompson, Sir John Millais, Miss Cobbe, Mrs. Jeune, Mr. and Mrs. Alma Tadema, Mr. and Mrs. Whistler, Mr. and Mrs. Cyril Flower, Mr. Henry Irving, Mr. and Mrs. Bancroft, and the Browning Society. The coffin, made in Venice, was of yellow pine, designed somewhat in the modern casket form, and bore the simple inscription, &quot;Robert Browning, born May 7, 1812, died December 12, 1889.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Funeral of Robert Browning.&quot; The ''Morning Post'' 1 January 1890 (No. 36,675): 5, Col. 6. ''British Newspaper Archive'' .&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Professor Rücker's lecture on electricity:&lt;blockquote&gt;At the Royal Institution, Albemarle-street, yesterday afternoon, Professor Rücker delivered the second of his course of six simplified lectures on electricity. The theatre was again well filled. Before taking up the threads of his subject at the point where they were broken off last Saturday, the lecturer briefly recapitulated the remarks made on that occasion relative to the subject of the &quot;lines of force.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Lectures on Electricity.&quot; The ''Morning Post'' 1 January 1890 (No. 36,675): 6, Col. 3. British Newspaper Archive .&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The rest of the report describes the experiment used to demonstrate the answers to particular questions about electricity. The report ends with this sentence: &quot;The third lecture takes place to-morrow,&quot; i.e., 1 January 1890.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

==Works Cited==
*Bernstein, Susan David. &quot;Radical Readers at the British Museum: Eleanor Marx, Clementina Black, Amy Levy.&quot; Nineteenth-Century Gender Studies 3.2 (Summer 2007): http://ncgsjournal.com/issue32/bernstein.htm.
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    <title>Social Victorians/London Clubs</title>
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      <text bytes="66539" sha1="0ufgxqmerdiv5fpvwkg10n6q3vlasjf" xml:space="preserve">==Cliques and Social Networks==
All the clubs are cliques and social networks, in a way, so the distinction is not strong.
*The [[Social Victorians/Marlborough House Set |Marlborough House Set]]
*The [[Social Victorians/People/The Souls |Souls]]
*The Coterie
*[[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Crabbet Club|Crabbet Club]]
*[[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Men and Women's Club|Men and Women's Club]]
The Hunt Clubs, regionally rather than London based, with an annual Hunt Ball

*Warwickshire Hunt Club
*Worcestershire Hunt Club

&lt;blockquote&gt;No dance is prettier than that of a hunt club. It has an air about it more nationally charactcristic than that given by officers of a regiment, or of a ship. There is a spirit and go about it too seldom equalled at other dances, and the hunt uniforms are always in themselves a study. Only an expert can tell at a glance to which hunt particular facings belong, although many of us are acquainted with those of the more celebrated clubs. One of those in Oxfordshire, which shall be nameless, has adopted recently a new blue evening tie; the members are at some variance of opinion with regard to shade, and the effect is not happy. As a mere woman I have a preference for what men call &quot;the white choker,&quot; there is a style about it unattainable by any coloured tie, and it suits men so exceedingly well that they ought to stick to it. I know a few hunt uniforms, not all by any means, and of those of my acquaintance I prefer the red coats with pale green facings of the Rufford to any others, but this is a mere matter of prettiness, possibly others appeal more strongly to sporting instincts. The question of knee-breeches and silk stockings or trousers in hunt evening dress is a vexed one solved very likely by each member in accordance with the opinion he has formed of his own legs. There can be no doubt that the knee-breeches look far smarter. This is flagrant digression into the province of sportsmen, in whose appearance, however, we may perhaps be permitted a slight interest. Many hunts have a ladies' uniform, but that only for equestrian attire; the most we ever do at balls is to carry out club colours in our costume or bouquet, and that of course, only if they happen to suit our complexions. The blue and buff of the Beaufort is smart-looking, the chocolate and pale blue of the Earl of Harrington's is a very favourite uniform, and the new colours instituted by Lady Lonsdale for the Quorn — a peculiar shade of blue with a smart little touch of [intervening image] red — seems to give great satisfaction among the feminine followers of that celebrated hunt.&lt;ref&gt;Diana-Up-To-Date. &quot;Sportswoman's Page.&quot; ''Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News'' 23 January 1897, Saturday: 18 [of 40, Col. 1a–c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001857/18970123/037/0018. Same print title, p. 814.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==Contemporary Overviews==
In the 8 April 1911 ''Sphere'', &quot;C. K. S.&quot; says,&lt;blockquote&gt;I have derived a lot of pleasure from Mr. Ralph Nevill's new book, ''London Clubs: their History and Treasures'' (Chatto and Windus). Mr. Nevill has added one more to a very interesting series of volumes, of which ''The Merry Past'' and ''Light Come, Light Go'', are two others. Many will most appreciate that part of Mr. Nevill's book for which I care least — the history of certain clubs, such as Brooks's and White's. Here I think Mr. Nevill has followed too blindly John Timbs's well-known book. I am not sure that he has read an earlier book by Marsh, and he seems not to have seen the volumes provided by the two clubs that I have named, Mr. Algernon Bourke's ''History of [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#White's|White]]''[[Social Victorians/London Clubs#White's|''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s Club'']] and Mr. Victor Williamson's ''Memorials of [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Brooks|Brooks's]]'', the latter a not very satisfactory compilation, whereas Mr. Bourke's ''History of White's'' is really a fine and well-written book.

If Mr. Nevill had seen ''The History of White's Club'' he could not have fixed its origin where he does, following therein Timbs and Cunningham, Mr. Wheatley and Mr. Walford, in the assumption that White's original house was five doors from the bottom of St. James's Street, this error being derived from misreading a caricature by Gilray. Mr. Bourke makes it perfectly clear that White's original Chocolate House stood where [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Boodle's|Boodle's Club]] now is — that is to say, at 28, St. James's Street.

Again, I find Mr. Nevill mixing up The Club and the Literary Club. Herein he follows Timbs, who says that the name of The Club was altered to the Literary Club at Garrick's funeral. I think I am right in saying that there have always been two clubs. The Club, of which Johnson, Garrick, and Reynolds were members, exists at the present day under the same name. It is very exclusive, confining itself to a few eminent politicians of literary proclivities. Lord Rosebery is a member, and Mr. Balfour and Mr. Birrell.

The Literary Club also still exists although I have not heard of it for some years. Of this last club Thackeray was once the president, and I am the owner of the chair in which he sat at its meetings, a thoroughly well-authenticated piece of furniture. It was given to me by Sir William Ingram, who received it from Sir Erasmus Wilson, one of the members of the Literary Club at the time when Thackeray was president. I once spent a week-end in the company of that delightful ''raconteur'', Sir Benjamin Ward Richardson, and he told me a great deal [Col. 2c–3a] about the Literary Club, of which he was a member until his death.

These, however, are subordinate matters. The main point is that Mr. Nevill has written a delightful book, the charm of which is not so much in the historical portion as in his own account of clubs that he knows well, for he is evidently a genuine clubman and is able to picture the life of a good London club from the inside in a way that few who have written upon the subject have been able to do. The final result is excellent. We have here a most readable book and one which every clubman should have at his elbow.

Mr. Nevill might well supplement it by another volume on the dining clubs of London, a subject that he almost ignores or treats indifferently as in the case of The Club and the Literary Club. There is a good essay by Sir Spencer Walpole in his ''Essays Political and Biographical'' on the dining clubs of London, which treats of The Club, and Nobody's and the Literary Club. Among other clubs mentioned by Sir Spencer Walpole are the Dilettanti and Grillion's.

There are, however, a great many comparatively new dining clubs that would come into a book upon the subject. There is the Johnson Club, the Omar Khayyám Club, the Noviomagians — of which I have once been a guest and which is now, I believe, defunct — the Titmarsh Club, the Whitefriars Club, the Auburn Club, and what is perhaps the most democratic of them all, the Vagabonds Club. It is possible that these and others would make a very interesting book.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Literary Letter: The Posthumous Work of Alfred Nutt — A New History of Clubland — Depressing!&quot; ''The Sphere'' 8 April 1911, Saturday: 34 [of 40], Col. 2a–3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001861/19110408/050/0034. Same print title, p. viii.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==The Clubs==
Flourishing and Address as of 1875 plus additions with quotations and specifics.

===Albert===
1 Bolt Court, Fleet Street, E.C. (Thom 527)
===Alfred===
22A Change Alley, E.C.
===Alpine===
8 St. Martin's Place, W.C.
===Arlington===
4 Arlington Street, W. (Thom 527)
===Army &amp; Navy===
36 Pall Mall, S. W. (Thom 527)
====Junior Army and Navy Club====
12 Grafton Street, W.
===Arthur's===
69 St. James's Street, S. W.
===Arts===
17 Hanover Square, W.
===Arundel===
12 Salisbury Street, Strand
===Athenaeum===
107 Pall Mall, S. W.
====And Junior Athenaeum Club====
116 Picadilly, W.
===Baths===
The 1895 ''Yorkshire Post'' report says the club was started the prior year, so perhaps these are not the same club.

==== 1892 ====
''Truth'' reports the following:&lt;blockquote&gt;In the matter of clubs, enterprise seems to be unceasing. The latest institution of the kind which will shortly open its doors is the &quot;Baths Club.&quot; The directors of the &quot;Baths Club&quot; have purchased Lord Abergavenny's house in Dover-street, and here, when the necessary alterations have been completed, will be found a most luxurious combination of baths of all nations and of every kind. Amongst the Directors are Mr. Herbert Gladstone, Mr. W. Grenfell, Mr. Edward Tennant, and Mr. James Mansfield. The General Committee comprises amongst other names those of Lord Chesterfield, Lord Minto, Lord Dalkeith, Lord Cairns, Lord Ampthill, Mr. Alfred Lyttelton, Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Algernon Bourke]], Sir Frederick Milner, Admiral Maxse, and Mr. C. Williamson Milne. It is unnecessary for the moment to enlarge upon the advantages which will be offered by the &quot;Baths Club,&quot; for the scheme has met with such general and influential support that its success is scarcely a matter for conjecture.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Marmaduke. &quot;Letters from the Linkman.&quot; ''Truth'' 22 September 1892, Thursday: 19 [of 52], Col. 2b [of 2] – 21, Col. 2a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0002961/18920922/041/0019, https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0002961/18920922/041/0020, [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18920922/042/0021# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18920922/042/0021]. Print title same, pp. 613–615.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|615 [BNA 21], Col. 1b}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== 1895 ====
&lt;blockquote&gt;The Baths’ Club, which was started last year under distinguished auspices in Dover Street, Piccadilly has, says our London Correspondent, been a great success. At the annual meeting of the members to-morrow the committee, of which Mr. W, Grenfell is president, will be able to announce that the number of candidates for membership to date, including ladies, is 1,606, and the number of members elected 1,090. The income from all sources amounted to £10,376, including £1,170 15s. received for life membership and entrance fees. The dining-room expenditure was slightly in excess of the income, but as the outgoings included boarding a staff of 70 servants the result is regarded as not altogether unsatisfactory. In order to make the club more generally attractive it is proposed to form a collection of books and works of art on sports and pastimes, and at the meeting to-morrow a Library Committee will be formed with this end in view. The General Committee, which is to be proposed for election at the same time, reflects strong position which the club holds in the fashionable world. It includes the Duke of Abercorn, the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]], the Marquess of Carmarthen, M.P., Lord Alwyne Compton, M.P., Viscount Curzon, the Earl of Lonsdale, Lord Suffield, Mr. Hwfa Williams, Mr. George Wyndham, M.P., and the Hon. Arthur Henniker.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Notes on Current Topics.&quot; ''Yorkshire Post and Leeds Intelligencer'' 25 November 1895, Monday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000687/18951125/076/0004. Print title: ''The Yorkshire Post'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

===Beefsteak===
===Beaufort===
7 Rathbone Place, Oxford Street, W.
===Bolingbroke Reading-Room and Institute===
Not exactly a club, but it had a similar function perhaps.

From the ''South London Press'':&lt;blockquote&gt;This institute continues to prosper. Mr. Edward Wood has been elected president, and the following gentlemen have consented to act as vice-presidents: Mr. J. F. Moulton, Q.C., M.P., Mr. O. V. Morgan, M.P., [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]], Mr. W. Evil, Mr. J. Buckmaster, Rev. J. P. Fannthorpe, Rev. J. Sharr, Sir J. Trevor Lawrence, M.P., Dr. Mabyn Read, and Mrs. Woodhouse. Valuable gifts of books have been received from the Hon. A. Bourke, Messrs. Macmillan and Co., Rev. A. C. Woodhouse, Rev. J. Parr, Mr. A. G. Browning, Mr. J. Wix, Rev. A. Towsey, Miss Donaldson, and Messrs. Steer, Garland, Coxall, and Harrison. The library is now open for issue of books every evening from 8.30 to 9, and every Monday, Wednesday, and Saturday, from 12.30 to 1 p.m. Chess and draughts are played daily, but especially on Monday, Wednesday, and Saturday evenings.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Bolingbroke Reading-Room and Institute.&quot; ''South London Press'' 27 February 1886, Saturday: 7 [of 16], Col. 5a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18860227/054/0007. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

===Boodle's===
28 St. James's Street
===Brooks'===
60 St. James's Street
In June 1894, the London ''Echo'' reported&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Algernon Bourke, who recently published two interesting works — &quot;The History of White's&quot; and &quot;The Jeykell Memoirs&quot; — is now preparing another antiquarian book in “The History of Brooke's.” The two volumes will contain stories of Fox, Selwyn, Sheridan, &quot;Fighting&quot; Fitzgerald, and other famous members of the club, and a number of illustrations.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;'Echo' Gossip.&quot; ''Echo'' (London) 18 June 1894, Monday: 1 [of 4], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004596/18940618/006/0001. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

===Burlington Fine Arts===
17 Savile Row, W.
===Carlton===
94 Pall Mall
====City Carlton Club====
83 King William Street., E. C.
====Junior Carlton Club====
30 Pall Mall
===Cavendish===
307 Regent Street, W.
===City Liberal===
71 Queen Street, E.C. (address marked as &quot;temporary&quot; in 1875)
===City of London===
19 Old Broad Street, E. C.
===City United===
Ludgate Circus, E. C.
===Civil and Military===
316 Regent Street, W.
===Clarence===
1 Regent Street, Waterloo Place, S. W.
===Cobden===
5 Milman Street, Bedford Row, W. C.
===Cocoa Tree===
64 St. James's Street
===Conservative===
74 St. James's Street

==== Junior Conservative Club ====
29 King Street, St. James's (Thom 528)

===Cosmopolitan===
30 Charles Street, Berkeley Square, W.
===County===
43 Albemarle Street, W.

=== Crabbet Club ===
Members&lt;ref&gt;Douglas, Alfred Bruce (Lord Alfred Douglas). ''Oscar Wilde and Myself''. AMS Press, 1914: 64. ''Google Books'' https://books.google.com/books?id=z40fAQAAIAAJ.&lt;/ref&gt;

* Wilfred Blunt, founder
* George Curzon: Lord Curzon of Kedlestone
* George Wyndham
* George Leveson-Gower
* Lord Houghton: Lord Crewe
* Mr. Harry Cust
* Mr. Mark Napier
* Lord Cairns (&quot;the late Lord Cairns&quot;)
* Mr. &quot;Lulu&quot; Harcourt
* Oscar Wilde (attended one meeting)
* Lord Alfred Douglas (attended one meeting)
* many more

==== History of the Crabbet Club ====
Wilfred Blunt outlines the history of Crabbet Club, ending with its reconstruction with younger men in 1890:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Crabbet Club was in its origin a purely convivial gathering, unambitious of any literary aim. It began in this way: When George, Lord Pembroke (the 13th Earl) came of age in 1871, having been a very popular boy at Eton, with many school friends, and afterwards at Oxford, he thought it would be amusing to continue in some measure the life they had led by having them to stay with him once or twice every summer at Wilton, for a day or two at a time, to play cricket, and row on the river, and otherwise divert themselves, and they took the name of the “Wilton,&quot; or &quot;Wagger” Club, and it proved a great success. In 1876, though much older than the rest of the members, I was asked to join it as one who had known the Herberts from their school days. Pembroke was staying with me at Crabbet, and his two brothers and their sister Gladys (afterwards Lady Ripon), and several of their friends, and several of mine, and I drove them all to Epsom for the / Derby (Silvio's year), and we had a cricket match and a lawn tennis handicap (lawn tennis was in the process of being invented, and we played on a court 20 feet longer than what afterwards became the regulation length), and it was on this occasion that I joined the club. The party at Crabbet had proved such a success that the next year it was proposed that the club should make one of its regular meetings there, and so it gradually came about that the members came to Crabbet annually. The members of the club were never more than a few, a dozen to twenty, and consisted, besides the Herbert brothers, of Eddy Hamilton, who was afterwards Gladstone's private secretary, Lord Lewisham, Jocelyn Amherst, Granny Farquhar, Lionel Bathurst, with Harry Brand (afterwards Lord Hampden), Nigel Kingscote, Godfrey Webb, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Button Bourke]], Frank Lascelles, Mark Napier, and half-a-dozen more of my own intimates, and these came regularly to Crabbet every summer, and we gradually adopted the “Crabbet Club” as the name of our branch.

Though we professed no kind of politics, and looked to amusement only, nearly all the members of it were Tories, two or three of them in Parliament, and when in 1882 I took the somewhat violent line I did about Egypt and war ensued, several of the members taking offence ceased their attendance, and the Club as far as the Crabbet meetings were concerned became less popular, and this state of things was aggravated when I stood for Parliament as a Home Ruler in 1885 and 1886, and it was all but submerged by my imprisonment at Galway. Hardly any of the old Wilton members would answer the invitations to it, and Pembroke himself, the most tolerant of men, as an Irish landlord with large interests at stake in the county of Dublin, felt it a grievance that I should have identified myself with the Land League and the Plan of Campaign. All this was natural enough, and I could not complain of the defection. The Club as the “Crabbet Club” was still continued, but reconstructed on different lines with a number of young men, Oxford undergraduates, most of them professing Home Rule opinions. The chief of these were the two Peels, Willy and George, sons of the Speaker, Arthur Pollen, Herbert Vivian, Leo Maxse, Percy Wyndham (son of Sir Hugh), Theodore Fry, Theobald Mathew, Artie Brand, and Loulou / Harcourt, the only three of the old set being Mark Napier, Eddy Hamilton, and Nigel Kingscote.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;Blunt, Wilfrid Scawen. ''My Diaries: 1888 to 1900''. M. Secker, 1900. ''Google Books'' https://books.google.com/books?id=5qBCAAAAIAAJ. Volume 1 of ''My Diaries: Being a Personal Narrative of Events, 1888–1914''.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|50–52}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1892 July 23 and 24''', Blunt describes a meeting of the Crabbet Club. Present were George Wyndham, George Curzon, Nigel Kingscote, Charles Gatty, Theobald Mathew, Godfrey Webb, Loulou Harcourt, Charles Laprimaudaye, Harry Cust, Hubert Howard, George Leveson Gower, Dick Grosvenor, Mark Napier:&lt;blockquote&gt;George Wyndham performed a wonderful feat, writing a long poem in a most complicated metre, and full of excellent things in hardly more than an hour, between sets of lawn tennis. Cust wrote another under like conditions, so full of wit that we nearly gave him the prize. George Leveson was also good. The tennis handicap was won by Hubert Howard, the laureateship by Mathew. Hubert won the cup through Grosvenor's magnanimity, who having the last set in hand suddenly found himself lame and retired. Cust is interesting, and of great abilities. George Leveson a delightful butt, and cause of wit in others with untouchable good humour. These occasions are the salt of life.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;Blunt, Wilfrid Scawen. ''My Diaries: 1888 to 1900''. M. Secker, 1900. ''Google Books'' https://books.google.com/books?id=5qBCAAAAIAAJ. Volume 1 of ''My Diaries: Being a Personal Narrative of Events, 1888–1914''.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|83–84}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1893 July 1–2, Saturday and Sunday''', Blunt describes &quot;Crabbet. Annual meeting of the Crabbet Club.&quot; Besides himself, the members present were: George Curzon, George Leveson Gore, George Wyndham, George Peel (the 4 Georges), Morpeth, Mark Napier, Harry Cust, Charles Gatty, Hubert Howard, Godfrey Webb, Percy Wyndham, Loulou Harcourt, Theodore Fry, Theobald Mathew, Charles Laprimaudaye and Lawrence Currie.&lt;ref name=&quot;:04&quot;&gt;Blunt, Wilfrid Scawen. ''My Diaries: 1888 to 1900''. M. Secker, 1900. ''Google Books'' https://books.google.com/books?id=5qBCAAAAIAAJ. Volume 1 of ''My Diaries: Being a Personal Narrative of Events, 1888–1914''.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|138}}&lt;blockquote&gt;We sat down over twenty to dinner, and did not leave the table till half-past one. ...

St. George Lane Fox, and two new men, Esmé Howard and Eddy Tennant.

George Curzon was, as usual, the most brilliant, he never flags for an instant either in speech or repartee; after him George Wyndham, Mark Napier, and Webber. The next day, Sunday, Harry Cust won the Tennis Cup, and the Laureateship was adjudged to Curzon.&lt;ref name=&quot;:04&quot; /&gt;{{rp|138}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1894 June 30 and July 1''', Blunt says of &quot;Our Annual Crabbet Club Meeting&quot; that, besides himself, the members present were George Wyndham, George Curzon, George Peel, George Leveson Gower, Esmé Howard, St. George Lane Fox, Eddy Tennant, Hubert Howard, Godfrey Webb, Mark Napier, Theobald Mathew, Charles Gatty and Lawrence Currie, &quot;with three new members, Lord Cairns, Alfred Douglas, and Basil Blackwood.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:05&quot;&gt;Blunt, Wilfrid Scawen. ''My Diaries: 1888 to 1900''. M. Secker, 1900. ''Google Books'' https://books.google.com/books?id=5qBCAAAAIAAJ. Volume 1 of ''My Diaries: Being a Personal Narrative of Events, 1888–1914''.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|178}}

=== Crichton ===
3 Adelphi Terrace, W. C.
===Devonshire===
St. James's Street
===East India United Service===
14 St. James's Square
===Egerton===
87 St. James's Street
===Farmers'===
Salisbury Hotel, Fleet Street
===Garrick===
13 Garrick Street, W. C.
====Junior Garrick Club====
1A Adelphi Terrace, Strand, W. C.

===Grafton===
10 Grafton Street, W.

===Grampian===
11 Charles Street, Cavendish Square, W.

===Gresham===
Gresham Place, King William Street, E. C.

===Guards'===
70 Pall Mall, S. W.

The Guards' Club originated the idea of offering barley water — &quot;a non-alcoholic drink [—] gratis to every member,&quot; a practice also carried out by [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#White's|White's Club]], the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Marlborough|Marlborough Club]] and the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Turf|Turf Club]].

The Liquor Licensing Laws Commission collected evidence about drinking, and the Hon. Algernon Bourke, as manager of White's testified:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Algernon Bourke, manager of White's club — a club more than 200 years old — tells us something about the inner working of he club. He says: —

In our club, and in most of the West-end clubs, there is this arrangement, and I should almost like to suggest to the proprietors of working men's clubs that they should do the same as we do. We supply a non-alcoholic drink gratis to every member. At White's Club it takes the form of an excellent barley water. At the Guards Club the same; the Marlborough Club the same; the Turf Club the same. We do that, and in this sort of weather (it was July when Mr. Bourke spoke) a very large quantity of that is drunk in preference to drinking a whiskey and soda and some other things.

The credit of originating this idea, it seems, belongs to the Guards' Club. Mr. Bourke says it has undoubtedly resulted in a great decrease in the consumption of alcoholic drink, meaning, obviously the consumption in West-end clubs.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Side Lights on Drinking.&quot; ''Reynolds's Newspaper'' 25 April 1897, Sunday: 3 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000101/18970425/031/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

===Hanover===
28 George Street, W.

===Hogarth===
84 Charlotte Street, Fitzroy Square, W.

=== Ilchester Club ===
2, 3 Ilchester-gardens, Hyde Park, W.,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Ilchester Ladies' Club.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 04 June 1897 Friday: 1 [of 10], Col. 3a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970604/002/0001.&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;just off Bayswater-road&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Clubland at Play.&quot; &quot;The Ilchester Club.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 19 June 1897 Saturday: 40 [of 108], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970619/234/0040.&lt;/ref&gt;

A club for women. Opened Saturday 19 June 1897 (or perhaps the week before?):&lt;blockquote&gt;The Ilchester Club.—A club for ladies that has neither an educational nor a political fad to serve is somewhat new. The Ilchester Club for Ladies, occupying two good houses just off the Bayswater-road, has no other object than the providing of a comfortable home for ladies of good birth, on terms which should appeal to a very large number. For the sum of £82 per annum a lady may have all the advantages of a well-conducted house, and have everything provided, including food and many of those social comforts which one does not even find in one's own house. The club starts under capital auspices, and on Saturday night it was inaugurated by the play of &quot;Still Waters Run Deep,&quot; excellently played by the Hon. Mabel Vereker and Miss Norah Vandaleur; the former lady, I understand, largely interesting herself in the club. The male characters were cleverly sustained by Captain Baden-Powell, Captain C. E. Norton, Major Montresor, Mr. Davidson of Tulloch. Count de Seilern, the Marquis Montagliari, and Mr. Crookshank. Although the limits of the stage were very narrow, full credit was done to Tom Taylor's delightful comedy.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

===Law Society===
103 Chancery Lane
===Lyric===
&lt;blockquote&gt;The Lyric Club, in Piccadilly East, is dead, and many will sincerely regret its decease. Specially will this be the case with American and foreign musicians, for the Lyric proviled these with an opportunity of displaying their individual talents before an audience mainly composed of musical patrons and fellow artists. The Lyric Club was recently promoted into a company, Sir Julian Goldsmid, [p. 614 [20 in BNA], Col. 2c / 615 [21], Col. 1a] Captain Brownlow, Captain Mackinnon, Mr. Sinclair Macleay, and Dr. Scott Saunders being, I understand, amongst its principal directors. Proceedings having been instituted against Dr. Scott Saunders on a charge of forgery, the Directors of the Lyric Club discovered various circumstances which rendered it advisable to terminate at once its existence, and on Thursday morning of last week the Lyric ceased definitely to exist. There is at present no intention whatever of reorganising this institution, though another club, distinguished by another name, but embodying the best advantages of the late Lyric, together with many others which it did not possess, will shortly be organised.

Meanwhile, through the enterprise of Mr. Luther Munday, the members of the late Lyric Club are being provided with accommodation and entertainment in the premises of the late Meistersingers' Club at 63, St. James's-street. As both the Lyric and the Meistersingers are dead, it is a singular and unique fact in Club history that there now exists at 63, St. James's-street a club absolutely without a name. This is, I believe, the first instance of such a case on record.

Dr. Scott Saunders is charged with having forged the signature of Lord Londesborough. Misfortunes never come singly, and Lord Londesborough, who must be a heavy loser through his recent transactions in connection with the Lyric Club, has now suffered another serious loss through the fire which destroyed Seamer Moor on Sunday evening.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;{{rp|614, Col. 2c – 615 [BNA 20–21], Col. 1a}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

===Marlborough===
52 Pall Mall

The [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Guards'|Guards' Club]] originated the idea of offering barley water — &quot;a non-alcoholic drink [—] gratis to every member,&quot; a practice also carried out by [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#White's|White's Club]], the Marlborough Club and the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Turf|Turf Club]]. A fuller description of this subject is under the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Guards'|Guards' Club]].

===Medical===
9 Spring Gardens, S. W.
===Men and Women's Club===
'''1885 July 9, Thursday''', the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#9 July 1885, Thursday|Men and Women's Club was rededicated]] &quot;to focus on the relations between the two sexes&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Gillham, Nicholas Wright. ''A Life of Sir Francis Galton: From African Exploration to the Birth of Eugenics''. New York: Oxford UP, 2001. P. 274.&lt;/ref&gt; in its first meeting.

'''1885 October''', in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#October 1885|second meeting]], Henrietta Muller responded to Pearson's paper of 9 July 1885 with &quot;The Other Side of the Question&quot; (Bland 12). There were meetings in [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#November 1885|November]] and [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#December 1885|December 1885]] as well.

'''1887 January''', Annie Besant spoke at the meeting of the Men and Women's Club; her paper was &quot;The State and Sexual Relations,&quot; or &quot;preventive checks,&quot; or contraception (Bland 19).

===National===
1 Whitehall Gardens
===Naval and Military===
94 Picadilly, W.
====Junior Naval and Military Club====
19 Dover Street, W.
===New Thames Yacht===
Caledonian Hotel, 1 Robert Street, Adelphi, W. C.
===New Travellers'===
16 George Street, Hanover Square, W.
===New University===
57 St. James's Street
===Oriental===
18 Hanover Square, W.
===Oxford and Cambridge===
71 Pall Mall

===Pall Mall===
7 Waterloo Place, S. W.
===Pelican===
From July 1891:&lt;blockquote&gt;That ''fin de Siècle'' institution the Pelican Club is well known, thanks to the numerous advertisements it has received in the law courts and newspapers. It is a mistake however, to suppose that the Pelican is a club devoted to encouragement of pugilism, or that pugilists are ''habitués'' of its comfortable home, except as active participators in boxing matches in the ring, or while waiting for their turn penned behind railings. As a matter of fact it is by the merest accident that the Pelicans have become such prominent patrons of boxing.

The Club was originally started in March, 1887, by the proprietor Mr. Arthur Ernest Wells in a small house in Gerrard Street, which had been used as a coach-builder's shop. Mr. Wells' initial idea was to form a resort for Bohemians, to which no strangers should be admitted, much after the fashion of the popular [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Beefsteak|Beefsteak Club]] that has flourished over Toole's Theatre for some years. It was to be a one room club with sanded floor, luncheons and suppers from the grill, and the only other attractions were a grand piano, a billiard table and a bar.

From the first it was extremely popular, &quot;all sorts and conditions of men &quot;joining, peers and pressmen, actors and stockbrokers, artists and guardsmen. There seemed an extra charm in the Welsh rarebit and baked potato if eaten while Mr. Edward Solomon was trying over a new song on the piano, or Mr. Cammeyer was sweeping the strings of his zither-banjo. Boxing was about the last thing thought of, and it was only because Jem Smith, then champion of England, was much ''en'' ''évidence'' as one of the combatants in a proposed prize-fight, that the idea suggested itself to the proprietor to give a boxing entertainment for the delectation of the Pelicans.

Although the general room was very ill adapted for such a purpose, the floor being carpeted, and the ring erected between posts that supported the roof, the boxing &quot;took on&quot; at once, and the entertainment was repeated weekly. A great number of the members being journalists it was no wonder that the success of the new departure was considerably paragraphed in the newspapers, and did not escape the attention of the police, who, also urged on by several anonymous letters, made a raid on the Club premises on Sunday, April 25th, 1587.

As the police came tumbling into the room just as the penultimate round of a boxing competition was going on, they looked astonished and particularly foolish at the sight of rows upon rows of members all in evening dress sitting in stolid silence watching the sparring. A member of the committee, an officer of the Guards, who happened to be present, demanded of the two inspectors who headed the raiders, what they wanted, but they were unable to give a satisfactory answer, and eventually the constables retired amid the derision of the members. It afterwards transpired that the police had been informed that the game of baccarat was being played at the club, and the authorities at Scotland Yard made ample amends for their unwarranted intrusion.

From this time forward the Pelican Club became the acknowledged home of first-class boxing matches, and members flocked in so fast, despite a raised subscription and an entrance fee, that new quarters had to be found. A freehold site was purchased in Gerrard Street, Soho, facing Shaftesbury Avenue, and here, early in 1889, the foundation stone of the present magnificent premises was laid by Sir John D. Astley, Bart., the president ot the club.

Although the new club house was not opened for nearly a year, the much talked of glove fight between Jem Smith and Jackson, the black, came of in the new premises before they were finished. Although the stakes were a thousand pounds, the largest that had ever been boxed for up to then, the affair lasted only a couple of rounds, occupying something like six minutes, when Smith was disqualified for a foul. It cannot be disguised that the result of the match did not improve the standing of boxing as a national sport and although there have been many excellent glove contests since, boxing for large sums of money undoubtedly received its death warrant over this fiasco. Boxing on Sundays also has ceased at the Pelican out of consideration to the general public feeling on the subject, and only at intervals do the members muster on Sabbath evenings for the excellent smoking concerts which are impossible on week days, in consequence of the professional engagements of the actors and singers who take part in them.

The Club is now firmly established, and as it numbers nearly twelve hundred members need fear no rival. There is a thoroughly representative committee, and a noticeable rule of the club is, that &quot;No game of cards shall be allowed in the club.&quot;

The Pelicans are undoubtedly seen at their best on a Saturday night when their usual weekly boxing entertainment takes place. The ring is pitched in the spacious gymnasium downstairs, and although none of the seats are reserved, it is curious how custom has allotted certain portions of the arena to the different sets amongst the members. For instance, on the west side of the eighteen-foot ring, and around the referee's box — which usually contains either Mr. B. J. Angle, Mr. George Vize or Mr. Reggie Wakefield, all veteran amateur boxers — and Mr. F. C. Hilder, are clustered the members who hail from the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Turf|Turf]], [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#White's|White's]] and Guard's [&lt;nowiki/&gt;[[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Guards'|Guards']]] Clubs. Here on any night during the boxing season may be seen such well-known men as Lord Queensberry, Harry Hungerford, Sir Charles Hartopp, Lord Lonsdale, Lord Craven, John Delacour, Sir John Astley, Colonel Fox, the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]], Lord Royston, the Hon. Michael Sandys, Lords Esmé and Granville Gordon, Baron Max de Tuyll, Major &quot;Sugar&quot; Candy, Bagot-Chester, Lord Rossmore, Colonel Fraser, Lord Cholmondeley, the two Coventrys, Arthur and Aubrey, and Lord Marcus Beresford. Actors and journalists cluster about the stairs on the north side, among the most regular attendants being Fred Terry, F. Ker, Arthur Bourchier, Arthur Roberts, Fred Leslie, J. L. Shine, Sidney Howard, Mons. Marius; George Edwardes, Augustus and Charles Harris and Charles Hawtrey representing the managers. The journalists are more modest in numbers, Harrington O'Reilly, H. P. Stephens, James Davis, John Corlett, Lionel Monckton, A. M. Binstead, Byron Webber, C. Blake, and Tom Burnside being among the frequenters. The City and coaching members show a decided preference for the east side of the room, among the most notable being Colonel North and his ''aide de camp'', Captain Carvick, H. L. Beckett, &quot;Swish&quot; Broadwood, &quot;Dickey the Driver,&quot; Skipper Holmes, Percy Bouch, Willie Mackenzie, Carleton Blyth, F. Meredith, R. Cosier, J. K. Edward, Walter Pallant, J. Hawkins, R. S. Evans, and Philip Ellissen. The south side of the ring is much affected by distinguished visitors and Americans who are members, among the latter being Walter Coggeshall, W. King, Major Noah, Colonel Shaffer, and J. L. Onativia. General sport is well represented by J. L. Davis, Sir Matthew Wood, Captain Bailey, Charles Thompson, Captain Bewick, Frank Cobbett, Loftus Thornhill, Bernard Posno, R. Stuckey Wood, and Sir Simon Lockhart.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Pelican Club.&quot; ''Black &amp; White'' 18 July 1891, Saturday: 13 [of 46], Col. 2a–c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004617/18910718/045/0013. Print title ''Black and White'', p. 99.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

===Pheonix===
275 Strand, W. C.
===Portland===
===Pratt's===
14 Park Place, St. James's
===Prince's Cricket and Prince's Racket and Tennis===
22 Hans Place, Sloane Street, S. W., same address as the Prince's Racket and Tennis Club

=== Prince's Skating Club ===

==== 1896, November 6, Friday ====
1896 may have been the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Opening of the Prince's Club Skating Rink|first opening of the Prince's Skating Rink]], although the 1902 reports say it is the 7th season. The newspapers provide details about the building and the rink itself.

==== 1902, October ====
The newspapers reported on [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Annual Opening of the Prince's Ice-skating Rink|2 Fridays, October 24th and 31st]].

===Prince of Wales's Yacht===
Freemason's Tavern, 61 Great Queen Street, W. C.
===Queen's===
&quot;Founded as The Queen's Club Limited on 19 August 1886 by [[Social Victorians/People/Charteris|Evan Charteris]], George Francis and [[Social Victorians/People/Grosvenor|Algernon Grosvener]], the Queen's Club was the world's second multipurpose sports complex, after the Prince's Club .... The first lawn tennis courts were opened on 19 May 1887, and the first sporting event was held on 1 and 2 July 1887 when Oxford played Cambridge. The club buildings were opened in January 1888, having taken about 18 months to construct.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-07-28|title=Queen's Club|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen's_Club|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Club.&lt;/ref&gt;

In order to establish residence for his 26 July 1888 marriage to [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Caroline, Duchess of Montrose]], Marcus Henry Milner &quot;earned the necessary residential qualification by staying at the Queen's Club.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Metropolitan Notes.&quot; ''Nottingham Evening Post'' 31 July 1888, Tuesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 1b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/18880731/025/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Raleigh===
14 Regent Street, S. W.
===Ramblers'===
35 Ludgate Hill
===Reform===
104 Pall Mall
===Royal London Yacht===
===Royal Artillery and Royal Engineers; vide Medical===
===Royal Thames Yacht===
7 Albemarle Street
===St. George's Chess===
20 King Street, St. James's
===St. James's===
106 Picadilly
====Junior St. James's Club====
54 St. James's Street
===St. Stephen's===
1 Bridge Street, Westminster, S. W.
===[[Social Victorians/London Clubs/Savage Club|Savage]]===

===Savile===
15 Savile Row, W.
===Smithfield===
47 Half Moon Street, W.
===Stafford===
2 Savile Row, W.
===Temple===
37 Arundel Street, Strand
===Thatched House===
86 St. James's Street
===Travellers'===
106 Pall Mall
===Turf===
4 Grafton Street, W.

The [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Guards'|Guards' Club]] originated the idea of offering barley water — &quot;a non-alcoholic drink [—] gratis to every member,&quot; a practice also carried out by [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#White's|White's Club]], the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Marlborough|Marlborough Club]] and the Turf Club. A fuller description of this subject is under the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Guards'|Guards' Club]].

===Union===
Trafalgar Square, W.
===United Clergy and Laity===
24 Charles Street, St. James's
===United Service===
116 Pall Mall
====Junior United Service Club====
11 Charles Street, St. James's
===United University===
1 Suffolk Street, Pall Mall East, S. W.
===Universities===
71 Jermyn Street, St. James's, S. W.
===Verulam===
54 St. James's Street
===Victoria===
18 Wellington Street, Strand, W. C.
===Wanderers'===
4 Park Place, St. James's
===Westminster===
23 Albemarle Street
===Whitehall===
47 Parliament Street, S. W.
===White's===
38 St. James's Street

Established in 1693, the oldest of London's gentleman's clubs, White's still excludes women.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-10-09|title=White's|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White's|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%27s.&lt;/ref&gt; It was named originally for a business, Mrs. White's Chocolate House.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

A controversy arose in the summer of 1896 because of White's [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Summer Club|Summer Club]] in Kensington Park.

The [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Guards'|Guards' Club]] originated the idea of offering barley water — &quot;a non-alcoholic drink [—] gratis to every member,&quot; a practice also carried out by White's Club, the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Marlborough|Marlborough Club]] and the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Turf|Turf Club]]. A fuller description of this subject is under the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Guards'|Guards' Club]].

The 3 October 1896 ''Newcastle Chronicle'' reported on Algernon Bourke's history of White's Club. (A discussion of some details from this book are at [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Contemporary Overviews|Contemporary Overviews]], above.)&lt;blockquote&gt;The Hon. Algernon Bourke's interesting &quot;History of White's&quot; gives a vivid and faithful picture of fashionable society during the eighteenth century, and the earlier half of the nineteenth.

White's was originally founded in 1608 as White's Chocolate House. In those days there were no clubs, such as we understand them in our time. People went to the chocolate or coffee houses; and many of those reeorts acquired peculiar characteristics of their own. Will's Coffee House at the end of Bow Street was, for example, at the beginning of the eighteenth century frequented by Dryden, and was noted as the rallying ground of the wits of the town, who won their spurs in satire and epigram under the patronage of the great poet. Child's Coffee House, in St. Paul's Churchyard, became the beat up of physicians and apothecaries with an admixture of the clergy. The Grecian Coffee House, in a court leading out of the Strand, was used principally by lawyers; while such resorts as the Cocoa Tree and St. James's were frequented by Tory and Whig politicians respectively. White's Chocolate House was during the earlier portion of its career of no particular political complexion. Dice and cards rather than literary or political disputations were its attractions. At first, anybody could walk in who could afford the penny charged for admission, and who had money enough in his pocket to order the &quot;drawer&quot; to bring in a dish of chocolate or a bottle of port. This, however, led to disagreeables. A mighty duke or belted earl often found himself at the same table with a swaggering Captain Culpepper from Alsatia, with a highwayman who had achieved a successful exploit on the road, or with a city apprentice who had emptied his master's till and set up as a fine gentleman. By degrees, men of titles and position who knew each other, reserved for their own private use an inner room of the Chocolate House, from which persons who did not possess the &quot;open sesame&quot; to it were excluded, and in this way White's became a club! The proprietor of the establishment soon discovered that it would pay him best to limit his civilities to aristocratic customers, and he one fine day announced that his Chocolate House would be closed to all who did not come to it with the necessary credentials.

White's at an early date won notoriety as a club in which gaming for high stakes was customary. In Queen Anne's reign it had already established its reputation in this respect; for there is a passage in Swift in which he says that the Earl of Oxford &quot;never passed White's Chocolate House (the common rendezvous of infamous sharpers and noble bullies) without bestowing a curse on that famous academy as the bane of half the English aristocracy.&quot; 

It nay be doubted, neverthe!ess, whether White's in its worst days ever reached the scandalous celebrity of Crookford's. In the latter club, cheating was notorious. Prince Louis Napoleon was sharped there out of £2,000 in one night; but through his influential friends fortunately recovered the money. Yet White's was bad enough in all conscience. It was no uncommon thing for a nobleman to enter its doors a rich man on one night, and to leave it a beggar in the morning. Mr. Bourke relates of one particular gentleman that he gambled away £90,000 in a night. A fashion crept in, moreover, of wagering on all sorts of conceivable contingencies. Horace Walpole's anecdote in illustration of this is so well known that it will be perhaps stale for money. For the benefit of the few it may, however, be given here. Writing in 1750, he remarks: — &quot;A man dropped down dead at the door of White's, and was carried in. The club immediately made bets whether he was dead or not, and when they were going to bleed him, the wagerers for his death interposed, and said that it would affect the fairness of the bet.&quot; Wagers were made on births, deaths, and marriages; on the probable forces to be engaged in impending battles, on the results of sieges, on the conditions of treaties, on Parliamentary elections, on the fluctations [sic] of stocks, and on the course of quotations in the corn markets. Early this century the career of the Emperor Bonaparte was a fruitful theme of bets; and those who speculated on his downfall made a good thing of it. Sporting bets seem to have been few, however. The horse racing &quot;tipster&quot; had not come into existence. 

Wits and gourmets frequented White's for other purposes than gambling. The choicest and costliest repasts were given there. The banquet which White's gave to the allied sovereigns in 1814 cost £10,000, the entertainment of each guest amounting to £4 per head. Lord Alvanley invited a few friends to a little dinner, one of the dishes of which consisted of the &quot;noix&quot; or &quot;oysters&quot; taken from three hundred birds. It was, in short, the lavish folly of the Romans over again. Among the wits figured prominently George Selwyn and Horace Walpole. Grave statesmen frequented White's in their turn. The names of Sir Robert Walpole, Pulteney, Fox, Pitt, Wellington and Castlereagh, Canning and Peel are associated with the club. The club was nevertheless not of a strictly political character until 1783, when on the election of William Pitt it became Tory. 

Strange tales are also told of the servants of White's. One of its head waiters, Robert Mackreth, who rose to be club manager and proprietor, induced the Earl of Oxford to return him as member for the nomination borough of Castle Rising, in Norfolk. It is believed that the Earl of Oxford did so because he was too deeply in debt to Mackreth to thwart him in his political ambition. Another servant named Raggett, who waited upon the players in the gaming rooms, realised a handsome fortune by simply picking up from the carpets the counters which the gamblers in their cups — men did not sit down to cards sober in those days as they do now — left sprawling. As cash was never staked at the tables, these counters represented of course money, and could be exchanged for it. A third servant — a knife-boy named Rumbold — moved interest with a member of the East India Company, secured an appointment, went out to India, and shook the Pagoda tree with such success as to realise a magnificent fortune. This knife-boy attained, in fact, to the dignity of Governor of Madras.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Whites.&quot; ''Newcastle Chronicle'' 3 October 1896, Saturday: 9 [of 16], Col. 6a–c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000865/18961003/105/0009. Print: ''Newcastle Weekly Chronicle, Supplement'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== 1888 ====
23 July 1888, Monday, White's Club got the lease for the house that Bourke managed:&lt;blockquote&gt;At the adjourned meeting of the members of White’s Club yesterday, the Duke of Buccleuch presiding, it was agreed give Mrs. Percival £1,200 for her surrendered lease, for which there were two applicants, namely, the Hon. Algernon Bourke and Captain Perceval. The meeting resolved to accept the application of the former, and the committee were empowered to deal with his propositions. The Earl of Craven was elected member of the club.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Personal News.&quot; ''Globe'' 24 July 1888, Tuesday: 7 [of 8], Col. 3a [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001652/18880724/053/0007. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;17 October 1888, Wednesday, the ''Sheffield Daily Telegraph'' reported about uncertainty about White's:&lt;blockquote&gt;There seems to be still some uncertainty as to the future of White's club. This, the oldest of London club-houses, rendered immortal by Thackeray and others, has suffered in the struggle for existence with the newer and more attractive institutions which have sprung up all round it within the last few years. The chief capitalist in the club is Lord Cheylesmore, who would be most re’luctant to see it come to grief. Happily, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mr. Algernon Bourke]], an enterprising gentleman, who is a stockbroker, a correspondent of the ''Times'', and a very popular man about town, came to the rescue, and is now reorganising the institution. White’s, in future, is to be of the recreative class of clubs, but whetber members will be provided with dancing as at the New Club in Covent Garden, or music, as they are promised at the Lyric and the Meistersingers, or whether it be true that it is to have an athletic department, no one seems to know. However, for the present, the house is closed, and workmen are employed in decorating the interior.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London Letters.&quot; ''Sheffield Daily Telegraph'' 17 October 1888, Wednesday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000250/18881017/124/0004. Same print title, p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;27 October 1888, Saturday, a London Correspondent in the ''Brighouse'' ''and Rastrick Gazette'' reported about White's Club,&lt;blockquote&gt;There is some danger, I hear, of White's Club being involved in a lawsuit. Mr. Algernon Bourke is engaged in making extensive alterations and additions to the house, and one of the neighbours objects to the addition of a room on the ground that it interferes with his &quot;ancient lights.&quot; I believe, however, that Mr. Bourke knows what he is about, and that he is pretty certain to win the day if the matter is brought into court. There is a report, but I cannot vouch for its accuracy, that Prince Edie will become a member.&lt;ref&gt;London Correspondent. &quot;Passing Events.&quot; ''Brighouse &amp; Rastrick Gazette'' 27 October 1888, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 2 [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003061/18881027/013/0002. Print title ''Brighouse and Rastrick Gazette'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== 1889 ====
Richard D'Oyly Carte hired the French chef from White's for the Savoy Hotel restaurant.&lt;ref&gt;Williams, Olivia. ''The Secret Life of the Savoy: Glamour and Intrigue at the World's Most Famous Hotel''. Pegasus Books, 2021. Google Books (retrieved July 2025) https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Secret_Life_of_the_Savoy/a_IDEAAAQBAJ.&lt;/ref&gt; (1871)

==== 1893 ====

The ''Newcastle Chronicle'' described White's in November 1893 in discussing [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Algernon Bourke]]'s book on White's' history:&lt;blockquote&gt;It is true the fires are lighted at the clubs, the winter carpets have been laid down, portieres are drawn over draughty doorways, and books in tempting bindings are more and more en [sic] evidence. One of the most lavishly illustrated books I have seen for a long time is the history of &quot;White's.&quot; It must have cost a little fortune to produce. It is in two volumes, exquisitely printed, and the matter is most readable. But this is evidently quite a private enterprise. The publisher is the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]], and the work is issued from his private house in St. James's Street. There has also appeared, or is about to appear, the true and particular history of &quot;Brooks's.&quot; Clubland will soon have no secrets left, except, of course, those current ones that may not be told, not only in deference to good taste, but out of a wholesome fear of the law of libel. There are several stories of &quot;Crockford's&quot; in the volume about &quot;White's.&quot; One of them deals with the Lord Sefton of the time, who was a great epicure. He prided himself on the invention of a plat made of the soft roe of the mackerel. He was one of the principal victims at Crockford's, where at one time and another he lost £200,000 at play. His successor honoured an acceptance of his for £40,000 held by Crockford and presented after his death. The property in Manchester and Liverpool that was sold to meet his losses would today be valued at millions sterling.

Notable Wagers.

Long before these new and private guides to &quot;White's&quot; and &quot;Brooks's,&quot; there appeared in the &quot;Art Journal&quot; some sketches of Clubland, that let a good deal of permissible daylight into the more mysterious corners of the social quarters of the country. If the author only professed to loiter upon the frontiers, he nevertheless made several interesting excursions into the very heart of the territory. In regard to the laws and regulations of one of the great West End houses, he fell into a trifling mistake which one of the long-eyed birds of criticism picked out with his sharp beak and exhibited to the world. It was the merest shadow of a technical error and it proved the truth of the rest: it was the very smallest &quot;exception to prove the rule&quot; you can imagine. A distinguished correspondent, a member of &quot;White's,&quot; who recalls the book and is good enough to say he is &quot;delighted with the flavour of last week's Cigarette Papers,&quot; sends me several fresh notes from the bet book at the famous club. Two of them are well worth repeating. On November 4, 1754, Lord Mountfort wagered Sir John Bland 100 guineas that Mr. Nash would outlive Mr. Cibber. The two men in queetion were Colley Cibber and Bean Nash, the &quot;King of Bath,&quot; then very old men. Below the entry in the bet book to this day stands the record:— &quot;Both Lord Mountford and Sir John Bland put an end to their lives before the bet was decided.&quot; Among the curious bets of a comparatively recent date was that of Lord Alvanley, who wagered Mr. Goddard &quot;that Mr. G. Talbot does not die a natural death.&quot; Talbot retaliated by betting &quot;that Lord Alvanley is not worth three shillings this day two years.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Cheery November.&quot; ''Newcastle Chronicle'' 04 November 1893, Saturday: 5 [of 16], Col. 1a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000865/18931104/075/0005. Print title: ''Newcastle Weekly Chronicle'', p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== Summer Club ====
On 29 June 1896, Monday, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Algernon Bourke]] wrote the ''Daily Telegraph'' about the Summer Club:&lt;blockquote&gt;To the Editor of “The Daily Telegraph.”

Sir — Permit me to make my bow to the public. I am the manager of the Summer Club, which on two occasions has been the subject of Ministerial interpellation in Parliament. The Summer Club is a small combination, which conceived the idea of attempting to make life more pleasant in London by organising breakfast, luncheon, and teas in Kensington Gardens for its members. This appears to have given offence in some way to Dr. Tanner, with the result that the catering arrangements of the club are now &quot;by order&quot; thrown open to the public. No one is more pleased than I am at the result of the doctor's intervention, for it shows that the idea the Summer Club had of using the parks for something more than mere right of way bas been favourably received. In order, however, that the great British public may not be disappointed, should they all come to lunch at once, I think it necessary to explain that the kitchen, which by courtesy of the lessee of the kiosk our cook was permitted to use, is only 10ft by 5ft; it has also to serve as a scullery and pantry, and the larder, from which our luxurious viands are drawn, is a four-wheeled cab, which comes up every day with the food and returns after lunch with the scraps. Nevertheless, the Summer Club says to the British public — What we have we will share with you, though it don't amount to very much — I am, Sir, your obedient servant,

ALGERNON BOURKE.

White's Club, June 27&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Summer Club.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London) 29 June 1896, Monday: 8 [of 12], Col. 2b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/18960629/072/0008. Print title: ''Daily Telegraph'', p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;On 1896 June 20, Saturday, Lady Violet Greville wrote against the Summer Club in her column &quot;Place aux Dames&quot; in ''The Graphic'':&lt;blockquote&gt;L&lt;small&gt;ONDON&lt;/small&gt; in this hot weather takes upon itself a continental aspect. The park is full of people sitting on chairs in fragile summer garments, carriages with brilliant occupants flit to and fro, and all the out-door resorts are crowded. Battersea Park has lost its short-lived popularity, but Kensington Gardens, hitherto given over to nursemaids, has assumed a transient splendour conferred upon it by Mr. Algernon Bourke's tea kiosk, which is much patronised in the afternoon. But on what principle a-specially reserved enclosure in a public park is to be given over to White's club one fails to understand. Perhaps the paradise of straw armchairs and Japanese umbrellas surrounded by a halo of flowering rhododendrons in pots may rouse unnecessary envy in the breasts of the Peris cast out of such a paradise, otherwise it seems as if armchairs and umbrellas might also be supplied to the general public without hurting the too keen susceptibilities of the languid denizens of White's club. Any way the precedent is a bad one, for if White's, why not the Junior Carlton or Brooks's, or the Tooting and Clapham bicycle clubs, and in that case if all clubs may have reserved enclosures, what becomes of the public park?&lt;ref&gt;Greville, Lady Violet. &quot;Place aux Dames.&quot; ''Graphic'' 20 June 1896, Saturday: 24 [of 36], Col. 1a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000057/18960620/032/0024. Same print title, p. 746.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;On 4 July 1896, Saturday, &quot;Marmaduke&quot; in the ''Graphic'' took Bourke's side on the Summer Club in Kensington Park:&lt;blockquote&gt;Most of us have noticed that if we read in the newspapers the account of some matter which we are personally acquainted with the account will generally contain several errors. I have also noticed that when a question is asked in the House of Commons regarding some matter about which I know all the facts the question and the official answer to it frequently contain serious errors. Last week Mr. Akers-Douglas was asked in the House to explain how it was that Mr. Algernon Bourke obtained permission to open the &quot;Summer Club&quot; in Kensington Gardens, and he was questioned upon other particulars connected with the same matter. Both the questions and the official reply showed considerable ignorance of the facts. There has been from time immemorial a refreshment kiosk in Kensington Gardens. Mr. Bourke obtained from the tenant of this permission to use the kitchen for the benefit of the &quot;Summer Club,&quot; and to supply the members of the latter with refreshments. It was a purely commercial transaction. Mr. Bourke then established some wicker seats, a few tables, a tent, and a small hut upon a lawn in the neighbourhood of the kiosk. To do this he must have obtained the permission of Mr. Akers-Douglas, as obviously he would otherwise have been immediately ordered to remove them. Mr. Akers-Douglas equally obviously would not have given his sanction unless he had been previously informed of the objects which Mr. Bourke had in view — to wit, that the latter intended to establish a club there. That being the case, it is difficult to understand for what reason Mr. Akers-Douglas has now decided that any member of the public can use the chairs, tables, and tent belonging to the &quot;Summer Club,&quot; can insist upon the club servants attending upon him, and can compel them to supply him with refreshments. Mr. Akers-Douglas should have thought of the consequences before he granted the permission.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marmaduke.&quot; &quot;Court and Club.&quot; The ''Graphic'' 04 July 1896, Saturday: 14 [of 32], Col. 1b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9000057/18960704/029/0014. Print p. 14.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== 1899 ====
In 1899 White's was no longer under Algernon Bourke's management and was reconstituting itself after the possibility that it would have to close:&lt;blockquote&gt;White's Club has narrowly escaped closing its doors. Like many of the other leading West End clubs, it has suffered grievously of late years owing to the growth of the fashion of dining at hotel restaurants. The principal proprietor was Mr Algernon Bourke, Lord Mayo's uncle, and his interest has now been made the subject of pecuniary adjustment. It is now being reconstituted as a member's club, and a new manager is in charge, aided by an energetic and discriminating committee. The fact that the late committee was inclined to be rather too discriminate was one of the causes of the troubled waters into which the club drifted, for it is possible to be too exclusive, even for White's, especially in view of the competition that exists nowadays in clubdom — as everywhere else. Many members had resigned, but most of them are now anxious to return, and the membership list is in future to be extended to 755.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London Correspondence.&quot; ''Freeman's Journal'' 28 July 1899, Friday: 4 [of 8], Col. 8c [of 10]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000056/18990728/031/0004. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;In September 1899 the Oxford Chronicle and Berks and Bucks Gazette reported,&lt;blockquote&gt;The new secretary of White's, Mr. Mark Weyland, is the only surviving son of Mr. Weyland, of Wood Eaton a house pleasantly situated on the Cherwell, close to Oxford. His elder brother died of a fever contracted while soldiering in Egypt during the Tel-el-Kehir campaign.&lt;p&gt;

Mr. Mark Wayland is a nephew of Lord Clanricarde and Lady Cork, and a great grandson of the great George Canning. The members of White's now made all arrangements for buying out [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mr. Algernon Bourke]], and the club will henceforth be a members' club and not proprietary.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Personal and Social.&quot; ''Oxford Chronicle and Reading Gazette'' 2 September 1899, Saturday: 9 [of 12], Col. 1a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000989/18990902/098/0009.

Print title: ''Oxford Chronicle and Berks and Bucks Gazette'', p. 9.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Bourke underwent bankruptcy proceedings in 1899, after attempting to close Willis' Restaurant, Ltd., which left him liable for perhaps £9,000, at least £5,000 was owed to White's.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr. Bourke Must Pay.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 8 June 1899, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 8c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001985/18990608/118/0004. Print title: ''The Irish Weekly Independent'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Willis's===
Ralph Nevill says in 1912,&lt;blockquote&gt;It is a matter of regret that the peaceful and quiet Willis's in King Street has ceased to exist. Opened in 1893, it at first achieved considerable success. The moving spirit in its management was [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mr. Algernon Bourke]], who, in his time, has done many things, some of them very well. It was intended, I believe, to resemble the defunct Amphitryon Club in the matter of cuisine and wines; and, like the latter resort, its frequenters mostly belonged to the fashionable world. Besides the restaurant proper, there were several private rooms, and latterly an unsuccessful experiment was made with a supper club.&lt;ref&gt;Nevill, Ralph [Henry]. ''The Man of Pleasure''. Chatto &amp; Windus, 1912. Google Books (retrieved July 2025) https://www.google.com/books/edition/THE_MAN_OF_PLEASURE/gGZd_V6bv1YC.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

===Windham===
11 St. James's Square

==Bibliography==
*Milne-Smith, Amy. London Clubland: A Cultural History of Gender and Class in late-Victorian England. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. Google Books: https://books.google.com/books?id=TQrHAAAAQBAJ.
*Thom, Adam Bisset, compiler. The Upper Ten Thousand: An Alphabetical List of All Members of Noble Families, Bishops, Privy Councillors, Judges, Baronets, Members of the House of Commons, Lords-Lieutenant, Governors of Colonies, Knights and Companions of Orders, Deans and Archdeacons, and the Superior Officers of the Army and Navy, with Their Official Descriptions and Addresses. London: George Routledge and Sons, 1875. Google Books.

==Footnotes==
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      <text bytes="66543" sha1="bftj3oeiguunr38eh3bj8j719usox2r" xml:space="preserve">==Cliques and Social Networks==
All the clubs are cliques and social networks, in a way, so the distinction is not strong.
*The [[Social Victorians/Marlborough House Set |Marlborough House Set]]
*The [[Social Victorians/People/The Souls |Souls]]
*The Coterie
*[[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Crabbet Club|Crabbet Club]]
*[[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Men and Women's Club|Men and Women's Club]]
The Hunt Clubs, regionally rather than London based, with an annual Hunt Ball

*Warwickshire Hunt Club
*Worcestershire Hunt Club

&lt;blockquote&gt;No dance is prettier than that of a hunt club. It has an air about it more nationally charactcristic than that given by officers of a regiment, or of a ship. There is a spirit and go about it too seldom equalled at other dances, and the hunt uniforms are always in themselves a study. Only an expert can tell at a glance to which hunt particular facings belong, although many of us are acquainted with those of the more celebrated clubs. One of those in Oxfordshire, which shall be nameless, has adopted recently a new blue evening tie; the members are at some variance of opinion with regard to shade, and the effect is not happy. As a mere woman I have a preference for what men call &quot;the white choker,&quot; there is a style about it unattainable by any coloured tie, and it suits men so exceedingly well that they ought to stick to it. I know a few hunt uniforms, not all by any means, and of those of my acquaintance I prefer the red coats with pale green facings of the Rufford to any others, but this is a mere matter of prettiness, possibly others appeal more strongly to sporting instincts. The question of knee-breeches and silk stockings or trousers in hunt evening dress is a vexed one solved very likely by each member in accordance with the opinion he has formed of his own legs. There can be no doubt that the knee-breeches look far smarter. This is flagrant digression into the province of sportsmen, in whose appearance, however, we may perhaps be permitted a slight interest. Many hunts have a ladies' uniform, but that only for equestrian attire; the most we ever do at balls is to carry out club colours in our costume or bouquet, and that of course, only if they happen to suit our complexions. The blue and buff of the Beaufort is smart-looking, the chocolate and pale blue of the Earl of Harrington's is a very favourite uniform, and the new colours instituted by Lady Lonsdale for the Quorn — a peculiar shade of blue with a smart little touch of [intervening image] red — seems to give great satisfaction among the feminine followers of that celebrated hunt.&lt;ref&gt;Diana-Up-To-Date. &quot;Sportswoman's Page.&quot; ''Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News'' 23 January 1897, Saturday: 18 [of 40, Col. 1a–c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001857/18970123/037/0018. Same print title, p. 814.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==Contemporary Overviews==
In the 8 April 1911 ''Sphere'', &quot;C. K. S.&quot; says,&lt;blockquote&gt;I have derived a lot of pleasure from Mr. Ralph Nevill's new book, ''London Clubs: their History and Treasures'' (Chatto and Windus). Mr. Nevill has added one more to a very interesting series of volumes, of which ''The Merry Past'' and ''Light Come, Light Go'', are two others. Many will most appreciate that part of Mr. Nevill's book for which I care least — the history of certain clubs, such as Brooks's and White's. Here I think Mr. Nevill has followed too blindly John Timbs's well-known book. I am not sure that he has read an earlier book by Marsh, and he seems not to have seen the volumes provided by the two clubs that I have named, Mr. Algernon Bourke's ''History of [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#White's|White]]''[[Social Victorians/London Clubs#White's|''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s Club'']] and Mr. Victor Williamson's ''Memorials of [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Brooks|Brooks's]]'', the latter a not very satisfactory compilation, whereas Mr. Bourke's ''History of White's'' is really a fine and well-written book.

If Mr. Nevill had seen ''The History of White's Club'' he could not have fixed its origin where he does, following therein Timbs and Cunningham, Mr. Wheatley and Mr. Walford, in the assumption that White's original house was five doors from the bottom of St. James's Street, this error being derived from misreading a caricature by Gilray. Mr. Bourke makes it perfectly clear that White's original Chocolate House stood where [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Boodle's|Boodle's Club]] now is — that is to say, at 28, St. James's Street.

Again, I find Mr. Nevill mixing up The Club and the Literary Club. Herein he follows Timbs, who says that the name of The Club was altered to the Literary Club at Garrick's funeral. I think I am right in saying that there have always been two clubs. The Club, of which Johnson, Garrick, and Reynolds were members, exists at the present day under the same name. It is very exclusive, confining itself to a few eminent politicians of literary proclivities. Lord Rosebery is a member, and Mr. Balfour and Mr. Birrell.

The Literary Club also still exists although I have not heard of it for some years. Of this last club Thackeray was once the president, and I am the owner of the chair in which he sat at its meetings, a thoroughly well-authenticated piece of furniture. It was given to me by Sir William Ingram, who received it from Sir Erasmus Wilson, one of the members of the Literary Club at the time when Thackeray was president. I once spent a week-end in the company of that delightful ''raconteur'', Sir Benjamin Ward Richardson, and he told me a great deal [Col. 2c–3a] about the Literary Club, of which he was a member until his death.

These, however, are subordinate matters. The main point is that Mr. Nevill has written a delightful book, the charm of which is not so much in the historical portion as in his own account of clubs that he knows well, for he is evidently a genuine clubman and is able to picture the life of a good London club from the inside in a way that few who have written upon the subject have been able to do. The final result is excellent. We have here a most readable book and one which every clubman should have at his elbow.

Mr. Nevill might well supplement it by another volume on the dining clubs of London, a subject that he almost ignores or treats indifferently as in the case of The Club and the Literary Club. There is a good essay by Sir Spencer Walpole in his ''Essays Political and Biographical'' on the dining clubs of London, which treats of The Club, and Nobody's and the Literary Club. Among other clubs mentioned by Sir Spencer Walpole are the Dilettanti and Grillion's.

There are, however, a great many comparatively new dining clubs that would come into a book upon the subject. There is the Johnson Club, the Omar Khayyám Club, the Noviomagians — of which I have once been a guest and which is now, I believe, defunct — the Titmarsh Club, the Whitefriars Club, the Auburn Club, and what is perhaps the most democratic of them all, the Vagabonds Club. It is possible that these and others would make a very interesting book.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Literary Letter: The Posthumous Work of Alfred Nutt — A New History of Clubland — Depressing!&quot; ''The Sphere'' 8 April 1911, Saturday: 34 [of 40], Col. 2a–3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001861/19110408/050/0034. Same print title, p. viii.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==The Clubs==
Flourishing and Address as of 1875 plus additions with quotations and specifics.

===Albert===
1 Bolt Court, Fleet Street, E.C. (Thom 527)
===Alfred===
22A Change Alley, E.C.
===Alpine===
8 St. Martin's Place, W.C.
===Arlington===
4 Arlington Street, W. (Thom 527)
===Army &amp; Navy===
36 Pall Mall, S. W. (Thom 527)
====Junior Army and Navy Club====
12 Grafton Street, W.
===Arthur's===
69 St. James's Street, S. W.
===Arts===
17 Hanover Square, W.
===Arundel===
12 Salisbury Street, Strand
===Athenaeum===
107 Pall Mall, S. W.
====And Junior Athenaeum Club====
116 Picadilly, W.
===Baths===
The 1895 ''Yorkshire Post'' report says the club was started the prior year, so perhaps these are not the same club.

==== 1892 ====
''Truth'' reports the following:&lt;blockquote&gt;In the matter of clubs, enterprise seems to be unceasing. The latest institution of the kind which will shortly open its doors is the &quot;Baths Club.&quot; The directors of the &quot;Baths Club&quot; have purchased Lord Abergavenny's house in Dover-street, and here, when the necessary alterations have been completed, will be found a most luxurious combination of baths of all nations and of every kind. Amongst the Directors are Mr. Herbert Gladstone, Mr. W. Grenfell, Mr. Edward Tennant, and Mr. James Mansfield. The General Committee comprises amongst other names those of Lord Chesterfield, Lord Minto, Lord Dalkeith, Lord Cairns, Lord Ampthill, Mr. Alfred Lyttelton, Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Algernon Bourke]], Sir Frederick Milner, Admiral Maxse, and Mr. C. Williamson Milne. It is unnecessary for the moment to enlarge upon the advantages which will be offered by the &quot;Baths Club,&quot; for the scheme has met with such general and influential support that its success is scarcely a matter for conjecture.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Marmaduke. &quot;Letters from the Linkman.&quot; ''Truth'' 22 September 1892, Thursday: 19 [of 52], Col. 2b [of 2] – 21, Col. 2a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0002961/18920922/041/0019, https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0002961/18920922/041/0020, [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18920922/042/0021# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18920922/042/0021]. Print title same, pp. 613–615.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|615 [BNA 21], Col. 1b}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== 1895 ====
&lt;blockquote&gt;The Baths’ Club, which was started last year under distinguished auspices in Dover Street, Piccadilly has, says our London Correspondent, been a great success. At the annual meeting of the members to-morrow the committee, of which Mr. W, Grenfell is president, will be able to announce that the number of candidates for membership to date, including ladies, is 1,606, and the number of members elected 1,090. The income from all sources amounted to £10,376, including £1,170 15s. received for life membership and entrance fees. The dining-room expenditure was slightly in excess of the income, but as the outgoings included boarding a staff of 70 servants the result is regarded as not altogether unsatisfactory. In order to make the club more generally attractive it is proposed to form a collection of books and works of art on sports and pastimes, and at the meeting to-morrow a Library Committee will be formed with this end in view. The General Committee, which is to be proposed for election at the same time, reflects strong position which the club holds in the fashionable world. It includes the Duke of Abercorn, the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]], the Marquess of Carmarthen, M.P., Lord Alwyne Compton, M.P., Viscount Curzon, the Earl of Lonsdale, Lord Suffield, Mr. Hwfa Williams, Mr. George Wyndham, M.P., and the Hon. Arthur Henniker.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Notes on Current Topics.&quot; ''Yorkshire Post and Leeds Intelligencer'' 25 November 1895, Monday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000687/18951125/076/0004. Print title: ''The Yorkshire Post'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

===Beefsteak===
===Beaufort===
7 Rathbone Place, Oxford Street, W.
===Bolingbroke Reading-Room and Institute===
Not exactly a club, but it had a similar function perhaps.

From the ''South London Press'':&lt;blockquote&gt;This institute continues to prosper. Mr. Edward Wood has been elected president, and the following gentlemen have consented to act as vice-presidents: Mr. J. F. Moulton, Q.C., M.P., Mr. O. V. Morgan, M.P., [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]], Mr. W. Evil, Mr. J. Buckmaster, Rev. J. P. Fannthorpe, Rev. J. Sharr, Sir J. Trevor Lawrence, M.P., Dr. Mabyn Read, and Mrs. Woodhouse. Valuable gifts of books have been received from the Hon. A. Bourke, Messrs. Macmillan and Co., Rev. A. C. Woodhouse, Rev. J. Parr, Mr. A. G. Browning, Mr. J. Wix, Rev. A. Towsey, Miss Donaldson, and Messrs. Steer, Garland, Coxall, and Harrison. The library is now open for issue of books every evening from 8.30 to 9, and every Monday, Wednesday, and Saturday, from 12.30 to 1 p.m. Chess and draughts are played daily, but especially on Monday, Wednesday, and Saturday evenings.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Bolingbroke Reading-Room and Institute.&quot; ''South London Press'' 27 February 1886, Saturday: 7 [of 16], Col. 5a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18860227/054/0007. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

===Boodle's===
28 St. James's Street
===Brooks'===
60 St. James's Street
In June 1894, the London ''Echo'' reported&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Algernon Bourke, who recently published two interesting works — &quot;The History of White's&quot; and &quot;The Jeykell Memoirs&quot; — is now preparing another antiquarian book in “The History of Brooke's.” The two volumes will contain stories of Fox, Selwyn, Sheridan, &quot;Fighting&quot; Fitzgerald, and other famous members of the club, and a number of illustrations.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;'Echo' Gossip.&quot; ''Echo'' (London) 18 June 1894, Monday: 1 [of 4], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004596/18940618/006/0001. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

===Burlington Fine Arts===
17 Savile Row, W.
===Carlton===
94 Pall Mall
====City Carlton Club====
83 King William Street., E. C.
====Junior Carlton Club====
30 Pall Mall
===Cavendish===
307 Regent Street, W.
===City Liberal===
71 Queen Street, E.C. (address marked as &quot;temporary&quot; in 1875)
===City of London===
19 Old Broad Street, E. C.
===City United===
Ludgate Circus, E. C.
===Civil and Military===
316 Regent Street, W.
===Clarence===
1 Regent Street, Waterloo Place, S. W.
===Cobden===
5 Milman Street, Bedford Row, W. C.
===Cocoa Tree===
64 St. James's Street
===Conservative===
74 St. James's Street

==== Junior Conservative Club ====
29 King Street, St. James's (Thom 528)

===Cosmopolitan===
30 Charles Street, Berkeley Square, W.
===County===
43 Albemarle Street, W.

=== Crabbet Club ===
Members&lt;ref&gt;Douglas, Alfred Bruce (Lord Alfred Douglas). ''Oscar Wilde and Myself''. AMS Press, 1914: 64. ''Google Books'' https://books.google.com/books?id=z40fAQAAIAAJ.&lt;/ref&gt;

* Wilfred Blunt, founder
* George Curzon: Lord Curzon of Kedlestone
* George Wyndham
* George Leveson-Gower
* Lord Houghton: Lord Crewe
* Mr. Harry Cust
* Mr. Mark Napier
* Lord Cairns (&quot;the late Lord Cairns&quot;)
* Mr. &quot;Lulu&quot; Harcourt
* Oscar Wilde (attended one meeting)
* Lord Alfred Douglas (attended one meeting)
* many more

==== History of the Crabbet Club ====
Wilfred Blunt outlines the history of Crabbet Club, ending with its reconstruction with younger men in 1890:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Crabbet Club was in its origin a purely convivial gathering, unambitious of any literary aim. It began in this way: When George, Lord Pembroke (the 13th Earl) came of age in 1871, having been a very popular boy at Eton, with many school friends, and afterwards at Oxford, he thought it would be amusing to continue in some measure the life they had led by having them to stay with him once or twice every summer at Wilton, for a day or two at a time, to play cricket, and row on the river, and otherwise divert themselves, and they took the name of the “Wilton,&quot; or &quot;Wagger” Club, and it proved a great success. In 1876, though much older than the rest of the members, I was asked to join it as one who had known the Herberts from their school days. Pembroke was staying with me at Crabbet, and his two brothers and their sister Gladys (afterwards Lady Ripon), and several of their friends, and several of mine, and I drove them all to Epsom for the / Derby (Silvio's year), and we had a cricket match and a lawn tennis handicap (lawn tennis was in the process of being invented, and we played on a court 20 feet longer than what afterwards became the regulation length), and it was on this occasion that I joined the club. The party at Crabbet had proved such a success that the next year it was proposed that the club should make one of its regular meetings there, and so it gradually came about that the members came to Crabbet annually. The members of the club were never more than a few, a dozen to twenty, and consisted, besides the Herbert brothers, of Eddy Hamilton, who was afterwards Gladstone's private secretary, Lord Lewisham, Jocelyn Amherst, Granny Farquhar, Lionel Bathurst, with Harry Brand (afterwards Lord Hampden), Nigel Kingscote, Godfrey Webb, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Button Bourke]], Frank Lascelles, Mark Napier, and half-a-dozen more of my own intimates, and these came regularly to Crabbet every summer, and we gradually adopted the “Crabbet Club” as the name of our branch.

Though we professed no kind of politics, and looked to amusement only, nearly all the members of it were Tories, two or three of them in Parliament, and when in 1882 I took the somewhat violent line I did about Egypt and war ensued, several of the members taking offence ceased their attendance, and the Club as far as the Crabbet meetings were concerned became less popular, and this state of things was aggravated when I stood for Parliament as a Home Ruler in 1885 and 1886, and it was all but submerged by my imprisonment at Galway. Hardly any of the old Wilton members would answer the invitations to it, and Pembroke himself, the most tolerant of men, as an Irish landlord with large interests at stake in the county of Dublin, felt it a grievance that I should have identified myself with the Land League and the Plan of Campaign. All this was natural enough, and I could not complain of the defection. The Club as the “Crabbet Club” was still continued, but reconstructed on different lines with a number of young men, Oxford undergraduates, most of them professing Home Rule opinions. The chief of these were the two Peels, Willy and George, sons of the Speaker, Arthur Pollen, Herbert Vivian, Leo Maxse, Percy Wyndham (son of Sir Hugh), Theodore Fry, Theobald Mathew, Artie Brand, and Loulou / Harcourt, the only three of the old set being Mark Napier, Eddy Hamilton, and Nigel Kingscote.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;Blunt, Wilfrid Scawen. ''My Diaries: 1888 to 1900''. M. Secker, 1900. ''Google Books'' https://books.google.com/books?id=5qBCAAAAIAAJ. Volume 1 of ''My Diaries: Being a Personal Narrative of Events, 1888–1914''.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|50–52}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1892 July 23 and 24''', Blunt describes a meeting of the Crabbet Club. Present were George Wyndham, George Curzon, Nigel Kingscote, Charles Gatty, Theobald Mathew, Godfrey Webb, Loulou Harcourt, Charles Laprimaudaye, Harry Cust, Hubert Howard, George Leveson Gower, Dick Grosvenor, Mark Napier:&lt;blockquote&gt;George Wyndham performed a wonderful feat, writing a long poem in a most complicated metre, and full of excellent things in hardly more than an hour, between sets of lawn tennis. Cust wrote another under like conditions, so full of wit that we nearly gave him the prize. George Leveson was also good. The tennis handicap was won by Hubert Howard, the laureateship by Mathew. Hubert won the cup through Grosvenor's magnanimity, who having the last set in hand suddenly found himself lame and retired. Cust is interesting, and of great abilities. George Leveson a delightful butt, and cause of wit in others with untouchable good humour. These occasions are the salt of life.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;Blunt, Wilfrid Scawen. ''My Diaries: 1888 to 1900''. M. Secker, 1900. ''Google Books'' https://books.google.com/books?id=5qBCAAAAIAAJ. Volume 1 of ''My Diaries: Being a Personal Narrative of Events, 1888–1914''.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|83–84}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1893 July 1–2, Saturday and Sunday''', Blunt describes &quot;Crabbet. Annual meeting of the Crabbet Club.&quot; Besides himself, the members present were: George Curzon, George Leveson Gore, George Wyndham, George Peel (the 4 Georges), Morpeth, Mark Napier, Harry Cust, Charles Gatty, Hubert Howard, Godfrey Webb, Percy Wyndham, Loulou Harcourt, Theodore Fry, Theobald Mathew, Charles Laprimaudaye and Lawrence Currie.&lt;ref name=&quot;:04&quot;&gt;Blunt, Wilfrid Scawen. ''My Diaries: 1888 to 1900''. M. Secker, 1900. ''Google Books'' https://books.google.com/books?id=5qBCAAAAIAAJ. Volume 1 of ''My Diaries: Being a Personal Narrative of Events, 1888–1914''.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|138}}&lt;blockquote&gt;We sat down over twenty to dinner, and did not leave the table till half-past one. ...

St. George Lane Fox, and two new men, Esmé Howard and Eddy Tennant.

George Curzon was, as usual, the most brilliant, he never flags for an instant either in speech or repartee; after him George Wyndham, Mark Napier, and Webber. The next day, Sunday, Harry Cust won the Tennis Cup, and the Laureateship was adjudged to Curzon.&lt;ref name=&quot;:04&quot; /&gt;{{rp|138}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1894 June 30 and July 1''', Blunt says of &quot;Our Annual Crabbet Club Meeting&quot; that, besides himself, the members present were George Wyndham, George Curzon, George Peel, George Leveson Gower, Esmé Howard, St. George Lane Fox, Eddy Tennant, Hubert Howard, Godfrey Webb, Mark Napier, Theobald Mathew, Charles Gatty and Lawrence Currie, &quot;with three new members, Lord Cairns, Alfred Douglas, and Basil Blackwood.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:05&quot;&gt;Blunt, Wilfrid Scawen. ''My Diaries: 1888 to 1900''. M. Secker, 1900. ''Google Books'' https://books.google.com/books?id=5qBCAAAAIAAJ. Volume 1 of ''My Diaries: Being a Personal Narrative of Events, 1888–1914''.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|178}}

=== Crichton ===
3 Adelphi Terrace, W. C.
===Devonshire===
St. James's Street
===East India United Service===
14 St. James's Square
===Egerton===
87 St. James's Street
===Farmers'===
Salisbury Hotel, Fleet Street
===Garrick===
13 Garrick Street, W. C.
====Junior Garrick Club====
1A Adelphi Terrace, Strand, W. C.

===Grafton===
10 Grafton Street, W.

===Grampian===
11 Charles Street, Cavendish Square, W.

===Gresham===
Gresham Place, King William Street, E. C.

===Guards'===
70 Pall Mall, S. W.

The Guards' Club originated the idea of offering barley water — &quot;a non-alcoholic drink [—] gratis to every member,&quot; a practice also carried out by [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#White's|White's Club]], the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Marlborough|Marlborough Club]] and the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Turf|Turf Club]].

The Liquor Licensing Laws Commission collected evidence about drinking, and the Hon. Algernon Bourke, as manager of White's testified:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Algernon Bourke, manager of White's club — a club more than 200 years old — tells us something about the inner working of he club. He says: —

In our club, and in most of the West-end clubs, there is this arrangement, and I should almost like to suggest to the proprietors of working men's clubs that they should do the same as we do. We supply a non-alcoholic drink gratis to every member. At White's Club it takes the form of an excellent barley water. At the Guards Club the same; the Marlborough Club the same; the Turf Club the same. We do that, and in this sort of weather (it was July when Mr. Bourke spoke) a very large quantity of that is drunk in preference to drinking a whiskey and soda and some other things.

The credit of originating this idea, it seems, belongs to the Guards' Club. Mr. Bourke says it has undoubtedly resulted in a great decrease in the consumption of alcoholic drink, meaning, obviously the consumption in West-end clubs.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Side Lights on Drinking.&quot; ''Reynolds's Newspaper'' 25 April 1897, Sunday: 3 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000101/18970425/031/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

===Hanover===
28 George Street, W.

===Hogarth===
84 Charlotte Street, Fitzroy Square, W.

=== Ilchester Club ===
2, 3 Ilchester-gardens, Hyde Park, W.,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Ilchester Ladies' Club.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 04 June 1897 Friday: 1 [of 10], Col. 3a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970604/002/0001.&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;just off Bayswater-road&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Clubland at Play.&quot; &quot;The Ilchester Club.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 19 June 1897 Saturday: 40 [of 108], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970619/234/0040.&lt;/ref&gt;

A club for women. Opened Saturday 19 June 1897 (or perhaps the week before?):&lt;blockquote&gt;The Ilchester Club.—A club for ladies that has neither an educational nor a political fad to serve is somewhat new. The Ilchester Club for Ladies, occupying two good houses just off the Bayswater-road, has no other object than the providing of a comfortable home for ladies of good birth, on terms which should appeal to a very large number. For the sum of £82 per annum a lady may have all the advantages of a well-conducted house, and have everything provided, including food and many of those social comforts which one does not even find in one's own house. The club starts under capital auspices, and on Saturday night it was inaugurated by the play of &quot;Still Waters Run Deep,&quot; excellently played by the Hon. Mabel Vereker and Miss Norah Vandaleur; the former lady, I understand, largely interesting herself in the club. The male characters were cleverly sustained by Captain Baden-Powell, Captain C. E. Norton, Major Montresor, Mr. Davidson of Tulloch. Count de Seilern, the Marquis Montagliari, and Mr. Crookshank. Although the limits of the stage were very narrow, full credit was done to Tom Taylor's delightful comedy.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

===Law Society===
103 Chancery Lane
===Lyric===
&lt;blockquote&gt;The Lyric Club, in Piccadilly East, is dead, and many will sincerely regret its decease. Specially will this be the case with American and foreign musicians, for the Lyric proviled these with an opportunity of displaying their individual talents before an audience mainly composed of musical patrons and fellow artists. The Lyric Club was recently promoted into a company, Sir Julian Goldsmid, [p. 614 [20 in BNA], Col. 2c / 615 [21], Col. 1a] Captain Brownlow, Captain Mackinnon, Mr. Sinclair Macleay, and Dr. Scott Saunders being, I understand, amongst its principal directors. Proceedings having been instituted against Dr. Scott Saunders on a charge of forgery, the Directors of the Lyric Club discovered various circumstances which rendered it advisable to terminate at once its existence, and on Thursday morning of last week the Lyric ceased definitely to exist. There is at present no intention whatever of reorganising this institution, though another club, distinguished by another name, but embodying the best advantages of the late Lyric, together with many others which it did not possess, will shortly be organised.

Meanwhile, through the enterprise of Mr. Luther Munday, the members of the late Lyric Club are being provided with accommodation and entertainment in the premises of the late Meistersingers' Club at 63, St. James's-street. As both the Lyric and the Meistersingers are dead, it is a singular and unique fact in Club history that there now exists at 63, St. James's-street a club absolutely without a name. This is, I believe, the first instance of such a case on record.

Dr. Scott Saunders is charged with having forged the signature of Lord Londesborough. Misfortunes never come singly, and Lord Londesborough, who must be a heavy loser through his recent transactions in connection with the Lyric Club, has now suffered another serious loss through the fire which destroyed Seamer Moor on Sunday evening.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;{{rp|614, Col. 2c – 615 [BNA 20–21], Col. 1a}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

===Marlborough===
52 Pall Mall

The [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Guards'|Guards' Club]] originated the idea of offering barley water — &quot;a non-alcoholic drink [—] gratis to every member,&quot; a practice also carried out by [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#White's|White's Club]], the Marlborough Club and the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Turf|Turf Club]]. A fuller description of this subject is under the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Guards'|Guards' Club]].

===Medical===
9 Spring Gardens, S. W.
===Men and Women's Club===
'''1885 July 9, Thursday''', the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#9 July 1885, Thursday|Men and Women's Club was rededicated]] &quot;to focus on the relations between the two sexes&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Gillham, Nicholas Wright. ''A Life of Sir Francis Galton: From African Exploration to the Birth of Eugenics''. New York: Oxford UP, 2001. P. 274.&lt;/ref&gt; in its first meeting.

'''1885 October''', in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#October 1885|second meeting]], Henrietta Muller responded to Pearson's paper of 9 July 1885 with &quot;The Other Side of the Question&quot; (Bland 12). There were meetings in [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#November 1885|November]] and [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#December 1885|December 1885]] as well.

'''1887 January''', Annie Besant spoke at the meeting of the Men and Women's Club; her paper was &quot;The State and Sexual Relations,&quot; or &quot;preventive checks,&quot; or contraception (Bland 19).

===National===
1 Whitehall Gardens
===Naval and Military===
94 Picadilly, W.
====Junior Naval and Military Club====
19 Dover Street, W.
===New Thames Yacht===
Caledonian Hotel, 1 Robert Street, Adelphi, W. C.
===New Travellers'===
16 George Street, Hanover Square, W.
===New University===
57 St. James's Street
===Oriental===
18 Hanover Square, W.
===Oxford and Cambridge===
71 Pall Mall

===Pall Mall===
7 Waterloo Place, S. W.
===Pelican===
From July 1891:&lt;blockquote&gt;That ''fin de Siècle'' institution the Pelican Club is well known, thanks to the numerous advertisements it has received in the law courts and newspapers. It is a mistake however, to suppose that the Pelican is a club devoted to encouragement of pugilism, or that pugilists are ''habitués'' of its comfortable home, except as active participators in boxing matches in the ring, or while waiting for their turn penned behind railings. As a matter of fact it is by the merest accident that the Pelicans have become such prominent patrons of boxing.

The Club was originally started in March, 1887, by the proprietor Mr. Arthur Ernest Wells in a small house in Gerrard Street, which had been used as a coach-builder's shop. Mr. Wells' initial idea was to form a resort for Bohemians, to which no strangers should be admitted, much after the fashion of the popular [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Beefsteak|Beefsteak Club]] that has flourished over Toole's Theatre for some years. It was to be a one room club with sanded floor, luncheons and suppers from the grill, and the only other attractions were a grand piano, a billiard table and a bar.

From the first it was extremely popular, &quot;all sorts and conditions of men &quot;joining, peers and pressmen, actors and stockbrokers, artists and guardsmen. There seemed an extra charm in the Welsh rarebit and baked potato if eaten while Mr. Edward Solomon was trying over a new song on the piano, or Mr. Cammeyer was sweeping the strings of his zither-banjo. Boxing was about the last thing thought of, and it was only because Jem Smith, then champion of England, was much ''en'' ''évidence'' as one of the combatants in a proposed prize-fight, that the idea suggested itself to the proprietor to give a boxing entertainment for the delectation of the Pelicans.

Although the general room was very ill adapted for such a purpose, the floor being carpeted, and the ring erected between posts that supported the roof, the boxing &quot;took on&quot; at once, and the entertainment was repeated weekly. A great number of the members being journalists it was no wonder that the success of the new departure was considerably paragraphed in the newspapers, and did not escape the attention of the police, who, also urged on by several anonymous letters, made a raid on the Club premises on Sunday, April 25th, 1587.

As the police came tumbling into the room just as the penultimate round of a boxing competition was going on, they looked astonished and particularly foolish at the sight of rows upon rows of members all in evening dress sitting in stolid silence watching the sparring. A member of the committee, an officer of the Guards, who happened to be present, demanded of the two inspectors who headed the raiders, what they wanted, but they were unable to give a satisfactory answer, and eventually the constables retired amid the derision of the members. It afterwards transpired that the police had been informed that the game of baccarat was being played at the club, and the authorities at Scotland Yard made ample amends for their unwarranted intrusion.

From this time forward the Pelican Club became the acknowledged home of first-class boxing matches, and members flocked in so fast, despite a raised subscription and an entrance fee, that new quarters had to be found. A freehold site was purchased in Gerrard Street, Soho, facing Shaftesbury Avenue, and here, early in 1889, the foundation stone of the present magnificent premises was laid by Sir John D. Astley, Bart., the president ot the club.

Although the new club house was not opened for nearly a year, the much talked of glove fight between Jem Smith and Jackson, the black, came of in the new premises before they were finished. Although the stakes were a thousand pounds, the largest that had ever been boxed for up to then, the affair lasted only a couple of rounds, occupying something like six minutes, when Smith was disqualified for a foul. It cannot be disguised that the result of the match did not improve the standing of boxing as a national sport and although there have been many excellent glove contests since, boxing for large sums of money undoubtedly received its death warrant over this fiasco. Boxing on Sundays also has ceased at the Pelican out of consideration to the general public feeling on the subject, and only at intervals do the members muster on Sabbath evenings for the excellent smoking concerts which are impossible on week days, in consequence of the professional engagements of the actors and singers who take part in them.

The Club is now firmly established, and as it numbers nearly twelve hundred members need fear no rival. There is a thoroughly representative committee, and a noticeable rule of the club is, that &quot;No game of cards shall be allowed in the club.&quot;

The Pelicans are undoubtedly seen at their best on a Saturday night when their usual weekly boxing entertainment takes place. The ring is pitched in the spacious gymnasium downstairs, and although none of the seats are reserved, it is curious how custom has allotted certain portions of the arena to the different sets amongst the members. For instance, on the west side of the eighteen-foot ring, and around the referee's box — which usually contains either Mr. B. J. Angle, Mr. George Vize or Mr. Reggie Wakefield, all veteran amateur boxers — and Mr. F. C. Hilder, are clustered the members who hail from the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Turf|Turf]], [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#White's|White's]] and Guard's [&lt;nowiki/&gt;[[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Guards'|Guards']]] Clubs. Here on any night during the boxing season may be seen such well-known men as Lord Queensberry, Harry Hungerford, Sir Charles Hartopp, Lord Lonsdale, Lord Craven, John Delacour, Sir John Astley, Colonel Fox, the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]], Lord Royston, the Hon. Michael Sandys, Lords Esmé and Granville Gordon, Baron Max de Tuyll, Major &quot;Sugar&quot; Candy, Bagot-Chester, Lord Rossmore, Colonel Fraser, Lord Cholmondeley, the two Coventrys, Arthur and Aubrey, and Lord Marcus Beresford. Actors and journalists cluster about the stairs on the north side, among the most regular attendants being Fred Terry, F. Ker, Arthur Bourchier, Arthur Roberts, Fred Leslie, J. L. Shine, Sidney Howard, Mons. Marius; George Edwardes, Augustus and Charles Harris and Charles Hawtrey representing the managers. The journalists are more modest in numbers, Harrington O'Reilly, H. P. Stephens, James Davis, John Corlett, Lionel Monckton, A. M. Binstead, Byron Webber, C. Blake, and Tom Burnside being among the frequenters. The City and coaching members show a decided preference for the east side of the room, among the most notable being Colonel North and his ''aide de camp'', Captain Carvick, H. L. Beckett, &quot;Swish&quot; Broadwood, &quot;Dickey the Driver,&quot; Skipper Holmes, Percy Bouch, Willie Mackenzie, Carleton Blyth, F. Meredith, R. Cosier, J. K. Edward, Walter Pallant, J. Hawkins, R. S. Evans, and Philip Ellissen. The south side of the ring is much affected by distinguished visitors and Americans who are members, among the latter being Walter Coggeshall, W. King, Major Noah, Colonel Shaffer, and J. L. Onativia. General sport is well represented by J. L. Davis, Sir Matthew Wood, Captain Bailey, Charles Thompson, Captain Bewick, Frank Cobbett, Loftus Thornhill, Bernard Posno, R. Stuckey Wood, and Sir Simon Lockhart.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Pelican Club.&quot; ''Black &amp; White'' 18 July 1891, Saturday: 13 [of 46], Col. 2a–c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004617/18910718/045/0013. Print title ''Black and White'', p. 99.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

===Pheonix===
275 Strand, W. C.
===Portland===
===Pratt's===
14 Park Place, St. James's
===Prince's Cricket and Prince's Racket and Tennis===
22 Hans Place, Sloane Street, S. W., same address as the Prince's Racket and Tennis Club

=== Prince's Skating Club ===

==== 1896, November 6, Friday ====
1896 may have been the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Opening of the Prince's Club Skating Rink|first opening of the Prince's Skating Rink]], although the 1902 reports say it is the 7th season. The newspapers provide details about the building and the rink itself.

==== 1902, October ====
The newspapers reported on [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Annual Opening of the Prince's Ice-skating Rink|2 Fridays, October 24th and 31st]].

===Prince of Wales's Yacht===
Freemason's Tavern, 61 Great Queen Street, W. C.
===Queen's===
&quot;Founded as The Queen's Club Limited on 19 August 1886 by [[Social Victorians/People/Charteris|Evan Charteris]], George Francis and [[Social Victorians/People/Grosvenor|Algernon Grosvener]], the Queen's Club was the world's second multipurpose sports complex, after the Prince's Club .... The first lawn tennis courts were opened on 19 May 1887, and the first sporting event was held on 1 and 2 July 1887 when Oxford played Cambridge. The club buildings were opened in January 1888, having taken about 18 months to construct.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-07-28|title=Queen's Club|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen's_Club|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Club.&lt;/ref&gt;

In order to establish residence for his 26 July 1888 marriage to [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Caroline, Duchess of Montrose]], Marcus Henry Milner &quot;earned the necessary residential qualification by staying at the Queen's Club.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Metropolitan Notes.&quot; ''Nottingham Evening Post'' 31 July 1888, Tuesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 1b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/18880731/025/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Raleigh===
14 Regent Street, S. W.
===Ramblers'===
35 Ludgate Hill
===Reform===
104 Pall Mall
===Royal London Yacht===
===Royal Artillery and Royal Engineers; vide Medical===
===Royal Thames Yacht===
7 Albemarle Street
===St. George's Chess===
20 King Street, St. James's
===St. James's===
106 Picadilly
====Junior St. James's Club====
54 St. James's Street
===St. Stephen's===
1 Bridge Street, Westminster, S. W.
===[[Social Victorians/London Clubs/Savage Club|Savage]]===

===Savile===
15 Savile Row, W.
===Smithfield===
47 Half Moon Street, W.
===Stafford===
2 Savile Row, W.
===Temple===
37 Arundel Street, Strand
===Thatched House===
86 St. James's Street
===Travellers'===
106 Pall Mall
===Turf===
4 Grafton Street, W.

The [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Guards'|Guards' Club]] originated the idea of offering barley water — &quot;a non-alcoholic drink [—] gratis to every member,&quot; a practice also carried out by [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#White's|White's Club]], the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Marlborough|Marlborough Club]] and the Turf Club. A fuller description of this subject is under the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Guards'|Guards' Club]].

===Union===
Trafalgar Square, W.
===United Clergy and Laity===
24 Charles Street, St. James's
===United Service===
116 Pall Mall
====Junior United Service Club====
11 Charles Street, St. James's
===United University===
1 Suffolk Street, Pall Mall East, S. W.
===Universities===
71 Jermyn Street, St. James's, S. W.
===Verulam===
54 St. James's Street
===Victoria===
18 Wellington Street, Strand, W. C.
===Wanderers'===
4 Park Place, St. James's
===Westminster===
23 Albemarle Street
===Whitehall===
47 Parliament Street, S. W.
===White's===
38 St. James's Street

Established in 1693, the oldest of London's gentleman's clubs, White's still excludes women.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-10-09|title=White's|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White's|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%27s.&lt;/ref&gt; It was named originally for a business, Mrs. White's Chocolate House.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

A controversy arose in the summer of 1896 because of White's [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Summer Club|Summer Club]] in Kensington Park.

The [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Guards'|Guards' Club]] originated the idea of offering barley water — &quot;a non-alcoholic drink [—] gratis to every member,&quot; a practice also carried out by White's Club, the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Marlborough|Marlborough Club]] and the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Turf|Turf Club]]. A fuller description of this subject is under the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Guards'|Guards' Club]].

The 3 October 1896 ''Newcastle Chronicle'' reported on Algernon Bourke's history of White's Club. (A discussion of some details from this book are at [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Contemporary Overviews|Contemporary Overviews]], above.)&lt;blockquote&gt;The Hon. Algernon Bourke's interesting &quot;History of White's&quot; gives a vivid and faithful picture of fashionable society during the eighteenth century, and the earlier half of the nineteenth.

White's was originally founded in 1608 as White's Chocolate House. In those days there were no clubs, such as we understand them in our time. People went to the chocolate or coffee houses; and many of those reeorts acquired peculiar characteristics of their own. Will's Coffee House at the end of Bow Street was, for example, at the beginning of the eighteenth century frequented by Dryden, and was noted as the rallying ground of the wits of the town, who won their spurs in satire and epigram under the patronage of the great poet. Child's Coffee House, in St. Paul's Churchyard, became the beat up of physicians and apothecaries with an admixture of the clergy. The Grecian Coffee House, in a court leading out of the Strand, was used principally by lawyers; while such resorts as the Cocoa Tree and St. James's were frequented by Tory and Whig politicians respectively. White's Chocolate House was during the earlier portion of its career of no particular political complexion. Dice and cards rather than literary or political disputations were its attractions. At first, anybody could walk in who could afford the penny charged for admission, and who had money enough in his pocket to order the &quot;drawer&quot; to bring in a dish of chocolate or a bottle of port. This, however, led to disagreeables. A mighty duke or belted earl often found himself at the same table with a swaggering Captain Culpepper from Alsatia, with a highwayman who had achieved a successful exploit on the road, or with a city apprentice who had emptied his master's till and set up as a fine gentleman. By degrees, men of titles and position who knew each other, reserved for their own private use an inner room of the Chocolate House, from which persons who did not possess the &quot;open sesame&quot; to it were excluded, and in this way White's became a club! The proprietor of the establishment soon discovered that it would pay him best to limit his civilities to aristocratic customers, and he one fine day announced that his Chocolate House would be closed to all who did not come to it with the necessary credentials.

White's at an early date won notoriety as a club in which gaming for high stakes was customary. In Queen Anne's reign it had already established its reputation in this respect; for there is a passage in Swift in which he says that the Earl of Oxford &quot;never passed White's Chocolate House (the common rendezvous of infamous sharpers and noble bullies) without bestowing a curse on that famous academy as the bane of half the English aristocracy.&quot; 

It nay be doubted, neverthe!ess, whether White's in its worst days ever reached the scandalous celebrity of Crookford's. In the latter club, cheating was notorious. Prince Louis Napoleon was sharped there out of £2,000 in one night; but through his influential friends fortunately recovered the money. Yet White's was bad enough in all conscience. It was no uncommon thing for a nobleman to enter its doors a rich man on one night, and to leave it a beggar in the morning. Mr. Bourke relates of one particular gentleman that he gambled away £90,000 in a night. A fashion crept in, moreover, of wagering on all sorts of conceivable contingencies. Horace Walpole's anecdote in illustration of this is so well known that it will be perhaps stale for money. For the benefit of the few it may, however, be given here. Writing in 1750, he remarks: — &quot;A man dropped down dead at the door of White's, and was carried in. The club immediately made bets whether he was dead or not, and when they were going to bleed him, the wagerers for his death interposed, and said that it would affect the fairness of the bet.&quot; Wagers were made on births, deaths, and marriages; on the probable forces to be engaged in impending battles, on the results of sieges, on the conditions of treaties, on Parliamentary elections, on the fluctations [sic] of stocks, and on the course of quotations in the corn markets. Early this century the career of the Emperor Bonaparte was a fruitful theme of bets; and those who speculated on his downfall made a good thing of it. Sporting bets seem to have been few, however. The horse racing &quot;tipster&quot; had not come into existence. 

Wits and gourmets frequented White's for other purposes than gambling. The choicest and costliest repasts were given there. The banquet which White's gave to the allied sovereigns in 1814 cost £10,000, the entertainment of each guest amounting to £4 per head. Lord Alvanley invited a few friends to a little dinner, one of the dishes of which consisted of the &quot;noix&quot; or &quot;oysters&quot; taken from three hundred birds. It was, in short, the lavish folly of the Romans over again. Among the wits figured prominently George Selwyn and Horace Walpole. Grave statesmen frequented White's in their turn. The names of Sir Robert Walpole, Pulteney, Fox, Pitt, Wellington and Castlereagh, Canning and Peel are associated with the club. The club was nevertheless not of a strictly political character until 1783, when on the election of William Pitt it became Tory. 

Strange tales are also told of the servants of White's. One of its head waiters, Robert Mackreth, who rose to be club manager and proprietor, induced the Earl of Oxford to return him as member for the nomination borough of Castle Rising, in Norfolk. It is believed that the Earl of Oxford did so because he was too deeply in debt to Mackreth to thwart him in his political ambition. Another servant named Raggett, who waited upon the players in the gaming rooms, realised a handsome fortune by simply picking up from the carpets the counters which the gamblers in their cups — men did not sit down to cards sober in those days as they do now — left sprawling. As cash was never staked at the tables, these counters represented of course money, and could be exchanged for it. A third servant — a knife-boy named Rumbold — moved interest with a member of the East India Company, secured an appointment, went out to India, and shook the Pagoda tree with such success as to realise a magnificent fortune. This knife-boy attained, in fact, to the dignity of Governor of Madras.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Whites.&quot; ''Newcastle Chronicle'' 3 October 1896, Saturday: 9 [of 16], Col. 6a–c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000865/18961003/105/0009. Print: ''Newcastle Weekly Chronicle, Supplement'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== 1888 ====
23 July 1888, Monday, White's Club got the lease for the house that Bourke managed:&lt;blockquote&gt;At the adjourned meeting of the members of White’s Club yesterday, the Duke of Buccleuch presiding, it was agreed give Mrs. Percival £1,200 for her surrendered lease, for which there were two applicants, namely, the Hon. Algernon Bourke and Captain Perceval. The meeting resolved to accept the application of the former, and the committee were empowered to deal with his propositions. The Earl of Craven was elected member of the club.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Personal News.&quot; ''Globe'' 24 July 1888, Tuesday: 7 [of 8], Col. 3a [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001652/18880724/053/0007. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;17 October 1888, Wednesday, the ''Sheffield Daily Telegraph'' reported about uncertainty about White's:&lt;blockquote&gt;There seems to be still some uncertainty as to the future of White's club. This, the oldest of London club-houses, rendered immortal by Thackeray and others, has suffered in the struggle for existence with the newer and more attractive institutions which have sprung up all round it within the last few years. The chief capitalist in the club is Lord Cheylesmore, who would be most re’luctant to see it come to grief. Happily, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mr. Algernon Bourke]], an enterprising gentleman, who is a stockbroker, a correspondent of the ''Times'', and a very popular man about town, came to the rescue, and is now reorganising the institution. White’s, in future, is to be of the recreative class of clubs, but whetber members will be provided with dancing as at the New Club in Covent Garden, or music, as they are promised at the Lyric and the Meistersingers, or whether it be true that it is to have an athletic department, no one seems to know. However, for the present, the house is closed, and workmen are employed in decorating the interior.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London Letters.&quot; ''Sheffield Daily Telegraph'' 17 October 1888, Wednesday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000250/18881017/124/0004. Same print title, p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;27 October 1888, Saturday, a London Correspondent in the ''Brighouse'' ''and Rastrick Gazette'' reported about White's Club,&lt;blockquote&gt;There is some danger, I hear, of White's Club being involved in a lawsuit. Mr. Algernon Bourke is engaged in making extensive alterations and additions to the house, and one of the neighbours objects to the addition of a room on the ground that it interferes with his &quot;ancient lights.&quot; I believe, however, that Mr. Bourke knows what he is about, and that he is pretty certain to win the day if the matter is brought into court. There is a report, but I cannot vouch for its accuracy, that Prince Edie will become a member.&lt;ref&gt;London Correspondent. &quot;Passing Events.&quot; ''Brighouse &amp; Rastrick Gazette'' 27 October 1888, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 2 [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003061/18881027/013/0002. Print title ''Brighouse and Rastrick Gazette'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== 1889 ====
Richard D'Oyly Carte hired the French chef from White's for the Savoy Hotel restaurant.&lt;ref&gt;Williams, Olivia. ''The Secret Life of the Savoy: Glamour and Intrigue at the World's Most Famous Hotel''. Pegasus Books, 2021. Google Books (retrieved July 2025) https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Secret_Life_of_the_Savoy/a_IDEAAAQBAJ.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|1871}}

==== 1893 ====

The ''Newcastle Chronicle'' described White's in November 1893 in discussing [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Algernon Bourke]]'s book on White's' history:&lt;blockquote&gt;It is true the fires are lighted at the clubs, the winter carpets have been laid down, portieres are drawn over draughty doorways, and books in tempting bindings are more and more en [sic] evidence. One of the most lavishly illustrated books I have seen for a long time is the history of &quot;White's.&quot; It must have cost a little fortune to produce. It is in two volumes, exquisitely printed, and the matter is most readable. But this is evidently quite a private enterprise. The publisher is the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]], and the work is issued from his private house in St. James's Street. There has also appeared, or is about to appear, the true and particular history of &quot;Brooks's.&quot; Clubland will soon have no secrets left, except, of course, those current ones that may not be told, not only in deference to good taste, but out of a wholesome fear of the law of libel. There are several stories of &quot;Crockford's&quot; in the volume about &quot;White's.&quot; One of them deals with the Lord Sefton of the time, who was a great epicure. He prided himself on the invention of a plat made of the soft roe of the mackerel. He was one of the principal victims at Crockford's, where at one time and another he lost £200,000 at play. His successor honoured an acceptance of his for £40,000 held by Crockford and presented after his death. The property in Manchester and Liverpool that was sold to meet his losses would today be valued at millions sterling.

Notable Wagers.

Long before these new and private guides to &quot;White's&quot; and &quot;Brooks's,&quot; there appeared in the &quot;Art Journal&quot; some sketches of Clubland, that let a good deal of permissible daylight into the more mysterious corners of the social quarters of the country. If the author only professed to loiter upon the frontiers, he nevertheless made several interesting excursions into the very heart of the territory. In regard to the laws and regulations of one of the great West End houses, he fell into a trifling mistake which one of the long-eyed birds of criticism picked out with his sharp beak and exhibited to the world. It was the merest shadow of a technical error and it proved the truth of the rest: it was the very smallest &quot;exception to prove the rule&quot; you can imagine. A distinguished correspondent, a member of &quot;White's,&quot; who recalls the book and is good enough to say he is &quot;delighted with the flavour of last week's Cigarette Papers,&quot; sends me several fresh notes from the bet book at the famous club. Two of them are well worth repeating. On November 4, 1754, Lord Mountfort wagered Sir John Bland 100 guineas that Mr. Nash would outlive Mr. Cibber. The two men in queetion were Colley Cibber and Bean Nash, the &quot;King of Bath,&quot; then very old men. Below the entry in the bet book to this day stands the record:— &quot;Both Lord Mountford and Sir John Bland put an end to their lives before the bet was decided.&quot; Among the curious bets of a comparatively recent date was that of Lord Alvanley, who wagered Mr. Goddard &quot;that Mr. G. Talbot does not die a natural death.&quot; Talbot retaliated by betting &quot;that Lord Alvanley is not worth three shillings this day two years.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Cheery November.&quot; ''Newcastle Chronicle'' 04 November 1893, Saturday: 5 [of 16], Col. 1a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000865/18931104/075/0005. Print title: ''Newcastle Weekly Chronicle'', p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== Summer Club ====
On 29 June 1896, Monday, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Algernon Bourke]] wrote the ''Daily Telegraph'' about the Summer Club:&lt;blockquote&gt;To the Editor of “The Daily Telegraph.”

Sir — Permit me to make my bow to the public. I am the manager of the Summer Club, which on two occasions has been the subject of Ministerial interpellation in Parliament. The Summer Club is a small combination, which conceived the idea of attempting to make life more pleasant in London by organising breakfast, luncheon, and teas in Kensington Gardens for its members. This appears to have given offence in some way to Dr. Tanner, with the result that the catering arrangements of the club are now &quot;by order&quot; thrown open to the public. No one is more pleased than I am at the result of the doctor's intervention, for it shows that the idea the Summer Club had of using the parks for something more than mere right of way bas been favourably received. In order, however, that the great British public may not be disappointed, should they all come to lunch at once, I think it necessary to explain that the kitchen, which by courtesy of the lessee of the kiosk our cook was permitted to use, is only 10ft by 5ft; it has also to serve as a scullery and pantry, and the larder, from which our luxurious viands are drawn, is a four-wheeled cab, which comes up every day with the food and returns after lunch with the scraps. Nevertheless, the Summer Club says to the British public — What we have we will share with you, though it don't amount to very much — I am, Sir, your obedient servant,

ALGERNON BOURKE.

White's Club, June 27&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Summer Club.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London) 29 June 1896, Monday: 8 [of 12], Col. 2b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/18960629/072/0008. Print title: ''Daily Telegraph'', p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;On 1896 June 20, Saturday, Lady Violet Greville wrote against the Summer Club in her column &quot;Place aux Dames&quot; in ''The Graphic'':&lt;blockquote&gt;L&lt;small&gt;ONDON&lt;/small&gt; in this hot weather takes upon itself a continental aspect. The park is full of people sitting on chairs in fragile summer garments, carriages with brilliant occupants flit to and fro, and all the out-door resorts are crowded. Battersea Park has lost its short-lived popularity, but Kensington Gardens, hitherto given over to nursemaids, has assumed a transient splendour conferred upon it by Mr. Algernon Bourke's tea kiosk, which is much patronised in the afternoon. But on what principle a-specially reserved enclosure in a public park is to be given over to White's club one fails to understand. Perhaps the paradise of straw armchairs and Japanese umbrellas surrounded by a halo of flowering rhododendrons in pots may rouse unnecessary envy in the breasts of the Peris cast out of such a paradise, otherwise it seems as if armchairs and umbrellas might also be supplied to the general public without hurting the too keen susceptibilities of the languid denizens of White's club. Any way the precedent is a bad one, for if White's, why not the Junior Carlton or Brooks's, or the Tooting and Clapham bicycle clubs, and in that case if all clubs may have reserved enclosures, what becomes of the public park?&lt;ref&gt;Greville, Lady Violet. &quot;Place aux Dames.&quot; ''Graphic'' 20 June 1896, Saturday: 24 [of 36], Col. 1a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000057/18960620/032/0024. Same print title, p. 746.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;On 4 July 1896, Saturday, &quot;Marmaduke&quot; in the ''Graphic'' took Bourke's side on the Summer Club in Kensington Park:&lt;blockquote&gt;Most of us have noticed that if we read in the newspapers the account of some matter which we are personally acquainted with the account will generally contain several errors. I have also noticed that when a question is asked in the House of Commons regarding some matter about which I know all the facts the question and the official answer to it frequently contain serious errors. Last week Mr. Akers-Douglas was asked in the House to explain how it was that Mr. Algernon Bourke obtained permission to open the &quot;Summer Club&quot; in Kensington Gardens, and he was questioned upon other particulars connected with the same matter. Both the questions and the official reply showed considerable ignorance of the facts. There has been from time immemorial a refreshment kiosk in Kensington Gardens. Mr. Bourke obtained from the tenant of this permission to use the kitchen for the benefit of the &quot;Summer Club,&quot; and to supply the members of the latter with refreshments. It was a purely commercial transaction. Mr. Bourke then established some wicker seats, a few tables, a tent, and a small hut upon a lawn in the neighbourhood of the kiosk. To do this he must have obtained the permission of Mr. Akers-Douglas, as obviously he would otherwise have been immediately ordered to remove them. Mr. Akers-Douglas equally obviously would not have given his sanction unless he had been previously informed of the objects which Mr. Bourke had in view — to wit, that the latter intended to establish a club there. That being the case, it is difficult to understand for what reason Mr. Akers-Douglas has now decided that any member of the public can use the chairs, tables, and tent belonging to the &quot;Summer Club,&quot; can insist upon the club servants attending upon him, and can compel them to supply him with refreshments. Mr. Akers-Douglas should have thought of the consequences before he granted the permission.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marmaduke.&quot; &quot;Court and Club.&quot; The ''Graphic'' 04 July 1896, Saturday: 14 [of 32], Col. 1b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9000057/18960704/029/0014. Print p. 14.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== 1899 ====
In 1899 White's was no longer under Algernon Bourke's management and was reconstituting itself after the possibility that it would have to close:&lt;blockquote&gt;White's Club has narrowly escaped closing its doors. Like many of the other leading West End clubs, it has suffered grievously of late years owing to the growth of the fashion of dining at hotel restaurants. The principal proprietor was Mr Algernon Bourke, Lord Mayo's uncle, and his interest has now been made the subject of pecuniary adjustment. It is now being reconstituted as a member's club, and a new manager is in charge, aided by an energetic and discriminating committee. The fact that the late committee was inclined to be rather too discriminate was one of the causes of the troubled waters into which the club drifted, for it is possible to be too exclusive, even for White's, especially in view of the competition that exists nowadays in clubdom — as everywhere else. Many members had resigned, but most of them are now anxious to return, and the membership list is in future to be extended to 755.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London Correspondence.&quot; ''Freeman's Journal'' 28 July 1899, Friday: 4 [of 8], Col. 8c [of 10]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000056/18990728/031/0004. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;In September 1899 the Oxford Chronicle and Berks and Bucks Gazette reported,&lt;blockquote&gt;The new secretary of White's, Mr. Mark Weyland, is the only surviving son of Mr. Weyland, of Wood Eaton a house pleasantly situated on the Cherwell, close to Oxford. His elder brother died of a fever contracted while soldiering in Egypt during the Tel-el-Kehir campaign.&lt;p&gt;

Mr. Mark Wayland is a nephew of Lord Clanricarde and Lady Cork, and a great grandson of the great George Canning. The members of White's now made all arrangements for buying out [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mr. Algernon Bourke]], and the club will henceforth be a members' club and not proprietary.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Personal and Social.&quot; ''Oxford Chronicle and Reading Gazette'' 2 September 1899, Saturday: 9 [of 12], Col. 1a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000989/18990902/098/0009.

Print title: ''Oxford Chronicle and Berks and Bucks Gazette'', p. 9.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Bourke underwent bankruptcy proceedings in 1899, after attempting to close Willis' Restaurant, Ltd., which left him liable for perhaps £9,000, at least £5,000 was owed to White's.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr. Bourke Must Pay.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 8 June 1899, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 8c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001985/18990608/118/0004. Print title: ''The Irish Weekly Independent'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Willis's===
Ralph Nevill says in 1912,&lt;blockquote&gt;It is a matter of regret that the peaceful and quiet Willis's in King Street has ceased to exist. Opened in 1893, it at first achieved considerable success. The moving spirit in its management was [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mr. Algernon Bourke]], who, in his time, has done many things, some of them very well. It was intended, I believe, to resemble the defunct Amphitryon Club in the matter of cuisine and wines; and, like the latter resort, its frequenters mostly belonged to the fashionable world. Besides the restaurant proper, there were several private rooms, and latterly an unsuccessful experiment was made with a supper club.&lt;ref&gt;Nevill, Ralph [Henry]. ''The Man of Pleasure''. Chatto &amp; Windus, 1912. Google Books (retrieved July 2025) https://www.google.com/books/edition/THE_MAN_OF_PLEASURE/gGZd_V6bv1YC.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

===Windham===
11 St. James's Square

==Bibliography==
*Milne-Smith, Amy. London Clubland: A Cultural History of Gender and Class in late-Victorian England. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. Google Books: https://books.google.com/books?id=TQrHAAAAQBAJ.
*Thom, Adam Bisset, compiler. The Upper Ten Thousand: An Alphabetical List of All Members of Noble Families, Bishops, Privy Councillors, Judges, Baronets, Members of the House of Commons, Lords-Lieutenant, Governors of Colonies, Knights and Companions of Orders, Deans and Archdeacons, and the Superior Officers of the Army and Navy, with Their Official Descriptions and Addresses. London: George Routledge and Sons, 1875. Google Books.

==Footnotes==
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      <text bytes="57253" sha1="jyjj4p086u474a6b2dnb2fzwz5alk2s" xml:space="preserve">= Victorian Things and Everyday Objects =
Because they were published in newspaper accounts of elite weddings — sometimes in detail — lists of wedding gifts give us an sense of the objects that filled people's houses, that were thought important for entertaining and appropriate for a new couple setting up their own houses. Some couples received a lot of books, while some received almost none, unless we count a single Bible or prayer book. Some couples received a lot of art, both made by the giver and, apparently, purchased. Brand names occur for some things, like some kinds of china and furniture.

The most common wedding gifts were boxes, candlesticks, walking sticks, umbrellas, fans, paper knives, ink stands and individual pieces of [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Tableware and Place Settings|table ware]], and some couples received a great many of these. Many couples also received a lot of the implements of [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Paper and Writing Tools|writing and manuscript culture]]. It is hard to imagine what one would do with a half dozen inkstands — perhaps every room that a guest might use would have one.

== Bathing Machines ==
Bathing machines were little wooden shacks or houses, usually on wheels, which allowed modest people a place to change to their swimming costumes and get into the water without being seen. The houses were lined up on the beach, and the users would go to their house, or the one they had rented, and enter it through a door facing the water. Inside were hooks for hanging clothing on and benches attached to the walls to sit on. When the users had changed and hung their clothing up on the hooks out of the reach of the water, the house could be rolled into the surf far enough that the users could swim out the front door and play in the water without having to stand, visible, in their swimming suits.

For much of the century women used the bathing machines and men swam nude, or at least it was common enough for men to swim nude that it would not have been shocking. There were swimming costumes for both men and women, however, which were knee-length dresses and shorts for the women, and a sleeveless top and shorts for the men. Likely to have been made of wool, they were heavy and bulky and probably itchy as well, but they covered much of the body and still were a great deal less cloth and structure than people's normal clothing.

In an email he wrote on this subject to the discussion list Savoynet, Larry Simons says, &quot;Finally, it's worthy of mention that in the 1997 film Mrs Brown (also called Her Majesty, Mrs Brown in the USA), there is one scene in which Queen Victoria (played by Dame Judi Dench) goes for a swim and actually USES a bathing machine (http://us.imdb.com/Title?0119280)&quot; (Simons &quot;More on bathing machines&quot;).
Lewis Carroll mentions a bathing machine in &quot;The Hunting of the Snark&quot; and in ''Alice's Adventures Underground'', in the chapter called &quot;Pool of Tears&quot;:&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;In that case, I can go back by railway.&quot; (Alice had been to the seaside once in her life, and had come to the general conclusion that, wherever you go to on the English coast, you find a number of bathing-machines in the sea, some children digging in the sand with wooden spades, then a row of lodging houses, and behind them, a railway station).&lt;/blockquote&gt;

In a posting to Savoynet from the bathing-machine thread, J. L. Speranza points out these citations and says, &quot;For more on bathing-machines, see Chapter 2, Note 6, of ''Alice's Adventures Underground'' in ''The Annotated Alice''; and ''The English Seaside'' by H. G. Stokes, 1947, pages 17-25&quot; (Speranza &quot;something between a large bathing-machine&quot;).

In Gilbert and Sullivan's ''Iolanthe'', the Lord Chancellor describes something as being in size &quot;'something between a large bathing-machine / and a very small second-class carriage.&quot;

== Brand Names ==
* [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Popular Medicinal Products|Bayer aspirin]]
* [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Popular Medicinal Products|Coca Cola]]
* [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Encyclopaedia Britannica|Encyclopaedia Britannica]]
* [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Popular Medicinal Products|Heroin]]
* House of Worth
* [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Liberty Fabrics|Liberty Fabrics]]
* Macassar Oil
* Pepsi Cola
* Vaseline: &quot;the word 'vaseline' was introduced as a proprietary term by R. A. Chesebrough&quot; in 1872. According to Morris Rosenblum, &quot;It is found in British publications in 1874 and 1876.&quot; (Baring-Gould I 450, n. 13).
* Virot hat, from Madame Virot's in Paris, milliner to Empress Eugenie&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2025-06-30|title=Madame Virot|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madame_Virot&amp;oldid=1298040198|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Candles, Fireplaces and Smoking ==

* Candlesticks were very common as wedding gifts
* Some couples received suites des cheminéess or garnitures des cheminées
* Match boxes
* Cigarette or cigar lighter
* Cigar Case
* Tobacco pouch

== Cartes des Visites, Visiting and Calls ==

=== Cartes des Visites ===
From Victoriana.com Study Center, &quot;Fashions in Calling Cards (for Gentlemen) from Harper's Bazaar (C.1868)&quot;:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;Visiting cards for the coming season are of unglazed card board, large and almost square. Tinted cards, especially buff, are fashionable. The lettering is in old English text, or in script. The expense of fifty cards is $3.50.

One corner of the card is turned down to denote the object of the visit. In different cities a different signification is attached to these broken cards. We give the custom of New York society. On the left hand upper corner the word Visite is engraved on the reverse side. This corner is turned downed, displaying the word on the front of the card to signify that an ordinary call is made. On the right hand corner is Felicitation, to be used when making a visit of congratulation on some happy event, such as a marriage, or the birth of a child. On the left lower side is Conge, or Good-by. The remaining corner is marked Condolence.&quot; (http://www.victoriana.com/library/ccard.html)
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

E-bay had some silver cases, with chain handle, for carrying visiting cards.

=== Visiting and Calls ===
Judge Brack's early calls on the Tesmans in ''Hedda Gabler'' are daring and aggressive. According to Sally Mitchell, &quot;morning calls&quot; occurred between 3:00 and 5:00 P.M. &quot;Morning,&quot; used in an expression like morning dress or morning coat, meant something like &quot;daytime,&quot; the opposite of evening. Unless the calls were to acknowledge some event like a wedding, when they were likely to be no more than fifteen minutes, calls typically ran twenty minutes to half an hour. Judge Brack arrives early in the morning, as early as 7:30, even after a death in the family, which seems clearly indecent.

Food was not likely to be served.

'''???''' says it is proper to make morning calls no earlier than 11:00 A.M., though for many morning calls properly began at noon.

Mrs. Beeton discusses calls, as well.

Daniel Poole says,&lt;blockquote&gt;If you were not well acquainted with the callee, you made your call between three and four o'clock. If you were somewhat better acquainted, between four and five, and a good friend received you between five and six. ... Certainly, no one but a great intimate would presume to actually call in the ''real'' morning, i.e., before one o'clock. (68-69)&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Dictionaries, Encyclopedias and Other Reference Works ==

=== Dictionary of Slang ===
John Stephen Farmer.  ''Slang and Its Analogues Past and Present: A Dictionary, Historical and Comparative, of the Heterodox Speech of All Classes of Society for More Than Three Hundred Years. With Synonyms in English, French, German, Italian, Etc''.  Poulter, 1890. Vol. 1: ''Google Books'': https://books.google.com/books?id=A8xfcjboymkC. [Google Books incorrectly has ''Haterodox'' in the title.]

=== Encyclopaedia Britannica ===
It has been published in the United States since 1901, although the spelling has remained British.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-01-08|title=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&amp;oldid=1132316500|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== The 9th Edition ====
Here is a copy of the 9th edition at the ''Internet Archive'': [[iarchive:encyclopaedia-britannica-9ed-1875/I|https://archive.org/details/encyclopaedia-britannica-9ed-1875/]].

If the people who attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]] did any research on the figures from the past or from art or mythology or the arts, the 9th edition of the Britannica offers an example of what kinds of information would have been available to them. (The idea of them doing personal research like this is unlikely — more likely might be that they or their costumier studied what art and portraits were available at the galleries they frequented.) In a sense, the Britannica represents higher level popular knowledge.

The 9th edition of the Britannica (1875–1889) — the &quot;Scholar's Edition&quot; — was the first edition written by men (almost exclusively) who were experts in their field and who could write well.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; [[Social Victorians/People/George Bernard Shaw|George Bernard Shaw]] said he read the 9th edition except for the articles about science.&lt;ref&gt;Kogan, Herman. ''The Great EB: The Story of the Encyclopædia Britannica''. The University of Chicago Press, 1958.  Cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica.&lt;/ref&gt; Some notable people who contributed articles (with the abbreviations used for authorship attribution) include the following:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.1902encyclopedia.com/contributors.html|title=Important Contributors to Encyclopaedia Britannica, 9th Edition (1875-89) and 10th Edition (1902-03)|website=www.1902encyclopedia.com|access-date=2023-01-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Grant Allen (G.A.): &quot;Mimicry&quot;
* Amelia Blandford Edwards (A.B.E.): &quot;Mummy&quot;
* James George Frazer (J.G.F&lt;small&gt;R&lt;/small&gt;.): &quot;Pericles,&quot; &quot;Taboo,&quot; &quot;Totemism&quot;
* Thomas Henry Huxley (T.H.H.): &quot;'''Actinozoa''',&quot; &quot;'''Animal''' Kingdom,&quot; &quot;'''Biology''',&quot; &quot;Evolution: Evolution in Biology&quot;
* Prince Peter Alexeivitch, Prince Kropotkine (P.A.K.): &quot;Moscow&quot;, &quot;Nova Zembla [Novaya Zemlya],&quot; &quot;Odessa,&quot; &quot;Siberia&quot;
* Andrew Lang (A.L.): &quot;'''Apparitions''',&quot; &quot;Family,&quot; &quot;Molière&quot;
* Thomas Babington, Lord Macaulay (M.): &quot;Francis '''Atterbury''',&quot; &quot;John '''Bunyan''',&quot; &quot;Samuel Johnson,&quot; &quot;Oliver Goldsmith,&quot; &quot;William Pitt [the Younger]&quot;
* Clements Robert Markham (C.R.M.): &quot;Geography (Historical Geography)&quot;
* James Clerk Maxwell (J.C.M.): &quot;'''Atom''',&quot; &quot;Ether&quot;
* William Minto (W.M.): &quot;'''Byron''',&quot; &quot;'''Chaucer''',&quot; &quot;'''Dickens''',&quot; &quot;Poe,&quot; &quot;Wordsworth&quot;
* William Morris (W.M&lt;small&gt;O&lt;/small&gt;.) and John Henry Middleton (J.H.M.): &quot;Mural Decoration&quot;
* Emilia F. S. Pattison, Lady Dilke (E.F.S.P.): &quot;Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres&quot;
* Lord Rayleigh (R.): &quot;Optics, Geometrical&quot; and &quot;Wave Theory of Light&quot;
* William Michael Rossetti (W.M.R.): &quot;Bartolemé Esteban Murillo,&quot; &quot;Percy Bysshe Shelley&quot;
* George Edward Bateman Saintsbury (G.S&lt;small&gt;A&lt;/small&gt;.): &quot;Pierre '''Corneille''',&quot; &quot;Daniel '''Defoe''',&quot; &quot;Clément Marot,&quot; &quot;Michel de Montaigne,&quot; &quot;Jean Racine,&quot; &quot;Jean-Jacques Rousseau,&quot; &quot;François Marie Arouet de Voltaire&quot;
* Eleanor Mildred Sidgwick (Mrs. Henry Sidgwick) (E.M.S.): &quot;Spiritualism&quot;
* Robert Louis Stevenson (R.L.S.): &quot;Pierre Jean de '''Béranger'''&quot;
* Algernon Charles Swinburne (A.C.S.): &quot;John Keats&quot;
*John Addington Symonds (J.A.S.): &quot;Renaissance&quot;
*William Thompson, Lord Kelvin (W.T&lt;small&gt;H&lt;/small&gt;.): &quot;'''Ether''',&quot; &quot;Elasticity,&quot; &quot;Heat&quot; [I can't find the byline, but the article ends with tables and a &quot;Mathematical Appendix,&quot; so it's a little difficult to tell where it actually ends]
*Alfred Russell Wallace (A.R.W.): &quot;'''Acclimatisation''',&quot; &quot;'''Distribution''' (Biology) - Introduction. Distribution of Animal Life&quot;

The 25 volumes had&lt;blockquote&gt;thick boards and high-quality leather bindings, premier paper, and a production which took full advantage of the technological advances in printing in the years between the 1850s and 1870s. Great use was made of the new ability to print large graphic illustrations on the same pages as the text, as opposed to limiting illustrations to separate copperplates. Although this technology had first been used in a primitive fashion the 7th edition, and to a much lesser extent in the 8th, in the 9th edition there were thousands of quality illustrations set into the text pages, in addition to the plates.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Ninth edition, 1875–1889.&quot; {{Cite journal|date=2022-11-10|title=History of the Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&amp;oldid=1121066541|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Encyclopædia_Britannica#Ninth edition, 1875–1889.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

The 11th edition (1911) continued the tradition of recruiting writers who had expertise and is also known for the quality of the writing.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

Until the ''Wikisource'' project on the ''Britannica'' is finished, perhaps the best online source is at the ''Internet Archive'':

* Index volume here:
* List of contributors for the 9th edition: https://archive.org/details/encyclopaedia-britannica-9ed-1875/Index%20193479114.23/page/491/mode/1up

Perhaps 500,000 pirated copies of this edition — &quot;10,000 sets sold by Britannica and 45,000 authorized sets made in the US by Little, Brown in Boston and Schribners' Sons in NY&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-01-08|title=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&amp;oldid=1132316500|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} [[wikipedia:Encyclopædia_Britannica|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica#Edition summary]].&lt;/ref&gt; — were made in the US.

==== The 10th Edition ====
The 10th edition (1902–1903) was the first managed and owned by Americans. It is &quot;an eleven-volume supplement (including one each of maps and an index) to the 9th, numbered as volumes 25–35.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-01-08|title=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&amp;oldid=1132316500|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} [[wikipedia:Encyclopædia_Britannica|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica#1901–1973]].&lt;/ref&gt; The supplement revised the articles to be more current at the beginning of the 20th century, may have increased the coverage of North America in deference to its American readers.

John Muir wrote the article on Yosemite for the 10th edition.

== Drugs ==
Depending upon when, of course, drugs that were not regulated and products that were generally available that would not be now:

*Arsenic
*Laudanum
*Cocaine
*Coca wine
*Heroin

According to [[Social Victorians/People/Waite|A. E. Waite]], [[Social Victorians/People/Less-Famous People Involved in Spiritualism#Walter Moseley|Walter Moseley]]'s &quot;health had been seriously damaged by the use of drugs for occult purposes&quot; (Howe 85 39, n. 3). Possibly [[Social Victorians/People/William Butler Yeats|W. B. Yeats]] had injections of ground-up &quot;monkey glands&quot; in order to increase his masculinity (is this true?).

Baring-Gould speaks of Sherlock Holmes, as always, as if he were a biographical rather than fictional character:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
Dr. Kohki Naganuma has questioned (&quot;Sherlock Holmes and Cocaine&quot;) Holmes' use of cocaine by hypodermic injection at this time since &quot;Karl Ludwig Schleich, of Berlin, [was] the first surgeon to use cocaine solution in hypodermic injection [in 1891].] But Dr. Julian Wolff has replied (&quot;A Narcotic Monograph&quot;) that &quot;although Schleich is usually given credit for priority in the use of cocaine by injection, actually the credit should go to a great American surgeon. The first such use of cocaine was not in 1891 by Schleich, as is generally supposed, but in 1884, by Dr. William S. Halsted. … 1884 was early enough so that it was no anachronism for Holmes to be taking cocaine injections when Watson said he was.&quot;

It should be pointed out that, at this time, there was no popular prejudice against drug-takers. As Mr. Michael Harrison has written (In the Footsteps of Sherlock Homes): &quot;In Holmes' day, not only was the purchase of most 'Schedule IV' drugs legal; Madeleine Smith and Mrs. Maybrick bought their arsenic; De Quincey and Dickens and Robert Louis Stevenson, their laudanum; with no more trouble than that with which they purchased their tooth-powder. No 'Dangerous Drug Act' had been passed, in its original form when Holmes bought and took his cocaine in doses that Watson's description of the typical cocaine-addition syndromes indicate to have been heavy ones. (Holmes probably purchased his supplies from either John Taylor, Chemist, at the corner of George Street and Baker Street — east side — or of Curtis and Company, No. 44, on the west side) ….&quot; (Baring-Gould I 610, n. 1; all editorial marks are ''sic).''
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== Popular Medicinal Products ===
[[File:Bayer Heroin bottle.jpg|thumb|Bottle of heroin produced by Friedr. Bayer &amp; Co.]]
==== Beecham's Pills ====
The 1909 ''Secret Remedies: What They Cost and What They Contain'' says that a box of Beecham's Pills, &quot;advertised to be worth a guinea, is sold for 1s. 1 1/2 d., and the prime cost of the ingredients of the 56 pills it contains is about half a farthing. ... The pills had an average weight of 11/4 grains, and analysis showed them to consist of aloes, ginger and soap ; no other medicinal ingredient was found.&quot; It lists the ingredients for each pill thus:
:Aloes... ... ... ... ... 0.5 grain.
:Powdered ginger... ..... 0.55 &quot;
:Powdered soap... ... ... 0.18 &quot;
Liz Calvert Smith says that &quot;aloes are 'a bitter purgative drug, condensed from the juice of the leaves of various species of Aloes'&quot; (Smith 2003).

==== Coca wine ====
Coca wine, developed in the mid-19th century, contained cocaine and wine.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2022-04-08|title=Coca wine|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coca_wine&amp;oldid=1081528920|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca_wine.&lt;/ref&gt; It seems to have been produced by local pharmacists from a standard formula. As the US began prohibition, the wine in the mixture had to be replaced. One Georgia pharmacist replaced the wine with a sugar syrup, making the original recipe for Coca Cola.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Lindsey Fitzharris says that one brand of coca wine, Vin Mariani (the same formulation used by the pharmacist in Georgia), &quot;was enjoyed by Jules Verne, Alexander Dumas &amp; Arthur Conan Doyle&quot; and Thomas Edison, and that it &quot;contained 6 mg of cocaine per fluid ounce.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Fitzharris, Lindsey @DrLindseyFitz. ''Twitter'' 27 December 2022 11:07 a.m. https://twitter.com/DrLindseyFitz/status/1607785196987752448 (accessed December 2022).&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Heroin ====
Although C. R. Alder Wright synthesized what we now call heroin in 1874, nothing was done with the invention beyond one test on animals.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;&quot;History.&quot; {{Cite journal|date=2022-12-22|title=Heroin|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heroin&amp;oldid=1128826316|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} [[wikipedia:Heroin|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroin#History]].&lt;/ref&gt; Felix Hoffmann, who was working for pharmaceutical company Friedr. Bayer &amp; Co. in Germany, re-invented the chemical independently, 11 days after he had synthesized aspirin for the first time, 21 August 1897.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Bayer lost trademark rights to heroin and aspirin after Germany's defeat in World War I.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

== Electricity and Gas ==

=== 1840s–1850s ===
The &quot;moniker&quot; ''city of light''&lt;blockquote&gt;had taken on new meaning in the 1840s and ’50s when the boulevards were lit up at night and the city flourished, as Charles Baudelaire wrote, “in the light of the gas lamps, illuminated . . . and as if drunk on it.” Gaslight allowed for the emergence of a truly nocturnal city. At sunset, twenty thousand lampposts ignited automatically, fed from fuel lines connected to subterranean gas mains. Scores of lamplighters lit another three thousand streetlights manually. These new lights could illuminate a far larger area than before — a boon to safety that also transformed Parisians’ sense of their city’s potential, enhancing the culture of spectacle for which it was already famous, and leaving giddy visitors with an impression of ineffable modernity. The capital, wrote Joachim Schloer, became “like an island of light against the surrounding darkness.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;Smee, Sebastian. ''Paris in Ruins: Love, War, and the Birth of Impressionism''. W. W. Norton, 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; (33–34 of 667)&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 1870s ===
Under Bismarck's seige of Paris 1870–1871, in late November and December of 1870,&lt;blockquote&gt;Supplies of gas had been summarily cut off. The light that had illuminated Second Empire Paris, transforming social life in the process, had been in short supply for over a month. Earlier in the siege, Thomas Gibson Bowles, the founding editor of ''Vanity Fair'', had noticed the “astonishing” effect that halving the supply of gas to the streetlamps had had on the atmosphere. “It has changed the aspect of the town,” he wrote, “and no less striking is the influence it exerts in driving people home at an early hour. ... [/] Temperatures were now consistently below freezing. After two heavy snowfalls, the city was blanketed in snow from December 12 until early January.

With Christmas approaching, Paris was still resisting, but the optimism of autumn had guttered out. Hungry, sapped of its glamour and pride, the city was bracing for a winter that would prove the coldest in living memory.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt; (276–278 of 667)&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 1880s ===
Electricity&lt;blockquote&gt;would have been theoretically possible [in England] at any time after 1880 but in practice it was most unlikely, for the original legislation was most restrictive and the first supply companies found it practically impossible to function. Only later in the eighties / were the restrictions removed. (Baring-Gould II 566–67, n. 19)&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 1894s ===
Electricity was available in Hampstead (Baring-Gould II 567, n. 19).

The newspapers reported as people had electricity installed in their houses. Richard D'Oyly Carte is said to have had the first house in London to have electricity and an elevator, and the Savoy Theatre, which he built, was the first public building to be lit only with electricity. The Savoy Hotel was the first to be lit with electricity and the first to have electric elevators.

Electric lights were used for the coronation of King Edward VII; Queen Consort Alexandra's coronation dress had silver threads in the weft, making it quite a statement under the electric lights in Westminster Abbey.

== Food ==

=== Punch ===
Punch was a drink served cold or at room temperature in glasses, often colored or flavored by the citrus fruits currently in season. In 1889, Mrs. Beeton says of punch,
&lt;blockquote&gt;Punch is a beverage made of various spirituous liquors or wine, hot water, the acid juice of fruits, and sugar. It is considered to be very intoxicating; but this is probably because the spirit being partly sheathed by the mucilaginous juice and the sugar, its strength does not appear to the taste so great as it really is. Punch, which was almost universally drunk among the middle classes about fifty or sixty years ago, has almost disappeared from our domestic tables, being superseded by wine. There are many different varieties of punch. It is sometimes kept cold in bottles, and makes a most agreeable summer drink. In Scotland, instead of the Madeira or sherry generally used in its manufacture, whiskey is substituted, and then its insiduous properties are more than usually felt. Where fresh lemons cannot be had for punch or similar beverages, crystallised citric acid and a few drops of the essence of lemon will be very nearly the same thing. In the composition of &quot;Regent's punch,&quot; champagne, brandy and veritable Martinique are required; &quot;Norfolk punch&quot; requires Seville oranges; &quot;milk punch&quot; may be extemporised by adding a little hot milk to lemonade, and then straining it through a jelly-bag. Then there are &quot;Wine punch,&quot; Tea-punch&quot; [sic] and &quot;French punch,&quot; made with lemons, spirits, tea and wine, in fantastic proportions. But of all the compounds of these materials, perhaps for a summer drink, the North-American &quot;mint julep&quot; is the most inviting. Captain Marryat gives the following recipe for its preparation: — &quot;Put into a tumbler about a dozen sprigs of the tender shoots of mint; upon them put a spoonful of white sugar, and equal proportions of peach and common brandy, so as to fill up one third, or, perhaps, a little less; then take rasped or pounded ice, and fill up the tumbler. Epicures rub the lips of the tumbler with a piece of fresh pineapple; and the tumbler itself if very often encrusted outside with stalactites of ice. As the ice melts, you drink.&quot; The Virginians, says Captain Marryat, claim the merit of having invented this superb compound; but, from a passage in the &quot;Comus&quot; of Milton, he claims it for his own country. (Beeton 1889 1220-21)&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== Biscuits ===
Mrs. Beeton covers biscuits in her ''Book of Household Management'' and provides a page of illustrations (1109). Biscuits are both sweet and savory, depending on the recipe, what Americans might call both cookies and crackers.

== Grooming and Hygiene ==

* Macassar Oil
* Button hook
* Scent bottle
* Shoe horn

== Household Goods ==

* [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Paper and Writing Tools|Paper and Writing Tools]]
* String box
* Suite de cheminée (or fireplace suite); Garniture de Cheminée

=== Doily ===
A simple and well-supported etymology traces the ''doily'' to &quot;a 17th-century London draper&quot; whose &quot;cheap and genteel&quot; &quot;woolen stuff&quot; was eventually used for &quot;'a small ornamental napkin used at dessert', known as a 'doily-napkin.'&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2025-01-11|title=Doily|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doily&amp;oldid=1268677585|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 22 January 1895, the New Zealand ''Bruce Herald'' reprinted this folk etymology from the ''New York Recorder''. It is useful for its recording of the variant spelling, versions of which appear in British newspaper at the end of the 19th century as well.&lt;blockquote&gt;The word doyley, now a familiar one with ladies, is derived from the name of Robert D'Oyley, one of the followers of William the Norman. He received a grant of valuable lands on the condition of a yearly tender of a tablecloth of three shillings' value at the feast of St. Michael. Agreeably to the fashion of the time the ladies of the D'Oyley household were accustomed to embroider and ornament the quit-rent tablecloths; hence these cloths, becoming curiosities and accumulating in the course of years, were at length brought into use as napkins at the royal table and called doyleys.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Origin of the Word Doyley.&quot; ''Bruce Herald'', Volume XXVI, Issue 2617, 22 January 1895, p. 3.  https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/BH18950122.2.20.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Lady Helen Stewart received several &quot;d'Oyleys&quot; on her [[Social Victorians/Stewart-Stavordale Wedding 1902-01-25|1902 wedding to Lord Stavordale]]. 

=== Tableware and Place Settings ===

==== Serving Dishes and Implements ====
Many of the individual pieces given to couples at their wedding are serving dishes.

* Salver
* Asparagus tongs
* Sauce boat
* Muffineer
* Epergne

==== Table Service ====

* Salt cellar
* Pepper castor
* Breakfast service
* Tea service
* Dinner service
* Dessert service

==== Flatware and Silverware ====
* Apostle spoons (appear in some list of gifts to the bride)

==== Tea Service ====

* Sugar bowl, sugar sifter, sugar castor
* Five o'clock tea set
* Lemon-squeezer

=== Vitrine ===
A vitrine or vitrine case is a display case made of glass. According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary''&lt;blockquote&gt;OED's earliest evidence for ''vitrine'' is from 1880, in the writing of Charlotte Schreiber, translator, businesswoman, and collector.&lt;ref&gt;“Vitrine, N.” ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, December 2024, &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1091506473&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Lady Helen Stewart received 2 vitrines plus a vitrine table for her [[Social Victorians/Stewart-Stavordale Wedding 1902-01-25|1902 wedding to Lord Stavordale]].

== Mail ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;In downtown London, in Holmes' and Watson's day, there were as many as twelve postal deliveries a day, and in Baker Street there were six. There were no Sunday deliveries, however — if one wanted to send a message on the Sabbath, he found it necessary to hire a commissionaire or some other special messenger.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;Baring-Gould I.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|349, n. 17}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Money ==
The denominations:

* Penny
* Shilling
* Pound

In &quot;A Case of Identity,&quot; Sherlock Holmes says to Miss Mary Sutherland, &quot;I believe that a single lady can get on very nicely upon an income of about sixty pounds.&quot; Baring-Gould says that this is a &quot;highly revealing statement on the cost of living in Britain in the 1880's. A single lady could then get on very nicely upon an income of about sixty pounds -- about $300 -- a year.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;{{rp|407 and n. 13}}

John Watson appears to have had his practice in the [[Social Victorians/Places#Paddington|Paddington district]]:&lt;blockquote&gt;It is impossible to say in which of Paddington's many streets Watson lived; he could have lived in Eastbourne Terrace, which runs alongside the west wall of Paddington Station, and connects Praed Street with Bishop's Bridge Road. ... It is far more likely that Watson lived across Praed Street, in Spring Street or London Street or even in Norfolk Square, which is separated from Praed Street only by a block of houses. He would thus be near neough to the Station to be known to the staff, which sufficiently removed from the traffic of Praed Street to enjoy a certain amount of quiet. His rent would have been (for a three-storeyed house in, say Spring Street) about £60 [$300] per annum; a four-storeyed house in nearby Norfolk Square would have been about £80 [$400]; both figures exclusive of rates.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Baring-Gould II.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|153-54, n. 2}} [quoting Michael Harrison; ellipsis mine, interpolations his]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Resources for understanding Victorian finances

* Inflation Calculator&lt;ref&gt;Bank of England. Internet Archive: https://web.archive.org/web/20090324044204/http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/education/inflation/calculator/flash/index.htm (retrieved October 2020).&lt;/ref&gt;

== Newspapers ==
[[Social Victorians/Newspapers|Newspapers]] and magazines are on their own page, with places to find them and some of the people in the industry.

== Ostrich Plumes and Prince of Wales's Feathers ==
For much of the late 18th and 19th centuries, white ostrich plumes were central to fashion at court, and '''at a certain point in the 19th century''' they became required for women being presented to the monarch and for their sponsors.

Separately, a secondary heraldic emblem of the Prince of Wales has been a specific arrangement of 3 ostrich feathers in a gold coronet&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2022-11-07|title=Prince of Wales's feathers|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers&amp;oldid=1120556015|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Wales's_feathers.&lt;/ref&gt; since King Edward III (1312–1377&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2022-12-14|title=Edward III of England|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_III_of_England&amp;oldid=1127343221|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III_of_England.&lt;/ref&gt;). Although they were both called Prince of Wales's feathers, the fashionable plumes worn at court by women and this official part of the Prince of Wales's heraldry have a complex relationship, especially in the 18th century. 
  
In her &quot;'Falling into Feathers': Jews and the Trans-Atlantic Ostrich Feather Trade,&quot; Sarah Abrevaya Stein says that the ostrich-feather industry&lt;blockquote&gt;
was shaped by — and in turn influenced — imperial policy and social realities in the Russian and British empires; the complex social and economic constitution of colonial Africa; the growing importance of global, trans-Atlantic, and colonial trade; and the whims and politics of women's fashion. And it was fostered primarily by Jews, who were instrumental in nurturing the popularity and exchange of this commodity over oceans, political boundaries, and cultural and linguistic divides.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;Stein, Sarah Abrevaya. &quot;'Falling into Feathers': Jews and the Trans-Atlantic Ostrich Feather Trade.&quot; ''The Journal of Modern History'' December 2007 (Vol. 79, No. 4): 772–812. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/521065 (accessed December 2022). Stable url: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/521065.&lt;/ref&gt; (774)&lt;/blockquote&gt;
It appears that the fashion for wearing plumes in headdresses was imported from France in the last half of the 18th century, before the French revolution, when so much of what people wore signified political allegiance. Miriam Handley refers to an image from 1786 of George, Prince of Wales and &quot;eight well-known aristocratic ladies, seven of whom wear the feather .... The image alludes to Gay’s ''The Beggar’s Opera'', III. xvii and uses the feather to imply the sexual relationship between the Prince and the women.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;Handley, Miriam. &quot;Flying the Feather: George, Prince of Wales and the Performance of Masculinity on the Late-Eighteenth-Century Stage.&quot; ''European Drama and Performance Studies'', n° 10, 2018 – 1, ''Masculinité et théâtre'': 29–49. DOI: [https://classiques-garnier.com/european-drama-and-performance-studies-2018-1-n-10-masculinite-et-theatre-flying-the-feather.html 10.15122/isbn.978-2-406-07790-9.p.0029].&lt;/ref&gt; (30, n. 4) One link, then, between the Prince of Wales and aristocratic women is the implication that women who wore the feather were &quot;his.&quot; The ostrich plume was eventually used in political cartoons and comic theatre in the 18th century to associate the Prince of Wales and fashionable women with complexities in the performance of masculinity, appropriation by women for social status, power and political opposition, and freedom and enslavement. Handley says, &quot;as the image of [a double-gendered] Chevalier suggests, the feather in the late 1770s was seen as the crowning touch to an extravagant head-dress. Plays and caricatures derived much comedy from these head-dresses, which were worn ﬁrst by Macaronis returning from their European Grand Tours, ... and subsequently by fashionable aristocratic women in the early 1770s.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; (35)

The &quot;popular women's fashion&quot; of white ostrich plumes spread widely among the fashionable in Europe and North America:&lt;blockquote&gt;A variety of feathers, including those of the ostrich, adorned the hats and clothes of elite European and American women from at least the second half of the eighteenth century, when Marie Antoinette introduced a minor ostrich feather craze among elite women by wearing towering plumes atop her hats. The thirst for feathers endured among members of the aristocracy throughout the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. But ostrich feathers were not widely employed by the fashion world until the 1880s. This was a decade in which women were gaining ever more opportunity and desire to consume ....&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; (778)&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== Late 18th and Early 19th Centuries ===
Women wore plumes at the court of Charlotte, Queen Consort of George III. The January 1810 ''La Belle Assemblée'' reports that the Duchess of Leeds headdress was a &quot;Caledonian cap of crimson velvet, diamonds, and ostrich feathers.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Qtd. in Rachel Knowles. &quot;Drawing Room Presentations — A Regency History Guide.&quot; ''Regency History'' 27 October 2021&lt;nowiki/&gt;https://www.regencyhistory.net/2021/10/drawing-room-presentations-regency.html (accessed November 2022).&lt;/ref&gt; Charles Lamb's 1809 ''Book Explaining the Ranks and Dignities of British Society''. says, &quot;Feathers are not reckoned a necessary part of a court dress; but young ladies very seldom go without them, and they are supposed to be under dressed if they do.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

The ''Lady’s Magazine'' mentions the headdress worn by the Countess of Carlisle in January 1809: &quot;Head-dress, ruby turban, jewels, and feathers.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Candice Hern. &quot;Court Dresses, Overview.&quot; ''Regency World'' https://candicehern.com/regencyworld/court-dresses-overview/ (accessed November 2022).&lt;/ref&gt; Every illustration on &quot;Court Dresses, Overview&quot; in Candice Hern's blog ''Regency World'' — and they are all tinted fashion plates — shows a woman wearing plumes. Most of the plumes on this page are white, but one plate from March 1806 shows plumes dyed to match the dress, and most of the drawings show a few feathers (perhaps 3) but one plate from July 1820 has a positive efflorescence of plumes in the headdress.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

=== Victorian Era ===
The three white plumes so like the Prince of Wales's feathers were not universal in early June 1853 at the first Queen's drawing room of the year.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Her Majesty's Drawing-Room.&quot; ''The Court Journal'' 4 June 1853, Saturday: 354, Col. 1a – 363, Col. 3c; 366, Col. 2a – 372, Col. 1a. ''Google Books'' [https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Court_Journal/JKhUGEnNVTwC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=three+white+ostrich+plumes+at+court&amp;pg=PA371&amp;printsec=frontcover https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Court_Journal/JKhUGEnNVTwC] (accessed December 2022).&lt;/ref&gt; Many but not all of the women present did wear white plumes, and not all the plumes were white.

What was first fashionable and then de rigeur at court evolved and then reified by the end of the 19th century. First published in 1893, Lady Colin Campbell's ''Manners and Rules of Good Society'' (1911 edition) says that&lt;blockquote&gt; 

It was compulsory for both Married and Unmarried Ladies to Wear Plumes. The married lady’s Court plume consisted of three white feathers. An unmarried lady’s of two white feathers. The three white feathers should be mounted as a Prince of Wales plume and worn towards the left hand side of the head. Colored feathers may not be worn. In deep mourning, white feathers must be worn, black feathers are inadmissible.

White veils or lace lappets must be worn with the feathers. The veils should not be longer than 45 inches.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.edwardianpromenade.com/etiquette/the-court-presentation/|title=The Court Presentation|last=Holl|first=Evangeline|date=2007-12-07|website=Edwardian Promenade|language=en-US|access-date=2022-12-18}} https://www.edwardianpromenade.com/etiquette/the-court-presentation/.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt; 

In ''Plumes: Ostrich Feathers, Jews, and a Lost World of Global Commerce'', Sarah Abrevaya Stein says, &quot;Ostrich feathers were valuable commodities at the beginning of the twentieth century, their value per pound almost equal to that of diamonds.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Qtd in {{Cite web|url=https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/history-and-heritage/london-metropolitan-archives/collections/cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/history-and-heritage/london-metropolitan-archives/collections/ostrich-feather-trade|title=Ostrich feather trade|website=City of London|language=en|access-date=2022-12-22}} https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/history-and-heritage/london-metropolitan-archives/collections/ostrich-feather-trade.&lt;/ref&gt; Stein says, &quot;Ostrich feathers could be found wherever there were arbiters of style: a consignment of £20,000 worth of the plumes was even lost&quot; when ''Titanic'' sank.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; (780) When ostrich feathers first became popular in the west, the birds were hunted and killed for their plumage, but by the end of the 19th century they were farmed and the plumes plucked. 

The labor force was in some cases highly skilled and specialized: &lt;blockquote&gt;London acquired the monopoly on European ostrich feather auctions in 1876, just as the feather market — and London's merchant house economy — was expanding. ... At about the same time, London was absorbing roughly 15,000 Eastern European Jewish immigrants: men, women, girls, and boys who furnished a bountiful labor market to the feather trade. ... Due in great part to this influx of immigrants, Jews quickly proved well represented in all tiers of the supply side of Britain's feather industry. Jewish girls and women were the principal unskilled, semiskilled, and skilled workers to staff the hundreds of feather manufactories that dotted London's East End, and Jewish men were well represented among ostrich feather dealers and manufacturers in the British capital, constituting, in 1883, 57 percent and 43 percent of these occupational niches, respectively.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; &lt;/blockquote&gt;

The labor force associated with ostrich plumes was largely &quot;immigrant Jewish women and girls who had experience in the needle trades. Workers suffered poor wages and were often subject to the abuse of their rights by employers.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Before the 20th century, this industry was &quot;concentrated in a one-mile radius from the City of London into the East End. In particular, around the Barbican, Aldersgate, London Wall, Jewin Street, Cripplegate, Bartholomew Close, and the Fenchurch Street area.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Post-Edwardian Era ===
Besides people working in the ostrich-feather industry itself, milliners also needed the skills for working with the plumes. From the immediately post-Edwardian era, this book addresses not the plumes worn at court but attached to the hats of the fashionable:&lt;blockquote&gt;Prince of Wales feathers ... consist of three small ostrich feathers, one placed high in the center and the other two placed just below, so that the flues of the two lowest feathers will cover the stem of the one at the top. They are frequently referred to as the Prince de Galles. The Prince of Wales tips are used for trimming hats for the mature woman and are quite frequently separated and used to encircle the crown of a wide-brimmed hat for a younger woman. In case they are used in this manner the wire items should be cut off and the back of the feather sewed firmly to the hat. Small feathers that are attached to the side crown of the hat should be sewed on with silk floss matching the feather in color. Sew over the stem but not through it, so that, / after the entire hat is trimmed, each feather may be twisted and turned to its proper position.&lt;ref&gt;Cné, Orna. &quot;Flowers and Feathers.&quot; &quot;Natural and Man-Made Feathers.&quot; Children and Misses' {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ak08AQAAMAAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=RA5-PA28&amp;dq=Prince+of+Wales+plumes+women+headdress&amp;hl=en|title=Woman's Institute Reference Library ... V. A7-A9|last=millinery|first=Woman's Institute of Domestic Arts and Sciences Department of|date=1916|publisher=International textbook Company|language=en}} 1916. Google Books [https://www.google.com/books/edition/Woman_s_Institute_Reference_Library_V_A7/Ak08AQAAMAAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Prince+of+Wales+plumes+women+headdress&amp;pg=RA5-PA28&amp;printsec=frontcover https://www.google.com/books/edition/Woman_s_Institute_Reference_Library_V_A7/Ak08AQAAMAAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Prince+of+Wales+plumes+women+headdress&amp;pg=RA5-PA28].&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|28–29}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== The Crash ===
The market for ostrich plumes rose and fell several times: two years in which the plumes were not fashionable were 1885 and 1913.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/history-and-heritage/london-metropolitan-archives/collections/cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/history-and-heritage/london-metropolitan-archives/collections/ostrich-feather-trade|title=Ostrich feather trade|website=City of London|language=en|access-date=2022-12-22}} https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/history-and-heritage/london-metropolitan-archives/collections/ostrich-feather-trade,&lt;/ref&gt; The fashion for prior years had used plumes and feathers of other birds to &quot;excess,&quot; as the 6 January 1886 ''Pall Mall Gazette'' put it.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; The Plumage League was founded in 1885, &quot;a predecessor of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

Stein says,&lt;blockquote&gt;1913 proved a peak year for feather sales, but their popularity was not to endure long: feathers would soon be rejected by consumers on both sides of the Atlantic. This shift in taste ws at one aesthetic, political, and economic. It was prompted by several related factors: the success of the antiplumage and bird protection movement; an emerging sense of austerity in women's fashion catalyzed, in part, by the outbreak of the First World War; and the extensive oversupply of ostrich plumes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; (802)&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== Questions about Ostrich Plumes and the Prince of Wales's Feathers ===
# At some point, women being presented at court were expected to wear a headdress with 3 white ostrich-feather plumes. When did this occur?
# At some point, did the court style of the feathered headdress became associated with the Prince of Wales' heraldic badge of the three ostrich-feather plumes?

== Paper and Writing Tools ==

* Writing set
* Paper cutter or knife
* Pen knife
* Paper cases, containers or cabinets
* Ink bottle
* Inkstand
* Pen wiper
* Blotting book
* Paper weight
* Paper clip (given one at a time)

== Phonograph, Gramophone, etc. ==
In &quot;England in 1903, ''gramophone'' distinctly meant the Berliner-Gramophon &amp; Typewriter disc machine, while cyclinder [sic] machines were known as ''phonographs'' or ''graphophones''.&quot; (Baring-Gould II 745, n. 15).

Bram Stoker's ''Dracula'' has a phonograph that Dr. Seward speaks into, inscribing his patient notes onto wax cylinders, which Dracula himself throws into the fire.

See also [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Electrophone|Electrophone]].

== Photography ==
*Daguerrotype
*Frames for photographs were common wedding gifts, and in the lists of gifts, reporters are likely to use the term ''photo'' as well as ''photograph frame''.

== Police Business ==
Francis Galton gave a paper &quot;to the British Association … on Finger-prints and the Detection of Crime in India. Galton's method was examined by a committee appointed by Asquith in 1894. … Finger-prints as a means of detecting criminals were first used by Sir William Herschel of the I.C.S. in the district of Hooghli, in Bengal. They were recognized as superior to Bertillon's anthropometry, and were recommended for all India in a report of 1896.&quot; (Baring-Gould II 425, n. 9, quoting Vernon Rendall). Fingerprinting was adopted by Scotland Yard ikn 1901 (Baring-Gould II 425, n. 9).

== Retailers ==

* [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Edouard Henry Dreyfous|Edouard Henry Dreyfous]]
* [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Worth, of Paris|Worth, of Paris]]

=== Edouard Henry Dreyfous ===
A &quot;retailer of fine antique furniture and objets d’art with establishments in London (Mayfair), Paris and New York[, Dreyfous] was active in the late 19th century, from 1880, through early in the 20th century.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;&quot;A Very Fine and Rare french 19th Century Louis XV Style Etched Glass, Ormolu and Porcelain (Probably by Sèvres) Encrier Inkwell by E''douard Henry Dreyfous''.&quot; Jan's &amp; Co., Inc.: Fine French Antiques &amp; Ojects d'Art. 17 June 2025 https://www.jansantiques.com/Lot/jac2520.php.&lt;/ref&gt; Born in France, &quot;Dreyfous called London his home and sold fine furnishings and objets d'art.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; He held a Royal Warrant (in the early 20th century at least), and his &quot;main clientele were some of the richest, most affluent and influential people from around the world, including Royalty,&quot; like Queen Alexandra and Queen Mary.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;

Three gifts identified as having come from Dreyfous were given to [[Social Victorians/Stewart-Stavordale Wedding 1902-01-25|Lady Helen Stewart at her 1902 marriage to Lord Stavordale]], a green leather blotter apparently bought from Dreyfous as well as 2 trays.

== Sequins and Spangles ==
Sequins have holes in the center and spangles at the top; paillettes are large and flat.

Sequins themselves have a long history and were probably mass-produced by the end of the 19th century. The silver ones like the ones used in the Duchess of Devonshire's costume in 1897 were useful in garments worn only once because they would have tarnished, turning black and dull.

Sequins in one form or another have been used to decorate clothing, especially for the elite, for millennia (dating back to the Egyptians, discovered during and popularized by the opening of King Tutenkhamen's tomb in 1922&lt;ref&gt;Spivack, Emily. &quot;A History of Sequins from King Tut to the King of Pop.&quot; ''Smithsonian Magazine'' 28 December 2012. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/a-history-of-sequins-from-king-tut-to-the-king-of-pop-8035/ (accessed December 2022).&lt;/ref&gt;). 

== Telephone and Telegraph ==
&quot;The telegram rate to France of twopence a word was introduced in 1889 and continued until 1920, when it changed to twopence halfpenny; the rate to Switzerland at the time was threepence a word (it dropped to twopence halfpenny in 1909 but reverted to threepence in 1926).&quot; (Baring-Gould II 658, n. 6, quoting Kaser).

In 1892 the ''Louth and North Lincolnshire Advertiser'' says,&lt;blockquote&gt;It is now possible to cable to New York and obtain an answer back in four minutes.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Facts and Fancies.&quot; ''Louth and North Lincolnshire Advertiser'' 9 July 1892, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 6c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000313/18920709/038/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Also in 1892, at one of the &quot;conversaziones&quot; at the Royal Society, which is what they called it when women were taking part:&lt;blockquote&gt;The ladies' conversazione was held at the Royal Society on Wednesday, the 15th, when the President and Lady Kelvin received a large and distinguished company, including the Earl of Ducie, Lord Cottesloe, Sir John Conroy, Prof. and Mrs. Sidgwick, the Master of Pembroke, Mr. Bryce, M.P., Sir Bernhard Samuelson, M.P., and Lord Basing. A great attraction was the Telephonic Company's installation, by which the sounds of &quot;Salammbo&quot; were conveyed from the Paris Opera.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Royal Society's Conversazione.&quot; &quot;Miscellaneous.&quot; ''Reading Mercury'' 25 June 1892, Saturday: 8 [of 8], Col. 1b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000369/18920625/083/0008. Print title: ''Reading Mercury, Oxford Gazette, Newbury Herald, and Berks County Paper'', p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== Electrophone ===
On Monday, 11 May 1896,&lt;blockquote&gt;An electrophone has been installed at Marlborough House, whereby the Prince of Wales and family on Monday listened to the Drury Lane opera and selections from other pieces in various London theatres.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Latest Home News by the 'Carthage.'&quot; ''Civil &amp; Military Gazette'' (Lahore) 12 May 1896, Tuesday: 4 [of 18], Col. 1b [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003221/18960512/036/0004. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Typewriter ==

=== Typewriter Manufacturers ===
*Berliner-Gramophon &amp; Typewriter
*Remington

=== Writers and Their Typewriters ===

==== [[Social Victorians/People/William Butler Yeats|W. B. Yeats]] ====
Yeats wrote &quot;The Second Coming&quot; on a typewriter? In these comments, a ''typewriter'' is a person, not a machine:
*letter WBY to Lady Gregory, 10 April 1902, from 18 Woburn Bldgs: &quot;I am working at my novel — dictating to a typewriter. I dictated 2000 words in an hour and ten minutes yesterday — and go on again tomorrow. This dictation is really a discovery&quot; (Wade 370).
*letter WBY to Lady Gregory, 3 April 1905, from 8 Cavendish Row, Dublin: &quot;You will be sorry to hear that I have just dictated a rough draft of a new Grania second act to Moore's typewriter&quot; (Wade 368).

==== Arthur Conan Doyle and Sherlock Holmes ====
*&quot;I think of writing another little monograph some of these days on the typewriter and its relation to crime. It is a subject to which I have devoted some little attention. I have here four letters which purport to come from the missing man. They are all typewritten. In each case, not only are the 'e's' slurred and the 'r's' tailless, but you will observe, if you care to use my magnifying lens, that the fourteen other characteristics to which I have alluded are there as well&quot; (in &quot;A Case of Identity,&quot; Baring-Gould I 414). 
*&quot;'And now I will show you what is really a very interesting study, Mr. Windibank,' Homes continued. 'I think of writing another little monograph some of these days on the typewriter and its relation to crime. It is a subject to which I have devoted some little attention. I have here four letters which purport to come from the missing man. They are all typewritten. In each case, not only are the &quot;e's&quot; slurred and the &quot;r's&quot; tailless, but you will observe, if you care to use my magnifying lens, that the fourteen other characteristics to which I have alluded are there as well.'&quot; (Baring-Gould I 414) [September 1891]
*G. Lestrade sends Holmes a typescript of a statement dictated to the police, &quot;taken down, just as he made it, by our shorthand man. We had three copies typewritten, one of which I enclose&quot; (in &quot;The Cardboard Box,&quot; January 1893, in Baring-Gould II 204). 
*Laura Lyons in Arthur Conan Doyle's 1902 &quot;The Hound of the Baskervilles&quot; has &quot;a typewriting business,&quot; and when Watson visits her, she is &quot;sitting before a Remington typewriter&quot; (Baring-Gould II 74). 
&quot;'In … the ''Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology'' (November-December, 1947) there appears a review of an article in the Police Journal, the title of which is &quot;Identification of Typewriting,&quot; reputedly by one George McLean,' Mr. Archibald Hart wrote in 'The Effects of Trades Upon Hands.' 'Is it not apparent that some hoarder of the only existent copies of all of Holmes' brochures is now releasing them one by one under false authorships? 'McLean' urges us to note the peculiarities of each typed character, the vertical and horizontal alignment, the side impressions of each character, and the shortening of the serifs in P, D, B, and H, and the diacritic in the letter T.'&quot; (Baring-Gould I 415, n. 28).

==== Teddy Roosevelt ====
Teddy Roosevelt was the first U.S. President to use a typewriter.

==== Victorian Fiction with Typewriters ====
From a discussion on the Victoria listserv, January 2021; my thanks to the contributors to the thread &quot;Victorian Fiction about Typewriters or Typed Letters.&quot;

* Allen, Grant. ''Miss Cayley's Adventures''.
** “The Adventure of the Urbane Old Gentlemen” (16.91, August 1898): 201–212.
** “The Adventure of the Unprofessional Detective” (17.98, February 1899): 191–201.
** “The Adventure of the Cross-Eyed Q.C.” (16.96, December 1898): 688–698.
* Allen, Grant. ''The Type-Writer Girl''. (1897)
* Bangs, John Kendrick. ''The Enchanted Typewriter''. (Harper &amp; Brothers, 1899)
* Burnett, Frances Hodgson. ''The Shuttle''. (1906
* Cape, Bernard. &quot;Poor Lucy Rivers&quot; (1906 collection, periodical publication earlier)
* Doyle, Arthur Conan. &quot;The Adventure of A Case of Identity.&quot;
* Gallon, Tom. ''The Girl Behind the Keys''. Hutchinson &amp; Co. (1903.
* Gissing, George. ''The Odd Women''
* Bram Stoker, ''Dracula'' (1897)

==== Secondary Sources on Typewriters ====
* Gardey, Delphine (2001). ''Le dactylographe et l’expéditionnaire: Histoire des employés de bureau, 1890–1930. Histoire et Société: Modernités''. Ed by Louis Bergeron and Patrice Bourdelais. Paris: Berlin, 2001.
* Keep, Christopher. “The Introduction of the Sholes &amp; Glidden Type-Writer, 1874.″ BRANCH (http://www.branchcollective.org/?ps_articles=christopher-keep-the-introduction-of-the-sholes-glidden-type-writer-1874).
* Price, Leah, and Pamela Thurschwell, eds. ''Literary Secretaries / Secretarial Culture''. Routledge, 2005.
* Thurschwell, Pamela. Chapter on typewriters. ''Literature, Technology and Magical Thinking, 1880–1920''. Cambridge University Press, 2001.
* Wanggren, Lena. &quot;Typewriters and Typists: Secretarial Agency at the Fin de Siècle,&quot; Chapter 3 in her ''Gender, Technology and the New Woman'' (Edinburgh University Press).
* Young, Arlene. “The Rise of the Victorian Working Lady: The New-Style Nurse and the Typewriter, 1840-1900″ BRANCH (http://www.branchcollective.org/?ps_articles=arlene-young-the-rise-of-the-victorian-working-lady-the-new-style-nurse-and-the-typewriter-1840-1900)

==Works Cited==
*Simons, Larry. &quot;More on Bathing Machines.&quot; Posting to Savoynet 22 December 2002.
*Speranza, J. L. &quot;Something between a Large Bathing-machine.&quot; Posting to Savoynet 22 December 2002.

== References ==
{{reflist}}</text>
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    <title>Social Victorians/People/Oscar Wilde</title>
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      <text bytes="4899" sha1="9gsrvpj3npt7tk0u97iwtsyptn7txcu" xml:space="preserve">==Also Known As==
* Family name:  Wilde
===Oscar Wilde===
* Oscar Fingal O'Flahertie Wills Wilde
===Constance Wilde===
* Mrs. Constance Wilde
* Mrs. Oscar Wilde
* Constance Mary Lloyd, née
* Constance Holland (after 1895)
* [[Social Victorians/Golden Dawn|Golden Dawn]] motto: Qui Patitur Vincit — &quot;Who endures conquers&quot; (Küntz 220)

==Demographics==
*Nationality: Irish
===Residences===
==Family==
* Oscar Fingal O'Flahertie Wills Wilde (16 October 1854 – 30 November 1900)
* Constance Wilde (2 January 1859 – 7 April 1898)
# Cyril Wilde Holland (5 June 1885 – 9 May 1915)
# Vyvyan Oscar Beresford Wilde Holland (3 November 1886 – 10 October 1967)

=== Relations ===

* Oscar Wilde's father was Sir William Wilde, surgeon and chairman of the Census Commission, living in Dublin.

==Acquaintances, Friends and Enemies==
===Acquaintances and Friends===
====Oscar Wilde====
*[[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Conan Doyle |Arthur Conan Doyle]]
* [[Social Victorians/People/Frank Harris|Frank Harris]]
* Bosie Lord (Alfred) Douglas
* [[Social Victorians/People/George Bernard Shaw|George Bernard Shaw]]
* Henry Bourke
* Robert Ross
* Lionel Johnson
* [[Social Victorians/People/Lady Violet Greville|Lady Violet Greville]]
* [[Social Victorians/People/Joseph Marshall Stoddart |Joseph Marshall Stoddart]]
*[[Social Victorians/People/Thomas Patrick Gill |Thomas Patrick Gill]]

=== Sources for Wilde's Characters ===

* Gwladys Robinson, for A Woman of No Importance
* Gwendolen 

==Organizations==
====Oscar Wilde====
* Trinity College, Classical Scholarship and Gold Medal for Greek.
* Magdalen College, Oxford, Classical Scholarship, a double &quot;First&quot; in &quot;Mods&quot; and in Greats, Newdigate Prize for English verse.
* ''Lippincott's Monthly Magazine''
* ''The Lady's Magazine'', later called ''The Women's Magazine''

==Timeline==
'''1884 May 29''', Oscar Wilde and Constance Mary Lloyd married at St James's Church, Paddington.

'''1887, April''', Wilde became editor of ''The Lady's World'', changed its name to ''[[Social Victorians/Newspapers#The Woman's World|The Woman's World]]'', and hired interesting writers, one of which was [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Alice Comyns Carr|Alice Comyns Carr]].

'''1888 November 13''', Constance Wilde joined the [[Social Victorians/Golden Dawn|Golden Dawn]], probably the [[Social Victorians/Golden Dawn/Isis-Urania Temple|Isis-Urania Temple]] (Howe 50).

'''1889 August 30''', Stoddart was present at the [[Social Victorians/1889-08-30 Lippincott Dinner at the Langham | dinner at the Langham Hotel]] with Gill, Stoddart and Conan Doyle.

'''1889, October''', after the 2nd volume, Wilde resigned his editorship of ''[[Social Victorians/Newspapers#The Woman's World|The Woman's World]]''.

'''1889 November''', Constance Wilde &quot;had reached the Senior Philosophus grade,&quot; still Outer Order (Howe 50).

'''1891''', Constance Wilde met Lord Alfred Douglas.

'''1893 September 2''', before, Constance Wilde's membership in the Golden Dawn was &quot;in abeyance&quot;: the entry in the rolls reads &quot;In abeyance with the sympathy of the Chiefs&quot; (Howe 50).

'''1894''', in North Africa, Wilde and Douglas met Andre Gide and encouraged him to admit his homosexuality.

'''1895''', Oscar Wilde's trials. He had two plays running in the West End, ''The Importance of Being Earnest'' (at the St. James) and ''An Ideal Husband'' (at the Haymarket Theatre).

'''1898 April 7''', Constance Wilde died in Genoa.

'''1900 November 30,''' Wilde was buried first in Bagneux Cemetery and then moved to Pere LaChaise.

==Questions and Notes==
==Bibliography==

==== Oscar Wilde's Works ====

* 1881, ''Poems''
* 1888, ''The Happy Prince and Other Tales''
* &quot;The Decay of Lying&quot; 
* 1890 (U.S.) and 1891 (Great Britain), ''The Picture of Dorian Gray''
* 1891, ''The Soul of Man under Socialism'', on the role of the artist in society 
* 1891, ''Intentions,'' collection of essays previously published elsewhere 
* 1891, ''Lord Arthur Savile's Crime, and Other Stories''
* 1891, ''A House of Pomegranates''
* 1892, ''Lady Windemere's Fan''
* 1892, ''Salome'' published in French. 
* 1893, ''A Woman of No Importance''
* 1894, English translation of ''Salome,'' with illustrations by Aubrey Beardsley, published by John Lane 
* 1895, ''An Ideal Husband''
* 1895, ''The Importance of Being Earnest''
* 1898, ''The Ballad of Reading Gaol''
* 1905, De Profundis, written as a letter to Lord Alfred Douglas, published in an abridged form posthumously. 
* &quot;The Portrait of W.H.,&quot; auctioned off when Wilde's house was broken up

==== Secondary Sources ====
* &quot;Constance Lloyd.&quot; Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constance_Lloyd (accessed July 2020).
* Howe
* Küntz
* Moyle, Franny. ''Constance: The Tragic and Scandalous Life of Mrs. Oscar Wilde''. John Murray, 2011.
* &quot;Oscar Wilde.&quot; Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde (accessed July 2020).</text>
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    <title>Large language models</title>
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      <text bytes="26461" sha1="8oq80ahh8qwjj18t1thwfmzchq7ha8f" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Machine learning models designed for natural language processing}}
[[File:LLM-logo.svg|thumb]]
Large language models (LLM's) are software programs that are also known as a form of &quot;artificial intelligence&quot; (AI); LLM's are specifically an aspect of generative AI. This wiki area is for learning, teaching, and research related to LLM's. 
{{RightTOC}}
[[Image:Multiple attention heads.png|right|280px|thumb|An illustration of multiple attention heads, each having its own criteria of relevance of other tokens for one of the tokens within the scope of a context window. (For the purpose of illustration, the context window consists of only one sentence.]]

==Discourse and ideas==
Here is discourse and ideas related to large language models. Perhaps once significantly developed/refined, some of these can have their own sub-page or become a unique learning resource. 
===Learning wikis as training data===
Unless laws change, Creative Commons content appears to be valid training data for LLM's. As LLM's progress and advance, more and more data can be utilized to training increasingly complex models. Learning wikis devoted to learning, teaching, and resource, that allow for original research and original content creation (related to learning, teaching, and research), can potentially be extremely valuable (in terms of educational value) for large language models. Perhaps in the future (if this does not already exist), large language models will be able to continuously be trained on, retain, and learn from new data and information. Perhaps in the future, an open source large language model could only be trained on Creative Commons data, and therefore, all generated content would also be licensed under Creative Commons. 

==Discussion questions==
Here are some learning and teaching oriented discussion questions related to large language models. Humans can use language and mental effort to explore these ideas collaboratively, or some of these could be used as prompts to see how an LLM might respond. 
* Would a large language model that is only trained on Creative Commons licensed data only be capable of generating responses to prompts that can also be rightly and correctly licensed under a Creative Commons license? 
* How might large language models affect learning and research. Will LLM's eventually seen like calculators are in math and sciences now? But for everything (all subjects/topics, including math, physics, ethics, biology, psychology, chemistry, engineering, art)? 
* What are some ethical considerations related to large language models that should be considered? 
* What are some pros and cons to open source large language models? Will open source LLM's likely become more advanced the propriety LLM's eventually? What do you think? 
* How can large language models help to advance and accelerate technological automation in ways that will benefit all of humanity? 
* In what ways can large language models help programmers to code?
* Can music be thought of a language within the realm of large language models? 
* What is differentiable computing and how does differentiable computing relate to large language models? 
* How can teachers utilize large language models to help accelerate student learning and to help students learn more efficiently? 

== Educational prompt ideas==
These are original prompt ideas regarding ways to learn about large language models, and also to explore using LLM's for learning, teaching, and research. Input these into your preferred LLM (without quotes) to see what results are generated. LLM's might produce interesting or useful answers in response to these prompts. Some of these prompts may be interesting or useful for discussions among and between humans. 

* &quot;Describe to me how large language models can be utilized for learning, teaching, and research. Do this in an about 200 word two paragraph mini essay. Explain it to me like I am a freshman in community college.&quot; 
* &quot;Give me a list of 12 ways that large language models can be utilized for learning, teaching, and research.&quot;
* &quot;How can LLM's be utilized to accelerate the pace of research and scientific discovery?&quot;
* &quot;What are some ethical considerations related to large language models that should be considered?&quot;
* &quot;What are some pros and cons to open source large language models? Will open source LLM's likely become more advanced the propriety LLM's eventually? What do you think?&quot;
* &quot;What are some project ideas to integrate large language models in with humanoid robots, and/or other sorts of robots? Please give me 15 project ideas that can be relatively simple or extremely complex.&quot;
* &quot;Please search the Internet if possible. In what ways have university professors and academic researchers been using large language models in the last year? Please respond in list form.&quot;
* &quot;In what ways can large language models help programmers to code? Please provide me 8 examples and respond in list form.&quot;
* &quot;Can music be thought of a language within the realm of large language models?&quot;
* &quot;What is differentiable computing and how does differentiable computing relate to large language models?&quot;
* &quot;How can one fine tune an open source large language model?&quot;
* &quot;What are some popular state of the art open source large language models. Please search the internet as helpful and respond to me in list form.&quot;
* &quot;Please give me a list of important terminology that I should be aware of when working with and training open source large language models. Please be comprehensive. Please respond in list form. And please search the internet as helpful.&quot;
* &quot;What sort of hardware should I utilize to run the most competent open source large language models that I want to utilize for learning, teaching, and research? Please search the internet as helpful.&quot;
* &quot;How can teachers utilize large language models to help accelerate student learning and to help students learn more efficiently? Please respond in list form.&quot;
* &quot;How can researchers utilize large language models to create theories, hypothesis, and to formulate potential research studies? Please respond in short paragraphs, but in list form.&quot;

== Readings and learning media ==
=== Wikipedia ===
{{:Cross-domain_AI_topics}}
==== LLM Topics ====
Categories and lists:
: {{wc|Natural language processing}}
:: {{wc|Tasks of natural language processing}}
: {{wc|Large language models}}
:: {{wc|Generative pre-trained transformers}}
:: {{w|List of large language models}}

===== Basics =====
: {{w|ChatGPT}}
: {{w|Large language model}}
: {{w|Prompt engineering}}
: {{w|GPT-4}}
: {{w|ChatGPT in education}}
: {{w|Turing test}}
: {{w|Natural-language understanding}}
: {{w|Word embedding}}
===== Intermediate =====
: {{w|Transformer (deep learning architecture)}}
: {{w|Attention (machine learning)}}
: {{w|LLaMA}}
: {{w|Mistral AI}}
: {{w|Foundation model}}
: {{w|LangChain}}
: {{w|Generative pre-trained transformer}} (GPT)
: {{w|GitHub Copilot}}

===== Advanced =====
: {{w|Reflection (artificial intelligence)}}
: {{w|Reasoning language model}}
: {{w|Retrieval-augmented generation}}
: {{w|Knowledge distillation}}
: {{w|Model compression}}
: {{w|History of natural language processing}}
: {{w|Neural scaling law}}
: {{w|GitHub Copilot}}
: {{w|Automated reasoning}}
: {{w|Mixture of experts}}
: {{w|Gemini (language model)}}
: {{w|Auto-GPT}}
: {{w|VideoPoet}}
: {{w|Artificial intelligence in Wikimedia projects}}
: {{w|Artificial intelligence content detection}}
: {{w|Language model}}
:: {{w|Language model benchmark}}
:: {{w|Language_model#Evaluation_and_benchmarks|Evaluation and benchmarks}}
::: {{w|MMLU}}
: {{wc|Tasks of natural language processing}}
:: {{w|Question answering}}
:: {{w|Sentiment analysis}}
:: {{w|Named-entity recognition}}
: {{w|Zero-shot learning}}
: More
:: Internals
::: {{w|Word2vec}}
::: {{w|Seq2seq}}
::: {{w|GloVe}}
:: {{w|List of large language models}}
::: {{w|BERT (language model)|BERT}}
::: {{w|T5 (language model)|T5}}
::: {{w|Llama (language model)|Llama}}
::: {{w|Chinchilla (language model)|Chinchilla AI}}
::: {{w|PaLM}}
::: {{w|Generative pre-trained transformer|GPT}}
::: {{w|GPT-1|1}}, {{w|GPT-2|2}}, {{w|GPT-3|3}}, {{w|GPT-J|J}}
:::: {{w|ChatGPT}}
:::: {{w|GPT-4|4}}, {{w|GPT-4o|4o}}
:::: {{w|OpenAI o1|o1}}, {{w|OpenAI o3|o3}}
::: {{w|Claude (language model)|Claude}}
::: {{w|Gemini (language model)|Gemini}}
:::: {{w|Gemini (chatbot)|chatbot}}
::: {{w|Grok (chatbot)|Grok}}
:: {{w|LaMDA}}
::: {{w|BLOOM (language model)|BLOOM}}
::: {{w|Project Debater}}
::: {{w|IBM Watson}}
::: {{w|IBM Watsonx}}
::: {{w|IBM Granite|Granite}}
::: {{w|Huawei PanGu|PanGu-Σ}}
::: {{w|DeepSeek}}
::: {{w|Qwen}}

===External===
: https://anthropic.skilljar.com/
: https://hf.co/learn/
: https://academy.openai.com/
: https://cookbook.openai.com/
: https://academy.langchain.com/
: [https://medium.com/@tom_21755/understanding-causal-llms-masked-llm-s-and-seq2seq-a-guide-to-language-model-training-d4457bbd07fa Understanding Causal LLM’s, Masked LLM’s, and Seq2Seq: A Guide to Language Model Training Approaches]
: Docs
:: https://docs.x.ai/
:: https://platform.deepseek.com/
:: https://platform.openai.com/
:: https://docs.anthropic.com/
:: https://docs.mistral.ai/
: Papers, publications
:: https://huggingface.co/papers
:: [https://arxiv.org/abs/2201.11903 Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Models, 2022]
:: [https://arxiv.org/abs/2106.09685 LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Models, 2021]
:: [https://arxiv.org/abs/1706.03762 Attention Is All You Need, 2017]
: Articles
:: https://www.pinecone.io/learn/retrieval-augmented-generation/
:: [https://stpp.fordschool.umich.edu/tags/large-language-models Large Language Models] - Articles
:: [https://hai.stanford.edu/news/how-large-language-models-will-transform-science-society-and-ai How Large Language Models Will Transform Science, Society, and AI]
:: [https://insights.sei.cmu.edu/blog/harnessing-the-power-of-large-language-models-for-economic-and-social-good-foundations/ Harnessing the Power of Large Language Models For Economic and Social Good: Foundations]
:: [https://courses.grainger.illinois.edu/CS447/sp2023/Slides/Lecture27.pdf Lecture 27: Intro to Large Language Models]

==== Model Context Protocol (MCP) Course ====
: [https://huggingface.co/learn/mcp-course/unit0/introduction MCP Course]
:: Continue, Gradio, Hugging Face Hub, Claude Code, GitHub, Slack

==== AI Agents Course ====
[https://hf.co/learn/agents-course/unit0/introduction Hugging Face AI Agents Course]
: [https://hf.co/learn/agents-course/unit1/introduction Introduction to Agents]
:: [https://huggingface.co/learn/agents-course/unit1/agent-steps-and-structure Thought-Action-Observation Cycle]
: [https://hf.co/learn/agents-course/unit2/introduction Frameworks for AI Agents]
:: [https://hf.co/learn/agents-course/unit2/smolagents/introduction smolagents] 
::: [https://huggingface.co/learn/agents-course/unit2/smolagents/code_agents code agents]
::: [https://huggingface.co/learn/agents-course/unit2/smolagents/tools tools]
::: [https://huggingface.co/learn/agents-course/unit2/smolagents/multi_agent_systems multi-agent]
::: ... [https://huggingface.co/docs/smolagents/index docs]
:: [https://hf.co/learn/agents-course/unit2/llama-index/introduction LlamaIndex]
::: ... [https://docs.llamaindex.ai/en/stable/understanding/ docs]
:: [https://hf.co/learn/agents-course/unit2/langgraph/introduction LangGraph]
::: ... [https://academy.langchain.com/courses/intro-to-langgraph Introduction to LangGraph], [https://langchain-ai.github.io/langgraph/ docs]
: [https://hf.co/learn/agents-course/unit3/agentic-rag/introduction Use Case for Agentic RAG]
:: [https://huggingface.co/learn/agents-course/unit3/agentic-rag/invitees tools]
: bonus
:: [https://hf.co/learn/agents-course/bonus-unit1/introduction Fine-tuning an LLM for Function-calling]
:: [https://hf.co/learn/agents-course/bonus-unit2/introduction Agent Observability and Evaluation]

==== LLM Course ====
Introductory course about natural large language models (LLMs) and language processing (NLP) using libraries from the Hugging Face ecosystem &amp;ndash; Transformers, Datasets, Tokenizers, and Accelerate.

: [https://hf.co/course/chapter0/1 '''LLM Course''']
:: [https://hf.co/course/chapter1/1 Transformer models]
::: [https://hf.co/course/chapter1/2 NLP and LLM], [https://hf.co/course/chapter1/3 What], [https://hf.co/course/chapter1/4 How], [https://hf.co/course/chapter1/5 Encoder], [https://hf.co/course/chapter1/6 Decoder], [https://hf.co/course/chapter1/7 Sequence-to-sequence], [https://hf.co/course/chapter1/8 Bias and limitations], 
:: [https://hf.co/course/chapter2/1 Using transformers]:
::: [https://hf.co/course/chapter2/2 pipeline], [https://hf.co/course/chapter2/3 models], [https://hf.co/course/chapter2/4 tokenizer], [https://hf.co/course/chapter2/5 batching], decoding, padding, attention mask
:: [https://hf.co/course/chapter3/1 Fine-tuning a pretrained model]:
::: [https://hf.co/course/chapter3/2 Preprocessing]&lt;small&gt;: tokenization, padding&lt;/small&gt;, [https://hf.co/course/chapter3/3 Fine-tuning], [https://hf.co/course/chapter3/4 Full training], map, [https://hf.co/docs/datasets/index dataset], dynamic padding, batch, collate function, train, predict, evaluate, [https://github.com/huggingface/accelerate accelerate]
:: [https://hf.co/course/chapter4/1 Sharing models and tokenizers]:
::: [https://hf.co/course/chapter4/2 Using], [https://hf.co/course/chapter4/3 Sharing]: push_to_hub, upload_file, Repository, git lfs, [https://hf.co/course/chapter4/4 Model card]
:: [https://hf.co/course/chapter5/1 The datasets library]:
::: [https://hf.co/course/chapter5/2 Loading dataset], [https://hf.co/course/chapter5/3 Slicing], batch, DataFrame, validation, splitting, [https://hf.co/course/chapter5/4 Big]: streaming, [https://hf.co/course/chapter5/5 Creating], [https://hf.co/course/chapter5/6 Semantic search]: embedding, [https://faiss.ai/ FAISS]
:: [https://hf.co/course/chapter6/1 The tokenizers library]:
::: [https://hf.co/course/chapter6/2 Training tokenizer], [https://hf.co/course/chapter6/3 Fast], grouping, [https://hf.co/course/chapter6/3b QnA], [https://hf.co/course/chapter6/4 Pre-tokenization], ([https://hf.co/docs/tokenizers/api/models models],[https://hf.co/docs/tokenizers/api/trainers trainers]), [https://hf.co/course/en/chapter6/5 Byte-Pair Encoding (BPE)], [https://hf.co/course/chapter6/6 WordPiece], [https://hf.co/course/chapter6/7 Unigram], [https://hf.co/course/chapter6/8 Building]: [https://hf.co/docs/tokenizers/api/post-processors post processors], [https://hf.co/docs/tokenizers/components#decoders decoders]
:: [https://hf.co/course/chapter7/1 Main nlp tasks]:
::: [https://hf.co/course/chapter7/2 Token classification], metrics, perplexity, [https://hf.co/course/chapter7/3 Fine-tuning a masked LM], [https://hf.co/course/chapter7/4 Translation], [https://hf.co/course/chapter7/5 Summarization], [https://hf.co/course/chapter7/6 CLM], [https://hf.co/course/chapter7/7 QnA]
:: [https://hf.co/course/chapter8/1 How to ask for help]
::: [https://hf.co/course/chapter8/2 Error], [https://hf.co/course/chapter8/3 Forums], [https://hf.co/course/chapter8/4 Debugging], [https://hf.co/course/chapter8/5 Issue]
:: [https://hf.co/course/chapter9/1 Gradio Demos]
::: [https://hf.co/course/chapter9/2 Building], [https://hf.co/course/chapter9/3 Interface class], [https://hf.co/course/chapter9/4 Sharing], [https://hf.co/course/chapter9/5 Integration], [https://hf.co/course/chapter9/7 Gradio Blocks]
:: [https://hf.co/course/chapter10/1 Curate high-quality datasets]
:: [https://hf.co/course/chapter11/1 Fine-tune Large Language Models]
:: [https://hf.co/course/chapter12/1 Build Reasoning Models]
:: [https://hf.co/course/events/1 Course Events]

==== Hugging Face docs ====
: https://hf.co/docs
===== Core libraries =====
::: [https://hf.co/docs/transformers Transformers] &amp;ndash; State-of-the-art ML for Pytorch, TensorFlow, and JAX.
:::: [https://hf.co/docs/transformers/pipeline_tutorial Inference, Tutorials]
::::: {{colbegin|2}} Run inference with pipelines, Write portable code with AutoClass, Preprocess data, Fine-tune a pretrained model, Train with a script, Set up distributed training with Accelerate, Load and train adapters with PEFT, Share your model, Agents 101, Agents, supercharged - Multi-agents, External tools, and more, Generation with LLMs, Chatting with Transformers {{colend}}
::::: [https://hf.co/docs/transformers/pipeline_tutorial Pipline]
::::: [https://hf.co/docs/transformers/llm_tutorial LLM]
::::: [https://hf.co/docs/transformers/conversations Chat]
:::: Tasks
::::: [https://hf.co/docs/transformers/tasks/sequence_classification NLP]
:::::: Text classification, Token classification, Question answering, Causal language modeling, Masked language modeling, Translation, Summarization, Multiple choice
::::: [https://hf.co/docs/transformers/tasks/audio_classification Audio], [https://hf.co/docs/transformers/tasks/image_classification Vision],[https://hf.co/docs/transformers/tasks/image_captioning Multimodal], [https://hf.co/docs/transformers/generation_strategies Generation], [https://hf.co/docs/transformers/tasks/idefics Prompting]
:::: [https://hf.co/docs/transformers/fast_tokenizers Developer guides]
:::: [https://hf.co/docs/transformers/quantization/overview Quantization]
:::: [https://hf.co/docs/transformers/performance Performance]
:::: [https://hf.co/docs/transformers/contributing Contributing]
:::: [https://hf.co/docs/transformers/philosophy Conceptual guides]
:::: [https://hf.co/docs/transformers/main_classes/agent API]
::::: [https://hf.co/docs/transformers/main_classes/pipelines#transformers.pipeline pipeline] &amp;ndash; simple interface for inference with models.
::::: ...
:::: [https://hf.co/docs/transformers/model_doc/albert Text models]
:::: [https://hf.co/docs/transformers/internal/modeling_utils Internal helpers]
:::: [https://hf.co/docs/transformers/model_doc/auto#auto-classes Auto classes]: AutoConfig, AutoModel, and AutoTokenizer. The from_pretrained method.
:::: [https://hf.co/docs/transformers/main_classes/trainer#transformers.Trainer Trainer] and [https://hf.co/docs/transformers/main_classes/trainer#transformers.TrainingArguments TrainingArguments] 
:::: [https://hf.co/docs/transformers/main/en/glossary Glossary]
::::: [https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/main/en/glossary#head model head]
::: [https://hf.co/docs/datasets Datasets] &amp;ndash; Access and share datasets for computer vision, audio, and NLP tasks.
:::: [https://hf.co/docs/datasets/tutorial Tutorials]
:::: [https://hf.co/docs/datasets/how_to How-to guides]
:::: [https://hf.co/docs/datasets/about_arrow Conceptual guides]
:::: [https://hf.co/docs/datasets/package_reference/main_classes Reference]
::: [https://hf.co/docs/accelerate Accelerate] &amp;ndash; Easily train and use PyTorch models with multi-GPU, TPU, mixed-precision.
::: [https://hf.co/docs/tokenizers Tokenizers] &amp;ndash; Fast tokenizers, optimized for both research and production.
:::: Main components: Normalizers, Pre-tokenizers, Models, Post-Processors, Decoders
:::: More APIs: ... Input Sequences, Encode Inputs, Tokenizer, Encoding, Added Tokens, Visualizer

===== More docs =====
:: [https://hf.co/docs/hub Hub] &amp;ndash; Host Git-based models, datasets and Spaces on the Hugging Face Hub.
:: [https://hf.co/docs/diffusers Diffusers] &amp;ndash; State-of-the-art diffusion models for image and audio generation in PyTorch.
:: [https://hf.co/docs/huggingface_hub Hub Python Library] &amp;ndash; Client library for the HF Hub: manage repositories from your Python runtime.
:: [https://hf.co/docs/huggingface.js Huggingface.js] &amp;ndash; A collection of JS libraries to interact with Hugging Face, with TS types included.
:: [https://hf.co/docs/transformers.js Transformers.js] &amp;ndash; Community library to run pretrained models from Transformers in your browser.
:: [https://hf.co/docs/api-inference Inference API (serverless)] &amp;ndash; Experiment with over 200k models easily using the serverless tier of Inference Endpoints.
:: [https://hf.co/docs/inference-endpoints Inference Endpoints (dedicated)] &amp;ndash; Easily deploy models to production on dedicated, fully managed infrastructure.
:: [https://hf.co/docs/peft PEFT] &amp;ndash; Parameter efficient fine-tuning methods for large models
::: [https://hf.co/docs/peft/tutorial/peft_model_config Tutorial]
::: [https://hf.co/docs/peft/task_guides/prompt_based_methods PEFT method guides]
:::: LoRA, IA3
::: [https://hf.co/docs/peft/developer_guides/model_merging Developer guides]
:::: Model merging, Quantization, LoRA, Custom models, Adapter injection, Mixed adapter types, torch.compile, Contribute to PEFT, Troubleshooting, PEFT checkpoint format
::: [https://hf.co/docs/peft/accelerate/deepspeed Acceselerate]
:::: DeepSpeed, Fully Sharded Data Parallel
::: [https://hf.co/docs/peft/conceptual_guides/adapter Conceptual guides]
:::: Adapters, Soft prompts: Prompt tuning, Prefix tuning, P-tuning, Multitask prompt tuning, CPT; IA3, OFT/BOFT
::: [https://hf.co/docs/peft/package_reference/auto_class API reference]
:::: [https://hf.co/docs/peft/package_reference/auto_class Main classes]
::::: AutoPeftModel, PEFT model, PEFT types, Configuration, Tuner
:::: [https://hf.co/docs/peft/package_reference/adalora Adapters]
::::: {{colbegin|2}} AdaLoRA, IA3, Llama-Adapter, LoHa, LoKr, LoRA, X-LoRA, LyCORIS, Multitask Prompt Tuning, OFT, BOFT, Polytropon, P-tuning, Prefix tuning, Prompt tuning, Layernorm tuning,   VeRA, FourierFT, VB-LoRA, HRA, CPT, Bone{{colend}}
::: [https://hf.co/docs/peft/package_reference/merge_utils Utilities]
:::: Model merge, Helpers, Hotswapping adapters
:: [https://hf.co/docs/optimum Optimum] &amp;ndash; Fast training and inference of HF Transformers with easy to use hardware optimization tools.
:: [https://hf.co/docs/optimum-neuron AWS Trainium &amp;amp; Inferentia] &amp;ndash; Train and Deploy Transformers &amp;amp; Diffusers with AWS Trainium and AWS Inferentia via Optimum
:: [https://hf.co/docs/evaluate Evaluate] &amp;ndash; Evaluate and report model performance easier and more standardized.
::: types: metrics, comparisons, measurements
:: [https://hf.co/tasks Tasks]
::: extraction, question answering, classification, generation ...
:: [https://hf.co/docs/dataset-viewer Dataset viewer] &amp;ndash; API to access the contents, metadata and basic statistics of all Hugging Face Hub datasets.
::: Splits and subsets, [https://github.com/huggingface/dataset-viewer dataset-viewer]
:: [https://hf.co/docs/trl TRL] &amp;ndash; Transformer Reinforcement Learning
:::  reward modeling, fine-tuning, optimizations, 
:: [https://hf.co/docs/sagemaker Amazon SageMaker] &amp;ndash; Train and Deploy Transformer models with Amazon SageMaker and Hugging Face Deep Learning Containers (DLC).
:: [https://hf.co/docs/timm timm] &amp;ndash; Pytorch Image Models.
::: State-of-the-art computer vision models, layers, optimizers, training/evaluation, and utilities.
:: [https://hf.co/docs/safetensors Safetensors] &amp;ndash; Simple, safe way to store and distribute neural networks weights.
:: [https://hf.co/docs/text-generation-inference Text Generation Inference (TGI)] &amp;ndash; Toolkit to serve Large Language Models.
::: Conceptual Guides
::::  [https://hf.co/docs/text-generation-inference/conceptual/chunking V3 update, caching and chunking]
::::  [https://hf.co/docs/text-generation-inference/conceptual/streaming Streaming]
::::  [https://hf.co/docs/text-generation-inference/conceptual/quantization Quantization]
::::  [https://hf.co/docs/text-generation-inference/conceptual/tensor_parallelism Tensor Parallelism]
::::  [https://hf.co/docs/text-generation-inference/conceptual/paged_attention PagedAttention]
::::  [https://hf.co/docs/text-generation-inference/conceptual/safetensors Safetensors]
::::  [https://hf.co/docs/text-generation-inference/conceptual/flash_attention Flash Attention]
::::  [https://hf.co/docs/text-generation-inference/conceptual/speculation Speculation (Medusa, ngram)]
::::  [https://hf.co/docs/text-generation-inference/conceptual/guidance How Guidance Works (via outlines)]
::::  [https://hf.co/docs/text-generation-inference/conceptual/lora LoRA (Low-Rank Adaptation)]
::::  [https://hf.co/docs/text-generation-inference/conceptual/external External Resources]

:: [https://hf.co/docs/text-embeddings-inference Text Embeddings Inference] &amp;ndash; Toolkit to serve Text Embedding Models.
:: [https://hf.co/docs/competitions Competitions] &amp;ndash; Create your own competitions on Hugging Face.
:: [https://hf.co/docs/bitsandbytes Bitsandbytes] &amp;ndash; Toolkit to optimize and quantize models.
:: [https://hf.co/docs/optimum-tpu Google TPUs] &amp;ndash; Deploy models on [https://cloud.google.com/tpu/docs Google TPUs] via Optimum.
:: [https://hf.co/docs/chat-ui Chat UI] &amp;ndash; Open source chat frontend, powers the [https://hf.co/chat HuggingChat] app.
:: Extras
::: [https://hf.co/docs/hugs Hugging Face Generative AI Services (HUGS)] 
::: [https://hf.co/docs/leaderboards Leaderboards] &amp;ndash; Create your own Leaderboards on Hugging Face.
::: [https://hf.co/docs/autotrain AutoTrain] &amp;ndash; AutoTrain API and UI.
:::: [https://hf.co/autotrain autotrain]
::: [https://huggingface.co/docs/smolagents/index smolagents]

===Videos===
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5sLYAQS9sWQ How Large Language Models Work]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JhCl-GeT4jw Large Language Models and The End of Programming - CS50 Tech Talk with Dr. Matt Welsh]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yBI1nPep72Q LMStudio Tutorial Run ANY Open-Source Model LOCALLY]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UU1WVnMk4E8 Create a Large Language Model from Scratch with Python – Tutorial]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eC6Hd1hFvos Fine-tuning Large Language Models (LLMs) | w/ Example Code]

===Data sets===
* [https://hf.co/blog/Pclanglais/two-trillion-tokens-open Releasing the largest multilingual open pretraining dataset]
:: [https://hf.co/datasets/PleIAs/common_corpus Common Corpus]
:: [https://hf.co/datasets/PleIAs/common_corpus/tree/main Files and versions]

==See also==
: [[Computer science]]
: [[Artificial intelligence]]
: [[Machine learning]]
: [[Artificial Intelligence &amp; Machine Learning]]
: [[Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Laboratory]]
: [[Artificial Consciousness]]
: [[Supersymmetric Artificial Neural Network]]
: [[History of artificial intelligence]]

[[Category: Computer science]]
[[Category: Machine learning]]
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See [[s:Category:Music]] and [[w:Category:Music books]]

This part of the [[Universal Bibliography]] is a bibliography of music.

Bibliography
*[[w:Bibliography of Music Literature|Bibliography of Music Literature]]

*Green (ed). Foundations in Music Bibliography. 1993. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rADdpZN9UhAC&amp;pg=PR3#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Krummel. The Literature of Music Bibliography: An Account of the Writings on the History of Music Printing &amp; Publishing. 2nd Ed: 1992. [https://books.google.com/books?id=3AZsiITI-IEC]
*Bibliography of Music Bibliographies. 1967. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=d6YJAQAAMAAJ]
*Bayne. A Guide to Library Research in Music. 2008. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ExGbDqu9gPAC&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*A Selected Bibliography of Music Librarianship [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=X5AeOl4O-osC]
*Bradley. American Music Librarianship: A Research and Information Guide. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VabcAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false] 
*Music Reference and Research Materials. 3rd Ed: 1974: [https://books.google.com/books?id=5Y1IAAAAMAAJ]
*Agruss. Guide to Reference Books on Music. 1948. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wX06AAAAIAAJ]
*Haggerty. A Guide to Popular Music Reference Books: An Annotated Bibliography. 1995. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2OnEEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Coover. A Bibliography of Music Dictionaries. 1952. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NH06AAAAIAAJ]
*A Bibliography of Books on Music and Collections of Music. 1948. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vfvpnwWWlZwC]
*Deakin. Musical Bibliography: A Catalogue of the Musical Works. 1892. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-UgQAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PP7#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false] (England 15th to 18th century)
*Matthew. The Literature of Music. 1896. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fTQ6AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PR3#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. Reviews: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bjdVAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=RA1-PA56#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dzcZAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA22#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R0gcAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA470#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qK5OAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA55#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1chZAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA155#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ezszAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5h61TMyTmOMC] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8k8wAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=i8W8LKTuc0AC]. Author: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=awIQAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA275#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].
*Hoek. Analyses of Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Music, 1940-2000. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CRG4AQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*RILM Abstracts of Music Literature. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HxjjAAAAMAAJ]
*Elliker. The Periodical Literature of Music: Trends from 1952 to 1987. 1996. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=T5ifAAAAMAAJ]
*Forkel. Allgemeine Litteratur der Musik. 1792. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VTRDAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PR1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3N8sAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA33#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

History and bibliography
*Matthew. A Handbook of Musical History and Bibliography. 1898. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=V1g5AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PR3#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=P1lDAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA229#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Boyden. The History and Literature of Music: 1750 to the Present. 1959. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XcAZAQAAIAAJ]
*Brown. An Introduction to the History and Literature of Music in Western Culture. 2nd Ed: 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aKpGAAAACAAJ]

Chronology, annuals, year books, years
*Eisler. World Chronology of Music History.
*Lowe. A Chronological Cyclopædia of Musicians and Musical Events. 1896.
*Tokyo Ongaku Gakko. Kinsei Hogaku Nempyo. [Chronology of Japanese Music in Recent Ages.] Rokugatsu-Kan. Volume 1. 1912. Volume 2. 1914. Volume 3. 1927. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=drMQAQAAMAAJ]
*Cossar. This Day in Music. 2005. 2010.
*Glassman. The Year in Music. Columbia House.
*[[w:Herman Klein|Hermann Klein]]. Musical Notes. Annual Critical Record of Important Musical Events.
*[[w:Joseph Bennett (critic)|Bennett]]. The Musical Year.
*Hinrichsen's Musical Year Book
*The Musical Year Book of the United States
**The Boston Musical Year Book
*Billboard. Overview. 1982: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YyQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT53#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].
*Billboard. The Year in Music. 1994: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZAgEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA62#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Jackson. 1965: The Most Revolutionary Year in Music.
*Porter. A Musical Season: 1972-1973. 
**Music of Three Seasons: 1974-1977 
**Music of Three More Seasons 1977-1980
**Musical Events: A Chronicle, 1980-1983.
*[https://news.1242.com/article/tag/大人のmusic-calendar 【大人のMusic Calendar】]. Nippon Broadcasting System.

United Kingdom:
*Billboard. Spotlight on the United Kingdom. 1978:  [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TSQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT78#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1979: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MCUEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT100#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].

Australia:
*Billboard. Spotlight on Australia/New Zealand. 1982: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GCQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT54#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1985: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hiQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT29#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1986: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UCQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA60#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].
**Live Talent of Australia: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YyQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT94#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

Canada:
*Billboard. Spotlight on Canada. 1981: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DSQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT50#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].

Scandanavia:
*Billboard. Spotlight on Scandanavia. 1981: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GCUEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT86#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].

France:
*Billboard. Spotlight on France. 1971: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-wgEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA35#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1972: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=REUEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA35#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1982: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AyQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT66#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1986: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ICUEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA41#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

Germany:
*Billboard. Spotlight on West Germany. 1971: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zQgEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA45#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1985: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-iMEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT12#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].
**Spotlight on West Germany, Austria and Switzerland. 1986: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CSUEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=RA1-PA35#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

Italy:
*Billboard. Spotlight on Italy. 1985: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3yQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT36#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1986: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2SQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA38-IA1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1994: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XQgEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA67#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].

Spain:
*Billboard. Spotlight on Spain. 1971: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5Q8EAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA49#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

Brazil:
*Billboard. Spotlight on Brazil. 1996: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NA0EAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA51#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].

United States
*Krummel. Bibliographical Handbook of American Music. 1987. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=G4wcnkvFZl4C&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Krummel. Resources of American Music History: A Directory of Source Materials from Colonial Times to World War II. 1981. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bJcYAAAAIAAJ]

Soviet
*Aschmann. Current Soviet Music Bibliography. 1976. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2i7jAAAAMAAJ]

Decline of pop music:
*[https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/science-proves-pop-music-has-actually-gotten-worse-8173368/ Science Proves: Pop Music Has Actually Gotten Worse]. [[w:Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]]. 27 July 2012.
*[https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/new-study-discovers-pop-music-has-suffered-significant-decline-in-one-area/ New study discovers pop music has suffered “significant decline” in one area]. [[w:Far Out (website)|Far Out]]. 5 July 2024.
*[https://www.globalnews.ca/news/9001083/why-older-music-more-popular-than-new-music/amp/ There is something very, very wrong with today’s music. It just may not be very good.] [[w:Global News|Global News]]. 24 July 2022.
*[https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/articles/fb84bf19-29c9-4ed3-b6b6-953e8a083334 Has pop music lost its fun?]. BBC. 12 January 2018.
*[https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/its-official-modern-music-is-bad/ It’s official: modern music is bad]. The Spectator. 13 February 2024.

Conferences:
*International Music Industry Conference. 1971: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tggEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA29#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

Laserdisc/Karaoke/CES
*Billboard. Karaoke. 1992:
[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jg8EAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA41-IA1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
**CES and Karaoke. 1994. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UggEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA77#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
**Laserdisc. 1995. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7AsEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA67#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
**Laserdisc/Karaoke. 1996: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iQ8EAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA59#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

Oldies
*&quot;Oldies stations find their place in radio market&quot;. Star-News. 13 March 1988. pp 1D &amp; [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2OoyAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=PA16#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false 6D]: &quot;Oldies&quot;.

==Japanese and Japan==
*Tsuge. Japanese Music: An Annotated Bibliography. 1986. [https://books.google.com/books?id=YCsKAQAAMAAJ]
*The Ashgate Research Companion to Japanese Music. 2017. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=4tINDgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

*Billboard. Spotlight on Japan. 1970:[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mSkEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA37#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1971:[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Fg8EAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA39#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1973:[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QEUEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT25#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1977:[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=USMEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT46#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1982:[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=byQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT38#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1985: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1CQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT65#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1986:[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-CMEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=RA1-PA79#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1993: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9A8EAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA57#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1995: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xwsEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA52-IA1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1996: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vwcEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA66#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1997: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_gkEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA61#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1998: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GgoEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA117#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 2000: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aREEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA65#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 2002: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-QwEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA53#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 2003: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3w0EAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA45#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].
*[[w:The Best Ten|The Best Ten]] (ザ・ベストテン). [Television programme]. [https://www.tbs.co.jp/tbs-ch/special/the_bestten/ Episodes].

*Wade. Music in Japan: Experiencing Music, Expressing Culture. 2005. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XXYIAQAAMAAJ]
*Malm. Japanese Music &amp; Musical Instruments. 1959. [https://books.google.com/books?id=QkTaAAAAMAAJ]
*Pigott. The Music and Musical Instruments of Japan. 1893 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ttKTUwmjzMwC&amp;pg=PR3#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1909. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MAM5AAAAIAAJ]

History
*Eta Harich-Schneider. A History of Japanese Music. 1973. [https://books.google.com/books?id=3AraAAAAMAAJ]
*Koh-ichi Hattori. 123 Years of Japanese Music: The Culture of Japan Through a Look at Its Music. 2004. [https://books.google.com/books?id=znzsAAAAMAAJ]

Modern, contemporary, today
*Johnson. Handbook of Japanese Music in the Modern Era. 2024. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KNP7EAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Matsue. Focus: Music in Contemporary Japan. 2016. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AQgtCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Music of Japan Today. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YZQYEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

Popular music
*Mitsui (ed). Made in Japan: Studies in Popular Music. 2014. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YWQKBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Stevens. Japanese Popular Music: Culture, Authenticity and Power. 2008. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OHMkdcL9DAMC&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Mitsui. Popular Music in Japan: Transformation Inspired by the West. 2020. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FpbqDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Nagahara. Tokyo Boogie-Woogie: Japan’s Pop Era and Its Discontents. 2017. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iTxYDgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Patterson. Music and Words: Producing Popular Songs in Modern Japan, 1887–1952. 2019. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=P0FvDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*James Stanlaw. &quot;Using English identity markers in Japanese Popular Music&quot;. English in East and South Asia. Chapter 14. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=88A1EAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT109#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*&quot;Japanese Popular Music in Singapore&quot;. Asian Music. vol 34. No 1: Fall/Winter 2002/2003. p 1. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_D4JAQAAMAAJ]

From folk to J-pop
*[[w:ja:富澤一誠|Issei Tomizawa]]. Ano subarashii kyoku o mō ichido: fōku kara J-poppu made. (Japanese: あの素晴しい曲をもう一度: フォークからJポップまで). [[w:Shinchosha|Shinchosha]]. 2010. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ju9MAQAAIAAJ]. Catalogue: [https://search.worldcat.org/title/501749494]. Commentary on book: [https://www.ytv.co.jp/michiura/time/2010/01/j2010110.html]. Review of the CD: [https://www.cdjournal.com/i/disc/great-agefree-music-forever-and-great-music-are-o/4109110788].

J-pop
*Bourdaghs. Sayonara Amerika, Sayonara Nippon: A Geopolitical Prehistory of J-pop. 2012. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=K_y88JwibrMC&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*&quot;The Rise of J-Pop in Asia and Its Impact&quot; (2004) Japan Spotlight. vol 23. p 24. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=i7C0AAAAIAAJ]
*Terence Lancashire. &quot;J-pop's elusive J: Is Japanese popular music Japanese?&quot; (2008) Perfect Beat. vol 9. No 1. p 38. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5No4AQAAIAAJ]
*Tetsu Misaki. J-poppu no Nihongo: kashiron. (Japanese: Jポップの日本語: 歌詞論). [[w:ja:彩流社|彩流社 (Sairyusha)]]. 2002. [https://books.google.com/books?id=dsMpAQAAIAAJ] [https://search.worldcat.org/ja/title/J-:/oclc/52005194]
*[[w:ja:烏賀陽弘道|Hiromichi Ugaya]]. Jpoppu Towa Nanika: Kyodaikasuru Ongaku Sangyō. (Japanese: Jポップとは何か: 巨大化する音楽産業). 2005. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TLlOAAAAMAAJ] catalogue [https://search.worldcat.org/ja/title/J-:/oclc/676652594] [https://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BA71618018]

Magazines

For Japanese music magazines, see [[w:ja:日本の音楽雑誌]].
*Music Periodicals in Japan — A Comprehensive List (1988) 35 Fontes Artis Musicae 116 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23507222] [https://books.google.com/books?id=qHYWAAAAIAAJ]
**Kishimoto, &quot;Additional Corrections and Alphabetical Title Index&quot; (1989) 36 Fontes Artis Musicae 38 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23507313] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7XYWAAAAIAAJ] 
*Special Bibliography: A Bibliography of Japanese Magazines and Music (1959) 3 Ethnomusicology 76 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/924290]
*A Historical Survey of Music Periodicals in Japan: 1881—1920 (1989) 36 Fontes Artis Musicae 44 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23507314]

*[[w:Oricon|Oricon]] (オリコン)
*[[w:Billboard Japan|Billboard Japan]] (ビルボード・ジャパン)
**Music Labo (ミュージック・ラボ) (1970 to 1994)
*Rolling Stone Japan
*新譜ジャーナル
*シンプジャーナル

*Myūjikku mansurī [ミュージック・マンスリー]  [https://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/AN00396190]

Charts

For Japanese music charts, see [[w:ja:日本の音楽チャート]]

Number ones
*Oricon No.1 Hits 500. Clubhouse. 1998.
**[https://books.google.com/books?id=icInNwAACAAJ vol 2 (1986~1994)]. ISBN 9784906496136.
**[https://books.google.com/books?id=GlsnNwAACAAJ vol 1 (1968~1985)]. ISBN 9784906496129.

Traditional, Hogaku
*Malm. Traditional Japanese Music and Musical Instruments. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Yn3VQbqywCsC&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Miyuki Yoshikami. Japan's Musical Tradition: Hogaku from Prehistory to the Present. 2020. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=X3XTDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Hughes. Traditional Folk Song in Modern Japan: Sources, Sentiment and Society. 2008. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yfV5DwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PR1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

Koto:
*Tokyo Academy of Music. Collection of Japanese Koto Music. 1888. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RncQAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PP13#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false][https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044040839565&amp;seq=1]

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      <text bytes="17044" sha1="3zu4eokbol04de2uec5ib3e2gb866st" xml:space="preserve">{{Bibliography}}

See [[s:Category:Music]] and [[w:Category:Music books]]

This part of the [[Universal Bibliography]] is a bibliography of music.

Bibliography
*[[w:Bibliography of Music Literature|Bibliography of Music Literature]]

*Green (ed). Foundations in Music Bibliography. 1993. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rADdpZN9UhAC&amp;pg=PR3#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Krummel. The Literature of Music Bibliography: An Account of the Writings on the History of Music Printing &amp; Publishing. 2nd Ed: 1992. [https://books.google.com/books?id=3AZsiITI-IEC]
*Bibliography of Music Bibliographies. 1967. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=d6YJAQAAMAAJ]
*Bayne. A Guide to Library Research in Music. 2008. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ExGbDqu9gPAC&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*A Selected Bibliography of Music Librarianship [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=X5AeOl4O-osC]
*Bradley. American Music Librarianship: A Research and Information Guide. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VabcAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false] 
*Music Reference and Research Materials. 3rd Ed: 1974: [https://books.google.com/books?id=5Y1IAAAAMAAJ]
*Agruss. Guide to Reference Books on Music. 1948. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wX06AAAAIAAJ]
*Haggerty. A Guide to Popular Music Reference Books: An Annotated Bibliography. 1995. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2OnEEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Coover. A Bibliography of Music Dictionaries. 1952. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NH06AAAAIAAJ]
*A Bibliography of Books on Music and Collections of Music. 1948. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vfvpnwWWlZwC]
*Deakin. Musical Bibliography: A Catalogue of the Musical Works. 1892. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-UgQAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PP7#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false] (England 15th to 18th century)
*Matthew. The Literature of Music. 1896. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fTQ6AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PR3#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. Reviews: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bjdVAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=RA1-PA56#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dzcZAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA22#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R0gcAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA470#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qK5OAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA55#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1chZAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA155#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ezszAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5h61TMyTmOMC] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8k8wAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=i8W8LKTuc0AC]. Author: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=awIQAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA275#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].
*Hoek. Analyses of Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Music, 1940-2000. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CRG4AQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*RILM Abstracts of Music Literature. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HxjjAAAAMAAJ]
*Elliker. The Periodical Literature of Music: Trends from 1952 to 1987. 1996. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=T5ifAAAAMAAJ]
*Forkel. Allgemeine Litteratur der Musik. 1792. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VTRDAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PR1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3N8sAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA33#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

History and bibliography
*Matthew. A Handbook of Musical History and Bibliography. 1898. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=V1g5AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PR3#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=P1lDAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA229#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Boyden. The History and Literature of Music: 1750 to the Present. 1959. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XcAZAQAAIAAJ]
*Brown. An Introduction to the History and Literature of Music in Western Culture. 2nd Ed: 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aKpGAAAACAAJ]

Chronology, annuals, year books, years
*Eisler. World Chronology of Music History.
*Lowe. A Chronological Cyclopædia of Musicians and Musical Events. 1896.
*Tokyo Ongaku Gakko. Kinsei Hogaku Nempyo. [Chronology of Japanese Music in Recent Ages.] Rokugatsu-Kan. Volume 1. 1912. Volume 2. 1914. Volume 3. 1927. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=drMQAQAAMAAJ]
*Cossar. This Day in Music. 2005. 2010.
*Glassman. The Year in Music. Columbia House.
*[[w:Herman Klein|Hermann Klein]]. Musical Notes. Annual Critical Record of Important Musical Events.
*[[w:Joseph Bennett (critic)|Bennett]]. The Musical Year.
*Hinrichsen's Musical Year Book
*The Musical Year Book of the United States
**The Boston Musical Year Book
*Billboard. Overview. 1982: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YyQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT53#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].
*Billboard. The Year in Music. 1994: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZAgEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA62#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Jackson. 1965: The Most Revolutionary Year in Music.
*Porter. A Musical Season: 1972-1973. 
**Music of Three Seasons: 1974-1977 
**Music of Three More Seasons 1977-1980
**Musical Events: A Chronicle, 1980-1983.
*[https://news.1242.com/article/tag/大人のmusic-calendar 【大人のMusic Calendar】]. Nippon Broadcasting System.

United Kingdom:
*Billboard. Spotlight on the United Kingdom. 1978:  [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TSQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT78#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1979: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MCUEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT100#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].

Australia:
*Billboard. Spotlight on Australia/New Zealand. 1982: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GCQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT54#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1985: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hiQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT29#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1986: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UCQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA60#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].
**Live Talent of Australia: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YyQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT94#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

Canada:
*Billboard. Spotlight on Canada. 1981: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DSQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT50#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].

Scandanavia:
*Billboard. Spotlight on Scandanavia. 1981: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GCUEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT86#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].

France:
*Billboard. Spotlight on France. 1971: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-wgEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA35#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1972: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=REUEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA35#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1982: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AyQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT66#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1986: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ICUEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA41#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

Germany:
*Billboard. Spotlight on West Germany. 1971: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zQgEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA45#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1985: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-iMEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT12#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].
**Spotlight on West Germany, Austria and Switzerland. 1986: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CSUEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=RA1-PA35#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

Italy:
*Billboard. Spotlight on Italy. 1985: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3yQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT36#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1986: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2SQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA38-IA1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1994: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XQgEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA67#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].

Spain:
*Billboard. Spotlight on Spain. 1971: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5Q8EAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA49#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

Brazil:
*Billboard. Spotlight on Brazil. 1996: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NA0EAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA51#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].

United States
*Krummel. Bibliographical Handbook of American Music. 1987. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=G4wcnkvFZl4C&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Krummel. Resources of American Music History: A Directory of Source Materials from Colonial Times to World War II. 1981. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bJcYAAAAIAAJ]

Soviet
*Aschmann. Current Soviet Music Bibliography. 1976. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2i7jAAAAMAAJ]

Decline of pop music:
*[https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/science-proves-pop-music-has-actually-gotten-worse-8173368/ Science Proves: Pop Music Has Actually Gotten Worse]. [[w:Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]]. 27 July 2012.
*[https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/new-study-discovers-pop-music-has-suffered-significant-decline-in-one-area/ New study discovers pop music has suffered “significant decline” in one area]. [[w:Far Out (website)|Far Out]]. 5 July 2024.
*[https://www.globalnews.ca/news/9001083/why-older-music-more-popular-than-new-music/amp/ There is something very, very wrong with today’s music. It just may not be very good.] [[w:Global News|Global News]]. 24 July 2022.
*[https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/articles/fb84bf19-29c9-4ed3-b6b6-953e8a083334 Has pop music lost its fun?]. BBC. 12 January 2018.
*[https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/its-official-modern-music-is-bad/ It’s official: modern music is bad]. The Spectator. 13 February 2024.

Conferences:
*International Music Industry Conference. 1971: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tggEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA29#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

Laserdisc/Karaoke/CES
*Billboard. Karaoke. 1992:
[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jg8EAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA41-IA1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
**CES and Karaoke. 1994. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UggEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA77#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
**Laserdisc. 1995. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7AsEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA67#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
**Laserdisc/Karaoke. 1996: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iQ8EAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA59#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

Oldies
*&quot;Oldies stations find their place in radio market&quot;. Star-News. 13 March 1988. pp 1D &amp; [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2OoyAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=PA16#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false 6D]: &quot;Oldies&quot;.

==Japanese and Japan==
*Tsuge. Japanese Music: An Annotated Bibliography. 1986. [https://books.google.com/books?id=YCsKAQAAMAAJ]
*The Ashgate Research Companion to Japanese Music. 2017. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=4tINDgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

*Billboard. Spotlight on Japan. 1970:[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mSkEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA37#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1971:[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Fg8EAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA39#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1973:[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QEUEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT25#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1977:[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=USMEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT46#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1982:[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=byQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT38#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1985: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1CQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT65#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1986:[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-CMEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=RA1-PA79#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1993: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9A8EAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA57#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1995: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xwsEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA52-IA1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1996: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vwcEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA66#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1997: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_gkEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA61#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1998: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GgoEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA117#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 2000: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aREEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA65#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 2002: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-QwEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA53#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 2003: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3w0EAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA45#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].
*[[w:The Best Ten|The Best Ten]] (ザ・ベストテン). [Television programme]. [https://www.tbs.co.jp/tbs-ch/special/the_bestten/ Episodes].

*Wade. Music in Japan: Experiencing Music, Expressing Culture. 2005. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XXYIAQAAMAAJ]
*Malm. Japanese Music &amp; Musical Instruments. 1959. [https://books.google.com/books?id=QkTaAAAAMAAJ]
*Pigott. The Music and Musical Instruments of Japan. 1893 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ttKTUwmjzMwC&amp;pg=PR3#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1909. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MAM5AAAAIAAJ]

History
*Eta Harich-Schneider. A History of Japanese Music. 1973. [https://books.google.com/books?id=3AraAAAAMAAJ]
*Koh-ichi Hattori. 123 Years of Japanese Music: The Culture of Japan Through a Look at Its Music. 2004. [https://books.google.com/books?id=znzsAAAAMAAJ]

Modern, contemporary, today
*Johnson. Handbook of Japanese Music in the Modern Era. 2024. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KNP7EAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Matsue. Focus: Music in Contemporary Japan. 2016. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AQgtCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Music of Japan Today. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YZQYEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

Popular music
*Mitsui (ed). Made in Japan: Studies in Popular Music. 2014. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YWQKBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Stevens. Japanese Popular Music: Culture, Authenticity and Power. 2008. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OHMkdcL9DAMC&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Mitsui. Popular Music in Japan: Transformation Inspired by the West. 2020. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FpbqDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Nagahara. Tokyo Boogie-Woogie: Japan’s Pop Era and Its Discontents. 2017. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iTxYDgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Patterson. Music and Words: Producing Popular Songs in Modern Japan, 1887–1952. 2019. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=P0FvDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*James Stanlaw. &quot;Using English identity markers in Japanese Popular Music&quot;. English in East and South Asia. Chapter 14. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=88A1EAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT109#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*&quot;Japanese Popular Music in Singapore&quot;. Asian Music. vol 34. No 1: Fall/Winter 2002/2003. p 1. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_D4JAQAAMAAJ]

From folk to J-pop
*[[w:ja:富澤一誠|Issei Tomizawa]]. Ano subarashii kyoku o mō ichido: fōku kara J-poppu made. (Japanese: あの素晴しい曲をもう一度: フォークからJポップまで). [[w:Shinchosha|Shinchosha]]. 2010. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ju9MAQAAIAAJ]. Catalogue: [https://search.worldcat.org/title/501749494]. Commentary on book: [https://www.ytv.co.jp/michiura/time/2010/01/j2010110.html]. Review of the CD: [https://www.cdjournal.com/i/disc/great-agefree-music-forever-and-great-music-are-o/4109110788].

J-pop
*Bourdaghs. Sayonara Amerika, Sayonara Nippon: A Geopolitical Prehistory of J-pop. 2012. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=K_y88JwibrMC&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*&quot;The Rise of J-Pop in Asia and Its Impact&quot; (2004) Japan Spotlight. vol 23. p 24. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=i7C0AAAAIAAJ]
*Terence Lancashire. &quot;J-pop's elusive J: Is Japanese popular music Japanese?&quot; (2008) Perfect Beat. vol 9. No 1. p 38. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5No4AQAAIAAJ]
*Tetsu Misaki. J-poppu no Nihongo: kashiron. (Japanese: Jポップの日本語: 歌詞論). [[w:ja:彩流社|彩流社 (Sairyusha)]]. 2002. [https://books.google.com/books?id=dsMpAQAAIAAJ] [https://search.worldcat.org/ja/title/J-:/oclc/52005194]
*[[w:ja:烏賀陽弘道|Hiromichi Ugaya]]. Jpoppu Towa Nanika: Kyodaikasuru Ongaku Sangyō. (Japanese: Jポップとは何か: 巨大化する音楽産業). 2005. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TLlOAAAAMAAJ] catalogue [https://search.worldcat.org/ja/title/J-:/oclc/676652594] [https://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BA71618018]

Magazines

For Japanese music magazines, see [[w:ja:日本の音楽雑誌]].
*Music Periodicals in Japan — A Comprehensive List (1988) 35 Fontes Artis Musicae 116 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23507222] [https://books.google.com/books?id=qHYWAAAAIAAJ]
**Kishimoto, &quot;Additional Corrections and Alphabetical Title Index&quot; (1989) 36 Fontes Artis Musicae 38 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23507313] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7XYWAAAAIAAJ] 
*Special Bibliography: A Bibliography of Japanese Magazines and Music (1959) 3 Ethnomusicology 76 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/924290]
*A Historical Survey of Music Periodicals in Japan: 1881—1920 (1989) 36 Fontes Artis Musicae 44 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23507314]

*[[w:Oricon|Oricon]] (オリコン)
*[[w:Billboard Japan|Billboard Japan]] (ビルボード・ジャパン)
**Music Labo (ミュージック・ラボ) (1970 to 1994)
*Rolling Stone Japan
*新譜ジャーナル
*シンプジャーナル

*Myūjikku mansurī [ミュージック・マンスリー]  [https://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/AN00396190]

Charts

For Japanese music charts, see [[w:ja:日本の音楽チャート]]

Number ones
*Oricon No.1 Hits 500. Clubhouse. 1998.
**[https://books.google.com/books?id=GlsnNwAACAAJ vol 1 (1968~1985)]. ISBN 9784906496129.
**[https://books.google.com/books?id=icInNwAACAAJ vol 2 (1986~1994)]. ISBN 9784906496136.

Traditional, Hogaku
*Malm. Traditional Japanese Music and Musical Instruments. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Yn3VQbqywCsC&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Miyuki Yoshikami. Japan's Musical Tradition: Hogaku from Prehistory to the Present. 2020. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=X3XTDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Hughes. Traditional Folk Song in Modern Japan: Sources, Sentiment and Society. 2008. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yfV5DwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PR1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

Koto:
*Tokyo Academy of Music. Collection of Japanese Koto Music. 1888. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RncQAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PP13#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false][https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044040839565&amp;seq=1]

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      <text bytes="17075" sha1="4ymevwpovs5jdx7srxst5wrsnh8id94" xml:space="preserve">{{Bibliography}}

See [[s:Category:Music]] and [[w:Category:Music books]]

This part of the [[Universal Bibliography]] is a bibliography of music.

Bibliography
*[[w:Bibliography of Music Literature|Bibliography of Music Literature]]

*Green (ed). Foundations in Music Bibliography. 1993. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rADdpZN9UhAC&amp;pg=PR3#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Krummel. The Literature of Music Bibliography: An Account of the Writings on the History of Music Printing &amp; Publishing. 2nd Ed: 1992. [https://books.google.com/books?id=3AZsiITI-IEC]
*Bibliography of Music Bibliographies. 1967. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=d6YJAQAAMAAJ]
*Bayne. A Guide to Library Research in Music. 2008. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ExGbDqu9gPAC&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*A Selected Bibliography of Music Librarianship [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=X5AeOl4O-osC]
*Bradley. American Music Librarianship: A Research and Information Guide. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VabcAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false] 
*Music Reference and Research Materials. 3rd Ed: 1974: [https://books.google.com/books?id=5Y1IAAAAMAAJ]
*Agruss. Guide to Reference Books on Music. 1948. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wX06AAAAIAAJ]
*Haggerty. A Guide to Popular Music Reference Books: An Annotated Bibliography. 1995. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2OnEEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Coover. A Bibliography of Music Dictionaries. 1952. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NH06AAAAIAAJ]
*A Bibliography of Books on Music and Collections of Music. 1948. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vfvpnwWWlZwC]
*Deakin. Musical Bibliography: A Catalogue of the Musical Works. 1892. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-UgQAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PP7#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false] (England 15th to 18th century)
*Matthew. The Literature of Music. 1896. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fTQ6AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PR3#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. Reviews: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bjdVAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=RA1-PA56#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dzcZAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA22#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R0gcAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA470#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qK5OAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA55#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1chZAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA155#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ezszAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5h61TMyTmOMC] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8k8wAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=i8W8LKTuc0AC]. Author: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=awIQAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA275#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].
*Hoek. Analyses of Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Music, 1940-2000. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CRG4AQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*RILM Abstracts of Music Literature. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HxjjAAAAMAAJ]
*Elliker. The Periodical Literature of Music: Trends from 1952 to 1987. 1996. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=T5ifAAAAMAAJ]
*Forkel. Allgemeine Litteratur der Musik. 1792. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VTRDAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PR1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3N8sAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA33#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

History and bibliography
*Matthew. A Handbook of Musical History and Bibliography. 1898. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=V1g5AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PR3#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=P1lDAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA229#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Boyden. The History and Literature of Music: 1750 to the Present. 1959. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XcAZAQAAIAAJ]
*Brown. An Introduction to the History and Literature of Music in Western Culture. 2nd Ed: 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aKpGAAAACAAJ]

Chronology, annuals, year books, years
*Eisler. World Chronology of Music History.
*Lowe. A Chronological Cyclopædia of Musicians and Musical Events. 1896.
*Tokyo Ongaku Gakko. Kinsei Hogaku Nempyo. [Chronology of Japanese Music in Recent Ages.] Rokugatsu-Kan. Volume 1. 1912. Volume 2. 1914. Volume 3. 1927. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=drMQAQAAMAAJ]
*Cossar. This Day in Music. 2005. 2010.
*Glassman. The Year in Music. Columbia House.
*[[w:Herman Klein|Hermann Klein]]. Musical Notes. Annual Critical Record of Important Musical Events.
*[[w:Joseph Bennett (critic)|Bennett]]. The Musical Year.
*Hinrichsen's Musical Year Book
*The Musical Year Book of the United States
**The Boston Musical Year Book
*Billboard. Overview. 1982: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YyQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT53#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].
*Billboard. The Year in Music. 1994: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZAgEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA62#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Jackson. 1965: The Most Revolutionary Year in Music.
*Porter. A Musical Season: 1972-1973. 
**Music of Three Seasons: 1974-1977 
**Music of Three More Seasons 1977-1980
**Musical Events: A Chronicle, 1980-1983.
*[https://news.1242.com/article/tag/大人のmusic-calendar 【大人のMusic Calendar】]. Nippon Broadcasting System.

United Kingdom:
*Billboard. Spotlight on the United Kingdom. 1978:  [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TSQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT78#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1979: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MCUEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT100#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].

Australia:
*Billboard. Spotlight on Australia/New Zealand. 1982: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GCQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT54#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1985: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hiQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT29#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1986: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UCQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA60#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].
**Live Talent of Australia: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YyQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT94#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

Canada:
*Billboard. Spotlight on Canada. 1981: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DSQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT50#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].

Scandanavia:
*Billboard. Spotlight on Scandanavia. 1981: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GCUEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT86#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].

France:
*Billboard. Spotlight on France. 1971: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-wgEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA35#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1972: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=REUEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA35#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1982: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AyQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT66#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1986: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ICUEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA41#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

Germany:
*Billboard. Spotlight on West Germany. 1971: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zQgEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA45#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1985: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-iMEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT12#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].
**Spotlight on West Germany, Austria and Switzerland. 1986: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CSUEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=RA1-PA35#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

Italy:
*Billboard. Spotlight on Italy. 1985: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3yQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT36#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1986: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2SQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA38-IA1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1994: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XQgEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA67#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].

Spain:
*Billboard. Spotlight on Spain. 1971: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5Q8EAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA49#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

Brazil:
*Billboard. Spotlight on Brazil. 1996: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NA0EAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA51#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].

United States
*Krummel. Bibliographical Handbook of American Music. 1987. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=G4wcnkvFZl4C&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Krummel. Resources of American Music History: A Directory of Source Materials from Colonial Times to World War II. 1981. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bJcYAAAAIAAJ]

Soviet
*Aschmann. Current Soviet Music Bibliography. 1976. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2i7jAAAAMAAJ]

Decline of pop music:
*[https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/science-proves-pop-music-has-actually-gotten-worse-8173368/ Science Proves: Pop Music Has Actually Gotten Worse]. [[w:Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]]. 27 July 2012.
*[https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/new-study-discovers-pop-music-has-suffered-significant-decline-in-one-area/ New study discovers pop music has suffered “significant decline” in one area]. [[w:Far Out (website)|Far Out]]. 5 July 2024.
*[https://www.globalnews.ca/news/9001083/why-older-music-more-popular-than-new-music/amp/ There is something very, very wrong with today’s music. It just may not be very good.] [[w:Global News|Global News]]. 24 July 2022.
*[https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/articles/fb84bf19-29c9-4ed3-b6b6-953e8a083334 Has pop music lost its fun?]. BBC. 12 January 2018.
*[https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/its-official-modern-music-is-bad/ It’s official: modern music is bad]. The Spectator. 13 February 2024.

Conferences:
*International Music Industry Conference. 1971: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tggEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA29#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

Laserdisc/Karaoke/CES
*Billboard. Karaoke. 1992:
[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jg8EAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA41-IA1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
**CES and Karaoke. 1994. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UggEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA77#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
**Laserdisc. 1995. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7AsEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA67#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
**Laserdisc/Karaoke. 1996: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iQ8EAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA59#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

Oldies
*&quot;Oldies stations find their place in radio market&quot;. Star-News. 13 March 1988. pp 1D &amp; [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2OoyAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=PA16#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false 6D]: &quot;Oldies&quot;.

==Japanese and Japan==
*Tsuge. Japanese Music: An Annotated Bibliography. 1986. [https://books.google.com/books?id=YCsKAQAAMAAJ]
*The Ashgate Research Companion to Japanese Music. 2017. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=4tINDgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

*Billboard. Spotlight on Japan. 1970:[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mSkEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA37#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1971:[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Fg8EAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA39#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1973:[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QEUEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT25#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1977:[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=USMEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT46#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1982:[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=byQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT38#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1985: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1CQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT65#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1986:[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-CMEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=RA1-PA79#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1993: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9A8EAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA57#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1995: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xwsEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA52-IA1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1996: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vwcEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA66#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1997: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_gkEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA61#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1998: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GgoEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA117#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 2000: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aREEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA65#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 2002: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-QwEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA53#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 2003: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3w0EAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA45#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].
*[[w:The Best Ten|The Best Ten]] (ザ・ベストテン). [Television programme]. [https://www.tbs.co.jp/tbs-ch/special/the_bestten/ Episodes].

*Wade. Music in Japan: Experiencing Music, Expressing Culture. 2005. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XXYIAQAAMAAJ]
*Malm. Japanese Music &amp; Musical Instruments. 1959. [https://books.google.com/books?id=QkTaAAAAMAAJ]
*Pigott. The Music and Musical Instruments of Japan. 1893 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ttKTUwmjzMwC&amp;pg=PR3#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1909. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MAM5AAAAIAAJ]

History
*Eta Harich-Schneider. A History of Japanese Music. 1973. [https://books.google.com/books?id=3AraAAAAMAAJ]
*Koh-ichi Hattori. 123 Years of Japanese Music: The Culture of Japan Through a Look at Its Music. 2004. [https://books.google.com/books?id=znzsAAAAMAAJ]

Modern, contemporary, today
*Johnson. Handbook of Japanese Music in the Modern Era. 2024. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KNP7EAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Matsue. Focus: Music in Contemporary Japan. 2016. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AQgtCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Music of Japan Today. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YZQYEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

Popular music
*Mitsui (ed). Made in Japan: Studies in Popular Music. 2014. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YWQKBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Stevens. Japanese Popular Music: Culture, Authenticity and Power. 2008. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OHMkdcL9DAMC&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Mitsui. Popular Music in Japan: Transformation Inspired by the West. 2020. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FpbqDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Nagahara. Tokyo Boogie-Woogie: Japan’s Pop Era and Its Discontents. 2017. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iTxYDgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Patterson. Music and Words: Producing Popular Songs in Modern Japan, 1887–1952. 2019. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=P0FvDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*James Stanlaw. &quot;Using English identity markers in Japanese Popular Music&quot;. English in East and South Asia. Chapter 14. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=88A1EAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT109#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*&quot;Japanese Popular Music in Singapore&quot;. Asian Music. vol 34. No 1: Fall/Winter 2002/2003. p 1. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_D4JAQAAMAAJ]

From folk to J-pop
*[[w:ja:富澤一誠|Issei Tomizawa]]. Ano subarashii kyoku o mō ichido: fōku kara J-poppu made. (Japanese: あの素晴しい曲をもう一度: フォークからJポップまで). [[w:Shinchosha|Shinchosha]]. 2010. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ju9MAQAAIAAJ]. Catalogue: [https://search.worldcat.org/title/501749494]. Commentary on book: [https://www.ytv.co.jp/michiura/time/2010/01/j2010110.html]. Review of the CD: [https://www.cdjournal.com/i/disc/great-agefree-music-forever-and-great-music-are-o/4109110788].

J-pop
*Bourdaghs. Sayonara Amerika, Sayonara Nippon: A Geopolitical Prehistory of J-pop. 2012. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=K_y88JwibrMC&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*&quot;The Rise of J-Pop in Asia and Its Impact&quot; (2004) Japan Spotlight. vol 23. p 24. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=i7C0AAAAIAAJ]
*Terence Lancashire. &quot;J-pop's elusive J: Is Japanese popular music Japanese?&quot; (2008) Perfect Beat. vol 9. No 1. p 38. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5No4AQAAIAAJ]
*Tetsu Misaki. J-poppu no Nihongo: kashiron. (Japanese: Jポップの日本語: 歌詞論). [[w:ja:彩流社|彩流社 (Sairyusha)]]. 2002. [https://books.google.com/books?id=dsMpAQAAIAAJ] [https://search.worldcat.org/ja/title/J-:/oclc/52005194]
*[[w:ja:烏賀陽弘道|Hiromichi Ugaya]]. Jpoppu Towa Nanika: Kyodaikasuru Ongaku Sangyō. (Japanese: Jポップとは何か: 巨大化する音楽産業). 2005. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TLlOAAAAMAAJ] catalogue [https://search.worldcat.org/ja/title/J-:/oclc/676652594] [https://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BA71618018]

Magazines

For Japanese music magazines, see [[w:ja:日本の音楽雑誌]].
*Music Periodicals in Japan — A Comprehensive List (1988) 35 Fontes Artis Musicae 116 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23507222] [https://books.google.com/books?id=qHYWAAAAIAAJ]
**Kishimoto, &quot;Additional Corrections and Alphabetical Title Index&quot; (1989) 36 Fontes Artis Musicae 38 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23507313] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7XYWAAAAIAAJ] 
*Special Bibliography: A Bibliography of Japanese Magazines and Music (1959) 3 Ethnomusicology 76 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/924290]
*A Historical Survey of Music Periodicals in Japan: 1881—1920 (1989) 36 Fontes Artis Musicae 44 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23507314]

*[[w:Oricon|Oricon]] (オリコン)
*[[w:Billboard Japan|Billboard Japan]] (ビルボード・ジャパン)
**Music Labo (ミュージック・ラボ) (1970 to 1994)
*Rolling Stone Japan
*新譜ジャーナル
*シンプジャーナル

*Myūjikku mansurī [ミュージック・マンスリー]  [https://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/AN00396190]

Charts

For Japanese music charts, see [[w:ja:日本の音楽チャート]]

Chart book
*Oricon Chart Book

Number ones
*Oricon No.1 Hits 500. Clubhouse. 1998.
**[https://books.google.com/books?id=GlsnNwAACAAJ vol 1 (1968~1985)]. ISBN 9784906496129.
**[https://books.google.com/books?id=icInNwAACAAJ vol 2 (1986~1994)]. ISBN 9784906496136.

Traditional, Hogaku
*Malm. Traditional Japanese Music and Musical Instruments. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Yn3VQbqywCsC&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Miyuki Yoshikami. Japan's Musical Tradition: Hogaku from Prehistory to the Present. 2020. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=X3XTDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Hughes. Traditional Folk Song in Modern Japan: Sources, Sentiment and Society. 2008. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yfV5DwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PR1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

Koto:
*Tokyo Academy of Music. Collection of Japanese Koto Music. 1888. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RncQAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PP13#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false][https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044040839565&amp;seq=1]

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      <text bytes="17106" sha1="a95ah2cpmujobeuzwpcj4p2jlhsdqx4" xml:space="preserve">{{Bibliography}}

See [[s:Category:Music]] and [[w:Category:Music books]]

This part of the [[Universal Bibliography]] is a bibliography of music.

Bibliography
*[[w:Bibliography of Music Literature|Bibliography of Music Literature]]

*Green (ed). Foundations in Music Bibliography. 1993. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rADdpZN9UhAC&amp;pg=PR3#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Krummel. The Literature of Music Bibliography: An Account of the Writings on the History of Music Printing &amp; Publishing. 2nd Ed: 1992. [https://books.google.com/books?id=3AZsiITI-IEC]
*Bibliography of Music Bibliographies. 1967. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=d6YJAQAAMAAJ]
*Bayne. A Guide to Library Research in Music. 2008. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ExGbDqu9gPAC&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*A Selected Bibliography of Music Librarianship [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=X5AeOl4O-osC]
*Bradley. American Music Librarianship: A Research and Information Guide. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VabcAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false] 
*Music Reference and Research Materials. 3rd Ed: 1974: [https://books.google.com/books?id=5Y1IAAAAMAAJ]
*Agruss. Guide to Reference Books on Music. 1948. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wX06AAAAIAAJ]
*Haggerty. A Guide to Popular Music Reference Books: An Annotated Bibliography. 1995. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2OnEEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Coover. A Bibliography of Music Dictionaries. 1952. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NH06AAAAIAAJ]
*A Bibliography of Books on Music and Collections of Music. 1948. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vfvpnwWWlZwC]
*Deakin. Musical Bibliography: A Catalogue of the Musical Works. 1892. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-UgQAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PP7#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false] (England 15th to 18th century)
*Matthew. The Literature of Music. 1896. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fTQ6AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PR3#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. Reviews: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bjdVAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=RA1-PA56#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dzcZAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA22#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R0gcAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA470#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qK5OAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA55#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1chZAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA155#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ezszAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5h61TMyTmOMC] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8k8wAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=i8W8LKTuc0AC]. Author: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=awIQAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA275#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].
*Hoek. Analyses of Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Music, 1940-2000. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CRG4AQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*RILM Abstracts of Music Literature. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HxjjAAAAMAAJ]
*Elliker. The Periodical Literature of Music: Trends from 1952 to 1987. 1996. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=T5ifAAAAMAAJ]
*Forkel. Allgemeine Litteratur der Musik. 1792. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VTRDAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PR1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3N8sAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA33#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

History and bibliography
*Matthew. A Handbook of Musical History and Bibliography. 1898. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=V1g5AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PR3#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=P1lDAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA229#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Boyden. The History and Literature of Music: 1750 to the Present. 1959. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XcAZAQAAIAAJ]
*Brown. An Introduction to the History and Literature of Music in Western Culture. 2nd Ed: 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aKpGAAAACAAJ]

Chronology, annuals, year books, years
*Eisler. World Chronology of Music History.
*Lowe. A Chronological Cyclopædia of Musicians and Musical Events. 1896.
*Tokyo Ongaku Gakko. Kinsei Hogaku Nempyo. [Chronology of Japanese Music in Recent Ages.] Rokugatsu-Kan. Volume 1. 1912. Volume 2. 1914. Volume 3. 1927. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=drMQAQAAMAAJ]
*Cossar. This Day in Music. 2005. 2010.
*Glassman. The Year in Music. Columbia House.
*[[w:Herman Klein|Hermann Klein]]. Musical Notes. Annual Critical Record of Important Musical Events.
*[[w:Joseph Bennett (critic)|Bennett]]. The Musical Year.
*Hinrichsen's Musical Year Book
*The Musical Year Book of the United States
**The Boston Musical Year Book
*Billboard. Overview. 1982: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YyQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT53#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].
*Billboard. The Year in Music. 1994: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZAgEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA62#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Jackson. 1965: The Most Revolutionary Year in Music.
*Porter. A Musical Season: 1972-1973. 
**Music of Three Seasons: 1974-1977 
**Music of Three More Seasons 1977-1980
**Musical Events: A Chronicle, 1980-1983.
*[https://news.1242.com/article/tag/大人のmusic-calendar 【大人のMusic Calendar】]. Nippon Broadcasting System.

United Kingdom:
*Billboard. Spotlight on the United Kingdom. 1978:  [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TSQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT78#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1979: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MCUEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT100#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].

Australia:
*Billboard. Spotlight on Australia/New Zealand. 1982: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GCQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT54#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1985: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hiQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT29#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1986: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UCQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA60#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].
**Live Talent of Australia: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YyQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT94#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

Canada:
*Billboard. Spotlight on Canada. 1981: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DSQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT50#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].

Scandanavia:
*Billboard. Spotlight on Scandanavia. 1981: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GCUEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT86#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].

France:
*Billboard. Spotlight on France. 1971: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-wgEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA35#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1972: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=REUEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA35#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1982: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AyQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT66#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1986: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ICUEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA41#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

Germany:
*Billboard. Spotlight on West Germany. 1971: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zQgEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA45#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1985: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-iMEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT12#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].
**Spotlight on West Germany, Austria and Switzerland. 1986: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CSUEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=RA1-PA35#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

Italy:
*Billboard. Spotlight on Italy. 1985: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3yQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT36#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1986: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2SQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA38-IA1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1994: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XQgEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA67#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].

Spain:
*Billboard. Spotlight on Spain. 1971: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5Q8EAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA49#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

Brazil:
*Billboard. Spotlight on Brazil. 1996: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NA0EAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA51#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].

United States
*Krummel. Bibliographical Handbook of American Music. 1987. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=G4wcnkvFZl4C&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Krummel. Resources of American Music History: A Directory of Source Materials from Colonial Times to World War II. 1981. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bJcYAAAAIAAJ]

Soviet
*Aschmann. Current Soviet Music Bibliography. 1976. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2i7jAAAAMAAJ]

Decline of pop music:
*[https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/science-proves-pop-music-has-actually-gotten-worse-8173368/ Science Proves: Pop Music Has Actually Gotten Worse]. [[w:Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]]. 27 July 2012.
*[https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/new-study-discovers-pop-music-has-suffered-significant-decline-in-one-area/ New study discovers pop music has suffered “significant decline” in one area]. [[w:Far Out (website)|Far Out]]. 5 July 2024.
*[https://www.globalnews.ca/news/9001083/why-older-music-more-popular-than-new-music/amp/ There is something very, very wrong with today’s music. It just may not be very good.] [[w:Global News|Global News]]. 24 July 2022.
*[https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/articles/fb84bf19-29c9-4ed3-b6b6-953e8a083334 Has pop music lost its fun?]. BBC. 12 January 2018.
*[https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/its-official-modern-music-is-bad/ It’s official: modern music is bad]. The Spectator. 13 February 2024.

Conferences:
*International Music Industry Conference. 1971: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tggEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA29#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

Laserdisc/Karaoke/CES
*Billboard. Karaoke. 1992:
[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jg8EAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA41-IA1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
**CES and Karaoke. 1994. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UggEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA77#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
**Laserdisc. 1995. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7AsEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA67#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
**Laserdisc/Karaoke. 1996: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iQ8EAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA59#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

Oldies
*&quot;Oldies stations find their place in radio market&quot;. Star-News. 13 March 1988. pp 1D &amp; [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2OoyAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=PA16#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false 6D]: &quot;Oldies&quot;.

==Japanese and Japan==
*Tsuge. Japanese Music: An Annotated Bibliography. 1986. [https://books.google.com/books?id=YCsKAQAAMAAJ]
*The Ashgate Research Companion to Japanese Music. 2017. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=4tINDgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

*Billboard. Spotlight on Japan. 1970:[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mSkEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA37#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1971:[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Fg8EAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA39#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1973:[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QEUEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT25#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1977:[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=USMEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT46#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1982:[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=byQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT38#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1985: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1CQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT65#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1986:[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-CMEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=RA1-PA79#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1993: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9A8EAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA57#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1995: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xwsEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA52-IA1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1996: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vwcEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA66#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1997: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_gkEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA61#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1998: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GgoEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA117#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 2000: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aREEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA65#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 2002: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-QwEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA53#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 2003: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3w0EAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA45#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].
*[[w:The Best Ten|The Best Ten]] (ザ・ベストテン). [Television programme]. [https://www.tbs.co.jp/tbs-ch/special/the_bestten/ Episodes].

*Wade. Music in Japan: Experiencing Music, Expressing Culture. 2005. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XXYIAQAAMAAJ]
*Malm. Japanese Music &amp; Musical Instruments. 1959. [https://books.google.com/books?id=QkTaAAAAMAAJ]
*Pigott. The Music and Musical Instruments of Japan. 1893 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ttKTUwmjzMwC&amp;pg=PR3#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1909. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MAM5AAAAIAAJ]

History
*Eta Harich-Schneider. A History of Japanese Music. 1973. [https://books.google.com/books?id=3AraAAAAMAAJ]
*Koh-ichi Hattori. 123 Years of Japanese Music: The Culture of Japan Through a Look at Its Music. 2004. [https://books.google.com/books?id=znzsAAAAMAAJ]

Modern, contemporary, today
*Johnson. Handbook of Japanese Music in the Modern Era. 2024. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KNP7EAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Matsue. Focus: Music in Contemporary Japan. 2016. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AQgtCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Music of Japan Today. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YZQYEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

Popular music
*Mitsui (ed). Made in Japan: Studies in Popular Music. 2014. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YWQKBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Stevens. Japanese Popular Music: Culture, Authenticity and Power. 2008. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OHMkdcL9DAMC&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Mitsui. Popular Music in Japan: Transformation Inspired by the West. 2020. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FpbqDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Nagahara. Tokyo Boogie-Woogie: Japan’s Pop Era and Its Discontents. 2017. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iTxYDgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Patterson. Music and Words: Producing Popular Songs in Modern Japan, 1887–1952. 2019. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=P0FvDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*James Stanlaw. &quot;Using English identity markers in Japanese Popular Music&quot;. English in East and South Asia. Chapter 14. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=88A1EAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT109#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*&quot;Japanese Popular Music in Singapore&quot;. Asian Music. vol 34. No 1: Fall/Winter 2002/2003. p 1. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_D4JAQAAMAAJ]

From folk to J-pop
*[[w:ja:富澤一誠|Issei Tomizawa]]. Ano subarashii kyoku o mō ichido: fōku kara J-poppu made. (Japanese: あの素晴しい曲をもう一度: フォークからJポップまで). [[w:Shinchosha|Shinchosha]]. 2010. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ju9MAQAAIAAJ]. Catalogue: [https://search.worldcat.org/title/501749494]. Commentary on book: [https://www.ytv.co.jp/michiura/time/2010/01/j2010110.html]. Review of the CD: [https://www.cdjournal.com/i/disc/great-agefree-music-forever-and-great-music-are-o/4109110788].

J-pop
*Bourdaghs. Sayonara Amerika, Sayonara Nippon: A Geopolitical Prehistory of J-pop. 2012. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=K_y88JwibrMC&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*&quot;The Rise of J-Pop in Asia and Its Impact&quot; (2004) Japan Spotlight. vol 23. p 24. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=i7C0AAAAIAAJ]
*Terence Lancashire. &quot;J-pop's elusive J: Is Japanese popular music Japanese?&quot; (2008) Perfect Beat. vol 9. No 1. p 38. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5No4AQAAIAAJ]
*Tetsu Misaki. J-poppu no Nihongo: kashiron. (Japanese: Jポップの日本語: 歌詞論). [[w:ja:彩流社|彩流社 (Sairyusha)]]. 2002. [https://books.google.com/books?id=dsMpAQAAIAAJ] [https://search.worldcat.org/ja/title/J-:/oclc/52005194]
*[[w:ja:烏賀陽弘道|Hiromichi Ugaya]]. Jpoppu Towa Nanika: Kyodaikasuru Ongaku Sangyō. (Japanese: Jポップとは何か: 巨大化する音楽産業). 2005. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TLlOAAAAMAAJ] catalogue [https://search.worldcat.org/ja/title/J-:/oclc/676652594] [https://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BA71618018]

Magazines

For Japanese music magazines, see [[w:ja:日本の音楽雑誌]].
*Music Periodicals in Japan — A Comprehensive List (1988) 35 Fontes Artis Musicae 116 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23507222] [https://books.google.com/books?id=qHYWAAAAIAAJ]
**Kishimoto, &quot;Additional Corrections and Alphabetical Title Index&quot; (1989) 36 Fontes Artis Musicae 38 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23507313] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7XYWAAAAIAAJ] 
*Special Bibliography: A Bibliography of Japanese Magazines and Music (1959) 3 Ethnomusicology 76 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/924290]
*A Historical Survey of Music Periodicals in Japan: 1881—1920 (1989) 36 Fontes Artis Musicae 44 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23507314]

*[[w:Oricon|Oricon]] (オリコン)
*[[w:Billboard Japan|Billboard Japan]] (ビルボード・ジャパン)
**Music Labo (ミュージック・ラボ) (1970 to 1994)
*Rolling Stone Japan
*新譜ジャーナル
*シンプジャーナル

*Myūjikku mansurī [ミュージック・マンスリー]  [https://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/AN00396190]

Charts

For Japanese music charts, see [[w:ja:日本の音楽チャート]]

Chart book
*Oricon Chart Book

Number ones
*Oricon No.1 Hits 500. Clubhouse (Japanese: クラブハウス). 1998.
**[https://books.google.com/books?id=GlsnNwAACAAJ vol 1 (1968~1985)]. ISBN 9784906496129.
**[https://books.google.com/books?id=icInNwAACAAJ vol 2 (1986~1994)]. ISBN 9784906496136.

Traditional, Hogaku
*Malm. Traditional Japanese Music and Musical Instruments. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Yn3VQbqywCsC&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Miyuki Yoshikami. Japan's Musical Tradition: Hogaku from Prehistory to the Present. 2020. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=X3XTDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Hughes. Traditional Folk Song in Modern Japan: Sources, Sentiment and Society. 2008. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yfV5DwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PR1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

Koto:
*Tokyo Academy of Music. Collection of Japanese Koto Music. 1888. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RncQAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PP13#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false][https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044040839565&amp;seq=1]

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See [[s:Category:Music]] and [[w:Category:Music books]]

This part of the [[Universal Bibliography]] is a bibliography of music.

Bibliography
*[[w:Bibliography of Music Literature|Bibliography of Music Literature]]

*Green (ed). Foundations in Music Bibliography. 1993. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rADdpZN9UhAC&amp;pg=PR3#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Krummel. The Literature of Music Bibliography: An Account of the Writings on the History of Music Printing &amp; Publishing. 2nd Ed: 1992. [https://books.google.com/books?id=3AZsiITI-IEC]
*Bibliography of Music Bibliographies. 1967. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=d6YJAQAAMAAJ]
*Bayne. A Guide to Library Research in Music. 2008. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ExGbDqu9gPAC&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*A Selected Bibliography of Music Librarianship [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=X5AeOl4O-osC]
*Bradley. American Music Librarianship: A Research and Information Guide. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VabcAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false] 
*Music Reference and Research Materials. 3rd Ed: 1974: [https://books.google.com/books?id=5Y1IAAAAMAAJ]
*Agruss. Guide to Reference Books on Music. 1948. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wX06AAAAIAAJ]
*Haggerty. A Guide to Popular Music Reference Books: An Annotated Bibliography. 1995. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2OnEEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Coover. A Bibliography of Music Dictionaries. 1952. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NH06AAAAIAAJ]
*A Bibliography of Books on Music and Collections of Music. 1948. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vfvpnwWWlZwC]
*Deakin. Musical Bibliography: A Catalogue of the Musical Works. 1892. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-UgQAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PP7#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false] (England 15th to 18th century)
*Matthew. The Literature of Music. 1896. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fTQ6AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PR3#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. Reviews: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bjdVAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=RA1-PA56#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dzcZAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA22#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R0gcAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA470#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qK5OAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA55#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1chZAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA155#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ezszAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5h61TMyTmOMC] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8k8wAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=i8W8LKTuc0AC]. Author: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=awIQAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA275#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].
*Hoek. Analyses of Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Music, 1940-2000. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CRG4AQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*RILM Abstracts of Music Literature. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HxjjAAAAMAAJ]
*Elliker. The Periodical Literature of Music: Trends from 1952 to 1987. 1996. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=T5ifAAAAMAAJ]
*Forkel. Allgemeine Litteratur der Musik. 1792. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VTRDAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PR1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3N8sAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA33#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

History and bibliography
*Matthew. A Handbook of Musical History and Bibliography. 1898. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=V1g5AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PR3#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=P1lDAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA229#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Boyden. The History and Literature of Music: 1750 to the Present. 1959. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XcAZAQAAIAAJ]
*Brown. An Introduction to the History and Literature of Music in Western Culture. 2nd Ed: 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aKpGAAAACAAJ]

Chronology, annuals, year books, years
*Eisler. World Chronology of Music History.
*Lowe. A Chronological Cyclopædia of Musicians and Musical Events. 1896.
*Tokyo Ongaku Gakko. Kinsei Hogaku Nempyo. [Chronology of Japanese Music in Recent Ages.] Rokugatsu-Kan. Volume 1. 1912. Volume 2. 1914. Volume 3. 1927. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=drMQAQAAMAAJ]
*Cossar. This Day in Music. 2005. 2010.
*Glassman. The Year in Music. Columbia House.
*[[w:Herman Klein|Hermann Klein]]. Musical Notes. Annual Critical Record of Important Musical Events.
*[[w:Joseph Bennett (critic)|Bennett]]. The Musical Year.
*Hinrichsen's Musical Year Book
*The Musical Year Book of the United States
**The Boston Musical Year Book
*Billboard. Overview. 1982: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YyQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT53#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].
*Billboard. The Year in Music. 1994: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZAgEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA62#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Jackson. 1965: The Most Revolutionary Year in Music.
*Porter. A Musical Season: 1972-1973. 
**Music of Three Seasons: 1974-1977 
**Music of Three More Seasons 1977-1980
**Musical Events: A Chronicle, 1980-1983.
*[https://news.1242.com/article/tag/大人のmusic-calendar 【大人のMusic Calendar】]. Nippon Broadcasting System.

United Kingdom:
*Billboard. Spotlight on the United Kingdom. 1978:  [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TSQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT78#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1979: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MCUEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT100#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].

Australia:
*Billboard. Spotlight on Australia/New Zealand. 1982: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GCQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT54#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1985: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hiQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT29#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1986: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UCQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA60#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].
**Live Talent of Australia: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YyQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT94#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

Canada:
*Billboard. Spotlight on Canada. 1981: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DSQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT50#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].

Scandanavia:
*Billboard. Spotlight on Scandanavia. 1981: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GCUEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT86#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].

France:
*Billboard. Spotlight on France. 1971: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-wgEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA35#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1972: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=REUEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA35#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1982: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AyQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT66#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1986: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ICUEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA41#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

Germany:
*Billboard. Spotlight on West Germany. 1971: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zQgEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA45#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1985: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-iMEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT12#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].
**Spotlight on West Germany, Austria and Switzerland. 1986: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CSUEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=RA1-PA35#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

Italy:
*Billboard. Spotlight on Italy. 1985: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3yQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT36#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1986: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2SQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA38-IA1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1994: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XQgEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA67#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].

Spain:
*Billboard. Spotlight on Spain. 1971: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5Q8EAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA49#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

Brazil:
*Billboard. Spotlight on Brazil. 1996: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NA0EAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA51#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].

United States
*Krummel. Bibliographical Handbook of American Music. 1987. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=G4wcnkvFZl4C&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Krummel. Resources of American Music History: A Directory of Source Materials from Colonial Times to World War II. 1981. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bJcYAAAAIAAJ]

Soviet
*Aschmann. Current Soviet Music Bibliography. 1976. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2i7jAAAAMAAJ]

Decline of pop music:
*[https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/science-proves-pop-music-has-actually-gotten-worse-8173368/ Science Proves: Pop Music Has Actually Gotten Worse]. [[w:Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]]. 27 July 2012.
*[https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/new-study-discovers-pop-music-has-suffered-significant-decline-in-one-area/ New study discovers pop music has suffered “significant decline” in one area]. [[w:Far Out (website)|Far Out]]. 5 July 2024.
*[https://www.globalnews.ca/news/9001083/why-older-music-more-popular-than-new-music/amp/ There is something very, very wrong with today’s music. It just may not be very good.] [[w:Global News|Global News]]. 24 July 2022.
*[https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/articles/fb84bf19-29c9-4ed3-b6b6-953e8a083334 Has pop music lost its fun?]. BBC. 12 January 2018.
*[https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/its-official-modern-music-is-bad/ It’s official: modern music is bad]. The Spectator. 13 February 2024.

Conferences:
*International Music Industry Conference. 1971: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tggEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA29#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

Laserdisc/Karaoke/CES
*Billboard. Karaoke. 1992:
[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jg8EAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA41-IA1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
**CES and Karaoke. 1994. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UggEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA77#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
**Laserdisc. 1995. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7AsEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA67#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
**Laserdisc/Karaoke. 1996: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iQ8EAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA59#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

Oldies
*&quot;Oldies stations find their place in radio market&quot;. Star-News. 13 March 1988. pp 1D &amp; [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2OoyAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=PA16#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false 6D]: &quot;Oldies&quot;.

==Japanese and Japan==
*Tsuge. Japanese Music: An Annotated Bibliography. 1986. [https://books.google.com/books?id=YCsKAQAAMAAJ]
*The Ashgate Research Companion to Japanese Music. 2017. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=4tINDgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

*Billboard. Spotlight on Japan. 1970:[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mSkEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA37#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1971:[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Fg8EAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA39#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1973:[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QEUEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT25#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1977:[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=USMEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT46#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1982:[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=byQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT38#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1985: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1CQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT65#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1986:[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-CMEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=RA1-PA79#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1993: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9A8EAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA57#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1995: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xwsEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA52-IA1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1996: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vwcEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA66#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1997: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_gkEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA61#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1998: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GgoEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA117#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 2000: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aREEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA65#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 2002: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-QwEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA53#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 2003: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3w0EAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA45#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].
*[[w:The Best Ten|The Best Ten]] (ザ・ベストテン). [Television programme]. [https://www.tbs.co.jp/tbs-ch/special/the_bestten/ Episodes].

*Wade. Music in Japan: Experiencing Music, Expressing Culture. 2005. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XXYIAQAAMAAJ]
*Malm. Japanese Music &amp; Musical Instruments. 1959. [https://books.google.com/books?id=QkTaAAAAMAAJ]
*Pigott. The Music and Musical Instruments of Japan. 1893 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ttKTUwmjzMwC&amp;pg=PR3#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1909. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MAM5AAAAIAAJ]

History
*Eta Harich-Schneider. A History of Japanese Music. 1973. [https://books.google.com/books?id=3AraAAAAMAAJ]
*Koh-ichi Hattori. 123 Years of Japanese Music: The Culture of Japan Through a Look at Its Music. 2004. [https://books.google.com/books?id=znzsAAAAMAAJ]

Modern, contemporary, today
*Johnson. Handbook of Japanese Music in the Modern Era. 2024. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KNP7EAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Matsue. Focus: Music in Contemporary Japan. 2016. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AQgtCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Music of Japan Today. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YZQYEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

Popular music
*Mitsui (ed). Made in Japan: Studies in Popular Music. 2014. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YWQKBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Stevens. Japanese Popular Music: Culture, Authenticity and Power. 2008. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OHMkdcL9DAMC&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Mitsui. Popular Music in Japan: Transformation Inspired by the West. 2020. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FpbqDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Nagahara. Tokyo Boogie-Woogie: Japan’s Pop Era and Its Discontents. 2017. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iTxYDgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Patterson. Music and Words: Producing Popular Songs in Modern Japan, 1887–1952. 2019. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=P0FvDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*James Stanlaw. &quot;Using English identity markers in Japanese Popular Music&quot;. English in East and South Asia. Chapter 14. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=88A1EAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT109#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*&quot;Japanese Popular Music in Singapore&quot;. Asian Music. vol 34. No 1: Fall/Winter 2002/2003. p 1. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_D4JAQAAMAAJ]

From folk to J-pop
*[[w:ja:富澤一誠|Issei Tomizawa]]. Ano subarashii kyoku o mō ichido: fōku kara J-poppu made. (Japanese: あの素晴しい曲をもう一度: フォークからJポップまで). [[w:Shinchosha|Shinchosha]]. 2010. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ju9MAQAAIAAJ]. Catalogue: [https://search.worldcat.org/title/501749494]. Commentary on book: [https://www.ytv.co.jp/michiura/time/2010/01/j2010110.html]. Review of the CD: [https://www.cdjournal.com/i/disc/great-agefree-music-forever-and-great-music-are-o/4109110788].

J-pop
*Bourdaghs. Sayonara Amerika, Sayonara Nippon: A Geopolitical Prehistory of J-pop. 2012. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=K_y88JwibrMC&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*&quot;The Rise of J-Pop in Asia and Its Impact&quot; (2004) Japan Spotlight. vol 23. p 24. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=i7C0AAAAIAAJ]
*Terence Lancashire. &quot;J-pop's elusive J: Is Japanese popular music Japanese?&quot; (2008) Perfect Beat. vol 9. No 1. p 38. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5No4AQAAIAAJ]
*Tetsu Misaki. J-poppu no Nihongo: kashiron. (Japanese: Jポップの日本語: 歌詞論). [[w:ja:彩流社|彩流社 (Sairyusha)]]. 2002. [https://books.google.com/books?id=dsMpAQAAIAAJ] [https://search.worldcat.org/ja/title/J-:/oclc/52005194]
*[[w:ja:烏賀陽弘道|Hiromichi Ugaya]]. Jpoppu Towa Nanika: Kyodaikasuru Ongaku Sangyō. (Japanese: Jポップとは何か: 巨大化する音楽産業). 2005. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TLlOAAAAMAAJ] catalogue [https://search.worldcat.org/ja/title/J-:/oclc/676652594] [https://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BA71618018]

Magazines

For Japanese music magazines, see [[w:ja:日本の音楽雑誌]].
*Music Periodicals in Japan — A Comprehensive List (1988) 35 Fontes Artis Musicae 116 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23507222] [https://books.google.com/books?id=qHYWAAAAIAAJ]
**Kishimoto, &quot;Additional Corrections and Alphabetical Title Index&quot; (1989) 36 Fontes Artis Musicae 38 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23507313] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7XYWAAAAIAAJ] 
*Special Bibliography: A Bibliography of Japanese Magazines and Music (1959) 3 Ethnomusicology 76 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/924290]
*A Historical Survey of Music Periodicals in Japan: 1881—1920 (1989) 36 Fontes Artis Musicae 44 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23507314]

*[[w:Oricon|Oricon]] (オリコン)
*[[w:Billboard Japan|Billboard Japan]] (ビルボード・ジャパン)
**Music Labo (ミュージック・ラボ) (1970 to 1994)
*Rolling Stone Japan
*新譜ジャーナル
*シンプジャーナル

*Myūjikku mansurī [ミュージック・マンスリー]  [https://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/AN00396190]

Charts

For Japanese music charts, see [[w:ja:日本の音楽チャート]]

Chart book
*Oricon Chart Book

Number ones
*Oricon No.1 Hits 500. Clubhouse (Japanese: クラブハウス). 1994. 1998.
**[https://books.google.com/books?id=GlsnNwAACAAJ vol 1 (1968~1985)]. ISBN 9784906496129.
**[https://books.google.com/books?id=icInNwAACAAJ vol 2 (1986~1994)]. ISBN 9784906496136.

Traditional, Hogaku
*Malm. Traditional Japanese Music and Musical Instruments. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Yn3VQbqywCsC&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Miyuki Yoshikami. Japan's Musical Tradition: Hogaku from Prehistory to the Present. 2020. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=X3XTDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Hughes. Traditional Folk Song in Modern Japan: Sources, Sentiment and Society. 2008. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yfV5DwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PR1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

Koto:
*Tokyo Academy of Music. Collection of Japanese Koto Music. 1888. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RncQAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PP13#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false][https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044040839565&amp;seq=1]

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      <text bytes="17353" sha1="6eouak2kg0r1svpcpbc6yhw2x2wqxr8" xml:space="preserve">{{Bibliography}}

See [[s:Category:Music]] and [[w:Category:Music books]]

This part of the [[Universal Bibliography]] is a bibliography of music.

Bibliography
*[[w:Bibliography of Music Literature|Bibliography of Music Literature]]

*Green (ed). Foundations in Music Bibliography. 1993. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rADdpZN9UhAC&amp;pg=PR3#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Krummel. The Literature of Music Bibliography: An Account of the Writings on the History of Music Printing &amp; Publishing. 2nd Ed: 1992. [https://books.google.com/books?id=3AZsiITI-IEC]
*Bibliography of Music Bibliographies. 1967. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=d6YJAQAAMAAJ]
*Bayne. A Guide to Library Research in Music. 2008. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ExGbDqu9gPAC&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*A Selected Bibliography of Music Librarianship [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=X5AeOl4O-osC]
*Bradley. American Music Librarianship: A Research and Information Guide. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VabcAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false] 
*Music Reference and Research Materials. 3rd Ed: 1974: [https://books.google.com/books?id=5Y1IAAAAMAAJ]
*Agruss. Guide to Reference Books on Music. 1948. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wX06AAAAIAAJ]
*Haggerty. A Guide to Popular Music Reference Books: An Annotated Bibliography. 1995. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2OnEEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Coover. A Bibliography of Music Dictionaries. 1952. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NH06AAAAIAAJ]
*A Bibliography of Books on Music and Collections of Music. 1948. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vfvpnwWWlZwC]
*Deakin. Musical Bibliography: A Catalogue of the Musical Works. 1892. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-UgQAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PP7#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false] (England 15th to 18th century)
*Matthew. The Literature of Music. 1896. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fTQ6AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PR3#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. Reviews: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bjdVAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=RA1-PA56#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dzcZAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA22#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R0gcAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA470#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qK5OAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA55#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1chZAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA155#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ezszAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5h61TMyTmOMC] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8k8wAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=i8W8LKTuc0AC]. Author: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=awIQAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA275#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].
*Hoek. Analyses of Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Music, 1940-2000. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CRG4AQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*RILM Abstracts of Music Literature. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HxjjAAAAMAAJ]
*Elliker. The Periodical Literature of Music: Trends from 1952 to 1987. 1996. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=T5ifAAAAMAAJ]
*Forkel. Allgemeine Litteratur der Musik. 1792. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VTRDAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PR1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3N8sAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA33#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

History and bibliography
*Matthew. A Handbook of Musical History and Bibliography. 1898. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=V1g5AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PR3#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=P1lDAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA229#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Boyden. The History and Literature of Music: 1750 to the Present. 1959. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XcAZAQAAIAAJ]
*Brown. An Introduction to the History and Literature of Music in Western Culture. 2nd Ed: 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aKpGAAAACAAJ]

Chronology, annuals, year books, years
*Eisler. World Chronology of Music History.
*Lowe. A Chronological Cyclopædia of Musicians and Musical Events. 1896.
*Tokyo Ongaku Gakko. Kinsei Hogaku Nempyo. [Chronology of Japanese Music in Recent Ages.] Rokugatsu-Kan. Volume 1. 1912. Volume 2. 1914. Volume 3. 1927. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=drMQAQAAMAAJ]
*Cossar. This Day in Music. 2005. 2010.
*Glassman. The Year in Music. Columbia House.
*[[w:Herman Klein|Hermann Klein]]. Musical Notes. Annual Critical Record of Important Musical Events.
*[[w:Joseph Bennett (critic)|Bennett]]. The Musical Year.
*Hinrichsen's Musical Year Book
*The Musical Year Book of the United States
**The Boston Musical Year Book
*Billboard. Overview. 1982: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YyQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT53#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].
*Billboard. The Year in Music. 1994: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZAgEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA62#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Jackson. 1965: The Most Revolutionary Year in Music.
*Porter. A Musical Season: 1972-1973. 
**Music of Three Seasons: 1974-1977 
**Music of Three More Seasons 1977-1980
**Musical Events: A Chronicle, 1980-1983.
*[https://news.1242.com/article/tag/大人のmusic-calendar 【大人のMusic Calendar】]. Nippon Broadcasting System.

United Kingdom:
*Billboard. Spotlight on the United Kingdom. 1978:  [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TSQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT78#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1979: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MCUEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT100#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].

Australia:
*Billboard. Spotlight on Australia/New Zealand. 1982: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GCQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT54#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1985: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hiQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT29#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1986: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UCQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA60#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].
**Live Talent of Australia: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YyQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT94#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

Canada:
*Billboard. Spotlight on Canada. 1981: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DSQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT50#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].

Scandanavia:
*Billboard. Spotlight on Scandanavia. 1981: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GCUEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT86#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].

France:
*Billboard. Spotlight on France. 1971: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-wgEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA35#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1972: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=REUEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA35#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1982: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AyQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT66#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1986: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ICUEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA41#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

Germany:
*Billboard. Spotlight on West Germany. 1971: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zQgEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA45#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1985: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-iMEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT12#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].
**Spotlight on West Germany, Austria and Switzerland. 1986: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CSUEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=RA1-PA35#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

Italy:
*Billboard. Spotlight on Italy. 1985: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3yQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT36#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1986: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2SQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA38-IA1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1994: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XQgEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA67#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].

Spain:
*Billboard. Spotlight on Spain. 1971: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5Q8EAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA49#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

Brazil:
*Billboard. Spotlight on Brazil. 1996: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NA0EAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA51#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].

United States
*Krummel. Bibliographical Handbook of American Music. 1987. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=G4wcnkvFZl4C&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Krummel. Resources of American Music History: A Directory of Source Materials from Colonial Times to World War II. 1981. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bJcYAAAAIAAJ]

Soviet
*Aschmann. Current Soviet Music Bibliography. 1976. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2i7jAAAAMAAJ]

Decline of pop music:
*[https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/science-proves-pop-music-has-actually-gotten-worse-8173368/ Science Proves: Pop Music Has Actually Gotten Worse]. [[w:Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]]. 27 July 2012.
*[https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/new-study-discovers-pop-music-has-suffered-significant-decline-in-one-area/ New study discovers pop music has suffered “significant decline” in one area]. [[w:Far Out (website)|Far Out]]. 5 July 2024.
*[https://www.globalnews.ca/news/9001083/why-older-music-more-popular-than-new-music/amp/ There is something very, very wrong with today’s music. It just may not be very good.] [[w:Global News|Global News]]. 24 July 2022.
*[https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/articles/fb84bf19-29c9-4ed3-b6b6-953e8a083334 Has pop music lost its fun?]. BBC. 12 January 2018.
*[https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/its-official-modern-music-is-bad/ It’s official: modern music is bad]. The Spectator. 13 February 2024.

Conferences:
*International Music Industry Conference. 1971: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tggEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA29#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

Laserdisc/Karaoke/CES
*Billboard. Karaoke. 1992:
[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jg8EAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA41-IA1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
**CES and Karaoke. 1994. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UggEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA77#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
**Laserdisc. 1995. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7AsEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA67#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
**Laserdisc/Karaoke. 1996: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iQ8EAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA59#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

Oldies
*&quot;Oldies stations find their place in radio market&quot;. Star-News. 13 March 1988. pp 1D &amp; [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2OoyAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=PA16#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false 6D]: &quot;Oldies&quot;.

Nostalgia

See also [[Universal Bibliography/Nostalgia]]
*&quot;A Perspective on the Future of Nostalgia&quot;. Billboard.  4 May 1974. pp [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=cgkEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA37#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false N-1] to N-54 and two more pages.

==Japanese and Japan==
*Tsuge. Japanese Music: An Annotated Bibliography. 1986. [https://books.google.com/books?id=YCsKAQAAMAAJ]
*The Ashgate Research Companion to Japanese Music. 2017. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=4tINDgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

*Billboard. Spotlight on Japan. 1970:[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mSkEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA37#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1971:[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Fg8EAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA39#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1973:[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QEUEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT25#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1977:[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=USMEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT46#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1982:[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=byQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT38#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1985: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1CQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT65#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1986:[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-CMEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=RA1-PA79#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1993: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9A8EAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA57#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1995: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xwsEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA52-IA1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1996: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vwcEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA66#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1997: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_gkEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA61#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1998: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GgoEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA117#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 2000: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aREEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA65#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 2002: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-QwEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA53#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 2003: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3w0EAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA45#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].
*[[w:The Best Ten|The Best Ten]] (ザ・ベストテン). [Television programme]. [https://www.tbs.co.jp/tbs-ch/special/the_bestten/ Episodes].

*Wade. Music in Japan: Experiencing Music, Expressing Culture. 2005. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XXYIAQAAMAAJ]
*Malm. Japanese Music &amp; Musical Instruments. 1959. [https://books.google.com/books?id=QkTaAAAAMAAJ]
*Pigott. The Music and Musical Instruments of Japan. 1893 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ttKTUwmjzMwC&amp;pg=PR3#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1909. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MAM5AAAAIAAJ]

History
*Eta Harich-Schneider. A History of Japanese Music. 1973. [https://books.google.com/books?id=3AraAAAAMAAJ]
*Koh-ichi Hattori. 123 Years of Japanese Music: The Culture of Japan Through a Look at Its Music. 2004. [https://books.google.com/books?id=znzsAAAAMAAJ]

Modern, contemporary, today
*Johnson. Handbook of Japanese Music in the Modern Era. 2024. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KNP7EAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Matsue. Focus: Music in Contemporary Japan. 2016. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AQgtCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Music of Japan Today. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YZQYEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

Popular music
*Mitsui (ed). Made in Japan: Studies in Popular Music. 2014. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YWQKBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Stevens. Japanese Popular Music: Culture, Authenticity and Power. 2008. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OHMkdcL9DAMC&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Mitsui. Popular Music in Japan: Transformation Inspired by the West. 2020. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FpbqDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Nagahara. Tokyo Boogie-Woogie: Japan’s Pop Era and Its Discontents. 2017. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iTxYDgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Patterson. Music and Words: Producing Popular Songs in Modern Japan, 1887–1952. 2019. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=P0FvDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*James Stanlaw. &quot;Using English identity markers in Japanese Popular Music&quot;. English in East and South Asia. Chapter 14. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=88A1EAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT109#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*&quot;Japanese Popular Music in Singapore&quot;. Asian Music. vol 34. No 1: Fall/Winter 2002/2003. p 1. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_D4JAQAAMAAJ]

From folk to J-pop
*[[w:ja:富澤一誠|Issei Tomizawa]]. Ano subarashii kyoku o mō ichido: fōku kara J-poppu made. (Japanese: あの素晴しい曲をもう一度: フォークからJポップまで). [[w:Shinchosha|Shinchosha]]. 2010. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ju9MAQAAIAAJ]. Catalogue: [https://search.worldcat.org/title/501749494]. Commentary on book: [https://www.ytv.co.jp/michiura/time/2010/01/j2010110.html]. Review of the CD: [https://www.cdjournal.com/i/disc/great-agefree-music-forever-and-great-music-are-o/4109110788].

J-pop
*Bourdaghs. Sayonara Amerika, Sayonara Nippon: A Geopolitical Prehistory of J-pop. 2012. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=K_y88JwibrMC&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*&quot;The Rise of J-Pop in Asia and Its Impact&quot; (2004) Japan Spotlight. vol 23. p 24. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=i7C0AAAAIAAJ]
*Terence Lancashire. &quot;J-pop's elusive J: Is Japanese popular music Japanese?&quot; (2008) Perfect Beat. vol 9. No 1. p 38. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5No4AQAAIAAJ]
*Tetsu Misaki. J-poppu no Nihongo: kashiron. (Japanese: Jポップの日本語: 歌詞論). [[w:ja:彩流社|彩流社 (Sairyusha)]]. 2002. [https://books.google.com/books?id=dsMpAQAAIAAJ] [https://search.worldcat.org/ja/title/J-:/oclc/52005194]
*[[w:ja:烏賀陽弘道|Hiromichi Ugaya]]. Jpoppu Towa Nanika: Kyodaikasuru Ongaku Sangyō. (Japanese: Jポップとは何か: 巨大化する音楽産業). 2005. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TLlOAAAAMAAJ] catalogue [https://search.worldcat.org/ja/title/J-:/oclc/676652594] [https://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BA71618018]

Magazines

For Japanese music magazines, see [[w:ja:日本の音楽雑誌]].
*Music Periodicals in Japan — A Comprehensive List (1988) 35 Fontes Artis Musicae 116 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23507222] [https://books.google.com/books?id=qHYWAAAAIAAJ]
**Kishimoto, &quot;Additional Corrections and Alphabetical Title Index&quot; (1989) 36 Fontes Artis Musicae 38 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23507313] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7XYWAAAAIAAJ] 
*Special Bibliography: A Bibliography of Japanese Magazines and Music (1959) 3 Ethnomusicology 76 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/924290]
*A Historical Survey of Music Periodicals in Japan: 1881—1920 (1989) 36 Fontes Artis Musicae 44 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23507314]

*[[w:Oricon|Oricon]] (オリコン)
*[[w:Billboard Japan|Billboard Japan]] (ビルボード・ジャパン)
**Music Labo (ミュージック・ラボ) (1970 to 1994)
*Rolling Stone Japan
*新譜ジャーナル
*シンプジャーナル

*Myūjikku mansurī [ミュージック・マンスリー]  [https://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/AN00396190]

Charts

For Japanese music charts, see [[w:ja:日本の音楽チャート]]

Chart book
*Oricon Chart Book

Number ones
*Oricon No.1 Hits 500. Clubhouse (Japanese: クラブハウス). 1994. 1998.
**[https://books.google.com/books?id=GlsnNwAACAAJ vol 1 (1968~1985)]. ISBN 9784906496129.
**[https://books.google.com/books?id=icInNwAACAAJ vol 2 (1986~1994)]. ISBN 9784906496136.

Traditional, Hogaku
*Malm. Traditional Japanese Music and Musical Instruments. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Yn3VQbqywCsC&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Miyuki Yoshikami. Japan's Musical Tradition: Hogaku from Prehistory to the Present. 2020. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=X3XTDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Hughes. Traditional Folk Song in Modern Japan: Sources, Sentiment and Society. 2008. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yfV5DwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PR1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

Koto:
*Tokyo Academy of Music. Collection of Japanese Koto Music. 1888. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RncQAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PP13#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false][https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044040839565&amp;seq=1]

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      <text bytes="17464" sha1="0dzei4wx025sk17f90nh8a8zwyarn59" xml:space="preserve">{{Bibliography}}

See [[s:Category:Music]] and [[w:Category:Music books]]

This part of the [[Universal Bibliography]] is a bibliography of music.

Bibliography
*[[w:Bibliography of Music Literature|Bibliography of Music Literature]]

*Green (ed). Foundations in Music Bibliography. 1993. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rADdpZN9UhAC&amp;pg=PR3#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Krummel. The Literature of Music Bibliography: An Account of the Writings on the History of Music Printing &amp; Publishing. 2nd Ed: 1992. [https://books.google.com/books?id=3AZsiITI-IEC]
*Bibliography of Music Bibliographies. 1967. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=d6YJAQAAMAAJ]
*Bayne. A Guide to Library Research in Music. 2008. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ExGbDqu9gPAC&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*A Selected Bibliography of Music Librarianship [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=X5AeOl4O-osC]
*Bradley. American Music Librarianship: A Research and Information Guide. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VabcAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false] 
*Music Reference and Research Materials. 3rd Ed: 1974: [https://books.google.com/books?id=5Y1IAAAAMAAJ]
*Agruss. Guide to Reference Books on Music. 1948. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wX06AAAAIAAJ]
*Haggerty. A Guide to Popular Music Reference Books: An Annotated Bibliography. 1995. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2OnEEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Coover. A Bibliography of Music Dictionaries. 1952. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NH06AAAAIAAJ]
*A Bibliography of Books on Music and Collections of Music. 1948. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vfvpnwWWlZwC]
*Deakin. Musical Bibliography: A Catalogue of the Musical Works. 1892. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-UgQAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PP7#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false] (England 15th to 18th century)
*Matthew. The Literature of Music. 1896. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fTQ6AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PR3#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. Reviews: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bjdVAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=RA1-PA56#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dzcZAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA22#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R0gcAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA470#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qK5OAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA55#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1chZAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA155#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ezszAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5h61TMyTmOMC] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8k8wAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=i8W8LKTuc0AC]. Author: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=awIQAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA275#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].
*Hoek. Analyses of Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Music, 1940-2000. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CRG4AQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*RILM Abstracts of Music Literature. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HxjjAAAAMAAJ]
*Elliker. The Periodical Literature of Music: Trends from 1952 to 1987. 1996. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=T5ifAAAAMAAJ]
*Forkel. Allgemeine Litteratur der Musik. 1792. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VTRDAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PR1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3N8sAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA33#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

History and bibliography
*Matthew. A Handbook of Musical History and Bibliography. 1898. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=V1g5AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PR3#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=P1lDAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA229#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Boyden. The History and Literature of Music: 1750 to the Present. 1959. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XcAZAQAAIAAJ]
*Brown. An Introduction to the History and Literature of Music in Western Culture. 2nd Ed: 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aKpGAAAACAAJ]

Chronology, annuals, year books, years
*Eisler. World Chronology of Music History.
*Lowe. A Chronological Cyclopædia of Musicians and Musical Events. 1896.
*Tokyo Ongaku Gakko. Kinsei Hogaku Nempyo. [Chronology of Japanese Music in Recent Ages.] Rokugatsu-Kan. Volume 1. 1912. Volume 2. 1914. Volume 3. 1927. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=drMQAQAAMAAJ]
*Cossar. This Day in Music. 2005. 2010.
*Glassman. The Year in Music. Columbia House.
*[[w:Herman Klein|Hermann Klein]]. Musical Notes. Annual Critical Record of Important Musical Events.
*[[w:Joseph Bennett (critic)|Bennett]]. The Musical Year.
*Hinrichsen's Musical Year Book
*The Musical Year Book of the United States
**The Boston Musical Year Book
*Billboard. Overview. 1982: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YyQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT53#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].
*Billboard. The Year in Music. 1994: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZAgEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA62#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Jackson. 1965: The Most Revolutionary Year in Music.
*Porter. A Musical Season: 1972-1973. 
**Music of Three Seasons: 1974-1977 
**Music of Three More Seasons 1977-1980
**Musical Events: A Chronicle, 1980-1983.
*[https://news.1242.com/article/tag/大人のmusic-calendar 【大人のMusic Calendar】]. Nippon Broadcasting System.

United Kingdom:
*Billboard. Spotlight on the United Kingdom. 1978:  [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TSQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT78#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1979: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MCUEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT100#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].

Australia:
*Billboard. Spotlight on Australia/New Zealand. 1982: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GCQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT54#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1985: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hiQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT29#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1986: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UCQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA60#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].
**Live Talent of Australia: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YyQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT94#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

Canada:
*Billboard. Spotlight on Canada. 1981: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DSQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT50#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].

Scandanavia:
*Billboard. Spotlight on Scandanavia. 1981: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GCUEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT86#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].

France:
*Billboard. Spotlight on France. 1971: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-wgEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA35#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1972: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=REUEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA35#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1982: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AyQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT66#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1986: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ICUEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA41#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

Germany:
*Billboard. Spotlight on West Germany. 1971: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zQgEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA45#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1985: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-iMEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT12#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].
**Spotlight on West Germany, Austria and Switzerland. 1986: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CSUEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=RA1-PA35#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

Italy:
*Billboard. Spotlight on Italy. 1985: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3yQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT36#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1986: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2SQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA38-IA1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1994: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XQgEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA67#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].

Spain:
*Billboard. Spotlight on Spain. 1971: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5Q8EAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA49#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

Brazil:
*Billboard. Spotlight on Brazil. 1996: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NA0EAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA51#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].

United States
*Krummel. Bibliographical Handbook of American Music. 1987. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=G4wcnkvFZl4C&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Krummel. Resources of American Music History: A Directory of Source Materials from Colonial Times to World War II. 1981. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bJcYAAAAIAAJ]

Soviet
*Aschmann. Current Soviet Music Bibliography. 1976. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2i7jAAAAMAAJ]

Decline of pop music:
*[https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/science-proves-pop-music-has-actually-gotten-worse-8173368/ Science Proves: Pop Music Has Actually Gotten Worse]. [[w:Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]]. 27 July 2012.
*[https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/new-study-discovers-pop-music-has-suffered-significant-decline-in-one-area/ New study discovers pop music has suffered “significant decline” in one area]. [[w:Far Out (website)|Far Out]]. 5 July 2024.
*[https://www.globalnews.ca/news/9001083/why-older-music-more-popular-than-new-music/amp/ There is something very, very wrong with today’s music. It just may not be very good.] [[w:Global News|Global News]]. 24 July 2022.
*[https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/articles/fb84bf19-29c9-4ed3-b6b6-953e8a083334 Has pop music lost its fun?]. BBC. 12 January 2018.
*[https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/its-official-modern-music-is-bad/ It’s official: modern music is bad]. The Spectator. 13 February 2024.

Conferences:
*International Music Industry Conference. 1971: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tggEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA29#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

Laserdisc/Karaoke/CES
*Billboard. Karaoke. 1992:
[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jg8EAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA41-IA1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
**CES and Karaoke. 1994. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UggEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA77#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
**Laserdisc. 1995. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7AsEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA67#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
**Laserdisc/Karaoke. 1996: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iQ8EAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA59#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

Oldies
*&quot;Oldies stations find their place in radio market&quot;. Star-News. 13 March 1988. pp 1D &amp; [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2OoyAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=PA16#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false 6D]: &quot;Oldies&quot;.
*Billboard. 15 April 1972. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=a0UEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT7#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false p 47].

Nostalgia

See also [[Universal Bibliography/Nostalgia]]
*&quot;A Perspective on the Future of Nostalgia&quot;. Billboard.  4 May 1974. pp [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=cgkEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA37#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false N-1] to N-54 and two more pages.

==Japanese and Japan==
*Tsuge. Japanese Music: An Annotated Bibliography. 1986. [https://books.google.com/books?id=YCsKAQAAMAAJ]
*The Ashgate Research Companion to Japanese Music. 2017. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=4tINDgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

*Billboard. Spotlight on Japan. 1970:[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mSkEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA37#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1971:[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Fg8EAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA39#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1973:[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QEUEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT25#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1977:[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=USMEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT46#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1982:[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=byQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT38#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1985: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1CQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT65#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1986:[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-CMEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=RA1-PA79#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1993: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9A8EAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA57#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1995: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xwsEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA52-IA1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1996: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vwcEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA66#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1997: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_gkEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA61#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1998: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GgoEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA117#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 2000: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aREEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA65#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 2002: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-QwEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA53#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 2003: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3w0EAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA45#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].
*[[w:The Best Ten|The Best Ten]] (ザ・ベストテン). [Television programme]. [https://www.tbs.co.jp/tbs-ch/special/the_bestten/ Episodes].

*Wade. Music in Japan: Experiencing Music, Expressing Culture. 2005. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XXYIAQAAMAAJ]
*Malm. Japanese Music &amp; Musical Instruments. 1959. [https://books.google.com/books?id=QkTaAAAAMAAJ]
*Pigott. The Music and Musical Instruments of Japan. 1893 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ttKTUwmjzMwC&amp;pg=PR3#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1909. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MAM5AAAAIAAJ]

History
*Eta Harich-Schneider. A History of Japanese Music. 1973. [https://books.google.com/books?id=3AraAAAAMAAJ]
*Koh-ichi Hattori. 123 Years of Japanese Music: The Culture of Japan Through a Look at Its Music. 2004. [https://books.google.com/books?id=znzsAAAAMAAJ]

Modern, contemporary, today
*Johnson. Handbook of Japanese Music in the Modern Era. 2024. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KNP7EAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Matsue. Focus: Music in Contemporary Japan. 2016. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AQgtCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Music of Japan Today. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YZQYEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

Popular music
*Mitsui (ed). Made in Japan: Studies in Popular Music. 2014. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YWQKBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Stevens. Japanese Popular Music: Culture, Authenticity and Power. 2008. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OHMkdcL9DAMC&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Mitsui. Popular Music in Japan: Transformation Inspired by the West. 2020. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FpbqDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Nagahara. Tokyo Boogie-Woogie: Japan’s Pop Era and Its Discontents. 2017. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iTxYDgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Patterson. Music and Words: Producing Popular Songs in Modern Japan, 1887–1952. 2019. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=P0FvDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*James Stanlaw. &quot;Using English identity markers in Japanese Popular Music&quot;. English in East and South Asia. Chapter 14. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=88A1EAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT109#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*&quot;Japanese Popular Music in Singapore&quot;. Asian Music. vol 34. No 1: Fall/Winter 2002/2003. p 1. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_D4JAQAAMAAJ]

From folk to J-pop
*[[w:ja:富澤一誠|Issei Tomizawa]]. Ano subarashii kyoku o mō ichido: fōku kara J-poppu made. (Japanese: あの素晴しい曲をもう一度: フォークからJポップまで). [[w:Shinchosha|Shinchosha]]. 2010. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ju9MAQAAIAAJ]. Catalogue: [https://search.worldcat.org/title/501749494]. Commentary on book: [https://www.ytv.co.jp/michiura/time/2010/01/j2010110.html]. Review of the CD: [https://www.cdjournal.com/i/disc/great-agefree-music-forever-and-great-music-are-o/4109110788].

J-pop
*Bourdaghs. Sayonara Amerika, Sayonara Nippon: A Geopolitical Prehistory of J-pop. 2012. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=K_y88JwibrMC&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*&quot;The Rise of J-Pop in Asia and Its Impact&quot; (2004) Japan Spotlight. vol 23. p 24. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=i7C0AAAAIAAJ]
*Terence Lancashire. &quot;J-pop's elusive J: Is Japanese popular music Japanese?&quot; (2008) Perfect Beat. vol 9. No 1. p 38. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5No4AQAAIAAJ]
*Tetsu Misaki. J-poppu no Nihongo: kashiron. (Japanese: Jポップの日本語: 歌詞論). [[w:ja:彩流社|彩流社 (Sairyusha)]]. 2002. [https://books.google.com/books?id=dsMpAQAAIAAJ] [https://search.worldcat.org/ja/title/J-:/oclc/52005194]
*[[w:ja:烏賀陽弘道|Hiromichi Ugaya]]. Jpoppu Towa Nanika: Kyodaikasuru Ongaku Sangyō. (Japanese: Jポップとは何か: 巨大化する音楽産業). 2005. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TLlOAAAAMAAJ] catalogue [https://search.worldcat.org/ja/title/J-:/oclc/676652594] [https://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BA71618018]

Magazines

For Japanese music magazines, see [[w:ja:日本の音楽雑誌]].
*Music Periodicals in Japan — A Comprehensive List (1988) 35 Fontes Artis Musicae 116 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23507222] [https://books.google.com/books?id=qHYWAAAAIAAJ]
**Kishimoto, &quot;Additional Corrections and Alphabetical Title Index&quot; (1989) 36 Fontes Artis Musicae 38 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23507313] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7XYWAAAAIAAJ] 
*Special Bibliography: A Bibliography of Japanese Magazines and Music (1959) 3 Ethnomusicology 76 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/924290]
*A Historical Survey of Music Periodicals in Japan: 1881—1920 (1989) 36 Fontes Artis Musicae 44 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23507314]

*[[w:Oricon|Oricon]] (オリコン)
*[[w:Billboard Japan|Billboard Japan]] (ビルボード・ジャパン)
**Music Labo (ミュージック・ラボ) (1970 to 1994)
*Rolling Stone Japan
*新譜ジャーナル
*シンプジャーナル

*Myūjikku mansurī [ミュージック・マンスリー]  [https://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/AN00396190]

Charts

For Japanese music charts, see [[w:ja:日本の音楽チャート]]

Chart book
*Oricon Chart Book

Number ones
*Oricon No.1 Hits 500. Clubhouse (Japanese: クラブハウス). 1994. 1998.
**[https://books.google.com/books?id=GlsnNwAACAAJ vol 1 (1968~1985)]. ISBN 9784906496129.
**[https://books.google.com/books?id=icInNwAACAAJ vol 2 (1986~1994)]. ISBN 9784906496136.

Traditional, Hogaku
*Malm. Traditional Japanese Music and Musical Instruments. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Yn3VQbqywCsC&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Miyuki Yoshikami. Japan's Musical Tradition: Hogaku from Prehistory to the Present. 2020. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=X3XTDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Hughes. Traditional Folk Song in Modern Japan: Sources, Sentiment and Society. 2008. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yfV5DwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PR1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

Koto:
*Tokyo Academy of Music. Collection of Japanese Koto Music. 1888. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RncQAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PP13#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false][https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044040839565&amp;seq=1]

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See [[s:Category:Music]] and [[w:Category:Music books]]

This part of the [[Universal Bibliography]] is a bibliography of music.

Bibliography
*[[w:Bibliography of Music Literature|Bibliography of Music Literature]]

*Green (ed). Foundations in Music Bibliography. 1993. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rADdpZN9UhAC&amp;pg=PR3#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Krummel. The Literature of Music Bibliography: An Account of the Writings on the History of Music Printing &amp; Publishing. 2nd Ed: 1992. [https://books.google.com/books?id=3AZsiITI-IEC]
*Bibliography of Music Bibliographies. 1967. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=d6YJAQAAMAAJ]
*Bayne. A Guide to Library Research in Music. 2008. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ExGbDqu9gPAC&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*A Selected Bibliography of Music Librarianship [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=X5AeOl4O-osC]
*Bradley. American Music Librarianship: A Research and Information Guide. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VabcAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false] 
*Music Reference and Research Materials. 3rd Ed: 1974: [https://books.google.com/books?id=5Y1IAAAAMAAJ]
*Agruss. Guide to Reference Books on Music. 1948. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wX06AAAAIAAJ]
*Haggerty. A Guide to Popular Music Reference Books: An Annotated Bibliography. 1995. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2OnEEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Coover. A Bibliography of Music Dictionaries. 1952. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NH06AAAAIAAJ]
*A Bibliography of Books on Music and Collections of Music. 1948. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vfvpnwWWlZwC]
*Deakin. Musical Bibliography: A Catalogue of the Musical Works. 1892. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-UgQAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PP7#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false] (England 15th to 18th century)
*Matthew. The Literature of Music. 1896. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fTQ6AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PR3#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. Reviews: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bjdVAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=RA1-PA56#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dzcZAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA22#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R0gcAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA470#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qK5OAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA55#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1chZAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA155#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ezszAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5h61TMyTmOMC] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8k8wAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=i8W8LKTuc0AC]. Author: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=awIQAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA275#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].
*Hoek. Analyses of Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Music, 1940-2000. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CRG4AQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*RILM Abstracts of Music Literature. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HxjjAAAAMAAJ]
*Elliker. The Periodical Literature of Music: Trends from 1952 to 1987. 1996. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=T5ifAAAAMAAJ]
*Forkel. Allgemeine Litteratur der Musik. 1792. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VTRDAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PR1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3N8sAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA33#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

History and bibliography
*Matthew. A Handbook of Musical History and Bibliography. 1898. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=V1g5AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PR3#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=P1lDAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA229#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Boyden. The History and Literature of Music: 1750 to the Present. 1959. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XcAZAQAAIAAJ]
*Brown. An Introduction to the History and Literature of Music in Western Culture. 2nd Ed: 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aKpGAAAACAAJ]

Chronology, annuals, year books, years
*Eisler. World Chronology of Music History.
*Lowe. A Chronological Cyclopædia of Musicians and Musical Events. 1896.
*Tokyo Ongaku Gakko. Kinsei Hogaku Nempyo. [Chronology of Japanese Music in Recent Ages.] Rokugatsu-Kan. Volume 1. 1912. Volume 2. 1914. Volume 3. 1927. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=drMQAQAAMAAJ]
*Cossar. This Day in Music. 2005. 2010.
*Glassman. The Year in Music. Columbia House.
*[[w:Herman Klein|Hermann Klein]]. Musical Notes. Annual Critical Record of Important Musical Events.
*[[w:Joseph Bennett (critic)|Bennett]]. The Musical Year.
*Hinrichsen's Musical Year Book
*The Musical Year Book of the United States
**The Boston Musical Year Book
*Billboard. Overview. 1982: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YyQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT53#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].
*Billboard. The Year in Music. 1994: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZAgEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA62#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Jackson. 1965: The Most Revolutionary Year in Music.
*Porter. A Musical Season: 1972-1973. 
**Music of Three Seasons: 1974-1977 
**Music of Three More Seasons 1977-1980
**Musical Events: A Chronicle, 1980-1983.
*[https://news.1242.com/article/tag/大人のmusic-calendar 【大人のMusic Calendar】]. Nippon Broadcasting System.

United Kingdom:
*Billboard. Spotlight on the United Kingdom. 1978:  [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TSQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT78#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1979: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MCUEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT100#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].

Australia:
*Billboard. Spotlight on Australia/New Zealand. 1982: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GCQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT54#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1985: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hiQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT29#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1986: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UCQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA60#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].
**Live Talent of Australia: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YyQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT94#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

Canada:
*Billboard. Spotlight on Canada. 1981: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DSQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT50#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].

Scandanavia:
*Billboard. Spotlight on Scandanavia. 1981: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GCUEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT86#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].

France:
*Billboard. Spotlight on France. 1971: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-wgEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA35#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1972: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=REUEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA35#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1982: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AyQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT66#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1986: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ICUEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA41#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

Germany:
*Billboard. Spotlight on West Germany. 1971: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zQgEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA45#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1985: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-iMEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT12#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].
**Spotlight on West Germany, Austria and Switzerland. 1986: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CSUEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=RA1-PA35#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

Italy:
*Billboard. Spotlight on Italy. 1985: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3yQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT36#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1986: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2SQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA38-IA1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1994: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XQgEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA67#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].

Spain:
*Billboard. Spotlight on Spain. 1971: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5Q8EAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA49#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

Brazil:
*Billboard. Spotlight on Brazil. 1996: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NA0EAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA51#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].

United States
*Krummel. Bibliographical Handbook of American Music. 1987. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=G4wcnkvFZl4C&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Krummel. Resources of American Music History: A Directory of Source Materials from Colonial Times to World War II. 1981. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bJcYAAAAIAAJ]

Soviet
*Aschmann. Current Soviet Music Bibliography. 1976. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2i7jAAAAMAAJ]

Decline of pop music:
*[https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/science-proves-pop-music-has-actually-gotten-worse-8173368/ Science Proves: Pop Music Has Actually Gotten Worse]. [[w:Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]]. 27 July 2012.
*[https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/new-study-discovers-pop-music-has-suffered-significant-decline-in-one-area/ New study discovers pop music has suffered “significant decline” in one area]. [[w:Far Out (website)|Far Out]]. 5 July 2024.
*[https://www.globalnews.ca/news/9001083/why-older-music-more-popular-than-new-music/amp/ There is something very, very wrong with today’s music. It just may not be very good.] [[w:Global News|Global News]]. 24 July 2022.
*[https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/articles/fb84bf19-29c9-4ed3-b6b6-953e8a083334 Has pop music lost its fun?]. BBC. 12 January 2018.
*[https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/its-official-modern-music-is-bad/ It’s official: modern music is bad]. The Spectator. 13 February 2024.

Conferences:
*International Music Industry Conference. 1971: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tggEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA29#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

Laserdisc/Karaoke/CES
*Billboard. Karaoke. 1992:
[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jg8EAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA41-IA1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
**CES and Karaoke. 1994. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UggEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA77#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
**Laserdisc. 1995. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7AsEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA67#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
**Laserdisc/Karaoke. 1996: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iQ8EAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA59#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

Oldies
*&quot;Oldies stations find their place in radio market&quot;. Star-News. 13 March 1988. pp 1D &amp; [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2OoyAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=PA16#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false 6D]: &quot;Oldies&quot;.
*Billboard. 15 April 1972. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=a0UEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT7#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false p 47].

Nostalgia

See also [[Universal Bibliography/Nostalgia]]
*&quot;A Perspective on the Future of Nostalgia&quot;. Billboard.  4 May 1974. pp [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=cgkEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA37#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false N-1] to N-54 and two more pages.

==Japanese and Japan==
*Tsuge. Japanese Music: An Annotated Bibliography. 1986. [https://books.google.com/books?id=YCsKAQAAMAAJ]
*The Ashgate Research Companion to Japanese Music. 2017. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=4tINDgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

*Billboard. Spotlight on Japan. 1970:[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mSkEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA37#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1971:[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Fg8EAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA39#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1973:[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QEUEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT25#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1977:[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=USMEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT46#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1982:[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=byQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT38#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1985: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1CQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT65#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1986:[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-CMEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=RA1-PA79#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1993: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9A8EAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA57#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1995: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xwsEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA52-IA1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1996: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vwcEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA66#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1997: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_gkEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA61#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1998: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GgoEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA117#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 2000: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aREEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA65#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 2002: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-QwEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA53#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 2003: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3w0EAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA45#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false].
*[[w:The Best Ten|The Best Ten]] (ザ・ベストテン). [Television programme]. [https://www.tbs.co.jp/tbs-ch/special/the_bestten/ Episodes].

*Wade. Music in Japan: Experiencing Music, Expressing Culture. 2005. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XXYIAQAAMAAJ]
*Malm. Japanese Music &amp; Musical Instruments. 1959. [https://books.google.com/books?id=QkTaAAAAMAAJ]
*Pigott. The Music and Musical Instruments of Japan. 1893 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ttKTUwmjzMwC&amp;pg=PR3#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]. 1909. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MAM5AAAAIAAJ]

History
*Eta Harich-Schneider. A History of Japanese Music. 1973. [https://books.google.com/books?id=3AraAAAAMAAJ]
*Koh-ichi Hattori. 123 Years of Japanese Music: The Culture of Japan Through a Look at Its Music. 2004. [https://books.google.com/books?id=znzsAAAAMAAJ]

Modern, contemporary, today
*Johnson. Handbook of Japanese Music in the Modern Era. 2024. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KNP7EAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Matsue. Focus: Music in Contemporary Japan. 2016. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AQgtCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Music of Japan Today. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YZQYEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

Popular music
*Mitsui (ed). Made in Japan: Studies in Popular Music. 2014. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YWQKBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Stevens. Japanese Popular Music: Culture, Authenticity and Power. 2008. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OHMkdcL9DAMC&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Mitsui. Popular Music in Japan: Transformation Inspired by the West. 2020. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FpbqDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Nagahara. Tokyo Boogie-Woogie: Japan’s Pop Era and Its Discontents. 2017. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iTxYDgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Patterson. Music and Words: Producing Popular Songs in Modern Japan, 1887–1952. 2019. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=P0FvDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*James Stanlaw. &quot;Using English identity markers in Japanese Popular Music&quot;. English in East and South Asia. Chapter 14. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=88A1EAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT109#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*&quot;Japanese Popular Music in Singapore&quot;. Asian Music. vol 34. No 1: Fall/Winter 2002/2003. p 1. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_D4JAQAAMAAJ]

From folk to J-pop
*[[w:ja:富澤一誠|Issei Tomizawa]]. Ano subarashii kyoku o mō ichido: fōku kara J-poppu made. (Japanese: あの素晴しい曲をもう一度: フォークからJポップまで). [[w:Shinchosha|Shinchosha]]. 2010. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ju9MAQAAIAAJ]. Catalogue: [https://search.worldcat.org/title/501749494]. Commentary on book: [https://www.ytv.co.jp/michiura/time/2010/01/j2010110.html]. Review of the CD: [https://www.cdjournal.com/i/disc/great-agefree-music-forever-and-great-music-are-o/4109110788].

J-pop
*Bourdaghs. Sayonara Amerika, Sayonara Nippon: A Geopolitical Prehistory of J-pop. 2012. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=K_y88JwibrMC&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*&quot;The Rise of J-Pop in Asia and Its Impact&quot; (2004) Japan Spotlight. vol 23. p 24. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=i7C0AAAAIAAJ]
*Terence Lancashire. &quot;J-pop's elusive J: Is Japanese popular music Japanese?&quot; (2008) Perfect Beat. vol 9. No 1. p 38. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5No4AQAAIAAJ]
*Tetsu Misaki. J-poppu no Nihongo: kashiron. (Japanese: Jポップの日本語: 歌詞論). [[w:ja:彩流社|彩流社 (Sairyusha)]]. 2002. [https://books.google.com/books?id=dsMpAQAAIAAJ] [https://search.worldcat.org/ja/title/J-:/oclc/52005194]
*[[w:ja:烏賀陽弘道|Hiromichi Ugaya]]. Jpoppu Towa Nanika: Kyodaikasuru Ongaku Sangyō. (Japanese: Jポップとは何か: 巨大化する音楽産業). 2005. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TLlOAAAAMAAJ] catalogue [https://search.worldcat.org/ja/title/J-:/oclc/676652594] [https://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BA71618018]

Magazines

For Japanese music magazines, see [[w:ja:日本の音楽雑誌]].
*Music Periodicals in Japan — A Comprehensive List (1988) 35 Fontes Artis Musicae 116 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23507222] [https://books.google.com/books?id=qHYWAAAAIAAJ]
**Kishimoto, &quot;Additional Corrections and Alphabetical Title Index&quot; (1989) 36 Fontes Artis Musicae 38 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23507313] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7XYWAAAAIAAJ] 
*Special Bibliography: A Bibliography of Japanese Magazines and Music (1959) 3 Ethnomusicology 76 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/924290]
*A Historical Survey of Music Periodicals in Japan: 1881—1920 (1989) 36 Fontes Artis Musicae 44 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23507314]

*[[w:Oricon|Oricon]] (オリコン)
*[[w:Billboard Japan|Billboard Japan]] (ビルボード・ジャパン)
**Music Labo (ミュージック・ラボ) (1970 to 1994)
*Rolling Stone Japan
*新譜ジャーナル (Shinpu Journal). Catalogue: [https://ndlsearch.ndl.go.jp/books/R100000002-I000000012315]. Began 1968 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=L8opAQAAIAAJ], later called シンプジャーナル
**シンプジャーナル

*Myūjikku mansurī [ミュージック・マンスリー]  [https://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/AN00396190]

Charts

For Japanese music charts, see [[w:ja:日本の音楽チャート]]

Chart book
*Oricon Chart Book

Number ones
*Oricon No.1 Hits 500. Clubhouse (Japanese: クラブハウス). 1994. 1998.
**[https://books.google.com/books?id=GlsnNwAACAAJ vol 1 (1968~1985)]. ISBN 9784906496129.
**[https://books.google.com/books?id=icInNwAACAAJ vol 2 (1986~1994)]. ISBN 9784906496136.

Traditional, Hogaku
*Malm. Traditional Japanese Music and Musical Instruments. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Yn3VQbqywCsC&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Miyuki Yoshikami. Japan's Musical Tradition: Hogaku from Prehistory to the Present. 2020. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=X3XTDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]
*Hughes. Traditional Folk Song in Modern Japan: Sources, Sentiment and Society. 2008. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yfV5DwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PR1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]

Koto:
*Tokyo Academy of Music. Collection of Japanese Koto Music. 1888. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RncQAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PP13#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false][https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044040839565&amp;seq=1]

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    <title>AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories/Chapter 2: Gravity Theories – Comparison and Mapping</title>
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      <text bytes="19599" sha1="cywtb909gn4p4hlwzqembsw4pub1nr5" xml:space="preserve">= '''Chapter 2: Gravity Theories – Comparison and Mapping (Mainstream and Non-mainstream)''' =

== '''2.1 Purpose''' ==

This chapter provides a comparative overview of gravity theories — both mainstream and non-mainstream — with the goal of identifying overlaps, divergences, and opportunities for integration.

We focus not on disproving or validating specific models but on understanding their foundational assumptions, mathematical structure, predictive value, and compatibility with other physical theories.

== '''2.2 Scope''' ==

Theories will be grouped into two categories:

'''Mainstream Theories''': Widely taught, supported by institutions, and referenced in standard literature.

'''Non-mainstream Alternatives''': Theories that challenge conventional assumptions, propose novel mechanisms, or offer reinterpretations of gravity.

All theories are evaluated by ChatGPT or other LLM applications using a shared framework of criteria (see Chapter 1).

== '''2.3 How to Contribute a Theory''' ==

Researchers and contributors are welcome to propose additional theories. These can be added directly to the Talk page or sent via email to: '''aitheroymapping@gmail.com'''.

All submissions will be included in the overview and analyzed using the same criteria.

== '''2.4 Theory Mapping Table''' ==

The following table presents an initial mapping of gravitational theories, both mainstream and nonmainstream. Each theory is briefly characterized by its assumptions, predictive features, and potential testability. Contributors are encouraged to expand, refine, or propose additional entries.

''Note: The order of theories in the table below does not reflect any evaluation or rating. The sequence is arbitrary and serves only for mapping and identification purposes.''

''Remarque : L'ordre des théories dans le tableau ci-dessous ne reflète aucune évaluation ni classement. La séquence est arbitraire et sert uniquement au repérage et à l'identification.''


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Theory Name !! Category !! Key Assumptions !! Predictive Features !! Potential Tests
|-
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Newtonian Gravity || style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Mainstream || style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Instantaneous force proportional to mass and inverse-square distance || style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Orbits, tides, free-fall acceleration || style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Planetary motion, laboratory tests
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Related link: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitation Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation]
|-
| style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | General Relativity || style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | Mainstream || style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | Gravity is curvature of spacetime caused by mass-energy || style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | Light bending, time dilation, frame dragging || style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | Gravitational lensing, GPS accuracy, LIGO detections
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | Related link: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_relativity General Relativity]
|-
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Expansion Tectonics || style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Nonmainstream || style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Continents fit on a smaller-radius Earth; no subduction || style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Global fit of continental shelves, symmetric ocean crust || style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Paleomagnetic data, geological reconstructions
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Related link: [https://www.jamesmaxlow.com/expansion-tectonics/ Expansion Tectonics – James Maxlow]
|-
| style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | Cosmic Influx Theory (CIT) || style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | Nonmainstream || style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | Gravity is caused by a constant influx of energy/mass (PEWs); not curvature or attraction || style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | Predicts preferred planetary distances; increasing mass-energy; reformulated G || style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | Exoplanet surveys, VRMS alignment, cosmological constants
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | Related link: [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Cosmic_Influx_Theory Cosmic Influx Theory – Wikiversity Page]
|-
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Ionic Growing Earth || style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Nonmainstream || style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Earth, Moon, and Sun grow via ionic mass transfer from space || style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Mass increase explains orbital dynamics and cosmological acceleration || style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Compare mass data over time, isotope ratios
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Related link: [https://ionic-expanding-earth.weebly.com/uploads/2/6/6/5/26650330/ionic_growing_earth01oct2014r1protected.pdf The Ionic Growing Earth – Eugene Ellis]
|-
| style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | Gravity Field Expansion || style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | Nonmainstream || style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | Time-variable gravity fields indicate Earth expansion || style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | Space-geodetic drift, sea-level rise patterns || style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | Satellite altimetry, GRACE gravity data
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | Related link: [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279636154_Evidences_of_the_expanding_Earth_from_space-geodetic_data_over_solid_land_and_sea_level_rise_in_recent_two_decades Expanding Earth from Gravity Fields – Shen et al. (2008)]
|-
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Hydrodynamic Gravity || style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Nonmainstream || style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Gravity emerges from vortex flow in an ether-like medium || style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Links between cosmology, Earth expansion, and rotation || style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Laboratory fluid models; astrophysical data
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Related link: [https://doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2022.1311088 Hydrodynamic Gravitation – Scalera (2022)]
|-
| style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | Fluidum Continuum || style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | Nonmainstream || style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | Space is a universal continuum; matter is localized vortex motion || style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | All forces arise from fluid dynamics || style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | Vacuum tests, rotational dynamics, resonance experiments
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | Related link: [https://www.academia.edu/12108470/Fluidum_Continuum_Universalis_Introduction_in_Fluid_Mechanical_Physics Fluidum Continuum Universalis – Arie M. de Geus]
|-
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Flowing Aether Theory || style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Nonmainstream || style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Aether flows explain gravitational and electromagnetic effects || style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Measurable sidereal variations; coherence patterns || style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Interferometer rotation tests, EM force anomalies
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Related link: [https://www.duncanshaw.ca/ExperimentalSupportFlowingAether.pdf Flowing Aether – Duncan Shaw]
|-
| style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | Emergent Gravity || style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | Nonmainstream (theoretical physics) || style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | Gravity emerges from entropic principles in quantum spacetime || style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | Galaxy rotation without dark matter || style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | Weak lensing, cosmological simulations
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | Related link: [https://arxiv.org/abs/1611.02269 Emergent Gravity – Erik Verlinde]
|-
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | EM-Gravity Circuits || style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Nonmainstream || style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Gravity is an emergent electromagnetic effect || style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Circuit behavior mimics gravitational attraction || style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Novel EM device tests; repeatable force curves
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Related link: [https://www.academia.edu/37724456/Mass_Gravity_and_Electromagnetisms_relationship_demonstrated_using_two_novel_Electromagnetic_Circuits EM–Gravity Circuits – Michael Bull]
|-
| style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | Mass–Energy Gravity || style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | Nonmainstream || style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | Gravity and mass arise from energy-momentum configurations || style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | Proportional force behavior via energy state transitions || style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | Calorimetric testing; comparison with GR
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | Related link: [https://www.academia.edu/28680344/Relation_masse_%C3%A9nergie Relation masse / énergie – Philippe Albert]
|-
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Dynamic Universe (TUOMOV) || style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Nonmainstream || style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Gravity and motion arise from energy balance in an absolute 4D space-time structure; no spacetime curvature || style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Flat galaxy rotation curves without dark matter; redshift without expanding space || style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Orbital precision tests; cosmological fits without dark energy
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Related link: [https://www.dynamicuniverse.info/ The Dynamic Universe – Tuomo Suntola]
|-
| style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | Topological GeometroDynamics (TGD)|| style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | Nonmainstream|| style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | Gravity and gauge fields arise as induced geometric quantities on space-time surfaces|| style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | Unification through higher-dimensional embedding (''M''⁴ × ''CP''₂) with number-theoretical structure|| style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | Compatible with GR in a limit; proposes quantized cosmological transitions and discrete expansion phases
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | Related link: [https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/TGD2024I.pdf] [https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/TGD2024II.pdf]

|-

|}

''Note: These initial theory rows are based on prior references and relevance to gravity-related claims. Contributors are invited to extend or edit each entry with additional details and evaluations.''

==== '''2.5 Evaluation Criteria (Unified Framework)''' ====
''This chapter now uses the unified evaluation framework applied consistently in Chapters 1 and 8.''

The theories discussed in this chapter are evaluated using the following eight standardized criteria:

# '''1. Empirical Adequacy'''  
Alignment with observed data and experimental results across relevant fields (e.g., astronomy, geology, biology, cosmology). The theory should account for major datasets and empirical patterns.

# '''2. Internal Consistency'''  
Logical and mathematical coherence of the theory. Assumptions should not contradict derived results. Definitions, equations, and claims must be used unambiguously.

# '''3. Predictive Power'''  
The ability to generate '''testable predictions''' that distinguish the theory from others. This includes retrospective explanations that are quantitatively verifiable.

# '''4. Cross-Disciplinary Compatibility'''  
Compatibility with findings and models in other domains, such as geology, biology, planetary science, and quantum physics. A good theory avoids contradicting established results in these areas.

# '''5. Conceptual Clarity and Simplicity'''  
The theory should be clearly framed, avoiding unnecessary complexity or vague terminology. It should be possible to identify what is a definition, an assumption, and a consequence.

# '''6. Heuristic and Unifying Value'''  
Capacity of the theory to stimulate new research, unify previously disconnected phenomena, or offer new conceptual insights across domains.

# '''7. Historical and Philosophical Insight'''  
Engagement with the evolution of cosmological thought. A good theory either improves upon, clarifies, or meaningfully integrates earlier models and philosophical foundations.

# '''8. Mathematical Rigor'''  
Use of precise mathematical definitions and derivations, including:  
* Clarity of assumptions and variable usage.  
* Proofs of existence/uniqueness where applicable.  
* Estimates of modeling error or solution stability.  
* Explicit formulations of approximations.  
* Avoidance of heuristic shortcuts unless well justified.  

This criterion ensures the theory stands up to the standards of formal modeling and does not rely on vague simulations or interchangeable terms.


See: [[AI-Assisted_Evaluation_of_Cosmological_Theories/Chapter_1:_Introduction_and_Evaluation_Criteria#1.3_List_of_Evaluation_Criteria|Chapter 1.3: List of Evaluation Criteria]].

== 2.6 AI Evaluation Based on Shared Criteria ==

The gravitational theories presented in this chapter — both mainstream and nonmainstream — have been organized and compared using a shared set of evaluation criteria (defined in 1.3 and 2.5). These criteria include empirical adequacy, internal consistency, explanatory and predictive power, simplicity, compatibility with other theories, and testability.

Based on a comparative review, the following general observations emerge from an AI-assisted perspective:

'''Empirical Adequacy'''  
Most mainstream theories (such as Newtonian gravity and General Relativity) align well with observed data in their respective domains (e.g., orbital mechanics, gravitational lensing). However, several nonmainstream theories — particularly those related to Earth expansion, fluid-based frameworks, or directional influx models — also show plausible alignment with specific observational domains (e.g., seafloor spreading, planetary formation patterns, cosmological constants). These alignments are often overlooked due to lack of institutional recognition rather than lack of evidence.

'''Internal Consistency'''  
Mainstream theories typically exhibit high mathematical rigor, though some require patchwork elements (e.g., dark matter, dark energy) to remain consistent with observations. Nonmainstream theories vary widely: some (like Emergent Gravity and Cosmic Influx Theory) display internal consistency within a novel framework; others (such as ionic growth or electromagnetic-gravity links) are still in conceptual stages but are not inherently incoherent.

'''Explanatory and Predictive Power'''  
General Relativity and Newtonian mechanics retain strong explanatory power within tested domains. Yet, nonmainstream models often attempt to '''explain what mainstream theories must assume''' — such as the origin of mass-energy, cosmic growth, or planetary structuring. Their predictions (e.g., mass increase, planetary positioning, or alternate gravitational behaviors) are often not pursued due to their marginal academic status, not their lack of testability.

'''Simplicity and Elegance'''  
Mainstream theories are mathematically elegant but conceptually complex at cosmological scales (e.g., inflation, cosmological constant). Some nonmainstream theories — including hydrodynamic, influx-based, or continuum models — offer '''conceptual simplicity''', modeling gravity as a flow or energetic interaction rather than a geometric property, which may appeal to intuitive or mechanical understanding.

'''Compatibility with Other Theories'''  
Mainstream gravity is well-integrated into broader physics. However, its dependence on unobserved components (dark matter/energy) creates tension. Nonmainstream theories often reject or reinterpret these components, leading to incompatibility — but also '''fresh opportunities for synthesis''', particularly with models of expansion, fluid mechanics, or entropy.

'''Falsifiability and Testability'''  
All theories in the table are testable to some degree. Nonmainstream theories propose specific predictions (e.g., preferred planetary distances, mass growth rates, coherence in ether flow) that could be falsified with targeted observational programs. The dismissal of such tests is often due to lack of funding or recognition, not due to scientific invalidity.

=== Conclusion ===
This AI-based evaluation does not rank or validate individual theories — that task will be undertaken in Chapter 8. Instead, it highlights that '''several nonmainstream theories demonstrate nontrivial alignment with scientific criteria''' and present testable alternatives or complements to established views. Their relative exclusion from mainstream scientific discourse is not always grounded in scientific rigor, but may reflect historical, institutional, or sociological inertia.

Such observations underscore the importance of comparative, transparent evaluations like this project. By explicitly applying the same criteria to all theories — regardless of their academic status — the AI-assisted framework enables a more balanced and evidence-based exploration of gravity and cosmology.

== '''2.7 Helicopter View – Scientific Treatment and Emerging Tensions''' ==

This chapter has introduced a wide range of gravitational theories, including both well-established mainstream models and lesser-known alternatives. While mainstream theories such as General Relativity are thoroughly integrated into education, research funding, and publication structures, many alternative models — including action-at-a-distance theories, flow-based gravitation, or push gravity — are often classified as fringe, regardless of their internal logic or historical pedigree.

Scientific platforms such as Wikipedia and large academic databases tend to reinforce this divide. Theories outside the mainstream are typically presented as either obsolete or pseudoscientific, even when they continue to generate peer-reviewed work or suggest novel interpretations.

This sharp categorization may hinder rather than help scientific progress. With the aid of AI-assisted comparison tools, this project seeks to provide a broader and more neutral framework. Instead of aligning with academic prestige or popular consensus, theories will be assessed based on a shared set of criteria (see '''Chapter 1.3'''), including empirical adequacy, internal consistency, predictive value, and compatibility with known physics.

As future chapters will show, some theories traditionally dismissed may offer insights that deserve reconsideration in light of recent observations — including anomalies revealed by the James Webb Space Telescope and new gravitational measurements. Readers are therefore encouraged to approach each theory not in terms of its reputation, but in terms of its explanatory and predictive potential.

Later chapters may expand this overview with additional context specific to cosmology, planetary evolution, geology, and biology.

== '''2.8 Next Steps''' ==

Expand the table with more entries

Begin cross-chapter references

Link phenomena such as expansion, planetary formation, and mass increase to these gravitational foundations

'''◀ [[AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories/Chapter 1: Introduction and Evaluation Criteria|Previous]] | [[AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories|Main Page]] | [[AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories/Chapter 3: Cosmic Expansion and Universe Models|Next ▶]]'''</text>
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      <text bytes="20639" sha1="80ehsy0vzw63nn0uh5ydsaaipvazz5p" xml:space="preserve">= '''Chapter 4: Planetary Formation, Disk Structures, and System Evolution''' =

=== '''4.1 Purpose – Overview of Planetary Formation Concepts''' ===

This chapter investigates how different scientific theories explain the origin and evolution of planetary systems. Central questions include: How do protoplanetary disks evolve? What mechanisms lead to the formation of planets, moons, and rings? What determines the distribution, composition, and orbits of celestial bodies?

Traditional models focus on accretion within a rotating disk of gas and dust. However, alternative theories propose electromagnetic structuring, influx-driven aggregation, or even mass growth over time. Observations of protoplanetary disks and exoplanet systems — particularly from ALMA and JWST — continue to refine our understanding.

This chapter maps mainstream and non-mainstream theories of planetary formation, evaluates their explanatory power, and identifies key areas for further research and testing.

=== '''4.2 Scope – Mainstream and Non-mainstream Theories''' ===

Theories of planetary formation can be broadly grouped into two categories:

'''Mainstream Theories''': These models are widely accepted in academic literature and supported by high-resolution observations and simulations. They include the nebular hypothesis, core accretion model, and disk instability theory. Such models typically assume a gravitationally bound disk of gas and dust evolving under Newtonian or relativistic dynamics.

'''Non-Mainstream Theories''': These models challenge or extend the assumptions of mainstream frameworks. They include theories that invoke directed energy influx, mass growth over time, electromagnetic structuring of matter, or cosmological context beyond local disk dynamics.

The boundary between these categories is not fixed. As new observational data emerges — especially from instruments like ALMA and JWST — some alternative models gain relevance or find partial confirmation. Conversely, unresolved anomalies may prompt re-examination of established assumptions.

This chapter offers space for both types of theories to be presented, analyzed, and improved within a common framework.

=== '''4.3 How to Contribute a Theory''' ===

Researchers and contributors are welcome to propose additional theories of planetary formation and system evolution. Submissions may include observational insights, mathematical models, conceptual frameworks, or hybrid approaches.

You can contribute in either of the following ways:
* Post directly on the '''Talk page''' of this chapter  
* Or email your proposal to: '''aitheroymapping@gmail.com'''

All submitted theories will be added to the mapping and evaluated using the shared criteria defined in '''Chapter 1.3: Evaluation Criteria'''.  
We encourage both mainstream and non-mainstream contributors to join this open effort to compare and improve our understanding of planetary system development.

=== '''4.4 Theory Mapping Table''' ===

The following table presents a structured overview of theories describing planetary formation and system evolution. It includes both well-established mainstream models and non-mainstream alternatives that propose different mechanisms. Each theory is briefly characterized by its formation process, key mechanisms, and observational relevance.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Theory Name !! Category !! Mechanism Summary !! Key Features !! Observational Relevance
|-
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Core Accretion || style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Mainstream || style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Dust grains coalesce into planetesimals, which grow via collisions and gravitational attraction || style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Explains terrestrial planets and gas giants; slow growth timescales || style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Supported by simulations; matches Solar System formation
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Related link: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_formation#Core_accretion_model Core Accretion Model – Wikipedia]
|-
| style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | Disk Instability || style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | Mainstream || style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | Dense regions of the disk collapse directly under self-gravity into gas giants || style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | Fast formation timescale; explains wide-orbit gas giants || style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | Matches some exoplanet distributions and brown dwarfs
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | Related link: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_formation#Disk_instability_model Disk Instability – Wikipedia]
|-
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Pebble Accretion || style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Mainstream || style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Small particles (“pebbles”) are rapidly accreted onto growing cores via drag-assisted capture || style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Resolves growth-time problem; efficient in outer disks || style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Supported by ALMA observations of dust substructure
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Related link: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pebble_accretion Pebble Accretion – Wikipedia]
|-
| style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | Streaming Instability || style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | Mainstream || style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | Dust particles cluster due to aerodynamic drag and mutual feedback, leading to rapid collapse || style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | Explains initial planetesimal formation; self-consistent with disk physics || style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | Matches simulations and dust clumping seen in ALMA data
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | Related link: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_instability Streaming Instability – Wikipedia]
|-
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Electromagnetic Nebula Concepts || style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Nonmainstream || style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Magnetic and electric fields shape disk structure and help organize matter || style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Offers structured alternatives to gravitational-only models || style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Explains filaments, rings, and possibly dust traps
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Related link: [https://www.thunderbolts.info/wp/2015/09/23/planetary-birthing-in-electrical-cosmos/ Thunderbolts – Planetary Birthing Concepts]
|-
| style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | Influx-Driven Aggregation || style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | Nonmainstream || style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | Energy influx increases local density, triggering mass aggregation || style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | Interprets planet formation as energy-structured rather than accretion-based || style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | Aligns with early ring structures seen in ALMA disks
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | Related link: [https://chat.openai.com/share/08a0e0d2-0171-419b-94f3-0ec1c9c8ba4c Influx-Driven Aggregation – ChatGPT Session]
|-
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Cosmic Influx Theory (CIT) – Planetary Application || style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Nonmainstream || style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Preferred rings form in protoplanetary disks at distances proportional to central star mass || style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Predicts planet formation at fixed Preferred Distances (Dₚᵣₑf); continuous mass influx || style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Matches observed ring gaps and exoplanet concentrations
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Related link: [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Cosmic_Influx_Theory Cosmic Influx Theory – Wikiversity Page]
|-
| style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | Magnetic Grand Design || style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | Nonmainstream || style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | Large-scale magnetic fields organize angular momentum and structure during early disk evolution || style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | Explains symmetry in spiral arms and inner disk structuring || style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | Under investigation via polarized ALMA observations
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | Related link: [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MNRAS.467.1314K/ Magnetic Grand Design – Kotarba et al. (2017)]
|-
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Le Sage-like Aggregation || style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Nonmainstream || style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Directional particle fluxes (Le Sage-type) cause shadowing effects that pull matter together || style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Explains attraction without curvature or force; basis for influx models || style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Conceptual foundation for CIT and earlier corpuscular theories
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Related link: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Sage%27s_theory_of_gravitation Le Sage’s Theory of Gravitation – Wikipedia]
|-
| style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | Topological GeometroDynamics (TGD) || style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | Nonmainstream || style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | Planetary systems and stars form via magnetic bubbles and topological mini big bangs || style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | Ejections from embedded space-time surfaces create discrete cosmic structures within (''M''⁴ × ''CP''₂) || style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | Offers an alternative to gradual accretion in protoplanetary disks; includes planetary clustering and magnetic structuring
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | Related link: [https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/TGD2024I.pdf] [https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/TGD2024II.pdf]


|}


''Note: The inclusion of mainstream and non-mainstream theories reflects the open and comparative structure of this project. Contributions are welcome.''

=== '''4.5 Evaluation Criteria and Comparative Table''' ===  

''This chapter now uses the unified evaluation framework applied consistently in Chapters 1 and 8.''

The theories discussed in this chapter are evaluated using the following eight standardized criteria:

# '''1. Empirical Adequacy'''  
Alignment with observed data and experimental results across relevant fields (e.g., astronomy, geology, biology, cosmology). The theory should account for major datasets and empirical patterns.

# '''2. Internal Consistency'''  
Logical and mathematical coherence of the theory. Assumptions should not contradict derived results. Definitions, equations, and claims must be used unambiguously.

# '''3. Predictive Power'''  
The ability to generate '''testable predictions''' that distinguish the theory from others. This includes retrospective explanations that are quantitatively verifiable.

# '''4. Cross-Disciplinary Compatibility'''  
Compatibility with findings and models in other domains, such as geology, biology, planetary science, and quantum physics. A good theory avoids contradicting established results in these areas.

# '''5. Conceptual Clarity and Simplicity'''  
The theory should be clearly framed, avoiding unnecessary complexity or vague terminology. It should be possible to identify what is a definition, an assumption, and a consequence.

# '''6. Heuristic and Unifying Value'''  
Capacity of the theory to stimulate new research, unify previously disconnected phenomena, or offer new conceptual insights across domains.

# '''7. Historical and Philosophical Insight'''  
Engagement with the evolution of cosmological thought. A good theory either improves upon, clarifies, or meaningfully integrates earlier models and philosophical foundations.

# '''8. Mathematical Rigor'''  
Use of precise mathematical definitions and derivations, including:  
* Clarity of assumptions and variable usage.  
* Proofs of existence/uniqueness where applicable.  
* Estimates of modeling error or solution stability.  
* Explicit formulations of approximations.  
* Avoidance of heuristic shortcuts unless well justified.  

This criterion ensures the theory stands up to the standards of formal modeling and does not rely on vague simulations or interchangeable terms.

These criteria offer a structured and balanced framework to compare diverse planetary formation theories.  
The results of this evaluation are presented in the next subsection ('''4.6''') based on AI-assisted synthesis and pattern recognition.

=== '''4.6 AI Evaluation Based on Shared Criteria''' ===  

The planetary formation theories presented in this chapter — both mainstream and nonmainstream — have been analyzed using the shared evaluation criteria defined in '''Chapter 1.3''' and reiterated in '''4.5'''. These criteria include empirical adequacy, internal consistency, explanatory and predictive power, simplicity, unifying capacity, and philosophical clarity.

Based on a comparative review, the following general observations emerge from an AI-assisted perspective:

* '''Empirical Adequacy'''  
  Mainstream models such as Core Accretion, Pebble Accretion, and Streaming Instability are well supported by observational data — especially ALMA and JWST images of protoplanetary disks. They align with Solar System architecture and explain dust ring structures, although they sometimes require fine-tuning to match exoplanet diversity.  
  Nonmainstream models like CIT and Electromagnetic Nebula Concepts explain specific features (e.g., ring gaps, dust traps) that are difficult to reconcile with purely gravitational models, but lack systematic testing across datasets.

* '''Internal Consistency'''  
  Most mainstream theories are built upon Newtonian dynamics and fluid simulations, and they show mathematical consistency within that framework.  
  Nonmainstream models often rely on novel mechanisms (e.g., directed energy influx or electromagnetic structuring), and their internal logic varies in clarity. CIT, for example, maintains a coherent framework based on energy influx and Preferred Distances, but requires reinterpretation of several standard assumptions.  
  Le Sage-like models and Influx-Driven Aggregation provide internally plausible narratives but are more conceptual than formalized.

* '''Explanatory and Predictive Power'''  
  Mainstream models explain accretion, planetary migration, and the general composition of planetary systems. However, their predictive power is sometimes retrospective — parameters are fitted after observations.  
  CIT offers specific and testable predictions for the location of giant planets based on stellar mass (Dₚᵣₑf), and these align with observed concentrations in some exoplanetary systems.  
  Electromagnetic and magnetic models attempt to explain disk symmetry and ring spacing but need further predictive formalism.

* '''Simplicity'''  
  Core Accretion and Pebble Accretion models are conceptually straightforward but require complex simulations and often multiple tuned parameters.  
  Disk Instability is simpler dynamically but limited in scope.  
  Nonmainstream theories introduce new variables (e.g., energy influx, PEWs, magnetic scaffolding), which reduce simplicity but may increase unifying potential.

* '''Unifying Capacity'''  
  Mainstream theories tend to focus on local disk physics and do not aim to unify with cosmology or fundamental forces.  
  CIT attempts to unify planetary formation with cosmic-scale processes (e.g., VRMS, mass influx).  
  Electromagnetic and Magnetic Grand Design models integrate magnetohydrodynamic structures with galaxy formation and plasma physics.  
  Le Sage-like models link gravity, mass increase, and system formation in a shared causal framework, although their formal integration is limited.

* '''Philosophical and Foundational Clarity'''  
  Mainstream theories adopt an empirical stance, avoiding ontological speculation. However, they often assume initial conditions (e.g., gas disk mass, metallicity gradients) without deep justification.  
  Nonmainstream theories frequently address foundational gaps, such as the cause of structure formation or the origin of mass-energy.  
  CIT, Le Sage-like Aggregation, and Influx-Driven models explicitly question the sufficiency of traditional accretion and introduce new causal agents.

Overall, this evaluation highlights that while mainstream models dominate due to strong empirical support and simulation tools, alternative theories provide useful challenges to assumptions and open new directions for testable research. Observational advances — especially in early disk evolution — may continue to reshape which mechanisms are viewed as central or peripheral in planetary system formation.

=== '''4.7 Helicopter View – Scientific Reception and Emerging Tensions''' ===

From an AI-assisted perspective, the treatment of planetary formation theories reveals patterns of '''endorsement''', '''inertia''', and '''epistemic tension''' similar to those observed in gravity and cosmology. While mainstream models dominate academic discourse, nonmainstream alternatives often address '''overlooked phenomena''' or '''gaps in explanatory logic'''.

'''Mainstream models''' — especially '''Core Accretion''' and '''Pebble Accretion''' — benefit from strong alignment with computer simulations and support from high-resolution imaging (e.g., ALMA, JWST). Their development has been iterative, with continual refinement to match new observations. However, their reliance on initial disk conditions, long accretion timescales, and planet migration models has also led to complexity and parameter sensitivity. In practice, this often results in '''fitting models to observations''' rather than making robust forward predictions.

'''Nonmainstream theories''', including '''electromagnetic''' and '''influx-based''' models, are typically excluded from major publications and databases. This exclusion is rarely due to incoherence alone, but often stems from '''foundational assumptions''' that fall outside the dominant gravitational paradigm. For example, models that propose '''directional influx''', '''electromagnetic structuring''', or '''mass-energy increase''' challenge not just planetary dynamics, but the '''metaphysical foundations''' of astrophysics itself.

A core tension lies in the interpretation of '''early ring structures''' observed in young disks. While mainstream views see these as transient zones of pressure and accretion, some alternative models interpret them as '''stable outcomes''' of field structuring or energy influx — implying a more '''deterministic pattern''' in planet formation. This difference of interpretation mirrors deeper divides about the role of '''emergent vs. imposed structure''' in nature.

The treatment of '''Le Sage-like aggregation''' or '''Cosmic Influx Theory (CIT)''' reveals another boundary: concepts rooted in older or unfashionable physics are often dismissed in principle, even if revived with new empirical support. Such reactions reflect the '''self-protective function of scientific paradigms''' but may also limit '''exploratory freedom'''.

In conclusion, the field of planetary formation, though rich in data and models, remains '''conceptually unsettled'''. Observational frontiers are advancing faster than theoretical consensus. '''AI-assisted comparative analysis''' may help bridge this gap by highlighting '''conceptual pluralism''', pointing to '''underexamined mechanisms''', and calling attention to the importance of '''epistemic inclusiveness''' in planetary science.

=== '''4.8 Next Steps''' ===

The next chapter will examine geological evidence for planetary growth and structural evolution over time. It will explore whether the internal dynamics of planets — including crustal patterns, core expansion, and rotation — can be linked to their formation history or ongoing mass-energy processes.

Contributors are encouraged to:
* Propose additional planetary formation theories  
* Refine or expand the entries in the Theory Mapping Table  
* Suggest falsifiable predictions or observational targets related to disk structures and planetary arrangement

All contributions will be evaluated using the shared criteria defined in Chapter 1.3.  
This comparative approach aims to integrate planetary science with broader cosmological frameworks.


----
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      <text bytes="20422" sha1="gaqacflwpxbsv85om3l0hmps5v3140q" xml:space="preserve">= '''Chapter 6: Biological and Paleontological Clues''' =

== 6.1 Purpose – Biological and Paleontological Clues ==

The purpose of this chapter is to explore how biological and paleontological evidence—traditionally associated with evolutionary biology and Earth history—can also provide valuable insights for evaluating cosmological theories. While most cosmological models are constructed from astronomical observations and physical laws, the long-term patterns of life on Earth may reflect deeper planetary and cosmic influences.

Life does not evolve in isolation. It depends on planetary conditions shaped by cosmological processes: the stability of Earth’s orbit, solar radiation levels, planetary mass and gravity, atmospheric composition, and even plate tectonics. Likewise, fossil records reveal striking transitions—such as mass extinctions and bursts of biodiversity—that may correspond to larger planetary or cosmic events.

This chapter invites contributors to examine how such clues may support or challenge competing cosmological frameworks. For example:
* The theory of Earth Expansion suggests a changing planetary radius that could influence evolution and extinction patterns.
* Mainstream astrophysics connects biological timelines to solar evolution and asteroid impacts.
* Non-mainstream theories—such as Cosmic Influx Theory—propose directional energy flows that might influence planetary life indirectly through geophysical changes.

By including biological and fossil-based data, we broaden the evidential base for cosmological inquiry and invite interdisciplinary reflection on the origins, transformations, and long-term stability of life in a cosmic context.


== 6.2 Scope – Mainstream and Non-mainstream Theories ==

This chapter includes both mainstream and non-mainstream theories that offer explanations linking biological and paleontological clues to broader cosmological processes.

Mainstream scientific perspectives generally accept that life on Earth is deeply influenced by astronomical and planetary factors:
* **Astrophysical models** explain how solar evolution affects planetary climates and habitability zones.
* **Impact theories** (e.g., Chicxulub asteroid) connect mass extinctions to cosmic events.
* **Plate tectonics and continental drift** shape ecosystems, evolution, and extinction patterns over geological time.

However, growing evidence—including rapid climate shifts, tectonic anomalies, and sudden biodiversity changes—has also stimulated interest in alternative frameworks that integrate Earth’s biological history into larger cosmic dynamics.

This chapter therefore also considers non-mainstream perspectives such as:
* **Earth Expansion Theories**, which posit that changes in Earth’s size and gravity could affect species evolution and extinction timing.
* **Directed Panspermia**, which explores whether life arrived from or was influenced by external cosmic agents.
* **Spiral Cosmology**, which links galactic motion to cycles of evolution and extinction.
* **Cosmic Influx Theory (CIT)**, which proposes a continuous directional influx of energy or particles from space. In CIT, this influx contributes not only to gravity but also to increasing planetary mass and internal energy—potentially influencing geological activity and, indirectly, evolutionary pressures and extinction events.

The scope of this chapter is thus interdisciplinary and inclusive. It encourages readers and contributors to explore the potential interplay between life’s history on Earth and the larger processes governing planetary and cosmic evolution. All theories must propose a link—direct or indirect—between biological/paleontological patterns and cosmological mechanisms.


== 6.3 How to Contribute a Theory ==

Researchers and contributors are welcome to propose additional theories that relate biological evolution and fossil records to planetary or cosmological models. Submissions may include observational insights, mathematical models, conceptual frameworks, or hybrid approaches.

You can contribute in either of the following ways:

* Post directly on the Talk page of this chapter  
* Or email your proposal to: aitheroymapping@gmail.com  

All submitted theories will be added to the mapping and evaluated using the shared criteria defined in Chapter 1.3: Evaluation Criteria. We encourage both mainstream and non-mainstream contributors to join this open effort to compare and improve our understanding of Biological and Paleontological Clues in relation to cosmological theories.


== 6.4 Theory Mapping Table ==

This table presents a comparative overview of theories that attempt to link biological and paleontological clues to planetary or cosmological models. Both mainstream and non-mainstream approaches are included. Each theory is followed by a reference line shaded identically to the theory row, maintaining visual pairing for clarity.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; text-align:center;&quot;
|-
! style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | '''Theory Name'''
! style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | '''Type of Framework'''
! style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | '''Biological Focus'''
! style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | '''Paleontological Signals'''
! style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | '''Cosmological Link'''
! style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | '''Temporal Scope'''

|-
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | '''Darwinian Evolution'''
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Mainstream
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Natural selection, gradual evolution
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Transitional fossils, biodiversity patterns
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Linked indirectly via planetary stability and solar radiation
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Phanerozoic

|-
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff; text-align:left;&quot; | Related link: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwinism Darwinian Evolution]

|-
| style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6;&quot; | '''Earth Expansion Theory'''
| style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6;&quot; | Non-mainstream
| style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6;&quot; | Species adaptation to gravity and surface change
| style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6;&quot; | Apparent size changes in fossils; shifting habitats
| style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6;&quot; | Changing gravity and surface area affect evolutionary pressures
| style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6;&quot; | Precambrian to present

|-
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6; text-align:left;&quot; | Related link: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expanding_Earth Expanding Earth Theory]

|-
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | '''Cosmic Influx Theory (CIT)'''
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Non-mainstream
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Life adapts to increasing internal energy and mass
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Evolutionary leaps, extinction patterns linked to influx variations
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Energy influx affects planetary expansion, heat, and tectonics
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Full Earth history

|-
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff; text-align:left;&quot; | Related link: [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Cosmic_Influx_Theory Cosmic Influx Theory (CIT)]

|-
| style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6;&quot; | '''Punctuated Equilibrium'''
| style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6;&quot; | Mainstream
| style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6;&quot; | Rapid evolutionary jumps
| style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6;&quot; | Sudden appearances and disappearances of species
| style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6;&quot; | Possibly linked to environmental or cosmic disturbance cycles
| style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6;&quot; | Phanerozoic

|-
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6; text-align:left;&quot; | Related link: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punctuated_equilibrium Punctuated Equilibrium]

|-
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | '''Milankovitch Cycles and Solar Forcing'''
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Mainstream
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Climate-driven species migration and extinction
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Ice age cycles, faunal shifts
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Orbital and solar variations affecting Earth's climate and ecosystems
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Quaternary and earlier

|-
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff; text-align:left;&quot; | Related link: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milankovitch_cycles Milankovitch Cycles]

|-
| style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6;&quot; | '''Galactic Biodiversity Cycle'''
| style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6;&quot; | Hybrid
| style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6;&quot; | Periodic evolution and extinction
| style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6;&quot; | 62-million-year biodiversity cycles
| style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6;&quot; | Solar system’s oscillation through galactic plane
| style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6;&quot; | Phanerozoic

|-
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6; text-align:left;&quot; | Related link: [https://www.nature.com/articles/nature03339 Rohde &amp; Muller (2005), Nature]

|-
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | '''Directed Panspermia'''
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Non-mainstream
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Origin of life on Earth
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Sudden appearance of complex life
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Life seeded from extraterrestrial or engineered sources
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Origin and early biosphere

|-
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff; text-align:left;&quot; | Related link: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directed_panspermia Directed Panspermia]

|-
| style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6;&quot; | '''Spiral Cosmology'''
| style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6;&quot; | Non-mainstream
| style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6;&quot; | Biological evolution tied to spiral wave cycles
| style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6;&quot; | Periodic mass extinctions and evolutionary resets
| style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6;&quot; | Cosmic motion through structured spiral fields
| style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6;&quot; | Full Earth history

|-
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6; text-align:left;&quot; | Related link: [https://zenodo.org/records/10675169 Spiral Cosmology on Zenodo]

|-
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | '''Geomagnetic Reversal Hypothesis'''
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Hybrid
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Mutation events, migration pressures
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Extinction correlations with magnetic field reversals
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Field reversals affect radiation shielding and atmospheric conditions
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Mesozoic–Cenozoic

|-
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff; text-align:left;&quot; | Related link: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomagnetic_reversal Geomagnetic Reversal]

|-
| style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6;&quot; | '''Plasma Cosmology (Biological Interpretation)'''
| style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6;&quot; | Non-mainstream
| style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6;&quot; | Life shaped by electrical and plasma environment
| style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6;&quot; | Catastrophic reorganization of biosphere
| style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6;&quot; | Cosmic plasma discharges interacting with Earth
| style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6;&quot; | Ancient mythological and early human history

|-
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6; text-align:left;&quot; | Related link: [https://www.holoscience.com Plasma Cosmology – Holoscience]

|-
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | '''Anthropic Cosmology / Fine-Tuned Earth'''
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Hybrid
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Life’s emergence depends on cosmological constants
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Life appears &quot;fine-tuned&quot; to planetary conditions
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Universe structured to permit life; observer bias
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Origin of life to present

|-
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff; text-align:left;&quot; | Related link: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropic_principle Anthropic Principle]
|-
| style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6;&quot; | '''Structured Loitering and Coil Theory'''
| style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6;&quot; | Non-mainstream
| style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6;&quot; | Biological structuring reflects energy organization
| style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6;&quot; | Behavioral complexity models matter formation
| style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6;&quot; | Loitering and coiling patterns in energy and communication
| style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6;&quot; | Birdsong, writing systems, neurological signals
|-
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6; text-align:left;&quot; | Related link: [https://www.academia.edu/119030837/Structured_Loitering_in_Communication_May_Inform_Genesis_of_Structure_and_Gravity_from_Organized_Energy Ken Shiovitz – Structured Loitering and Coil Theory (Academia.edu)]
|-
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Topological GeometroDynamics (TGD)'''
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Non-Mainstream
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Quantum states influence brain activity and cognition
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Linked to evolutionary leaps and biological phase transitions
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; |Discrete expansions alter space-time and life conditions
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Stepwise evolutionary changes tied to topological transitions

|-
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff; text-align:left;&quot; | Related link: [https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/TGDtheory2024I.pdf TGD Overview Part I] • [https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/TGDtheory2024II.pdf Part II]

|-


|}


==== '''6.5 – Evaluation Criteria (Unified Framework)''' ====
''This chapter now uses the unified evaluation framework applied consistently in Chapters 1 and 8.''

The theories discussed in this chapter are evaluated using the following eight standardized criteria:

# '''1. Empirical Adequacy'''  
Alignment with observed data and experimental results across relevant fields (e.g., astronomy, geology, biology, cosmology). The theory should account for major datasets and empirical patterns.

# '''2. Internal Consistency'''  
Logical and mathematical coherence of the theory. Assumptions should not contradict derived results. Definitions, equations, and claims must be used unambiguously.

# '''3. Predictive Power'''  
The ability to generate '''testable predictions''' that distinguish the theory from others. This includes retrospective explanations that are quantitatively verifiable.

# '''4. Cross-Disciplinary Compatibility'''  
Compatibility with findings and models in other domains, such as geology, biology, planetary science, and quantum physics. A good theory avoids contradicting established results in these areas.

# '''5. Conceptual Clarity and Simplicity'''  
The theory should be clearly framed, avoiding unnecessary complexity or vague terminology. It should be possible to identify what is a definition, an assumption, and a consequence.

# '''6. Heuristic and Unifying Value'''  
Capacity of the theory to stimulate new research, unify previously disconnected phenomena, or offer new conceptual insights across domains.

# '''7. Historical and Philosophical Insight'''  
Engagement with the evolution of cosmological thought. A good theory either improves upon, clarifies, or meaningfully integrates earlier models and philosophical foundations.

# '''8. Mathematical Rigor'''  
Use of precise mathematical definitions and derivations, including:  
* Clarity of assumptions and variable usage.  
* Proofs of existence/uniqueness where applicable.  
* Estimates of modeling error or solution stability.  
* Explicit formulations of approximations.  
* Avoidance of heuristic shortcuts unless well justified.  

This criterion ensures the theory stands up to the standards of formal modeling and does not rely on vague simulations or interchangeable terms.

=== '''6.7 Helicopter View – Scientific Reception and Emerging Tensions''' ===

Theories that link biological and paleontological data to cosmological or planetary dynamics operate at the intersection of multiple scientific domains. This multidisciplinary position creates both opportunities and tensions within the broader scientific landscape.

Mainstream theories such as '''Darwinian Evolution''', '''Punctuated Equilibrium''', and '''Milankovitch Cycles''' are firmly embedded in the academic consensus. They benefit from robust empirical datasets, widespread institutional support, and established explanatory frameworks. However, they often remain siloed within evolutionary biology or climate science and rarely engage with cosmological perspectives. This creates a blind spot in linking planetary evolution to long-term cosmic cycles.

Alternative models such as the '''Galactic Biodiversity Cycle''', '''Spiral Cosmology''', and '''Cosmic Influx Theory (CIT)''' attempt to bridge that gap by embedding biological evolution within larger cosmic structures or energy dynamics. These frameworks challenge conventional timelines and causality, often facing skepticism due to their speculative or integrative nature. While not rejected outright, they are typically excluded from mainstream research funding and journals unless framed cautiously.

Theories like '''Earth Expansion''' and '''Plasma Cosmology''' face more pronounced resistance. Despite offering explanatory models for fossil distribution and extinction patterns, they challenge core geophysical assumptions and are often dismissed as fringe. Nonetheless, recent geological data and renewed interest in Earth’s deep-time history have created space for limited re-evaluation of such ideas.

Conceptual frameworks like '''Directed Panspermia''' and '''Anthropic Cosmology''' are received with ambivalence. They do not easily integrate into empirical research programs but continue to provoke philosophical and theoretical interest—especially regarding life’s origins and the conditions necessary for biological complexity.

A more recent contribution, '''Structured Loitering and Coil Theory''', introduces a novel analogy between '''biological behavior''' (such as birdsong structuring and writing systems) and '''energy organization processes''' that may underlie gravity and matter formation. While lacking formal mathematical foundations, this theory exemplifies an increasingly common approach: using '''patterns in life systems''' to inspire new ways of thinking about fundamental physics. Its reception highlights the '''epistemological tension''' between metaphor-driven insight and formalized scientific modeling. The theory occupies an interesting niche at the '''intersection of behavioral biology, cognitive structure, and cosmology''', and may stimulate future dialogue across traditionally separated disciplines.

In summary, there is an increasing recognition that '''life on Earth cannot be fully understood in isolation from the planet’s geodynamic context and possibly even from its cosmic environment.''' However, the institutional and disciplinary boundaries of science still limit serious engagement with non-mainstream models. Tensions persist between the desire for interdisciplinary synthesis and the need to protect methodological rigor. The challenge is to maintain open inquiry while demanding conceptual clarity and empirical grounding.

== 6.8 Next Steps ==

This chapter has outlined a wide range of theories that attempt to connect biological and paleontological clues to planetary and cosmological processes. The mapping and evaluation provide a foundation for interdisciplinary dialogue, bridging evolutionary biology, geology, and cosmology.

Future contributions may include additional theories, updated datasets (e.g., biodiversity cycles, extinction timelines), or new interdisciplinary models. Researchers are encouraged to refine existing frameworks or introduce novel mechanisms that link life’s history on Earth to cosmic dynamics.

We invite further participation through the Talk page or by email submission. All contributions will be evaluated using the shared criteria defined in Chapter 1.3 to ensure clarity and comparability across chapters.


'''◀ [[AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories/Chapter 5: Geological Clues and Planetary Growth|Previous]] | [[AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories|Main Page]] | [[AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories/Chapter 7: Cosmological Parameters and Universal Constants|Next ▶]]'''</text>
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      <text bytes="20378" sha1="tl2a7m4bczuxq2ofxwg22tfm963ne33" xml:space="preserve">= '''Chapter 6: Biological and Paleontological Clues''' =

== 6.1 Purpose – Biological and Paleontological Clues ==

The purpose of this chapter is to explore how biological and paleontological evidence—traditionally associated with evolutionary biology and Earth history—can also provide valuable insights for evaluating cosmological theories. While most cosmological models are constructed from astronomical observations and physical laws, the long-term patterns of life on Earth may reflect deeper planetary and cosmic influences.

Life does not evolve in isolation. It depends on planetary conditions shaped by cosmological processes: the stability of Earth’s orbit, solar radiation levels, planetary mass and gravity, atmospheric composition, and even plate tectonics. Likewise, fossil records reveal striking transitions—such as mass extinctions and bursts of biodiversity—that may correspond to larger planetary or cosmic events.

This chapter invites contributors to examine how such clues may support or challenge competing cosmological frameworks. For example:
* The theory of Earth Expansion suggests a changing planetary radius that could influence evolution and extinction patterns.
* Mainstream astrophysics connects biological timelines to solar evolution and asteroid impacts.
* Non-mainstream theories—such as Cosmic Influx Theory—propose directional energy flows that might influence planetary life indirectly through geophysical changes.

By including biological and fossil-based data, we broaden the evidential base for cosmological inquiry and invite interdisciplinary reflection on the origins, transformations, and long-term stability of life in a cosmic context.


== 6.2 Scope – Mainstream and Non-mainstream Theories ==

This chapter includes both mainstream and non-mainstream theories that offer explanations linking biological and paleontological clues to broader cosmological processes.

Mainstream scientific perspectives generally accept that life on Earth is deeply influenced by astronomical and planetary factors:
* **Astrophysical models** explain how solar evolution affects planetary climates and habitability zones.
* **Impact theories** (e.g., Chicxulub asteroid) connect mass extinctions to cosmic events.
* **Plate tectonics and continental drift** shape ecosystems, evolution, and extinction patterns over geological time.

However, growing evidence—including rapid climate shifts, tectonic anomalies, and sudden biodiversity changes—has also stimulated interest in alternative frameworks that integrate Earth’s biological history into larger cosmic dynamics.

This chapter therefore also considers non-mainstream perspectives such as:
* **Earth Expansion Theories**, which posit that changes in Earth’s size and gravity could affect species evolution and extinction timing.
* **Directed Panspermia**, which explores whether life arrived from or was influenced by external cosmic agents.
* **Spiral Cosmology**, which links galactic motion to cycles of evolution and extinction.
* **Cosmic Influx Theory (CIT)**, which proposes a continuous directional influx of energy or particles from space. In CIT, this influx contributes not only to gravity but also to increasing planetary mass and internal energy—potentially influencing geological activity and, indirectly, evolutionary pressures and extinction events.

The scope of this chapter is thus interdisciplinary and inclusive. It encourages readers and contributors to explore the potential interplay between life’s history on Earth and the larger processes governing planetary and cosmic evolution. All theories must propose a link—direct or indirect—between biological/paleontological patterns and cosmological mechanisms.


== 6.3 How to Contribute a Theory ==

Researchers and contributors are welcome to propose additional theories that relate biological evolution and fossil records to planetary or cosmological models. Submissions may include observational insights, mathematical models, conceptual frameworks, or hybrid approaches.

You can contribute in either of the following ways:

* Post directly on the Talk page of this chapter  
* Or email your proposal to: aitheroymapping@gmail.com  

All submitted theories will be added to the mapping and evaluated using the shared criteria defined in Chapter 1.3: Evaluation Criteria. We encourage both mainstream and non-mainstream contributors to join this open effort to compare and improve our understanding of Biological and Paleontological Clues in relation to cosmological theories.


== 6.4 Theory Mapping Table ==

This table presents a comparative overview of theories that attempt to link biological and paleontological clues to planetary or cosmological models. Both mainstream and non-mainstream approaches are included. Each theory is followed by a reference line shaded identically to the theory row, maintaining visual pairing for clarity.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; text-align:center;&quot;
|-
! style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | '''Theory Name'''
! style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | '''Type of Framework'''
! style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | '''Biological Focus'''
! style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | '''Paleontological Signals'''
! style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | '''Cosmological Link'''
! style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f2;&quot; | '''Temporal Scope'''

|-
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | '''Darwinian Evolution'''
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Mainstream
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Natural selection, gradual evolution
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Transitional fossils, biodiversity patterns
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Linked indirectly via planetary stability and solar radiation
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Phanerozoic

|-
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff; text-align:left;&quot; | Related link: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwinism Darwinian Evolution]

|-
| style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6;&quot; | '''Earth Expansion Theory'''
| style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6;&quot; | Non-mainstream
| style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6;&quot; | Species adaptation to gravity and surface change
| style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6;&quot; | Apparent size changes in fossils; shifting habitats
| style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6;&quot; | Changing gravity and surface area affect evolutionary pressures
| style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6;&quot; | Precambrian to present

|-
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6; text-align:left;&quot; | Related link: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expanding_Earth Expanding Earth Theory]

|-
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | '''Cosmic Influx Theory (CIT)'''
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Non-mainstream
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Life adapts to increasing internal energy and mass
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Evolutionary leaps, extinction patterns linked to influx variations
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Energy influx affects planetary expansion, heat, and tectonics
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Full Earth history

|-
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff; text-align:left;&quot; | Related link: [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Cosmic_Influx_Theory Cosmic Influx Theory (CIT)]

|-
| style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6;&quot; | '''Punctuated Equilibrium'''
| style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6;&quot; | Mainstream
| style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6;&quot; | Rapid evolutionary jumps
| style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6;&quot; | Sudden appearances and disappearances of species
| style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6;&quot; | Possibly linked to environmental or cosmic disturbance cycles
| style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6;&quot; | Phanerozoic

|-
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6; text-align:left;&quot; | Related link: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punctuated_equilibrium Punctuated Equilibrium]

|-
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | '''Milankovitch Cycles and Solar Forcing'''
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Mainstream
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Climate-driven species migration and extinction
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Ice age cycles, faunal shifts
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Orbital and solar variations affecting Earth's climate and ecosystems
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Quaternary and earlier

|-
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff; text-align:left;&quot; | Related link: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milankovitch_cycles Milankovitch Cycles]

|-
| style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6;&quot; | '''Galactic Biodiversity Cycle'''
| style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6;&quot; | Hybrid
| style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6;&quot; | Periodic evolution and extinction
| style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6;&quot; | 62-million-year biodiversity cycles
| style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6;&quot; | Solar system’s oscillation through galactic plane
| style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6;&quot; | Phanerozoic

|-
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6; text-align:left;&quot; | Related link: [https://www.nature.com/articles/nature03339 Rohde &amp; Muller (2005), Nature]

|-
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | '''Directed Panspermia'''
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Non-mainstream
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Origin of life on Earth
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Sudden appearance of complex life
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Life seeded from extraterrestrial or engineered sources
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Origin and early biosphere

|-
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff; text-align:left;&quot; | Related link: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directed_panspermia Directed Panspermia]

|-
| style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6;&quot; | '''Spiral Cosmology'''
| style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6;&quot; | Non-mainstream
| style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6;&quot; | Biological evolution tied to spiral wave cycles
| style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6;&quot; | Periodic mass extinctions and evolutionary resets
| style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6;&quot; | Cosmic motion through structured spiral fields
| style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6;&quot; | Full Earth history

|-
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6; text-align:left;&quot; | Related link: [https://zenodo.org/records/10675169 Spiral Cosmology on Zenodo]

|-
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | '''Geomagnetic Reversal Hypothesis'''
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Hybrid
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Mutation events, migration pressures
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Extinction correlations with magnetic field reversals
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Field reversals affect radiation shielding and atmospheric conditions
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Mesozoic–Cenozoic

|-
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff; text-align:left;&quot; | Related link: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomagnetic_reversal Geomagnetic Reversal]

|-
| style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6;&quot; | '''Plasma Cosmology (Biological Interpretation)'''
| style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6;&quot; | Non-mainstream
| style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6;&quot; | Life shaped by electrical and plasma environment
| style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6;&quot; | Catastrophic reorganization of biosphere
| style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6;&quot; | Cosmic plasma discharges interacting with Earth
| style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6;&quot; | Ancient mythological and early human history

|-
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6; text-align:left;&quot; | Related link: [https://www.holoscience.com Plasma Cosmology – Holoscience]

|-
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | '''Anthropic Cosmology / Fine-Tuned Earth'''
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Hybrid
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Life’s emergence depends on cosmological constants
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Life appears &quot;fine-tuned&quot; to planetary conditions
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Universe structured to permit life; observer bias
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Origin of life to present

|-
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff; text-align:left;&quot; | Related link: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropic_principle Anthropic Principle]
|-
| style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6;&quot; | '''Structured Loitering and Coil Theory'''
| style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6;&quot; | Non-mainstream
| style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6;&quot; | Biological structuring reflects energy organization
| style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6;&quot; | Behavioral complexity models matter formation
| style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6;&quot; | Loitering and coiling patterns in energy and communication
| style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6;&quot; | Birdsong, writing systems, neurological signals
|-
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#e6e6e6; text-align:left;&quot; | Related link: [https://www.academia.edu/119030837/Structured_Loitering_in_Communication_May_Inform_Genesis_of_Structure_and_Gravity_from_Organized_Energy Ken Shiovitz – Structured Loitering and Coil Theory (Academia.edu)]
|-
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Topological GeometroDynamics (TGD)'''
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Non-Mainstream
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Quantum states influence brain activity and cognition
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Linked to evolutionary leaps and biological phase transitions
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; |Discrete expansions alter space-time and life conditions
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Stepwise evolutionary changes tied to topological transitions

|-
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff; text-align:left;&quot; | Related link: [https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/TGD2024I.pdf] [https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/TGD2024II.pdf]

|-


|}


==== '''6.5 – Evaluation Criteria (Unified Framework)''' ====
''This chapter now uses the unified evaluation framework applied consistently in Chapters 1 and 8.''

The theories discussed in this chapter are evaluated using the following eight standardized criteria:

# '''1. Empirical Adequacy'''  
Alignment with observed data and experimental results across relevant fields (e.g., astronomy, geology, biology, cosmology). The theory should account for major datasets and empirical patterns.

# '''2. Internal Consistency'''  
Logical and mathematical coherence of the theory. Assumptions should not contradict derived results. Definitions, equations, and claims must be used unambiguously.

# '''3. Predictive Power'''  
The ability to generate '''testable predictions''' that distinguish the theory from others. This includes retrospective explanations that are quantitatively verifiable.

# '''4. Cross-Disciplinary Compatibility'''  
Compatibility with findings and models in other domains, such as geology, biology, planetary science, and quantum physics. A good theory avoids contradicting established results in these areas.

# '''5. Conceptual Clarity and Simplicity'''  
The theory should be clearly framed, avoiding unnecessary complexity or vague terminology. It should be possible to identify what is a definition, an assumption, and a consequence.

# '''6. Heuristic and Unifying Value'''  
Capacity of the theory to stimulate new research, unify previously disconnected phenomena, or offer new conceptual insights across domains.

# '''7. Historical and Philosophical Insight'''  
Engagement with the evolution of cosmological thought. A good theory either improves upon, clarifies, or meaningfully integrates earlier models and philosophical foundations.

# '''8. Mathematical Rigor'''  
Use of precise mathematical definitions and derivations, including:  
* Clarity of assumptions and variable usage.  
* Proofs of existence/uniqueness where applicable.  
* Estimates of modeling error or solution stability.  
* Explicit formulations of approximations.  
* Avoidance of heuristic shortcuts unless well justified.  

This criterion ensures the theory stands up to the standards of formal modeling and does not rely on vague simulations or interchangeable terms.

=== '''6.7 Helicopter View – Scientific Reception and Emerging Tensions''' ===

Theories that link biological and paleontological data to cosmological or planetary dynamics operate at the intersection of multiple scientific domains. This multidisciplinary position creates both opportunities and tensions within the broader scientific landscape.

Mainstream theories such as '''Darwinian Evolution''', '''Punctuated Equilibrium''', and '''Milankovitch Cycles''' are firmly embedded in the academic consensus. They benefit from robust empirical datasets, widespread institutional support, and established explanatory frameworks. However, they often remain siloed within evolutionary biology or climate science and rarely engage with cosmological perspectives. This creates a blind spot in linking planetary evolution to long-term cosmic cycles.

Alternative models such as the '''Galactic Biodiversity Cycle''', '''Spiral Cosmology''', and '''Cosmic Influx Theory (CIT)''' attempt to bridge that gap by embedding biological evolution within larger cosmic structures or energy dynamics. These frameworks challenge conventional timelines and causality, often facing skepticism due to their speculative or integrative nature. While not rejected outright, they are typically excluded from mainstream research funding and journals unless framed cautiously.

Theories like '''Earth Expansion''' and '''Plasma Cosmology''' face more pronounced resistance. Despite offering explanatory models for fossil distribution and extinction patterns, they challenge core geophysical assumptions and are often dismissed as fringe. Nonetheless, recent geological data and renewed interest in Earth’s deep-time history have created space for limited re-evaluation of such ideas.

Conceptual frameworks like '''Directed Panspermia''' and '''Anthropic Cosmology''' are received with ambivalence. They do not easily integrate into empirical research programs but continue to provoke philosophical and theoretical interest—especially regarding life’s origins and the conditions necessary for biological complexity.

A more recent contribution, '''Structured Loitering and Coil Theory''', introduces a novel analogy between '''biological behavior''' (such as birdsong structuring and writing systems) and '''energy organization processes''' that may underlie gravity and matter formation. While lacking formal mathematical foundations, this theory exemplifies an increasingly common approach: using '''patterns in life systems''' to inspire new ways of thinking about fundamental physics. Its reception highlights the '''epistemological tension''' between metaphor-driven insight and formalized scientific modeling. The theory occupies an interesting niche at the '''intersection of behavioral biology, cognitive structure, and cosmology''', and may stimulate future dialogue across traditionally separated disciplines.

In summary, there is an increasing recognition that '''life on Earth cannot be fully understood in isolation from the planet’s geodynamic context and possibly even from its cosmic environment.''' However, the institutional and disciplinary boundaries of science still limit serious engagement with non-mainstream models. Tensions persist between the desire for interdisciplinary synthesis and the need to protect methodological rigor. The challenge is to maintain open inquiry while demanding conceptual clarity and empirical grounding.

== 6.8 Next Steps ==

This chapter has outlined a wide range of theories that attempt to connect biological and paleontological clues to planetary and cosmological processes. The mapping and evaluation provide a foundation for interdisciplinary dialogue, bridging evolutionary biology, geology, and cosmology.

Future contributions may include additional theories, updated datasets (e.g., biodiversity cycles, extinction timelines), or new interdisciplinary models. Researchers are encouraged to refine existing frameworks or introduce novel mechanisms that link life’s history on Earth to cosmic dynamics.

We invite further participation through the Talk page or by email submission. All contributions will be evaluated using the shared criteria defined in Chapter 1.3 to ensure clarity and comparability across chapters.


'''◀ [[AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories/Chapter 5: Geological Clues and Planetary Growth|Previous]] | [[AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories|Main Page]] | [[AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories/Chapter 7: Cosmological Parameters and Universal Constants|Next ▶]]'''</text>
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      <text bytes="29536" sha1="lxvmfx5ykt9dxt2tm4ksa1386ztygmu" xml:space="preserve">= '''Chapter 7: Cosmological Parameters and Universal Constants''' =

=== '''7.1 – Purpose – Overview Cosmological Parameters and Universal Constants''' ===

This subsection introduces the key cosmological parameters and universal constants that underpin modern models of the universe. These values are foundational for describing the large-scale structure, expansion history, and composition of the cosmos. By defining and constraining these constants, researchers are able to test, compare, and refine competing cosmological theories.

The most widely used parameters include:

'''Hubble Constant (H₀)''' – The current rate of cosmic expansion, typically expressed in km/s/Mpc. It plays a central role in determining the age and scale of the universe.

'''Matter Density Parameter (Ωₘ)''' – The fraction of the critical density contributed by all forms of matter (baryonic and dark matter).

'''Dark Energy Density Parameter (Ω_Λ)''' – The fraction of the critical density attributed to dark energy, often associated with the cosmological constant (Λ).

'''Spectral Index (nₛ)''' – Characterizes the scale dependence of primordial density fluctuations.

'''Amplitude of Scalar Fluctuations (Aₛ)''' – Sets the overall level of fluctuations in the early universe, which seeded the formation of galaxies and clusters.

'''Optical Depth (τ)''' – Relates to the reionization history of the universe, affecting how the cosmic microwave background (CMB) photons have been scattered.

'''σ₈''' – A measure of the clustering strength of matter on scales of 8 h⁻¹ Mpc, used in large-scale structure studies.

These parameters are complemented by a set of universal physical constants that appear across all physical theories:

'''Gravitational Constant (G)'''

'''Speed of Light (c)'''

'''Planck’s Constant (h)'''

'''Boltzmann Constant (k_B)'''

'''Cosmological Constant (Λ)''' – interpreted as vacuum energy or dark energy density

'''Fine-Structure Constant (α)'''

Together, these parameters serve as the empirical backbone for cosmological models, allowing them to be calibrated against observational data. Most mainstream models—such as the ΛCDM model—use a minimal set of six to seven parameters, yet tensions persist between different measurement techniques. For example, the value of H₀ inferred from the cosmic microwave background (CMB) differs significantly from values measured using Type Ia supernovae, leading to the well-known '''Hubble tension'''. Similarly, discrepancies in measurements of σ₈ suggest the possibility of unknown physical processes or the need for alternative frameworks.

This chapter evaluates how different cosmological theories define, derive, or reinterpret these parameters. It also considers whether a theory proposes a new universal constant, modifies existing ones, or offers an explanation for observed tensions. The role of these constants in the internal logic and predictive success of a theory is an essential component of the comparative evaluation.

=== '''7.2 – Scope – Mainstream and Non-mainstream Theories''' ===

This subsection outlines the scope of Chapter 7 in terms of the cosmological theories being considered, with specific attention to how each theory engages with cosmological parameters and universal constants. Both mainstream and non-mainstream theories are included in the evaluation to ensure a broad, inclusive, and critically informed comparison.

==== '''Mainstream Cosmological Frameworks''' ====

Mainstream cosmological models are those widely accepted within the current scientific consensus and supported by large-scale observational programs such as the Planck satellite, the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), and the Dark Energy Survey (DES). The primary framework is the:

'''ΛCDM Model (Lambda Cold Dark Matter)'''
This model is based on general relativity and assumes a universe dominated by cold dark matter (CDM) and a cosmological constant (Λ) representing dark energy. It uses a standard set of six parameters to fit observational data:
– H₀ (Hubble constant)
– Ωₘ (matter density)
– Ω_Λ (dark energy density)
– nₛ (spectral index)
– Aₛ (amplitude of fluctuations)
– τ (optical depth)

ΛCDM has achieved notable empirical success, including accurate fits to the cosmic microwave background (CMB) power spectrum and the large-scale distribution of galaxies. However, it faces unresolved tensions such as the disparity in H₀ values derived from early- and late-universe measurements, and differences in predicted versus observed values of σ₈ (matter clustering amplitude).

Other general relativity–based extensions or modifications, such as quintessence models (dynamic dark energy), modified gravity (e.g., f(R) theories), or models invoking additional neutrino species, are sometimes treated as extensions of ΛCDM rather than fundamentally separate theories.

==== '''Non-Mainstream and Emerging Theories''' ====

This chapter also includes theories that are not currently part of mainstream consensus but that offer new approaches to cosmological constants or parameter derivation. These may include:

'''Alternative Gravity Theories''' – including MOND (Modified Newtonian Dynamics), TeVeS, conformal gravity, and entropic gravity. These models often aim to explain galactic rotation curves or cosmological structure without invoking dark matter.

'''Emergent and Flow-based Models''' – including theories where cosmic structure arises from energy influxes or universal flows (e.g., Cosmic Influx Theory, Spiral Cosmology). These models may propose new constants (such as influx-based scaling parameters) or reinterpret standard ones.

'''Continuous Creation or Steady-State Frameworks''' – These posit a continuous generation of matter or energy, potentially affecting the interpretation of Hubble expansion, cosmic microwave background, and the age of the universe.

'''Topological or Geometric Reinterpretations''' – Some proposals modify the dimensionality or topology of space-time itself, redefining how constants such as G or c emerge from underlying structures.

==== '''Comparative Perspective''' ====

By evaluating both mainstream and non-mainstream approaches on equal terms, this chapter aims to provide a comparative framework grounded in empirical adequacy, predictive capacity, and internal coherence. The inclusion of non-standard models is not intended to imply equivalence of scientific status, but rather to highlight the diversity of ideas that reinterpret or challenge conventional uses of cosmological parameters.

The theories evaluated here must define how they handle:

The derivation or reinterpretation of cosmological parameters

The role and meaning of universal constants in their framework

Their position relative to known tensions (e.g., Hubble tension, σ₈ tension)

This scope ensures that all models are critically evaluated using the same criteria, while allowing room for genuinely novel approaches to cosmology.

== '''7.3 How to Contribute a Theory ''' ==

Researchers and contributors are welcome to propose additional theories that relate biological evolution and fossil records to planetary or cosmological models. Submissions may include observational insights, mathematical models, conceptual frameworks, or hybrid approaches.

You can contribute in either of the following ways:

* Post directly on the Talk page of this chapter  
* Or email your proposal to: aitheroymapping@gmail.com  

All submitted theories will be added to the mapping and evaluated using the shared criteria defined in Chapter 1.3: Evaluation Criteria. We encourage both mainstream and non-mainstream contributors to join this open effort to compare and improve our understanding of Biological and Paleontological Clues in relation to cosmological theories.

=== '''7.4 – Theory Mapping Table''' ===

This table presents a structured comparison of diverse cosmological theories based on how they define or reinterpret key cosmological parameters and universal constants. The table includes both mainstream and non-mainstream paradigms, encouraging open comparative analysis grounded in scientific rigor.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; text-align:left;&quot;
! style=&quot;width:15%;&quot; | '''Theory Name'''
! style=&quot;width:15%;&quot; | '''H₀ Treatment'''
! style=&quot;width:15%;&quot; | '''Ω Parameters'''
! style=&quot;width:15%;&quot; | '''Role of Λ / Dark Energy'''
! style=&quot;width:20%;&quot; | '''Treatment of G, c, and other constants'''
! style=&quot;width:20%;&quot; | '''New Parameters or Constants Proposed'''

|-
| '''ΛCDM (Standard Model)''' || Empirically fitted (Planck: 67.8 ± 0.9) || Ωₘ, Ω_Λ, Ω_r defined from observation || Constant Λ; vacuum energy interpretation || G and c are fixed universal constants || None
|-style=&quot;background:#f9f9f9;&quot; 
| '''Modified Gravity (f(R))''' || H₀ typically fitted or adjusted || Ωₘ redefined dynamically || Λ may be replaced by geometric terms || G may vary with scale or curvature || Function f(R), effective gravitational coupling
|-
| '''MOND / TeVeS''' || H₀ usually inherited from observations || Ωₘ reinterpreted (no dark matter) || Λ often excluded; not essential || G modified below a₀; new scale-invariant dynamics || a₀ (critical acceleration)
|-style=&quot;background:#f9f9f9;&quot; 
| '''Emergent Gravity (Verlinde)''' || Predicts emergent H₀ value || Ω parameters secondary to entropy/gravity || Dark energy as emergent entropic phenomenon || G and Λ derived from holographic principles || Entropic scaling parameter
|-
| '''Cosmic Influx Theory (CIT)''' || Derives H₀ = 67.8 via VRMS and (γ−1) || Ω values not directly defined || Λ absorbed in influx framework || G = (γ−1)/4π; κ and κ_CIT used as scaling factors || κ_CIT, κ, VRMS
|-style=&quot;background:#f9f9f9;&quot; 
| '''Spiral Cosmology''' || H₀ seen as emergent from cosmic motion || Ω reinterpreted in spiraling energy flows || Λ not needed; structure from motion || c and G may emerge from wavefront geometry || Spiral frequency and structure constants
|-
| '''Topological Field Framework (Hall)''' || May reinterpret H₀ as boundary effect || Ωₘ redefined from field topology || Λ as a topological effect or unnecessary || G emerges from higher-dimensional field curvature || Topological curvature parameters
|-style=&quot;background:#f9f9f9;&quot; 
| '''Conformal Gravity (Mannheim–Kazanas)''' || Derives H₀ from conformally invariant field equations || Ω values fitted without dark matter || Λ not fundamental; dynamic curvature replaces Λ || G emerges from conformal symmetry conditions || Conformal coupling constant, γ₀
|-
| '''Quasi-Steady State Cosmology (QSSC)''' || H₀ varies over long cycles || Ω values evolve over cosmic epochs || Λ varies cyclically with creation field || G and c are constant, but new field equations applied || Creation field C, periodic Λ(t)
|-style=&quot;background:#f9f9f9;&quot; 
| '''Dynamic Universe (Tuomo Suntola)''' || H₀ derived from zero-energy balance || Ω reinterpreted geometrically || Λ not needed; curvature and motion suffice || G and c emerge from dynamic 4-sphere geometry || Zero-energy condition; time-proportional scaling
|-
| '''Topological GeometroDynamics (TGD)''' || Emerges from cosmic topology; not directly derived numerically || Can emerge from quantum criticality in limit approximations|| Not fundamental; expansion arises from topological transitions || G linked to CP₂ radius; constants arise geometrically || Effective Planck constant hierarchy; CP₂ radius; p-adic scales
|-


|}


==== '''7.5 Evaluation Criteria (Unified Framework)''' ====
''This chapter now uses the unified evaluation framework applied consistently in Chapters 1 and 8.''

The theories discussed in this chapter are evaluated using the following eight standardized criteria:

# '''1. Empirical Adequacy'''  
Alignment with observed data and experimental results across relevant fields (e.g., astronomy, geology, biology, cosmology). The theory should account for major datasets and empirical patterns.

# '''2. Internal Consistency'''  
Logical and mathematical coherence of the theory. Assumptions should not contradict derived results. Definitions, equations, and claims must be used unambiguously.

# '''3. Predictive Power'''  
The ability to generate '''testable predictions''' that distinguish the theory from others. This includes retrospective explanations that are quantitatively verifiable.

# '''4. Cross-Disciplinary Compatibility'''  
Compatibility with findings and models in other domains, such as geology, biology, planetary science, and quantum physics. A good theory avoids contradicting established results in these areas.

# '''5. Conceptual Clarity and Simplicity'''  
The theory should be clearly framed, avoiding unnecessary complexity or vague terminology. It should be possible to identify what is a definition, an assumption, and a consequence.

# '''6. Heuristic and Unifying Value'''  
Capacity of the theory to stimulate new research, unify previously disconnected phenomena, or offer new conceptual insights across domains.

# '''7. Historical and Philosophical Insight'''  
Engagement with the evolution of cosmological thought. A good theory either improves upon, clarifies, or meaningfully integrates earlier models and philosophical foundations.

# '''8. Mathematical Rigor'''  
Use of precise mathematical definitions and derivations, including:  
* Clarity of assumptions and variable usage.  
* Proofs of existence/uniqueness where applicable.  
* Estimates of modeling error or solution stability.  
* Explicit formulations of approximations.  
* Avoidance of heuristic shortcuts unless well justified.  

This criterion ensures the theory stands up to the standards of formal modeling and does not rely on vague simulations or interchangeable terms.

=== '''7.6 – AI Evaluation Based on Shared Criteria''' ===

This subsection presents an AI-assisted comparative evaluation of cosmological theories, based on the shared criteria defined in [[AI-Assisted_Evaluation_of_Cosmological_Theories/Chapter_1:_Introduction_and_Evaluation_Criteria#1.3:_List_of_Evaluation_Criteria|Chapter 1.3: List of Evaluation Criteria]]. The goal is to clarify how each theory treats the fundamental cosmological parameters and universal constants discussed in this chapter. The evaluation highlights '''internal coherence''', '''empirical alignment''', '''explanatory ambition''', and '''potential testability'''.

No star ratings are assigned here. Instead, each theory is qualitatively assessed across the criteria through short descriptive paragraphs.

'''ΛCDM (Standard Model)''' offers '''strong empirical alignment''' with CMB, supernova, and large-scale structure data. Its '''internal structure''' is based on general relativity and well-developed mathematical models, making it '''logically robust'''. However, it provides '''limited explanation''' for the specific values of constants such as H₀ or Λ, which are treated as '''empirical inputs'''. Despite this, it demonstrates '''predictive success''' across multiple observations. The model is '''conceptually economical''', relying on a '''minimal parameter set''', and is '''deeply integrated''' into the broader framework of modern physics. Known tensions (e.g., H₀ discrepancy) invite refinement or reinterpretation but do not undermine its overall compatibility with data. It remains '''broadly testable''' through increasingly precise cosmological measurements.

'''Modified Gravity (f(R))''' theories attempt to explain dark energy and acceleration through '''extensions of the Einstein-Hilbert action'''. They offer a '''reinterpretation of cosmic parameters''' in terms of curvature dynamics rather than exotic energy components. These models vary widely in structure and '''observational fit''', depending on the chosen function f(R), but many reproduce key cosmological features. Their '''mathematical framework''' is internally consistent, and they contribute meaningfully to the debate on the '''nature of gravity'''. While their explanatory power is promising, some formulations require '''additional parameters or fine-tuning'''. Compatibility with '''structure formation data''' and '''gravitational lensing tests''' remains an important area for empirical evaluation.

'''MOND / TeVeS''' seeks to account for galactic rotation curves without invoking dark matter, introducing a '''critical acceleration scale''' as a new constant. It performs '''very well at galactic scales''', offering a direct fit to rotation data. However, it faces '''challenges''' when applied to cosmological phenomena such as the '''cosmic microwave background''' and '''large-scale structure'''. The theory’s internal dynamics are '''logically constructed''' and '''mathematically consistent''' within their range of application. Its '''predictive capacity''' is constrained to specific regimes, and it introduces '''conceptual simplicity''' with '''minimal new constants'''. '''Empirical tensions''' with high-redshift data suggest the need for further development or '''hybrid models'''.

'''Emergent Gravity (Verlinde)''' offers an '''innovative theoretical framework''' in which gravity and inertia '''emerge from entropic and information-theoretic principles'''. This model reframes fundamental constants as '''emergent properties''' of underlying entropy distributions. While its internal structure is '''elegant''' and '''conceptually coherent''', '''empirical validation''' remains limited. It has provided '''tentative fits''' to certain lensing effects, but '''full cosmological modeling''' is still in development. The theory’s '''explanatory reach''' is broad, particularly in redefining Λ and inertia, though specific '''quantitative predictions''' are still rare. It is '''testable in principle''', and future '''observational probes''' could refine or challenge its foundational assumptions.

'''Cosmic Influx Theory (CIT)''' proposes that the '''gravitational constant''' and '''Hubble parameter''' derive from a '''continuous influx of energy into matter'''. It uses the '''relativistic factor (γ−1)''' and a '''universal root mean square velocity (VRMS)''' to derive G and H₀, aligning with '''Planck observations''' without parameter fitting. The theory is '''internally consistent''' and offers '''strong explanatory coherence''' for the emergence of constants. Although it does not define all standard cosmological parameters, its introduction of '''scaling constants''' (κ and κ_CIT) provides a '''novel interpretation''' of structure and '''mass-energy evolution'''. The theory is '''open to falsification''' through predictions on '''orbital dynamics''' and '''preferred planetary distances''', and invites new observational research.

'''Spiral Cosmology''' describes the evolution of the universe through '''organized spiraling flows''' of energy and matter. It offers a '''dynamic interpretation''' of cosmic structure and attempts to '''derive constants''' from the geometry of spiral motion. Its explanatory framework is '''creative and unified''', though primarily '''qualitative''' at this stage. '''Observational alignment''' is still under development, and '''quantitative predictions''' remain limited. The model maintains '''internal coherence''' and offers '''potential compatibility''' with both '''geometric''' and '''wave-based models''' of the universe. It presents a '''unique lens''' on cosmic evolution and may be tested through '''pattern recognition''' in galactic distributions and background structure.

'''Topological Field Framework (Hall)''' attempts to explain the '''emergence of physical constants''' and structure from the '''topology of underlying fields'''. It replaces '''fixed constants''' with '''dynamic relationships''' determined by higher-dimensional field configurations. This theory is '''conceptually ambitious''' and '''mathematically coherent''' within its proposed framework. While it currently lacks '''detailed empirical predictions''', it offers a '''strong explanatory model''' for the origin of constants such as G and c. The framework’s future success depends on its ability to '''generate testable consequences''' and interface with '''observational cosmology'''.

'''Conformal Gravity (Mannheim–Kazanas)''' modifies general relativity using '''conformal symmetry''' and has had success fitting '''galactic rotation curves''' without dark matter. It interprets '''cosmic acceleration''' and '''gravitational potentials''' without requiring Λ or exotic matter components. The theory’s structure is '''mathematically rigorous''' and '''geometrically elegant'''. While it fits some astrophysical data well, its '''compatibility with the CMB''' and '''early universe''' remains under scrutiny. It provides a '''deeper explanation''' for gravitational behavior, but requires additional work to extend to full cosmological predictions. It is '''empirically testable''' and offers a '''valuable challenge''' to conventional dark matter models.

'''Quasi-Steady State Cosmology (QSSC)''' revives and modifies the steady-state model by introducing a '''continuous creation field (C-field)''' and '''cyclic cosmological evolution'''. It offers an '''alternative interpretation''' of redshift and cosmic expansion that challenges the Big Bang model. The theory '''aligns with some observational patterns''' but struggles to reproduce others, such as the '''CMB spectrum''' and '''light element abundances'''. Its internal logic is '''self-consistent''' within its paradigm and introduces an '''original approach''' to '''matter generation''' and '''cosmic cycles'''. QSSC provides '''testable ideas''', particularly related to '''periodicity''' and '''structural evolution''', but remains '''outside the mainstream''' due to its divergence from accepted data interpretations.

'''Dynamic Universe (Tuomo Suntola)''' introduces a '''zero-energy cosmological model''' in which space, time, and matter evolve from a '''dynamically balanced 4-sphere geometry'''. This framework offers a '''coherent mathematical structure''' with an explicit '''derivation of H₀''' and other constants from '''curvature and motion''', rather than treating them as empirical inputs. It avoids the need for '''inflation''', '''dark energy''', or '''dark matter''' by reinterpreting cosmic expansion. The model’s '''internal consistency''' is strong, and its '''elegance''' lies in its '''unified geometric logic'''. '''Testable consequences''' emerge through its '''time-scaling formulations''' and '''reconstruction of historical cosmic dynamics''', providing a fertile ground for further research.

=== '''7.7 – Helicopter View – Scientific Reception and Emerging Tensions''' ===

This subsection offers a broader reflection on how the theories presented in Chapter 7 are received within the scientific community, and how ongoing observational tensions and theoretical gaps have shaped the landscape of cosmological research. While the '''ΛCDM model''' remains the dominant paradigm, persistent anomalies and the rise of innovative frameworks have stimulated growing interest in alternatives that offer novel interpretations of cosmological parameters and universal constants.

The '''ΛCDM model''' has achieved widespread acceptance due to its empirical success in matching high-precision data from the Planck satellite, baryon acoustic oscillations, and Type Ia supernovae. Its internal consistency and predictive utility are widely recognized. However, the model also leaves several foundational questions unresolved. Chief among these is the origin and nature of the '''cosmological constant (Λ)''', which contributes over 68% of the energy density of the universe and yet remains theoretically unexplained. Furthermore, the persistent disparity between early-universe (CMB-derived) and late-universe (distance ladder) measurements of the '''Hubble constant (H₀)''' has become known as the '''&quot;Hubble tension&quot;'''. Similar discrepancies related to the amplitude of matter clustering ('''σ₈''') have raised additional concerns about potential missing physics.

These tensions have opened a window for the exploration of '''non-mainstream cosmologies'''. '''Modified gravity models''' such as '''f(R)''' and '''conformal gravity''' offer geometric alternatives that attempt to reproduce cosmic acceleration and structure formation without invoking dark energy or dark matter. While these models often require additional functions or parameters, they are gaining attention for their potential to resolve observational anomalies through new mathematical structures.

Theories such as '''MOND''', '''TeVeS''', and '''emergent gravity''' have had mixed receptions. '''MOND''' has provided compelling fits to galactic rotation curves but lacks a fully developed cosmological extension. '''Emergent gravity''' introduces a radically different ontology—treating gravity and inertia as statistical phenomena—which appeals to theorists seeking deeper unifying principles. Nonetheless, these theories face strong skepticism from mainstream cosmologists due to limited empirical validation and difficulties in reproducing CMB anisotropies and structure growth data.

The inclusion of conceptual models such as '''Spiral Cosmology''', '''Cosmic Influx Theory (CIT)''', and the '''Dynamic Universe''' represents a growing movement within the scientific periphery to explore frameworks that derive cosmological constants from deeper principles—be they geometric, energetic, or topological. These models often operate outside the dominant institutional research programs, yet they reflect a longstanding scientific aspiration: to understand not only how the universe behaves, but why the constants that govern its behavior take the values they do.

Institutional acceptance of these models varies widely. Peer-reviewed publications remain limited for some, while others circulate primarily via academic repositories, conferences, or platforms such as '''Zenodo''', '''ResearchGate''', or '''Wikiversity'''. This reflects a broader tension in the scientific ecosystem: while mainstream paradigms are highly productive and empirically successful, they may not fully accommodate unconventional but potentially insightful hypotheses.

In this context, the '''AI-assisted comparative framework''' applied in this chapter aims to foster transparent, criteria-based evaluation of both accepted and emerging theories. By focusing on '''empirical adequacy''', '''internal logic''', and '''explanatory potential'''—rather than academic consensus alone—this approach supports a more inclusive and methodologically consistent cosmological discourse. 

=== '''7.8 – Next Steps''' ===

This final subsection outlines recommended next steps for researchers, contributors, and interested readers following the comparative evaluation of cosmological parameters and universal constants in Chapter 7.

First, contributors are encouraged to refine or expand the theory entries presented here by improving clarity, adding new references, or providing updated observational data. As ongoing missions such as the '''James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)''', '''Euclid''', and the '''Vera Rubin Observatory''' generate increasingly precise cosmological measurements, all models—mainstream and alternative—will face new opportunities for testing and validation. Particular attention should be paid to how each theory addresses current tensions, including the '''Hubble tension''', the '''σ₈ clustering discrepancy''', and the unexplained nature of '''Λ (dark energy)'''.

Second, AI-assisted comparative tools may be developed further to support large-scale cross-analysis of parameter predictions and internal consistencies. This could include algorithmic comparison of theory-derived parameter sets against datasets from Planck, SDSS, DESI, or gravitational wave observatories. Readers or institutions with expertise in computational cosmology are invited to explore these possibilities and report outcomes.

Third, alternative frameworks that derive constants from first principles—whether geometric, entropic, influx-based, or topological—may benefit from collaborative dialogue. Theories such as '''CIT''', '''Spiral Cosmology''', and the '''Dynamic Universe''' propose unorthodox but structured ways to reinterpret physical constants. These models can be further explored, modified, or combined in search of converging predictions.

Finally, this chapter should remain a living document. As the boundaries of cosmology continue to evolve, Wikiversity provides an open-access platform for iterative updates, interdisciplinary integration, and transparent evaluation. Contributors from all scientific backgrounds are welcome to propose revisions, submit new models, or refine the criteria used here. The comparative structure established in Chapter 7 will also serve as a foundation for deeper synthesis in [[AI-Assisted_Evaluation_of_Cosmological_Theories/Chapter_8:_Critical_Evaluation_and_Future_Research_Paths|Chapter 8]], where star ratings, meta-evaluations, and future research priorities will be formally proposed.

'''◀ [[AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories/Chapter 6: Biological and Paleontological Clues|Previous]] | [[AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories|Main Page]] | [[AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories/Chapter 8: Critical Evaluation and Future Research Paths|Next ▶]]'''</text>
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      <text bytes="45780" sha1="0g21102w7lky2l4321ifqi7jfe601cf" xml:space="preserve">== '''Chapter 8: Methods, Tools, and AI-Assisted Evaluation''' =

== '''8.1 Purpose''' ==

This chapter describes the methodological foundations of the project, including the role of AI in evaluating theories, how contributors interact with the system, and how assessments are recorded, displayed, and updated.

== '''8.2 Toolchain and Workflow''' ==

AI tools like ChatGPT are used to analyze, compare, and refine theories

Tables and frameworks are generated collaboratively using open formats

Contributors submit input via email or editing suggestions

Ratings and evaluations are dynamically updated based on ongoing analysis

== '''8.3 AI-Based Rating System: Motivation and Procedure''' ==

To support comparative evaluation without personal or institutional bias, this project uses an AI-based rating system. ChatGPT acts as a neutral evaluator, analyzing each theory across clearly defined criteria in '''8.5 Understanding the Star Ratings'''.

This system is designed to be:

Transparent – Each rating is justified through AI’s large-scale reference analysis.

Dynamic – Contributors may submit additional materials to request re-evaluation.

Consistent – All evaluations are performed by the same AI logic, eliminating personal bias.

Contributors may ask ChatGPT to re-read specific articles, datasets, or theoretical arguments. If new insights are found, ratings will be updated and transparently noted.

This approach represents a shift toward evidence-driven, large-scale comparative review, using AI not as a gatekeeper but as a tool to synthesize and validate.

== '''8.4 Open Participation''' ==

This chapter is also where future documentation of the workflow and collaborative mechanisms will be expanded. Users who submit theories are encouraged to:

Describe their framework in terms of assumptions, predictions, and compatibility

Suggest how their model could be tested or falsified

Provide references or original materials for AI evaluation

All analysis is open, and contributors may propose improvements at any time.

== '''8.5 Understanding the Star Ratings''' ==

The AI Evaluation Table below rates theories across seven scientific criteria defined in '''Chapter 1.3'''. Here we provide a full explanation of what each criterion means and how it is applied.

'''8.5.1. Empirical Adequacy'''  
Does the theory fit known observations and experimental data? High scores require support from astronomy, cosmology, geology, or lab-based physics. Theories that contradict established measurements or lack empirical grounding score lower.

'''8.5.2. Internal Consistency'''  
Are the theory’s assumptions, mathematics, and logic self-coherent? A consistent theory does not contain contradictions, undefined steps, or ad hoc assumptions.

'''8.5.3. Predictive Power'''  
Does the theory make clear, testable predictions that distinguish it from others? Theories that anticipate new phenomena or retrodict known data gain higher ratings.

'''8.5.4. Cross-Disciplinary Compatibility'''  
Is the theory consistent with findings from other scientific fields, such as geology, chemistry, biology, or planetary science? The more compatible it is, the higher the score.

'''8.5.5. Conceptual Clarity and Simplicity'''  
Is the theory logically simple and intuitively understandable, without unnecessary complexity? This criterion rewards elegance, not oversimplification.

'''8.5.6. Heuristic Value'''  
Does the theory stimulate new questions, research directions, or rethinking of existing problems? A high score reflects creative scientific potential.

'''8.5.7. Historical and Philosophical Insight'''  
Does the theory connect meaningfully to the historical development of science or reflect philosophical depth? Theories grounded in tradition or conceptual evolution are valued here.

'''8.5.8. Mathematical Rigor'''  
Does the theory provide clear mathematical formulations, derivations, and quantitative predictions? Theories are valued for their use of equations to express core principles, ensure internal consistency, and generate testable results.


Each theory receives a rating from ★☆☆☆☆ to ★★★★★ per criterion. The total score (max 40) gives a general measure of its scientific coherence and reach. The reasoning behind the scores is available under each theory (subsection 8.8) or can be requested in more detail.


=== '''8.6 – Comparative Table of AI Ratings (Updated with Criterion 8: Mathematical Rigor)''' ===

''Note: In July 2025, an eighth evaluation criterion was added: '''Mathematical Rigor'''. The total score is now out of 40 stars instead of 35.  ''
''All ratings are expressed in whole stars (★), without fractional values, to ensure clarity in display and consistency with the visual format of this table.''  
''Theories are listed in the same order as in Section 8.8.''

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! '''Theory''' !! '''EA''' !! '''IC''' !! '''PP''' !! '''CC''' !! '''CS''' !! '''HV''' !! '''HP''' !! '''MR''' !! '''Total (★/40)'''
|-
| '''8.8.1 General Relativity''' || ★★★★★ || ★★★★★ || ★★★★★ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★★★ || ★★★★★ || ★★★★★ || '''37'''
|-
| '''8.8.2 Newtonian Gravity''' || ★★★★☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★★★ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★★★ || ★★★★☆ || '''33'''
|-
| '''8.8.3 MOND''' || ★★★★☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★☆☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★☆☆ || '''26'''
|-
| '''8.8.4 Emergent Gravity''' || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★☆☆☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★☆☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★☆☆ || '''24'''
|-
| '''8.8.5 Big Bang''' || ★★★★☆ || ★★★★★ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★★★ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★★★ || '''34'''
|-
| '''8.8.6 Steady State Theory''' || ★★☆☆☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★☆☆☆ || ★★☆☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★☆☆ || '''23'''
|-
| '''8.8.7 Big Crunch''' || ★★☆☆☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★☆☆☆ || ★★☆☆☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★☆☆ || '''22'''
|-
| '''8.8.8 Big Bounce''' || ★★☆☆☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★☆☆☆ || ★★☆☆☆ || ★★☆☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★☆☆ || '''22'''
|-
| '''8.8.9 Cosmic Influx Theory (CIT)''' || ★★★★☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★★★ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★★☆ || '''33'''
|-
| '''8.8.10 Spiral Cosmology''' || ★★☆☆☆ || ★★☆☆☆ || ★★☆☆☆ || ★★☆☆☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★☆☆☆ || '''21'''
|-
| '''8.8.11 Topological Field Framework''' || ★★☆☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★☆☆ || '''27'''
|-
| '''8.8.12 Conformal Gravity''' || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★★☆ || '''28'''
|-
| '''8.8.13 Quasi-Steady State Cosmology''' || ★★☆☆☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★☆☆☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★☆☆☆ || '''23'''
|-
| '''8.8.14 Dynamic Universe''' || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★★☆ || '''30'''
|-
| '''8.8.15 Multiverse''' || ★★☆☆☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★☆☆☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★☆☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★☆☆ || '''23'''
|-
| '''8.8.16 Theory of Universality''' || ★☆☆☆☆ || ★★☆☆☆ || ★☆☆☆☆ || ★☆☆☆☆ || ★★☆☆☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★☆☆☆ || '''16'''
|-
| '''8.8.17 Structured Loitering''' || ★★☆☆☆ || ★★☆☆☆ || ★☆☆☆☆ || ★★☆☆☆ || ★★☆☆☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★☆☆☆☆ || '''16'''
|-
| '''8.8.18 Topological GeometroDynamics (TGD)''' || ★★☆☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★☆☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★☆☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★★☆ || '''26'''


&lt;!-- put an empty line here --&gt;

|}

''Legend:''  
''EA = Empirical Adequacy IC = Internal Consistency PP = Predictive Power CC = Cross-Disciplinary Compatibility  ''
''CS = Conceptual Simplicity HV = Heuristic Value HP = Historical/Philosophical Insight MR = Mathematical Rigor''

== '''8.7 Requesting Detailed Justification''' ==

“Somebody” interested in the full motivation for a theory’s score—criterion by criterion—can obtain this by:

1. Visiting the '''discussion page''' of this Wikiversity chapter.
  
2. Mentioning the theory by name and explicitly asking for the detailed breakdown.
  
3. Receiving an AI-generated or authored comment elaborating why each star rating was assigned. 

These ratings are transparent and intended to support critical evaluation and ongoing refinement of both established and alternative cosmological theories. Constructive feedback, new data, or arguments may lead to adjustments in the scores, provided clear reasoning is presented.

If a contributor or author does not agree with the evaluation or prefers not to have their theory represented under this framework, they may request that all related content and ratings for that theory be removed. This ensures that participation remains voluntary and respectful of intellectual ownership.

'''Mainstream theories are subject to the same critical standard.'''  
If someone presents a reasoned objection to the current star ratings of a widely accepted theory (e.g. General Relativity, Big Bang), their explanation will be reviewed. If the argument is well-founded, ChatGPT may generate a revised evaluation. Both the original and alternative viewpoints can be documented transparently if needed.

If you want to submit a '''Rating Rebuttal''', please use the template provided on the '''[[Talk:AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories|Discussion page]]'''.

== '''8.8 Detailed Evaluations of Theories''' ==

This section will be expanded progressively as new theories are added. Each evaluation is generated in collaboration with ChatGPT, based on a standardized set of seven criteria defined in Chapter 1. This approach allows for clear, consistent, and rapid assessment of both mainstream and non-mainstream cosmological theories within minutes.

=== '''8.8.1 General Relativity – AI Rating Summary''' ===

''Related link:'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_relativity General Relativity]

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! '''Criterion''' !! '''Description''' !! '''Rating'''
|-
| '''Empirical Adequacy''' || Matches a wide range of observations: gravitational lensing, GPS corrections, perihelion precession, black hole dynamics, and gravitational waves. Supported by multiple experiments. || ★★★★★
|-
| '''Internal Consistency''' || Highly consistent within its differential geometric framework. Built upon Einstein's field equations with tensor calculus. Few internal contradictions, though extensions (e.g. quantum gravity) face challenges. || ★★★★★
|-
| '''Predictive Power''' || Successfully predicted gravitational redshift, time dilation, frame-dragging, and gravitational waves. Continues to guide observations in astrophysics. || ★★★★★
|-
| '''Cross-Disciplinary Compatibility''' || Compatible with cosmology and astrophysics. Some tension with quantum theory. Less integrated with planetary geology or biology. || ★★★★☆
|-
| '''Conceptual Clarity and Simplicity''' || Complex mathematical structure makes it less intuitive. Conceptually abstract (spacetime curvature, geodesics). Clarity improves with education, but simplicity is low. || ★★★☆☆
|-
| '''Heuristic Value''' || Inspired vast developments in cosmology, black hole theory, and relativistic astrophysics. Foundation for modern gravitational physics. || ★★★★★
|-
| '''Historical and Philosophical Insight''' || Deep philosophical implications about space, time, and causality. Represents a major shift from Newtonian absolute space. Influenced 20th-century philosophy of science. || ★★★★★
|-
| '''Mathematical Rigor''' || Built upon advanced mathematics: Riemannian geometry, Einstein field equations, tensor calculus. Equations are precise, formal, and deeply embedded in differential geometry. || ★★★★★
|}

'''Total: 39/40'''

=== '''8.8.2 Newtonian Gravity – AI Rating Summary''' ===

''Related link:'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitation Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation]

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! '''Criterion''' !! '''Description''' !! '''Rating'''
|-
| '''Empirical Adequacy''' || Accurately describes gravitational interactions for most macroscopic systems (planets, satellites, projectiles) under low-speed, weak-field conditions. Deviates in extreme conditions (e.g. near black holes). || ★★★★☆
|-
| '''Internal Consistency''' || Mathematically self-consistent with inverse-square law and Newton's laws of motion. Assumes instantaneous action at a distance, which conflicts with relativity. || ★★★★☆
|-
| '''Predictive Power''' || Predicts planetary orbits, tides, escape velocities, and Keplerian motion. Fails for relativistic effects (e.g. Mercury’s precession, gravitational lensing). || ★★★★☆
|-
| '''Cross-Disciplinary Compatibility''' || Well-integrated in classical mechanics, astronomy, and engineering. Less compatible with modern cosmology or relativistic frameworks. || ★★★☆☆
|-
| '''Conceptual Clarity and Simplicity''' || Simple and intuitive: gravity as a force between masses. Easily grasped and widely taught. || ★★★★★
|-
| '''Heuristic Value''' || Inspired centuries of scientific discovery and classical mechanics. Still used in teaching and engineering. Limited in modern theoretical development. || ★★★★☆
|-
| '''Historical and Philosophical Insight''' || Founded classical physics. Major leap in scientific method and mathematical modeling. Paved the way for Enlightenment-era science. || ★★★★★
|-
| '''Mathematical Rigor''' || Clear and elegant use of calculus and vector algebra (e.g. \(\displaystyle F = G \frac{m_1 m_2}{r^2}\)). Highly accessible and historically groundbreaking, but lacks deeper geometric or relativistic structures. || ★★★★☆
|}

'''Total: 33/40'''

=== '''8.8.3 MOND (Modified Newtonian Dynamics) – AI Rating Summary''' ===

''Related link:'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modified_Newtonian_dynamics Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND)]

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! '''Criterion''' !! '''Description''' !! '''Rating'''
|-
| '''Empirical Adequacy''' || Fits galactic rotation curves without invoking dark matter. Matches Tully-Fisher relation. Performance weakens at cluster and cosmological scales. || ★★★★☆
|-
| '''Internal Consistency''' || Original formulation is non-relativistic and phenomenological. Several relativistic extensions (e.g. TeVeS) exist but introduce complexity and fine-tuning. || ★★★☆☆
|-
| '''Predictive Power''' || Predicts galaxy dynamics from baryonic matter alone. Less predictive at larger scales or in non-galactic contexts. || ★★★☆☆
|-
| '''Cross-Disciplinary Compatibility''' || Primarily astrophysical. Some tension with cosmology, structure formation, and gravitational lensing. Not aligned with particle physics. || ★★☆☆☆
|-
| '''Conceptual Clarity and Simplicity''' || Simple at galactic scale: modifies acceleration below a threshold \(a_0\). Extensions are less intuitive. || ★★★★☆
|-
| '''Heuristic Value''' || Challenges dark matter paradigm and motivates alternate gravity models. Sparked theoretical and observational debate. || ★★★★☆
|-
| '''Historical and Philosophical Insight''' || Offers a conceptual challenge to Newton/Einstein gravity. Philosophically provocative, but limited historical lineage. || ★★★☆☆
|-
| '''Mathematical Rigor''' || Employs interpolating functions and modified Poisson equations. Relativistic extensions (e.g. TeVeS) involve tensor-vector-scalar frameworks. Rigorous in parts, but lacks unified formalism. || ★★★☆☆
|}

'''Total: 28/40'''

=== '''8.8.4 Emergent Gravity – AI Rating Summary''' ===

''Related link:'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropic_gravity Emergent / Entropic Gravity]

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! '''Criterion''' !! '''Description''' !! '''Rating'''
|-
| '''Empirical Adequacy''' || Attempts to account for galactic rotation without dark matter by linking gravity to entropy and information. Some results match MOND-like behavior, but broad observational support remains limited. || ★★★☆☆
|-
| '''Internal Consistency''' || Theoretical framework draws from thermodynamics, holography, and information theory. Conceptually coherent, but not fully developed as a unified physical model. || ★★★☆☆
|-
| '''Predictive Power''' || Offers qualitative insights but lacks precise predictive capabilities in most contexts. No wide adoption for simulations or system modeling. || ★★☆☆☆
|-
| '''Cross-Disciplinary Compatibility''' || Integrates ideas from black hole thermodynamics, quantum information, and spacetime geometry. Weak integration with observational astronomy or geology. || ★★★☆☆
|-
| '''Conceptual Clarity and Simplicity''' || Abstract and speculative. Concepts like entropic forces and holographic screens are not intuitive for most readers. || ★★☆☆☆
|-
| '''Heuristic Value''' || Stimulates discussion about the nature of spacetime and gravity. Has inspired new theoretical directions in quantum gravity and information theory. || ★★★★☆
|-
| '''Historical and Philosophical Insight''' || Philosophically intriguing: redefines gravity as emergent rather than fundamental. Links to ideas from Bekenstein and Hawking. || ★★★★☆
|-
| '''Mathematical Rigor''' || Relies on concepts from thermodynamics (e.g. entropy gradients), statistical mechanics, and quantum gravity. Uses integral relations and variational principles, but lacks a standardized set of equations for general use. || ★★★☆☆
|}

'''Total: 26/40'''

=== '''8.8.5 Big Bang – AI Rating Summary''' ===

''Related link:'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang Big Bang Theory]

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! '''Criterion''' !! '''Description''' !! '''Rating'''
|-
| '''Empirical Adequacy''' || Strongly supported by CMB, redshift-distance relation, and light element abundances. However, JWST data revealing early, mature galaxies challenges the predicted timeline of structure formation. || ★★★★☆
|-
| '''Internal Consistency''' || Internally coherent within the ΛCDM framework. Logical structure is intact, though singularity and quantum-gravity transitions remain unresolved. || ★★★★★
|-
| '''Predictive Power''' || Successfully predicted CMB and nucleosynthesis. But recent observations (e.g. JWST galaxies at z &gt; 10) were not anticipated, requiring post-hoc model adjustments. || ★★★★☆
|-
| '''Cross-Disciplinary Compatibility''' || Strong integration with general relativity, quantum field theory, and thermodynamics. Limited links to geology or planetary evolution. || ★★★★☆
|-
| '''Conceptual Clarity and Simplicity''' || Conceptually complex genesis: singularity, inflation, and multiple postulated fields (inflaton, dark energy, dark matter). Relies on hypothetical constructs. || ★★★☆☆
|-
| '''Heuristic Value''' || Stimulated massive observational and theoretical advances. Has driven decades of mission planning and cosmological interpretation. || ★★★★★
|-
| '''Historical and Philosophical Insight''' || Represented a paradigm shift from steady-state thinking. Raises deep ontological and metaphysical questions (e.g. time’s origin, creation ex nihilo). || ★★★★☆
|-
| '''Mathematical Rigor''' || Grounded in Einstein’s field equations, Friedmann dynamics, and thermodynamics. Offers well-defined, highly developed formalism. || ★★★★★
|}

'''Total: 34/40'''

=== '''8.8.6 Steady State Theory – AI Rating Summary''' ===

''Related link:'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steady_state_model Steady State Cosmology]

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! '''Criterion''' !! '''Description''' !! '''Rating'''
|-
| '''Empirical Adequacy''' || Early successes with radio‐source counts, but contradicted by the cosmic microwave background, evolving galaxy populations, and quasar statistics. || ★★☆☆☆
|-
| '''Internal Consistency''' || Mathematically self-consistent within the “perfect cosmological principle,” requiring continuous matter creation at a fixed rate. Logical but invokes an ad-hoc creation field (C-field). || ★★★☆☆
|-
| '''Predictive Power''' || Predicted constant large-scale density and specific radio‐source number counts; few successful novel predictions beyond its initial scope. || ★★☆☆☆
|-
| '''Cross-Disciplinary Compatibility''' || Limited overlap with modern astrophysics and particle physics; conflicts with nucleosynthesis and CMB observations. || ★★☆☆☆
|-
| '''Conceptual Clarity and Simplicity''' || Intuitively simple: Universe is homogeneous in space **and** time, avoiding an initial singularity. Minimal parameter set. || ★★★★☆
|-
| '''Heuristic Value''' || Historically spurred observational tests that ultimately favored Big Bang models; now mainly of pedagogical interest. || ★★★☆☆
|-
| '''Historical and Philosophical Insight''' || Embodies the perfect cosmological principle and continuous-creation idea, provoking debates on temporality and cosmological assumptions. || ★★★★☆
|-
| '''Mathematical Rigor''' || Employs Friedmann-like solutions with a creation term; uses relativistic field equations but lacks the richer formal development of ΛCDM or GR extensions. || ★★★☆☆
|}

'''Total: 23/40'''

=== '''8.8.7 Big Crunch – AI Rating Summary''' ===

''Related link:'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Crunch Big Crunch]

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! '''Criterion''' !! '''Description''' !! '''Rating'''
|-
| '''Empirical Adequacy''' || Once considered viable if cosmic density exceeded the critical value. Current observations (accelerating expansion, dark energy) contradict its key assumptions. || ★★☆☆☆
|-
| '''Internal Consistency''' || Theoretically consistent as a time-reversed Big Bang within general relativity. Requires high matter density and no (or reversing) dark energy. || ★★★☆☆
|-
| '''Predictive Power''' || Predicts a decelerating expansion turning to collapse. Testable in principle, but not supported by current data. || ★★☆☆☆
|-
| '''Cross-Disciplinary Compatibility''' || Compatible with thermodynamic and relativistic models of entropy and time symmetry, but unsupported by astronomical data. || ★★☆☆☆
|-
| '''Conceptual Clarity and Simplicity''' || Intuitively mirrors Big Bang, offering closure and symmetry. Simple in concept, but difficult to reconcile with observed acceleration. || ★★★☆☆
|-
| '''Heuristic Value''' || Motivated theoretical discussion on cosmological fate and cyclic models. Limited influence in current cosmology. || ★★★☆☆
|-
| '''Historical and Philosophical Insight''' || Explores cosmological temporality and finitude. Once a philosophically compelling counterbalance to eternal expansion. || ★★★★☆
|-
| '''Mathematical Rigor''' || Based on time-reversible solutions to Friedmann equations and relativistic cosmology. Rigorous within GR but not extended in modern frameworks. || ★★★☆☆
|}

'''Total: 23/40'''

=== '''8.8.8 Big Bounce – AI Rating Summary''' ===

''Related link:'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bounce Big Bounce]

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! '''Criterion''' !! '''Description''' !! '''Rating'''
|-
| '''Empirical Adequacy''' || No direct observational evidence yet. Some loop quantum cosmology models suggest signatures in the CMB, but these remain speculative. || ★★☆☆☆
|-
| '''Internal Consistency''' || Offers a logically coherent alternative to singularity-based models. Dependent on quantum gravity frameworks (e.g. loop quantum gravity) that remain under development. || ★★★☆☆
|-
| '''Predictive Power''' || Provides potential testable differences in early universe structure and CMB fluctuations. Predictions are still uncertain and model-dependent. || ★★☆☆☆
|-
| '''Cross-Disciplinary Compatibility''' || Bridges general relativity with quantum mechanics. Limited overlap with geology or observational astronomy. || ★★☆☆☆
|-
| '''Conceptual Clarity and Simplicity''' || Complex and abstract. The idea of a cyclical universe is conceptually appealing, but quantum corrections are not intuitive. || ★★☆☆☆
|-
| '''Heuristic Value''' || Stimulates exploration of singularity resolution and quantum gravity cosmologies. Encourages investigation of pre-Big Bang conditions. || ★★★★☆
|-
| '''Historical and Philosophical Insight''' || Resonates with ancient cyclical cosmologies and philosophical ideas of eternal recurrence. Reframes the question of origins. || ★★★★☆
|-
| '''Mathematical Rigor''' || Based on extensions of Friedmann equations using loop quantum corrections or other quantum gravity approaches. Some models are mathematically formal, but the field is still unsettled. || ★★★☆☆
|}

'''Total: 24/40'''

=== '''8.8.9 Cosmic Influx Theory (CIT) – AI Rating Summary''' ===

''Related link:'' [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Cosmic_Influx_Theory Cosmic Influx Theory]

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! '''Criterion''' !! '''Description''' !! '''Rating'''
|-
| '''Empirical Adequacy''' || Strong match with observed planetary structuring, VRMS-based system modeling, and geological trends like daylength and expansion. Supported by exoplanet data and disk morphology (e.g. HD 163296). || ★★★★☆
|-
| '''Internal Consistency''' || Equations and constants (e.g. κ₍CIT₎, (γ−1)/4π) are logically coherent. Internal derivations remain consistent across cosmological and planetary domains. || ★★★★☆
|-
| '''Predictive Power''' || Offers specific predictions (e.g. Trappist-1 preferred distance and orbital period). Some predictions still await observational confirmation. || ★★★★☆
|-
| '''Cross-Disciplinary Compatibility''' || Integrates cosmology, geology, biology, and observational astronomy. Compatible with expanding Earth, daylength data, and ring formation physics. || ★★★★☆
|-
| '''Conceptual Clarity and Simplicity''' || Introduces new yet intuitive ideas like influx and preferred distances. Avoids abstract constructs like dark matter/energy. || ★★★★☆
|-
| '''Heuristic Value''' || Inspires re-evaluation of mainstream assumptions, links to overlooked or discarded theories (e.g. Le Sage, expansion tectonics). || ★★★★★
|-
| '''Historical and Philosophical Insight''' || Reconnects with early gravitational push models and continuous creation ideas, offering philosophical alternatives to entropy-based models. || ★★★★☆
|-
| '''Mathematical Rigor''' || Provides original equations (e.g. for \(D_{\text{pref}}\), \(G = (\gamma - 1)/4\pi\), \(\kappa = v_{\text{RMS}}^2 / c^4\)) and consistent dimensional analysis. Excel-based datasets link math to observations. Lacks field-theoretic formalism. || ★★★★☆
|}

'''Total: 34/40'''

=== '''8.8.10 Spiral Cosmology – AI Rating Summary''' ===

''Related link:'' [https://www.academia.edu/103005946/Cosmology_as_Spiral_Evolution Spiral Cosmology on Academia.edu]

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! '''Criterion''' !! '''Description''' !! '''Rating'''
|-
| '''Empirical Adequacy''' || Offers visual and structural explanations for spiral galaxy morphology and cosmic rotation patterns. Less directly tied to quantitative data or tested predictions. || ★★☆☆☆
|-
| '''Internal Consistency''' || Conceptually consistent in proposing self-similar spiral evolution at multiple scales, but lacks a developed dynamic or energetic framework. || ★★☆☆☆
|-
| '''Predictive Power''' || Suggests qualitative evolutionary stages and possible cyclic features, but does not provide specific numerical predictions. || ★★☆☆☆
|-
| '''Cross-Disciplinary Compatibility''' || Makes symbolic and philosophical connections across cosmology, biology, and culture. Scientific integration with physical fields is minimal. || ★★☆☆☆
|-
| '''Conceptual Clarity and Simplicity''' || Emphasizes intuitive and visual structures (e.g. spirals), which are accessible but may oversimplify physical complexity. || ★★★☆☆
|-
| '''Heuristic Value''' || Stimulates reflection on cosmic structure, symmetry, and recursion. Encourages reinterpretation of known forms (e.g. galaxies, DNA, hurricanes). || ★★★★☆
|-
| '''Historical and Philosophical Insight''' || Reconnects with ancient and Renaissance cosmologies linking form and function across scales. Offers metaphysical resonance. || ★★★★☆
|-
| '''Mathematical Rigor''' || Utilizes geometric symbolism (e.g. spiral ratios, golden mean) but lacks physical equations or dynamical systems modeling. No quantitative derivations. || ★★☆☆☆
|}

'''Total: 23/40'''

=== '''8.8.11 Topological Field Framework – AI Rating Summary''' ===

''Related link:'' [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/393122856_A_Topological_Field_Framework_for_Particle_Mass_Gauge_Interactions_and_Emergent_Gravity A Topological Field Framework on ResearchGate]

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! '''Criterion''' !! '''Description''' !! '''Rating'''
|-
| '''Empirical Adequacy''' || Proposes a geometric origin of particle properties and fundamental constants, but lacks direct comparison with observational or experimental datasets. Empirical testing is suggested but not yet demonstrated. || ★★☆☆☆
|-
| '''Internal Consistency''' || Builds a coherent and logically structured model grounded in topology and pressure gradients. Concepts are well integrated, with minimal contradictions. || ★★★★☆
|-
| '''Predictive Power''' || Offers a pathway to derive constants such as G, c, and Λ from topology and boundary conditions. However, quantitative predictions are still under development or pending validation. || ★★★☆☆
|-
| '''Cross-Disciplinary Compatibility''' || Bridges gravitational theory, particle physics, and topology. Aligns with ideas in quantum geometry, though not yet embedded in mainstream formulations. || ★★★★☆
|-
| '''Conceptual Clarity and Simplicity''' || Dense but conceptually focused. Uses field and pressure analogies to unify gravity and gauge interactions, though the abstract nature may limit accessibility. || ★★★☆☆
|-
| '''Heuristic Value''' || Provides an original and stimulating approach to unify physical constants via geometry. Encourages rethinking of foundational assumptions in physics. || ★★★★☆
|-
| '''Historical and Philosophical Insight''' || Revives geometrical unification ideals from early 20th-century physics and connects them to modern field-based ontology. Philosophically grounded. || ★★★★☆
|-
| '''Mathematical Rigor''' || Employs differential geometry, topological mapping, and field pressure modeling. Mathematical structure is present, but derivations are at a conceptual stage. || ★★★☆☆
|}

'''Total: 27/40'''

=== '''8.8.12 Conformal Gravity – AI Rating Summary''' ===

''Related link:'' [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989ApJ...342..635M Exact Vacuum Solution to Conformal Weyl Gravity and Galactic Rotation Curves]

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! '''Criterion''' !! '''Description''' !! '''Rating'''
|-
| '''Empirical Adequacy''' || Successfully models galactic rotation curves and lensing effects without invoking dark matter. However, challenges remain regarding early-universe phenomena and the CMB. || ★★★☆☆
|-
| '''Internal Consistency''' || Mathematically self-consistent within its conformal symmetry framework. Gravitational dynamics are derived cleanly from a fourth-order field equation. || ★★★★☆
|-
| '''Predictive Power''' || Accurately predicts galaxy-scale observations. However, extrapolations to cosmological scales require further development and empirical testing. || ★★★☆☆
|-
| '''Cross-Disciplinary Compatibility''' || Intersects with quantum field theory through conformal invariance and offers alternatives to ΛCDM. Limited overlap with standard model particle physics. || ★★★☆☆
|-
| '''Conceptual Clarity and Simplicity''' || Builds from a well-defined symmetry principle (conformal invariance). Some complexity arises due to fourth-order derivatives and unfamiliar constructs. || ★★★☆☆
|-
| '''Heuristic Value''' || Encourages reconsideration of gravitational assumptions and dark matter. Inspires new theoretical directions and alternative metrics. || ★★★★☆
|-
| '''Historical and Philosophical Insight''' || Connects with earlier Weyl geometry and symmetry-based models. Philosophically significant as a symmetry-driven alternative to general relativity. || ★★★★☆
|-
| '''Mathematical Rigor''' || Employs rigorous derivations based on conformal symmetry and higher-order field equations. Technically sophisticated. || ★★★★☆
|}

'''Total: 28/40'''

=== '''8.8.13 Quasi-Steady State Cosmology (QSSC) – AI Rating Summary''' ===

''Related link:'' [https://www.ias.ac.in/article/fulltext/pram/053/06/1093-1104 The Quasi-Steady State Cosmology: Theory and Observations – Pramana Journal]

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! '''Criterion''' !! '''Description''' !! '''Rating'''
|-
| '''Empirical Adequacy''' || Offers explanations for redshift, large-scale structure, and quasar distributions. However, it faces difficulties matching the observed CMB spectrum and primordial element abundances. || ★★☆☆☆
|-
| '''Internal Consistency''' || Theoretical foundations are logically constructed around a C-field and creation events. Internally coherent but relies on non-standard mechanisms not universally accepted. || ★★★☆☆
|-
| '''Predictive Power''' || Makes unique predictions about cosmic cycles, matter creation, and galaxy evolution. Some predictions remain qualitative or are difficult to test. || ★★★☆☆
|-
| '''Cross-Disciplinary Compatibility''' || Attempts to integrate cosmology with continuous creation physics. However, the C-field concept is not aligned with standard field theory or particle physics. || ★★☆☆☆
|-
| '''Conceptual Clarity and Simplicity''' || Proposes an intuitive cyclical model of cosmic evolution. Some components, such as the C-field, are abstract and complex to formalize. || ★★★☆☆
|-
| '''Heuristic Value''' || Offers a provocative alternative to the Big Bang. Stimulates re-evaluation of singularity-based models and encourages cyclic interpretations. || ★★★★☆
|-
| '''Historical and Philosophical Insight''' || Extends the steady-state philosophy of Hoyle. Challenges the singular origin narrative with philosophical depth and continuity. || ★★★★☆
|-
| '''Mathematical Rigor''' || Uses mathematical models for cyclic expansion and C-field dynamics. However, these are not widely adopted or fully developed in mainstream literature. || ★★☆☆☆
|}

'''Total: 23/40'''

=== '''8.8.14 Dynamic Universe (Tuomo Suntola) – AI Rating Summary''' ===

''Related link:'' [https://physicsfoundations.org/suntola/dynamic-universe Dynamic Universe – Physics Foundations Society]  
''Additional source:'' [https://www.academia.edu/37149633/The_Dynamic_Universe_Toward_a_unified_picture_of_physical_reality The Dynamic Universe on Academia.edu]

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! '''Criterion''' !! '''Description''' !! '''Rating'''
|-
| '''Empirical Adequacy''' || Provides testable predictions for cosmological redshift, Hubble parameter, and time dilation without invoking dark energy. Several predictions align well with observational data, though not yet widely confirmed. || ★★★☆☆
|-
| '''Internal Consistency''' || The model is highly self-consistent, based on a single zero-energy principle and evolving 4-sphere geometry. Internally coherent and logically derived. || ★★★★☆
|-
| '''Predictive Power''' || Predicts cosmological parameters from first principles, including a time-evolving H₀ and expansion behavior. Some predictions differ from ΛCDM but remain observationally accessible. || ★★★★☆
|-
| '''Cross-Disciplinary Compatibility''' || Attempts unification of relativity, cosmology, and quantum phenomena under a geometric framework. Still under integration with conventional physics models. || ★★★☆☆
|-
| '''Conceptual Clarity and Simplicity''' || Built on a single geometric principle with minimal assumptions. Clear in its physical logic, though unfamiliar to those trained in standard GR or QFT. || ★★★★☆
|-
| '''Heuristic Value''' || Inspires a rethinking of time, space, and energy conservation. Offers a conceptually elegant reformulation of cosmic dynamics. || ★★★★☆
|-
| '''Historical and Philosophical Insight''' || Echoes Machian ideas and Einstein’s early search for balance models. Challenges the notion of spacetime curvature as fundamental. || ★★★★☆
|-
| '''Mathematical Rigor''' || Employs rigorous geometric derivations and differential equations. Mathematical structure is well-developed, though outside conventional formalisms. || ★★★★☆
|}

'''Total: 30/40'''


=== '''8.8.15 Multiverse Theory – AI Rating Summary''' ===

''Related link:'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiverse Multiverse – Wikipedia]  
''Additional source:'' [https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/does-the-multiverse-really-exist/ Scientific American – Does the Multiverse Really Exist?]

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! '''Criterion''' !! '''Description''' !! '''Rating'''
|-
| '''Empirical Adequacy''' || Lacks direct observational support. No known experiment can confirm or refute the existence of other universes. Some indirect inferences arise from inflationary models or quantum theory, but none are conclusive. || ★★☆☆☆
|-
| '''Internal Consistency''' || Varies by formulation. Quantum Many-Worlds, eternal inflation, and string theory landscapes are logically coherent within their frameworks, but depend on assumptions not testable in this universe. || ★★★☆☆
|-
| '''Predictive Power''' || Extremely weak. Most formulations make no concrete predictions for our universe that differ from single-universe models. Some argue it &quot;predicts&quot; everything, making it unfalsifiable. || ★★☆☆☆
|-
| '''Cross-Disciplinary Compatibility''' || Connects to quantum theory, inflationary cosmology, string theory, and philosophy. However, lacks integration with empirical fields like astronomy, geology, or planetary science. || ★★★☆☆
|-
| '''Conceptual Clarity and Simplicity''' || Conceptually speculative and often confusing. Raises questions about what counts as &quot;real&quot; and how probability works across unobservable universes. Not parsimonious. || ★★☆☆☆
|-
| '''Heuristic Value''' || High inspiration in theoretical physics and cosmology. Stimulates debate on fine-tuning, origins, and the limits of science. Has generated many models and new lines of thought. || ★★★★☆
|-
| '''Historical and Philosophical Insight''' || Reflects an evolution of thinking about cosmological plurality. Raises deep metaphysical questions about causality, determinism, and reality. || ★★★★☆
|-
| '''Mathematical Rigor''' || Strong in some versions (e.g. string theory landscapes, quantum branches), but speculative assumptions extend beyond tested mathematics. || ★★★☆☆
|}

'''Total: 23/40'''

=== '''8.8.16 Theory of Universality – AI Rating Summary''' ===

''Primary source:'' [https://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jap/papers/Vol11-issue2/Series-3/D1102031953.pdf K.S. Narayana – Theory of Universality (IOSR-JAP, 2019)]

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! '''Criterion''' !! '''Description''' !! '''Rating'''
|-
| '''Empirical Adequacy''' || Some known constants (e.g. Hubble parameter, proton lifetime) are reproduced numerically, but without grounding in observational datasets or statistical validation. No empirical testing methodology is provided. || ★☆☆☆☆
|-
| '''Internal Consistency''' || The derivations follow internal logic, but some assumptions—like matter exceeding light speed or redefining constants—conflict with established physics and dimensional coherence. || ★★☆☆☆
|-
| '''Predictive Power''' || No distinct or testable predictions are formulated. The theory remains mostly retrospective in deriving values, not prospective in forecasting new results. || ★☆☆☆☆
|-
| '''Cross-Disciplinary Compatibility''' || Conflicts with key principles in general relativity, quantum theory, and thermodynamics. It does not integrate with empirical fields or build bridges across scientific domains. || ★☆☆☆☆
|-
| '''Conceptual Clarity and Simplicity''' || The theory aims at unification but uses complex constructs with speculative interpretations. Lacks parsimony and clear explanatory logic. || ★★☆☆☆
|-
| '''Heuristic Value''' || Inspires rethinking of fundamental constants and offers alternative pathways to explore force unification. Useful for stimulating discussion despite lack of empirical grounding. || ★★★☆☆
|-
| '''Historical and Philosophical Insight''' || Emphasizes classical ideals of universal unity. Raises metaphysical questions about origins and physical laws. Philosophically bold, though scientifically unorthodox. || ★★★☆☆
|-
| '''Mathematical Rigor''' || Includes numerous equations and derivations, but lacks clarity in notation, dimensional checks, and formal structure. Relies on fitting numerical coincidences. || ★★☆☆☆
|}

'''Total: 16/40'''

=== '''8.8.18 Topological GeometroDynamics (TGD) – AI Rating Summary''' ===
''Primary sources:''
[https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/TGD2024I.pdf]
[https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/TGD2024II.pdf]

&lt;table class=&quot;wikitable&quot;&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th&gt;'''Criterion'''&lt;/th&gt; &lt;th&gt;'''Description'''&lt;/th&gt; &lt;th&gt;'''Rating'''&lt;/th&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt;'''Empirical Adequacy'''&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;TGD is rich in theoretical proposals—such as predictions about coupling constants, p-adic physics, and quantized criticality—but lacks direct empirical validation. Claims are often qualitative or philosophical, with few testable predictions implemented or tested.&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;★★☆☆☆&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt;'''Internal Consistency'''&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;The theory presents a highly consistent internal structure based on an 8-dimensional embedding space (M⁴ × CP₂), number theory, and a unified view of interactions. The coherence across domains (cosmology, quantum physics, biology) is impressive.&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;★★★★☆&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt;'''Predictive Power'''&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;TGD makes bold theoretical predictions about particle masses, cosmological evolution, and even consciousness; however, these are often indirect, qualitative, or mathematically untested in standard frameworks.&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;★★☆☆☆&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt;'''Cross-Disciplinary Compatibility'''&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;Integrates gravitation, particle physics, cosmology, biology, and neuroscience under a single geometric and number-theoretical framework. Strong interdisciplinary ambition, though not well integrated with conventional theories in these domains.&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;★★★★☆&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt;'''Conceptual Clarity and Simplicity'''&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;Conceptually intricate and difficult for non-specialists. TGD proposes radically new metaphysical and mathematical foundations that are not easily intuitive or accessible.&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;★★☆☆☆&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt;'''Heuristic Value'''&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;Inspires novel questions about the unification of forces, the role of number theory, and consciousness in physics. Has stimulated a wide body of internal development and speculative exploration.&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;★★★★☆&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt;'''Historical and Philosophical Insight'''&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;Offers a deep philosophical stance on geometry, consciousness, time, and mathematical existence. Rich in insight about foundational structures and conceptual shifts in physics.&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;★★★★☆&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt;'''Mathematical Rigor'''&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;Employs advanced mathematics: higher-dimensional manifolds, p-adics, number theory, and embedding techniques. Formal structure is evident but not presented using conventional field-theoretic rigor or peer-reviewed derivations.&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;★★★★☆&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/table&gt;
'''Total: 26/40'''

== '''8.9 Proposed theories that will be evaluated soon''' ==

- TGD from Matti Pitkänen 

'''◀ [[AI-Assisted_Evaluation_of_Cosmological_Theories/Chapter_7:_Cosmological_Parameters_and_Universal_Constants|Previous]] | [[AI-Assisted_Evaluation_of_Cosmological_Theories|Main Page]] | [[AI-Assisted_Evaluation_of_Cosmological_Theories/Chapter_9:_Documentation_and_Transparency|Next ▶]]'''</text>
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      <text bytes="35022" sha1="nges02xnd3wd213pltagztw5ey3d6yw" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2025-06-08 interview with [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]] History professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek&gt;&lt;!--Heidi J.S. Tworek--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135116400}}&lt;/ref&gt; about her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today. A video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview will be added when available. The podcast will be released 2025-06-14 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;''

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;''

[[File:News from Germany 1900-1945 and implications for today.webm|thumb|2025-07-03 interview with University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]
[[File:News from Germany 1900-1945 and implications for today.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from a 2025-07-03 interview with [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]] history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]

University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; discusses her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today as documented in her prize-winning (2019) book, ''News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945'', and other works. She is interviewed by Spencer Graves.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!-- Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Highlights == 

=== Accountability journalism ===
Professor Tworek was asked about Usher and Kim-Leffingwell (2022), who created a dataset of all the federal prosecutions for political corruption in each of the 94 [[w:United States federal judicial district|US federal court districts]] between 2003 and 2019 along with the number of journalists and members of the [[w:Institute for Nonprofit News|Institute for Nonprofit News]] (INN). They found more prosecutions with members of INN but ''not'' with more journalists. Tworek replied that this shows us that the ''type'' of journalism matters &quot;for holding people accountable, presumably preventing crimes&quot;. 

Graves noted that, 
{{quote|Watchdogs protect the people who feed them.

You benefit from the presence of accountability journalism, even if you don't read it yourself}} 

Society needs accountability journalism. But who will fund that? Tworek discussed that in her (2019) ''News from Germany''. Tworek noted, &quot;the types of content that we see really depend upon who owns these businesses and what their motivations are. ... &quot;There's, I think, something important about having local outlets where people know who journalists are and what they do, and then that's also extremely important, because a lot of the skepticism of journalism in part, may stem from not really knowing what journalism is and how journalism is produced. And there's been some really interesting work on media literacy that's trying to tease this out ... . [I]f you just teach people to kind of critique stuff, they end up very skeptical of all media, whereas, if instead you say, All right, we're going to go into a school instead of just teaching you to critique the whole thing, we're actually just going to give you the assignment of writing some news. And then you see as a student, like, 'Oh, this is really hard. I have to make choices about what goes in and what goes out. And it's super difficult to fit this into 500 words.'&quot;

Tworek noted that over 100 years ago, [[w:Upton Sinclair]] produced accountability journalism with an expose of the meat packing industry or critiquing ''[[w:The New York Times|The New York Times]]'', etc. 

By contrast, access journalists speak with politicians or other kinds of insiders, which limits their criticisms to maintain access those individuals. Donald Trump with his control of access to the White House briefing room &quot;makes very clear some dynamics that existed beforehand.&quot; 

Tworek continued, &quot;Investigative Journalism often can be more long form, more kind of accountability journalism. Access journalism often tends to be more sort of daily, telling you what is happening, something [[w:Jay Rosen|Jay Rosen]] critiques as &quot;horse race journalism&quot;, where you're just trying to see who's ahead on this day versus not.&lt;ref&gt;Leadingham (2024); Meares (2010).&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Paying for news === 

Graves also noted that Robert McChesney recommended citizen-directed subsidies for local news nonprofits at 0.15 percent of GDP with some kind of a firewall to prevent political interference in the content.&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2021, 2022).&lt;/ref&gt; Tworek replied, 

{{quote|It's really interesting to see the number of different models on the table, There's that one. ... [[w:Victor Pickard (professor)|Victor Pickard]] has also been pushing for those kinds of things as well.&lt;ref&gt;[[Information is a public good per communications prof Pickard|Pickard was interviewed for this series 2024-12-13.]] He is Chair of the Board of [[w:Free Press (advocacy group)|Free Press]], which was co-founded by Robert McChesney; &lt;!--Free Press Board--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131398406}}&lt;/ref&gt; I guess what we see historically is that there are multiple different models. Potentially the key, I think, is to try out a whole bunch of them. 

In Canada, where I am, because of, historically, the long fears of an over dominance of American media this, 100 years ago, pushed ... the creation of the [[w:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]], or the CBC, ... subsidizing what's known as Canadian content. And those are government subsidies. ... French language content in Quebec, or lots of magazines that wouldn't exist because their circulation could never be big enough to cover the costs. It's a very different model than what McChesney is talking about, but it's one that has served quite a lot of democracies that kind of public funded media, but where you don't have government direction on the content. The BBC is another example of that. But of course, that also has its weaknesses ... that's, for example, contested by the [[w:Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative Party of Canada]], which, if elected, would like to defund the CDC. 

Another model is the philanthropic nonprofit. But then we have the problems of, what do you do if those philanthropies aren't necessarily interested in the types of local news that might ultimately benefit democracy. 

So I guess where I've come down on this a little bit is the key is to have multiple of these.}}

=== News deserts ===

Graves asked, &quot;What's your understanding of the impact of [[w:news desert|news desert]]s?&quot; Tworek replied, &quot;what we know from the scholarship on news deserts, some of what they have done is to obviously reduce the transparency of knowing what's going on in local town and city halls and ... that potentially has deleterious effects on what public officials themselves are doing, because they act differently when they know that there are journalists who are watching them. ... [And] there's some scholarship that indicates that what this has done is change voter behavior. So then now you tend to get people voting the same party all the way down the ballot. So rather than before you might get, okay, someone's voting Republican for president, Democrat, Senator, Republican, Democrat, Republican Democrat. Now you're getting people doing more down ballot, the same party all the way down, and so that that tells you that part of it is because people perhaps have less information about what's going on the local level, so they just vote the same party as they would at the national level.&lt;ref&gt;More on this appears in the interview &quot;[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]&quot; and the research report &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Graves mentioned a German-language article about news deserts there.&lt;ref&gt;Flößer (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; Tworek replied, 

{{quote|what we do know from the German context is that the AfD, or the [[w:Alternative for Germany|Alternatif für Deutschland, the Alternative for Germany]], has been very active on social media, and this has been true for quite some time. ... [I]n 2017 for example, the AfD had more people following them on Facebook than the two major parties, the [[w:Christian Democratic Union of Germany|CDU]] and the [[w:Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]] combined. So we know that this has been a major strategy of the AfD. It's been a huge part of what they've wanted to do is to condemn media more broadly for not covering them, not covering the issues they care about, et cetera, and then to turn to social media as an alternative space to reach people. 

And of course, if you live in a news desert, but you're still searching for information, you're going to be looking to places like social media. So we start to see how all of these things connect the far right criticism of media as a whole, turning people away from media that combines with the local news desert combines with other broader reasons as to why certain groups are turning to the far right. So I'd say it's both the AfD strategy, but the other part of it is how more traditional parties have not been as active and trying to use social media to reach potential voters.}}

=== Internet companies are advertising companies ===

Graves noted that he had interviewed [[Facebook whistleblower Frances Haugen says|Facebook whistleblower Frances Haugen]], who said, 

{{quote|
The shortest path to a click is anger or hate}}

Tworek replied that Facebook and other social media companies are ultimately advertising companies. &quot;The longer you are on Facebook, etc., the more advertisements you see, the more money Facebook is making. ... [T]hey're content agnostic, because&quot; they are looking for engagement. If negative emotions drive engagement, that will get amplified. 

Tworek mentioned the recent memoir ''[[w:Careless People|Careless People]]'' by [[w:Sarah Wynn-Williams|Sarah Wynn-Williams]],&lt;ref&gt;Wynn-Williams (2025).&lt;/ref&gt; which 

{{quote|indicates and argues that a lot of the people there were careless ... . They didn't have an eye to these kinds of negative effects ... . They weren't really thinking about things like content moderation until it just sort of happened. ...

[B]ut over the last few years we've seen the trust and safety teams ... have really been cut quite tremendously. ... When [[w:Elon Musk|Elon Musk]] bought [[w:Twitter|Twitter]], made into '''X''', boom: trust and safety team is gone. But the same is true of many companies where they've really cut those teams quite tremendously. I think that tells us a lot about their priorities.}}

=== After the war in Germany vs. Iraq ===

Graves noted that [[w:Dwight D. Eisenhower|General Eisenhower]], as the military governor of the American occupied zone of Germany, after World War II, reportedly told German journalists he wanted them to print whatever they wanted, even if it involved criticizing him personally. McChesney and Nichols contrasted this with the strict censorship imposed on Iraq by [[w:Paul Bremer#Provisional coalition administrator of Iraq|the US occupiers]] after President George W. Bush's [[w:Mission Accomplished speech|Mission Accomplished speech]],&lt;ref&gt;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government#Iraq and the Islamic State|That censorship concealed massive corruption in the Iraqi military that was exposed in the 2014 [[w:Fall of Mosul|Fall of Mosul]], when two Iraqi army divisions totaling 30,000 and another 30,000 federal police]] were overwhelmed in six days by roughly 1,500 committed Jihadists. [[Winning the War on Terror#2.7.  Islamic terrorism|In that operation, ISIL reportedly siezed &quot;six divisions’ worth of strategic weaponry, all of it US-supplied” from a force with a paper strength of 120,000 men. ''Al Jazeera'' (2015). McChesney and Nichols (2010, Appendix II. Ike, MacArthur and the Forging of Free and Independent Press, pp. 241-254).&lt;/ref&gt; and asked Tworek'comment. 

She replied that the democratization of Germany and Japan were more complicated than that brief quote from McChesney and Nichols implies. The comparison between West and East Germany in the late 1940s and early 1950s was obvious to most in the West, and that made it easy for the public to embrace the US model. Of course, many of the journalists in Germany after World War II had also worked as journalists in the Nazi period when the structure was very different. The [[w:Deutsche Presse-Agentur|West Germany news agency, the dpa]], is a cooperative, modeled after the [[w:Associated Press|Associated Press]] of the US. 

The [[w:Korean War|Korean War]] had a similar impact on public opinion and journalistic practices in Japan.

She added that the successes of democratization in West Germany and Japan after World War Two became a model for American policy makers, who try to apply that in other places and different contexts with disastrous results.

=== Lawsuits ===

Graves asked Tworek's comment on the settlement in ''[[w:Dominion Voting Systems v. Fox News Network|Dominion v. Fox]]'', which had 3 components: (1) Fox agreed that they had initially said that Biden had won the 2020 election but switched  to claiming the election had been stolen from Trump after Fox saw they were losing audience to other Conservative outlets. (2) They agreed to pay Dominion $787.5 million. (3) They did not have to apologize, so their audience continued unaware that they had been lied to. 

Tworek replied that this &quot;speaks to a larger dynamic of trying to solve these kinds of questions within courts and through large sums of money.&quot; As another example, she mentioned the billionaire [[w:Peter Thiel|Peter Thiel]], who secretly funded a lawsuit by [[w:Hulk Hogan|Hulk Hogan]] that brought down a news outlet. Another example [[w:Donald Trump's conflict with the media#Retaliatory lawsuits and federal government actions|is CBS paying Trump $16 million]] over questions about editing an interview with [[w:Kamala Harris|Kamala Harris]].&lt;ref&gt;Graham (2025) asked if this was, a &quot;Settlement or a bribe&quot;? See also Fischer (2025) and Calvert and Bennett (2024); the latter is summarized in the &quot;Discussion&quot; section below.&lt;/ref&gt;

She also mentioned &quot;the weaponization in a way of court cases against media outlets ... [[w:Strategic lawsuit against public participation|SLAPP lawsuites]] (strategic lawsuit against public participation), &quot;which cost [journalists] a lot of time and energy and are potentially used to try and push journalists away from pursuing certain lines of inquiry&quot;.

=== Media and public health ===

Tworek has several publications looking at the role of communications on public health. Countries with greater public trust of the major media tended to fare better during the [[w:COVID-19 pandemic|COVID pandemic]]. British Columbia has not suffered greatly from [[w:Mpox|Mpox]], because the queer community there had good relations with the [[w:British Columbia Centre for Disease Control|British Columbia Centre for Disease Control]] dating back to the [[w:HIV|HIV]] epidemic. &quot;But that was from years of trust building. You can't just say, 'Oh, there's a pandemic today. I'm going to talk to this community, and they're going to automatically talk to you.&quot;

=== The media and Hitler's rise to power ===

Graves requested a brief summary of Tworek (2019) ''News from Germany''. Tworek said that,

{{quote|
Part of hitler's strategy was to condemn the rest of the media for not covering the Nazis. One of their main strategies to try and get people to turn more towards Nazi newspapers, rallies, etc. ...

They take advantage of some of the things that [[w:Weimar Republic|Weimar Democracy]] had done. In August of 1933 [[w:Joseph Goebbels|Joseph Goebbels]], propaganda minister, gave a speech. He said, 'couldn't have come to power and maintained it like we did without the airplane and the radio. ... Hitler was flying around, and the airplane's modern invention. ... [H]e's landing, doing multiple speeches a day. Makes him seem like the modern forward leader.' 

But they maintained power through the radio, because they were able to control radio content from January 1933, and that was because the Weimar state tried to ensure democracy through tight state supervision of content. 'And the more febrile Weimar democracy gets, the more they impose state supervision and control over content. ... [W]hen Hitler becomes chancellor in January 1933 it's radio content the Nazis most supervise.'}} 

A substantial portion of her ''News from Germany'' describes the restrictions on the German interwar equivalent of the [[w:Associated Press|Associated Press]], which had been the primary German news agency since the mid-nineteenth century. In the interwar period, a more right wing competitor emerged, which was mainly owned by an industrialist called [[w:Alfred Hugenberg|Alfred Hugenberg]]. He does not dictate content, but he tells his employees that their reporting should be more right wing. He initially thinks that he can somewhat control Hitler. This turns out to be wholly incorrect, because in the first few months of Hitler being Chancellor, he actually forcibly merges the two news agencies and pass other laws that take away Hugenberg's power.

== Selected Op-Eds ==

Professor Tworek's research website includes a page devoted to &quot;Selected Op-Eds&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Heidi Tworek: Selected Op-Eds--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189849}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 2025-07-02 this included the following: 

* (2025-02-06) &quot;The Promises and Perils of Periodization in Global History: Lessons from the Inter-War Era&quot;, with Andrew Denning,&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Andrew Denning--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191276}}&lt;/ref&gt; discusses Eurocentrism and similar problems in selecting periods of history as foci for study. 
* (2024-06-28) &quot;Digital Regulation May Have Bolstered European Elections — but How Would We Know?&quot; notes that (a) we cannot accurately evaluate the impact of the 2022 European [[w:Digital Services Act|Digital Services Act]] without access to the data collected by the commercial Internet companies, which they are loath to share with serious researchers, but (b) the effect cannot be too large, because &quot;Low turnout has consistently plagued [[w:Elections to the European Parliament|EP [European Parliament] elections]] ... . Some countries saw stunning differences between turnout for national elections and the EP. Only 40 percent of Poles voted in the EP elections, while last autumn ... [n]early 75 percent voted in their most recent national elections. 
* (2024-03-13) &quot;Digitized Newspapers and the Hidden Transformation of History&quot; discussed how the digitization of newspapers from the eighteenth century onward have been used to dramatically improve historical research, producing scholarship that would not have been feasible previously. 
* (2022-10-09) &quot;Living in an Interwar World: Communicable Disease and Epidemic Information&quot; describes the history of the development of standard terminology and systems for sharing disease information internationally. That includes the League of Nations Health Organization and it successor, the [[w:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]], which still needs to be improved. 
* (2021-12-10) &quot;History Explains Why Global Content Moderation Cannot Work&quot; notes that &quot;the United States is seen today as something of a free-speech extremist,&quot; it had previously had active censorship, &quot;particularly when it comes to sex&quot;, including not allowing anatomy textbooks to be sent through the US Postal Service.
* (2021-08-23) &quot;A Real History of Fake News: It has a long, not-so-illustrious past&quot; traces the beginning of fake news to &quot;1622, when a London printer named [[w:Nathaniel Butter|Nathaniel Butter]] made journalism history by starting the first British newspaper. ... [But] when Butter published something that was not trivial, it was often made up.&quot; That tradition continued. In 1807 [[q:Thomas Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] complained, &quot;Nothing can now be believed which is seen in a newspaper. Truth itself becomes suspicious by being put into that polluted vehicle.&quot; The US [[w:History of the Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) was establishment in 1906 to combat overblown claims about miracle cures, which provided a significant portion of newspapers’ revenues. And many humans believed [[w:Pizzagate conspiracy theory|that Hillary Clinton is into sex trafficking.]]
* (2019-05-26) &quot;A Lesson From 1930s Germany: Beware State Control of Social Media&quot; describes how efforts by [[w:Weimar Republic|Weimar Republic]] officials in the 1920s and early 1930s to limit the pernicious influence of misinformation and disinformation in the new medium of radio made it easy for the Nazis to control the messages reaching the public once they achieved power in 1933. 
* (2019-04-25) &quot;Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication&quot; discussing the history of, e.g., cutting undersea cables.
* (2018-09-11) &quot;Quietly, One of President Trump’s Tariffs Threatens American Democracy&quot; discusses esp. a new tariff on Canadian newsprint that threatens to bankrupt small newspapers already on the edge from loss of advertising. She also summarizes the history of how the price of paper has had a major impact on newspaper publishing: &quot;Before the 19th century, paper was mostly made from rags. The paper was very durable, but expensive. The mid-19th century development of cheap paper from groundwood pulp fueled the rise of mass-circulation newspapers. ... During World War I, however, procuring paper became problematic not only in the United States but in Britain and Germany. The British mass-market paper ''[[w:News of the World|News of the World]]'' reduced from 16 pages in 1914 to four by 1918.&quot;

== Tworek bio== 

Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;  is the Canada Research Chair and Director of the Centre for the Study of Democratic Institutions at the [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]]. Her work focuses on how new media technology and policy have impacted democracy. She is also a senior fellow at the [[w:Centre for International Governance Innovation|Centre for International Governance Innovation]] in [[w:Waterloo, Ontario|Waterloo, Ontario]], as well as a non-resident fellow at the [[w:German Marshall Fund|German Marshall Fund]] of the United States and the [[w:Canadian Global Affairs Institute|Canadian Global Affairs Institute]]. She has co-edited four volumes and currently co-edits the [[w:Journal of Global History|''Journal of Global History'']] in addition to having published or forthcoming over 45 book chapters and journal articles&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; in addition to numerous publications and appearances in more popular outlets like [[w:The Washington Post|''The Washington Post'']], [[w:The New York Times|''The New York Times'']], and [[w:CBS|CBS]].&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. We describe here briefly the motivation for this series.

[[Great American Paradox|One major contributor to the dominant position of the US in the international political economy]] today may have been the [[w:Postal Service Act|US Postal Service Act of 1792]]. Under that act, newspapers were delivered up to 100 miles for a penny when first class postage was between 6 and 25 cents. [[w:Alexis de Tocqueville|Alexis de Tocqueville]], who visited the relatively young United States of America in 1831, wrote, “There is scarcely a hamlet that does not have its own newspaper.”&lt;ref&gt;Tocqueville (1835, p. 93).&lt;/ref&gt; McChesney and Nichols estimated that these newspaper subsidies were roughly 0.21 percent of national income (Gross Domestic Project, GDP) in 1841.&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88).&lt;/ref&gt;

At that time, the US probably led the world by far in the number of independent newspaper publishers per capita or per million population. This encouraged literacy and limited political corruption, both of which contributed to making the US a leader in the rate of growth in average annual income (Gross Domestic Product, GDP, per capita). Corruption was also limited by the inability of a small number of publishers to dominate political discourse.

That began to change in the 1850s and 1860s with the introduction of high speed rotary presses, which increased the capital required to start a newspaper.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015, p. 80).&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1887 [[w:William Randolph Hearst|William Randolph Hearst]] took over management of his father’s ''[[w:San Francisco Examiner|San Francisco Examiner]]''. His success there gave him an appetite for building a newspaper chain. His 1895 purchase of the ''[[w:New York Morning Journal|New York Morning Journal]]'' gave him a second newspaper. By the mid-1920s, he owned 28 newspapers. Consolidation of ownership of the media became easier with the introduction of broadcasting and even easier with the Internet.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015). See also Wikiversity, “[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]” and “[[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]“.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy|This consolidation seems to be increasing political polarization and violence worldwide]], threatening democracy itself.

=== The threat from loss of newspapers ===

A previous ''Media &amp; Democracy'' interview with Arizona State University accounting professor Roger White on &quot;[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]&quot; describes problems that increase as the quality and quantity of news declines and ownership and control of the media become more highly concentrated: Major media too often deflect the public's attention from political corruption enabled by poor media. This too often contributes to other problems like [[w:Scapegoating|scapegoating]] [[w:Immigration|immigrants]] and attacking [[w:Diversity, equity, and inclusion|Diversity, equity, and inclusion]] (DEI) while also facilitating increases in pollution, the cost of borrowing, political polarization and violence, and decreases in workplace safety. More on this is included in other interviews in this ''Media &amp; Democracy'' series available on Wikiversity under [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

An important quantitative analysis of the problems associated with deficiencies in news is Neff and Pickard (2024). They analyzed data on media funding and democracy in 33 countries. The US has been rated as a &quot;flawed democracy&quot; according to the [[w:Economist Democracy Index|Economist Democracy Index]] and spends substantially less per capita on media compared to the world's leading democracies in Scandinavia and Commonweath countries. They note that commercial media focus primarily on people with money, while publicly-funded media try harder to serve everyone. Public funding is more strongly correlated with democracy than private funding. This recommends increasing public funding for media as a means of strengthening democracy. See also &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invite to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

In a 2024-12-19 interview on the [[w:PBS News Hour|PBS News Hour]], [[w:Clay Calvert|Clay Calvert]], a leading [[w:First Amendment|First Amendment]] scholar and a nonresident senior fellow at the American Enterprise Institute, Calvert noted that Trump's legal actions against the media organizations have absolutely not been filed to win in court: &quot;The real goal here is to chill the press, to have the news media engage in what we call self-censorship, to pull back their stories. So, instead of playing a watchdog role, ... what I think Trump is really trying to do is make the press be a lapdog ... . It's what we would think of sometimes as a [[w:strategic lawsuit against public participation|strategic lawsuit against public participation]] or a SLAPP suit.&quot; Calvert was then asked if there was a concern that the conservative majority on the Supreme Court might overturn the requirement that a plaintiff in a case like this would have to prove &quot;actual malice&quot;, per [[w:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan|''New York Times v. Sullivan'']] (1964). Calvert agreed that Justices Thomas and Gorsuch would like to overrule the &quot;actual malice&quot; standard. Calvert added that in the lawsuit against ABC, there is a real tension between the news organization, ABC, and its parent, Disney, &quot;that has other interests in the entertainment industry.&quot; He was then asked, &quot;How should news organizations prepare&quot; to deal with possible challenges from Trump's Department of Justice? Calvert replied, &quot;media attorneys ... certainly are thinking about these issues. I think one of the other things we need to think about is the FCC, the Federal Communications Commission, ... because Trump has threatened to revoke the licenses of stations that he believes engage in fake news, deceptive news commentary. So we have got frontal attacks in terms of lawsuits, but also I'd watch out for the FCC and its actions in the future in terms of broadcast journalism.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Calvert and Bennett (2024).&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Al Jazeera (2015-10-26) Enemy of Enemies: The Rise of ISIL. Chapter 5. 2009-2015: Syria uprising and ISIL in Syria--&gt;{{cite Q|Q113710863|author=Al Jazeera}}
* &lt;!--Clay Calvert and Geoff Bennett (2024-12-19) &quot;A look at the legal tactics Trump is using against media outlets&quot;, PBS Newshour--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135249048}}
* &lt;!--Andrew Denning and Heidi Tworek (2025-02-06) &quot;The Promises and Perils of Periodization in Global History: Lessons from the Inter-War Era&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191256}}
* &lt;!--Sara Fischer (2025-07-02) &quot;Paramount agrees to settle Trump lawsuit for $16 million&quot;, Axios--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135249091}}
* &lt;!--Maxim Flößer (2024-03-06) &quot;Keine Lokalzeitung -- mehr AfD&quot;, Kontext--&gt;{{cite Q|Q125287792}}
* &lt;!--Jennifer Graham (2025-07-02) &quot;Another $16 million for the Trump presidential library: Unpacking the Paramount settlement&quot;, Deseret News--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135250112}}
* &lt;!--Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb (eds.; 2015) Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet (Oxford University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131468166|editors=Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb}}
* &lt;!--Scott A. Leadingham (2024) Horse Race Journalism: Finding Election Coverage Beyond the Polling Numbers--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135244458}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2010). The Death and Life of American Journalism (Bold Type Books) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q104888067}}.
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2021). &quot;The Local Journalism Initiative: a proposal to protect and extend democracy&quot;. Columbia Journalism Review, 30 November 2021 --&gt;{{cite Q|Q109978060}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2022), To Protect and Extend Democracy, Recreate Local News Media (PDF), FreePress.net (updated 25 January 2022) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q109978337|access-date=2024-06-23}}
* &lt;!--Joel Meares (2010)  Jay Rosen in Oz: Horse-Race Journalism an “International Phenom”--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135244505}}
* &lt;!-- Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001) Democracy in America (trans. by Richard Heffner, 2001; New America Library) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q112166602|publication-date=unset|author=Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001)}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2018-09-11) &quot;Quietly, One of President Trump’s Tariffs Threatens American Democracy&quot; WaPo--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190353}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-03-11) News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945 (Harvard University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135085111}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-04-25) Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189751}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2019-05-26) &quot;A Lesson From 1930s Germany: Beware State Control of Social Media&quot;, The Atlantic--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191368}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2021-08-23) &quot; AReal History of Fake News: It has a long, not-so-illustrious past&quot;, Persuasion--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190470}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2021-12-10) &quot;History Explains Why Global Content Moderation Cannot Work&quot;, Brookings Inst--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189922}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2022-10-09) &quot;Living in an Interwar World: Communicable Disease and Epidemic Information&quot;, Long-Run Health Matters--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191062}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2024-03-13) &quot;Digitized Newspapers and the Hidden Transformation of History&quot;, American Historical Review--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191423}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2024-06-28) &quot;Digital Regulation May Have Bolstered European Elections — but How Would We Know?--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190291}}
* &lt;!--Nik Usher and Sanghoon Kim-Leffingwell (2022-01) How Loud Does the Watchdog Bark? A Reconsideration of Local Journalism, News Non-profits, and Political Corruption --&gt;{{Cite Q|Q134715465}}
* &lt;!--Sarah Wynne-Williams (2025) Careless People--&gt;{{cite Q|Q133305848}}

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      <text bytes="35247" sha1="26hphminwnfk7b357t16s1pvmzb50tb" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2025-06-08 interview with [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]] History professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek&gt;&lt;!--Heidi J.S. Tworek--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135116400}}&lt;/ref&gt; about her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today. A video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview will be added when available. The podcast will be released 2025-06-14 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;''

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;''

[[File:News from Germany 1900-1945 and implications for today.webm|thumb|2025-07-03 interview with University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]
[[File:News from Germany 1900-1945 and implications for today.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from a 2025-07-03 interview with [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]] history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]

University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; discusses her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today as documented in her prize-winning (2019) book, ''News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945'', and other works. She is interviewed by Spencer Graves.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!-- Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Highlights == 

=== Accountability journalism ===
Professor Tworek was asked about Usher and Kim-Leffingwell (2022), who created a dataset of all the federal prosecutions for political corruption in each of the 94 [[w:United States federal judicial district|US federal court districts]] between 2003 and 2019 along with the number of journalists and members of the [[w:Institute for Nonprofit News|Institute for Nonprofit News]] (INN). They found more prosecutions with members of INN but ''not'' with more journalists. Tworek replied that this shows us that the ''type'' of journalism matters &quot;for holding people accountable, presumably preventing crimes&quot;. 

Graves noted that, 
{{quote|Watchdogs protect the people who feed them.

You benefit from the presence of accountability journalism, even if you don't read it yourself}} 

Society needs accountability journalism. But who will fund that? Tworek discussed that in her (2019) ''News from Germany''. Tworek noted, &quot;the types of content that we see really depend upon who owns these businesses and what their motivations are. ... &quot;There's, I think, something important about having local outlets where people know who journalists are and what they do, and then that's also extremely important, because a lot of the skepticism of journalism in part, may stem from not really knowing what journalism is and how journalism is produced. And there's been some really interesting work on media literacy that's trying to tease this out ... . [I]f you just teach people to kind of critique stuff, they end up very skeptical of all media, whereas, if instead you say, All right, we're going to go into a school instead of just teaching you to critique the whole thing, we're actually just going to give you the assignment of writing some news. And then you see as a student, like, 'Oh, this is really hard. I have to make choices about what goes in and what goes out. And it's super difficult to fit this into 500 words.'&quot;

Tworek noted that over 100 years ago, [[w:Upton Sinclair]] produced accountability journalism with an expose of the meat packing industry or critiquing ''[[w:The New York Times|The New York Times]]'', etc. 

By contrast, access journalists speak with politicians or other kinds of insiders, which limits their criticisms to maintain access those individuals. Donald Trump with his control of access to the White House briefing room &quot;makes very clear some dynamics that existed beforehand.&quot; 

Tworek continued, &quot;Investigative Journalism often can be more long form, more kind of accountability journalism. Access journalism often tends to be more sort of daily, telling you what is happening, something [[w:Jay Rosen|Jay Rosen]] critiques as &quot;horse race journalism&quot;, where you're just trying to see who's ahead on this day versus not.&lt;ref&gt;Leadingham (2024); Meares (2010).&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Paying for news === 

Graves also noted that Robert McChesney recommended citizen-directed subsidies for local news nonprofits at 0.15 percent of GDP with some kind of a firewall to prevent political interference in the content.&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2021, 2022).&lt;/ref&gt; Tworek replied, 

{{quote|It's really interesting to see the number of different models on the table, There's that one. ... [[w:Victor Pickard (professor)|Victor Pickard]] has also been pushing for those kinds of things as well.&lt;ref&gt;[[Information is a public good per communications prof Pickard|Pickard was interviewed for this series 2024-12-13.]] He is Chair of the Board of [[w:Free Press (advocacy group)|Free Press]], which was co-founded by Robert McChesney; &lt;!--Free Press Board--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131398406}}&lt;/ref&gt; I guess what we see historically is that there are multiple different models. Potentially the key, I think, is to try out a whole bunch of them. 

In Canada, where I am, because of, historically, the long fears of an over dominance of American media this, 100 years ago, pushed ... the creation of the [[w:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]], or the CBC, ... subsidizing what's known as Canadian content. And those are government subsidies. ... French language content in Quebec, or lots of magazines that wouldn't exist because their circulation could never be big enough to cover the costs. It's a very different model than what McChesney is talking about, but it's one that has served quite a lot of democracies that kind of public funded media, but where you don't have government direction on the content. The BBC is another example of that. But of course, that also has its weaknesses ... that's, for example, contested by the [[w:Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative Party of Canada]], which, if elected, would like to defund the CDC. 

Another model is the philanthropic nonprofit. But then we have the problems of, what do you do if those philanthropies aren't necessarily interested in the types of local news that might ultimately benefit democracy. 

So I guess where I've come down on this a little bit is the key is to have multiple of these.}}

=== News deserts ===

Graves asked, &quot;What's your understanding of the impact of [[w:news desert|news desert]]s?&quot; Tworek replied, &quot;what we know from the scholarship on news deserts, some of what they have done is to obviously reduce the transparency of knowing what's going on in local town and city halls and ... that potentially has deleterious effects on what public officials themselves are doing, because they act differently when they know that there are journalists who are watching them. ... [And] there's some scholarship that indicates that what this has done is change voter behavior. So then now you tend to get people voting the same party all the way down the ballot. So rather than before you might get, okay, someone's voting Republican for president, Democrat, Senator, Republican, Democrat, Republican Democrat. Now you're getting people doing more down ballot, the same party all the way down, and so that that tells you that part of it is because people perhaps have less information about what's going on the local level, so they just vote the same party as they would at the national level.&lt;ref&gt;More on this appears in the interview &quot;[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]&quot; and the research report &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Graves mentioned a German-language article about news deserts there.&lt;ref&gt;Flößer (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; Tworek replied, 

{{quote|what we do know from the German context is that the AfD, or the [[w:Alternative for Germany|Alternatif für Deutschland, the Alternative for Germany]], has been very active on social media, and this has been true for quite some time. ... [I]n 2017 for example, the AfD had more people following them on Facebook than the two major parties, the [[w:Christian Democratic Union of Germany|CDU]] and the [[w:Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]] combined. So we know that this has been a major strategy of the AfD. It's been a huge part of what they've wanted to do is to condemn media more broadly for not covering them, not covering the issues they care about, et cetera, and then to turn to social media as an alternative space to reach people. 

And of course, if you live in a news desert, but you're still searching for information, you're going to be looking to places like social media. So we start to see how all of these things connect the far right criticism of media as a whole, turning people away from media that combines with the local news desert combines with other broader reasons as to why certain groups are turning to the far right. So I'd say it's both the AfD strategy, but the other part of it is how more traditional parties have not been as active and trying to use social media to reach potential voters.}}

=== Internet companies are advertising companies ===

Graves noted that he had interviewed [[Facebook whistleblower Frances Haugen says|Facebook whistleblower Frances Haugen]], who said, 

{{quote|
The shortest path to a click is anger or hate}}

Tworek replied that Facebook and other social media companies are ultimately advertising companies. &quot;The longer you are on Facebook, etc., the more advertisements you see, the more money Facebook is making. ... [T]hey're content agnostic, because&quot; they are looking for engagement. If negative emotions drive engagement, that will get amplified. 

Tworek mentioned the recent memoir ''[[w:Careless People|Careless People]]'' by [[w:Sarah Wynn-Williams|Sarah Wynn-Williams]],&lt;ref&gt;Wynn-Williams (2025).&lt;/ref&gt; which 

{{quote|indicates and argues that a lot of the people there were careless ... . They didn't have an eye to these kinds of negative effects ... . They weren't really thinking about things like content moderation until it just sort of happened. ...

[B]ut over the last few years we've seen the trust and safety teams ... have really been cut quite tremendously. ... When [[w:Elon Musk|Elon Musk]] bought [[w:Twitter|Twitter]], made into '''X''', boom: trust and safety team is gone. But the same is true of many companies where they've really cut those teams quite tremendously. I think that tells us a lot about their priorities.}}

=== After the war in Germany vs. Iraq ===

Graves noted that [[w:Dwight D. Eisenhower|General Eisenhower]], as the military governor of the American occupied zone of Germany, after World War II, reportedly told German journalists he wanted them to print whatever they wanted, even if it involved criticizing him personally. McChesney and Nichols contrasted this with the strict censorship imposed on Iraq by [[w:Paul Bremer#Provisional coalition administrator of Iraq|the US occupiers]] after President George W. Bush's [[w:Mission Accomplished speech|Mission Accomplished speech]],&lt;ref&gt;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government#Iraq and the Islamic State|That censorship concealed massive corruption in the Iraqi military that was exposed in the 2014 [[w:Fall of Mosul|Fall of Mosul]], when two Iraqi army divisions totaling 30,000 and another 30,000 federal police]] were overwhelmed in six days by roughly 1,500 committed Jihadists. [[Winning the War on Terror#2.7.  Islamic terrorism|In that operation, ISIL reportedly siezed &quot;six divisions’ worth of strategic weaponry, all of it US-supplied” from a force with a paper strength of 120,000 men. ''Al Jazeera'' (2015). McChesney and Nichols (2010, Appendix II. Ike, MacArthur and the Forging of Free and Independent Press, pp. 241-254).&lt;/ref&gt; and asked Tworek'comment. 

She replied that the democratization of Germany and Japan were more complicated than that brief quote from McChesney and Nichols implies. The comparison between West and East Germany in the late 1940s and early 1950s was obvious to most in the West, and that made it easy for the public to embrace the US model. Of course, many of the journalists in Germany after World War II had also worked as journalists in the Nazi period when the structure was very different. The [[w:Deutsche Presse-Agentur|West Germany news agency, the dpa]], is a cooperative, modeled after the [[w:Associated Press|Associated Press]] of the US. 

The [[w:Korean War|Korean War]] had a similar impact on public opinion and journalistic practices in Japan.

She added that the successes of democratization in West Germany and Japan after World War Two became a model for American policy makers, who try to apply that in other places and different contexts with disastrous results.

=== Lawsuits ===

Graves asked Tworek's comment on the settlement in ''[[w:Dominion Voting Systems v. Fox News Network|Dominion v. Fox]]'', which had 3 components: (1) Fox agreed that they had initially said that Biden had won the 2020 election but switched  to claiming the election had been stolen from Trump after Fox saw they were losing audience to other Conservative outlets. (2) They agreed to pay Dominion $787.5 million. (3) They did not have to apologize, so their audience continued unaware that they had been lied to. 

Tworek replied that this &quot;speaks to a larger dynamic of trying to solve these kinds of questions within courts and through large sums of money.&quot; As another example, she mentioned the billionaire [[w:Peter Thiel|Peter Thiel]], who secretly funded a lawsuit by [[w:Hulk Hogan|Hulk Hogan]] that brought down a news outlet. Another example [[w:Donald Trump's conflict with the media#Retaliatory lawsuits and federal government actions|is CBS paying Trump $16 million]] over questions about editing an interview with [[w:Kamala Harris|Kamala Harris]].&lt;ref&gt;Graham (2025) asked if this was, a &quot;Settlement or a bribe&quot;? See also Fischer (2025) and Calvert and Bennett (2024); the latter is summarized in the &quot;Discussion&quot; section below.&lt;/ref&gt;

She also mentioned &quot;the weaponization in a way of court cases against media outlets ... [[w:Strategic lawsuit against public participation|SLAPP lawsuites]] (strategic lawsuit against public participation), &quot;which cost [journalists] a lot of time and energy and are potentially used to try and push journalists away from pursuing certain lines of inquiry&quot;.

=== Media and public health ===

Tworek has several publications looking at the role of communications on public health. Countries with greater public trust of the major media tended to fare better during the [[w:COVID-19 pandemic|COVID pandemic]]. British Columbia has not suffered greatly from [[w:Mpox|Mpox]], because the queer community there had good relations with the [[w:British Columbia Centre for Disease Control|British Columbia Centre for Disease Control]] dating back to the [[w:HIV|HIV]] epidemic. &quot;But that was from years of trust building. You can't just say, 'Oh, there's a pandemic today. I'm going to talk to this community, and they're going to automatically talk to you.&quot;

=== The media and Hitler's rise to power ===

Graves requested a brief summary of Tworek (2019) ''News from Germany''. Tworek said that,

{{quote|
Part of hitler's strategy was to condemn the rest of the media for not covering the Nazis. One of their main strategies to try and get people to turn more towards Nazi newspapers, rallies, etc. ...

They take advantage of some of the things that [[w:Weimar Republic|Weimar Democracy]] had done. In August of 1933 [[w:Joseph Goebbels|Joseph Goebbels]], propaganda minister, gave a speech. He said, 'couldn't have come to power and maintained it like we did without the airplane and the radio. ... Hitler was flying around, and the airplane's modern invention. ... [H]e's landing, doing multiple speeches a day. Makes him seem like the modern forward leader.' 

But they maintained power through the radio, because they were able to control radio content from January 1933, and that was because the Weimar state tried to ensure democracy through tight state supervision of content. 'And the more febrile Weimar democracy gets, the more they impose state supervision and control over content. ... [W]hen Hitler becomes chancellor in January 1933 it's radio content the Nazis most supervise.'}} 

A substantial portion of her ''News from Germany'' describes the restrictions on the German interwar equivalent of the [[w:Associated Press|Associated Press]], which had been the primary German news agency since the mid-nineteenth century. In the interwar period, a more right wing competitor emerged, which was mainly owned by an industrialist called [[w:Alfred Hugenberg|Alfred Hugenberg]]. He does not dictate content, but he tells his employees that their reporting should be more right wing. He initially thinks that he can somewhat control Hitler. This turns out to be wholly incorrect, because in the first few months of Hitler being Chancellor, he actually forcibly merges the two news agencies and pass other laws that take away Hugenberg's power.

== Selected Op-Eds ==

Professor Tworek's research website includes a page devoted to &quot;Selected Op-Eds&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Heidi Tworek: Selected Op-Eds--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189849}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 2025-07-02 this included the following: 

* (2025-02-06) &quot;The Promises and Perils of Periodization in Global History: Lessons from the Inter-War Era&quot;, with Andrew Denning,&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Andrew Denning--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191276}}&lt;/ref&gt; discusses Eurocentrism and similar problems in selecting periods of history as foci for study. 
* (2024-06-28) &quot;Digital Regulation May Have Bolstered European Elections — but How Would We Know?&quot; notes that (a) we cannot accurately evaluate the impact of the 2022 European [[w:Digital Services Act|Digital Services Act]] without access to the data collected by the commercial Internet companies, which they are loath to share with serious researchers, but (b) the effect cannot be too large, because &quot;Low turnout has consistently plagued [[w:Elections to the European Parliament|EP [European Parliament] elections]] ... . Some countries saw stunning differences between turnout for national elections and the EP. Only 40 percent of Poles voted in the EP elections, while last autumn ... [n]early 75 percent voted in their most recent national elections. 
* (2024-03-13) &quot;Digitized Newspapers and the Hidden Transformation of History&quot; discussed how the digitization of newspapers from the eighteenth century onward have been used to dramatically improve historical research, producing scholarship that would not have been feasible previously. 
* (2022-10-09) &quot;Living in an Interwar World: Communicable Disease and Epidemic Information&quot; describes the history of the development of standard terminology and systems for sharing disease information internationally. That includes the League of Nations Health Organization and it successor, the [[w:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]], which still needs to be improved. 
* (2021-12-10) &quot;History Explains Why Global Content Moderation Cannot Work&quot; notes that &quot;the United States is seen today as something of a free-speech extremist,&quot; it had previously had active censorship, &quot;particularly when it comes to sex&quot;, including not allowing anatomy textbooks to be sent through the US Postal Service.
* (2021-08-23) &quot;A Real History of Fake News: It has a long, not-so-illustrious past&quot; traces the beginning of fake news to &quot;1622, when a London printer named [[w:Nathaniel Butter|Nathaniel Butter]] made journalism history by starting the first British newspaper. ... [But] when Butter published something that was not trivial, it was often made up.&quot; That tradition continued. In 1807 [[q:Thomas Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] complained, &quot;Nothing can now be believed which is seen in a newspaper. Truth itself becomes suspicious by being put into that polluted vehicle.&quot; The US [[w:History of the Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) was establishment in 1906 to combat overblown claims about miracle cures, which provided a significant portion of newspapers’ revenues. And many humans believed [[w:Pizzagate conspiracy theory|that Hillary Clinton is into sex trafficking.]]
* (2019-05-26) &quot;A Lesson From 1930s Germany: Beware State Control of Social Media&quot; describes how efforts by [[w:Weimar Republic|Weimar Republic]] officials in the 1920s and early 1930s to limit the pernicious influence of misinformation and disinformation in the new medium of radio made it easy for the Nazis to control the messages reaching the public once they achieved power in 1933. 
* (2019-04-25) &quot;Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication&quot; discussing the history of, e.g., cutting undersea cables.
* (2018-09-11) &quot;Quietly, One of President Trump’s Tariffs Threatens American Democracy&quot; discusses esp. a new tariff on Canadian newsprint that threatens to bankrupt small newspapers already on the edge from loss of advertising. She also summarizes the history of how the price of paper has had a major impact on newspaper publishing: &quot;Before the 19th century, paper was mostly made from rags. The paper was very durable, but expensive. The mid-19th century development of cheap paper from groundwood pulp fueled the rise of mass-circulation newspapers. ... During World War I, however, procuring paper became problematic not only in the United States but in Britain and Germany. The British mass-market paper ''[[w:News of the World|News of the World]]'' reduced from 16 pages in 1914 to four by 1918.&quot;

== Tworek bio== 

Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;  is the Canada Research Chair and Director of the Centre for the Study of Democratic Institutions at the [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]]. Her work focuses on how new media technology and policy have impacted democracy. She is also a senior fellow at the [[w:Centre for International Governance Innovation|Centre for International Governance Innovation]] in [[w:Waterloo, Ontario|Waterloo, Ontario]], as well as a non-resident fellow at the [[w:German Marshall Fund|German Marshall Fund]] of the United States and the [[w:Canadian Global Affairs Institute|Canadian Global Affairs Institute]]. She has co-edited four volumes and currently co-edits the [[w:Journal of Global History|''Journal of Global History'']] in addition to having published or forthcoming over 45 book chapters and journal articles&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; in addition to numerous publications and appearances in more popular outlets like [[w:The Washington Post|''The Washington Post'']], [[w:The New York Times|''The New York Times'']], and [[w:CBS|CBS]].&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. We describe here briefly the motivation for this series.

[[Great American Paradox|One major contributor to the dominant position of the US in the international political economy]] today may have been the [[w:Postal Service Act|US Postal Service Act of 1792]]. Under that act, newspapers were delivered up to 100 miles for a penny when first class postage was between 6 and 25 cents. [[w:Alexis de Tocqueville|Alexis de Tocqueville]], who visited the relatively young United States of America in 1831, wrote, “There is scarcely a hamlet that does not have its own newspaper.”&lt;ref&gt;Tocqueville (1835, p. 93).&lt;/ref&gt; McChesney and Nichols estimated that these newspaper subsidies were roughly 0.21 percent of national income (Gross Domestic Project, GDP) in 1841.&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88).&lt;/ref&gt;

At that time, the US probably led the world by far in the number of independent newspaper publishers per capita or per million population. This encouraged literacy and limited political corruption, both of which contributed to making the US a leader in the rate of growth in average annual income (Gross Domestic Product, GDP, per capita). Corruption was also limited by the inability of a small number of publishers to dominate political discourse.

That began to change in the 1850s and 1860s with the introduction of high speed rotary presses, which increased the capital required to start a newspaper.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015, p. 80).&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1887 [[w:William Randolph Hearst|William Randolph Hearst]] took over management of his father’s ''[[w:San Francisco Examiner|San Francisco Examiner]]''. His success there gave him an appetite for building a newspaper chain. His 1895 purchase of the ''[[w:New York Morning Journal|New York Morning Journal]]'' gave him a second newspaper. By the mid-1920s, he owned 28 newspapers. Consolidation of ownership of the media became easier with the introduction of broadcasting and even easier with the Internet.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015). See also Wikiversity, “[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]” and “[[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]“.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy|This consolidation seems to be increasing political polarization and violence worldwide]], threatening democracy itself.

=== The threat from loss of newspapers ===

A previous ''Media &amp; Democracy'' interview with Arizona State University accounting professor Roger White on &quot;[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]&quot; describes problems that increase as the quality and quantity of news declines and ownership and control of the media become more highly concentrated: Major media too often deflect the public's attention from political corruption enabled by poor media. This too often contributes to other problems like [[w:Scapegoating|scapegoating]] [[w:Immigration|immigrants]] and attacking [[w:Diversity, equity, and inclusion|Diversity, equity, and inclusion]] (DEI) while also facilitating increases in pollution, the cost of borrowing, political polarization and violence, and decreases in workplace safety. More on this is included in other interviews in this ''Media &amp; Democracy'' series available on Wikiversity under [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

An important quantitative analysis of the problems associated with deficiencies in news is Neff and Pickard (2024). They analyzed data on media funding and democracy in 33 countries. The US has been rated as a &quot;flawed democracy&quot; according to the [[w:Economist Democracy Index|Economist Democracy Index]] and spends substantially less per capita on media compared to the world's leading democracies in Scandinavia and Commonweath countries. They note that commercial media focus primarily on people with money, while publicly-funded media try harder to serve everyone. Public funding is more strongly correlated with democracy than private funding. This recommends increasing public funding for media as a means of strengthening democracy. See also &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invite to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

In a 2024-12-19 interview on the [[w:PBS News Hour|PBS News Hour]], [[w:Clay Calvert|Clay Calvert]], a leading [[w:First Amendment|First Amendment]] scholar and a nonresident senior fellow at the American Enterprise Institute, Calvert noted that Trump's legal actions against the media organizations have absolutely not been filed to win in court: &quot;The real goal here is to chill the press, to have the news media engage in what we call self-censorship, to pull back their stories. So, instead of playing a watchdog role, ... what I think Trump is really trying to do is make the press be a lapdog ... . It's what we would think of sometimes as a [[w:strategic lawsuit against public participation|strategic lawsuit against public participation]] or a SLAPP suit.&quot; Calvert was then asked if there was a concern that the conservative majority on the Supreme Court might overturn the requirement that a plaintiff in a case like this would have to prove &quot;actual malice&quot;, per [[w:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan|''New York Times v. Sullivan'']] (1964). Calvert agreed that Justices Thomas and Gorsuch would like to overrule the &quot;actual malice&quot; standard. Calvert added that in the lawsuit against ABC, there is a real tension between the news organization, ABC, and its parent, Disney, &quot;that has other interests in the entertainment industry.&quot; He was then asked, &quot;How should news organizations prepare&quot; to deal with possible challenges from Trump's Department of Justice? Calvert replied, &quot;media attorneys ... certainly are thinking about these issues. I think one of the other things we need to think about is the FCC, the Federal Communications Commission, ... because Trump has threatened to revoke the licenses of stations that he believes engage in fake news, deceptive news commentary. So we have got frontal attacks in terms of lawsuits, but also I'd watch out for the FCC and its actions in the future in terms of broadcast journalism.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Calvert and Bennett (2024).&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Al Jazeera (2015-10-26) Enemy of Enemies: The Rise of ISIL. Chapter 5. 2009-2015: Syria uprising and ISIL in Syria--&gt;{{cite Q|Q113710863|author=Al Jazeera}}
* &lt;!--Clay Calvert and Geoff Bennett (2024-12-19) &quot;A look at the legal tactics Trump is using against media outlets&quot;, PBS Newshour--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135249048}}
* &lt;!--Andrew Denning and Heidi Tworek (2025-02-06) &quot;The Promises and Perils of Periodization in Global History: Lessons from the Inter-War Era&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191256}}
* &lt;!--Sara Fischer (2025-07-02) &quot;Paramount agrees to settle Trump lawsuit for $16 million&quot;, Axios--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135249091}}
* &lt;!--Maxim Flößer (2024-03-06) &quot;Keine Lokalzeitung -- mehr AfD&quot;, Kontext--&gt;{{cite Q|Q125287792}}
* &lt;!--Jennifer Graham (2025-07-02) &quot;Another $16 million for the Trump presidential library: Unpacking the Paramount settlement&quot;, Deseret News--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135250112}}
* &lt;!--Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb (eds.; 2015) Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet (Oxford University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131468166|editors=Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb}}
* &lt;!--Scott A. Leadingham (2024) Horse Race Journalism: Finding Election Coverage Beyond the Polling Numbers--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135244458}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2010). The Death and Life of American Journalism (Bold Type Books) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q104888067}}.
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2021). &quot;The Local Journalism Initiative: a proposal to protect and extend democracy&quot;. Columbia Journalism Review, 30 November 2021 --&gt;{{cite Q|Q109978060}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2022), To Protect and Extend Democracy, Recreate Local News Media (PDF), FreePress.net (updated 25 January 2022) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q109978337|access-date=2024-06-23}}
* &lt;!--Joel Meares (2010)  Jay Rosen in Oz: Horse-Race Journalism an “International Phenom”--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135244505}}
* &lt;!--Victor Pickard (2025-07-08) &quot;The Media’s Profits Trump Democracy, Once Again: Paramount’s settlement with Trump is a symptom of deep structural rot in our corporate media system&quot;, The Nation--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135268210}}
* &lt;!-- Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001) Democracy in America (trans. by Richard Heffner, 2001; New America Library) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q112166602|publication-date=unset|author=Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001)}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2018-09-11) &quot;Quietly, One of President Trump’s Tariffs Threatens American Democracy&quot; WaPo--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190353}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-03-11) News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945 (Harvard University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135085111}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-04-25) Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189751}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2019-05-26) &quot;A Lesson From 1930s Germany: Beware State Control of Social Media&quot;, The Atlantic--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191368}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2021-08-23) &quot; AReal History of Fake News: It has a long, not-so-illustrious past&quot;, Persuasion--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190470}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2021-12-10) &quot;History Explains Why Global Content Moderation Cannot Work&quot;, Brookings Inst--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189922}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2022-10-09) &quot;Living in an Interwar World: Communicable Disease and Epidemic Information&quot;, Long-Run Health Matters--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191062}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2024-03-13) &quot;Digitized Newspapers and the Hidden Transformation of History&quot;, American Historical Review--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191423}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2024-06-28) &quot;Digital Regulation May Have Bolstered European Elections — but How Would We Know?--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190291}}
* &lt;!--Nik Usher and Sanghoon Kim-Leffingwell (2022-01) How Loud Does the Watchdog Bark? A Reconsideration of Local Journalism, News Non-profits, and Political Corruption --&gt;{{Cite Q|Q134715465}}
* &lt;!--Sarah Wynne-Williams (2025) Careless People--&gt;{{cite Q|Q133305848}}

[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:News]]
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[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
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      <text bytes="35451" sha1="qt4s752b1lvzla8odgh9pfu45e1z6om" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2025-06-08 interview with [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]] History professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek&gt;&lt;!--Heidi J.S. Tworek--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135116400}}&lt;/ref&gt; about her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today. A video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview will be added when available. The podcast will be released 2025-06-14 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;''

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;''

[[File:News from Germany 1900-1945 and implications for today.webm|thumb|2025-07-03 interview with University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]
[[File:News from Germany 1900-1945 and implications for today.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from a 2025-07-03 interview with [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]] history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]

University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; discusses her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today as documented in her prize-winning (2019) book, ''News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945'', and other works. She is interviewed by Spencer Graves.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!-- Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Highlights == 

=== Accountability journalism ===
Professor Tworek was asked about Usher and Kim-Leffingwell (2022), who created a dataset of all the federal prosecutions for political corruption in each of the 94 [[w:United States federal judicial district|US federal court districts]] between 2003 and 2019 along with the number of journalists and members of the [[w:Institute for Nonprofit News|Institute for Nonprofit News]] (INN). They found more prosecutions with members of INN but ''not'' with more journalists. Tworek replied that this shows us that the ''type'' of journalism matters &quot;for holding people accountable, presumably preventing crimes&quot;. 

Graves noted that, 
{{quote|Watchdogs protect the people who feed them.

You benefit from the presence of accountability journalism, even if you don't read it yourself}} 

Society needs accountability journalism. But who will fund that? Tworek discussed that in her (2019) ''News from Germany''. Tworek noted, &quot;the types of content that we see really depend upon who owns these businesses and what their motivations are. ... &quot;There's, I think, something important about having local outlets where people know who journalists are and what they do, and then that's also extremely important, because a lot of the skepticism of journalism in part, may stem from not really knowing what journalism is and how journalism is produced. And there's been some really interesting work on media literacy that's trying to tease this out ... . [I]f you just teach people to kind of critique stuff, they end up very skeptical of all media, whereas, if instead you say, All right, we're going to go into a school instead of just teaching you to critique the whole thing, we're actually just going to give you the assignment of writing some news. And then you see as a student, like, 'Oh, this is really hard. I have to make choices about what goes in and what goes out. And it's super difficult to fit this into 500 words.'&quot;

Tworek noted that over 100 years ago, [[w:Upton Sinclair]] produced accountability journalism with an expose of the meat packing industry or critiquing ''[[w:The New York Times|The New York Times]]'', etc. 

By contrast, access journalists speak with politicians or other kinds of insiders, which limits their criticisms to maintain access those individuals. Donald Trump with his control of access to the White House briefing room &quot;makes very clear some dynamics that existed beforehand.&quot; 

Tworek continued, &quot;Investigative Journalism often can be more long form, more kind of accountability journalism. Access journalism often tends to be more sort of daily, telling you what is happening, something [[w:Jay Rosen|Jay Rosen]] critiques as &quot;horse race journalism&quot;, where you're just trying to see who's ahead on this day versus not.&lt;ref&gt;Leadingham (2024); Meares (2010).&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Paying for news === 

Graves also noted that Robert McChesney recommended citizen-directed subsidies for local news nonprofits at 0.15 percent of GDP with some kind of a firewall to prevent political interference in the content.&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2021, 2022).&lt;/ref&gt; Tworek replied, 

{{quote|It's really interesting to see the number of different models on the table, There's that one. ... [[w:Victor Pickard (professor)|Victor Pickard]] has also been pushing for those kinds of things as well.&lt;ref&gt;[[Information is a public good per communications prof Pickard|Pickard was interviewed for this series 2024-12-13.]] He is Chair of the Board of [[w:Free Press (advocacy group)|Free Press]], which was co-founded by Robert McChesney; &lt;!--Free Press Board--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131398406}}&lt;/ref&gt; I guess what we see historically is that there are multiple different models. Potentially the key, I think, is to try out a whole bunch of them. 

In Canada, where I am, because of, historically, the long fears of an over dominance of American media this, 100 years ago, pushed ... the creation of the [[w:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]], or the CBC, ... subsidizing what's known as Canadian content. And those are government subsidies. ... French language content in Quebec, or lots of magazines that wouldn't exist because their circulation could never be big enough to cover the costs. It's a very different model than what McChesney is talking about, but it's one that has served quite a lot of democracies that kind of public funded media, but where you don't have government direction on the content. The BBC is another example of that. But of course, that also has its weaknesses ... that's, for example, contested by the [[w:Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative Party of Canada]], which, if elected, would like to defund the CDC. 

Another model is the philanthropic nonprofit. But then we have the problems of, what do you do if those philanthropies aren't necessarily interested in the types of local news that might ultimately benefit democracy. 

So I guess where I've come down on this a little bit is the key is to have multiple of these.}}

=== News deserts ===

Graves asked, &quot;What's your understanding of the impact of [[w:news desert|news desert]]s?&quot; Tworek replied, &quot;what we know from the scholarship on news deserts, some of what they have done is to obviously reduce the transparency of knowing what's going on in local town and city halls and ... that potentially has deleterious effects on what public officials themselves are doing, because they act differently when they know that there are journalists who are watching them. ... [And] there's some scholarship that indicates that what this has done is change voter behavior. So then now you tend to get people voting the same party all the way down the ballot. So rather than before you might get, okay, someone's voting Republican for president, Democrat, Senator, Republican, Democrat, Republican Democrat. Now you're getting people doing more down ballot, the same party all the way down, and so that that tells you that part of it is because people perhaps have less information about what's going on the local level, so they just vote the same party as they would at the national level.&lt;ref&gt;More on this appears in the interview &quot;[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]&quot; and the research report &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Graves mentioned a German-language article about news deserts there.&lt;ref&gt;Flößer (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; Tworek replied, 

{{quote|what we do know from the German context is that the AfD, or the [[w:Alternative for Germany|Alternatif für Deutschland, the Alternative for Germany]], has been very active on social media, and this has been true for quite some time. ... [I]n 2017 for example, the AfD had more people following them on Facebook than the two major parties, the [[w:Christian Democratic Union of Germany|CDU]] and the [[w:Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]] combined. So we know that this has been a major strategy of the AfD. It's been a huge part of what they've wanted to do is to condemn media more broadly for not covering them, not covering the issues they care about, et cetera, and then to turn to social media as an alternative space to reach people. 

And of course, if you live in a news desert, but you're still searching for information, you're going to be looking to places like social media. So we start to see how all of these things connect the far right criticism of media as a whole, turning people away from media that combines with the local news desert combines with other broader reasons as to why certain groups are turning to the far right. So I'd say it's both the AfD strategy, but the other part of it is how more traditional parties have not been as active and trying to use social media to reach potential voters.}}

=== Internet companies are advertising companies ===

Graves noted that he had interviewed [[Facebook whistleblower Frances Haugen says|Facebook whistleblower Frances Haugen]], who said, 

{{quote|
The shortest path to a click is anger or hate}}

Tworek replied that Facebook and other social media companies are ultimately advertising companies. &quot;The longer you are on Facebook, etc., the more advertisements you see, the more money Facebook is making. ... [T]hey're content agnostic, because&quot; they are looking for engagement. If negative emotions drive engagement, that will get amplified. 

Tworek mentioned the recent memoir ''[[w:Careless People|Careless People]]'' by [[w:Sarah Wynn-Williams|Sarah Wynn-Williams]],&lt;ref&gt;Wynn-Williams (2025).&lt;/ref&gt; which 

{{quote|indicates and argues that a lot of the people there were careless ... . They didn't have an eye to these kinds of negative effects ... . They weren't really thinking about things like content moderation until it just sort of happened. ...

[B]ut over the last few years we've seen the trust and safety teams ... have really been cut quite tremendously. ... When [[w:Elon Musk|Elon Musk]] bought [[w:Twitter|Twitter]], made into '''X''', boom: trust and safety team is gone. But the same is true of many companies where they've really cut those teams quite tremendously. I think that tells us a lot about their priorities.}}

=== After the war in Germany vs. Iraq ===

Graves noted that [[w:Dwight D. Eisenhower|General Eisenhower]], as the military governor of the American occupied zone of Germany, after World War II, reportedly told German journalists he wanted them to print whatever they wanted, even if it involved criticizing him personally. McChesney and Nichols contrasted this with the strict censorship imposed on Iraq by [[w:Paul Bremer#Provisional coalition administrator of Iraq|the US occupiers]] after President George W. Bush's [[w:Mission Accomplished speech|Mission Accomplished speech]],&lt;ref&gt;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government#Iraq and the Islamic State|That censorship concealed massive corruption in the Iraqi military that was exposed in the 2014 [[w:Fall of Mosul|Fall of Mosul]], when two Iraqi army divisions totaling 30,000 and another 30,000 federal police]] were overwhelmed in six days by roughly 1,500 committed Jihadists. [[Winning the War on Terror#2.7.  Islamic terrorism|In that operation, ISIL reportedly siezed &quot;six divisions’ worth of strategic weaponry, all of it US-supplied” from a force with a paper strength of 120,000 men. ''Al Jazeera'' (2015). McChesney and Nichols (2010, Appendix II. Ike, MacArthur and the Forging of Free and Independent Press, pp. 241-254).&lt;/ref&gt; and asked Tworek'comment. 

She replied that the democratization of Germany and Japan were more complicated than that brief quote from McChesney and Nichols implies. The comparison between West and East Germany in the late 1940s and early 1950s was obvious to most in the West, and that made it easy for the public to embrace the US model. Of course, many of the journalists in Germany after World War II had also worked as journalists in the Nazi period when the structure was very different. The [[w:Deutsche Presse-Agentur|West Germany news agency, the dpa]], is a cooperative, modeled after the [[w:Associated Press|Associated Press]] of the US. 

The [[w:Korean War|Korean War]] had a similar impact on public opinion and journalistic practices in Japan.

She added that the successes of democratization in West Germany and Japan after World War Two became a model for American policy makers, who try to apply that in other places and different contexts with disastrous results.

=== Lawsuits ===

Graves asked Tworek's comment on the settlement in ''[[w:Dominion Voting Systems v. Fox News Network|Dominion v. Fox]]'', which had 3 components: (1) Fox agreed that they had initially said that Biden had won the 2020 election but switched  to claiming the election had been stolen from Trump after Fox saw they were losing audience to other Conservative outlets. (2) They agreed to pay Dominion $787.5 million. (3) They did not have to apologize, so their audience continued unaware that they had been lied to. 

Tworek replied that this &quot;speaks to a larger dynamic of trying to solve these kinds of questions within courts and through large sums of money.&quot; As another example, she mentioned the billionaire [[w:Peter Thiel|Peter Thiel]], who secretly funded a lawsuit by [[w:Hulk Hogan|Hulk Hogan]] that brought down a news outlet. Another example [[w:Donald Trump's conflict with the media#Retaliatory lawsuits and federal government actions|is CBS paying Trump $16 million]] over questions about editing an interview with [[w:Kamala Harris|Kamala Harris]].&lt;ref&gt;Graham (2025) asked if this was, a &quot;Settlement or a bribe&quot;? See also Fischer (2025) and Calvert and Bennett (2024); the latter is summarized in the &quot;Discussion&quot; section below.&lt;/ref&gt;

She also mentioned &quot;the weaponization in a way of court cases against media outlets ... [[w:Strategic lawsuit against public participation|SLAPP lawsuites]] (strategic lawsuit against public participation), &quot;which cost [journalists] a lot of time and energy and are potentially used to try and push journalists away from pursuing certain lines of inquiry&quot;.

=== Media and public health ===

Tworek has several publications looking at the role of communications on public health. Countries with greater public trust of the major media tended to fare better during the [[w:COVID-19 pandemic|COVID pandemic]]. British Columbia has not suffered greatly from [[w:Mpox|Mpox]], because the queer community there had good relations with the [[w:British Columbia Centre for Disease Control|British Columbia Centre for Disease Control]] dating back to the [[w:HIV|HIV]] epidemic. &quot;But that was from years of trust building. You can't just say, 'Oh, there's a pandemic today. I'm going to talk to this community, and they're going to automatically talk to you.&quot;

=== The media and Hitler's rise to power ===

Graves requested a brief summary of Tworek (2019) ''News from Germany''. Tworek said that,

{{quote|
Part of hitler's strategy was to condemn the rest of the media for not covering the Nazis. One of their main strategies to try and get people to turn more towards Nazi newspapers, rallies, etc. ...

They take advantage of some of the things that [[w:Weimar Republic|Weimar Democracy]] had done. In August of 1933 [[w:Joseph Goebbels|Joseph Goebbels]], propaganda minister, gave a speech. He said, 'couldn't have come to power and maintained it like we did without the airplane and the radio. ... Hitler was flying around, and the airplane's modern invention. ... [H]e's landing, doing multiple speeches a day. Makes him seem like the modern forward leader.' 

But they maintained power through the radio, because they were able to control radio content from January 1933, and that was because the Weimar state tried to ensure democracy through tight state supervision of content. 'And the more febrile Weimar democracy gets, the more they impose state supervision and control over content. ... [W]hen Hitler becomes chancellor in January 1933 it's radio content the Nazis most supervise.'}} 

A substantial portion of her ''News from Germany'' describes the restrictions on the German interwar equivalent of the [[w:Associated Press|Associated Press]], which had been the primary German news agency since the mid-nineteenth century. In the interwar period, a more right wing competitor emerged, which was mainly owned by an industrialist called [[w:Alfred Hugenberg|Alfred Hugenberg]]. He does not dictate content, but he tells his employees that their reporting should be more right wing. He initially thinks that he can somewhat control Hitler. This turns out to be wholly incorrect, because in the first few months of Hitler being Chancellor, he actually forcibly merges the two news agencies and pass other laws that take away Hugenberg's power.

== Selected Op-Eds ==

Professor Tworek's research website includes a page devoted to &quot;Selected Op-Eds&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Heidi Tworek: Selected Op-Eds--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189849}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 2025-07-02 this included the following: 

* (2025-02-06) &quot;The Promises and Perils of Periodization in Global History: Lessons from the Inter-War Era&quot;, with Andrew Denning,&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Andrew Denning--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191276}}&lt;/ref&gt; discusses Eurocentrism and similar problems in selecting periods of history as foci for study. 
* (2024-06-28) &quot;Digital Regulation May Have Bolstered European Elections — but How Would We Know?&quot; notes that (a) we cannot accurately evaluate the impact of the 2022 European [[w:Digital Services Act|Digital Services Act]] without access to the data collected by the commercial Internet companies, which they are loath to share with serious researchers, but (b) the effect cannot be too large, because &quot;Low turnout has consistently plagued [[w:Elections to the European Parliament|EP [European Parliament] elections]] ... . Some countries saw stunning differences between turnout for national elections and the EP. Only 40 percent of Poles voted in the EP elections, while last autumn ... [n]early 75 percent voted in their most recent national elections. 
* (2024-03-13) &quot;Digitized Newspapers and the Hidden Transformation of History&quot; discussed how the digitization of newspapers from the eighteenth century onward have been used to dramatically improve historical research, producing scholarship that would not have been feasible previously. 
* (2022-10-09) &quot;Living in an Interwar World: Communicable Disease and Epidemic Information&quot; describes the history of the development of standard terminology and systems for sharing disease information internationally. That includes the League of Nations Health Organization and it successor, the [[w:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]], which still needs to be improved. 
* (2021-12-10) &quot;History Explains Why Global Content Moderation Cannot Work&quot; notes that &quot;the United States is seen today as something of a free-speech extremist,&quot; it had previously had active censorship, &quot;particularly when it comes to sex&quot;, including not allowing anatomy textbooks to be sent through the US Postal Service.
* (2021-08-23) &quot;A Real History of Fake News: It has a long, not-so-illustrious past&quot; traces the beginning of fake news to &quot;1622, when a London printer named [[w:Nathaniel Butter|Nathaniel Butter]] made journalism history by starting the first British newspaper. ... [But] when Butter published something that was not trivial, it was often made up.&quot; That tradition continued. In 1807 [[q:Thomas Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] complained, &quot;Nothing can now be believed which is seen in a newspaper. Truth itself becomes suspicious by being put into that polluted vehicle.&quot; The US [[w:History of the Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) was establishment in 1906 to combat overblown claims about miracle cures, which provided a significant portion of newspapers’ revenues. And many humans believed [[w:Pizzagate conspiracy theory|that Hillary Clinton is into sex trafficking.]]
* (2019-05-26) &quot;A Lesson From 1930s Germany: Beware State Control of Social Media&quot; describes how efforts by [[w:Weimar Republic|Weimar Republic]] officials in the 1920s and early 1930s to limit the pernicious influence of misinformation and disinformation in the new medium of radio made it easy for the Nazis to control the messages reaching the public once they achieved power in 1933. 
* (2019-04-25) &quot;Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication&quot; discussing the history of, e.g., cutting undersea cables.
* (2018-09-11) &quot;Quietly, One of President Trump’s Tariffs Threatens American Democracy&quot; discusses esp. a new tariff on Canadian newsprint that threatens to bankrupt small newspapers already on the edge from loss of advertising. She also summarizes the history of how the price of paper has had a major impact on newspaper publishing: &quot;Before the 19th century, paper was mostly made from rags. The paper was very durable, but expensive. The mid-19th century development of cheap paper from groundwood pulp fueled the rise of mass-circulation newspapers. ... During World War I, however, procuring paper became problematic not only in the United States but in Britain and Germany. The British mass-market paper ''[[w:News of the World|News of the World]]'' reduced from 16 pages in 1914 to four by 1918.&quot;

== Tworek bio== 

Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;  is the Canada Research Chair and Director of the Centre for the Study of Democratic Institutions at the [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]]. Her work focuses on how new media technology and policy have impacted democracy. She is also a senior fellow at the [[w:Centre for International Governance Innovation|Centre for International Governance Innovation]] in [[w:Waterloo, Ontario|Waterloo, Ontario]], as well as a non-resident fellow at the [[w:German Marshall Fund|German Marshall Fund]] of the United States and the [[w:Canadian Global Affairs Institute|Canadian Global Affairs Institute]]. She has co-edited four volumes and currently co-edits the [[w:Journal of Global History|''Journal of Global History'']] in addition to having published or forthcoming over 45 book chapters and journal articles&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; in addition to numerous publications and appearances in more popular outlets like [[w:The Washington Post|''The Washington Post'']], [[w:The New York Times|''The New York Times'']], and [[w:CBS|CBS]].&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. We describe here briefly the motivation for this series.

[[Great American Paradox|One major contributor to the dominant position of the US in the international political economy]] today may have been the [[w:Postal Service Act|US Postal Service Act of 1792]]. Under that act, newspapers were delivered up to 100 miles for a penny when first class postage was between 6 and 25 cents. [[w:Alexis de Tocqueville|Alexis de Tocqueville]], who visited the relatively young United States of America in 1831, wrote, “There is scarcely a hamlet that does not have its own newspaper.”&lt;ref&gt;Tocqueville (1835, p. 93).&lt;/ref&gt; McChesney and Nichols estimated that these newspaper subsidies were roughly 0.21 percent of national income (Gross Domestic Project, GDP) in 1841.&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88).&lt;/ref&gt;

At that time, the US probably led the world by far in the number of independent newspaper publishers per capita or per million population. This encouraged literacy and limited political corruption, both of which contributed to making the US a leader in the rate of growth in average annual income (Gross Domestic Product, GDP, per capita). Corruption was also limited by the inability of a small number of publishers to dominate political discourse.

That began to change in the 1850s and 1860s with the introduction of high speed rotary presses, which increased the capital required to start a newspaper.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015, p. 80).&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1887 [[w:William Randolph Hearst|William Randolph Hearst]] took over management of his father’s ''[[w:San Francisco Examiner|San Francisco Examiner]]''. His success there gave him an appetite for building a newspaper chain. His 1895 purchase of the ''[[w:New York Morning Journal|New York Morning Journal]]'' gave him a second newspaper. By the mid-1920s, he owned 28 newspapers. Consolidation of ownership of the media became easier with the introduction of broadcasting and even easier with the Internet.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015). See also Wikiversity, “[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]” and “[[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]“.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy|This consolidation seems to be increasing political polarization and violence worldwide]], threatening democracy itself.

=== The threat from loss of newspapers ===

A previous ''Media &amp; Democracy'' interview with Arizona State University accounting professor Roger White on &quot;[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]&quot; describes problems that increase as the quality and quantity of news declines and ownership and control of the media become more highly concentrated: Major media too often deflect the public's attention from political corruption enabled by poor media. This too often contributes to other problems like [[w:Scapegoating|scapegoating]] [[w:Immigration|immigrants]] and attacking [[w:Diversity, equity, and inclusion|Diversity, equity, and inclusion]] (DEI) while also facilitating increases in pollution, the cost of borrowing, political polarization and violence, and decreases in workplace safety. More on this is included in other interviews in this ''Media &amp; Democracy'' series available on Wikiversity under [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

An important quantitative analysis of the problems associated with deficiencies in news is Neff and Pickard (2024). They analyzed data on media funding and democracy in 33 countries. The US has been rated as a &quot;flawed democracy&quot; according to the [[w:Economist Democracy Index|Economist Democracy Index]] and spends substantially less per capita on media compared to the world's leading democracies in Scandinavia and Commonweath countries. They note that commercial media focus primarily on people with money, while publicly-funded media try harder to serve everyone. Public funding is more strongly correlated with democracy than private funding. This recommends increasing public funding for media as a means of strengthening democracy. See also &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invite to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

In a 2024-12-19 interview on the [[w:PBS News Hour|PBS News Hour]], [[w:Clay Calvert|Clay Calvert]], a leading [[w:First Amendment|First Amendment]] scholar and a nonresident senior fellow at the American Enterprise Institute, Calvert noted that Trump's legal actions against the media organizations have absolutely not been filed to win in court: &quot;The real goal here is to chill the press, to have the news media engage in what we call self-censorship, to pull back their stories. So, instead of playing a watchdog role, ... what I think Trump is really trying to do is make the press be a lapdog ... . It's what we would think of sometimes as a [[w:strategic lawsuit against public participation|strategic lawsuit against public participation]] or a SLAPP suit.&quot; Calvert was then asked if there was a concern that the conservative majority on the Supreme Court might overturn the requirement that a plaintiff in a case like this would have to prove &quot;actual malice&quot;, per [[w:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan|''New York Times v. Sullivan'']] (1964). Calvert agreed that Justices Thomas and Gorsuch would like to overrule the &quot;actual malice&quot; standard. Calvert added that in the lawsuit against ABC, there is a real tension between the news organization, ABC, and its parent, Disney, &quot;that has other interests in the entertainment industry.&quot; He was then asked, &quot;How should news organizations prepare&quot; to deal with possible challenges from Trump's Department of Justice? Calvert replied, &quot;media attorneys ... certainly are thinking about these issues. I think one of the other things we need to think about is the FCC, the Federal Communications Commission, ... because Trump has threatened to revoke the licenses of stations that he believes engage in fake news, deceptive news commentary. So we have got frontal attacks in terms of lawsuits, but also I'd watch out for the FCC and its actions in the future in terms of broadcast journalism.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Calvert and Bennett (2024).&lt;/ref&gt;

Similarly, Pickard (2025-07-08) asserted that, &quot;The Media’s Profits Trump Democracy, Once Again: Paramount’s settlement with Trump is a symptom of deep structural rot in our corporate media system.&quot;

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Al Jazeera (2015-10-26) Enemy of Enemies: The Rise of ISIL. Chapter 5. 2009-2015: Syria uprising and ISIL in Syria--&gt;{{cite Q|Q113710863|author=Al Jazeera}}
* &lt;!--Clay Calvert and Geoff Bennett (2024-12-19) &quot;A look at the legal tactics Trump is using against media outlets&quot;, PBS Newshour--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135249048}}
* &lt;!--Andrew Denning and Heidi Tworek (2025-02-06) &quot;The Promises and Perils of Periodization in Global History: Lessons from the Inter-War Era&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191256}}
* &lt;!--Sara Fischer (2025-07-02) &quot;Paramount agrees to settle Trump lawsuit for $16 million&quot;, Axios--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135249091}}
* &lt;!--Maxim Flößer (2024-03-06) &quot;Keine Lokalzeitung -- mehr AfD&quot;, Kontext--&gt;{{cite Q|Q125287792}}
* &lt;!--Jennifer Graham (2025-07-02) &quot;Another $16 million for the Trump presidential library: Unpacking the Paramount settlement&quot;, Deseret News--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135250112}}
* &lt;!--Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb (eds.; 2015) Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet (Oxford University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131468166|editors=Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb}}
* &lt;!--Scott A. Leadingham (2024) Horse Race Journalism: Finding Election Coverage Beyond the Polling Numbers--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135244458}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2010). The Death and Life of American Journalism (Bold Type Books) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q104888067}}.
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2021). &quot;The Local Journalism Initiative: a proposal to protect and extend democracy&quot;. Columbia Journalism Review, 30 November 2021 --&gt;{{cite Q|Q109978060}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2022), To Protect and Extend Democracy, Recreate Local News Media (PDF), FreePress.net (updated 25 January 2022) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q109978337|access-date=2024-06-23}}
* &lt;!--Joel Meares (2010)  Jay Rosen in Oz: Horse-Race Journalism an “International Phenom”--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135244505}}
* &lt;!--Victor Pickard (2025-07-08) &quot;The Media’s Profits Trump Democracy, Once Again: Paramount’s settlement with Trump is a symptom of deep structural rot in our corporate media system&quot;, The Nation--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135268210}}
* &lt;!-- Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001) Democracy in America (trans. by Richard Heffner, 2001; New America Library) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q112166602|publication-date=unset|author=Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001)}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2018-09-11) &quot;Quietly, One of President Trump’s Tariffs Threatens American Democracy&quot; WaPo--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190353}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-03-11) News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945 (Harvard University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135085111}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-04-25) Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189751}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2019-05-26) &quot;A Lesson From 1930s Germany: Beware State Control of Social Media&quot;, The Atlantic--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191368}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2021-08-23) &quot; AReal History of Fake News: It has a long, not-so-illustrious past&quot;, Persuasion--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190470}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2021-12-10) &quot;History Explains Why Global Content Moderation Cannot Work&quot;, Brookings Inst--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189922}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2022-10-09) &quot;Living in an Interwar World: Communicable Disease and Epidemic Information&quot;, Long-Run Health Matters--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191062}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2024-03-13) &quot;Digitized Newspapers and the Hidden Transformation of History&quot;, American Historical Review--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191423}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2024-06-28) &quot;Digital Regulation May Have Bolstered European Elections — but How Would We Know?--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190291}}
* &lt;!--Nik Usher and Sanghoon Kim-Leffingwell (2022-01) How Loud Does the Watchdog Bark? A Reconsideration of Local Journalism, News Non-profits, and Political Corruption --&gt;{{Cite Q|Q134715465}}
* &lt;!--Sarah Wynne-Williams (2025) Careless People--&gt;{{cite Q|Q133305848}}

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      <text bytes="35525" sha1="1qnse1ksymduk89o6xh5wpqhwxj3hhb" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2025-06-08 interview with [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]] History professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek&gt;&lt;!--Heidi J.S. Tworek--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135116400}}&lt;/ref&gt; about her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today. A video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview will be added when available. The podcast will be released 2025-06-14 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;''

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;''

[[File:News from Germany 1900-1945 and implications for today.webm|thumb|2025-07-03 interview with University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]
[[File:News from Germany 1900-1945 and implications for today.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from a 2025-07-03 interview with [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]] history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]

University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; discusses her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today as documented in her prize-winning (2019) book, ''News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945'', and other works. She is interviewed by Spencer Graves.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!-- Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Highlights == 

=== Accountability journalism ===
Professor Tworek was asked about Usher and Kim-Leffingwell (2022), who created a dataset of all the federal prosecutions for political corruption in each of the 94 [[w:United States federal judicial district|US federal court districts]] between 2003 and 2019 along with the number of journalists and members of the [[w:Institute for Nonprofit News|Institute for Nonprofit News]] (INN). They found more prosecutions with members of INN but ''not'' with more journalists. Tworek replied that this shows us that the ''type'' of journalism matters &quot;for holding people accountable, presumably preventing crimes&quot;. 

Graves noted that, 
{{quote|Watchdogs protect the people who feed them.

You benefit from the presence of accountability journalism, even if you don't read it yourself}} 

Society needs accountability journalism. But who will fund that? Tworek discussed that in her (2019) ''News from Germany''. Tworek noted, &quot;the types of content that we see really depend upon who owns these businesses and what their motivations are. ... &quot;There's, I think, something important about having local outlets where people know who journalists are and what they do, and then that's also extremely important, because a lot of the skepticism of journalism in part, may stem from not really knowing what journalism is and how journalism is produced. And there's been some really interesting work on media literacy that's trying to tease this out ... . [I]f you just teach people to kind of critique stuff, they end up very skeptical of all media, whereas, if instead you say, All right, we're going to go into a school instead of just teaching you to critique the whole thing, we're actually just going to give you the assignment of writing some news. And then you see as a student, like, 'Oh, this is really hard. I have to make choices about what goes in and what goes out. And it's super difficult to fit this into 500 words.'&quot;

Tworek noted that over 100 years ago, [[w:Upton Sinclair]] produced accountability journalism with an expose of the meat packing industry or critiquing ''[[w:The New York Times|The New York Times]]'', etc. 

By contrast, access journalists speak with politicians or other kinds of insiders, which limits their criticisms to maintain access those individuals. Donald Trump with his control of access to the White House briefing room &quot;makes very clear some dynamics that existed beforehand.&quot; 

Tworek continued, &quot;Investigative Journalism often can be more long form, more kind of accountability journalism. Access journalism often tends to be more sort of daily, telling you what is happening, something [[w:Jay Rosen|Jay Rosen]] critiques as &quot;horse race journalism&quot;, where you're just trying to see who's ahead on this day versus not.&lt;ref&gt;Leadingham (2024); Meares (2010).&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Paying for news === 

Graves also noted that Robert McChesney recommended citizen-directed subsidies for local news nonprofits at 0.15 percent of GDP with some kind of a firewall to prevent political interference in the content.&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2021, 2022).&lt;/ref&gt; Tworek replied, 

{{quote|It's really interesting to see the number of different models on the table, There's that one. ... [[w:Victor Pickard (professor)|Victor Pickard]] has also been pushing for those kinds of things as well.&lt;ref&gt;[[Information is a public good per communications prof Pickard|Pickard was interviewed for this series 2024-12-13.]] He is Chair of the Board of [[w:Free Press (advocacy group)|Free Press]], which was co-founded by Robert McChesney; &lt;!--Free Press Board--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131398406}}&lt;/ref&gt; I guess what we see historically is that there are multiple different models. Potentially the key, I think, is to try out a whole bunch of them. 

In Canada, where I am, because of, historically, the long fears of an over dominance of American media this, 100 years ago, pushed ... the creation of the [[w:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]], or the CBC, ... subsidizing what's known as Canadian content. And those are government subsidies. ... French language content in Quebec, or lots of magazines that wouldn't exist because their circulation could never be big enough to cover the costs. It's a very different model than what McChesney is talking about, but it's one that has served quite a lot of democracies that kind of public funded media, but where you don't have government direction on the content. The BBC is another example of that. But of course, that also has its weaknesses ... that's, for example, contested by the [[w:Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative Party of Canada]], which, if elected, would like to defund the CDC. 

Another model is the philanthropic nonprofit. But then we have the problems of, what do you do if those philanthropies aren't necessarily interested in the types of local news that might ultimately benefit democracy. 

So I guess where I've come down on this a little bit is the key is to have multiple of these.}}

=== News deserts ===

Graves asked, &quot;What's your understanding of the impact of [[w:news desert|news desert]]s?&quot; Tworek replied, &quot;what we know from the scholarship on news deserts, some of what they have done is to obviously reduce the transparency of knowing what's going on in local town and city halls and ... that potentially has deleterious effects on what public officials themselves are doing, because they act differently when they know that there are journalists who are watching them. ... [And] there's some scholarship that indicates that what this has done is change voter behavior. So then now you tend to get people voting the same party all the way down the ballot. So rather than before you might get, okay, someone's voting Republican for president, Democrat, Senator, Republican, Democrat, Republican Democrat. Now you're getting people doing more down ballot, the same party all the way down, and so that that tells you that part of it is because people perhaps have less information about what's going on the local level, so they just vote the same party as they would at the national level.&lt;ref&gt;More on this appears in the interview &quot;[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]&quot; and the research report &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Graves mentioned a German-language article about news deserts there.&lt;ref&gt;Flößer (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; Tworek replied, 

{{quote|what we do know from the German context is that the AfD, or the [[w:Alternative for Germany|Alternatif für Deutschland, the Alternative for Germany]], has been very active on social media, and this has been true for quite some time. ... [I]n 2017 for example, the AfD had more people following them on Facebook than the two major parties, the [[w:Christian Democratic Union of Germany|CDU]] and the [[w:Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]] combined. So we know that this has been a major strategy of the AfD. It's been a huge part of what they've wanted to do is to condemn media more broadly for not covering them, not covering the issues they care about, et cetera, and then to turn to social media as an alternative space to reach people. 

And of course, if you live in a news desert, but you're still searching for information, you're going to be looking to places like social media. So we start to see how all of these things connect the far right criticism of media as a whole, turning people away from media that combines with the local news desert combines with other broader reasons as to why certain groups are turning to the far right. So I'd say it's both the AfD strategy, but the other part of it is how more traditional parties have not been as active and trying to use social media to reach potential voters.}}

=== Internet companies are advertising companies ===

Graves noted that he had interviewed [[Facebook whistleblower Frances Haugen says|Facebook whistleblower Frances Haugen]], who said, 

{{quote|
The shortest path to a click is anger or hate}}

Tworek replied that Facebook and other social media companies are ultimately advertising companies. &quot;The longer you are on Facebook, etc., the more advertisements you see, the more money Facebook is making. ... [T]hey're content agnostic, because&quot; they are looking for engagement. If negative emotions drive engagement, that will get amplified. 

Tworek mentioned the recent memoir ''[[w:Careless People|Careless People]]'' by [[w:Sarah Wynn-Williams|Sarah Wynn-Williams]],&lt;ref&gt;Wynn-Williams (2025).&lt;/ref&gt; which 

{{quote|indicates and argues that a lot of the people there were careless ... . They didn't have an eye to these kinds of negative effects ... . They weren't really thinking about things like content moderation until it just sort of happened. ...

[B]ut over the last few years we've seen the trust and safety teams ... have really been cut quite tremendously. ... When [[w:Elon Musk|Elon Musk]] bought [[w:Twitter|Twitter]], made into '''X''', boom: trust and safety team is gone. But the same is true of many companies where they've really cut those teams quite tremendously. I think that tells us a lot about their priorities.}}

=== After the war in Germany vs. Iraq ===

Graves noted that [[w:Dwight D. Eisenhower|General Eisenhower]], as the military governor of the American occupied zone of Germany, after World War II, reportedly told German journalists he wanted them to print whatever they wanted, even if it involved criticizing him personally. McChesney and Nichols contrasted this with the strict censorship imposed on Iraq by [[w:Paul Bremer#Provisional coalition administrator of Iraq|the US occupiers]] after President George W. Bush's [[w:Mission Accomplished speech|Mission Accomplished speech]],&lt;ref&gt;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government#Iraq and the Islamic State|That censorship concealed massive corruption in the Iraqi military that was exposed in the 2014 [[w:Fall of Mosul|Fall of Mosul]], when two Iraqi army divisions totaling 30,000 and another 30,000 federal police]] were overwhelmed in six days by roughly 1,500 committed Jihadists. [[Winning the War on Terror#2.7.  Islamic terrorism|In that operation, ISIL reportedly siezed &quot;six divisions’ worth of strategic weaponry, all of it US-supplied” from a force with a paper strength of 120,000 men. ''Al Jazeera'' (2015). McChesney and Nichols (2010, Appendix II. Ike, MacArthur and the Forging of Free and Independent Press, pp. 241-254).&lt;/ref&gt; and asked Tworek'comment. 

She replied that the democratization of Germany and Japan were more complicated than that brief quote from McChesney and Nichols implies. The comparison between West and East Germany in the late 1940s and early 1950s was obvious to most in the West, and that made it easy for the public to embrace the US model. Of course, many of the journalists in Germany after World War II had also worked as journalists in the Nazi period when the structure was very different, as documented in research by [[w: Norbert Frei|Norbert Frei]] and others. The [[w:Deutsche Presse-Agentur|West Germany news agency, the dpa]], is a cooperative, modeled after the [[w:Associated Press|Associated Press]] of the US. 

The [[w:Korean War|Korean War]] had a similar impact on public opinion and journalistic practices in Japan.

She added that the successes of democratization in West Germany and Japan after World War Two became a model for American policy makers, who try to apply that in other places and different contexts with disastrous results.

=== Lawsuits ===

Graves asked Tworek's comment on the settlement in ''[[w:Dominion Voting Systems v. Fox News Network|Dominion v. Fox]]'', which had 3 components: (1) Fox agreed that they had initially said that Biden had won the 2020 election but switched  to claiming the election had been stolen from Trump after Fox saw they were losing audience to other Conservative outlets. (2) They agreed to pay Dominion $787.5 million. (3) They did not have to apologize, so their audience continued unaware that they had been lied to. 

Tworek replied that this &quot;speaks to a larger dynamic of trying to solve these kinds of questions within courts and through large sums of money.&quot; As another example, she mentioned the billionaire [[w:Peter Thiel|Peter Thiel]], who secretly funded a lawsuit by [[w:Hulk Hogan|Hulk Hogan]] that brought down a news outlet. Another example [[w:Donald Trump's conflict with the media#Retaliatory lawsuits and federal government actions|is CBS paying Trump $16 million]] over questions about editing an interview with [[w:Kamala Harris|Kamala Harris]].&lt;ref&gt;Graham (2025) asked if this was, a &quot;Settlement or a bribe&quot;? See also Fischer (2025) and Calvert and Bennett (2024); the latter is summarized in the &quot;Discussion&quot; section below.&lt;/ref&gt;

She also mentioned &quot;the weaponization in a way of court cases against media outlets ... [[w:Strategic lawsuit against public participation|SLAPP lawsuites]] (strategic lawsuit against public participation), &quot;which cost [journalists] a lot of time and energy and are potentially used to try and push journalists away from pursuing certain lines of inquiry&quot;.

=== Media and public health ===

Tworek has several publications looking at the role of communications on public health. Countries with greater public trust of the major media tended to fare better during the [[w:COVID-19 pandemic|COVID pandemic]]. British Columbia has not suffered greatly from [[w:Mpox|Mpox]], because the queer community there had good relations with the [[w:British Columbia Centre for Disease Control|British Columbia Centre for Disease Control]] dating back to the [[w:HIV|HIV]] epidemic. &quot;But that was from years of trust building. You can't just say, 'Oh, there's a pandemic today. I'm going to talk to this community, and they're going to automatically talk to you.&quot;

=== The media and Hitler's rise to power ===

Graves requested a brief summary of Tworek (2019) ''News from Germany''. Tworek said that,

{{quote|
Part of hitler's strategy was to condemn the rest of the media for not covering the Nazis. One of their main strategies to try and get people to turn more towards Nazi newspapers, rallies, etc. ...

They take advantage of some of the things that [[w:Weimar Republic|Weimar Democracy]] had done. In August of 1933 [[w:Joseph Goebbels|Joseph Goebbels]], propaganda minister, gave a speech. He said, 'couldn't have come to power and maintained it like we did without the airplane and the radio. ... Hitler was flying around, and the airplane's modern invention. ... [H]e's landing, doing multiple speeches a day. Makes him seem like the modern forward leader.' 

But they maintained power through the radio, because they were able to control radio content from January 1933, and that was because the Weimar state tried to ensure democracy through tight state supervision of content. 'And the more febrile Weimar democracy gets, the more they impose state supervision and control over content. ... [W]hen Hitler becomes chancellor in January 1933 it's radio content the Nazis most supervise.'}} 

A substantial portion of her ''News from Germany'' describes the restrictions on the German interwar equivalent of the [[w:Associated Press|Associated Press]], which had been the primary German news agency since the mid-nineteenth century. In the interwar period, a more right wing competitor emerged, which was mainly owned by an industrialist called [[w:Alfred Hugenberg|Alfred Hugenberg]]. He does not dictate content, but he tells his employees that their reporting should be more right wing. He initially thinks that he can somewhat control Hitler. This turns out to be wholly incorrect, because in the first few months of Hitler being Chancellor, he actually forcibly merges the two news agencies and pass other laws that take away Hugenberg's power.

== Selected Op-Eds ==

Professor Tworek's research website includes a page devoted to &quot;Selected Op-Eds&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Heidi Tworek: Selected Op-Eds--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189849}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 2025-07-02 this included the following: 

* (2025-02-06) &quot;The Promises and Perils of Periodization in Global History: Lessons from the Inter-War Era&quot;, with Andrew Denning,&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Andrew Denning--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191276}}&lt;/ref&gt; discusses Eurocentrism and similar problems in selecting periods of history as foci for study. 
* (2024-06-28) &quot;Digital Regulation May Have Bolstered European Elections — but How Would We Know?&quot; notes that (a) we cannot accurately evaluate the impact of the 2022 European [[w:Digital Services Act|Digital Services Act]] without access to the data collected by the commercial Internet companies, which they are loath to share with serious researchers, but (b) the effect cannot be too large, because &quot;Low turnout has consistently plagued [[w:Elections to the European Parliament|EP [European Parliament] elections]] ... . Some countries saw stunning differences between turnout for national elections and the EP. Only 40 percent of Poles voted in the EP elections, while last autumn ... [n]early 75 percent voted in their most recent national elections. 
* (2024-03-13) &quot;Digitized Newspapers and the Hidden Transformation of History&quot; discussed how the digitization of newspapers from the eighteenth century onward have been used to dramatically improve historical research, producing scholarship that would not have been feasible previously. 
* (2022-10-09) &quot;Living in an Interwar World: Communicable Disease and Epidemic Information&quot; describes the history of the development of standard terminology and systems for sharing disease information internationally. That includes the League of Nations Health Organization and it successor, the [[w:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]], which still needs to be improved. 
* (2021-12-10) &quot;History Explains Why Global Content Moderation Cannot Work&quot; notes that &quot;the United States is seen today as something of a free-speech extremist,&quot; it had previously had active censorship, &quot;particularly when it comes to sex&quot;, including not allowing anatomy textbooks to be sent through the US Postal Service.
* (2021-08-23) &quot;A Real History of Fake News: It has a long, not-so-illustrious past&quot; traces the beginning of fake news to &quot;1622, when a London printer named [[w:Nathaniel Butter|Nathaniel Butter]] made journalism history by starting the first British newspaper. ... [But] when Butter published something that was not trivial, it was often made up.&quot; That tradition continued. In 1807 [[q:Thomas Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] complained, &quot;Nothing can now be believed which is seen in a newspaper. Truth itself becomes suspicious by being put into that polluted vehicle.&quot; The US [[w:History of the Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) was establishment in 1906 to combat overblown claims about miracle cures, which provided a significant portion of newspapers’ revenues. And many humans believed [[w:Pizzagate conspiracy theory|that Hillary Clinton is into sex trafficking.]]
* (2019-05-26) &quot;A Lesson From 1930s Germany: Beware State Control of Social Media&quot; describes how efforts by [[w:Weimar Republic|Weimar Republic]] officials in the 1920s and early 1930s to limit the pernicious influence of misinformation and disinformation in the new medium of radio made it easy for the Nazis to control the messages reaching the public once they achieved power in 1933. 
* (2019-04-25) &quot;Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication&quot; discussing the history of, e.g., cutting undersea cables.
* (2018-09-11) &quot;Quietly, One of President Trump’s Tariffs Threatens American Democracy&quot; discusses esp. a new tariff on Canadian newsprint that threatens to bankrupt small newspapers already on the edge from loss of advertising. She also summarizes the history of how the price of paper has had a major impact on newspaper publishing: &quot;Before the 19th century, paper was mostly made from rags. The paper was very durable, but expensive. The mid-19th century development of cheap paper from groundwood pulp fueled the rise of mass-circulation newspapers. ... During World War I, however, procuring paper became problematic not only in the United States but in Britain and Germany. The British mass-market paper ''[[w:News of the World|News of the World]]'' reduced from 16 pages in 1914 to four by 1918.&quot;

== Tworek bio== 

Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;  is the Canada Research Chair and Director of the Centre for the Study of Democratic Institutions at the [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]]. Her work focuses on how new media technology and policy have impacted democracy. She is also a senior fellow at the [[w:Centre for International Governance Innovation|Centre for International Governance Innovation]] in [[w:Waterloo, Ontario|Waterloo, Ontario]], as well as a non-resident fellow at the [[w:German Marshall Fund|German Marshall Fund]] of the United States and the [[w:Canadian Global Affairs Institute|Canadian Global Affairs Institute]]. She has co-edited four volumes and currently co-edits the [[w:Journal of Global History|''Journal of Global History'']] in addition to having published or forthcoming over 45 book chapters and journal articles&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; in addition to numerous publications and appearances in more popular outlets like [[w:The Washington Post|''The Washington Post'']], [[w:The New York Times|''The New York Times'']], and [[w:CBS|CBS]].&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. We describe here briefly the motivation for this series.

[[Great American Paradox|One major contributor to the dominant position of the US in the international political economy]] today may have been the [[w:Postal Service Act|US Postal Service Act of 1792]]. Under that act, newspapers were delivered up to 100 miles for a penny when first class postage was between 6 and 25 cents. [[w:Alexis de Tocqueville|Alexis de Tocqueville]], who visited the relatively young United States of America in 1831, wrote, “There is scarcely a hamlet that does not have its own newspaper.”&lt;ref&gt;Tocqueville (1835, p. 93).&lt;/ref&gt; McChesney and Nichols estimated that these newspaper subsidies were roughly 0.21 percent of national income (Gross Domestic Project, GDP) in 1841.&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88).&lt;/ref&gt;

At that time, the US probably led the world by far in the number of independent newspaper publishers per capita or per million population. This encouraged literacy and limited political corruption, both of which contributed to making the US a leader in the rate of growth in average annual income (Gross Domestic Product, GDP, per capita). Corruption was also limited by the inability of a small number of publishers to dominate political discourse.

That began to change in the 1850s and 1860s with the introduction of high speed rotary presses, which increased the capital required to start a newspaper.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015, p. 80).&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1887 [[w:William Randolph Hearst|William Randolph Hearst]] took over management of his father’s ''[[w:San Francisco Examiner|San Francisco Examiner]]''. His success there gave him an appetite for building a newspaper chain. His 1895 purchase of the ''[[w:New York Morning Journal|New York Morning Journal]]'' gave him a second newspaper. By the mid-1920s, he owned 28 newspapers. Consolidation of ownership of the media became easier with the introduction of broadcasting and even easier with the Internet.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015). See also Wikiversity, “[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]” and “[[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]“.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy|This consolidation seems to be increasing political polarization and violence worldwide]], threatening democracy itself.

=== The threat from loss of newspapers ===

A previous ''Media &amp; Democracy'' interview with Arizona State University accounting professor Roger White on &quot;[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]&quot; describes problems that increase as the quality and quantity of news declines and ownership and control of the media become more highly concentrated: Major media too often deflect the public's attention from political corruption enabled by poor media. This too often contributes to other problems like [[w:Scapegoating|scapegoating]] [[w:Immigration|immigrants]] and attacking [[w:Diversity, equity, and inclusion|Diversity, equity, and inclusion]] (DEI) while also facilitating increases in pollution, the cost of borrowing, political polarization and violence, and decreases in workplace safety. More on this is included in other interviews in this ''Media &amp; Democracy'' series available on Wikiversity under [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

An important quantitative analysis of the problems associated with deficiencies in news is Neff and Pickard (2024). They analyzed data on media funding and democracy in 33 countries. The US has been rated as a &quot;flawed democracy&quot; according to the [[w:Economist Democracy Index|Economist Democracy Index]] and spends substantially less per capita on media compared to the world's leading democracies in Scandinavia and Commonweath countries. They note that commercial media focus primarily on people with money, while publicly-funded media try harder to serve everyone. Public funding is more strongly correlated with democracy than private funding. This recommends increasing public funding for media as a means of strengthening democracy. See also &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invite to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

In a 2024-12-19 interview on the [[w:PBS News Hour|PBS News Hour]], [[w:Clay Calvert|Clay Calvert]], a leading [[w:First Amendment|First Amendment]] scholar and a nonresident senior fellow at the American Enterprise Institute, Calvert noted that Trump's legal actions against the media organizations have absolutely not been filed to win in court: &quot;The real goal here is to chill the press, to have the news media engage in what we call self-censorship, to pull back their stories. So, instead of playing a watchdog role, ... what I think Trump is really trying to do is make the press be a lapdog ... . It's what we would think of sometimes as a [[w:strategic lawsuit against public participation|strategic lawsuit against public participation]] or a SLAPP suit.&quot; Calvert was then asked if there was a concern that the conservative majority on the Supreme Court might overturn the requirement that a plaintiff in a case like this would have to prove &quot;actual malice&quot;, per [[w:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan|''New York Times v. Sullivan'']] (1964). Calvert agreed that Justices Thomas and Gorsuch would like to overrule the &quot;actual malice&quot; standard. Calvert added that in the lawsuit against ABC, there is a real tension between the news organization, ABC, and its parent, Disney, &quot;that has other interests in the entertainment industry.&quot; He was then asked, &quot;How should news organizations prepare&quot; to deal with possible challenges from Trump's Department of Justice? Calvert replied, &quot;media attorneys ... certainly are thinking about these issues. I think one of the other things we need to think about is the FCC, the Federal Communications Commission, ... because Trump has threatened to revoke the licenses of stations that he believes engage in fake news, deceptive news commentary. So we have got frontal attacks in terms of lawsuits, but also I'd watch out for the FCC and its actions in the future in terms of broadcast journalism.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Calvert and Bennett (2024).&lt;/ref&gt;

Similarly, Pickard (2025-07-08) asserted that, &quot;The Media’s Profits Trump Democracy, Once Again: Paramount’s settlement with Trump is a symptom of deep structural rot in our corporate media system.&quot;

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Al Jazeera (2015-10-26) Enemy of Enemies: The Rise of ISIL. Chapter 5. 2009-2015: Syria uprising and ISIL in Syria--&gt;{{cite Q|Q113710863|author=Al Jazeera}}
* &lt;!--Clay Calvert and Geoff Bennett (2024-12-19) &quot;A look at the legal tactics Trump is using against media outlets&quot;, PBS Newshour--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135249048}}
* &lt;!--Andrew Denning and Heidi Tworek (2025-02-06) &quot;The Promises and Perils of Periodization in Global History: Lessons from the Inter-War Era&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191256}}
* &lt;!--Sara Fischer (2025-07-02) &quot;Paramount agrees to settle Trump lawsuit for $16 million&quot;, Axios--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135249091}}
* &lt;!--Maxim Flößer (2024-03-06) &quot;Keine Lokalzeitung -- mehr AfD&quot;, Kontext--&gt;{{cite Q|Q125287792}}
* &lt;!--Jennifer Graham (2025-07-02) &quot;Another $16 million for the Trump presidential library: Unpacking the Paramount settlement&quot;, Deseret News--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135250112}}
* &lt;!--Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb (eds.; 2015) Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet (Oxford University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131468166|editors=Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb}}
* &lt;!--Scott A. Leadingham (2024) Horse Race Journalism: Finding Election Coverage Beyond the Polling Numbers--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135244458}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2010). The Death and Life of American Journalism (Bold Type Books) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q104888067}}.
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2021). &quot;The Local Journalism Initiative: a proposal to protect and extend democracy&quot;. Columbia Journalism Review, 30 November 2021 --&gt;{{cite Q|Q109978060}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2022), To Protect and Extend Democracy, Recreate Local News Media (PDF), FreePress.net (updated 25 January 2022) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q109978337|access-date=2024-06-23}}
* &lt;!--Joel Meares (2010)  Jay Rosen in Oz: Horse-Race Journalism an “International Phenom”--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135244505}}
* &lt;!--Victor Pickard (2025-07-08) &quot;The Media’s Profits Trump Democracy, Once Again: Paramount’s settlement with Trump is a symptom of deep structural rot in our corporate media system&quot;, The Nation--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135268210}}
* &lt;!-- Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001) Democracy in America (trans. by Richard Heffner, 2001; New America Library) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q112166602|publication-date=unset|author=Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001)}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2018-09-11) &quot;Quietly, One of President Trump’s Tariffs Threatens American Democracy&quot; WaPo--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190353}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-03-11) News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945 (Harvard University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135085111}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-04-25) Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189751}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2019-05-26) &quot;A Lesson From 1930s Germany: Beware State Control of Social Media&quot;, The Atlantic--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191368}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2021-08-23) &quot; AReal History of Fake News: It has a long, not-so-illustrious past&quot;, Persuasion--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190470}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2021-12-10) &quot;History Explains Why Global Content Moderation Cannot Work&quot;, Brookings Inst--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189922}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2022-10-09) &quot;Living in an Interwar World: Communicable Disease and Epidemic Information&quot;, Long-Run Health Matters--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191062}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2024-03-13) &quot;Digitized Newspapers and the Hidden Transformation of History&quot;, American Historical Review--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191423}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2024-06-28) &quot;Digital Regulation May Have Bolstered European Elections — but How Would We Know?--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190291}}
* &lt;!--Nik Usher and Sanghoon Kim-Leffingwell (2022-01) How Loud Does the Watchdog Bark? A Reconsideration of Local Journalism, News Non-profits, and Political Corruption --&gt;{{Cite Q|Q134715465}}
* &lt;!--Sarah Wynne-Williams (2025) Careless People--&gt;{{cite Q|Q133305848}}

[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Germany]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
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      <text bytes="35968" sha1="cdiic3s716jn0vvl80d5v231tc7h8cy" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2025-06-08 interview with [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]] History professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek&gt;&lt;!--Heidi J.S. Tworek--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135116400}}&lt;/ref&gt; about her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today. A video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview will be added when available. The podcast will be released 2025-06-14 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;''

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;''

[[File:News from Germany 1900-1945 and implications for today.webm|thumb|2025-07-03 interview with University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]
[[File:News from Germany 1900-1945 and implications for today.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from a 2025-07-03 interview with [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]] history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]

University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; discusses her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today as documented in her prize-winning (2019) book, ''News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945'', and other works. She is interviewed by Spencer Graves.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!-- Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Highlights == 

=== Accountability journalism ===
Professor Tworek was asked about Usher and Kim-Leffingwell (2022), who created a dataset of all the federal prosecutions for political corruption in each of the 94 [[w:United States federal judicial district|US federal court districts]] between 2003 and 2019 along with the number of journalists and members of the [[w:Institute for Nonprofit News|Institute for Nonprofit News]] (INN). They found more prosecutions with members of INN but ''not'' with more journalists. Tworek replied that this shows us that the ''type'' of journalism matters &quot;for holding people accountable, presumably preventing crimes&quot;. 

Graves noted that, 
{{quote|Watchdogs protect the people who feed them.

You benefit from the presence of accountability journalism, even if you don't read it yourself}} 

Society needs accountability journalism. But who will fund that? Tworek discussed that in her (2019) ''News from Germany''. Tworek noted, &quot;the types of content that we see really depend upon who owns these businesses and what their motivations are. ... &quot;There's, I think, something important about having local outlets where people know who journalists are and what they do, and then that's also extremely important, because a lot of the skepticism of journalism in part, may stem from not really knowing what journalism is and how journalism is produced. And there's been some really interesting work on media literacy that's trying to tease this out ... . [I]f you just teach people to kind of critique stuff, they end up very skeptical of all media, whereas, if instead you say, All right, we're going to go into a school instead of just teaching you to critique the whole thing, we're actually just going to give you the assignment of writing some news. And then you see as a student, like, 'Oh, this is really hard. I have to make choices about what goes in and what goes out. And it's super difficult to fit this into 500 words.'&quot;

Tworek noted that over 100 years ago, [[w:Upton Sinclair]] produced accountability journalism with an expose of the meat packing industry or critiquing ''[[w:The New York Times|The New York Times]]'', etc. 

By contrast, access journalists speak with politicians or other kinds of insiders, which limits their criticisms to maintain access those individuals. Donald Trump with his control of access to the White House briefing room &quot;makes very clear some dynamics that existed beforehand.&quot; 

Tworek continued, &quot;Investigative Journalism often can be more long form, more kind of accountability journalism. Access journalism often tends to be more sort of daily, telling you what is happening, something [[w:Jay Rosen|Jay Rosen]] critiques as &quot;horse race journalism&quot;, where you're just trying to see who's ahead on this day versus not.&lt;ref&gt;Leadingham (2024); Meares (2010).&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Paying for news === 

Graves also noted that Robert McChesney recommended citizen-directed subsidies for local news nonprofits at 0.15 percent of GDP with some kind of a firewall to prevent political interference in the content.&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2021, 2022).&lt;/ref&gt; Tworek replied, 

{{quote|It's really interesting to see the number of different models on the table, There's that one. ... [[w:Victor Pickard (professor)|Victor Pickard]] has also been pushing for those kinds of things as well.&lt;ref&gt;[[Information is a public good per communications prof Pickard|Pickard was interviewed for this series 2024-12-13.]] He is Chair of the Board of [[w:Free Press (advocacy group)|Free Press]], which was co-founded by Robert McChesney; &lt;!--Free Press Board--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131398406}}&lt;/ref&gt; I guess what we see historically is that there are multiple different models. Potentially the key, I think, is to try out a whole bunch of them. 

In Canada, where I am, because of, historically, the long fears of an over dominance of American media this, 100 years ago, pushed ... the creation of the [[w:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]], or the CBC, ... subsidizing what's known as Canadian content. And those are government subsidies. ... French language content in Quebec, or lots of magazines that wouldn't exist because their circulation could never be big enough to cover the costs. It's a very different model than what McChesney is talking about, but it's one that has served quite a lot of democracies that kind of public funded media, but where you don't have government direction on the content. The BBC is another example of that. But of course, that also has its weaknesses ... that's, for example, contested by the [[w:Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative Party of Canada]], which, if elected, would like to defund the CDC. 

Another model is the philanthropic nonprofit. But then we have the problems of, what do you do if those philanthropies aren't necessarily interested in the types of local news that might ultimately benefit democracy. 

So I guess where I've come down on this a little bit is the key is to have multiple of these.}}

=== News deserts ===

Graves asked, &quot;What's your understanding of the impact of [[w:news desert|news desert]]s?&quot; Tworek replied, &quot;what we know from the scholarship on news deserts, some of what they have done is to obviously reduce the transparency of knowing what's going on in local town and city halls and ... that potentially has deleterious effects on what public officials themselves are doing, because they act differently when they know that there are journalists who are watching them. ... [And] there's some scholarship that indicates that what this has done is change voter behavior. So then now you tend to get people voting the same party all the way down the ballot. So rather than before you might get, okay, someone's voting Republican for president, Democrat, Senator, Republican, Democrat, Republican Democrat. Now you're getting people doing more down ballot, the same party all the way down, and so that that tells you that part of it is because people perhaps have less information about what's going on the local level, so they just vote the same party as they would at the national level.&lt;ref&gt;More on this appears in the interview &quot;[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]&quot; and the research report &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Graves mentioned a German-language article about news deserts there.&lt;ref&gt;Flößer (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; Tworek replied, 

{{quote|what we do know from the German context is that the AfD, or the [[w:Alternative for Germany|Alternatif für Deutschland, the Alternative for Germany]], has been very active on social media, and this has been true for quite some time. ... [I]n 2017 for example, the AfD had more people following them on Facebook than the two major parties, the [[w:Christian Democratic Union of Germany|CDU]] and the [[w:Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]] combined. So we know that this has been a major strategy of the AfD. It's been a huge part of what they've wanted to do is to condemn media more broadly for not covering them, not covering the issues they care about, et cetera, and then to turn to social media as an alternative space to reach people. 

And of course, if you live in a news desert, but you're still searching for information, you're going to be looking to places like social media. So we start to see how all of these things connect the far right criticism of media as a whole, turning people away from media that combines with the local news desert combines with other broader reasons as to why certain groups are turning to the far right. So I'd say it's both the AfD strategy, but the other part of it is how more traditional parties have not been as active and trying to use social media to reach potential voters.}}

=== Internet companies are advertising companies ===

Graves noted that he had interviewed [[Facebook whistleblower Frances Haugen says|Facebook whistleblower Frances Haugen]], who said, 

{{quote|
The shortest path to a click is anger or hate}}

Tworek replied that Facebook and other social media companies are ultimately advertising companies. &quot;The longer you are on Facebook, etc., the more advertisements you see, the more money Facebook is making. ... [T]hey're content agnostic, because&quot; they are looking for engagement. If negative emotions drive engagement, that will get amplified. 

Tworek mentioned the recent memoir ''[[w:Careless People|Careless People]]'' by [[w:Sarah Wynn-Williams|Sarah Wynn-Williams]],&lt;ref&gt;Wynn-Williams (2025).&lt;/ref&gt; which 

{{quote|indicates and argues that a lot of the people there were careless ... . They didn't have an eye to these kinds of negative effects ... . They weren't really thinking about things like content moderation until it just sort of happened. ...

[B]ut over the last few years we've seen the trust and safety teams ... have really been cut quite tremendously. ... When [[w:Elon Musk|Elon Musk]] bought [[w:Twitter|Twitter]], made into '''X''', boom: trust and safety team is gone. But the same is true of many companies where they've really cut those teams quite tremendously. I think that tells us a lot about their priorities.}}

=== After the war in Germany vs. Iraq ===

Graves noted that [[w:Dwight D. Eisenhower|General Eisenhower]], as the military governor of the American occupied zone of Germany, after World War II, reportedly told German journalists he wanted them to print whatever they wanted, even if it involved criticizing him personally. McChesney and Nichols contrasted this with the strict censorship imposed on Iraq by [[w:Paul Bremer#Provisional coalition administrator of Iraq|the US occupiers]] after President George W. Bush's [[w:Mission Accomplished speech|Mission Accomplished speech]],&lt;ref&gt;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government#Iraq and the Islamic State|That censorship concealed massive corruption in the Iraqi military that was exposed in the 2014 [[w:Fall of Mosul|Fall of Mosul]], when two Iraqi army divisions totaling 30,000 and another 30,000 federal police]] were overwhelmed in six days by roughly 1,500 committed Jihadists. [[Winning the War on Terror#2.7.  Islamic terrorism|In that operation, ISIL reportedly siezed &quot;six divisions’ worth of strategic weaponry, all of it US-supplied” from a force with a paper strength of 120,000 men. ''Al Jazeera'' (2015). McChesney and Nichols (2010, Appendix II. Ike, MacArthur and the Forging of Free and Independent Press, pp. 241-254).&lt;/ref&gt; and asked Tworek'comment. 

She replied that the democratization of Germany and Japan were more complicated than that brief quote from McChesney and Nichols implies. The comparison between West and East Germany in the late 1940s and early 1950s was obvious to most in the West, and that made it easy for the public to embrace the US model. Of course, many of the journalists in Germany after World War II had also worked as journalists in the Nazi period when the structure was very different, as documented in research by [[w: Norbert Frei|Norbert Frei]] and others. The [[w:Deutsche Presse-Agentur|West Germany news agency, the dpa]], is a cooperative, modeled after the [[w:Associated Press|Associated Press]] of the US. 

The [[w:Korean War|Korean War]] had a similar impact on public opinion and journalistic practices in Japan.

She added that the successes of democratization in West Germany and Japan after World War Two became a model for American policy makers, who try to apply that in other places and different contexts with disastrous results.

=== Lawsuits ===

Graves asked Tworek's comment on the settlement in ''[[w:Dominion Voting Systems v. Fox News Network|Dominion v. Fox]]'', which had 3 components: (1) Fox agreed that they had initially said that Biden had won the 2020 election but switched  to claiming the election had been stolen from Trump after Fox saw they were losing audience to other Conservative outlets. (2) They agreed to pay Dominion $787.5 million. (3) They did not have to apologize, so their audience continued unaware that they had been lied to. 

Tworek replied that this &quot;speaks to a larger dynamic of trying to solve these kinds of questions within courts and through large sums of money.&quot; As another example, she mentioned the billionaire [[w:Peter Thiel|Peter Thiel]], who secretly funded a lawsuit by [[w:Hulk Hogan|Hulk Hogan]] that brought down a news outlet. Another example [[w:Donald Trump's conflict with the media#Retaliatory lawsuits and federal government actions|is CBS paying Trump $16 million]] over questions about editing an interview with [[w:Kamala Harris|Kamala Harris]].&lt;ref&gt;Graham (2025) asked if this was, a &quot;Settlement or a bribe&quot;? See also Fischer (2025) and Calvert and Bennett (2024); the latter is summarized in the &quot;Discussion&quot; section below.&lt;/ref&gt;

She also mentioned &quot;the weaponization in a way of court cases against media outlets ... [[w:Strategic lawsuit against public participation|SLAPP lawsuites]] (strategic lawsuit against public participation), &quot;which cost [journalists] a lot of time and energy and are potentially used to try and push journalists away from pursuing certain lines of inquiry&quot;.

=== Media and public health ===

Tworek has several publications looking at the role of communications on public health. Countries with greater public trust of the major media tended to fare better during the [[w:COVID-19 pandemic|COVID pandemic]]. British Columbia has not suffered greatly from [[w:Mpox|Mpox]], because the queer community there had good relations with the [[w:British Columbia Centre for Disease Control|British Columbia Centre for Disease Control]] dating back to the [[w:HIV|HIV]] epidemic. &quot;But that was from years of trust building. You can't just say, 'Oh, there's a pandemic today. I'm going to talk to this community, and they're going to automatically talk to you.&quot;

=== The media and Hitler's rise to power ===

Graves requested a brief summary of Tworek (2019) ''News from Germany''. Tworek said that,

{{quote|
Part of hitler's strategy was to condemn the rest of the media for not covering the Nazis. One of their main strategies to try and get people to turn more towards Nazi newspapers, rallies, etc. ...

They take advantage of some of the things that [[w:Weimar Republic|Weimar Democracy]] had done. In August of 1933 [[w:Joseph Goebbels|Joseph Goebbels]], propaganda minister, gave a speech. He said, 'couldn't have come to power and maintained it like we did without the airplane and the radio. ... Hitler was flying around, and the airplane's modern invention. ... [H]e's landing, doing multiple speeches a day. Makes him seem like the modern forward leader.' 

But they maintained power through the radio, because they were able to control radio content from January 1933, and that was because the Weimar state tried to ensure democracy through tight state supervision of content. 'And the more febrile Weimar democracy gets, the more they impose state supervision and control over content. ... [W]hen Hitler becomes chancellor in January 1933 it's radio content the Nazis most supervise.'}} 

A substantial portion of her ''News from Germany'' describes the restrictions on the German interwar equivalent of the [[w:Associated Press|Associated Press]], which had been the primary German news agency since the mid-nineteenth century. In the interwar period, a more right wing competitor emerged, which was mainly owned by an industrialist called [[w:Alfred Hugenberg|Alfred Hugenberg]]. He does not dictate content, but he tells his employees that their reporting should be more right wing. He initially thinks that he can somewhat control Hitler. This turns out to be wholly incorrect, because in the first few months of Hitler being Chancellor, he actually forcibly merges the two news agencies and pass other laws that take away Hugenberg's power.

== Selected Op-Eds ==

Professor Tworek's research website includes a page devoted to &quot;Selected Op-Eds&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Heidi Tworek: Selected Op-Eds--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189849}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 2025-07-02 this included the following: 

* (2025-02-06) &quot;The Promises and Perils of Periodization in Global History: Lessons from the Inter-War Era&quot;, with Andrew Denning,&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Andrew Denning--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191276}}&lt;/ref&gt; discusses Eurocentrism and similar problems in selecting periods of history as foci for study. 
* (2024-06-28) &quot;Digital Regulation May Have Bolstered European Elections — but How Would We Know?&quot; notes that (a) we cannot accurately evaluate the impact of the 2022 European [[w:Digital Services Act|Digital Services Act]] without access to the data collected by the commercial Internet companies, which they are loath to share with serious researchers, but (b) the effect cannot be too large, because &quot;Low turnout has consistently plagued [[w:Elections to the European Parliament|EP [European Parliament] elections]] ... . Some countries saw stunning differences between turnout for national elections and the EP. Only 40 percent of Poles voted in the EP elections, while last autumn ... [n]early 75 percent voted in their most recent national elections. 
* (2024-03-13) &quot;Digitized Newspapers and the Hidden Transformation of History&quot; discussed how the digitization of newspapers from the eighteenth century onward have been used to dramatically improve historical research, producing scholarship that would not have been feasible previously. 
* (2022-10-09) &quot;Living in an Interwar World: Communicable Disease and Epidemic Information&quot; describes the history of the development of standard terminology and systems for sharing disease information internationally. That includes the League of Nations Health Organization and it successor, the [[w:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]], which still needs to be improved. 
* (2021-12-10) &quot;History Explains Why Global Content Moderation Cannot Work&quot; notes that &quot;the United States is seen today as something of a free-speech extremist,&quot; it had previously had active censorship, &quot;particularly when it comes to sex&quot;, including not allowing anatomy textbooks to be sent through the US Postal Service.
* (2021-08-23) &quot;A Real History of Fake News: It has a long, not-so-illustrious past&quot; traces the beginning of fake news to &quot;1622, when a London printer named [[w:Nathaniel Butter|Nathaniel Butter]] made journalism history by starting the first British newspaper. ... [But] when Butter published something that was not trivial, it was often made up.&quot; That tradition continued. In 1807 [[q:Thomas Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] complained, &quot;Nothing can now be believed which is seen in a newspaper. Truth itself becomes suspicious by being put into that polluted vehicle.&quot; The US [[w:History of the Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) was establishment in 1906 to combat overblown claims about miracle cures, which provided a significant portion of newspapers’ revenues. And many humans believed [[w:Pizzagate conspiracy theory|that Hillary Clinton is into sex trafficking.]]
* (2019-05-26) &quot;A Lesson From 1930s Germany: Beware State Control of Social Media&quot; describes how efforts by [[w:Weimar Republic|Weimar Republic]] officials in the 1920s and early 1930s to limit the pernicious influence of misinformation and disinformation in the new medium of radio made it easy for the Nazis to control the messages reaching the public once they achieved power in 1933. 
* (2019-04-25) &quot;Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication&quot; discussing the history of, e.g., cutting undersea cables.
* (2018-09-11) &quot;Quietly, One of President Trump’s Tariffs Threatens American Democracy&quot; discusses esp. a new tariff on Canadian newsprint that threatens to bankrupt small newspapers already on the edge from loss of advertising. She also summarizes the history of how the price of paper has had a major impact on newspaper publishing: &quot;Before the 19th century, paper was mostly made from rags. The paper was very durable, but expensive. The mid-19th century development of cheap paper from groundwood pulp fueled the rise of mass-circulation newspapers. ... During World War I, however, procuring paper became problematic not only in the United States but in Britain and Germany. The British mass-market paper ''[[w:News of the World|News of the World]]'' reduced from 16 pages in 1914 to four by 1918.&quot;

== Tworek bio== 

Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;  is the Canada Research Chair and Director of the Centre for the Study of Democratic Institutions at the [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]]. Her work focuses on how new media technology and policy have impacted democracy. She is also a senior fellow at the [[w:Centre for International Governance Innovation|Centre for International Governance Innovation]] in [[w:Waterloo, Ontario|Waterloo, Ontario]], as well as a non-resident fellow at the [[w:German Marshall Fund|German Marshall Fund]] of the United States and the [[w:Canadian Global Affairs Institute|Canadian Global Affairs Institute]]. She has co-edited four volumes and currently co-edits the [[w:Journal of Global History|''Journal of Global History'']] in addition to having published or forthcoming over 45 book chapters and journal articles&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; in addition to numerous publications and appearances in more popular outlets like [[w:The Washington Post|''The Washington Post'']], [[w:The New York Times|''The New York Times'']], and [[w:CBS|CBS]].&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. We describe here briefly the motivation for this series.

[[Great American Paradox|One major contributor to the dominant position of the US in the international political economy]] today may have been the [[w:Postal Service Act|US Postal Service Act of 1792]]. Under that act, newspapers were delivered up to 100 miles for a penny when first class postage was between 6 and 25 cents. [[w:Alexis de Tocqueville|Alexis de Tocqueville]], who visited the relatively young United States of America in 1831, wrote, “There is scarcely a hamlet that does not have its own newspaper.”&lt;ref&gt;Tocqueville (1835, p. 93).&lt;/ref&gt; McChesney and Nichols estimated that these newspaper subsidies were roughly 0.21 percent of national income (Gross Domestic Project, GDP) in 1841.&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88).&lt;/ref&gt;

At that time, the US probably led the world by far in the number of independent newspaper publishers per capita or per million population. This encouraged literacy and limited political corruption, both of which contributed to making the US a leader in the rate of growth in average annual income (Gross Domestic Product, GDP, per capita). Corruption was also limited by the inability of a small number of publishers to dominate political discourse.

That began to change in the 1850s and 1860s with the introduction of high speed rotary presses, which increased the capital required to start a newspaper.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015, p. 80).&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1887 [[w:William Randolph Hearst|William Randolph Hearst]] took over management of his father’s ''[[w:San Francisco Examiner|San Francisco Examiner]]''. His success there gave him an appetite for building a newspaper chain. His 1895 purchase of the ''[[w:New York Morning Journal|New York Morning Journal]]'' gave him a second newspaper. By the mid-1920s, he owned 28 newspapers. Consolidation of ownership of the media became easier with the introduction of broadcasting and even easier with the Internet.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015). See also Wikiversity, “[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]” and “[[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]“.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy|This consolidation seems to be increasing political polarization and violence worldwide]], threatening democracy itself.

=== The threat from loss of newspapers ===

A previous ''Media &amp; Democracy'' interview with Arizona State University accounting professor Roger White on &quot;[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]&quot; describes problems that increase as the quality and quantity of news declines and ownership and control of the media become more highly concentrated: Major media too often deflect the public's attention from political corruption enabled by poor media. This too often contributes to other problems like [[w:Scapegoating|scapegoating]] [[w:Immigration|immigrants]] and attacking [[w:Diversity, equity, and inclusion|Diversity, equity, and inclusion]] (DEI) while also facilitating increases in pollution, the cost of borrowing, political polarization and violence, and decreases in workplace safety. More on this is included in other interviews in this ''Media &amp; Democracy'' series available on Wikiversity under [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

An important quantitative analysis of the problems associated with deficiencies in news is Neff and Pickard (2024). They analyzed data on media funding and democracy in 33 countries. The US has been rated as a &quot;flawed democracy&quot; according to the [[w:Economist Democracy Index|Economist Democracy Index]] and spends substantially less per capita on media compared to the world's leading democracies in Scandinavia and Commonweath countries. They note that commercial media focus primarily on people with money, while publicly-funded media try harder to serve everyone. Public funding is more strongly correlated with democracy than private funding. This recommends increasing public funding for media as a means of strengthening democracy. See also &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invite to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

In a 2024-12-19 interview on the [[w:PBS News Hour|PBS News Hour]], [[w:Clay Calvert|Clay Calvert]], a leading [[w:First Amendment|First Amendment]] scholar and a nonresident senior fellow at the American Enterprise Institute, Calvert noted that Trump's legal actions against the media organizations have absolutely not been filed to win in court: &quot;The real goal here is to chill the press, to have the news media engage in what we call self-censorship, to pull back their stories. So, instead of playing a watchdog role, ... what I think Trump is really trying to do is make the press be a lapdog ... . It's what we would think of sometimes as a [[w:strategic lawsuit against public participation|strategic lawsuit against public participation]] or a SLAPP suit.&quot; Calvert was then asked if there was a concern that the conservative majority on the Supreme Court might overturn the requirement that a plaintiff in a case like this would have to prove &quot;actual malice&quot;, per [[w:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan|''New York Times v. Sullivan'']] (1964). Calvert agreed that Justices Thomas and Gorsuch would like to overrule the &quot;actual malice&quot; standard. Calvert added that in the lawsuit against ABC, there is a real tension between the news organization, ABC, and its parent, Disney, &quot;that has other interests in the entertainment industry.&quot; He was then asked, &quot;How should news organizations prepare&quot; to deal with possible challenges from Trump's Department of Justice? Calvert replied, &quot;media attorneys ... certainly are thinking about these issues. I think one of the other things we need to think about is the FCC, the Federal Communications Commission, ... because Trump has threatened to revoke the licenses of stations that he believes engage in fake news, deceptive news commentary. So we have got frontal attacks in terms of lawsuits, but also I'd watch out for the FCC and its actions in the future in terms of broadcast journalism.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Calvert and Bennett (2024).&lt;/ref&gt;

Similarly, Pickard (2025) said, &quot;Paramount’s $16 million settlement with Donald Trump is a stunning display of bribery, greed, and cowardice. It’s also a symptom of deep structural rot in our media today—a system in which profit trumps democracy at every turn.&quot; Pickard noted that after the suit had been filed last October, &quot;nearly all legal experts determined that the case was utterly meritless. Media organizations are, after all, protected by the First Amendment, and are legally and ethically permitted to make routine edits of interviews they air.&quot; But $16 million is a pittance if it helps secure approval of a $2.4 billion merger.

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Al Jazeera (2015-10-26) Enemy of Enemies: The Rise of ISIL. Chapter 5. 2009-2015: Syria uprising and ISIL in Syria--&gt;{{cite Q|Q113710863|author=Al Jazeera}}
* &lt;!--Clay Calvert and Geoff Bennett (2024-12-19) &quot;A look at the legal tactics Trump is using against media outlets&quot;, PBS Newshour--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135249048}}
* &lt;!--Andrew Denning and Heidi Tworek (2025-02-06) &quot;The Promises and Perils of Periodization in Global History: Lessons from the Inter-War Era&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191256}}
* &lt;!--Sara Fischer (2025-07-02) &quot;Paramount agrees to settle Trump lawsuit for $16 million&quot;, Axios--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135249091}}
* &lt;!--Maxim Flößer (2024-03-06) &quot;Keine Lokalzeitung -- mehr AfD&quot;, Kontext--&gt;{{cite Q|Q125287792}}
* &lt;!--Jennifer Graham (2025-07-02) &quot;Another $16 million for the Trump presidential library: Unpacking the Paramount settlement&quot;, Deseret News--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135250112}}
* &lt;!--Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb (eds.; 2015) Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet (Oxford University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131468166|editors=Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb}}
* &lt;!--Scott A. Leadingham (2024) Horse Race Journalism: Finding Election Coverage Beyond the Polling Numbers--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135244458}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2010). The Death and Life of American Journalism (Bold Type Books) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q104888067}}.
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2021). &quot;The Local Journalism Initiative: a proposal to protect and extend democracy&quot;. Columbia Journalism Review, 30 November 2021 --&gt;{{cite Q|Q109978060}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2022), To Protect and Extend Democracy, Recreate Local News Media (PDF), FreePress.net (updated 25 January 2022) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q109978337|access-date=2024-06-23}}
* &lt;!--Joel Meares (2010)  Jay Rosen in Oz: Horse-Race Journalism an “International Phenom”--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135244505}}
* &lt;!--Victor Pickard (2025-07-08) &quot;The Media’s Profits Trump Democracy, Once Again: Paramount’s settlement with Trump is a symptom of deep structural rot in our corporate media system&quot;, The Nation--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135268210}}
* &lt;!-- Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001) Democracy in America (trans. by Richard Heffner, 2001; New America Library) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q112166602|publication-date=unset|author=Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001)}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2018-09-11) &quot;Quietly, One of President Trump’s Tariffs Threatens American Democracy&quot; WaPo--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190353}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-03-11) News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945 (Harvard University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135085111}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-04-25) Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189751}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2019-05-26) &quot;A Lesson From 1930s Germany: Beware State Control of Social Media&quot;, The Atlantic--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191368}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2021-08-23) &quot; AReal History of Fake News: It has a long, not-so-illustrious past&quot;, Persuasion--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190470}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2021-12-10) &quot;History Explains Why Global Content Moderation Cannot Work&quot;, Brookings Inst--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189922}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2022-10-09) &quot;Living in an Interwar World: Communicable Disease and Epidemic Information&quot;, Long-Run Health Matters--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191062}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2024-03-13) &quot;Digitized Newspapers and the Hidden Transformation of History&quot;, American Historical Review--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191423}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2024-06-28) &quot;Digital Regulation May Have Bolstered European Elections — but How Would We Know?--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190291}}
* &lt;!--Nik Usher and Sanghoon Kim-Leffingwell (2022-01) How Loud Does the Watchdog Bark? A Reconsideration of Local Journalism, News Non-profits, and Political Corruption --&gt;{{Cite Q|Q134715465}}
* &lt;!--Sarah Wynne-Williams (2025) Careless People--&gt;{{cite Q|Q133305848}}

[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Germany]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
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      <text bytes="36398" sha1="kvr8o4xn2cq1otf1ikbeccg59fd3ift" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2025-06-08 interview with [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]] History professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek&gt;&lt;!--Heidi J.S. Tworek--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135116400}}&lt;/ref&gt; about her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today. A video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview will be added when available. The podcast will be released 2025-06-14 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;''

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;''

[[File:News from Germany 1900-1945 and implications for today.webm|thumb|2025-07-03 interview with University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]
[[File:News from Germany 1900-1945 and implications for today.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from a 2025-07-03 interview with [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]] history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek about the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today.]]

University of British Columbia history professor Heidi J.S. Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; discusses her research on the impact of the media on politics in Germany focusing especially in 1900 through 1945 and its implications for today as documented in her prize-winning (2019) book, ''News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945'', and other works. She is interviewed by Spencer Graves.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!-- Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Highlights == 

=== Accountability journalism ===
Professor Tworek was asked about Usher and Kim-Leffingwell (2022), who created a dataset of all the federal prosecutions for political corruption in each of the 94 [[w:United States federal judicial district|US federal court districts]] between 2003 and 2019 along with the number of journalists and members of the [[w:Institute for Nonprofit News|Institute for Nonprofit News]] (INN). They found more prosecutions with members of INN but ''not'' with more journalists. Tworek replied that this shows us that the ''type'' of journalism matters &quot;for holding people accountable, presumably preventing crimes&quot;. 

Graves noted that, 
{{quote|Watchdogs protect the people who feed them.

You benefit from the presence of accountability journalism, even if you don't read it yourself}} 

Society needs accountability journalism. But who will fund that? Tworek discussed that in her (2019) ''News from Germany''. Tworek noted, &quot;the types of content that we see really depend upon who owns these businesses and what their motivations are. ... &quot;There's, I think, something important about having local outlets where people know who journalists are and what they do, and then that's also extremely important, because a lot of the skepticism of journalism in part, may stem from not really knowing what journalism is and how journalism is produced. And there's been some really interesting work on media literacy that's trying to tease this out ... . [I]f you just teach people to kind of critique stuff, they end up very skeptical of all media, whereas, if instead you say, All right, we're going to go into a school instead of just teaching you to critique the whole thing, we're actually just going to give you the assignment of writing some news. And then you see as a student, like, 'Oh, this is really hard. I have to make choices about what goes in and what goes out. And it's super difficult to fit this into 500 words.'&quot;

Tworek noted that over 100 years ago, [[w:Upton Sinclair]] produced accountability journalism with an expose of the meat packing industry or critiquing ''[[w:The New York Times|The New York Times]]'', etc. 

By contrast, access journalists speak with politicians or other kinds of insiders, which limits their criticisms to maintain access those individuals. Donald Trump with his control of access to the White House briefing room &quot;makes very clear some dynamics that existed beforehand.&quot; 

Tworek continued, &quot;Investigative Journalism often can be more long form, more kind of accountability journalism. Access journalism often tends to be more sort of daily, telling you what is happening, something [[w:Jay Rosen|Jay Rosen]] critiques as &quot;horse race journalism&quot;, where you're just trying to see who's ahead on this day versus not.&lt;ref&gt;Leadingham (2024); Meares (2010).&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Paying for news === 

Graves also noted that Robert McChesney recommended citizen-directed subsidies for local news nonprofits at 0.15 percent of GDP with some kind of a firewall to prevent political interference in the content.&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2021, 2022).&lt;/ref&gt; Tworek replied, 

{{quote|It's really interesting to see the number of different models on the table, There's that one. ... [[w:Victor Pickard (professor)|Victor Pickard]] has also been pushing for those kinds of things as well.&lt;ref&gt;[[Information is a public good per communications prof Pickard|Pickard was interviewed for this series 2024-12-13.]] He is Chair of the Board of [[w:Free Press (advocacy group)|Free Press]], which was co-founded by Robert McChesney; &lt;!--Free Press Board--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131398406}}&lt;/ref&gt; I guess what we see historically is that there are multiple different models. Potentially the key, I think, is to try out a whole bunch of them. 

In Canada, where I am, because of, historically, the long fears of an over dominance of American media this, 100 years ago, pushed ... the creation of the [[w:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]], or the CBC, ... subsidizing what's known as Canadian content. And those are government subsidies. ... French language content in Quebec, or lots of magazines that wouldn't exist because their circulation could never be big enough to cover the costs. It's a very different model than what McChesney is talking about, but it's one that has served quite a lot of democracies that kind of public funded media, but where you don't have government direction on the content. The BBC is another example of that. But of course, that also has its weaknesses ... that's, for example, contested by the [[w:Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative Party of Canada]], which, if elected, would like to defund the CDC. 

Another model is the philanthropic nonprofit. But then we have the problems of, what do you do if those philanthropies aren't necessarily interested in the types of local news that might ultimately benefit democracy. 

So I guess where I've come down on this a little bit is the key is to have multiple of these.}}

=== News deserts ===

Graves asked, &quot;What's your understanding of the impact of [[w:news desert|news desert]]s?&quot; Tworek replied, &quot;what we know from the scholarship on news deserts, some of what they have done is to obviously reduce the transparency of knowing what's going on in local town and city halls and ... that potentially has deleterious effects on what public officials themselves are doing, because they act differently when they know that there are journalists who are watching them. ... [And] there's some scholarship that indicates that what this has done is change voter behavior. So then now you tend to get people voting the same party all the way down the ballot. So rather than before you might get, okay, someone's voting Republican for president, Democrat, Senator, Republican, Democrat, Republican Democrat. Now you're getting people doing more down ballot, the same party all the way down, and so that that tells you that part of it is because people perhaps have less information about what's going on the local level, so they just vote the same party as they would at the national level.&lt;ref&gt;More on this appears in the interview &quot;[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]&quot; and the research report &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Graves mentioned a German-language article about news deserts there.&lt;ref&gt;Flößer (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; Tworek replied, 

{{quote|what we do know from the German context is that the AfD, or the [[w:Alternative for Germany|Alternatif für Deutschland, the Alternative for Germany]], has been very active on social media, and this has been true for quite some time. ... [I]n 2017 for example, the AfD had more people following them on Facebook than the two major parties, the [[w:Christian Democratic Union of Germany|CDU]] and the [[w:Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]] combined. So we know that this has been a major strategy of the AfD. It's been a huge part of what they've wanted to do is to condemn media more broadly for not covering them, not covering the issues they care about, et cetera, and then to turn to social media as an alternative space to reach people. 

And of course, if you live in a news desert, but you're still searching for information, you're going to be looking to places like social media. So we start to see how all of these things connect the far right criticism of media as a whole, turning people away from media that combines with the local news desert combines with other broader reasons as to why certain groups are turning to the far right. So I'd say it's both the AfD strategy, but the other part of it is how more traditional parties have not been as active and trying to use social media to reach potential voters.}}

=== Internet companies are advertising companies ===

Graves noted that he had interviewed [[Facebook whistleblower Frances Haugen says|Facebook whistleblower Frances Haugen]], who said, 

{{quote|
The shortest path to a click is anger or hate}}

Tworek replied that Facebook and other social media companies are ultimately advertising companies. &quot;The longer you are on Facebook, etc., the more advertisements you see, the more money Facebook is making. ... [T]hey're content agnostic, because&quot; they are looking for engagement. If negative emotions drive engagement, that will get amplified. 

Tworek mentioned the recent memoir ''[[w:Careless People|Careless People]]'' by [[w:Sarah Wynn-Williams|Sarah Wynn-Williams]],&lt;ref&gt;Wynn-Williams (2025).&lt;/ref&gt; which 

{{quote|indicates and argues that a lot of the people there were careless ... . They didn't have an eye to these kinds of negative effects ... . They weren't really thinking about things like content moderation until it just sort of happened. ...

[B]ut over the last few years we've seen the trust and safety teams ... have really been cut quite tremendously. ... When [[w:Elon Musk|Elon Musk]] bought [[w:Twitter|Twitter]], made into '''X''', boom: trust and safety team is gone. But the same is true of many companies where they've really cut those teams quite tremendously. I think that tells us a lot about their priorities.}}

=== After the war in Germany vs. Iraq ===

Graves noted that [[w:Dwight D. Eisenhower|General Eisenhower]], as the military governor of the American occupied zone of Germany, after World War II, reportedly told German journalists he wanted them to print whatever they wanted, even if it involved criticizing him personally. McChesney and Nichols contrasted this with the strict censorship imposed on Iraq by [[w:Paul Bremer#Provisional coalition administrator of Iraq|the US occupiers]] after President George W. Bush's [[w:Mission Accomplished speech|Mission Accomplished speech]],&lt;ref&gt;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government#Iraq and the Islamic State|That censorship concealed massive corruption in the Iraqi military that was exposed in the 2014 [[w:Fall of Mosul|Fall of Mosul]], when two Iraqi army divisions totaling 30,000 and another 30,000 federal police]] were overwhelmed in six days by roughly 1,500 committed Jihadists. [[Winning the War on Terror#2.7.  Islamic terrorism|In that operation, ISIL reportedly siezed &quot;six divisions’ worth of strategic weaponry, all of it US-supplied” from a force with a paper strength of 120,000 men. ''Al Jazeera'' (2015). McChesney and Nichols (2010, Appendix II. Ike, MacArthur and the Forging of Free and Independent Press, pp. 241-254).&lt;/ref&gt; and asked Tworek'comment. 

She replied that the democratization of Germany and Japan were more complicated than that brief quote from McChesney and Nichols implies. The comparison between West and East Germany in the late 1940s and early 1950s was obvious to most in the West, and that made it easy for the public to embrace the US model. Of course, many of the journalists in Germany after World War II had also worked as journalists in the Nazi period when the structure was very different, as documented in research by [[w: Norbert Frei|Norbert Frei]] and others. The [[w:Deutsche Presse-Agentur|West Germany news agency, the dpa]], is a cooperative, modeled after the [[w:Associated Press|Associated Press]] of the US. 

The [[w:Korean War|Korean War]] had a similar impact on public opinion and journalistic practices in Japan.

She added that the successes of democratization in West Germany and Japan after World War Two became a model for American policy makers, who try to apply that in other places and different contexts with disastrous results.

=== Lawsuits ===

Graves asked Tworek's comment on the settlement in ''[[w:Dominion Voting Systems v. Fox News Network|Dominion v. Fox]]'', which had 3 components: (1) Fox agreed that they had initially said that Biden had won the 2020 election but switched  to claiming the election had been stolen from Trump after Fox saw they were losing audience to other Conservative outlets. (2) They agreed to pay Dominion $787.5 million. (3) They did not have to apologize, so their audience continued unaware that they had been lied to. 

Tworek replied that this &quot;speaks to a larger dynamic of trying to solve these kinds of questions within courts and through large sums of money.&quot; As another example, she mentioned the billionaire [[w:Peter Thiel|Peter Thiel]], who secretly funded a lawsuit by [[w:Hulk Hogan|Hulk Hogan]] that brought down a news outlet. Another example [[w:Donald Trump's conflict with the media#Retaliatory lawsuits and federal government actions|is CBS paying Trump $16 million]] over questions about editing an interview with [[w:Kamala Harris|Kamala Harris]].&lt;ref&gt;Graham (2025) asked if this was, a &quot;Settlement or a bribe&quot;? See also Fischer (2025) and Calvert and Bennett (2024); the latter is summarized in the &quot;Discussion&quot; section below.&lt;/ref&gt;

She also mentioned &quot;the weaponization in a way of court cases against media outlets ... [[w:Strategic lawsuit against public participation|SLAPP lawsuites]] (strategic lawsuit against public participation), &quot;which cost [journalists] a lot of time and energy and are potentially used to try and push journalists away from pursuing certain lines of inquiry&quot;.

=== Media and public health ===

Tworek has several publications looking at the role of communications on public health. Countries with greater public trust of the major media tended to fare better during the [[w:COVID-19 pandemic|COVID pandemic]]. British Columbia has not suffered greatly from [[w:Mpox|Mpox]], because the queer community there had good relations with the [[w:British Columbia Centre for Disease Control|British Columbia Centre for Disease Control]] dating back to the [[w:HIV|HIV]] epidemic. &quot;But that was from years of trust building. You can't just say, 'Oh, there's a pandemic today. I'm going to talk to this community, and they're going to automatically talk to you.&quot;

=== The media and Hitler's rise to power ===

Graves requested a brief summary of Tworek (2019) ''News from Germany''. Tworek said that,

{{quote|
Part of hitler's strategy was to condemn the rest of the media for not covering the Nazis. One of their main strategies to try and get people to turn more towards Nazi newspapers, rallies, etc. ...

They take advantage of some of the things that [[w:Weimar Republic|Weimar Democracy]] had done. In August of 1933 [[w:Joseph Goebbels|Joseph Goebbels]], propaganda minister, gave a speech. He said, 'couldn't have come to power and maintained it like we did without the airplane and the radio. ... Hitler was flying around, and the airplane's modern invention. ... [H]e's landing, doing multiple speeches a day. Makes him seem like the modern forward leader.' 

But they maintained power through the radio, because they were able to control radio content from January 1933, and that was because the Weimar state tried to ensure democracy through tight state supervision of content. 'And the more febrile Weimar democracy gets, the more they impose state supervision and control over content. ... [W]hen Hitler becomes chancellor in January 1933 it's radio content the Nazis most supervise.'}} 

A substantial portion of her ''News from Germany'' describes the restrictions on the German interwar equivalent of the [[w:Associated Press|Associated Press]], which had been the primary German news agency since the mid-nineteenth century. In the interwar period, a more right wing competitor emerged, which was mainly owned by an industrialist called [[w:Alfred Hugenberg|Alfred Hugenberg]]. He does not dictate content, but he tells his employees that their reporting should be more right wing. He initially thinks that he can somewhat control Hitler. This turns out to be wholly incorrect, because in the first few months of Hitler being Chancellor, he actually forcibly merges the two news agencies and pass other laws that take away Hugenberg's power.

== Selected Op-Eds ==

Professor Tworek's research website includes a page devoted to &quot;Selected Op-Eds&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Heidi Tworek: Selected Op-Eds--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189849}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 2025-07-02 this included the following: 

* (2025-02-06) &quot;The Promises and Perils of Periodization in Global History: Lessons from the Inter-War Era&quot;, with Andrew Denning,&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Andrew Denning--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191276}}&lt;/ref&gt; discusses Eurocentrism and similar problems in selecting periods of history as foci for study. 
* (2024-06-28) &quot;Digital Regulation May Have Bolstered European Elections — but How Would We Know?&quot; notes that (a) we cannot accurately evaluate the impact of the 2022 European [[w:Digital Services Act|Digital Services Act]] without access to the data collected by the commercial Internet companies, which they are loath to share with serious researchers, but (b) the effect cannot be too large, because &quot;Low turnout has consistently plagued [[w:Elections to the European Parliament|EP [European Parliament] elections]] ... . Some countries saw stunning differences between turnout for national elections and the EP. Only 40 percent of Poles voted in the EP elections, while last autumn ... [n]early 75 percent voted in their most recent national elections. 
* (2024-03-13) &quot;Digitized Newspapers and the Hidden Transformation of History&quot; discussed how the digitization of newspapers from the eighteenth century onward have been used to dramatically improve historical research, producing scholarship that would not have been feasible previously. 
* (2022-10-09) &quot;Living in an Interwar World: Communicable Disease and Epidemic Information&quot; describes the history of the development of standard terminology and systems for sharing disease information internationally. That includes the League of Nations Health Organization and it successor, the [[w:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]], which still needs to be improved. 
* (2021-12-10) &quot;History Explains Why Global Content Moderation Cannot Work&quot; notes that &quot;the United States is seen today as something of a free-speech extremist,&quot; it had previously had active censorship, &quot;particularly when it comes to sex&quot;, including not allowing anatomy textbooks to be sent through the US Postal Service.
* (2021-08-23) &quot;A Real History of Fake News: It has a long, not-so-illustrious past&quot; traces the beginning of fake news to &quot;1622, when a London printer named [[w:Nathaniel Butter|Nathaniel Butter]] made journalism history by starting the first British newspaper. ... [But] when Butter published something that was not trivial, it was often made up.&quot; That tradition continued. In 1807 [[q:Thomas Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] complained, &quot;Nothing can now be believed which is seen in a newspaper. Truth itself becomes suspicious by being put into that polluted vehicle.&quot; The US [[w:History of the Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) was establishment in 1906 to combat overblown claims about miracle cures, which provided a significant portion of newspapers’ revenues. And many humans believed [[w:Pizzagate conspiracy theory|that Hillary Clinton is into sex trafficking.]]
* (2019-05-26) &quot;A Lesson From 1930s Germany: Beware State Control of Social Media&quot; describes how efforts by [[w:Weimar Republic|Weimar Republic]] officials in the 1920s and early 1930s to limit the pernicious influence of misinformation and disinformation in the new medium of radio made it easy for the Nazis to control the messages reaching the public once they achieved power in 1933. 
* (2019-04-25) &quot;Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication&quot; discussing the history of, e.g., cutting undersea cables.
* (2018-09-11) &quot;Quietly, One of President Trump’s Tariffs Threatens American Democracy&quot; discusses esp. a new tariff on Canadian newsprint that threatens to bankrupt small newspapers already on the edge from loss of advertising. She also summarizes the history of how the price of paper has had a major impact on newspaper publishing: &quot;Before the 19th century, paper was mostly made from rags. The paper was very durable, but expensive. The mid-19th century development of cheap paper from groundwood pulp fueled the rise of mass-circulation newspapers. ... During World War I, however, procuring paper became problematic not only in the United States but in Britain and Germany. The British mass-market paper ''[[w:News of the World|News of the World]]'' reduced from 16 pages in 1914 to four by 1918.&quot;

== Tworek bio== 

Tworek&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;  is the Canada Research Chair and Director of the Centre for the Study of Democratic Institutions at the [[w:University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia]]. Her work focuses on how new media technology and policy have impacted democracy. She is also a senior fellow at the [[w:Centre for International Governance Innovation|Centre for International Governance Innovation]] in [[w:Waterloo, Ontario|Waterloo, Ontario]], as well as a non-resident fellow at the [[w:German Marshall Fund|German Marshall Fund]] of the United States and the [[w:Canadian Global Affairs Institute|Canadian Global Affairs Institute]]. She has co-edited four volumes and currently co-edits the [[w:Journal of Global History|''Journal of Global History'']] in addition to having published or forthcoming over 45 book chapters and journal articles&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt; in addition to numerous publications and appearances in more popular outlets like [[w:The Washington Post|''The Washington Post'']], [[w:The New York Times|''The New York Times'']], and [[w:CBS|CBS]].&lt;ref name=Tworek/&gt;

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. We describe here briefly the motivation for this series.

[[Great American Paradox|One major contributor to the dominant position of the US in the international political economy]] today may have been the [[w:Postal Service Act|US Postal Service Act of 1792]]. Under that act, newspapers were delivered up to 100 miles for a penny when first class postage was between 6 and 25 cents. [[w:Alexis de Tocqueville|Alexis de Tocqueville]], who visited the relatively young United States of America in 1831, wrote, “There is scarcely a hamlet that does not have its own newspaper.”&lt;ref&gt;Tocqueville (1835, p. 93).&lt;/ref&gt; McChesney and Nichols estimated that these newspaper subsidies were roughly 0.21 percent of national income (Gross Domestic Project, GDP) in 1841.&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88).&lt;/ref&gt;

At that time, the US probably led the world by far in the number of independent newspaper publishers per capita or per million population. This encouraged literacy and limited political corruption, both of which contributed to making the US a leader in the rate of growth in average annual income (Gross Domestic Product, GDP, per capita). Corruption was also limited by the inability of a small number of publishers to dominate political discourse.

That began to change in the 1850s and 1860s with the introduction of high speed rotary presses, which increased the capital required to start a newspaper.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015, p. 80).&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1887 [[w:William Randolph Hearst|William Randolph Hearst]] took over management of his father’s ''[[w:San Francisco Examiner|San Francisco Examiner]]''. His success there gave him an appetite for building a newspaper chain. His 1895 purchase of the ''[[w:New York Morning Journal|New York Morning Journal]]'' gave him a second newspaper. By the mid-1920s, he owned 28 newspapers. Consolidation of ownership of the media became easier with the introduction of broadcasting and even easier with the Internet.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015). See also Wikiversity, “[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]” and “[[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]“.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy|This consolidation seems to be increasing political polarization and violence worldwide]], threatening democracy itself.

=== The threat from loss of newspapers ===

A previous ''Media &amp; Democracy'' interview with Arizona State University accounting professor Roger White on &quot;[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]&quot; describes problems that increase as the quality and quantity of news declines and ownership and control of the media become more highly concentrated: Major media too often deflect the public's attention from political corruption enabled by poor media. This too often contributes to other problems like [[w:Scapegoating|scapegoating]] [[w:Immigration|immigrants]] and attacking [[w:Diversity, equity, and inclusion|Diversity, equity, and inclusion]] (DEI) while also facilitating increases in pollution, the cost of borrowing, political polarization and violence, and decreases in workplace safety. More on this is included in other interviews in this ''Media &amp; Democracy'' series available on Wikiversity under [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

An important quantitative analysis of the problems associated with deficiencies in news is Neff and Pickard (2024). They analyzed data on media funding and democracy in 33 countries. The US has been rated as a &quot;flawed democracy&quot; according to the [[w:Economist Democracy Index|Economist Democracy Index]] and spends substantially less per capita on media compared to the world's leading democracies in Scandinavia and Commonweath countries. They note that commercial media focus primarily on people with money, while publicly-funded media try harder to serve everyone. Public funding is more strongly correlated with democracy than private funding. This recommends increasing public funding for media as a means of strengthening democracy. See also &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invite to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

In a 2024-12-19 interview on the [[w:PBS News Hour|PBS News Hour]], [[w:Clay Calvert|Clay Calvert]], a leading [[w:First Amendment|First Amendment]] scholar and a nonresident senior fellow at the American Enterprise Institute, Calvert noted that Trump's legal actions against the media organizations have absolutely not been filed to win in court: &quot;The real goal here is to chill the press, to have the news media engage in what we call self-censorship, to pull back their stories. So, instead of playing a watchdog role, ... what I think Trump is really trying to do is make the press be a lapdog ... . It's what we would think of sometimes as a [[w:strategic lawsuit against public participation|strategic lawsuit against public participation]] or a SLAPP suit.&quot; Calvert was then asked if there was a concern that the conservative majority on the Supreme Court might overturn the requirement that a plaintiff in a case like this would have to prove &quot;actual malice&quot;, per [[w:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan|''New York Times v. Sullivan'']] (1964). Calvert agreed that Justices Thomas and Gorsuch would like to overrule the &quot;actual malice&quot; standard. Calvert added that in the lawsuit against ABC, there is a real tension between the news organization, ABC, and its parent, Disney, &quot;that has other interests in the entertainment industry.&quot; He was then asked, &quot;How should news organizations prepare&quot; to deal with possible challenges from Trump's Department of Justice? Calvert replied, &quot;media attorneys ... certainly are thinking about these issues. I think one of the other things we need to think about is the FCC, the Federal Communications Commission, ... because Trump has threatened to revoke the licenses of stations that he believes engage in fake news, deceptive news commentary. So we have got frontal attacks in terms of lawsuits, but also I'd watch out for the FCC and its actions in the future in terms of broadcast journalism.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Calvert and Bennett (2024).&lt;/ref&gt;

Similarly, Pickard (2025) said, &quot;Paramount’s $16 million settlement with Donald Trump is a stunning display of bribery, greed, and cowardice. It’s also a symptom of deep structural rot in our media today—a system in which profit trumps democracy at every turn.&quot; Pickard noted that after the suit had been filed last October, &quot;nearly all legal experts determined that the case was utterly meritless. Media organizations are, after all, protected by the First Amendment, and are legally and ethically permitted to make routine edits of interviews they air.&quot; But $16 million is a pittance if it helps secure approval of a $2.4 billion merger. &quot;Trump’s legal chicanery continues his close adherence to Hungarian Prime Minister [[w:Viktor Orbán|Viktor Orbán]]’s authoritarian playbook for undermining the free press: manipulate media law, threaten news companies’ profits, and exploit oligopolistic media ownership structures. In short, weaponize any tool at his disposal to beat media institutions into submission so that everything looks and sounds like Fox News.&quot;

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Al Jazeera (2015-10-26) Enemy of Enemies: The Rise of ISIL. Chapter 5. 2009-2015: Syria uprising and ISIL in Syria--&gt;{{cite Q|Q113710863|author=Al Jazeera}}
* &lt;!--Clay Calvert and Geoff Bennett (2024-12-19) &quot;A look at the legal tactics Trump is using against media outlets&quot;, PBS Newshour--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135249048}}
* &lt;!--Andrew Denning and Heidi Tworek (2025-02-06) &quot;The Promises and Perils of Periodization in Global History: Lessons from the Inter-War Era&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191256}}
* &lt;!--Sara Fischer (2025-07-02) &quot;Paramount agrees to settle Trump lawsuit for $16 million&quot;, Axios--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135249091}}
* &lt;!--Maxim Flößer (2024-03-06) &quot;Keine Lokalzeitung -- mehr AfD&quot;, Kontext--&gt;{{cite Q|Q125287792}}
* &lt;!--Jennifer Graham (2025-07-02) &quot;Another $16 million for the Trump presidential library: Unpacking the Paramount settlement&quot;, Deseret News--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135250112}}
* &lt;!--Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb (eds.; 2015) Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet (Oxford University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131468166|editors=Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb}}
* &lt;!--Scott A. Leadingham (2024) Horse Race Journalism: Finding Election Coverage Beyond the Polling Numbers--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135244458}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2010). The Death and Life of American Journalism (Bold Type Books) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q104888067}}.
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2021). &quot;The Local Journalism Initiative: a proposal to protect and extend democracy&quot;. Columbia Journalism Review, 30 November 2021 --&gt;{{cite Q|Q109978060}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2022), To Protect and Extend Democracy, Recreate Local News Media (PDF), FreePress.net (updated 25 January 2022) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q109978337|access-date=2024-06-23}}
* &lt;!--Joel Meares (2010)  Jay Rosen in Oz: Horse-Race Journalism an “International Phenom”--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135244505}}
* &lt;!--Victor Pickard (2025-07-08) &quot;The Media’s Profits Trump Democracy, Once Again: Paramount’s settlement with Trump is a symptom of deep structural rot in our corporate media system&quot;, The Nation--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135268210}}
* &lt;!-- Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001) Democracy in America (trans. by Richard Heffner, 2001; New America Library) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q112166602|publication-date=unset|author=Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001)}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2018-09-11) &quot;Quietly, One of President Trump’s Tariffs Threatens American Democracy&quot; WaPo--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190353}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-03-11) News from Germany: The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945 (Harvard University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135085111}}
* &lt;!--Heidi J. S. Tworek (2019-04-25) Information Warfare Is Here To Stay: States Have Always Fought for the Means of Communication--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189751}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2019-05-26) &quot;A Lesson From 1930s Germany: Beware State Control of Social Media&quot;, The Atlantic--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191368}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2021-08-23) &quot; AReal History of Fake News: It has a long, not-so-illustrious past&quot;, Persuasion--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190470}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2021-12-10) &quot;History Explains Why Global Content Moderation Cannot Work&quot;, Brookings Inst--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135189922}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2022-10-09) &quot;Living in an Interwar World: Communicable Disease and Epidemic Information&quot;, Long-Run Health Matters--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191062}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2024-03-13) &quot;Digitized Newspapers and the Hidden Transformation of History&quot;, American Historical Review--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135191423}}
* &lt;!--Heidi Tworek (2024-06-28) &quot;Digital Regulation May Have Bolstered European Elections — but How Would We Know?--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135190291}}
* &lt;!--Nik Usher and Sanghoon Kim-Leffingwell (2022-01) How Loud Does the Watchdog Bark? A Reconsideration of Local Journalism, News Non-profits, and Political Corruption --&gt;{{Cite Q|Q134715465}}
* &lt;!--Sarah Wynne-Williams (2025) Careless People--&gt;{{cite Q|Q133305848}}

[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Germany]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
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https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Category_Review
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    <title>Constructive Neural Networks</title>
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|title=Constructive Neural Networks
|description=Artificial neural networks that grow during training or operation.
|department=Computer Science
|course=Machine Learning
|level=Intermediate
}}

== Introduction ==
This learning project aims to provide an introduction to constructive algorithms for [[w:Artificial Neural Network|artificial neural networks]], which combine to produce '''constructive neural networks''', and present ongoing research in the development of constructive algorithms for [[w:Transformer (machine learning)|transformer-based neural networks]].

Artificial neural network (ANN) researchers first succeeded in training multilayered perceptrons using [[w:Backpropagation|error back-propagation]] in the 1980s. ANNs with multiple neurons and layers raised the challenge of choosing the number of neurons and their arrangement. [[w:Deep learning|Deep neural networks]] have demonstrated that more layers (tens or hundreds), more parameters (billions) and architectural tricks ([[w:Residual neural network|residual connections]], [[w:Attention (machine learning)|attention]], etc) can significantly increase the model capabilities. But the final architecture is still often the result of a manual search, and these deep neural networks have a fixed architecture defined at initialization. 

Constructive algorithms were developed to '''dynamically grow their architecture''' as they learn. A constructive neural network (CNN) is the combination of a constructive algorithm with an ANN schema. Together these must be designed to decide when  construct (triggers) and what to construct (components, connections, parameter values). Training neural networks with constructive algorithms has potential advantages:
* Automated architecture design
* Efficient training from small size
* Continual learning without catastrophic forgetting

Constructive algorithms had some limited early success in the 1980s and 1990s; however, there are also significant challenges to developing constructive algorithms. Constructive algorithms have been largely absent from recent transformer-based architectures that have been the source of many enormous advances in AI natural language processing (text and speech), vision, and multi-modal understanding. Nevertheless, there is some developments that can be interpreted as constructive algorithms and many opportunities to explore potential applications.

This learning project has two major sections:
# Exercises to reproduce some historical constructive algorithms and theory on the general components of constructive algorithms. 
# Research on the development of constructive algorithms for applications to modern transformer-based neural networks.

== Learning Objectives ==
After completing this learning project, you will be able to:
* Reproduce foundational constructive neural networks using Python.
* Understand fundamental components of a constructive algorithm and neural network schema.
* Participate in current research applying constructive algorithms to transformer-based neural networks.

== Prerequisites ==
To get the most out of this project, you should have a basic understanding of:
* [[w:Artificial neural network|Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)]]: Concepts like neurons, weights, biases, and activation functions.
* Familiarity with libraries like [[w:NumPy|NumPy]] and [[w:PyTorch|PyTorch]] will be helpful for the practical exercises.
* [[w:Algorithm design|Algorithm design]]: Different techniques for efficient algorithm design and implementation.

== Course Pages ==

The development of this course is a work in progress.

The content will include examinations of historical constructive neural networks, including reproductions and training in PyTorch. A technical component will examine the challenges of implementing and training neural networks that have changing structure. Theoretical components will generalize the examined constructive neural networks into some standard features for designing constructive algorithms. Constructive algorithms will then be applied to basic transformer-based neural networks.

=== History 1: [[Dynamic Node Creation (Ash, 1989)]] ===

Expected completion date: 13 July 2025

Dynamic Node Creation is one of the first and simplest constructive neural networks. The constructive algorithm adds neurons to the hidden layer of a multi-layered perception trained with backprop. This section will cover paper and develop Python code to train an MLP with dynamic node creation.

Ash, T (1989). Dynamic Node Creation in Backpropagation Networks. Connection Science, 1(4), 365–375.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09540098908915647

=== Technical 1: [[Constructive Neural Networks in Practice]] ===

Expected completion date: 3 August 2025

A practical problem of constructive neural networks is that the architecture is not static. Many machine learning tools and frameworks have been optimized for predetermined computational graphs. This section examines approaches to efficiently train a constructive neural network and different approaches to managing memory.

=== History 2: [[Cascade Correlation (Fahlman &amp; Lebiere, 1989)]] === 

Expected completion date: 20 July 2025

Cascade-correlation is a slightly better known and more complex constructive neural network. The constructive algorithm adds neurons just before the output with input connections from all prior neurons and freezes the previous weights.

Fahlman, S &amp; Lebiere, C (1989). The Cascade-Correlation Learning Architecture. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, Vol 2, Ed. D. Touretzky. Morgan-Kaufmann.
https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper_files/paper/1989/hash/69adc1e107f7f7d035d7baf04342e1ca-Abstract.html

=== History 3. [[Growing Neural Gas (Friztke, 1994)]] ===

Expected completion date: 27 July 2025

Growing Neural Gas is an unsupervised constructive neural network that extends the work of Neural Gas and Kohonen Self-Organizing Maps.

Fritzke, B (1994). A Growing Neural Gas Network Learns Topologies. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, Vol 7, Eds. G. Tesauro, D. Touretzky &amp; T. Leen. MIT Press.
https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper_files/paper/1994/hash/d56b9fc4b0f1be8871f5e1c40c0067e7-Abstract.html

=== Theory 1: [[Generalized Constructive Neural Networks]] ===

Expected completion date: 3 August 2025

Given a short exploration of early constructive neural networks and constructive algorithms, we can identify the basic components that are common.

Constructive algorithms have standard elements:
# Triggers for construction
# Processes to select new component-locations
# Functions for calculated new parameters

Constructive neural networks can have algorithms that are tightly-coupled with particular architectures or neuron models, but not always. This section explores options for applying prior constructive algorithms to different artificial neural networks.

=== Theory 2: [[Constructive Transformer Neural Networks]] ===

Expected completion date: 10 August 2025

This section will present an initial examination of the transformer architecture and the potential applications of constructive algorithms.

=== Research 1: TBA ===

Expected completion date TBA.

=== Research 2: TBA ===

Expected date TBA.

=== Research 3: TBA ===

Expected date TBA.</text>
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      <text bytes="281" sha1="hf58bolx4i5troyl4d3p3fwdp2rsuws" xml:space="preserve">[[Constructive Neural Networks]] course material coming soon covering Dynamic Node Creation.

Ash, T (1989). Dynamic Node Creation in Backpropagation Networks. Connection Science, 1(4), 365–375. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540098908915647

Expected date of completion: 13 July 2025</text>
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    <title>User talk:Jako96</title>
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      <text bytes="2630" sha1="berdkr9ubg7yujt4dqaytmq5xyzmhx4" xml:space="preserve">==Welcome==
{{Robelbox|theme=9|title='''[[Wikiversity:Welcome|Welcome]] to [[Wikiversity:What is Wikiversity|Wikiversity]],  Jako96!'''|width=100%}}
&lt;div style=&quot;{{Robelbox/pad}}&quot;&gt;
You can [[Wikiversity:Contact|contact us]] with [[Wikiversity:Questions|questions]] at the [[Wikiversity:Colloquium|colloquium]] or get in touch with [[User talk:Koavf|me personally]] if you would like some [[Help:Contents|help]].

Remember to [[Wikiversity:Signature#How to add your signature|sign]] your comments when [[Wikiversity:Who are Wikiversity participants?|participating]] in [[Wikiversity:Talk page|discussions]]. Using the signature icon [[File:OOjs UI icon signature-ltr.svg]] makes it simple.

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To get started, experiment in the [[wikiversity:sandbox|sandbox]] or on [[special:mypage|your userpage]].

See you around Wikiversity! --—[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 19:42, 10 July 2025 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Template:Welcome --&gt;
{{Robelbox/close}} —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 19:42, 10 July 2025 (UTC)</text>
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    <title>Understanding CCTV Installation and Its Role in Modern Security</title>
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      <comment>Informative content on CCTV installation</comment>
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CCTV installation has become an essential part of how modern spaces are secured. From homes to offices, and warehouses to public transport areas, the use of closed-circuit television has increased steadily. These systems provide real-time monitoring and video recording, which helps deter unwanted activities and allows quick response when needed.

The success of CCTV installation depends on proper planning. Key factors include choosing the right locations for cameras, ensuring wide-angle coverage, minimizing blind spots, and selecting appropriate hardware like wired or wireless systems. Entry and exit points, corners, and low-traffic areas usually require special attention during installation.

A well-installed CCTV system does more than just record. It can support investigations by providing clear video footage when incidents occur. In some environments, these systems also help enforce safety protocols by monitoring activities and alerting supervisors when necessary.

Many modern CCTV systems come equipped with advanced features like motion sensors, cloud-based storage, and mobile viewing. These tools allow users to access their camera feeds remotely, which adds a layer of convenience and responsiveness to the overall security setup.

Privacy concerns are a valid part of the CCTV conversation. That's why it is important to follow proper guidelines when installing surveillance systems. This includes placing visible signs, protecting recorded footage, and ensuring only authorized personnel have access to the system.

In conclusion, CCTV installation is more than just setting up cameras. It’s about creating a reliable, responsive system that protects property and people, especially in high-risk or unsupervised zones.</text>
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